# Analysis of the Sugarane Biomass Use to Produce Green Hydrogen: Brazilian Case Study
## 3 Brazil's Energy Landscape and Electricity Mix: An Overview of 2023
### The National Electricity Mix in 2023  
In 2023, Brazil's electricity generation from public service plants and self-producers reached 708.1 TWh, representing a 4.6% increase compared to 2022 [65]. Renewable energy sources dominated the electricity generation mix, accounting for 89.2% of the total. Among these, hydroelectric power remained the cornerstone of Brazil's electricity supply, contributing approximately 60.2%, as illustrated in Figure 7. Wind energy followed with 13.6%, reflecting the rapid expansion of this resource in recent years. Solar energy accounted for 7.2%, and sugarcane bagasse provided 8.2%, underscoring the role of bioenergy in the country's energy strategy. The growing share of wind and solar energy indicates a gradual diversification within Brazil's renewable portfolio, even as hydropower continues to maintain a central position. Figure 6: Evolution of the share of renewable energy in the internal energy supply over the last 20 years. Adapted from [65]. When compared to the global energy landscape, Brazil stands out as having one of the most renewable-intensive electricity matrices in the world. The country's leadership in biofuel production further underscores its renewable energy credentials. These favorable conditions, combined with Brazil's rich natural resources and biodiversity, provide an ideal foundation for advancing emerging technologies such as green hydrogen production via electrolysis. Green hydrogen represents a significant opportunity for Brazil to leverage its abundant renewable resources to meet both domestic and international clean energy demands. Despite these achievements, the potential for further growth in renewables remains substantial. Investments in wind and solar energy, in particular, could help mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with Brazil's heavy dependence on hydropower, which is susceptible to climatic fluctuations. Figure 7 highlights the relatively small contributions of non-renewable sources such as oil products (0.8%), coal and coal products (1.2%), and uranium (2.0%) to the electricity mix, reflecting a notable shift toward cleaner energy sources. However, these contributions emphasize the importance of continuing to diversify and stabilize the energy matrix through strategic renewable investments. Over the past two decades, the share of renewable sources in Brazil's electricity matrix has consistently exceeded 70%, a level notably higher than global averages [65]. This sustained performance underscores Brazil's proactive energy policies, which have fostered diversification and resilience within the electricity supply. Strategic incentives for wind and solar power generation have played a pivotal role in maintaining renewability in the internal electricity supply, even during periods of significant hydric stress. These efforts highlight Brazil's commitment to reducing emissions and bolstering energy security through the continuous expansion of renewable energy capacity [65]. Figure 8 illustrates the dynamic composition of Brazil's electricity matrix, highlighting the dominance of hydropower alongside the growing contributions of wind and solar energy. While hydropower's share has fluctuated due to climatic variability, the steady rise in wind generation (an increase of approximately 14 TWh in 2023) and solar photovoltaic generation (a growth of more than 20 TWh in 2023) underscores the importance of diversifying the electricity supply [65]. Such advancements demonstrate Brazil's sustained progress in its energy transition, aligning with global decarbonization efforts and reinforcing the nation's leadership in renewable energy adoption. In conclusion, Brazil's energy matrix in 2023 reflects both notable progress and areas for continued development. While hydropower remains the predominant source, the growing contributions of wind, solar, and bioenergy highlight encouraging steps toward a  
Figure 7: Total electricity supply by source in 2023. Data source from [65]. more diversified energy portfolio.