# Robust Image Embedded Watermarking Using DCT and Listless SPIHT
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Quality of the Watermarked Images
Bolded numbers indicate improvement in results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Image** & **Bit Rate (bpp)** & **Algorithm** & **PSNR (dB)** & **SSIM** & **NC** & **TAF (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Boat} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.25} & SPIHT [35] & 26.92 & 0.8454 & 0.0300 & 72.93 \\  & & LSK [38] & 27.26 & 0.8749 & 0.0527 & 71.27 \\  & & Proposed & 27.25 & 0.8730 & **0.0700** & **70.33** \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{0.5} & SPIHT & 29.42 & 0.9106 & 0.3788 & 47.58 \\  & & LSK & 29.03 & 0.9047 & 0.7539 & 19.63 \\  & & Proposed & 28.97 & 0.9034 & **0.7762** & **17.94** \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{1.0} & SPIHT & 31.48 & 0.9474 & 0.9784 & 3.09 \\  & & LSK & 32.16 & 0.9572 & 0.9673 & 3.57 \\  & & Proposed & **32.25** & **0.9572** & 0.9737 & 3.27 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{1.5} & SPIHT & 34.27 & 0.9714 & 0.9737 & 2.84 \\  & & LSK & 34.43 & 0.9731 & 0.9689 & 3.25 \\  & & Proposed & **34.50** & **0.9731** & 0.9659 & 3.57 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{2.0} & SPIHT & 34.77 & 0.9774 & 0.9034 & 7.68 \\  & & LSK & 34.78 & 0.9775 & 0.8974 & 8.19 \\  & & Proposed & **34.83** & **0.9784** & 0.9045 & **7.38** \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{1.5} & SPIHT & 35.52 & 0.9801 & 0.9355 & 5.56 \\  & & LSK & 35.25 & 0.9800 & 0.9136 & 6.98 \\  & & Proposed & **35.54** & **0.9804** & **0.9416** & **5.26** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3.0} & SPIHT & 35.77 & 0.9821 & 0.9521 & 4.15 \\  & LSK & 35.66 & 0.9830 & 0.9477 & 4.41 \\  & Proposed & **35.86** & 0.9824 & **0.9440** & **4.73** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Lossless} & SPIHT & 36.06 & 0.9822 & 0.9791 & 2.04 \\  & LSK & 35.66 & 0.9814 & 0.9443 & 4.58 \\  & Proposed & **36.24** & 0.9827 & 0.9770 & **2.19** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: PSNR, SSIM, TAF and NC performance on the Barbara Image. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Image** & **Bit Rate (bpp)** & **Algorithm** & **PSNR (dB)** & **SSIM** & **NC** & **TAF (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Boat} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.25} & SPIHT [35] & 29.34 & 0.9066 & 0.078 & 69.70 \\  & & LSK [38] & 29.20 & 0.9024 & 0.1425 & 64.76 \\  & & Proposed & 29.21 & 0.9036 & **0.1610** & **63.43** \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{0.5} & SPIHT & 29.61 & 0.9085 & 0.9814 & 2.31 \\  & & LSK & 30.04 & 0.9244 & 0.9791 & 2.41 \\  & & Proposed & **30.10** & 0.9241 & 0.9801 & **2.41** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Boat} & \multirow{3}{*}{1.0} & SPIHT & 33.20 & 0.9599 & 0.9801 & 2.31 \\  & & LSK & 33.42 & 0.9660 & 0.9743 & 2.64 \\  & & Proposed & **33.44** & 0.9641 & 0.9757 & 2.36 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{1.5} & SPIHT & 34.22 & 0.9648 & 0.9119 & 6.95 \\  & & LSK & 34.32 & 0.9655 & 0.9088 & 7.15 \\  & & Proposed & **34.34** & **0.9690** & 0.9136 & 6.75 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{2.0} & SPIHT & 34.87 & 0.9693 & 0.9055 & 7.40 \\  & & LSK & 34.80 & 0.9702 & 0.9058 & 7.56 \\  & & Proposed & **34.94** & **0.9709** & **0.9099** & **7.18** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2.5} & SPIHT & 35.53 & 0.9732 & 0.9440 & 4.81 \\  & & LSK & 35.44 & 0.9745 & 0.9470 & 4.41 \\  & & Proposed & **35.52** & **0.9751** & 0.9456 & 4.51 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3.0} & SPIHT & 35.70 & 0.9758 & 0.9564 & 3.48 \\  & & LSK & 35.60 & 0.9738 & 0.9396 & 4.88 \\  & & Proposed & **35.75** & 0.9756 & **0.9537** & 3.88 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Lossless} & SPIHT & 35.92 & 0.9758 & 0.9804 & 1.89 \\  & & LSK & 35.78 & 0.9747 & 0.9656 & 2.79 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{3}{*}{1.5} & SPIHT & **36.10** & **0.9760** & **0.9811** & **1.73** \\ \cline{2-6}  & & Proposed & **36.24** & 0.9827 & 0.9770 & **2.19** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: PSNR, SSIM, TAF and NC performance on the Boat Image. Figure 4: Performance of compression attack on Lena image on (a) NC vs. Compression ratio; and (b) TAF vs. Compression ratio. Figure 5: Performance of compression attack on Mandrill image on (a) NC vs. Compression ratio; and (b) TAF vs. Compression ratio. Figure 6: Performance of compression attack on Boat image on (a) NC vs. Compression ratio; and (b) TAF vs. Compression ratio.