# A BIM-Based Value for Money Assessment in Public-Private Partnership: An Overall Review
## 4 A Statistical Review of BIM Development
### Semantic BIM-Based Assessment  
The previous review chapter discussed BIM-related research and indicated the possibility that the information and process in a BIM system could be applied to the PPP knowledge domain. The IFC-based data structures and related information exchange standards have the potential to provide support to both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of VFM. However, there is a need for the knowledge development of VFM in PPP projects, which requires a method of sharing, exchanging, and reusing domain knowledge. This paper discusses how a semantic BIM could facilitate the integration of information in PPP due to its focus on the project scale, type, and domain-related knowledge. In addition, it would help to manage the risks using clear taxonomy and could eventually provide better deliverables for VFM purposes. The semantic web represents explicit domain knowledge that could be related to the built environment. That information is initialised by human knowledge-oriented language and linked to multiple domain knowledge bases [58]. As an integral component of the semantic web, ontology plays a significant role, since it structures the implementation framework that could be made readable by computer language applications. Ontology web language (OWL), the language of expression, has been given rule-based functions to query information from a different knowledge base and then provide the path for data management [59]. An ontological representation allows sophisticated knowledge to be incorporated into a project system that is implemented logically [60]. Unlike general object-oriented programming models in software development that enable the model's transformation into software artefacts, a model in an ontological environment contains semantic relationships, domain knowledge annotation, and rich rules for information management [61]. The semantic approach, interacting with BIM technology, has, in recent years, led to a significant shift in research and development in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries (Figure 8). Semantic web technologies added value to BIM by permitting data integration and complex search queries across several data sources [62]. Concerned with domain use, recent outlook and review articles have considered the latest semantic methods. Research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [63] proposes the ontology applications by merging BIM and geographic information system (GIS) data for urban scale facility management. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [64] proposed a BIM-based ontology framework to support safe maintenance and repair practices for the construction facility management phase. [PERSON] [65] created OntoSCS, an ontology for sustainable concrete structures, using semantic web rule language (SWRL) to optimise the structural design solutions. [PERSON] et al. [66] developed an ontology-based job hazard analysis for construction safety management, while [PERSON] et al. [67] applied a facility ontology to energy management. In the field of cost-related ontology, [PERSON] et al. [68] proposed schematic BIM models using a low-impact design explorer, which was a knowledge-based tool to define and estimate the early stage costs. [PERSON] et al. [69] proposed an ontological inference process for building costs; this translated the IFC XML (Extensible Markup Language), extracted from the BIM to a resource description framework (RDF) format that contained the information required for semantic reasoning. The process takes into consideration the working conditions and work items to help estimators decide on an efficiently automated method. [PERSON] [47] developed new rules of measurement ontology for cost estimations during the tendering stage. In the field of construction risk management, [PERSON] et al. [70] developed an ontology-based framework of risk management that addressed risk identification and analysis concerning the project flow of design and construction. [PERSON] et al. [71] constructed a comprehensive ontological prototype to manage the construction risk.