esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion
### Comparison between the Modular Actuator and the Three-Chamber Actuator  
#### 5.2.1 Single-DoF Support Performance  
Both the 3C-ACT and M-ACT were capable of bending the thumb joints to their limited angles (Figures 3 and 4a). The 3C-ACT could generate a maximum flexion force of 6.0 N at  
Figure 9: The deformation of a modular thumb actuator during excessive air inflation.  
the DP segment (Figure 5c), and the M-ACT could generate a maximum force of 5.2 N at the PP segment (Figure 5b). There has seldom been a study that assessed the force of intrinsic hand muscles required for passive finger flexion. As a reference, the extrinsic muscle group tendon force generated during passive finger motions could be up to 8.8 N [31]. The overall force output of the two actuators on the whole thumb would be intense enough to impel a passive thumb motion, thus demonstrating their capability in supporting thumb flexion motions.  
As for the difference between the two thumb actuator types, the 3C-ACT had a lower flexion force at the metacarpal bone than the M-ACT (Figure 5a) because the middle chamber of the 3C-ACT has the smallest cross section area at the root part, resulting in a much smaller effective area (which directly affects the bending angle of an actuator), than the M-ACT. The maximum cross section of the 3C-ACT's middle chamber (at the fingertip) was still smaller than that of the M-ACT (Figure 1), but it produced a larger force output at the DP segment than the M-ACT (Figure 5c). The flexion force was calculated as the combined force of elongation and flexion forces. Due to its double-helix fiber wrapping method, the 3C-ACT may have a greater elongation force than the M-ACT. Such actuator elongation would also be helpful for improving the flexion angle of all three joints.  
Moreover, compared with the M-ACT, the 3C-ACT had a significantly larger undesired flexion RoM (Figure 4b-d) and force output (Figure 6b) during thumb abduction. Unlike the CMC unit of the M-ACT, which has more than two symmetry axes in structure (symmetric in both top-bottom and left-right, Figure 1b), the 3C-ACT is only symmetric in left-right (Figure 1a). During left chamber pressurization, the curved top surface of the 3C-ACT would expand more vigorously than the bottom surface, resulting in deformation in the flexion direction. Accordingly, the M-ACT's CMC unit with two modules (or chambers) may be more structurally beneficial to independent flexion and abduction support than the actuator with three chambers.  
In general, the two types of thumb actuators have equivalent thumb flexion assist capabilities. Structurally, both have the potential to provide sufficient support in thumb flexion and abduction with less sacrifice in RoM when compared with the soft finger actuators designed in previous studies [10; 12; 18; 23]. However, the M-ACT would be more suitable for independent flexion and abduction assistance due to less undesired flexion during an abduction.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Corrosion Resistance  
The samples were cut out from DB workpieces as shown in Figure 3. The specimen sizes were \(\phi 26\times 10\) mm. The treatment and designation of the samples are described in Section 2.3. The electrochemical tests were performed in a three-electrode corrosion cell comprised of a platinum counter electrode, a saturated Hg/HgSO\({}_{4}\) reference electrode, and a working electrode immersed vertically. The area of the working electrode exposed to the solution was equal to 0.2 cm\({}^{2}\). All electrodes were immersed in 80 mL of naturally aerated 0.5 M H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) at an ambient temperature. The electrochemical measurements were conducted using a potentiostat/galvanostat 263A (EG&G Princeton Applied Research) coupled with a PC by a controller. Before the measurements, the samples were allowed to stabilise under open circuit potential (OCP) for 30 min. After stabilisation, potentiodynamic polarisation curves started at a potential of about--250 mV vs. OCP up to +2000 mV vs. Hg/HgSO\({}_{4}\) using a 1 mV.s\({}^{-1}\) potential scan rate. The corrosion parameters E\({}_{\text{corr}}\) (corrosion potential) and j\({}_{\text{corr}}\) (corrosion current density) were extracted from the Tafel plots, and polarisation resistance (R\({}_{\text{p}}\)) was determined by the Stern-Geary equation using PARCalc Tafel Analysis software. The corrosion rate (CR) was calculated according to the G102-89 standard using Equation (2):  
\[\text{CR}=\text{K}_{1}\frac{\text{j}_{\text{corr}}}{\rho}\text{EW} \tag{2}\]  
where K\({}_{1}=3.27\times 10^{-3}\), (mm g/\(\mu\)A cm yr); j\({}_{\text{corr}}\) is corrosion current density determined from the potentiodynamic curve; \(\rho=7.86\) g/cm\({}^{3}\) is the steel density; and EW = 25.48 is the steel's equivalent weight.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Output of the Finite Element Model  
The more interesting result concerning the stress analysis is reported in Figure 8 where the plate and its internal components were analyzed (_FE1_ model). The peak von Mises stress is reached in a very localized zone and is equal to 340 MPa; this would correspond to an average stress equal to 187 MPa and a stress amplitude equal to 153 MPa considering an \(R\) = 0.1 factor for the fatigue test. According to data reported by the producer, the stress amplitude limit of the plate constitutive material is equal to 400 MPa for \(R\) = -1 (fully reversed loading), its ultimate load is equal to 920 MPa, and its yield stress is equal to 800 MPa [20]; this results in a stress amplitude limit equal to 261 MPa for \(R\) = 0.1, according to the Haigh diagram for fatigue strength. In conclusion, the safety factor of the plate resulted in being equal to 1.70 (261/153), which is an acceptable value according to ASTM F382.  
Figure 7: Main results of multibody model (friction coefficient: 0.15, spring stiffness: 20 N/mm).  
In addition, it should be noted how a very unfavorable estimation is being performed: the peak load is reached in a very localized area at a taper of the main body section; as such, it would result in local plasticization which finally would provide a residual stress opposite to the applied stress (considering that fatigue stress is performed with a pulsating stress, as required by orthopedic plate certification). These results are confirmed also by the _FE2_ model, in which the maximum static load was simulated according to experimental test. Both von Mises stresses and the maximum contact pressure testify that the plate is safe in terms of static strength; the most stressed point in terms of static strength remains the same, as considered in the _FE1_ model, with a maximum stress equal to 923 MPa (Figure 9), while a maximum contact pressure of 376 MPa is localized at the most stressed area of the pin (Figure 10). In addition, considering the 33% of the maximum load, which would correspond to a bending moment equal about to 25.3 Nm, the peak stress is equal to 299 MPa (Figure 11), confirming a good approximation obtained with the simplified setup (_FE1_ model).  
Figure 8: Maximum von Mises stress at the referenced fatigue bending limit (29 Nm): detail of plate components.  
Figure 9: Maximum von Mises stress at the experimental peak static load (2 kN): detail of plate components and more stressed screws (_A_ and \(B\) boxes).
###### Abstract  
Saturated soil shear strength is a primary factor that reflects the driving resistance of agricultural machinery in paddy soils. The determination of soil shear strength indicators, such as cohesion and internal frictional angle, is crucial to improve the walking efficiency of agricultural machinery in paddy soils. However, the measurement of these indicators is often costly and time-consuming. Soil moisture content, density, and clay content are crucial factors that affect the cohesion and internal friction angle, while very limited studies have been performed to assess the interactive effects of the three factors on soil shear characteristics, especially on paddy soils. In this study, eight soil samples were taken from eight paddy fields in Southeastern China, and the central composition rotatable design was used to classify the soil samples into five levels based on different clay content (\(X_{1}\)), moisture content (\(X_{2}\)), and density (\(X_{3}\)). The direct shear tests were carried out indoors on the remolded paddy soil using a self-made shear characteristic measuring device. Then, both individual and interactive effects of \(X_{1}\), \(X_{2}\), and \(X_{3}\) on soil cohesion and internal friction angles on paddy soils were systematically investigated and analyzed using the regression analysis method in the data processing software Design-Expert. Our results indicated that the effects of the three environmental factors on soil cohesion were in the order of \(X_{1}>X_{2}>X_{3}\), while the order was \(X_{2}>X_{3}>X_{1}\) for the impact on internal friction angle. The interactive effects were in the order of \(X_{1}X_{2}>X_{1}X_{3}>X_{2}X_{3}\) for cohesion and \(X_{1}X_{2}>X_{2}X_{3}>X_{1}X_{3}\) for internal friction angle. Two prediction models were successfully established to quantify the soil cohesion and internal friction angle as affected by soil physical properties, and the coefficient of determination (\(R_{2}\)) was 0.91 and 0.89 for the two equations, respectively. The model validations using new soil samples suggested that the models were capable of predicting the shear characteristic parameters under different physical parameters effectively, with errors between predicted and measured soil shear strength indicators within 15% and relative root mean square error less than 11%.  
shear strength; cohesion; internal friction angle; moisture content; density; clay content +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Face Keypoint Detection Method Based on Blaze_ghost Network
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
This paper proposes a facial keypoint detection method based on the Blaze_ghost network. It designs the Blaze_ghost network as the backbone network and utilizes Huber-Wingloss as the loss function. Adadelta is used as the optimizer. The proposed algorithm is compared and analyzed with the PFLD algorithm in the WFLW dataset for 68-point keypoint detection. The advantages of the proposed facial keypoint detection method are validated through metrics such as the NME, FR, Inference Time, and model size. Additionally, the real effects of the proposed method on facial keypoint detection and simple fatigue feature extraction tasks like eye blinking and yawning are visually demonstrated using images. In future research, we will further expand and improve the facial keypoint localization method. Firstly, we plan to consider training and evaluating with larger and more diverse datasets to enhance the algorithm's robustness and generalization ability. Secondly, we will explore more advanced deep learning models and algorithms or introduce self-supervised learning methods to reduce the reliance on labeled data.  
Figure 5: Detection effect when light distribution is not uniform.  
Figure 6: Detection effect in case of partial occlusion.  
Figure 7: Detection effect of fatigue features.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Y.T. and N.Y.; methodology, Y.T.; software, Y.T.; validation, Y.T.; investigation, Y.T. and X.Y.; resources, N.Y. and X.Z.; data curation, Y.T.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.T.; writing--review and editing, Y.T.; visualization, Y.T.; supervision, N.Y. and X.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The source code and datasets of the experiments can be obtained upon request.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank [PERSON] for his valuable suggestions. The authors would like to thank the National Engineering Research Centre for High Mobility Riot Vehicle Technology 2023 Open Fund Project for supporting the paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# An Energy Demodulation Based Fiber Optic Sensing System for Landslide Early-Warning
## 9 Conclusions  
Based on the energy demodulation principle in fiber optic sensing, an all fiber warning system is proposed. The FOW-LS system consists of the event (displacement) sensors, a host system, an alarm module, an analysis module, and power supply. The proposed system allows graded threshold levels for landslide warning and provides two novel event sensors: rack-type sensor and spiral blazon sensor. A laboratory experiment indicates that the spiral blazon sensor measured light intensity with a linear relationship between deformation and micro bending loss; thus, the sensor is stable for site monitoring.  
Three conditions are considered in the threshold setting, namely, horizontal displacement, vertical displacement, and crack length. The alarm threshold considered two categories of monitoring strategy: absolute threshold and velocity-based threshold. In this paper, the absolute threshold of a typical landslide is determined.  
The all fiber warning system has been applied to the Gaoqin landslide successfully. Based on the monitoring results of an inclinometer, the system correctly predicted the slope movements and shows that the proposed FOW-LS system can be used as a universal technology for the monitoring and early-warning of landslides with its unique advantages.  
Figure 11: The horizontal displacement of landslide body.  
Figure 10: The sensor layout of Gaoqin landslide.  
**Acknowledgments:** This research is financially supported by the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Projects, China (Grant No. 41230636).  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] conceived and designed the study. [PERSON] assisted with the layout of the sensors in site and [PERSON]'s language editing work. [PERSON] wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### FTIR Results
Figure 5 shows that the ratio I\({}_{3300}\)/I\({}_{730}\), related to the quantity of hydroxyl groups, increases as a function of immersion time. This can be ascribed to the hydrolytic degradation of the constituting polymer. It is well known that the decrease in molecular weight brings about an increase in the number of terminal groups and, therefore, a strengthening of the OH signal. Interesting to note is that no trend was observed for LSB when the C=O functional groups (I\({}_{1700}\)/I\({}_{730}\)) were monitored (Figure 6), while a mildly decreasing trend was observed for ULB. This indicates that the degradation process does not influence such functional groups or that it influences them very slowly. If hydrolysis happens at the expense of starch (Figure 4), the reduction in chain size brings about the formation of smaller polysaccharides, with no formation of significant further carbonyl groups, but with an increase in hydroxyl terminal groups. Therefore, in this scenario, the IR signal at 1700 cm\({}^{-1}\) remains unaltered. However, when a polyester group is hydrolyzed, the C=O group is retained, but a shift should be observed from the characteristic frequencies of the esters and those of the carboxylic acid. However, the shape of the peak at about 1700 cm\({}^{-1}\) does not significantly change, reflecting the fact that the polyester moiety is not involved in the degradation process. Therefore, IR data point towards a preferred degradation of the starch component of the formulation, with the polyester part remaining unaltered. Figure 5: Ratio I\({}_{3300}\)/I\({}_{730}\), related to the quantity of hydroxyl groups as a function of immersion time for ULB (blue triangle) and LSB (red circle).
# A Nested U-Shaped Residual Codec Network for Strip Steel Defect Detection
###### Abstract  
Strip steel is an important raw material for the related industries, such as aerospace, shipbuilding, and pipelines, and any quality defects in the strip steel would lead to huge economic losses. However, it is still a challenge task to effectively detect the defects from the background of the strip steel due to its complex variations, including variable flaws, chaotic background, and noise invasion. This paper proposes a novel strip steel defect detection method based on a U-shaped residual network, including an encoder and a decoder. The encoder is a fully convolutional neural network in which attention mechanisms are embedded to adequately extract multi-scale defect features and ro ignore irrelevant background regions. The decoder is a U-shaped residual network to capture more contextual data from different scales, without significantly increasing the computational cost due to the pooling operations used in the U-shaped network. Furthermore, a residual refinement module is designed immediately after the decoder to further optimize the coarse defect map. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively segment surface defect objects from irrelevant background noise and is superior to other advanced methods with clear boundaries.  
surface defect; encoder-decoder; salient object detect; attention mechanisms +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Discussion
We intend to further test the efficacy of the proposed features in future similar studies. In specific, by performing longitudinal studies to observe how the values of the proposed features vary with the disease severity, the proposed approach can become an effective tool for monitoring the progress of diseases. Perhaps one of the most important potential applications of the proposed approach is to identify older people with high fall risk. As addressed in a review paper, conventional COP features can be used to discriminate fallers from non-fallers [30]. Based on the favorable comparative results obtained in this work, it seems reasonable to assume that the proposed features can also be used to differentiate fallers from non-fallers. The proposed approach would also be valuable for regular follow-up of postural stability changes in older fallers in clinical practice so that appropriate assistance can be provided to reduce fall risk. The proposed approach has some limitations. First, the cost of the force plates can limit the employment of the proposed approach. Second, since the effectiveness of the proposed features varies with the number of measurements, we still need to develop a strategy to determine the optimal number of measurements to balance the ease-of-use and the accuracy of the proposed approach. Third, by using state-of-the-art machine learning methods to combine the proposed features with other postural stability measures, it is possible that a better postural stability assessment method can be developed. This potential, however, has not been explored in this work.
# Personalization of Robot Behavior Using Approach Based on Model Predictive Control
## 1 Introduction  
Social humanoid robots are becoming more prevalent, with their abilities advancing quickly. They are outfitted with various systems that allow them to perform human-like actions naturally, along with sensors that enable them to gather information about their surroundings, including other people. Some of these robots are fully autonomous and are effectively replacing humans in many situations, acting as a museum tour guide [1], a personal companion [2], a sales assistant [3], and so on. For such robots, it is crucial to design human-robot interfaces that are not only intuitive for the human user but also capable of adapting to their personal needs, preferences, and habits. A well-designed interface should facilitate seamless communication and interaction, minimizing the learning curve for users of different ages, backgrounds, and technological familiarity. This adaptability ensures that the robot can tailor its behavior and responses to suit individual preferences, providing a more personalized experience. Additionally, the interface should allow for continuous learning, enabling the robot to evolve alongside the user, recognizing patterns in behavior, adjusting to changing needs, and enhancing user comfort and engagement over time. An effective interface fosters trust and promotes long-term user satisfaction by creating a more natural, meaningful human-robot relationship.  
Two common channels through which humans communicate are speech and gaze [4]. In this research, our long-term goal is to design intuitive interfaces for human-robot communication, allowing for robot adaptation.  
The main contributions of this research are proposing a new approach to the personalization of robot behavior using the Model Predictive Control approach, performing experiments in a simulated environment, and rule-based data generation for the verification of the proposed solution.  
This article is structured as follows: Section 2 discusses related work. Section 3 contains a high-level description and implementation details of our proposed solution. In Section 4, we describe the evaluation experiments and their results. Concluding remarks and directions for further research are presented in Section 5.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Chemicals and Reagents  
Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, DPPH-(2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothioaline-6-sulfonic acid)), gallic acid, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), iron (III) chloride (FeCl\({}_{3}\cdot\)6H\({}_{2}\)O), iron (II) sulfate (FeSO\({}_{4}\cdot\)7H\({}_{2}\)O), potassium persulfate, ellagic acid, and ferulic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pelargonidin-3-glucose, Quercetin-3-glucoside, Quercetin-3-galactosidase, and epicatechin were from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). TPTZ(2,4,6-tripyrid-s-triazine) was purchased from Fluka Chemie (Buchs, Switzerland) and sodium carbonate was from J.T. Baker (Center Valley, PA, USA). DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), ox-alic acid, and (+) ascorbic acid were from Scharlab S.L. (Barcelona, Spain). Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals employed were of analytical or superior quality. Methanol, ethanol, formic acid, and acetonitrile were of HPLC grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). For cytogenetic analysis, Carnoy's lymphocyte fixative solution was prepared with methanol (Merck), acetic acid (Panreac, Barcelona, Spain) (3:1 \(v\)/\(v\)), bromodeoxyuridine (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), potassium chloride (Merck), antimitotic Colcemid (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), bisbenzimide Hoechst 33258 (Sigma), and Leishman dye (Merck).
## 1 Introduction
Building on this knowledge and considering the few studies present in the literature, the present work aimed to evaluate the effects of three different natural additives, which were mandarin (_Citrus reticulata_ L.) peel, oregano (_Origanum vulgare_) (already known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties [19]), and common lambsquarter (_Chenopodium album_) (never been tested before in mortadella) powders, on the shelf lives of three artisanal mortadellas in terms of physicochemical, microbiological, rheological, and sensory profiles and compare them to a control formulation made with sodium nitrite. The evaluations were conducted at days 1 (T0), 15 (T1), 25 (T2), and 30 (T3) after vacuum packaging, with the final objective of creating a new artisanal product in which nitrites are totally or partially replaced by alternative natural additives having comparable characteristics, including shelf life, without causing any health hazards.