esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Interference Detection Based on Joint TF Analysis by Using RSPWVD
### Reassignment Method
The RSPWVD \(RSPWVD(t^{\prime},\mathbf{\omega}^{\prime};g,h)\) can be used to eliminate the cross-term artifacts inherent in the quadratic TF distributions, which presents good resolution in both the time and frequency domains; therefore, in this work, the joint TF analysis based on RSPWVD has been firstly proposed in interference detection for GNSS receivers, which is clearly illustrated in Figure 4. The double convolution of the WVD \(W_{y_{a}}(t,\mathbf{\omega})\) of the analytical signal and the two-dimensional smoothing function \(\Pi(t,\mathbf{\omega})\) is performed to obtain the \(SPWVD(t,\mathbf{\omega};g,h)\); after reassignment, the cross-term-free TF distribution \(RSPWVD(t^{\prime},\mathbf{\omega}^{\prime};g,h)\) has good readability, which is suitable for multi-component signal analysis. The proposed joint TF analysis by using RSPWVD makes the spectral characteristic of the interfering signal sharply distinguishable among the received GNSS signal; therefore, the instantaneous frequency of the disturbing term in the received GNSS signals can be effectively estimated by detecting the peaks of the proposed joint TF distribution.
# Sonoporation, a Novel Frontier for Cancer Treatment: A Review of the Literature
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Results by Body District
#### 3.2.3 Pancreas  
In their 2014 study, [PERSON] and colleagues [17] aimed to enhance the delivery of gemcitabine to pancreatic tumors by investigating the effect of sonoporation via ultrasound (frequency 1.0 MHz, duty cycle 40%) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Figure 4 demonstrates how, in the experimental setup under examination, the transducer was adapted to the body of the mouse by means of an adapter designed to contain an aqueous medium that conforms to the acoustic intensity and the focal length. The results demonstrated that combining sonoporation with gemcitabine therapy significantly reduced primary tumor volumes and increased median survival by up to 10% when compared to control groups. Building on this work, in 2017, the same research team [18] explored the use of acoustic cluster therapy (ACT(r), a patented microbubble system that can be loaded with drugs that can be activated via ultrasound stimulation) in combination with paclitaxel to improve the therapeutic efficacy in a pre-clinical pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) mouse model. The experimental setup is visible in Figure 5, where the eogguided injection of the drug is also taken. The results showed that ACT(r) with paclitaxel led to transient reductions in tumor volume and a potential mechanism for enhanced therapy. In this second article, it is underscored that the acoustic parameters utilized for ultrasonic stimulation and the formulation of the drug warrant further optimization. This optimization process has the potential to yield even more promising results in the context of enhancing therapeutic outcomes. These studies collectively offer promising approaches for enhancing the treatment of pancreatic cancer, which is known for its high mortality rates and limited treatment options, especially in advanced stages. Finally, in 2022, [PERSON] et al.'s research (Figure 6) provides an overview of the results on PDAC xenograft mouse models with the ACT(r) technique combined with paclitaxel, which provided significant reductions in tumor volume in PDAC cell-line-based mouse xenograft models.  
Figure 4: Custom-made ultrasound transducer (**a**). Experimental setup (**b**). Images from [17].
# Augmented Reality in Surgical Navigation: A Review of Evaluation and Validation Metrics
## 2 State of the Art AR Based Surgical Systems  
Many areas of medical imaging, from simulation to training and therapy, are significantly benefiting from the use of mixed, augmented, and virtual reality technologies [30; 31; 32]. While VR is primarily used for training, AR may be used for everything from training to planning and navigation in the surgery room [33]. Most research compared user comprehension, which was assessed using Likert scale surveys, to the usability of the AR and VR system [34; 35; 36; 37; 38]. Overall, the findings imply that participants found AR/VR systems simple to comprehend. Some studies provided a thorough analysis of usability by evaluating particular AR/VR system tools and contrasting the selected interface with more conventional interfaces such as the keyboard and mouse [39]. Most users preferred the interface of the AR/VR system. Numerous studies also mentioned generic characteristics that improve usefulness in the learning environment, such as system mobility and adaptability. Finally, the ability of AR/VR technologies to provide a seamless transition between reality and the augmented or virtual world was a critical component of their usability in anatomy learning [40; 41; 42].  
The beauty of augmented reality is its potential to show an easily recognized and simplified anatomy during surgery [43]. This section describes various fields in surgery where AR technology has been applied more often. Figure 2 shows the breakdown of the papers' percentage contributions from the various surgical specialties under discussion. The level of flexibility, functionality, and work-flow that each surgical field, each institution, and each surgeon requires from their navigation systems varies. Every field utilizes different methods for evaluating their setup and the overall technology as described below.
## 2 Results  
### Chemical Synthesis and Fluorescent Labeling of Peptides  
The peptide CXCL9(74-103) has been previously studied and has been shown to bind to GAGs with high affinity [15; 16; 17; 18; 19]. Based on this knowledge, we wanted to investigate the requirements for high affinity binding to GAGs, more specifically: if and how (1) the non-basic amino acids in the GAG-binding motifs; (2) the amino acids in the linker sequences; (3) the number of GAG-binding motifs; and (4) the type of GAG-binding motifs affect the affinity of binding to various GAGs. To this end, seven peptides with varying lengths and varying numbers and types of GAG-binding motifs and hydrophilic (Gln and Ser) or hydrophobic (Ala) amino acids in the linker sequences and GAG-binding motifs were designed. Peptides with two or three GAG-binding motifs were called dimers (2 mers) or trimers (3 mers), respectively. Either ASAS or QSQS was used as linker sequences, where A, Q and S represent the amino acids Ala, Gln and Ser, respectively. In accordance with CXCL9(74-103), the COOH-terminus of all the peptides ended with two Thr residues. These peptides were chemically synthesized and site-specifically labeled with a fluorescent group, 5(6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), at the NH\({}_{2}\)-terminus. After purification by RP-HPLC, the relative molecular mass (M\({}_{\rm r}\)) of each peptide was confirmed by ion trap mass spectrometry. The differences between the theoretical and experimentally determined M\({}_{\rm r}\) were within the error margins of the mass spectrometer. For each peptide, the amino acid sequence, the theoretical and the experimentally determined M\({}_{\rm r}\) are shown in Table 1. A mass spectrum of one of the peptides, TAMRA-KKQK-3 mer, is depicted in Figure 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Peptide Name** & **Amino Acid Sequence** & **Theoretical Average M\({}_{\rm r}\)** & **Experimental M\({}_{\rm r}\)** \\ \hline \({}^{1}\)TAMRA-KKAK-2 mer & \({}^{*}\)KKAKASASKKAKTT & 1859.2 & 1859.7 \\ TAMRA-KKAK-3 mer & \({}^{*}\)KKAKASASKKAKAKAKTT & 2631.1 & 2631.8 \\ TAMRA-KKQK-3 mer & \({}^{*}\)KKQKQSKKKKQKTT & 2087.4 & 2087.3 \\ TAMRA-KKQK-3 mer & \({}^{*}\)KKQKQSQSKKKKQQQSKKKKTT & 3030.4 & 3030.9 \\ TAMRA-KKQKASAS-2 mer & \({}^{*}\)KKQKASASKKKKTT & 1973.3 & 1973.1 \\ TAMRA-KKQKASAS-3 mer & \({}^{*}\)KKQKASKKKQSKKKKQKTT & 2802.2 & 2802.4 \\ TAMRA-KKKQQK-2 mer & \({}^{*}\)KKQKQSQSKKKKQKTT & 2600.0 & 2599.3 \\ TAMRA-CXCL9(74-103) & \({}^{*}\)KKKQKQKKKKKKQKIn summary, these chemically synthesized peptides with: (1) different amino acids in the GAG-binding motifs and alternative amino acids in the linker sequences (i.e., Ala or Gln); (2) a different number of GAG-binding motifs and, consequently, different lengths (i.e., dimers and trimers); and (3) different GAG-binding motifs (i.e., short and long GAG-binding motifs) allowed us to investigate in detail the contribution of amino acids in GAG-binding motifs and linker sequences to the affinity for GAGs.
# Logistics Distribution Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window under Pallet 3D Loading Constraint
## 5 Example Analysis
### Comparative Analysis and Discussion
The study also further classifies palletized 3D loading distribution vehicles into four categories based on the number of pallets loaded in the carriages, no pallets (traditional 3D loading solution), eight pallets, nine pallets, and ten pallets, to explore the effect of the number of pallets on the loading rate of the carriages. The graph below shows the average vehicle loading rates for each type. As depicted in Figure 13, the loading rate decreases by 0.19875% on average for each additional pallet from no pallets to eight pallets; increasing from eight to nine pallets decreases the loading rate by 0.095%. However, when increasing to 10-pallet carriages, the use of pallets has a greater impact on the vehicle loading rate, decreasing by 2.56%. Therefore, under this data condition, the loading rate of the vehicle with up to nine pallets smoothly decreases. However, as the number of pallets increases, its effect on the loading rate increases, and the process is a non-linear one. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **The Pallet 3D** & **No Pallet 3D** \\  & **Loading Solution** & **Loading Solution** \\ \hline Vehicle loading rate & 81.68\% & 83.18\% \\ Violation time window (h) & 1.43 & 3.81 \\ Total cost (CNY) & 260.95 & 344.15 \\ Target value & 0.33 & 0.27 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparison of results among different packing. Figure 13: Comparison of the effect of pallets on loading rates.
# Three-Dimensional Localization of Underwater Nodes Using Airborne Visible Light Beams
## 3 System Model and Analysis
### Intensity-Based Location Estimation in the Absence of Depth Information  
If the underwater node is not equipped with a depth sensor, Equation (1) can have multiple solutions for different depths. To illustrate, let us rearrange Equation (1):  
\[\frac{I.\theta A\tau.{a_{d}}^{2}}{360.\tau.P}=(cos\theta_{i})^{2}.e^{-\frac{ \text{i}\text{i}\text{i}\text{i}\text{i}\text{i}}} \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: A 2D illustration of the coverage of light transmission from a source at S above the water surface. The points A, B, C, F, G, H, and J are geometric points of reference.  
Figure 2: Plotting the distribution of light intensity and the associated underwater coverage for an airborne VLC beam that is normal to the water surface.  
Let us consider the left side of the equation as a single constant \(I^{*}\). Since \(\theta_{i}\) and \(\theta_{r}\) are related by [PERSON]'s law, we can substitute them with each other. So, the equation becomes the following:  
\[I^{*}=(cos\theta_{i})^{2}e^{-\frac{\ln\theta_{i}}{cos(\sin^{-1}\frac{n_{d}\sin \theta_{r}}{n_{w}})}} \tag{3}\]  
\[w_{d}=-\ln\frac{I^{*}}{(cos\theta_{i})^{2}}.\frac{\cos(\sin^{-1}\frac{n_{e}\sin \theta_{i}}{n_{w}})}{k} \tag{4}\]  
Equation (4) can have multiple solutions as a pair of \(w_{d}\) and \(\theta_{i}\). The underwater depth, defined as a function of \(w_{d}\) and \(\theta_{i}\), will provide us with the incident angle, which can be translated into the distance from the center at that depth. From Figure 1,  
\[\overline{DJ}=\overline{DH}+\overline{HJ}=a_{d}.\tan\theta_{i}+w_{d}.\tan \theta_{r} \tag{5}\]  
\(\theta_{r}\) can be calculated from \(\theta_{i}\), since the reflectance coefficient is known for both water and air.  
\[sin\theta_{r}=\frac{n_{a}}{n_{w}}.sin\theta_{i} \tag{6}\]  
Equation (4) may not be valid for all possible depths; depending on the other values, it may provide valid solution pairs for only certain depths specifically for the argument of the inverse sine function to be valid. We can discretize the depth value and find the solutions for the proximity of the corresponding depth for a received and measured intensity. Figure 3 illustrates the possible location of the underwater node in the case that the underwater node depth is unknown. Each circle at each depth represents the possible location of the underwater node. All the circles combined form this 3D contour, which represents all the possible locations of the underwater node. Now, depending on the parameters like transmission power and received transmission intensity, this 3D contour can be wider or thinner and taller or shorter.
## 5 Conclusions  
A hybrid model comprising unsupervised and supervised learning techniques is proposed in this paper, which can be used for the general modelling and processing of mixed data and for heart disease data in particular. The model consists of two main components: (i) collaborative clustering and (ii) combining decisions (the ensemble approach). The mixed data clustering problem is considered as a multi-view clustering problem, with each view processed using specialised clustering algorithms. Since each algorithm operates on a different space of the data set's features, a new collaborative framework has been suggested that enhances the clustering process through the information exchange between the different clustering algorithms, thereby producing expert models that model different spaces of the data set's features. The strength of this method is that it does not require the prototypes or models used by the different algorithms to be shared during the collaboration step; only the solution vectors produced by all the algorithms need to be shared. The optimisation process is based on the EM algorithm and improves the entropy-equivalent collaborative term, thus ensuring good convergence properties. The approach also avoids negative collaboration by controlling the continuity of the collaborative step. Finally, the models' clusters are mapped to the appropriate data set classes. There is therefore a shift from the unsupervised to the supervised learning approach, which makes the predictions of the clustering models meaningful. In order to produce a single decision from all these expert models, an ensemble approach similar to the stacking approach is applied. An LR model is used as a meta-classifier, trained on the results of the expert models' predictions and then utilised to predict the final decision. A cardiac data set containing different feature types, i.e., quantitative and qualitative data, which comprised discrete and continuous, and nominal and ordinal data types, respectively, was used to validate the proposed framework. The highest meta-classifier accuracy of 85% was obtained when the quantitative algorithms cooperated only with each other. The remainder of the experiments offered an equivalent performance level of 83%. This is because the meta-classifier's performance is not affected by changing the results of just one algorithm, as in the reinforcement scenario experiments, in addition to the small number of participating cooperating members. However, the accuracy of the meta-classifier can be enhanced by increasing the number of collaborating members, provided that diversity in solutions is achieved owing to the meta-classifier training data set consisting of the results of the collaborating members. Consequently, the more members, the greater the advantages of the training data set and so the better the declarative classifier learns. It could also be argued that in these experiments, the collaborative process never
## 3 Results
### Impacts of Starter Culture on Volatile Compounds of Shrimp Paste  
The variations in volatile components of shrimp paste samples collected on Day 35 were determined using the HS-SPME-GC-MS. Overall, a total of 25 volatile compounds (VCs), including 6 pyrazines, 1 hydrocarbon, 2 esters, 1 ether, 1 acid, 1 ketone, 2 alcohols, and 9 other compounds, were found in shrimp paste by GC-MS (Table 2). The most prominent VC type found in fermented shrimp paste was pyrazine, which comprised around 91.9% and 96% of the total VCs in the control and test groups, respectively. The esters and ethers were only identified in the control group, while acids, ketones, and alcohols were only found in the test group. It is worth noting that among the 9 other substances, amines were identified with an abundance of about 7% and 0.6% in the control and test group, respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RT (min)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Compound Name**} & **Relative Percentage (\%)** \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & **Control** & **Test** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Pyrazines} \\ A1 & 15.09 & 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine & 55.40 & 56.31 \\ A2 & 11.41 & Trimethyl-pyrazine & 17.08 & 18.73 \\ A3 & 7.11 & 2,5-Dimethyl-pyrazine & 16.50 & 17.45 \\ A4 & 10.45 & 2,6-Dimethyl-pyrazine & 0.27 & 0.20 \\ A5 & 19.48 & 3,5-Diethyl-2-methyl-pyrazine & 2.64 & ND \\ A6 & 19.31 & 2,5-Trimethyl-6-ethylpyrazine & ND & 3.27 \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Hydrocarbons} \\ B1 & 1.89 & Oxirane, 2-butyl-3-methyl-, cis- & 0.22 & ND \\ B2 & 37.35 & Hexa-t-butylthiatrisiletane & ND & 0.03 \\ B3 & 38.29 & Silane, [[4-[1,2-bis[(trimethylsilyl)]oxy] ethyl]-1,2-phenylene] & ND & 0.04 \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Bis(oxy)] bis [trimethyl-]} \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Esters} \\ C1 & 5.08 & Arsenous acid, tris(trimethylsilyl) ester & 0.49 & ND \\ C2 & 32.58 & Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methyl-, bicyclo [3.2.1] oct-6-yl ester & 0.05 & ND \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Ethers} \\ D1 & 38.29 & 18-Methyl-nonadecane-1,2-dio, trimethylsilyl ether & 0.06 & ND \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Acids} \\ E1 & 1.59 & 12-Methylaminolauric acid & ND & 1.36 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Volatile compounds identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS in shrimp paste samples.
## 3 Results
### PEST Analysis
#### 3.1.3 Sociocultural Aspects
In Brazil, the company Rubian Extratos, linked to Unicamp, produces anti-aging cosmetics and dietary supplements using residues such as jabuticaba peel and passion fruit pomace from the juice and pulp industry [75; 76]. Nestle launched six upcycled beverage lines in China, incorporating coffee cherry husk (cascara), coconut water, and oat milk. These clean-label drinks aim to offer fiber-rich, low-sugar, and low-fat alternatives while promoting a circular economy and regenerative food systems [77]. In Brazil, Giao Malte exemplifies innovative upcycling by converting brewery residues into new food products [78]. Scientific studies have explored the use of various fruit residues in fermented beverages, reinforcing the feasibility and potential of these applications [79]. [PERSON] et al. [80] reported that sequential fermentation of Chinese bayberry pomace enhanced phenolic content and preserved anthocyanins. [PERSON] et al. [81] and [PERSON] [82] investigated the fermentation of pineapple peel residues, demonstrating improved stability and performance when pre-treated with ultrasound. [PERSON] et al. [83] utilized acerola by-products to produce kombucha-like drinks and bacterial cellulose, while [PERSON] et al. [84; 85] showed that fermented soy beverages enriched with acerola residues promoted beneficial effects on gut microbiota. Additional examples include the use of apple, carrot, and pumpkin by-products in cereal-based fermented drinks [86], black tea residues fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum [38], and spent coffee grounds fermented with non-conventional yeasts to enhance aroma and ethanol yield [87]. [PERSON] et al. [88] developed a probiotic drink using prickly pear peels, where ultrasound-assisted extraction improved pectin content and probiotic stability. Functional fermented beverages are among the fastest-growing segments in the functional food market due to their ease of storage, capacity to incorporate bioactive compounds, and alignment with consumer preferences for convenient, health-oriented products [71]. Mango waste--such as peel and seed--has shown potential as a brewing ingredient, offering nutritional and sensory benefits while reinforcing a sustainable product narrative. This strategy could contribute to cost reduction, product diversification, and strengthening the mango production chain within a circular economy model. While fruits have been increasingly incorporated into beer production, using fruit residues as upcycled ingredients is still underexplored in this sector. In contrast, other beverage industries have made more progress in valorizing fruit by-products. Therefore, further experimental validation is needed to assess technical feasibility, microbiological safety, sensory performance, and consumer acceptance. Continued research on bioprocessing and valorization techniques will be essential to advance the use of mango by-products and promote scalable, sustainable innovation in the food and beverage industry.
# Reversible and Plausibly Deniable Covert Channels in One-Time Passwords Based on Hash Chains +
## 6 Conclusions  
Hash chains are an important element of today's inter-networked computing systems and are found, for example, in cryptocurrencies and authentication systems. For this reason, the exploitation of hash chains for covert channels is an attractive goal for attackers in several domains. We have presented the first covert channel in hash chains that is plausibly deniable and reversible. We have detailed how to create variants that differ in steganographic bandwidth and stealthiness. We have also presented non-trivial countermeasures against such a covert channel. Our experiments have shown that our channel might be detectable under realistic conditions only if no encryption is applied and authentication data are collected over a longer time-span. Thus, there are limitations both to the use of the covert channel--short-term only--and to the detection or limitation capabilities. The exact time spans will depend on the particular variant of the covert channel deployed, which in turn hangs on the width of the hash function used.  
The covert channel has been presented in the context of network communication, yet it is not restricted to that. Instead of using network packets, the covert channel could also use a local system to break a security policy if \(A\) authenticates against \(B\) over an IPC path to which both CS and CR have access.  
Figure 2: Differences between consecutive hash values for legitimate hash chains and covert channel with and without encryption, denoted as improved and simple, respectively.  
Future work will comprise further experiments, e.g., on other implementation variants, including the validation of countermeasures that can either prevent/limit or detect (e.g., with sophisticated machine learning methods) the proposed covert channels, and exploration of further application areas.  
The authors contributed equally to this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
[PERSON]'s work is supported by the project _Secure Intelligent Methods for Advance-dReco Gnition of malware, stegemaware & information hiding methods_ (SIMARGL), [[https://simargl.eu](https://simargl.eu)]([https://simargl.eu](https://simargl.eu))), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 833042. [PERSON]'s work is partially supported by the project _Machine learning for Attack Detection using data of InduStriAl control systems_ (MADISA), [[https://madisa.zt.hs-worms.de](https://madisa.zt.hs-worms.de)]([https://madisa.zt.hs-worms.de](https://madisa.zt.hs-worms.de)) funded by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund (EFRE) and the State of Rhineland-Palatinate (MWWK ministry), Germany. Funding content: P1-SZ2-7 F&E: Wissens- u. Technologietransfer (WTT), Application No. 84003751.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.