## 4 Discussion
### Analysis of Topics by Years and Geographical Area
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Topic**} \\ \hline
**Year** & **Geographical Area** & **COVID-19** & **Quality** & **Resource** & **Security** & **Techninnovation** & **Total** \\ \hline
2019 & Africa & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Latin America & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Asia Pacific & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 22.2\% & 0.0\% & 22.2\% \\  & Europe & 0.0\% & 11.1\% & 0.0\% & 11.1\% & 0.0\% & 22.2\% \\  & International & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 22.2\% & 0.0\% & 33.3\% & 55.6\% \\  & Middle East & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & North America & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Total & 0.0\% & 11.1\% & 22.2\% & 33.3\% & 33.3\% & 100.0\% \\
2020 & Africa & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Latin America & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 20.0\% & 0.0\% & 20.0\% \\  & Asia Pacific & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Europe & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & International & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 40.0\% & 40.0\% \\  & Middle East & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 20.0\% & 20.0\% \\  & North America & 20.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 20.0\% \\  & Total & 20.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 20.0\% & 60.0\% & 100.0\% \\
2021 & Africa & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Latin America & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Asia Pacific & 10.0\% & 0.0\% & 10.0\% & 10.0\% & 10.0\% & 40.0\% \\  & Europe & 20.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 20.0\% \\  & International & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 10.0\% & 0.0\% & 30.0\% & 40.0\% \\  & Middle East & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & North America & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Total & 30.0\% & 0.0\% & 20.0\% & 10.0\% & 40.0\% & 100.0\% \\
2022 & Africa & 3.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 3.0\% \\  & Latin America & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Asia Pacific & 9.1\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 9.1\% & 9.1\% & 27.3\% \\  & Europe & 3.0\% & 12.1\% & 0.0\% & 3.0\% & 9.1\% & 27.3\% \\  & International & 0.0\% & 3.0\% & 18.2\% & 6.1\% & 0.0\% & 27.3\% \\  & Middle East & 0.0\% & 3.0\% & 3.0\% & 0.0\% & 6.1\% & 12.1\% \\  & North America & 3.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 3.0\% \\  & Total & 18.2\% & 18.2\% & 21.2\% & 18.2\% & 24.2\% & 100.0\% \\
2023 & Africa & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% \\  & Latin America & 4.5\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 4.5\% \\  & Asia Pacific & 4.5\% & 4.5\% & 9.1\% & 0.0\% & 13.6\% & 31.8\% \\  & Europe & 0.0\% & 4.5\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 18.2\% & 22.7\% \\  & International & 4.5\% & 4.5\% & 9.1\% & 0.0\% & 4.5\% & 22.7\% \\  & Middle East & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 4.5\% & 4.5\% & 0.0\% & 9.1\% \\  & North America & 4.5\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 4.5\% & 9.1\% \\  & Total & 18.2\% & 13.6\% & 22.7\% & 4.5\% & 40.9\% & 100.0\% \\ Total & Africa & 1.3\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 1.3\% \\  & Latin America & 1.3\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 1.3\% & 0.0\% & 2.5\% \\  & Asia Pacific & 6.3\% & 1.3\% & 3.8\% & 7.6\% & 8.9\% & 27.8\% \\  & Europe & 3.8\% & 7.6\% & 0.0\% & 2.5\% & 8.9\% & 22.8\% \\  & International & 1.3\% & 2.5\% & 13.9\% & 2.5\% & 11.4\% & 31.6\% \\  & Middle East & 0.0\% & 1.3\% & 2.5\% & 1.3\% & 3.8\% & 8.9\% \\  & North America & 3.8\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 1.3\% & 5.1\% \\  & Total & 17.7\% & 12.7\% & 20.3\% & 15.2\% & 34.2\% & 100.0\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Contingency table. TECHINNOVATION in 2023, indicating a shift towards research on technological and quality innovation. This is highlighted by TECHINNOVATION constituting 18.2% of the total research in 2023.  
International collaborations show a pronounced inclination towards RESOURCE and TECHINNOVATION themes, emphasizing the significance of these areas in broad studies and cross-national cooperation, with TECHINNOVATION accounting for 33.3% of the research in 2019 and 30.0% in 2021.