# The Effect of Grain Type on Virulence of Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Stored Product Pests
## 3 Results  
Significant differences were detected among fungal isolates and the control (Table 1). Very low control mortality was recorded among all experimental larvae, while no fungal development was detected on the dead control insects. The mean control mortality was calculated between 0 (wheat, beans and peanuts) and 3.33% (rice) for _T. granarium_, between 0 (wheat, beans and peanuts) and 3.33% (rice) for _E. kuehniella_ and between 0 (wheat and rice) and 6.66% (peanuts) for _T. confusum_. On peanut seeds, the mean mortality of larvae ranged between 60% (_I. fumosorosea_) and 76.67% (_M. anisopliae_) for _T. granarium_, between 66.67% (_B. bassiana_-_I. fumosorosea_) and 73.3% (_M. anisopliae_) for _E. kuehniella_ and between 26.67% (_B. bassiana_) and 63% (_I. fumosorosea_) for _T. confusum_, and significant differences were detected among fungal isolates. _I. fumosorosea_ was the most virulent strain to the _T. confusum_ larvae, in comparison with the larvae of the other species. On rice seeds, the mean mortality of larvae was calculated between 33.33% (_I. fumosorosea_) and 46.67% (_B. bassiana_) for _T. granarium_, between 26.67% (_B. bassiana_) and 46.67% (_I. fumosorosea_) for _E. kuehniella_ and between 20% (_B. bassiana_) and 33.33% (_M. anisopliae_) for _T. confusum_, and significant differences were detected among fungal isolates. _I. fumosorosea_ was the most virulent strain to _E. kuehniella_ larvae while _B. bassiana_ was the most virulent for _T. granarium_, in comparison with the larvae of the other species. On bean seeds, the mean mortality percentage of larvae ranged between 40% (_I. fumosorosea_) and 46.67% (_B. bassiana_ - _M. anisopliae_) for _T. granarium_, between 30% (_I. fumosorosea_) and 60% (_B. bassiana_) for _E. kuehniella_ and between 26.67% (_B. bassiana_-_I. fumosorosea_) and 60% (_M. anisopliae_) for _T. confusum_, and significant differences were detected among fungal isolates. _M. anisopliae_ was the most virulent strain to _E. kuehniella_ larvae while _B. bassiana_ was the most virulent for _T. granarium_, in comparison with the larvae of the other species. On ice seeds, the mean mortality percentage of larvae ranged between 40% (_I. fumosorosea_) and 46.67% (_B. bassiana_ - _M. anisopliae_) for _T. granarium_, between 30% (_I. fumosorosea_) and 60% (_B. bassiana_) for _E. kuehniella_ and between 26.67% (_B. bassiana_-_I. fumosorosea_) and 60% (_M. strain to larvae of _T. confusum_, while _B. bassima_ was the most virulent for _E. kuehniella_, in comparison with the larvae of the other species. The median survival time was 7.3 days for the _B. bassima_ isolate, 6.9 days for the _M. anisopliae_ isolate, 7.1 days for the _I. fumosorosea_ isolate and 9.9 days for the control (chi-square = 195.7, df = 3, \(p\) = 0.001). In relation to the grain types used in our bioassays, the median survival time of all tested larval species was 8.2 days on wheat seeds, 7.8 days on rice seeds, 7.7 days on bean seeds and, finally, 7.1 days on peanut seeds (chi-square = 64.3, df = 3, \(p\) = 0.001). The overall median survival time was 8.4 days for _T. granarium_ larvae, 7.2 days for _E. kuehniella_ larvae and 8.4 days for _T. confusum_ larvae (chi-square = 2.5, df = 3, \(p\) = 0.284). The seed weight after infestation with _T. granarium_ larvae was: for peanut seeds between 8.32 (control) and 9.76 g (_B. bassima_); for wheat seeds between 8.48 (control) and 9.74 g (_M. anisopliae_); for rice seeds between 8.76 (control) and 9.59 g (_M. anisopliae_); for bean seeds between 8.92 (control) and 9.56 g (_I. fumosorosea_) (Figure 2). The seed weight after infestation with _E. kuehniella_ larvae was: for peanut seeds between 8.66 (control) and 9.66 g (_M. anisopliae_); for wheat seeds between 9.06 (control) and 9.78 g (_M. anisopliae_); for rice seeds between 9.07 (control) and 9.72 g (_M. anisopliae_); for bean seeds between 8.88 (control) and 9.65 g (_M. anisopliae_) (Figure 3). The seed weight after infestation with _T. confusum_ larvae was: for peanut seeds between 8.29 (control) and 9.54 g (_M.