esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Measurement of Structural Loads Using a Novel MEMS Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Strain Sensor
## 2 Principle of Operating  
The interference device comprises two mutually parallel planes of high reflectivity, the distance between the two planes being \(d\). As illustrated in Figure 1, when the incident light beam of the external broadband light source is traveling along the fiber core of the optical fiber, multiple reflections are transmitted between the two surfaces of the cavity to form an interference fringe and return to the optical fiber. Based on the theory of FPI, the light intensity of the interference signal is given by [22; 29]  
\[I(\lambda)=I_{1}(\lambda)+I_{2}(\lambda)+\sqrt{I_{1}(\lambda)I_{2}(\lambda)}\cos\phi \tag{1}\]  
where \(I_{1}(\lambda)\) and \(I_{2}(\lambda)\) are the intensities reflected by the two cavity surfaces, and \(\lambda\) is the wavelength of the incident light. The phase difference between the two reflected lights due to the optical path shift is \(\phi\)  
\[\phi=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}2 nd\cos\theta+\varphi \tag{2}\]  
where \(n\) is the refractive index (RI) of the cavity medium; \(d\) is the length of the air cavity; and \(\theta\) is the angle of incidence, assuming that \(\theta\) = 0. \(\varphi\) is the initial phase of the interference; when light passes through different mediums, it represents the phase shift introduced by the material, which can be ignored.  
Assuming that the two sheets have the same amplitude reflectivity (\(r_{1}\) = \(r_{2}\) = \(r\)) and that the plane has no absorption and no loss, the intensity of the transmitted light interference \(I_{T}\) and the intensity of the reflected light interference \(I_{R}\) are [29], respectively,  
\[\frac{I_{R}}{I}=\frac{K\sin^{2}(\phi/2)}{1+K\sin^{2}(\phi/2)},\;\frac{I_{T}}{I }=\frac{1}{1+K\sin^{2}(\phi/2)} \tag{3}\]  
where the coefficient of finesse \(K\) is given by \(K=4R/(1-R)^{2}\) and reflectance \(R\) is given \(R\ =\mid r\mid^{2}\).  
Free spectral range (FSR) is defined as the wavelength difference with no overlap between continuous interference fringes, and the FSR of the interference fringes of the cavity can be written as  
\[\lambda_{FSR}=\frac{\lambda^{2}}{2 nd}. \tag{4}\]  
The full width of the reflectivity curve at half of the maximum intensity is called the full width half maximum, \(\lambda_{FWHM}\), which is defined as  
\[\lambda_{FWHM}\approx\frac{\lambda(1-R)}{n\pi\sqrt{R}}. \tag{5}\]  
Then, the reflectivity fringe finesse \(F_{R}\) is defined as the ratio of the free spectral range over \(\lambda_{FWHM}\), which is defined as  
\[F_{R}=\frac{\lambda_{FSR}}{\lambda_{FWHM}}\approx\frac{\pi\sqrt{R}}{(1-R)}. \tag{6}\]  
When the interference order satisfies \(M=2m+1\), \(m\) is an integer and the intensity fringe dip appears at the interference spectrum wavelength [14; 22].  
\[\lambda_{m}=\frac{4 nd}{M} \tag{7}\]  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of multi-beam interferometer.  
The cavity is an air gap, \(n=1\). The relationship of cavity length \(\Delta d\) caused by the axial force and the wavelength shift \(\Delta\lambda_{m}\) is as shown in the following equation:  
\[\Delta\lambda_{m}=\frac{4\Delta d}{2m+1}. \tag{8}\]
# Comparative Study of Minimally Invasive Microwave Ablation Applicators
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Verification of Already Existed Designs  
We present the verification of existing designs as modeled herein by comparing them with those reported in the literature. The purpose of this section is to ensure that the applicators are correctly constructed as intended by the proposing researchers. The temperature profiles, power settings, and material properties (both dielectric and thermal) used in the simulations are aligned with or closely matched to those in the referenced studies. In cases where certain values were not explicitly provided--for instance, power is not specified in reference [45], and precise dielectric properties are absent in references [21; 43; 46; 47; 48]--we have approximated these parameters as closely as possible. This verification is illustrated in Figure 2.  
Figure 2: _Cont._  
Although all the applicators reviewed in this work were previously simulated, designed, and tested in their respective publications [21, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48], it was deemed necessary to repeat the simulations using the same phantom model utilized in the corresponding trials to ensure a reliable and fair comparison. Initially, a simulation replicating the original model and conditions was conducted to verify the reported performance. Subsequently, each applicator was inserted into a tumor and simulated to evaluate its SAR and temperature distribution. These results are compared according to the criteria defined above.  
The applicators in Figure 2a,c,d,f,g,i retain the comet-tail shape of ablation area, which causes difficulties in ensuring the safe exposure of healthy tissues on the back side of the applicators. On the contrary, the treated area is closer to a spherical shape in Figure 2b,h. However, it is only in Figure 2j that the ablation area is restricted inside the tapered spiral providing the means to control the exposure of the healthy tissue.
## 5 Predefined Path-Based Techniques
### Dual Virtual Paths (DVP)  
#### 5.2.1 DVP Concepts  
Like ODP, DVP [11,18,19] also establishes two predefined paths for each connection pair of terminal nodes in a network. However, unlike ODP that discovers the dual paths based on the network's link information, the DVP approach discovers the dual paths by sending and receiving control messages such as path selection and path confirmation messages. These dual paths will be automatically established in a DVP setup process. Such a process simply makes all of the intermediate QuadBox nodes \"smart\" after a learning task. The QuadBox nodes then understand how to forward a unicast frame to a proper destination through only one of their ports, instead of duplicating and flooding the frame through all ports, except the port on which the frame was received, as in standard HSR protocol.
# The Importance of Incorporating Denitrification in the Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Greek Study Areas  
For the application of LOSN-P in the Florina basin, all the information has been obtained from previous studies [44]. The OM in the basin ranges from a minimum of 1.0% to a maximum of 4.0% with the highest values localized in the center of the basin, while to the North and to the South the soils suffer for a lack of OM content. The precipitation also varies from a minimum of 400 mm/y in the South to a maximum of 550 mm/y in the North, showing a steady increase. Similarly, to the precipitation behavior, the potential evapotranspiration ranges from 200 to 300 mm/y. The amount of irrigation is estimated around 345 mm/y over all the basin and the mean annual temperature is 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The topography is almost flat with higher slope in the center of the plain. The final LOSN-P is shown in Figure 3a. Generally, the values of N loss follow the morphology of the study area with a maximum rate observed in the North and the lowest rate near the reliefs and in the Southern portion of the basin. Within the flat area of the Florina basin, the soils with the low OM are the ones characterized by high N loss rates, confirming how OM is directly correlated with denitrification processes.  
Figure 3: LOSN-P application for (**a**) the Florina basin, and (**b**) the Epanomi coastal area.  
For the Epanomi coastal area, the data of mean annual precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and irrigation are 480 mm/y, 850 mm/y and 340 mm/y, respectively. The highest Ks values are located along the coastal area and in a small portion of the territory in the West margin of the basin. These areas coincide to the areas that show the lower percentage of OM. According to the LOSN-P index, N losses due to deep percolation vary from 8.9 to 28.8 kg/ha/y with the highest N loss rates along the small coastal plain.  
Generally, the four applications described above confirm how LOSN-P can be used for identifying those areas with a high denitrification potential, and how the denitrification process may be directly or inversely correlated with some specific parameters considered in the groundwater vulnerability assessment methods.
## 3 NN Attack Reconstruction Algorithm  
Due to the unknown adversarial attack functions \(a_{s}(t,\overline{x}_{s})\) and \(a(t,\overline{x}_{n})\) being unusable, this section needs to construct the attack reconstruction strategies during the control design process. Thus, the NN estimation algorithm is proposed to solve approximate learning for unknown adversarial attacks.  
According to the research in reference [16; 19], the estimation performance of neural networks (NNs) is only guaranteed on the compact set \(\Omega\). However, adversarial attack functions \(a(t,\overline{x}_{n})\) are time-dependent; therefore, according to reference [19], we propose a nonlinear mapping that maps \(t\) to a compact set:  
\[h(t)=\frac{t}{t+1},\ t\in[0,\infty) \tag{4}\]  
This paper takes the inverse mapping \(h^{-1}:[0,1]\rightarrow[0,\infty)\) of (4), which we can obtain as follows:  
\[h^{-1}(\varsigma)=\frac{\varsigma}{1-\varsigma}\ \varsigma\in[0,1] \tag{5}\]  
According to (4) and (5), the time-related adversarial attack functions \(a_{s}(t,\overline{x}_{s})\) and \(a(t,\overline{x}_{n})\) have been mapped to the compact set \(\varsigma\in[0,1]\). NNs are capable of learning complex nonlinear relationships, making them highly adaptable to various types of data and problems. Next, we use NNs to capture adversarial attack patterns and features. We define  
\[a_{s}(t,0)=a_{s}(h^{-1}(\varsigma),0)=a_{s,h}(\varsigma,0) \tag{6}\]  
\[a(t,0)=a(h^{-1}(\varsigma),0)=a_{h}(\varsigma,0) \tag{7}\]  
Similarly to work [19], we have  
\[a_{s,h}(\varsigma,\overline{x}_{s})=w_{s}^{*T}\varphi_{s}(\varsigma, \overline{x}_{s})+\varepsilon_{s0} \tag{8}\]  
\[a_{h}(\varsigma,\overline{x}_{n})=v^{*T}\phi(\varsigma,\overline{x}_{n})+v_{0} \tag{9}\]where \(w_{s}^{*T}=[w_{s,1}^{*},\cdots,w_{s,r}^{*}]\) and \(v^{*T}=[v_{1}^{*},\cdots,v_{r}^{*}]\) present an ideal weight vector, which is the optimal weight vector found through training to minimize error, while \(r\) is the NN rules number; \(\varphi_{s}(\zeta,\overline{x}_{s})=[\varphi_{s,1}(\zeta,\overline{x}_{s}), \cdots,\varphi_{s,r}(\zeta,\overline{x}_{s})]^{T}\) and \(\phi(\zeta,\overline{x}_{n})=[\phi_{1}(\zeta,\overline{x}_{n}),\cdots,\phi_{ r}(\zeta,\overline{x}_{n})]^{T}\) are activation function vectors, aiding in the Gaussian activation function, with parameters being tuned during training for optimal performance; and \(\varepsilon_{s0}\) and \(v_{0}\) are approximation errors of the NN and satisfy that \(|\varepsilon_{s0}|\leq\varepsilon_{s0}^{*}\) and \(|v_{0}|\leq v_{0}^{*}\), respectively. \(\varepsilon_{s0}^{*}\) and \(v_{0}^{*}\) are positive constants.  
Based on (8) and (9), we can use \(\hat{w}_{s}^{T}\varphi_{s}(\zeta,\overline{x}_{s})\) and \(\hat{v}^{T}\phi(\zeta,\overline{x}_{n})\) to solve approximate learning for unknown adversarial attacks, respectively.
# A Novel Markerless Lung Tumor-Tracking Method Using Treatment MV Beam Imaging
###### Abstract  
A novel method was developed to track lung tumor motion in real time during radiation therapy with the purpose to allow target radiation dose escalation while simultaneously reducing the dose to sensitive structures, thereby increasing local control without increasing toxicity. This method analyzes beam's eye view radiation therapy treatment megavoltage (MV) images with simulated digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) as references. Instead of comparing global DRRs with projection images, this method incorporates a technique that divides the global composite DRR and the corresponding MV projection into sub-images called tiles. Registration is performed independently on tile pairs in order to reduce the effects of global discrepancies due to scattering or imaging modality differences. This algorithm was evaluated by phantom studies while simulated tumors were controlled to move with various patterns in a complex humanoid torso. Approximately 15,000 phantom MV images were acquired at nine gantry angles, with different tumors moving within ranges between 10 and 20 mm. Tumors were successfully identified on every projection with a total maximum/average error of 1.84/0.98 mm. This algorithm was also applied to over 5000 frames of MV projections acquired during radiation therapy of five lung cancer patients. This tumor-tracking methodology is capable of accurately locating lung tumors during treatment without implanting any internal fiducial markers nor delivering extra imaging radiation doses.  
tumor tracking; MV imaging; markerless +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Radiometric Method for Determining Canopy Stomatal Conductance in Controlled Environments
## 3 Results
### Diurnal Changes in Energy Balance Components  
Sensible heat flux (Figure 4; pink line) was calculated from direct measurements of canopy energy balance components (net radiation--red line; latent heat--blue line; photosynthesis--green line) in wheat (18-day-old; [CO\({}_{2}\)] = 680 \(\upmu\)mol mol\({}^{-1}\); PPF = 1600 \(\upmu\)mol m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\); T\({}_{\rm air}\) = 21 \({}^{\circ}\)C; RH = 68%) and soybean (25-day-old; [CO\({}_{2}\)] = 1200 \(\upmu\)mol mol\({}^{-1}\); PPF = 750 \(\upmu\)mol m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\); T\({}_{\rm air}\) = 21 \({}^{\circ}\)C; RH = 64%) using Equation (5). In the dark, net radiation was negligible and the canopies were always cooler than air temperature because the transpiration rate and latent heat flux of hydroponic plants remains high [42]. However, the topmost leaf layers remained warm compared to the lower layers of the canopy (Figure 3A), as advection of warm air from the chamber temperature control system supplies additional energy for transpiration. Latent heat increased and sensible heat decreased in the hours preceding the photoperiod (Figure 4), probably due to circadian increases in predawn stomatal conductance [43].  
Figure 4: Diurnal course of canopy energy balance components: net radiation, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and photosynthesis in (**A**) wheat and (**B**) soybean canopies.  
Figure 3: Vertical canopy-to-air temperature difference profiles of wheat canopies were affected by (**A**) light intensity and (**B**) chamber wind speed.  
Generally, sensible heat increased during the photoperiod as the canopy became warmer because evaporative cooling from latent heat diminished during the course of the day, even though incident PPF was constant. This decrease in latent heat is probably due to diurnal changes in stomatal conductance [42]. In wheat, sensible heat was negative whenever latent heat plus photosynthesis exceeded net radiation, but the canopy became hotter than air temperature and sensible heat was positive at the end of the day (Figure 4A). The soybean canopy remained cooler than the air temperature, and latent heat remained greater than net radiation in spite of decreasing latent heat at the end of the day (Figure 4B).
# In Silico Investigation of the RBC Velocity Fluctuations in Ex Vivo Capillaries
###### Abstract  
A properly functioning capillary microcirculation is essential for sufficient oxygen and nutrient delivery to the central nervous system. The physical mechanisms governing the transport of red blood cells (RBCs) inside the narrow and irregularly shaped capillary lumen are complex, but understanding them is essential for identifying the root causes of neurological disorders like cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative conditions such as concussion and cognitive dysfunction in systemic inflammatory conditions. In this work, we conducted numerical simulations of three-dimensional capillary models, which were acquired ex vivo from a mouse retina, to characterize RBC transport. We show how the spatiotemporal velocity of the RBCs deviates in realistic capillaries and equivalent cylindrical tubes, as well as how this profile is affected by hematocrit and red cell distribution width (RDW). Our results show a previously unprecedented level of RBC velocity fluctuations in capillaries that depends on the geometric features of different confinement regions and a capillary circularity index (\(l_{cc}\)) that represents luminal irregularity. This velocity fluctuation is aggravated by high hematocrit conditions, without any further effect on RDW. These results can provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pathologically high capillary transit time heterogeneity that results in microcirculatory dysfunction.  
LBM; IBM; DEM; FEM; RBC; capillary; blood flow Article
# A Hybrid Linear Quadratic Regulator Controller for Unmanned Free-Swimming Submersible
### Research Gap  
The previous section shows that several attempts have been made to design a UFSS controller. These attempts include neural networks [15], sliding mode [16], and fuzzy controllers [17]. However, the problem of non-linearity in controller design is a well-known issue. It implies that whenever the UFSS is maneuvering in confined spaces, the sensor data have a lot of noise. It is particularly true when a small quantity is required to be measured. Furthermore, aforementioned controllers have disadvantages as they consider only non-linear behavior, linearization of plant dynamics, and noisy sensor data in their simulation results. However, the variations in depth, effects of object kinematics and uncertainties of hydrodynamic coefficients have a great influence on the robustness of UFSS. Consequently, a controller design is needed which can consider all these aspects during the operation of UFSS. We believe that the aforesaid concerns can be reduced by employing a hybrid design approach. Therefore, this article has proposed a novel controller design of UFSS which assists the equipment to make smarter moves and lessen the errors in their decisions.
# Features of Structure and Absorption in the Jet-Launching Region of M87
## 4 Discussion
### Temporal Features and Short-Lived Instability  
As we have mentioned in Section 3.1, on our 86 GHz image, the northern limb looks rather ragged. The analysis of transverse structure shows the northern limb starts at a larger core distance than its southern counterpart, and it has a tortuous and fragmentized structure, which means its orientation changes several times abruptly, resulting in structural features in the jet segment 2, 3, 4 and 6. These phenomenon have never been reported by works based on long-term mm-VLBI monitoring, so they might just be temporal features, and represents of the variability of the AGN jet in its launching region.  
It has been proved by mm-VLBI observations, that the flow in the jet in M87 is rotating clockwisely and with helical magnetic fields [8]. A local, internal kink instability can grow over short timescales in a jet like this and lead to oscillations [25; 32; 33; 34; 35]. At the observed epoch, a southward jet oscillation is found between \(d=0.75\) mas and \(3.00\) mas, and most clearly seen at \(d=1.45\) mas. So, the temporal features could possibly be attributed to the observed southward jet oscillation caused by the kink instability. The northern edge of the jet in M87 was compressed by the oscillation, thus local structure of the northern limb was damaged, and finally brought this fragmentized morphology of the northern limb and these temporal structural features at the observed epoch.
applied sciences Article Influence of Urea Content in Deep Eutectic Solvents on Thermoplastic Starch Films' Properties  
[PERSON]  
Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
The goal of the study was to prepare deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different urea (U) contents and apply them as potato-starch plasticizers to investigate the influence of various DES compositions on the physicochemical properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained via thermocompression. As hydrogen bond acceptors, quaternary ammonium compounds, choline chloride (CC) and betaine (B-anhydrous and monohydrate) were used. The molar ratios of CC or B to U were 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. Before starch processing, the DESs were thermally characterized (DSC, TGA). The increase in U content in the eutectics led to higher phase-transition temperatures and lower thermal stability. The influence of the DESs on thermocompressed TPS mechanical (tensile test) and thermal-mechanical (DMTA) properties, morphology (XRD and FTIR), sorption/dissolution behavior and surface contact angle was investigated. The mechanical tests revealed that the increase in U led to higher elongation at break and a highly amorphous structure. The FTIR results indicated that the starch underwent some carbamation derivatization with the presence of B. The DESs with high U content plasticized starch effectively; therefore, preliminary extrusion tests for starch were performed with selected CC and B-based DES with the molar ratio of 1:5.  
betheanic chlorine chloride; deep eutectic solvents; plasticization; thermoplastic starch; urea
# Minimum Frequency and Voltage Stability Constrained Unit Commitment for AC/DC Transmission Systems
## 4 Model Decomposition and Solution  
The proposed AC/DC hybrid SCUC model is composed of generating unit constraints, security constraints of the AC power system, minimum frequency limit constraints for HVDC's N-1 fault, and the constraints of static voltage stability margin for the heavy load center. Obviously, it is a typical NP-hard problem and difficult to directly solve. In this section, we decompose the whole model into the UC master model, SC sub-model, and voltage stability constraint sub-model. Then, based on the linearization algorithm of UC introduced in literature [16], the master model and all sub-models are linearized respectively. The coordination mechanism is established between the master model and all sub-models by the Benders decomposition theory. When the generators schedule of the master model simultaneously satisfy the verification calculation of three sub-models, the global optimum solution is obtained.