# Research on Pressure Exertion Prediction in Coal Mine Working Faces Based on Data-Driven Approaches
## 1 Introduction  
Coal is the primary energy source in China and plays a crucial role in the country's primary energy consumption [1, 2, 3]. However, coal mining is a high-risk industry, and safety accidents still occur occasionally during the coal mining process, posing a threat to the lives of underground miners. To address this, measures such as the structural reform of the national energy supply side (phasing out small and medium-sized coal mines with low safety guarantees or outdated environmental protection facilities, accelerating the pace of mergers and acquisitions in the coal industry to increase industry concentration, and promoting the construction of smart mines), improving relevant laws and regulations on coal mine safety, and enhancing safety management levels have been implemented, achieving remarkable results [4, 5, 6]. Nevertheless, from the perspective of disaster prevention and control technology, the complexity and unknowns of underground spaces pose significant challenges to the precision of coal mine safety accident prevention and control, which restricts the further improvement of safe mining levels in coal mines. During the process of coal mining at the working face, the overlying strata undergo periodic fracture, exhibiting a \"stable-unstable-restabilized\" process. The structural instability of the overlying rock mass leads to pressure exertion on the working face, which occurs periodically as the working face advances. During the period of pressure exertion, the overlying rock mass is in an unstable state, resulting in increased support resistance, prone coal wall spalling, and exacerbated roadway deformation, making it a period highly susceptible to safety accidents. Therefore, accurately predicting the pressure exertion at the working face is of great significance for ensuring safe coal mining. Currently, research on the pressure exertion on the working face mainly employs a combination of theoretical analysis, physical simulation, numerical simulation, and on-site monitoring. [PERSON] et al. [7] established a physically similar simulation model to analyze the impact of upper mining on the underlying coal seam and studied the deformation and failure patterns of the overlying rock mass as well as the stress distribution after upper mining. [PERSON] et al. [8] studied the roof fragmentation characteristics and ground pressure laws during close-distance coal seam mining through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and engineering verification. It was found that the roof exhibited a \"loose block\" structure, and the basic roof fracture spacing was 44.61 m. To reduce mining-induced disturbances in deep mining, [PERSON] et al. [9] proposed a technique of full mining with partial backfilling. Using FLAC numerical simulation, the distribution pattern of mining-induced pressure on the working face was analyzed. Field measurements revealed that the initial supporting force of the support's working resistance became more stable after adopting this technique. [PERSON] et al. [10] investigated the distribution law of mine ground pressure based on a microseismic system. It was found that microseismic monitoring could further analyze the destabilization process of the ore deposit caused by mining. The combination of surface subsidence, mining intensity, and energy release could verify the accuracy of stress distribution and ground pressure transmission. To study the mining pressure characteristics of shallow coal seams beneath extremely dense gob areas, [PERSON] et al. [11] employed theoretical analysis to determine whether the cutting horizon's bearing layer fell under such conditions. Based on FLAC3D numerical simulations and field measurements of the end-of-cycle resistance of supports, a method for classifying mining-induced stress according to the advancing length of the working face was proposed. [PERSON] et al.