esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Sustainability Analysis Based on the LCA-Energy-Carbon Emission Approach in the Building System
## 7 The Final Discussion  
From an LCA-Emergy point of view, the dominant impact element is the building operation stage, followed by the building material production stage, which is similar to study result based on the LCA-Carbon emission perspective. This clarifies that, in the long run, both the building operation stage and the building material stage are factors that cannot be ignored from the perspective of ecology or carbon emission. Meanwhile, the building renewal stage plays a subordinate effect on the basis of the LCA-Emergy and LCA-Carbon emission methods. This stage verifies the consistency of energy and carbon emission results based on the whole life cycle consideration in the building system.  
The difference is that there are a series of sustainable indicators that can display the sustainability status based on LCA-Emergy. However, in accordance with the LCA-Carbon emission view, carbon emissions at each stage can be calculated and analyzed, which cannot be used to assess a sustainable situation in view of the indicators.  
At present, there is a lack of scholarly research that combines energy valuation studies with carbon emission calculations. For instance, a study conducted in Spain focused on carbon reduction in building systems from an energy renovation perspective. The analysis highlighted economic factors, inadequate owner awareness and construction sound insulation as barriers to implementing energy renovation [85]. In Romania, researchers extensively discussed the transformation of inefficient buildings into smart buildings to achieve low-carbon and high-efficiency structures [86]. A comparative analysis of energy consumption before and after the use of novel insulation materials has been conducted, contributing to the exploration of innovative energy-saving systems for buildings [87]. Utilizing the Web of Science core collection database, research related to energy and buildings has been analyzed, indicating significant interest and recognition among scholars [88].  
To summarize the above study, through the LCA-Emergy-Carbon emission methodology, an integrated analysis can be realized. Ecological sustainability is considered, while carbon emissions are analyzed simultaneously. In this way, the study of the building system can be more accurate and comprehensive, so as to provide corresponding improvement strategies.  
In the context of this study, the research focuses on the analysis from two perspectives: energy valuation and carbon emissions. This provides a comprehensive assessment of sustainability for building systems, which is more advantageous compared with single-method analyses of building system sustainability. Additionally, the framework of LCA-Emergy-Carbon emission can serve as a reference for the design of building renovations. However, there are limitations to this study as well. Further research is needed to investigate the cross-research mechanisms and models of these two approaches in order to obtain more accurate sustainability results for building systems.
# Effects of Isochoric Freezing on the Quality Characteristics of Raw Bovine Milk
## 1 Introduction
Isochoric freezing (IF) leverages confined aqueous thermodynamics to passively generate elevated pressures at mild sub-freezing temperatures, producing a technologically simple means of reducing metabolic processes while avoiding formation of ice in the stored food product [14; 15]. The process involves filling a rigid container with an aqueous solution and a food product, subjecting it to sub-freezing temperatures, and allowing the expansion of ice to passively pressurize the interior of the system. Per [PERSON]'s principle, the rising pressure hinders further freezing, inducing a pressurized two-phase liquid-ice equilibrium with a stable ice fraction at any given sub-freezing temperature. The system continues to freeze and increase pressure as the temperature of the system decreases, until it reaches the triple point of ice 1 h, ice III, and the liquid. For pure water, this point occurs at approximately \(-21\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and 210 MPa, with approximately 55% of the volume being converted to ice. This controlled freezing process allows food products to be placed within the liquid region of the chamber, preventing ice crystal formation and the according biophysical injury. Previous research has demonstrated the effectiveness of IF in reducing microbial activity and preserving physicochemical properties in various food products, without compromising nutritional content [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. This study aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the potential of isochoric freezing to preserve biological materials. Herein, we investigated the physicochemical and microbiological changes resulting from isochoric freezing of raw milk at temperatures of \(-\)5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-\)10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and respective pressures of 77 and 96 MPa, for storage up to 5 weeks. We assessed key parameters, including pH, titratable acidity, color, viscosity, lactoperoxidase activity, free fatty acids, lipid oxidation, protein content, protein interactions, volatiles, and microbiology counts and compared them to raw milk and conventionally treated HTST milk. Our future research will delve into the effects of prolonged high-pressure exposure on milk shelf-life during subsequent refrigerated storage. This work presents an initial exploration of the potential of isochoric milk preservation, offering a potentially promising solution to enhance food security, reduce food waste, and provide consumers with safe, nutritious milk after longer storage durations.
# Improvement of 5G Transportation Services with SDN-Based Security Solutions and beyond 5G
## 5 Transport Management with SDN
### Security Based on Traffic  
Security issues are growing with the increasing number of services, applications, and users. Anomalous traffic is also threatening most of the potential and future networks. Managing traffic will detect anomalous traffic and provide appropriate solutions to secure the network.  
An example can be seen in [29], where they focused on a mechanical approach to SDN in 5G networks. Additionally, they studied the currently proposed systems and then explored the high demand for the future. However, they focused on the results of SDN in network security. According to [30], service providers try to reduce the cost of the data traffic while preventing unwanted traffic such as DDoS attacks. The authors proposed a new approach to improve the network services, which depends on the mobile backhaul SDN.  
Anomalous traffic damages services and applications randomly. Hence, this anomalous traffic should be detected from previous traffic patterns that provide the details of traffic prediction. Thus, SDN-based MA supports the detection of anomalous traffic and protects future traffic systems.
# An Artificial Neural Network Autoencoder for Insider Cyber Security Threat Detection
## 1 Introduction
### User Behavior Analysis and User and Entity Behavior Analysis Attack  
In 2014, Gartner, in [6], defined UBA as a security analysis approach that analyzes a user's behavior on systems and networks. This approach is used to detect malicious behavior of users. Machine learning and deep learning algorithms constitute the core implementation of such an approach, while some recent results have proposed implementing blockchain technology for anonymous privacy-preserving authentication [7]. UBA as an approach, defines a baseline for the normal behavior of a user, and if the activity deviates from the baseline, an alert will be generated.  
As a case study of the UBA approach, a United States-based tech company recorded an incident that involved a compromised Linux-based system controlled by attackers, which was used to navigate through the network and search for any further possibility of system compromission [8]. A basic approach was utilized through the attempt to log in to various servers and machines with the default credentials. As a result of this attempt, the attack seemed to have multiple users failing to log on to their systems, while these log-ins had been performed from a single machine. Thus, the shown use case provides a serious downside of UBA as an approach for the detection of cyber security threats. In 2015, Gartner redefined the UBA approach and proposed the UEBA approach. The UEBA considers the behavior of users and network and system entities like servers and includes all other assets in an organization. By taking most of the available information into account, this approach focuses on the problem of insider attacks instead of focusing on only the user and network data. It is more powerful than UBA and can detect complex attacks. In addition to monitoring and analyzing the behavior of users and entities, UEBA also identifies anomalous user behavior, recognizes unseen patterns through the utilization of machine learning and deep learning techniques, and alerts the security team in real time according to certain risk scores, before the attack propagates further.
# An Internet of Things (IoT) Application on Volcano Monitoring
## 3 IoT Thermometers Network
### Software
#### 3.2.3 End Devices Software  
The end_device.cpp program manages the end device operation (Figure 9) by means of five different states:  
1. Deep sleep mode  
The microcontroller is in deep sleep mode. The rest of the elements are off. In this mode, the end device shows the lowest power consumption (Table 6).  
2. Low power mode  
The end device is waiting to detect any preamble in the air. In this mode, the following routine is repeated: from deep sleep mode the microprocessor and the LoRa module wake up every certain programmed time by means of the microprocessor timer to check if any preamble is available. If so, the end device changes to receive mode.  
3. Receiving mode  
The end device enters in this mode when it detects a preamble in the air, waiting until it receives the complete message. If the message has been received correctly, the end device identifies it and executes the corresponding task. If the received command is to measure the temperature, the end device turns to measuring mode. If the received command is an RSSI request, the end device changes directly to transmitting mode and sends the corresponding information.  
Figure 8: Repeater flow chart.  
Measuring mode  
In this mode, the end device performs the temperature measurement by making 10 consecutive measurements in one second and later calculates a mean. Then, it waits to send it to the repeater (transmitting mode) in its corresponding turn (turn time in seconds is equal to the identification number of each end device). Finally, the end device turns to deep sleep mode during 80% of the sampling time in order to save as much energy as possible.  
5. Transmitting mode  
Data are sent to the repeater with the following format: VIDXX: abc.de,f.gh, where ID is the identifier of the end device, abc.de is the data requested, and, f.gh is the battery voltage.
_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
**Evaluation of Neuromuscular Fatigue According to Injury History in a Repeat Sprint Ability Test, Countermovement Jump, and Hamstring Test in Elite Female Soccer Players**  
**[PERSON] \({}^{1}\)\({}^{2}\)**, [PERSON] \({}^{2}\)\({}^{2}\)**, [PERSON] \({}^{3,*,t}\)\({}^{2}\)  
**and [PERSON] \({}^{1,t}\)\({}^{2}\)**  
\({}^{1}\)  Sport Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias Actividad Fisica y Exporte--INEE, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.A.-C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.F.S.J.)  
\({}^{2}\)  LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias Actividad Fisica y Exporte--INEE, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;  
[PERSON]\)  School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain  
\({}^{*}\)  Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{+}\)  These authors contributed equally to this work.  
**Abstract:** Sprinting is a fundamental component of the professional soccer player's ability to achieve the highest performance in the sport. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of hamstring injury history on the neuromuscular fatigue produced by an RSA test in elite female football players. Nineteen female elite soccer players of the Second Spanish Soccer Division participated in the study. The participants were divided into: (1) a _Control group_ who have not suffered previous muscular injuries and (2) a _Humstring group_ with previous hamstring injury at least one season prior to the protocol. The players performed a protocol consisting of a Repeat Sprint Ability Test (RSA) (6 \(\times\) 40 m; 30 s rest), and CMJ and Hamstring tests before and after the RSA. The different variables of the study were compared between groups with a two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. The main findings from the present study were that, in subjects with previous hamstring injury, the performance was impaired compared with the control group: (1) in the initial meters of the sprint during an RSA there was a higher percentage difference between \(\text{Sprint}_{\text{TT}}\) and ideal Split in 0-10 m compared to 0-20 m in the hamstring group (\(p=0.006\); ES = 0.51); and in situations of high fatigue there was a higher %Diffv85 compared to %Diffv85 (percentage difference between the first sprint and fifth sprint) in the hamstring group (\(p=0.005\); ES = 0.54) compared with the control group. It seems that in elite female soccer players with previous hamstring injury, RSA-induced fatigue produces a greater decrease in the performance in the first 10 m of the sprint compared to the control uninjured players.  
**Keywords:** hamstring injury; fatigue; female; soccer; sport
# Creating Automated Microsoft Bicep Application Infrastructure from GitHub in the Azure Cloud
## 3 Project Overview and Objectives  
### Purpose of the Project  
The purpose of this project is to design, implement, and document an automated cloud infrastructure deployment pipeline for an application using Azure Bicep and GitHub Actions. The project aims to demonstrate how automated infrastructure provisioning practices can be utilized to provision and manage Azure resources in a consistent, repeatable, and secure manner. By leveraging Azure Bicep--a modern, declarative IaC language designed for Azure and integrating it with GitHub Actions for Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment--the project aims to create a robust automation workflow that development teams of varying sizes can adopt. The full repository structure is presented in Figure 1.  
At its core, the project seeks to bridge the gap between application development and infrastructure management by embedding infrastructure provisioning directly into the software delivery lifecycle. Rather than relying on manual configurations or ad hoc scripts, the proposed solution presents a clean and maintainable approach that aligns with modern DevOps practices. The use of Azure Bicep ensures that infrastructure definitions are not only machine-readable but also human-friendly, promoting collaboration between development and operations teams.  
This approach is designed to serve as a blueprint for organizations adopting Azure as their primary cloud provider, particularly those developing microservices or web applications. By demonstrating a real-world deployment pipeline, the project provides tangible guidance on integrating automated infrastructure provisioning into day-to-day development workflows, reducing friction, and accelerating time to market [17; 18].
## 4 Renewable Carbon Sources for the Biosynthesis of 3-HP
### Microbial Production of 3-HP from Glycerol
#### 4.2.2 Biosynthesis of 3-HP via the Coenzyme A-Independent Pathway
[31] overexpressed _gdrAB_ in engineered _E. coli_ by introducing the glycerol biosynthesis pathway from _K. pneumoniae_, and the resulting strain produced 76.2 g/L of 3-HP from pure glycerol and 61 g/L 3-HP from crude glycerol in fed-batch fermentation under aerobic conditions. Similarly, the recombinant _P. denitrificans_ also produced 3-HP under aerobic conditions; a poor supply of coenzyme B\({}_{12}\) was the main factor limiting a high 3-HP titer. The strategy of overexpressing GdrAB was also applied in _P. denitrificans_. The resulting strain produced 102 g/L of 3-HP from pure glycerol and 65 g/L of 3-HP from crude glycerol in fed-batch fermentation [50]. The biosynthesis of 3-HP from glycerol is accompanied by the net accumulation of NADH, and, in order to balance the intracellular reducing power, the strains tend to accumulate large amounts of by-products to consume NADH. The balance of NADH and NAD\({}^{+}\) is important in the conversion of glycerol to 3-HP. The co-production of 1,3-PDO and 3-HP is a way to achieve a cyclic equilibrium of NAD\({}^{+}\)/NADH, since the reduction of 3-HPA to 1,3-PDO is accompanied by the consumption of NADH [89]. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) provide a new idea for balancing intracellular reducing power. Some microorganisms can deliver respiratory electrons to solid electrodes under anaerobic conditions. The cellular redox states can be controlled by microbe-electrode interaction via extracellular electron transfer in BES [92]. It has been shown that the use of BES to activate anaerobic respiration to regulate the NADH/NAD\({}^{+}\) ratio increased 3-HP production by 70% when recombinant _K. pneumoniae_ was exposed to an electric field [92]. [PERSON] et al. [93] proposed a strategy for the production of 3-HP from glucose and glycerol as mixed substrates, whereby the metabolism of glucose can consume NADH produced from the metabolism of glycerol.
# Transmission Power Control in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Adaptive Data Rate
## 2 System Implementation  
### System Architecture  
The system architecture is illustrated in Figure 1, and all the wireless devices such as root and sensor nodes are constructed with Texas Instruments CC1310 [32]. The system architecture comprises a grid-powered root, several bridges, and multiple battery-powered sensor nodes. The network topology indicated in the middle of Figure 1 could be a tree or mesh topology, etc., and every bridge can connect with several sensor nodes. The connection between bridge and sensor nodes is a simple star topology for low-power and complex implementation concerns. This paper also proposes a TDMA protocol with data rate and transmission power control algorithm to reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes but maintain the communication quality between bridge and sensor nodes.
# Personal Protective Equipment as a Potential Source of
## 3 Results
### Identification of Other Plasticizers and Plastic Additives in PPE  
The PPE samples tested in this study were analyzed qualitatively to identify any plasticizers other than the six target phthalates, in addition to other plastic additives that may pose a health risk to users. The last columns in Tables 1 and 2 include the identified plastic additives found in the analyzed face masks, face shields, and gloves.  
The major additives identified in face masks and face shields were plasticizers or flame retardants. A phthalate compound tentatively identified as monoprop-2-ynyl phthalate (CAS# 6139-61-3) was found in 36% of the face mask and face shield samples. No description was found in the literature about its function in plastic products. However, it is possibly used as an alternative to commonly regulated phthalate plasticizers.  
Notably, all the analyzed disposable procedure masks were free from any major additives other than the detected target phthalates, except for two children's disposable procedure masks that contained monoprop-2-ynyl phthalate. In contrast, all the cloth masks contained various types of plasticizers and other additives, such as flame retardants. The list of the detected additives includes monoprop-2-ynyl phthalate, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, bis(2-butoxyethyl) adipate, and several others, as mentioned in Table 1. In total, three organophosphates, namely, triphenyl phosphate, cresyl diphenyl phosphate, and phenyl di(p-tolyl) phosphate, were detected in a reusable cloth face mask.  
The last column in Table 2 shows the major additives identified in the analyzed disposable gloves. No phthalate plasticizers other than the target analytes were detected in them. However, phthalate alternatives were identified in most (81%) of the analyzed glove samples. The most frequently found alternative was dioctyl isophthal (DOIP), which was found in all the vinyl gloves. Another non-phthalate plasticizer found in two vinyl glove samples, in addition to DOIP, was tributyl citrate (TBC). The major compounds identified in latex, nitrile, and polyethylene glove samples were mixtures of long-chain hydrocarbons and fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
The total phosphorus removal efficiency grew with increasing electric current density (Figure 3). It was the lowest--95.1%--in the R1 reactor and the highest in R4--99.1%. Phosphorus removal in this study was effected by electrocoagulation and phosphorus precipitation with calcium and magnesium ions. TP removal in R1 and R2 was probably effected mainly by means of precipitation of phosphorus with calcium and magnesium ions, because the pH value was above 8. According to the findings of [PERSON] et al. [5], the precipitation of calcium and magnesium phosphate is mainly responsible for PO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{3-}\) removal in a bioreactor at a pH of above 7.5. The pH in R3 and R4 was 6.09 \(\pm\) 0.99 and 5.58 \(\pm\) 0.86, respectively. According to [PERSON] et al. [26], phosphorus removal by precipitation with Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) is also possible, but with lower efficiency, at a pH of over 6.2. It can be assumed, based on the mentioned studies [5; 26], that phosphorus removal in these reactors was dominated by electrocoagulation. These assumptions are confirmed by an increase in Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) concentrations in the effluent, in accordance with growing electric current density (Figure 4).
# Designing an Adaptive Underwater Visible Light Communication System +
## 5 Transmitter Design
### Signal Transmission  
Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the transmission process in the underwater adaptive visible light communication system.  
Figure 6 offers a detailed depiction of each step, with color-coded lines (red, yellow, and green) to highlight the stages of the process,whereas Figure 7 presents a summarizedversion of the entire transmission process, giving an overview from the preamble transmission to the final message transmission. The detailed descriptions of the process are provided in the following subsections:  
Section 5.4: Explains the transmission of the preamble.  
Section 5.5: Details the reception of the acknowledgment (ACK).  
Section 5.3: Describes the transmission of the message signal.  
Together, these figures and sections offer both a visual and written explanation of the full transmission process.  
The transmitter follows the following steps.