# Integration of Geoscience Information for Disaster Resilience in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
## 3 Results
### Urban Development Suitability and Development Planning Zones  
The Urban Development Suitability (UDS) map produced from the integration of EGC and geohazard susceptibility maps is shown in Figure 6. The integration of thematic maps allows for the consideration of the environmental and geological factors to determine the boundary of classes or zones of development. The integration does not take into account land use restrictions in the city, such as reserves of green spaces, river buffers and indigenous Malay reserves. Areas with high suitability (UDS Class I) are mostly in areas that are not covered by the alluvium, anthropogenic deposit or underlain by karstic marble. The UDS Class I areas occur mainly in the west-central, southern, and northeastern parts of the city within areas underlain by residual soils which have low geohazard susceptibility. The moderately suitable (UDS Class II) areas are mainly underlain by alluvium and have low geohazard susceptibility in the northern and west central part of the city. In general, areas with low suitability (UDS Class III) are mostly adjacent to the river channels within the alluvial plain. The combination of unfavourable engineering properties of the surficial deposit, presence of flood hazard and ground condition of the karstic marble underneath resulted in considerable ground constraints. UDS Class III areas also occur in hilly areas susceptible to landslide. Spatially scattered classes of non-contiguous areas in the UDS map were grouped into zones. The grouping of the spatially contiguous development suitability zones (DSZ, Figure 7) is more practical for the purpose of development planning. The DSZ map aims to guide development planning where zone A, zone B and zone C are defined in the order of increasing ground constraints, indicating its suitability for various purposes. This includes development ordevelopment, requirement for site investigation work and mitigation techniques that are associated with higher development cost. Thus, planners and developers are informed of ground conditions, its implications and associated risks to support decision making for minimising geohazards or engineering problems. Covering 20.2% of the city, Zone A is defined by areas that have potential for development or redevelopment as ground constraint is minimal in areas represented by mostly UDS Class I and minor Class II. New development is possible in some areas where it is not built up, such as vacant land with no physical constraint. However, most of the areas within this zone already comprise residential areas, with a portion within institution and public facilities. In this zone, standard site investigation and minimal intervention from engineering remedial works are required. Therefore, normal costs involved in engineering works are anticipated due to the negligible hazard potential within the area and the relatively good ground condition. Encompassing 44.2% of the city, Zone B represents areas with moderate ground constraint as represented by mostly UDS Class II and lesser Class I or areas with both Class I and III present. The zone is largely built up, thus limiting future development due to land scarcity. It includes hilly areas of Kuala Lumpur Granite, Kenny Hill Formation and the schists consisting of various land use categories. The undeveloped, hilly terrain of Sg. Penchala in the northwestern region is also incorporated within this zone. This area is classified as Malay reserve where development is strictly regulated. In Zone B, intensive site investigation is needed and development requires high intervention with engineering remedial works prior to construction. Post-development, frequent and close monitoring and potentially the emplacement of mitigation works are required to assess the ground conditions and the risk of geohazard.