esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Design and Development of Indoor AR Navigation Services Based on Geofencing
### Prototype Development and the Field for Experiments  
We implemented an experimental indoor AR navigation application using Apple Inc.'s ARKit and conducted a demonstration experiment at the Mineral Industry Museum, Akita University, by using its floor map, as shown in Figure 9. The museum is a circular building with three floors, and the spiral staircase in the center of the building connects the different floors. The width of the spiral staircase is 1.2 m, and the width of the corridors is 1.8 m. The width of the entrance door to the exhibition hall (i.e., the doughnut) is 1.5 m. The doughnut area of the exhibition hall has an inner radius of 6 m and an outer radius of 16 m.  
In the demonstration experiment, the floor map signboard on the first floor, which served as a location reference marker, was recognized by the smartphone's camera to set the initial spatial coordinates for the smartphone's position and direction (Figure 1, A). The subsequent location estimations were performed as the user was moving by tracking the smartphone's position and orientation using ARKit's VIO function, which uses the iPhone 11's motion sensor and camera.
## 4 Gaia-X
### Trust Inside a Federation  
A core motivation for Gaia-X as a European initiative was to do away with the reliance on large non-European cloud providers, who are not inherently subject to European law, particularly its data protection regulations. When talking about trust, this manifests itself mainly in a decentralized approach with many equal parties, and limited managing entities with limited authority or responsibility, as opposed to a few large highly centralized cloud providers. This approach is detailed in the Trust Framework document, an uncharacteristically technical Gaia-X specification, which specifies the involved federation services and even prescribes W3C specifications for several technologies to be used [25].  
In the following, we present a small summary of the concepts presented there, which we largely adopted but also modified in some cases.  
Trust is managed via two core aspects: identity verification of Participants and Services, and validation of their information (_Claims_). Verified Claims, represented as Gaia-X Credentials, are certified by trusted third parties called _Trust Anchors_, who ensure claims like residency or server location claims comply with the relevant regulations. These credentials form a foundational part of the contracts governing data exchanges. The Gaia-X Trust Framework prescribes that these Credentials are to be implemented via the W3C specified _Verifiable Credentials_ standard [26].  
For the second main aspect of trust, the verification of the identity of a Participant, Gaia-X employs _Decentralized Identifiers_ (DIDs) [27], issued and certified by a global managing entity during onboarding. This ensures that legal entities or individuals are authentic federation participants. The responsible Gaia-X entity is the _Digital Clearing House_,which employs _Compliance and Registry Services_ to validate these credentials and maintain a list of Trust Anchors. Multiple clearing houses hosted by different entities ensure redundancy, all monitored by the Gaia-X Association to maintain trust.  
Given the complexities of integration with these existing Gaia-X services, the Gaia-X-Med project established its own modified Compliance and Registry Services, leveragingopen-source Gaia-X code. This allowed the creation of standalone federations tailored to project needs, enabling participants to exchange data securely, while adhering to strict compliance requirements.
## 5 Simulation Debugging
### Simulation and Analysis of Dynamic Star Chart Systems  
In the three parts of optical axis pointing calculation, optical axis pointing coordinate transformation calculation, and star zone search range calculation, a set of attitude  
Figure 19: Target subzone search simulation waveforms.  
Figure 20: (**a**) Data for the 0 th to 14 th valid star points; (**b**) data for the 14 th to 39 th active star points; (**c**) 39 th to 44 th valid star point data.  
quaternions only needs to be calculated once, consuming a smaller proportion of the total calculation time. In the three parts of star point coordinate transformation calculation, star point effective judgment, and star point coordinate transformation, every star point data in the subarea range needs to be calculated, consuming a larger proportion of the total calculation time. The stronger the parallelism of the star point data calculation, the less time is consumed for calculation, and the less time is consumed for the final star map generation.  
Under the Vivado 2018.3 development environment, 100 sets of attitude quaternions are input randomly in this design to simulate the star chart display algorithm to calculate 100 star charts. As shown in Figure 21, the horizontal coordinate indicates the number of frames of the star charts, and the vertical coordinate represents the time taken by the star chart display algorithm system to compute a star chart. By doing Post-Synthesis Functional Simulation on the project, the experimental schematic of 100 sets of random quaternions at a simulated pixel clock of 148.5 MHz shows that the longest time for the completion of all the sub-area searches is about 72 \(\upmu\)s. Compared with the computation time of the current star chart display algorithm of the Dynamic Star Simulator, the computation time of the star chart display algorithm of the present design is about 1/80 of the former [21].  
The number of hardware resources for the FPGA-based dynamic star map algorithm designed in this paper is shown in Table 4. It can be seen that, due to the large number of LUTs used for storing the data streams and the star catalog data, the sub-modules under the computational part of u_sao_top are U_get_zone, U_sao_disp, and U1_div, which use a larger number of DSPs. But there is still a certain amount of margin in the resource usage to complete the subsequent modifications.  
According to the power consumption analysis of Vivado 2018.3, as shown in Figure 22, it can be seen that the dynamic power of this design is 1.307 W, which is significantly lower than the power consumption of using a computer.  
Figure 21: Hundred sets of random poses display star map time.  
Table 5 shows the comparison of the performance of different methods for star chart computation.
## 2 Testing the Cho'ponota L1 Bridge
### Static Vehicle Loading Test
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Bridge Span** & **Measurement No.** & **X (m)** & **Y (m)** & **Z (m)** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{S1} & S1-L11 & 19,804.621 & 69,512.946 & 422.621 \\  & S1-L13 & 19,805.154 & 69,509.487 & 421.790 \\  & S1-L15 & 19,805.679 & 69,506.027 & 422.522 \\  & S1-L21 & 19,796.466 & 69,511.709 & 423.096 \\  & S1-L23 & 19,796.993 & 69,508.247 & 422.281 \\  & S1-L25 & 19,797.515 & 69,504.791 & 423.011 \\  & S1-L31 & 19,788.310 & 69,510.475 & 423.525 \\  & S1-L33 & 19,788.832 & 69,507.011 & 422.711 \\  & S1-L35 & 19,789.362 & 69,503.558 & 423.443 \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{S2} & S2-L11 & 19,768.148 & 69,503.033 & 423.978 \\  & S2-L13 & 19,771.272 & 69,499.468 & 423.406 \\  & S2-L15 & 19,774.519 & 69,495.767 & 424.000 \\  & S2-L21 & 19,760.482 & 69,491.887 & 424.003 \\  & S2-L23 & 19,765.012 & 69,490.213 & 423.469 \\  & S2-L25 & 19,769.731 & 69,488.464 & 424.115 \\  & S2-L31 & 19,758.939 & 69,479.325 & 424.100 \\  & S2-L33 & 19,763.121 & 69,479.207 & 423.540 \\  & S2-L35 & 19,767.639 & 69,479.081 & 424.125 \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{S3} & S3-L11 & 19,767.618 & 69,456.812 & 423.793 \\  & S3-L13 & 19,770.541 & 69,458.130 & 423.051 \\  & S3-L15 & 19,773.634 & 69,459.519 & 423.825 \\  & S3-L21 & 19,772.235 & 69,446.555 & 423.302 \\  & S3-L23 & 19,775.165 & 69,447.874 & 422.572 \\  & S3-L25 & 19,778.256 & 69,449.268 & 423.408 \\  & S3-L31 & 19,776.851 & 69,436.301 & 422.772 \\  & S3-L33 & 19,779.783 & 69,437.615 & 422.049 \\  & S3-L35 & 19,782.872 & 69,439.006 & 422.886 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Initial Local Coordinates of Cho’ponota L1 Bridge. Figure 6: Some images of static vehicle loading scenarios conducted on different spans of the Cho’ponota L1 Bridge. problems regarding the bridge's usability. Following the conducted tests, analyses will be performed using the updated finite-element model with the 100-ton vehicle to evaluate the condition of the bridge. This approach ensures that the structural performance of the bridge under the heavier design load can be evaluated without introducing unnecessary risks during the actual testing phase.
# Effect of AQM-Based RLC Buffer Management on the eNB Scheduling Algorithm in LTE Network +
###### Abstract  
With the advancement of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network and smart-phones, most of today's internet content is delivered via cellular links. Due to the nature of wireless signal propagation, the capacity of the last hop link can vary within a short period of time. Unfortunately, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) does not perform well in such scenarios, potentially leading to poor Quality of Service (QoS) (e.g., end-to-end throughput and delay) for the end user. In this work, we have studied the effect of Active Queue Management (AQM) based congestion control and intra LTE handover on the performance of different Medium Access Control (MAC) schedulers with TCP traffic by ns3 simulation. A proper AQM design in the Radio Link Control (RLC) buffer of eNB in the LTE network leads to the avoidance of forced drops and link under-utilization along with robustness to a variety of network traffic-loads. We first demonstrate that the original Random Early Detection (RED) linear dropping function cannot cope well with different traffic-load scenarios. Then, we establish a heuristic approach in which different non-linear functions are proposed with one parameter free to define. In our simulations, we demonstrate that the performance of different schedulers can be enhanced via proper dropping function.  
Long-Term Evolution (LTE); Evolved Node B (eNB) Radio Link Control (RLC); Smart RED-4 (SmRED-4); Active Queue Management (AQM); scheduling; handover Article
## 3 Discussion of the Noise Results
### Effect of the Pore Arrangement Order  
Figure 15 plots \(\Delta\)OASPL for structured porous trailing edges with different pore arrangement orders at \(\alpha=0^{\circ}\) in the first row and at \(\alpha=10^{\circ}\) in the second row. The configurations with smaller pores on the upstream subregion, such as L04M05N06, L04M06N08, and L04M08N12, are marked with red lines. On the other hand, the configurations with larger pores on the upstream subregion are marked with green lines. From these subfigures, it can be seen that configurations with gradually increasing pore diameter (i.e., the red lines) generally have a higher \(\Delta\)OASPL reduction. This phenomenon is consistent with the observations of [PERSON] et al. [12], who have illustrated that metallic foams with a gradual sparse transition from the solid body to that of the free flow provided more noise reduction. However, at a high free-stream velocity and \(\alpha=10^{\circ}\), higher \(\Delta\)OASPL reductions are observed in L06M05N04 and L08M06N04. This may be attributed to the larger pores in the upstream subregion, giving an earlier impact on the boundary layer regime and thus more noise reduction at this angle of attack, as discussed in Section 3.4.  
Figure 14: \(\Delta\)OASPL for structured porous trailing edges with different pore positions: (**a**) \(\alpha=0^{\circ}\), (**b**) \(\alpha=10^{\circ}\).
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Description of Study Location  
Lokoja, the river port and capital city of Kogi State in south-central (middle-belt) Nigeria, was used as a study location. The Kogi state capital is located on longitude and latitude \(6^{\circ}44^{\prime}25^{\prime\prime}\) E and latitude \(7^{\circ}47^{\prime}48^{\prime\prime}\) N of the Greenwich Meridian. Lokoja has a tropical wet and dry savanna climate. Additionally, Lokoja is bounded by the two main big rivers, Niger and Benue, as displayed in Figure 2. Historically, Lokoja was founded in 1860 by the Scottish explorer [PERSON] after the British merchants established a trading post at the river Benue-Niger confluence. The city has 63.82 sq. km of total land coverage area [60] and has become the core hub of migration between southern and northern Nigeria.  
Most times, the city's foremost stresses and shocks are unrestrained rain, the constant rise in water levels, floods with gully erosions, and wind storms. In 2012 and 2018, several deaths were recorded, with about 2000 displaced persons due to excessive flooding from the Niger and Benue rivers. In addition, transportation along some major roads and highways was affected, thus resulting in interruption of the movement of people and distribution of goods and services in the surrounding cities, particularly Abuja and Benin. The region is also exceptionally hot during the dry season, with temperatures ranging between 37-41 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Mountains and hills surround the area. One well-known mountain in the heart of the built-up Lokoja city is Mount Pati, and it is about 750 m above sea level. This study location is appropriate for atmospheric raw data collection due to its geographical location with tropical wet and dry seasons in Nigeria.
# Light-YOLO: A Study of a Lightweight YOLOv8n-Based Method for Underwater Fishing Net Detection
## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we address the challenge of detecting vulnerabilities in fishing nets using underwater platforms. The study introduces a novel network architecture that combines a lightweight attention method, DA2D, with Light-YOLO. First, we provide a background on the need for improved detection methods in underwater scenarios and outline the limitations of existing models. Subsequently, our proposed methodology leverages a dataset augmented through GAN network generation technology to train and test the new architecture. The results indicate that while maintaining competitive detection accuracy, the Light-YOLO model significantly reduces the number of parameters and computational demands. This establishes a balance between high accuracy and system efficiency. The paper's final section discusses the conclusions drawn from our experiments and analyses, verifying the feasibility of the proposed optimizations. Future work will enhance both the performance and computational efficiency of the Light-YOLO model. This includes adopting advanced compression techniques and developing strategies for efficient deployment in underwater robotics to ensure fast response times and low power consumption in resource-limited settings.  
N.C.: Major code and article writing. J.Z.: Article guidelines. L.Z.: Code as well as article assistance. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was funded by the Open Project of Jiangsu Ship and Offshore Engineering Equipment Technology Innovation Center (No. 1012992301) project.  
Not applicable.  
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
# Developing Quantum Trusted Platform Module (QTPM) to Advance IoT Security
## 5 Evaluation
### Mersenne Twister PRNG  
The Mersenne twister (MT) PRNG is another well-known PRNG that was created in 1997. There are different variations, but the initial one was called MT19937, which had a period of \(2^{19937}-1\) (it can generate a sequence of \(2^{19937}-1\) different random numbers before replicating) and a 623-dimensional equidistribution property. MT19937 is an improvement of the twisted generalized feedback shift register (TGFSR) generator [46], and it generates the next value in the sequence by starting with a seed value and running a series of matrix operations on it. The MT PRNG is extremely fast and efficient, making it a favored option for various applications such as simulations, gaming, and cryptography.
## 2 Data and Theory Description
### Theory and Method of Retrieving PWV
#### 2.2.3 PWV Derived from ERA5  
ERA5 directly provides the PWV value. However, only the PWV at a fixed height and grid points can be obtained. The following three steps were performed to obtain the corresponding PWV at the height of the GNSS station.  
(1) The geopotential height of the ERA5 grid point to the ellipsoid height was first converted as follows [44]:  
\[{\rm{GPH}}={\rm{GP}}/{\rm{g}}\]  
\[{\rm{H}}=\frac{{\rm{R}}(\rho)\times{\rm{Y}_{45}}\times{\rm{GPH}}}{{\rm{Y}_{5 }}(\rho)\times{\rm{R}}(\rho)-{\rm{Y}_{45}}\times{\rm{GPH}}} \tag{8}\]where H is the orthometric height, GP refers to geopotential, GPH refers to geopotential height, g refers to gravitational acceleration with a value of 9.80665 g/m\({}^{2}\), \(Y_{\text{S}}(\varphi)\) is the normal gravity value on the surface of rotating ellipsoids, represents the Earth's effective radius at latitude, \(Y_{45}\) refers to the normal gravity value of the ellipsoid at latitude 45\({}^{\circ}\), R(\(\varphi\)) refers to the radius of the Earth at the latitude \(\varphi\).  
(2) PWV value at the grid point height provided by ERA5 should be first adjusted to the corresponding height of GNSS/RS [45]. An empirical correction formula of PWV was used to convert PWV from the height of h1 to h2 [16]:  
\[\text{PWV}_{\text{h}_{1}}\text{=PWV}_{\text{h}_{2}}\cdot\exp(-(\text{h}_{1}- \text{h}_{2})\,/2000) \tag{9}\]  
where \(\text{PWV}_{\text{h}_{1}}\) and \(\text{PWV}_{\text{h}_{2}}\) are the PWV corresponding to the heights of h1 and h2, respectively (unit: m). The empirical value of 2000 was referred from [PERSON] et al. [46].  
(3) The bilinear interpolation method was used to obtain PWV values of GNSS stations from corresponding data of grid points surrounding the GNSS stations [38].
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, this paper focuses on the output-only monitoring of track systems in static condition, with emphasis on the long-term structural changes and sustainable anomalies. In this study, the two-part SPC framework was improved by introducing a time series difference equation (TSDE) model to capture the serial dependence in monitoring sequences. Based on the improved SPC framework, discontinuous monitoring data of a high-speed railway track system were analyzed in depth. Firstly, the common-cause variations in the monitoring data were separated sequentially by multilinear regression models and TSDE models. Then, the special-cause variations in the monitoring data were detected by the control charts composed of individual control charts, moving range control charts, and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts. Finally, the locations of the track system that are sensitive to special causes were recognized, and significant special events were determined. This study is expected to assist decision-makers to understand and excavate the monitoring data of railway track and provide a guidance for the maintenance of track systems.
# Moving Towards Body-to-Body Sensor Networks for Ubiquitous Applications: A Survey
## 2 From WBANs to BBNs  
Motivated by the emergence of remote healthcare solutions in developed countries, especially to support the ceaselessly increasing aged population and lower the cost of such services, WBANs are still a strong research focus, mainly with the development of the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Yet, moving from single-operating WBANs towards a network of cooperative WBANs forming a large-scale BBN, is liable to several challenges, some of which will be addressed in this section.
## 1 Introduction
Ultrasound is widely used in industry to enhance various processes, such as drying, pasteurization, microbial inactivation, emulsification, homogenization, and sieving [12; 13; 14], including biomass pretreatment, cellulose conversion, and sugar production [15]. It boosts these processes by increasing forces, inducing cavitation, and generating reactive radicals [16; 17]. The main principle of ultrasonic work is based on the creation of cavitation bubbles and the implosion of gas bubbles within the treated liquid medium, causing chemical and physical changes in the cell walls [18]. Parameters such as frequency, applied amplitude, ultrasonic power, and cycles from the physical point of view coupled with the geometry of the device (the diameter of the probe, the length of the probe, and immersion depth) are main drivers that determine ultrasonic work. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is one of the most commonly used applications of this environmentally friendly and non-thermal technology. UAE significantly reduces the extraction time to just a few minutes while ensuring reliability and reducing both solvent and energy consumption [12; 19; 20]. The type of solvent, extraction time, solvent-to-solid ratio, pH, and temperature have influence on the applied ultrasound within the extraction process [21; 22]. At the industrial scale, the number of companies utilizing ultrasound as an extraction technique has significantly increased. One of them is Arkopharma, a French company specializing in dietary supplements based on plant extracts [23]. At an industrial scale, the combination of NADESs and UAE has not yet been realized, highlighting the need for further research, particularly in the context of scaling up. This innovative approach aims to apply green extraction principles to extract polyphenols from grape pomace, optimizing the process using UAE and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), focusing on their integration for safe application in the cosmetic and food industry. The additional goal is to scale up the extraction process to a pilot level. First, the impacts of UAE in continuous and batch extraction processes at a 5 L scale were investigated. After selecting the optimal extraction method, parameters affecting the efficiency of the process, such as time, type of solvent, and the power of alternative energy sources, were further optimized using response surface methodology. Finally, the optimized extract was produced and validated for application in the cosmetic and food industry through various tests, including skin healing assessments (scratch tests), anti-aging activity tests (the inhibition of collagenase activity), and permeability testing through an artificial small intestine membrane (PAMPA).