# Seismic Response of Container Crane under Near-Field and Far-Field Ground Motions
## 3 Input Ground Motions
### Original Input Ground Motion  
To evaluate the effects of the near-field and the far-field ground motions on the container crane's seismic response, a near-field and two far-field ground motions were used to make input ground motions for the shaking table test in this study. The near-field ground motions are generally defined to be limited to areas within an epicentral distance (EpiD) of approximately 20 km from an epicenter [20; 21; 27]. However, the definition of near-field ground motions is not universal because the effect of near-field ground motions on structures attenuates as the epicentral distance increases, so other factors, such as magnitude and local site conditions, have a more significant effect on structures. Furthermore, ground motions at a particular site are significantly influenced by the rupture mechanism, slip direction relative to the site, and the site's movement due to tectonic movement. For structural engineers, these characteristics are difficult to recognize when utilizing a real earthquake recorded to analyze structures' seismic response. Therefore, some main characteristics of the recorded earthquake, such as peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and peak ground displacement (PGD), are used to  
Figure 2: Locations of the strain gauges, displacement, and accelerometer.  
consider the effect of near-field and far-field ground motions. Some characteristics of three original input ground motions, one near-field (Gazli USSR Iran earthquake) and two far-field ground motions (Nahanni Canada and Mineral Virginia earthquakes), used in this study are presented in Table 2. The comparison of peak values of ground acceleration, velocity, and displacement for two far-field ground motions and one near-field ground motion are shown in Figure 3a. For the near-field Gazli USSR Iran earthquake, PGA was 0.61 (g), FGV was 65.38 (cm/s), and PGD was 25.38 (cm). The PGA of the far-field Mineral Virginia earthquake was 80% lower than the value of the near-field Gazli USSR Iran earthquake, while the PGA of the far-field Nahanni Canada earthquake was 77% lower than the value of the near-field Gazli USSR Iran earthquake. The PGV of far-field Mineral Virginia and Nahanni Canada earthquakes was 97% and 95%, respectively, lower than the value of the near-field Gazli USSR Iran earthquake. Both the PGD of the Mineral Virginia and Nahanni Canada earthquakes were 96% lower than the PGD of Gazli USSR Iran earthquake. [PERSON] [28] showed that the response spectrum is divided into three-period ranges: acceleration-sensitive region, velocity-sensitive region, and displacement-sensitive region. These regions depend on the values of PGA, PGV, and PGD. The widths of the various regions also depend on the ratio between PGA, PGV, and PGD: the acceleration-sensitive region is wider when the PGV/PGA ratio is higher; the displacement-sensitive region is wider when the PGD/PGV ratio is lower [29]. Regarding the earthquakes used in this study, the near-field Gazli USSR Iran earthquake had the widest acceleration-sensitive region, while the far-field Nahanni Canada had the widest displacement-sensitive region.