## 2 Related Works
### Multipath Routing Strategies in Wireless Networks
Numerous techniques and methodologies have been proposed in the literature to improve the performance of GPSR (greedy perimeter stateless routing) in vehicular environments. For instance, the MAGF [29] protocol introduced the concept of \"motion potential\" to enable intelligent forwarding decisions [30] and DGF-ETX for VANET [31] proposed an enhanced directional greedy forwarding protocol. However, these protocols do not fully address the dynamic nature of VANETs and lack additional QoS information for real-time routing decisions [32]. In the work of [PERSON] et al. [33], the MM-GPSR protocol was proposed utilizing pre-defined \(\lambda\) parameters in the greedy forwarding mechanism. Although this provides some control over the communication area, it may limit the scheme's performance in dynamic and unpredictable vehicular environments [34]. Additionally, the UF-GPSR [35] protocol addresses routing challenges in flying ad hoc networks (FANETs), but still lacks a comprehensive consideration of parameters relevant to multimedia data transmission. In the same context, other improvements of the GPSR protocol were developed and then implemented in the calculation of the next-best hop. The goal is to exploit other links in the topology that can improve the QoS of the network. The first one is GPSR-2P [36], which takes into consideration the two nearest neighbors to the destination instead of one, and the second one is GPSR-kP [37], which adopts the concept of multiple paths. GPSR-kP makes it possible to use a number k, limited between 1 and 6, of neighbors near to the destination and is able to transfer the number k of packets owned by the same source node. The destination of packets is taken into account during the decision. Admittedly, these protocols have shown good results compared with those of GPSR, except that they remain unsatisfactory regarding the requirements of the VANET networks on one side and the multimedia flow on the other side. Indeed, GPSR-2P and GPSR-kP do not consider additional QoS information in order to make real-time routing decisions. On the other hand, they use a static number of hops contrary to our proposal. Despite efforts to improve QoS in VANETs through modifications like GPSR-2P and GPSR-kP, they remain unsatisfactory in meeting both VANET network requirements and multimedia flow needs. These protocols do not effectively consider additional QoS information for real-time routing decisions and use a static number of hops, which can be limiting. To overcome these limitations and achieve better QoS for multimedia data transmission in VANETs, the proposed intelligent MNH-FGR protocol dynamically adjusts the number of hops based on the network conditions and additional QoS information. By optimizing the data transmission process and enhancing overall network performance under varying conditions, MNH-FGR is well-suited for real-time multimedia applications in VANETs. The adaptive approach aims to promote user gratification and keep a good QoS while avoiding performance degradation caused by transmitting a large number of packets to the same path. Through its dynamic hop adjustment, the MNH-FGR protocol introduces a significant improvement over existing approaches in meeting the QoS requirements of VANETs and multimedia flows.