## 1 Introduction  
The Internet of Things (IoT) ushered in a new industrial revolution, the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), resulting in radical changes across all industries [1]. IoT has differentiated itself from other technologies by incorporating smart features that enable it to sense, collect, communicate, and analyze massive amounts of data from various internal and external sources across a global network [2]. These features have attracted various sectors to adopt IoT, including healthcare, agriculture, transportation, oil and gas, manufacturing, supply chains, and logistics [3, 4]. By 2025, the economic influence of IoT is expected to reach between $3.9 and $11.1 trillion; at that point, the value of such influence will equal approximately 11% of the global economy [5]. Thus, IoT technology enables all sectors to shift from traditional to smart business environments. IoT can be described as a network comprising several connected nodes that depend on sensory, transmission, and information processing technology that communicate with each other as smart components to achieve a specific goal using the Internet as a communication medium with no time and space constraints [2, 6, 7]. According to the InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU-T), IoT is \"a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies [8]\". Disruptive technology allows businesses to exchange real-time data with numerous facilities, operators, customers, supply chains, and other connected devices using Internet network infrastructure. Moreover, it directly integrates computer-based systems with the physical world through remote control and sensing, improving efficiency, accuracy, and economic benefits [7; 9]. IoT offers promising opportunities for organizations to build vital applications and services, such as facility management, production flow monitoring, plant safety and security, energy management, asset management, quality control, and logistics and supply chains [10]. These IoT applications generate a new pattern that enables organizations to explore new markets, enhance production, streamline business operations, and more effectively and efficiently satisfy customer requirements while maintaining competitive advantages [3; 11]. IoT adopters saw IoT as critical to business success in the coming years [12] and believed companies that do not embrace IoT will fall behind their competitors within five years [13; 14]. Competitors who adopt IoT can produce goods faster and more efficiently and conquer market shares even as new competitors emerge [11; 15]. Thus, the IoT will become a necessity rather than an option for competitive market success [11; 12]. Furthermore, IoT can play a strategic role in preserving organizations and protecting them from collapse during crisis times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak that devastatingly affected human lives and the global economy [16; 17]. Besides assisting in recovery from pandemic impacts, remote work and increased reliance on technology can also keep employees safe [16; 18]. Consequently, organizations are increasingly looking toward emerging technologies for operational support in the wake of extreme disruption [12; 19]. Despite the importance of IoT deployments within organizations, IoT remains in the early adoption phase [20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. Adoption is the process by which a decision-making unit (adopter) considers a new technology [26]. This process concludes with an outcome or decision to accept or reject the technology based on the organization's evaluation of the new technology [26]. Several studies have been conducted on IoT adoption in organizations in the existing literature [27; 28; 29; 30; 24; 2]. However, some of these studies have focused on studying IoT adoption in a particular sector, restricting their findings to that sector [27; 28; 29; 30; 4].