## 4 Results and Discussion
### Article Title, Author, Publisher and Metadata Impact
#### 4.1.2 Publisher  
This subsection considers the respondents' perceptions regarding the usefulness of the publisher in judging the trustworthiness of an article. Figure A4a shows increasing support (at the combined great deal/a lot/moderate amount level) up to the $75,000-99,999 income range, after which there is a temporary drop in perceived utility. The $125,000 or more range returns to a similar level of use as the $75,000 to $99,999 income level. The most notable data relates to respondents' party affiliation. Overall, Democrats and Republicans view the publisher as being more important (at the combined great deal/a lot/a moderate amount level) then independents/other party members. Democrats also have greater combined great deal/a lot support than Republicans. Notably, while each political group views the publisher as being similarly important to others as themselves, this pattern does not hold with the ideal data, where the importance drops only for Republicans and independents/other party members. Perceptions of the publisher's importance across different levels of internet usage show a consistent trend. Except at the highest level of internet usage, importance in terms of self, others, and the ideal increases as internet usage increases. Figure A4 considers respondents' perceptions of the publisher's impact on their personal decision making when considering the validity of an article. In terms of income level (Figure A4a), personal perception of importance increases up to the $75,000-99,999 income level, then drops, returning to a similar level at the $125,000 or more level. With respect to party affiliation (Figure A4b), Democratic Party members have more interest in the publisher, at the great deal/a lot levels, and similar interest to Republicans when the moderate amount level is also considered. Independents/other party members indicate the lowest level of interest, at the combined great deal/a lot/moderate amount levels, but slightly more than Republicans (and still notably less than Democrats) at the great deal/a lot level. Respondents show an increase in the perceived efficacy of the publisher as their internet usage increases, from 1 to 5 h. Then, a slight decrease in importance is seen at the more than 5 h level (in Figure 14c). Figure 15 considers respondents' perceptions of the publisher's impact on the decision making of others when considering the validity of an article. In terms of income level, use increases (at the combined great deal/a lot level) as income level rises until the $75,000-99,999 range, where it peaks and then flattens out. When the moderate amount responses are also considered, more fluctuation--but a general increase in level of use perception--is seen. When considering respondents' political party affiliation (Figure 15b), there is once again more perceived support by members of the Democratic party, at the combined great deal/a lot level; however, all three groups have similar support at the combined great deal/a lot/moderate amount level.  
Articles' publishers show usage shows an increase in importance as internet usage increases from 1 to 5 h (for the combined great deal/a lot levels), with a notable reduction in importance at the more than 5 h usage level (Figure 15c). Much less variation, but a similar pattern, is seen when the moderate amount responses are also considered.  
Figure 16 considers respondents' perceptions of the publisher's ideal impact on decision making when considering the validity of an article. In terms of income level, use increases (at the combined a great deal/a lot level) gradually as income level rises until the $75,000-99,999 range, before flattening out and declining at the $125,000 or more level. In terms of party affiliation (Figure 16b), Republicans and independents/other party members indicate a similarly lower level of use, at both the combined great deal/a lot and combined great deal/a lot/moderate amount levels, than Democrats.