###### Abstract  
This study explores the optimization of fused deposition modeling (FDM), a prominent 3D printing technology known for its accessibility and cost-effectiveness. The research aimed to identify and reduce errors associated with key printing parameters, specifically the layer height, printing temperature, and printing speed. Advanced tools such as a Keyence laser scanner and microscope were used to evaluate the dimensional accuracy and surface quality of various samples. The results indicate that the optimal settings for the layer height (0.16 mm), printing temperature (250 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and printing speed (350 mm/s) significantly minimize variation, resulting in more consistent and accurate prints. The results also showed that the samples printed with these optimized parameters had the lowest variability, underscoring the critical importance of precisely managing these factors. The findings highlight the critical role of fine-tuned FDM parameters in improving the quality and reliability of printed objects and provide valuable insights for further advances in 3D printing processes. outer perimeter; surface quality monitoring; 3D printing; laser profilometry +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
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(SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), and others. Each of these techniques has its own merits and limitations, with the choice of a particular one depending on factors such as the type of material used and the purpose for which the object is intended [3]. FDM has emerged as a highly popular and widely used technique in the field of 3D printing. This method involves the use of polymers to create models, prototypes, and even finished products [4]. One of the key factors driving the widespread adoption of FDM is its efficient and cost-effective fabrication process, which differentiates it from other prominent 3D printing methods. Despite its simplicity, FDM can produce complex shapes and intricate details with a satisfactory degree of accuracy [5]. FDM is a manufacturing method that involves depositing material layer by layer based on a 3D model. A filament feedstock is fed into the printer using rotating drive gears powered by a stepper motor. The drive gears have grooved surfaces to grip the filament securely. The filament melts as it passes through a heated liquefier and is pushed through the print nozzle by the solid portion of the filament acting like a piston. This complex process requires precise control of the filament feed mechanism and temperature to ensure consistent and reliable material deposition for creating detailed designs with strong structural integrity [5; 6]. The core component of the FDM process is the utilization of a nozzle, typically characterized by a diameter of 0.4 mm, through which the filament feedstock is extruded. During the extrusion process, a thread of material is deposited in successive layers, with a thickness ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mm. This range depends on various factors, including the settings of the 3D printer and the properties of the material being used [7]. The effectiveness of the FDM process largely depends on two crucial aspects: material selection and parameter optimization [8]. The material selection significantly influences the attributes and behavior of the printed object. Commonly used thermoplastics in FDM printing include PLA, ABS, PETG, and nylon, each offering unique strength, flexibility, heat resistance, and chemical resistance [9]. The selection of the appropriate filament material is essential to match the specific application and performance requirements of the printed item [3]. Optimizing the FDM parameters is equally important for a successful printing process. This involves the precise calibration and adjustment of a wide range of printing parameters, such as the nozzle temperature, bed temperature, layer height, printing speed, infill density, and cooling settings [10; 11].