# Use of Wireless Sensor Networks for Area-Based Speed Control and Traffic Monitoring  
[PERSON]  
1 Division of Air Transport Engineering and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa St, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.K. )1 Division of Air Transport Engineering and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa St, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; mariusz. by technological progress, particularly in the advancement of computers, software, and telecommunications networks. Current trends in the field of ICT systems include the ongoing development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data analytics, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, all of which have the potential to further transform the way ICT systems are used. One of the primary users, due to its significance for the economy of every developed and industrialized country, is the transport sector [4; 5; 6; 7], with a particular emphasis on sustainable transport [8]. ICT plays a key role in transport, particularly in improving road safety. One of the most common applications is traffic management systems, which monitor traffic volumes and automatically adjust traffic lights to facilitate smoother vehicle flow and minimize the risk of accidents. For instance, intelligent transport systems use sensors and cameras to collect traffic data and inform drivers in real time about traffic jams, accidents, or weather conditions that may impact safety. Another important application of ICT in transport is advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), which employ technologies such as radar, cameras, and lidar to warn drivers of potential dangers and even intervene in emergency situations. These systems can automatically brake, keep the vehicle in its lane, or warn of an impending collision. Such solutions significantly reduce the risk of accidents, especially in conditions of limited visibility or on busy roads. In addition, ICT supports the development of intelligent monitoring systems for trucks and buses, enabling the control of their speed, technical condition, and drivers' working hours. This helps to reduce accidents caused by driver fatigue or vehicle malfunctions. These systems can also diagnose faults remotely, allowing for quick repairs before they lead to more serious breakdowns or dangerous situations on the road. ICT is also utilized in road infrastructure management, where sensors and monitoring systems assess the condition of road surfaces and bridges in real time. This enables quick responses to potential hazards, such as road damage or dangerous weather conditions, which can impact traffic safety. Classical, static methods of measuring vehicle speed are based on various techniques, including radar, lasers, and induction loops. Radar meters work by emitting radio waves that bounce off a moving vehicle, and based on the change in frequency of the waves (Doppler effect), the device calculates the vehicle's speed. Laser meters use a laser beam to measure the time it takes for the reflected beam to return to the device, allowing for an accurate determination of the vehicle's distance and speed. Inductive loops, on the other hand, are installed directly in the road surface--when a metal vehicle passes over the loop, it alters the electromagnetic field, enabling the speed to be calculated based on the time taken to pass through successive loops spaced along a stretch of road. While each of these methods differs in terms of application and precision, all are widely used for speed control on roads. However, they share a common element and limitation: they are only used at specific locations, either fixed or selected for random speed control by police patrols. Sectional speed measurement, which is conducted over a designated and typically small segment of a single road, does little to address this limitation.