esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methods  
In conducting this review paper on nanosensors in bridge maintenance, a systematic approach was employed to gather relevant and reliable information from scholarly sources. The methodology involved a comprehensive search and analysis of documents available in Scopus and Web of Science databases. The following steps were followed in the methodology:  
* Literature Search: A thorough search was conducted using keywords and phrases related to nanosensors, bridge maintenance, structural health monitoring, and related topics. The search was limited to the Scopus and Web of Science databases to ensure access to high-quality, peer-reviewed academic literature.
* Inclusion Criteria: The search results were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria. Only research papers, review articles, and conference proceedings published in reputable journals or presented at recognized conferences were considered.
* Document Selection: The titles and abstracts of the search results were reviewed to identify documents relevant to the topic of nanosensors in bridge maintenance. Irrelevant or duplicate documents were excluded during this stage. The selected documents were then obtained in full-text format for detailed analysis.
* Data Extraction and Analysis: The selected documents were thoroughly read and analyzed to extract relevant information. Key findings, methodologies, case studies, and emerging trends were identified and documented. The information gathered from the literature was organized based on the different sections of the review paper.
* Critical Evaluation: The information extracted from the selected documents was critically evaluated to ensure accuracy, reliability, and relevance. The quality and impact of the studies were assessed based on the reputation of the authors, the journals or conferences in which the papers were published, and the rigor of the research methodology employed.
* Synthesis and Writing: The findings, insights, and key points from the selected documents were synthesized and incorporated into the corresponding sections of the review paper. The information was organized in a logical manner to present a comprehensive overview of the topic.
* Iterative Process: The methodology involved an iterative process, where additional searches and document selection were conducted based on the gaps identified during the analysis. This iterative process ensured a comprehensive coverage of the relevant literature and emerging trends in the field.  
The methodology described above ensured a systematic and rigorous approach in collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing the information for this review paper. By utilizing reputable databases and employing predefined inclusion criteria, the methodology aimedto ensure the inclusion of high-quality and reliable sources, contributing to the credibility and validity of the findings presented in this paper.
## 5 Discussion, Implications, and Recommendations
### Recommendations for Further Research
#### 5.8.3 Recommendations from the Research Design  
Future research could include a longitudinal or experimental study surveying participants without IoT technologies, implementing the technologies, allowing them to interact with them, and then surveying them again. This approach will help determine if effort expectancy is genuinely insignificant in predicting behavioral intent to use and the actual use of the IoT-enabled technology to age in place longer.  
Future research could also evaluate perception differences based on gender and age, as these significantly modify the outcome variables in the UTAUT2. The analysis could identify the age range at which participants are no longer interested in aging at home. A summary of responses could determine the optimum age range for candidates to age in place and a cutoff age range for those who should not be permitted to do so. A researcher could also revise the research design to solicit participation from more than one third party survey organization.
# Analysis on Flow and Temperature Field of High-Power Magnetorheological Fluid Transmission Device
## 3 Meshing  
### Meshing Parameters Setting  
It is important to set reasonable meshing parameters for an MR transmission device, which can lead to more accurate and efficient analysis. Generally speaking, denser meshes can result in higher calculating accuracy. However, calculating time and computer capacity require that there should not be too dense a grid. Figure 3 shows the relationship between the element number and the maximum element size of meshes.  
It can be seen that the number of meshes increases rapidly with the decrease in the maximum mesh size, of which the variation presents an exponential form approximately.  
For the stationary domain, there are 1.09 million, 2.48 million, 6.76 million and 27.09 million meshes when the maximum sizes of meshes are 8.0 mm, 6.0 mm, 4.0 mm and 3.0 mm, respectively. The number of meshes is even as high as 87.19 million, with a maximum mesh size of 2.0 mm, which is of great quantity. However, only heat conduction calculation is carried out in the stationary domain during heat flow analysis. Therefore, a mesh size of 8.0 mm is adopted, with the calculating velocity and computer capacity taken into account.  
In the coolant fluid domain, there is a large number of fluid-solid coupling surfaces caused by the contact with magnetic column groups in the rotating domain. Besides, meshes in the boundary should be denser, resulting in a large number of meshes. There are 10.35 million, 12.52 million, 45.91 million and 137.3 million meshes when the maximum mesh size is 4.0 mm, 3.0 mm, 1.5 mm and 1.0 mm, respectively. Considering that the local mesh refinement has been carried out in the fluid-solid coupling boundary, the maximum mesh size of the coolant domain is set to 4.0 mm.  
In the case of the rotating domain, there are 15.44 million, 15.13 million, 16.13 million, 33.87 million and 25.37 million meshes when the maximum mesh size is 6.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 4.0 mm, 2.0 mm and 1.0 mm, respectively. It is noted that there is no significant difference in  
Figure 3: Mesh numbers under different maximum mesh sizes.  
Figure 2: Model of novel-high power MR transmission device: (**a**) Geometric model of MR fluid power transmission device; (**b**) Rotating part model; (**c**) Main water-cooling channel model.  
the mesh number with mesh sizes of 4.0 mm, 5.0 mm and 6.0 mm. Therefore, the maximum mesh size of 4.0 mm is the best choice in the rotating domain.
## 3 Results
### Microbiological Evaluation  
#### 3.2.1 Antimicrobial Properties of the Biomaterial  
As seen in Table 2, in the control group, CFU/mL values of microbial strains visible in Figure 5 were counted. The lowest CFU/mL value was shown for the _C. albicans_ (2.44 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)) in the 2 h of cultivation, while the highest count was CFU/mL value was shown for the _S. mutans_ (1.93 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\)) in 8 h of cultivation. The results regarding the nHAp specimen showed similar values when compared to the control group. The lowest CFU/mL value was shown for the _C. albicans_ (3.683 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)) in 2 h of cultivation, while the highest count was CFU/mL value was shown for the _S. mutans_ (3.77 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\)) in 8 h of cultivation. When concerning the nFAp samples, the lowest CFU/mL value was shown for the _C. albicans_ (2.31 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)) in 2 h of cultivation, while the highest count was CFU/mL value was shown for the _S. mutans_ (1.32 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\)) in the 8 th hour of cultivation. The study confirmed that the highest CFU/mL value when examining the aforementioned microorganisms in a neutral environment during their first 2 h of culture belongs to _S. mutans_, with its mean value reaching 5.4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) after 2 h of culture. Further study confirmed that the highest CFU/mL values of _S. mutans_ in the control group are also the highest at the same time of cultivation (8 h) even in the presence of nHAp (3.77 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\)) or nFAp (1.32 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\)). The lowest CFU/mL values, on the other hand, belonged to _C. albicans_ both in nHAp (3.683 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)) and nFAp (2.31 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)) presence or control group (2.44 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)) in the first 2 h of cultivation. Table 1 and the mean values of microbial strains show that the nHAp material's influence on _C. albicans_ is varied, yet at the end of the examination, after 24 h of contact, both nHAp and nFAp clearly reduced the expansion rate of _C. albicans_, while the nFAp achieved a lower microbial count when compared to nHAp after 2, 8, and 24 h of cultivation. Results concerning _S. mutans_ show a different outcome than _C. albicans_. Mean values compared at 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after contact show a steady increase in the amount of _S. mutans_ in samples containing nHAp and reaching a higher microbial count than the control group at every hour of cultivation, while the nFAp samples clearly show a decline of _S. mutans_ mean numbers with time, starting from 8 h after contact with the biomaterial. Overall microbial count is also lower in nFAp samples when compared to nHAp material after 4, 8, and 24 h of cultivation. The _L. rhamns_ samples present in both nHAp and nFAp samples generally slightly increased numbers when it comes to mean values. Only after 4 h of cultivation on nFAp material resulted in a lowered count of _L. rhamns_ strain. Additionally, nFAp material
# Multi-Point Time-Synchronized Waveform Recording for the Analysis of Wide-Area Harmonic Propagation
###### Abstract  
This paper focuses on studying the phenomenon of harmonic distortion propagation through distribution networks. This phenomenon is governed by a combination of factors involving the nature of harmonic loads and their dynamic interaction, the influence of background voltage distortion, and harmonic impedance values. The objective of the proposed research includes evaluation of the network response at different nodes to harmonic current injections via utilizing a time-synchronized distributed measurement system. The study is performed in a fully controlled and flexible test network with three medium voltage/low voltage (MV/LV) distribution substations and several managed LV harmonic sources, namely PV inverter, single-phase EV charger and emulated harmonic load with reference current injections. A selection of the results is analyzed and interpretation of the observed phenomena is given with implications that synchronized harmonic measurements can be considered as potential powerful instruments for analyzing power quality disturbances.  
Keywords:power system harmonics; measurement techniques; power quality; Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) application in distribution grid +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Adaptive Learned Belief Propagation for Decoding Error-Correcting Codes
## 3 Channel Models  
### AWGN Channel  
EncoderWe consider an \((n,k)\) binary linear code \(\mathcal{C}\) with the parity-check matrix (PCM) \(\mathrm{H}\in\mathbb{F}_{2}^{m\times n}\), where \(n\) is the code length, \(k\) is the code dimension, and \(m\geq n-k\), \(m\in\mathbb{N}\). The rate of the code is \(r=k/n\geq 1-\frac{m}{n}\). A PB QC-LDPC code is characterized by a lifting factor \(M\in\mathbb{N}\), a base matrix \(\mathrm{B}\in\{-1,0,1\}^{\lambda\times\omega}\), and an exponent matrix \(\mathrm{P}\in\{0,1,\cdots,M-1\}^{\lambda\times\omega}\) where, \(\lambda,\omega\in\mathbb{N}\), \(\lambda<\omega\). Given \((\lambda,\omega,M,\mathrm{P})\), the PCM is obtained according to the procedure in Appendix A.  
We evaluate a BCH code, seven regular and irregular QC-LDPC codes, and a polar code in the low- and high-rate regimes. These codes are summarized in Table 1 and described in Section 6.1. The parameters of the QC-LDPC codes are given in Appendix C.  
The encoder maps a sequence of information bits \(\mathbf{b}=(b_{1},b_{2},\ldots,b_{k})\), \(b_{i}\in\{0,1\}\), \(i\in[k]\), to a codeword \(\mathbf{c}=(c_{1},c_{2},\ldots,c_{n})\) as \(\mathbf{c}=\mathbf{b}\mathrm{G}\), where \(\mathrm{G}\in\mathbb{F}_{2}^{k\times n}\) is the generator matrix of the code.  
Channel modelThe codeword \(\mathbf{c}\) is modulated with a binary phase shift keying with symbols \(\pm A\in\mathbb{R}\), and transmitted over an AWGN channel. The vector of received symbols is \(\mathbf{y}=(y_{1},\cdots,y_{n})\), where  
\[y_{i}=(-1)^{c_{i}}A+z_{i},\quad i=1,2,3,\cdots, \tag{1}\]  
where \(z_{j}\sim i.i.d.N(0,\sigma^{2})\). If \(\rho\) is the SNR, the channel can be normalized so that \(A=1\), and \(\sigma^{2}=(r\rho)^{-1}\).  
The LLR function \(L:\mathbb{R}^{n}\mapsto\mathbb{R}^{n}\) of \(\mathbf{c}\) conditioned on \(\mathbf{y}\) is  
\[\left[\mathbf{L}(\mathbf{y})\right]_{i} \stackrel{{\Delta}}{{=}}\log\biggl{(}\frac{\Pr(c_{i} =0\mid\mathbf{y})}{\Pr(c_{i}=1\mid\mathbf{y})}\biggr{)}\] \[=\log\biggl{(}\frac{\Pr(y_{i}\mid c_{i}=0)}{\Pr(y_{i}\mid c_{i}=1 )}\biggr{)} \tag{2}\] \[=4r\rho y_{i} \tag{3}\]  
for each \(i\in[n]\). Equation (2) holds under the assumption that \(c_{i}\) are independent and uniformly distributed, and (3) is obtained from Gaussian \(\Pr(y_{i}|c_{i})\) from (1).  
DecoderWe compare the performance and complexity of the static and adaptive belief propagation. The static decoders are tanh-based BP, the auto-regressive BP and WBP with different levels of parameter sharing, including BP with simple scaling and parameter-adapter networks (SS-PAN) [18]. Additionally, to assess the achievable performance with a large number of parameters in the decoder, we include a comparison with two model-agnostic neural decoders based on transformers [41] and graph NNs [33; 43].
## Abbreviations  
\begin{tabular}{l l} Abbreviation & Full name \\ ADOP & ambiguity dilution of precision \\ Asrt & actual success rate \\ BCS & Bridge Coordinate System \\ BDS & BeiDou Satellite Navigation System \\ Bstr & bootstrapped success rate \\ BSSD & between-satellite single-difference \\ C/N0 & carrier-to-noise density ratio \\ C-GPS & GPS with baseline constraint \\ C-GPS/Galileo & GPS/Galileo with baseline constraint \\ DD & double-differenced \\ DISBs & inter-system biases \\ FFT & Fast Fourier Transformation \\ Galileo & Galileo Satellite Navigation System \\ GeoSHM & The GNSS and Earth Observation for Structural Health Monitoring \\ GGTO & GPS-to-Galileo Time Offset \\ GNSS & Global Navigation Satellite System \\ GPS & Global Positioning System \\ GPST & GPS Time \\ GST & Galileo System Time \\ IOV & In-Orbit Validation \\ LCM & loosely combined mode \\ NOS & number of satellites \\ PDOP & Position Dilution of Precision \\ PNT & positioning, navigation and timing \\ P-num & the pass rate of visibility \\ P-PDOP & the pass rate of PDOP \\ \end{tabular}
## 4 Results
### Sensitivity Analysis for Local Search Iterations (\(L\))  
The sensitivity analysis focuses on the parameter \(L\), representing the number of local search iterations, as outlined in Table 1. The objective is to evaluate the performance of different iteration counts (\(L=1000,1200,1400,1600,1800,2000\)) for large instances (\(n=500\)) of the MDMKP. For each iteration count, ten executions were performed for every instance, and two metrics were computed, with the maximum value (max_value) representing the best value obtained across the executions, and the average maximum value (avg_max_value) representing the mean of the best values from each execution.  
To standardize comparisons across instances, the percentage gap (%GAP) was calculated for both metrics. Unlike comparisons against a known optimal or best-known value, the %GAP in this experiment measured the deviation of the obtained value from the best value across all iterations for each metric. The %GAP is calculated as follows:  
\[\%GAP=\bigg{(}\frac{\text{Best Value}-\text{Obtained Value}}{\text{Best Value}}\bigg{)}\times 100\]  
In Figure 5, the first graph (Subfigure (a)) illustrates the %GAP of the maximum value (max_value_gap) across the iterations. Each line represents a specific instance, showcasing how the maximum performance deviates from the best value obtained across all iterations as the number of iterations increases.  
The second graph (Subfigure (b)) depicts the %GAP of the average maximum value (avg_max_value_gap) over the iterations. Similar to the first graph, each line corresponds to a unique instance. This chart provides insight into the consistency of average performance as the number of iterations varies.  
The results presented in Figure 5 indicate that increasing the number of local search iterations (\(L\)) generally leads to a reduction in the percentage gap (%GAP) for both metrics--the maximum value (max_value) and the average maximum value (avg_max_value). In Subfigure (a), it can be observed that the %GAP of the maximum value decreases consistently as \(L\) increases, with the lowest %GAP values achieved at \(L=2000\). A similar trend is observed in Subfigure (b), where the %GAP of the average maximum value also decreases steadily, reaching its minimum at \(L=2000\). This behavior is consistent across all instances analyzed.  
It is interesting to note that slight fluctuations in %GAP were observed around \(L\approx 1200\)-1400 for some instances. However, the overall trend continued decreasing, with the most significant reductions in %GAP observed as \(L\) approached 2000. These results indicate that while the intermediate values of \(L\) may yield temporary variations, higher values consistently provide better outcomes.  
In conclusion, \(L=2000\) is recommended as the optimal parameter for local search iterations, as it consistently produces superior results with reduced variability across all analyzed instances. The stability and improved performance at \(L=2000\) highlight its effectiveness in producing solutions closer to the best-obtained values for all instances.
## 2 Research Methodology
### Multistate Markov Chain Model
#### 2.1.2 Multistate Markov Chain Model of Electromechanical Systems
Under the setting of this multistate Markov model, the state transfer process of highway mechanical and electrical equipment during operation can be described as follows: maintenance personnel regularly inspect the mechanical and electrical equipment according to the frequency of \(\lambda_{I}\). If the equipment is found to be as expected, it will not be overhauled. If the equipment is in the abnormal state \(S_{1}\), then slight maintenance measures will be taken to make the equipment return to the normal state. If the equipment is in the serious fault state \(S_{2}\), then deep maintenance measures will be taken to make the equipment return to the normal state. After considering the maintenance strategy, the time for the equipment to reach the serious fault state will be delayed, and the reliability of all electromechanical equipment will be improved to a certain extent. \[P= \begin{bmatrix}1-(\lambda_{01}+\lambda_{I})&\lambda_{01}&0&0&\lambda_{I}&0&0 \\ 0&1-(\lambda_{12}+\lambda_{I})&\lambda_{12}&0&0&\lambda_{I}&0\\ 0&0&1-(\lambda_{2F}+\lambda_{I})&\lambda_{2F}&0&0&\lambda_{I}\\ 0&0&0&1-\mu_{F0}&0&0&0\\ \mu_{I00}&\lambda_{01}&0&0&1-(\lambda_{01}+\mu_{I00})&0&0\\ \mu_{I10}&0&\lambda_{12}&0&0&1-(\lambda_{12}+\mu_{I10})&0\\ \mu_{I20}&0&0&\lambda_{2F}&0&0&1-(\lambda_{2F}+\mu_{I20})\end{bmatrix}  \tag{5}\]  
Based on the state transition principle of the Markov chain model, the state transition probability matrix P can be obtained, as shown in Formula (5). The state probability of an electromechanical system is written as a column vector \(X=[X_{0},X_{1},X_{2},X_{F},X_{I0},X_{II},X_{I2}]\). It is combined with the Markov state transition matrix, operation and maintenance records analysis, and failure rate data. The initial failure rate and transfer matrix are obtained by solving the MATLAB program, which can be used to determine the occurrence probability of each equipment state. Figure 4: Multistate Markov chain model of electromechanical system considering the maintenance strategy.
## 6 Conclusions  
This study conducted modeling and analysis of CFRP-strengthened corroded RC beams using the finite element software ABAQUS and investigated the deformation behavior of the beams under fatigue loading. The following conclusions were drawn from the study:  
* The fatigue constitutive model of each material can accurately reflect the actual state of the material under fatigue loading. Based on the fatigue constitutive models of various materials, the numerical analysis method of fatigue cumulative damage and failure process can simplify the entire process of fatigue loading while ensuring accuracy and improving the efficiency of finite element simulation.
* Based on theoretical research and regression analysis of simulated data on CFRP-strengthened corroded RC beams, a formula for calculating the deflection of CFRP-strengthened corroded RC beams under fatigue loads was obtained. The formula was validated using collected experimental data, which showed that the proposed formula can provide a theoretical basis for calculating or evaluating the fatigue deformation of CFRP-strengthened corroded RC beams.
* Due to the limited current research on CFRP-strengthened corroded RC beams under fatigue loading, the coefficients of the mid-span deflection formula proposed in this study still require further optimization with more experimental data to achieve better accuracy. A series of experimental studies on the deformation performance of CFRP-strengthened corroded RC beams can be conducted in the future to further verify the applicability of the mid-span deflection formula proposed in this study.  
Conceptualization, Z.Z.; Methodology, Z.Z.; Software, T.L.; Validation, T.L.; Formal analysis, T.L.; Data curation, T.L.; Writing--original draft, T.L.; Writing--review & editing, Z.Z.; Supervision, Z.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.: 51978392).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
We propose a single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch with low insertion loss (IL), high isolation, and high linearity for a 28 GHz 5G new radio. The transmit (TX) path is a \(\pi\)-network consisting of a parallel dynamic-threshold metal-oxide-semiconductor (DTMOS) transistor, M\({}_{1}\), with large body-floating resistance, R\({}_{\text{B}}\) (DTMOS-R M\({}_{1}\)), a series one-eighth-wavelength (\(\lambda\)/8) transmission line (TL), and a parallel capacitance, C\({}_{\text{ant}}\). The series \(\lambda\)/8-TL in conjunction with the parallel C\({}_{\text{ant}}\) and transistors' capacitance constitute an equivalent \(\lambda\)/4-TL with a characteristic impedance of 50 \(\Omega\). This leads to low IL in the TX mode and decent isolation in the receive (RX) mode. The RX path is an L-network constituting a series impedance (of parallel inductance L\({}_{1}\) and DTMOS-R M\({}_{2}\)) and a parallel DTMOS-R M\({}_{3}\). This leads to a decent IL in the RX mode and isolation in the TX mode. The first SPDT switch (SPDT SW1) is designed and implemented in a 90 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) with a top metal thickness (TMT) of 3.4 \(\upmu\)m. A comparative SPDT switch (SPDT SW2) in a 0.18 \(\upmu\) CMOS with a thinner TMT of 2.34 \(\upmu\)m is also designed and implemented. In the TX mode, SPDT SW1 achieves a measured IL of 0.67 dB at 28 GHz and 0.58-1 dB for 17-34.9 GHz and a measured isolation of 44.3 dB at 28 GHz and 25.6-62.3 dB for 17-34.9 GHz, one of the best IL and isolation results ever reported for millimeter-wave CMOS SPDT switches. The measured input 1 dB compression point (P\({}_{\text{1 dB}}\)) is 28.5 dBm at 28 GHz. Moreover, in the RX mode, SPDT SW1 attains a measured IL of 1.9 dB at 28 GHz and 1.83-2.1 dB for 25-38.3 GHz and an isolation of 25 dB at 28 GHz and 24.5-27 dB for 25-38.3 GHz. The measured P\({}_{\text{1 dB}}\) is 24 dBm at 28 GHz.  
CMOS; SPDT switch; equivalent quarter-wavelength TL; insertion loss (IL); isolation; linearity; millimeter-wave; DTMOS; body-floating resistance R\({}_{\text{B}}\)