## 5 Results
### Air Property Distribution in the Temple  
In the previous section, we identified airflow patterns within the temple that had a major influence on the indoor environmental conditions. This section further validates that hypothesis by examining the detailed distribution of key air properties. In heritage preservation, it is crucial to identify areas of reduced airflow and prominent recirculation zones because stagnant air conditions may cause moisture retention or excessive dryness that accelerates material deterioration. Figure 14 illustrates the temperature, relative humidity, and TKE distribution across the selected sectional planes shown in Figure 13a. This analysis indicated that the incoming airflow absorbed heat from the wall surfaces and circulated it through the building. This circulation elevated temperatures and reduced humidity levels in the central interior regions. Figure 14 demonstrates explicitly that airflow aligned directly with the main entrance resulted in notable heat accumulation at the center compared to other airflow scenarios. In addition, this alignment corresponded to lower humidity and lower TKE values. In contrast, regions near the walls had lower temperatures and higher humidity levels that promoted moisture accumulation on building surfaces. Persistent moisture conditions near walls create favorable conditions for fungal growth and pose a risk to historical materials [29; 30; 31].  
The TKE measures the intensity of airflow turbulence and indicates how much energy is available for air mixing and ventilation. Higher TKE values usually correspond to stronger airflow mixing, resulting in a more even distribution of temperature and humidity within a space [32; 33]. However, the current study revealed relatively low TKE values near wall surfaces. Low TKE values in these areas indicates stagnant airflow and poor ventilation, which increase moisture accumulation and accelerate material deterioration. In contrast, regions with higher TKE values, such as the central interior of the building, experience more active airflow. This dynamic airflow helps to reduce moisture buildup but slightly elevates local temperatures.  
A key finding from this study, clearly illustrated in Figure 15, was the confirmed deterioration of materials on the rear wall of the [PERSON] image area. The CFD analysis demonstrated that this area had much lower TKE values, indicating weak airflow mixing and inadequate ventilation, leading to stagnant air and increased moisture retention. This finding closely matched historical observations of material damage on the building's rear wall, a deterioration issue previously unresolved in conservation studies. However, now, the current research has provided a clear scientific explanation based on the detailed airflow analysis. This discovery is important because it justifies prioritizing conservation efforts in zones highly prone to moisture-related damage. Additionally, the results have validated existing conservation concerns, providing robust scientific support for integratingeffective airflow management into future preservation plans. These insights could serve as a foundation for developing standardized guidelines, substantially enhancing archaeological and historical structures' long-term protection and conservation.  
Figure 14: Air properties inside and outside the ordination hall.