esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The following work addresses new configurations of sensing array platforms that are composed of Co-based amorphous ferromagnetic microwires (MWs) to obtain an enhanced modulation of the microwave scattering effects through the application of low strength DC or AC magnetic fields. An amorphous MW is an ultrasort ferromagnetic material (coercivity \(\sim\)0.2 Oe) with a circumferential magnetic anisotropy that provides a high surface sensitivity when it is subjected to an external magnetic field. Firstly, microwave scattering experiments are performed as a function of the length and number of MWs placed parallel to each other forming an array. Subsequently, three array configurations are designed, achieving high \(S_{21}\) scattering coefficients up to about \(-50\) dB. The influence of DC and AC magnetic fields on \(S_{21}\) has been analyzed in frequency and time domains representation, respectively. In addition, the MWs sensing array has been overlapped by polymeric surfaces and the variations of their micrometric thicknesses also cause strong changes in the \(S_{21}\) amplitude with displacements in the frequency that are associated to the maximum scattering behavior. Finally, a new concept for amplifying microwave scattering is provided by intercalating Cu MWs into the linear Co-based arrays. The designed mixed system that is composed by Co-based and Cu MWs exhibits a higher \(S_{21}\) coefficient when compared to a single Co-based MW system because of higher electrical conductivity of Cu. However, the ability to modulate the resulting electromagnetic scattering is conferred by the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) effects coming from properties of the ultrasort amorphous MWs. The mixed array platform covers a wide range of sensor applications, demonstrating the feasibility of tuning the \(S_{21}\) amplitude over a wide scattering range by applying AC or DC magnetic fields and tuning the resonant frequency position according to the polymeric slab thickness.  
soft magnetic materials; amorphous magnetic materials; magnetic microwires; microwave scattering; sensing array platforms +
_Antimaterials_
## 4 Simulation and Model Experiment Validation
### Experimental Results for Bus Voltage Control Loop  
The last test was implemented for the bus voltage control loop. In this test, the bus voltage reference value was changed suddenly from 30 V to 37.5 V, as shown in Figure 11. It can be observed from Figure 11 that as the bus voltage reference value increased, the battery module voltage values changed from 10 V to 12.5 V correspondingly, which yielded a total bus voltage equal to its new reference value. The waveforms shown in Figure 11 demonstrate the consistency between simulation results and hardware experimental results.  
Figure 11: Waveforms for three battery module output voltage when bus reference voltage changes from \(\mathrm{V_{bus-ref}}=30\) V to \(\mathrm{V_{bus-ref}}=37.5\) V, (**a**) simulation results and (**b**) hardware experimental results.  
Figure 10: Waveforms for three battery module output voltage when SOC values of three modules changed from \(\mathrm{SOC_{1}}=\mathrm{SOC_{2}}=\mathrm{SOC_{3}}=70\%\) to \(\mathrm{SOC_{1}}=75\%\), \(\mathrm{SOC_{2}}=70\%\), and \(\mathrm{SOC_{3}}=65\%\), (**a**) simulation results and (**b**) hardware experimental results.
## 8 Future Work and Limitations  
We have completed the next-word and -character prediction from the Arabic dataset. However, certain limitations can be further improved. For example, the training of both predictions with the available data extracted from the Arabic audio has been performed over a limited time. The availability of larger datasets that can be trained with higher computational resources with more epochs and with increased batch size can surely increase the performance of the prediction. The number of classes is equal to the vocabulary size; this accuracy is still promising.  
Conceptualization, F.S.A.-A. and S.T.B.S.; Methodology, F.S.A.-A. and S.T.B.S.; Software, S.T.B.S.; Validation, S.T.B.S.; Formal analysis, S.T.B.S.; Investigation, F.S.A.-A. and S.T.B.S.; Data curation, F.S.A.-A.; Writing--original draft, S.T.B.S.; Writing--review & editing, S.T.B.S.; Visualization, S.T.B.S.; Supervision, F.S.A.-A.; Funding acquisition, F.S.A.-A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Literature** & **Year** & **Language** & **Accuracy** \\ \hline Next-word prediction of Urdu language [23] & 2024 & Urdu & 52.4\% (LSTM) \\  & & & 73.7\% (BERT) \\ \hline Next-word prediction using deep learning [27] & 2022 & English & 58.27\% (LSTM) \\  & & & 66.1\% (Bi-LSTM) \\ \hline An approach for a next-word prediction for the & 2018 & Ukrainian & 74\% (LSTM) \\ Ukrainian language [15] & 2018 & Assamese & 72.10\% (RNN) \\ \hline An RNN-based approach for next-word prediction in Assamese phonetic transcription [16] & 2018 & Assamese & 72.10\% (RNN) \\ \hline Next-word prediction in Hindi using deep learning techniques [12] & 2019 & Hindi & 70.89\% (LSTM) \\ \hline Next-word prediction using LSTM [29] & 2022 & Indonesian & 75\% (LSTM) \\ \hline Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory gated recurrent model for Amharic next-word prediction [30] & 2022 & Amharic & 75.6\% (Bi-LSTM) \\ \hline Proposed Model & & Arabic & 0.6496\% (LSTM) \\  & & & 0.746\% (ARABERT + LSTM) \\  & & & 0.78\% (Markov) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Comparison table with other literature.  
This work is funded by Kuwait University Grant EO 02/22.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Restrictions apply to the datasets.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest that appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
## Appendix A Stability Analysis of Discrete-Time Multi-Agent Systems  
Consider the discrete-time systems:  
\[\xi_{i}(k+1)=A_{i}\xi_{i}(k)+B_{i}u_{i}(k)\] \[y_{i}(k)=C_{i}\xi_{i}(k)\ \ \ i=1,2\ldots N \tag{1}\]  
Consider a Lyapunov function \(V\),  
\[V=\sum_{i=1}^{N}V_{i} \tag{2}\]  
where \(  
But \(u_{i}(k)=K_{i}\xi_{i}(k)\) then we can rewrite Equation (A5)  
\[[A_{i}\xi_{i}(k)+B_{i}K_{i}\xi_{i}(k)]^{T}P[A_{i}\xi_{i}(k)+B_{i}K_{i}\xi_{i}(k)] -\xi_{i}(k)^{T}P\xi_{i}(k)<0.\] (A6)  
By rewriting Equation (A6) we obtain  
\[[(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})\xi_{i}(k)]^{T}P[(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})\xi_{i}(k)]-\xi_{i}(k)^{T }P\xi_{i}(k)<0.\] (A7)  
Then from the properties of transpose Equation (A7) will be  
\[\xi_{i}(k)^{T}(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})^{T}P(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})\xi_{i}(k)-\xi_{i}(k)^{ T}P\xi_{i}(k)<0.\] (A8)  
Then from Equation (A8)  
\[(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})^{T}P(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})-P<0.\] (A9)  
By applying the Schur complement on Equation (A8)  
\[\begin{bmatrix}-P&(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})^{T}P\\ P(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})&-P\end{bmatrix}<0.\] (A10)  
Multiply (A10) by \(P^{-1}I\) from left and right then  
\[\begin{bmatrix}-P^{-1}&P^{-1}(A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})^{T}\\ (A_{i}+B_{i}K_{i})P^{-1}&-P^{-1}\end{bmatrix}<0.\] (A11)  
Now input \(X_{i}=P^{-1}\) and \(K_{i}=Y_{i}X_{i}^{-1}\) into (A11), then we will obtain the linear matrix inequality  
\[\begin{bmatrix}-X_{i}&X_{i}A_{i}^{T}+Y_{i}^{T}B_{i}^{T}\\ A_{i}X_{i}+B_{i}Y_{i}&-X_{i}\end{bmatrix}<0.\] (A12)  
Now by returning back to our problem \(A_{i}=H_{F,i}\), \(B_{i}=H_{G,i}\) and \(Y_{i}=[Z_{i}&0]\), Then by substituting in (A12)  
\[\begin{bmatrix}-X_{i}&X_{i}H_{F,i}^{T}+[Z_{i}&0]^{T}H_{G,i}^{T}\\ H_{F,i}X_{i}+H_{G,i}[Z_{i}&0]&-X_{i}\end{bmatrix}<0.\] (A13)  
The matrix (A13) can be written as  
\[\begin{bmatrix}X_{i}(j)-Y_{i}(j)&X_{i}(j)^{T}H_{F,i}^{T}-(\overline{Z}_{i}\, 0)^{T}H_{G,i}^{T}\\ H_{F,i}^{T}X_{i}^{T}(j)-H_{G,i}^{T}(\overline{Z}_{i}\,0)^{T}&(-\gamma)X_{i}(j) \end{bmatrix}>0\] (A14)  
If there exist symmetric positive definite matrices matrix \(Z_{i}\in R^{mxm}\), matrices  
\[X_{i}(j)=\begin{bmatrix}\overline{X}_{i}(1)&0\\ \overline{X}_{i}(2,j)&\overline{X}_{i}(3,j)\end{bmatrix}\] (A15)  
with \(\overline{X}_{i}(1)\in R^{nxm}\), \(\overline{X}_{i}(2,j)\in R^{(\overline{d}+\overline{d})mxm}\)\(\overline{X}_{i}(3,j)\in R^{(\overline{d}+\overline{d})mx(\overline{d}+ \overline{d})m}\), satisfying matrix (A14) for all \(i=1\), \(2\), \(\ldots\) then the close loop of formation system with \(K_{i}=Z_{i}X_{i}^{-1}\) is globally asymptotically stable, which completes the proof.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Biodiesel Quality  
The quality of biodiesel is determined by the type and concentration of FAME, and _Desmodesmus_ sp. KNUA231 exhibits a kinematic viscosity (\(\upsilon\)) of 3.28 mm\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (Table 4). Kinematic viscosity is a physical property that quantifies a fluid's resistance to flow, influencing fuel injection and combustion in the engine. Excessive viscosity can lead to issues in the fuel injection system, while insufficient viscosity may compromise the lubricating properties of the fuel. The results indicate that the measured values fall within the acceptable range of 1.9 to 6.0 mm\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\), as specified by the ASTM D6751 standard [32]. IV (Iodine Value) is determined by the reaction of iodine with double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids, allowing for the quantification of unsaturation levels. A higher number of double bonds increases the susceptibility to oxidation, which can negatively impact fuel stability. To ensure long-term storage and maintain fuel quality, EN 14214 sets a limit of IV \(\leq\) 120. However, a high IV also indicates lower viscosity and better fluidity, which are desirable properties for bio-lubricant applications. The oxidation stability of the biodiesel was measured at 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C and recorded at a value of 5.0 h, which represents the time the fuel remains stable before oxidation begins. This result meets the ASTM D6751 requirement of at least 3 h, demonstrating sufficient oxidative resistance. Additionally, the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP), which indicates the lowest temperature at which fuel can pass through a filter without clogging, was \(-\)9.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This value complies with the EN 14214 standard range of \(-\)20 to 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, confirming its suitability for use in cold climates.  
The high iodine value (IV) observed in this study led to a relatively low cetane number (CN), which may pose a risk of not meeting the ignition quality standards. However, a high IV also indicates low viscosity and high fluidity, suggesting that _Desmodesmus_ sp. KNUA231 holds considerable potential for application in the bio-lubricant sector. In addition, the biodiesel analyzed in this study met the ASTM D6751 standards for both kinematic viscosity and oxidative stability. This implies that further optimization, such as process control or the addition of antioxidants, could enhance the fuel's overall stability and broaden its application potential.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**(\%)** & _Desmodesmus_ sp. KNUA231 \\ \hline C16:0 & 22.54 \\ C16:1 & 2.40 \\ C16:2 (\(\omega\)6) & 2.40 \\ C16:3 (\(\omega\)3) & 1.88 \\ C16:4 (\(\omega\)3) & 16.38 \\ C18:0 & 0.78 \\ C18:1 & 9.12 \\ C18:2 & 9.17 \\ C18:3 (\(\omega\)3) & 29.56 \\ C18:4 (\(\omega\)3) & 5.78 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Saturated fatty acid} & 19.99 \\ Monoussaturated Fatty Acids & 11.81 \\ Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids & 68.31 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in _Desmodesmus_ sp. KNUA231.
## 3 Results
### CASI Imagery  
We applied 27 algorithms in the form of 70 variants to the 1-m, 48-band CASI VNIR hyperspectral reflectance image mosaic (Tables S1, S2 and S4 and Figure 7). CASI has a narrow band capable of measuring the 620 nm phycocyanin absorption feature. The performance of each algorithm in Tables 2 and 3 applied to the CASI reflectance imagery was then evaluated using 29 coincident surface observations for the sake of consistency with synthetic WorldView-2 and -3, Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 imagery (other sub-30 m imagery). Simple subtraction, ratio-based and shape metric (second derivative) algorithms that include the 620 nm phycocyanin absorption feature and/or reflectance in the near-infrared suppress illumination variation well and had the best performance with regard to BGA estimation. In decreasing order of performance (Pearson's r2), the CASIBe152 BsubPhy, CASISI052 BDA, CASIBe162B700 sub601, CASIBe16 NDPhyI, CASIGi033 BDA, CASIDa052 BDA, CASISM122 BDA, CASIKu15 PhyCI, CASIMM092 BDA, CASIMi092 BDA, CASIWy08 CI, CASIZh10 FLH, and CASIMM12 NDCI algorithms worked well ([PERSON]'s r2 > 0.600) for BGA estimation with CASI imagery. Index imagery with raw and normalized index Type 1 (Pearson's r) linear regressions are shown for the best performing algorithm (CASIBe152 BsubPhy) in Figure 7.  
Figure 7: _Cont._Excellent results for several algorithms with CASI high resolution aircraft imagery for BGA_PC_RFU value estimation and their resulting index maps (Figure 7a) reveal considerable spatial heterogeneity at the 1 m scale in Harsha Lake at the time of aircraft image acquisition. This spatial heterogeneity of BGA/PC values in the imagery is supported by strong correlations with dense coincident surface observations (Figure 7b,c). Figure 5a also shows a strong correlation between the locations of the inflow from the East Fork of the Little Miami River in the NE corner of the image and the largest region of high BGA_PC_RFU values. In general the east basin of Harsha Lake has higher BGA/PC values than the west basin (Figure 7a). One can also see gyre-like structures associated with the dissipation of the BGA/PC-rich waters from east to west across the lake. The spatial heterogeneity displayed by the processed CASI images is masked to varying degrees in the coarser spatial resolution synthetic satellite data derived from this real CASI relative reflectance data as shown below. This masking of spatial heterogeneity in the east and west basins in coarse resolution satellite imagery also appears to exaggerate the contrast in BGA/PC values between the east and west basins of Harsha Lake. We view the high correlations of coincident surface observations with predicted BGA/PC values with coarse resolution synthetic MERIS/OLCI data presented below with some caution accordingly.
# Lower-Latency Screen Updates over QUIC with Forward Error Correction
## 6 Empirical Results on Emulab
### Non-Streaming Updates
As a summary of the results for the non-streaming workload, partial order+FEC could help reduce update response time, message inter-delivery time, and the completion time for a wide range of networks parameters compared to total ordering. For the baseline setting, we could reduce the 99-percentile of the update response time by 50% compared to total delivery, as shown in Figure 18 (162 ms v.s. 325 ms). These  
Figure 26: **Partial+FEC (n/k = 1.05) had no considerable negative impact on update response time and message inter-delivery time with 0% packet-loss rate. Non-streaming updates, 0% packet-loss rate (100 ms RTT, 100 Mbps, BBR): (a) CDF of update response time. (b) Message inter-delivery time. **  
increased the packet-loss rate and RTT, and we also obtained better improvement for BBR v.s. CUBIC CCA.
# Game Theory-Based Interactive Control for Human-Machine Cooperative Driving
## 1 Introduction
Advances in sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication technology have facilitated the development of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) [30]. The impact of the different driving styles (aggressive, normal, cautious) of vehicles on interactive behavior in lane changing and unsignalized roundabout scenarios has been studied in the field of CAVs [30; 31; 32]. However, current HSCV studies need to give more attention to complex traffic conditions, especially multi-vehicle interaction scenarios with different driving styles. How to ensure safe driving between HSCVs and SVs in uncertain traffic environments, especially in multi-vehicle interaction scenarios with different driving styles, is still an open issue. Based on a non-cooperative game, this paper designs a safe, interactive control method for HSCVs with surrounding vehicles with different driving styles. The main contributions are as follows. (1) The driver's control commands in the HSCV, as well as the uncertain driving behavior of SVs, especially the aggressive behavior of neighbor vehicles that suddenly change lanes or accelerate to occupy the road, are taken into account by the automation control system of the HSCV to ensure safe driving. (2) The coupling optimization problem of the HSCV in a multi-vehicle interaction scenario is transformed into a non-cooperative game obstacle avoidance control problem. The iterative optimal response method is adopted to find Nash equilibrium solutions for these non-cooperative games. The structure of the article is as follows. Problem formulation and the overall system framework are described in Section 2. Section 3 displays the vehicle dynamics model and a comprehensive driver model considering lateral and longitudinal control. Then, Section 4 establishes the human-machine shared control model and shared control strategy and demonstrates the non-cooperative game interaction method between HSCV and SVs, considering different driving styles. In Section 5, the feasibility of the algorithm is tested and analyzed in different scenarios. Section 6 concludes this study.
# Design of Parabolic Off-Axis Reflector Optical System for Large Aperture Single Star Simulators
## 2 Principle and System Parameters  
### Principles of Large Caliber Single Star Simulators  
The computer control system regulates the luminous intensity of the light source, the light emitted by the light source through the integrating sphere after multiple reflections, in the integrating sphere out of the mouth of the light emitted with a very good surface uniformity and angular uniformity of the light. The light from the integrating sphere outlet illuminates the star point plate located at the focal plane of the collimated optical system, forming a simulated star point. The star point emission image is emitted as parallel light through the collimated optical system. The star point image of an infinite star with a certain brightness, size, and spectral distribution is obtained at the exit pupil position of the collimated optical system to realize the relevant performance test of the star sensitizer in the ground laboratory. The attenuator is located at the front of the light source and attenuates the luminous flux entering the integrating sphere. A photodetector is placed on the inner wall of the integrating sphere to monitor and give feedback on the energy of the light source at the outlet of the integrating sphere in real time to ensure the stability of the simulated stellar points. At the same time, the system can realize the simulation of different sizes of star points by switching the star point plate with different diameters of star point holes. The system structure is shown in Figure 1.  
This paper studies the collimated optical system part of the large aperture single star simulator. The collimated optical system is mainly composed of parabolic mirrors and plane mirrors; the primary mirror quoted parabolic mirrors to improve the system image quality, and the secondary mirror quoted plane mirrors are used to fold the optical path to reduce the size of the system. The inner wall of the optical system is blackened, and a stray light suppression diaphragm is set in the optical system to reduce the stray light. The optical system of the large aperture single star simulator designed in this paper has good imaging quality, which improves the simulation accuracy of the star points of the large aperture single star simulator star.
## 4 Simulation Results and Security Evaluation
### Entropy Analysis (Randomness Test)
#### 4.8.2 Local Entropy Analysis  
Local entropy is an important aspect of image encryption as it measures the amount of uncertainty or randomness within a small region of an image. By analyzing the local entropy of an image, as suggest by [PERSON] et al. [35], it is possible to determine the degree of complexity and randomness present in the image, which can be indicative of its security against various attacks. To improve the security of image encryption schemes, it is necessary to consider the local entropy of the image and find ways to increase it. This can be achieved through various techniques, such as the use of more complex and diverse chaotic maps, the incorporation of additional randomness in the encryption process, and the application of various transformations to the image. Table 9 shows the local entropy of both plain and encrypted images used in this study.
# Development of Compact and Robust Physical System for Strontium Optical Lattice Clock
## 4 Environmental Testing
### Mechanical and Thermal Environments
Hence, demonstrating that the environmental tests did not impact lattice loading serves to validate the safety and reliability of our custom integrated optical setup and its fixation method. Figure 10 illustrates images of the Blue MOT and lattice atoms before and after the environmental tests. The Blue MOT image remained nearly unchanged, with the atom population staying constant at approximately 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) before and after the tests. However, we observed a slight alteration in the shape of lattice atoms, with the population of atoms within the lattice reducing from 1.4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) to 1.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\), likely due to the 2216 epoxy adhesive on the screws not having fully solidified during the environmental tests. To ensure the reliability of the system, we conducted several additional environmental tests, revealing no further changes in the shape or quantity of lattice atoms. Moreover, transporting the physical system from Xi'an to various locations like Changsha, Beijing, Tianjin, and Hainan via vehicles, trains, and ships revealed encouraging results, with the system's performance remaining intact after transportation. Figure 10: Images of atoms before and after the environmental tests. Figure 9: Vibration tests. From left to right are the sweep curves of the 0.2 g characteristic level, sinusoidal vibration, and random vibration test control curves in the Z direction, respectively.