esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Determination of Wine Volatile Organic Compounds  
A carboxen/divinylbenzene/polydimethylsiloxane fiber (DVB/Carb/PDMS, 1 cm, 50/30 \(\upmu\)m film thickness (df)) supplied by Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA) was used for HS-SPME extractions, following the methodology previously described [30]. Before use, the fiber was conditioned, following the manufacturer's recommendations. Fiber blanks were run periodically to ensure the absence of contaminants and carryover. Five mL of wine was transferred to a 20 mL vial containing 0.6 g NaCl and placed in a LECO L-PAL3 autosampler. The vial was incubated at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min and then extracted for 30 min at the same temperature. The fiber was exposed to the GC inlet for 3 min. Regular blank (lab air) samples were made to confirm the absence of sample carryover. GC-TOFMS analyses were performed with an Agilent 7890B (Palo Alto, CA, USA) gas chromatograph equipped with a split/splitless injector. An Agilent HP-5 MS UI fused silica capillary column (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 \(\upmu\)m df) was used for all separations. The injector was set at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C in splitless mode for 60 s, then purged with 20 mL/min. Helium was used at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. The oven program was as follows: 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 min, then 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min until 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C, then 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min until 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, for a total run time of 50.5 min, plus cooling. Detection was performed with a LECO Pegasus BT Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer (Saint Joseph, Michigan, USA). The transfer line was at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The MS was operated with the ion source at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, electron ionization at 70 eV, acquisition from _m/z_ 40 to 350 Da, 10 spectra per s, and an acquisition delay of 2 min. Data acquisition, system control, and spectra deconvolution were performed using LECO ChromaTOF version 5.40. NIST MS Search Program Version 2.3 g was used for spectra matching. Linear retention index (LRIs) values for sample peaks were calculated by analyzing the commercial alkane standard solution C8-C20 using the aforementioned chromatographic conditions.
## 1 Introduction
A recent study revealed a fully saturated electric polarization (_P_-_E_) hysteresis loop in BaFe\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{19}\) ceramics by reduced oxygen vacancies through annealing in a pure oxygen atmosphere, and thus successfully verified the ferroelectrics of BaFe\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{19}\) at room temperature [28]. Traditionally, BaFe\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{19}\) was proved to have excellent magnetic properties [31; 32; 33]. The magnetoelectric coupling strength of M-type hexagonal ferrites can be further improved by doping with rare earth elements [24; 34; 35]. Thus, M-type hexagonal ferrites and their doped counterparts may become candidates that can be capable of reaching the milestone of multiferroics [28]. The history of AFE is very short compared to that of FE. Until now, only a few antiferroelectric materials have been discovered, such as PbZrO\({}_{3}\), PbHfO\({}_{3}\), and NaNbO\({}_{3}\)[36; 37]. Moreover, the AFE part in the double _P_-_E_ loops of these AFE phases does not perfectly match the definition of an AFE feature, which should have zero net macroscopic polarization in the AFE region of double _P_-_E_ loops [38]. It is of great significance to expand the types of new AFE materials and to find perfect AFE features that show zero net macroscopic polarization at room temperature. In the temperature-dependent dielectric constant spectrum of BaFe\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{19}\) ceramics, it was found that the FE-AFE transition occurs at 194 \({}^{\circ}\)C [28]. However, it was reported that in PLZ ((Pb\({}_{1-3/2x}\) La\({}_{x}\))ZrO\({}_{3}\)) thin films, the appropriate La content can stabilize the AFE phase of PbZrO\({}_{3}\)[39]. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. reported that a PLZ AFE film may contain a maximum La content of 9 mol%, and found that adding 1 mol% La reduced the Curie point by about 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C [40; 41; 42]. Therefore, we decided to dope BaFe\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{19}\) with lanthanum, aiming to reduce the Curie temperature of BaFe\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{19}\) down to the low temperature region, thereby realizing the FE-AFE transition at low temperatures and thus achieving a pure AFE phase at room temperature in an LBFO (LaBaFe\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{19}\)) system. In this way, we were able to expand the multiferroics to a new type of candidate, which combines both antiferroelectrics (AFEs) and ferromagnetism (FM), in addition to the traditional multiferroics showing the combination of FE + FM or FE + AFM.
###### Abstract
Acidification of agricultural soils limits plant production considerably, and its impact on the Polish soil environment is more negative than in any other EU countries [16; 17]. Over 50% of soils in Poland, regardless of their use, are characterized by very acidic or acidic pH levels [16]. In Poland, very acidic soils constitute 13% of the area of agricultural land, while acidic and slightly acidic soils account for 26% and 34%, respectively. Only 27% of agricultural land consists of soils with neutral or alkaline reaction [16]. Only soils with regulated pH provide optimal conditions for plant growth and development, particularly in terms of nutrient absorption, which directly translates into increased yields of good quality. BAs can serve as a substitute for lime fertilizers and can be effectively used to deacidify soils [9; 12; 14; 15]. Despite the high potential for using BAs in fertilization, there are also some limitations. One major issue is the considerable variability in the chemical composition of BAs, which results from such factors as the type, origin, and combustion temperature of the biomass [6; 9]. BAs may contain elevated concentrations of easily soluble salts, particularly K, Mg, and Ca. When these are introduced into the soil, they can influence not only its salinity but also contribute to excessive alkalization, resulting in various unfavorable effects. Salinization results in soil degradation and, consequently, limits plant production [18]. Additionally, substantial amounts of elements like K, Mg, and Ca introduced with BAs may disrupt the uptake of other nutrients by plants, which in turn affects their proper growth and development [19; 20; 21; 22]. Due to the considerable differences in the quality and chemical composition of ashes, long-term monitoring of their impact on soil is essential [1; 23]. However, such research constitutes a small portion of the existing literature, as most studies in this field rely on short-term laboratory experiments [24; 25]. The BAs used in the experiment were sourced from a combined heat and power plant that combusts forest and agricultural biomass. These BAs are distributed as a product for fertilizing agricultural land. However, their application is not subjected to monitoring. Therefore, the conducted research analyzed the impact of BAs with a consistent composition, applied uniformly over three years, on selected properties of haplichvtisol soil (pH, hydrolytic acidity (HAC), electrical conductivity (EC), and the concentration of Ca, Mg, K, and Na). The effects of the application of BAs were also examined in different cultivated crop plants--spring barley, winter oilseed rape, and potatoes--which may have further modified the soil's properties.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Test Verification of Variable Rate Formula Fertilization Control System  
In order to verify the accuracy of the variable formula fertilization control system, the experiment was carried out in Zhongji Minuo Technology Co., Ltd., Gu'an County, Hebei Province. The repeatability was the average value of 3 times. The test verification is shown in Figure 9, and the actual control system is shown in Figure 10. The feed weight, actual fertilization weight, target fertilization amount, fertilization area, target fertilization weight, and other data were recorded, and the statistical results are shown in Table 4.  
The actual fertilization weight was obtained by the method of receiving and weighing in a container, and the fertilization prescription map was generated according to the fertilization guide amount. The vehicle-mounted control terminal performed calculations based on the soil prescription map, the forward speed information of the machine detected by the speed sensor, and the actual fertilizer output data detected by the pressure sensor. It calculated the formula fertilization data that the servo motor should reach and sent instructions to the drive to adjust the speed of the servo motor, and then controlled the formula ratio and fertilization amount.  
It could be seen from Table 4 that using N, P, K in a non-quantitative manner, the formula control error was less than 5%; The fertilizer control error was 1.08%, 2.79%, 1.84%, respectively. The control accuracy of the variable formula fertilization system had reached more than 98%, which met the requirements of variable formula and precise fertilization.  
In order to further verify the performance of the variable formula fertilization control system, according to the N, P, K target fertilization weight data in Table 4, it was tested and compared with the traditional uniform fertilization operation. The comparison results of the actual fertilization amount data are shown in Table 5.  
It could be seen from Table 5 that compared with the traditional uniform fertilization operation, this variable formula fertilization control system saved an average of 1.14 kg of chemical fertilizer per mu (that was to save 17 kg per hectare). It could effectively save chemical fertilizers and reduce operating costs and had good economic benefits.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, this research proposes to apply a combined method to evaluate accessibility in serious games, taking into account the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. In this research, we evaluated the accessibility of 82 serious games developed in HTML5 by Physical Education Technology (PhET) Interactive Simulations at the University of Colorado [11]. PhET offers fun, free, interactive simulations in Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Earth Science, and Physics [12] that are based on research. It has a total of 83 simulations developed in HTML5, 57 applications in Java via CheerpJ, 63 simulations developed in Java, and 12 applications in Flash. The applications can be executed online or downloaded to a computer. All simulations include the HTML5 source code and PhET's Javascript, located on PhET's GitHub page. The PhET project has several sponsors that make these resources free to all teachers and students. In this study, we consider web accessibility as a starting point, which implies how users perceive, navigate, understand and interact on the web [13]; therefore, it is essential to keep in mind that the level of accessibility is the fundamental basis to facilitate access to serious games, especially for users with disabilities. The manual method applied in this investigation comprises nine phases: (1) select serious games; (2) define the type of user; (3) define the test scenario; (4) explore each game to evaluate; (5) list the barriers based on Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1; (6) evaluate with automatic tools and manually; (7) record evaluation data; (8) classify and analyze data; and (9) provide suggestions to improve accessibility. Besides, in the evaluation, the authors considered the WCAG 2.1 [14; 15] based on five parameters: (1) accessible content; (2) visible focus; (3) accessible with a keyboard; (4) association of labels and controls; (5) controls for animation and audio. This research invites reflection and considersthe importance of complying with and applying accessibility standards in the design of serious games considering diversity. This research can serve as a guide for serious game designers and developers to apply WCAG 2.1 with an acceptable level of accessibility; additionally, this study can serve as a starting point for future work related to accessibility in serious games. This research is structured as follows: Section 1 presents the introduction; Section 2 describes the background and previous work related to accessibility in serious games; Section 3 presents the method and the case study; Section 4 discusses the evidence and results; Section 5 presents conclusions and future work.
# High-Fidelity Steganography: A Covert Parity Bit Model-Based Approach
## 4 Proposed Scheme
### Data Embedding
However, in terms of the stego quality we found that a polynomial degree of \(n=15\) produced the best results, which is shown in Table 2.

The column named \"Cost\" in all the tables shows the ratio of the overhead data to the total amount of confidential pixels. Because every column must be modeled with a polynomial of \(n\) degree, the cost can be calculated using

\[cost=\frac{(n+1)\times d}{d\times d}, \tag{7}\]

where \(n\) is the polynomial degree used and \(d\) is the dimension of the signal to be modeled. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Coefficient**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Proposed**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Replacement**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Proposed**} \\ \hline
**Block Size** & **Capacity** & **Cover** & **PSNR** & **SSIM** & **PSNR** & **SSIM** & **Cost** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{400 \(\times\) 400} & \multirow{4}{*}{14.67 bpp} & Airplane & 41.80 & 0.9857 & 44.87 & 0.9858 & 0.75\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Animal & 25.40 & 0.9945 & 31.09 & 0.9973 & 0.75\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Vegetables & 31.45 & 0.9947 & 37.92 & 0.9964 & 0.75\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{425 \(\times\) 425} & \multirow{4}{*}{16.54 bpp} & Airplane & 40.02 & 0.9845 & 43.46 & 0.9780 & 0.71\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Animal & 24.82 & 0.9926 & 29.18 & 0.9964 & 0.71\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Vegetables & 29.24 & 0.9926 & 36.50 & 0.9960 & 0.71\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{450 \(\times\) 450} & \multirow{4}{*}{18.54 bpp} & Airplane & 38.91 & 0.9672 & 41.84 & 0.9686 & 0.67\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Animal & 23.85 & 0.9895 & 27.03 & 0.9953 & 0.67\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Vegetables & 27.22 & 0.9878 & 32.73 & 0.9942 & 0.67\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{475 \(\times\) 475} & \multirow{4}{*}{20.66 bpp} & Airplane & 29.93 & 0.9628 & 38.42 & 0.9655 & 0.63\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Animal & 20.74 & 0.9820 & 23.94 & 0.9922 & 0.63\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Vegetables & 25.16 & 0.9744 & 30.91 & 0.9918 & 0.63\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{500 \(\times\) 500} & \multirow{4}{*}{22.89 bpp} & Airplane & 23.36 & 0.7913 & 30.22 & 0.9230 & 0.60\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Animal & 17.33 & 0.9539 & 18.53 & 0.9801 & 0.60\% \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Vegetables & 18.91 & 0.9560 & 22.75 & 0.9739 & 0.60\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of the proposed hiding scheme with the coefficient replacement idea in terms of the capacity–transparency trade-off. The capacity is measured using bpp, while the transparency is evaluated using the PSNR values [22] when \(n=2\).
# A MIMO Antenna with High Gain and Enhanced Isolation for WLAN Applications
## 4 Conclusions  
A novel MIMO antenna with enhanced isolation and high gain is presented in this paper. The \(-10\) dB impedance bandwidths of the measured results are 650 MHz (2.25-2.9 GHz) and 975 MHz (5.05-6.025 GHz), which can cover 2.4 GHz (2.4-2.497 GHz) and 5 GHz (5.15-5.85 GHz) WLAN frequency bands. The measured isolation and peak gain at both operating frequency bands are larger than 19.3 dB and 3.8 dBi, respectively. The calculated ECCs are smaller than 0.026 at both operating frequency bands. The measured efficiency at the lower and higher frequency bands are greater than 0.65 and 0.61, respectively. The experimental results exhibit that the presented antenna is preferred for WLAN applications.  
Conceptualization, Q.Y.; methodology, Q.C., G.L.; investigation, C.Z. writing--original draft preparation, Q.Y.; writing--review and editing, T.H.L., G.L.; supervision and funding acquisition, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research work was partially funded by the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province under Grant No. LGG19F010009, National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61671330, and Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program under Grant No. C20170005 and No.2018 ZG019. Not applicable. Not applicable.  
Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The data supporting this research article are available upon request to the corresponding author. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this manuscript.
## 6 Limitations and Challenges
* It is suggested to carry out more on-sun experimental works and economic analysis on the solar thermal conversion of the noble metals nanofluids having higher concentrations than the published ones, to infer whether the cost increase will be compensated by more thermally performant nanofluids. * The influence of the ultrasonic wave propagation on the thermal conductivity of the noble metals nanofluids or vice versa requires further in-depth research. * There should be conducted more numerical and experimental works on the heat transfer capability in the solar thermal harvesting and conversion of iridium, osmium, and rhodium nanofluids and hybrids. * Since the main published findings are not consistent with each other, there should be performed more experimental works of comparison under the same operating conditions between the hybrid noble metals nanofluids and the corresponding mono nanofluids. * There is a lack of accurate evaluations on how can the microstructure and aggregation morphologies of the noble metals nanofluids affect their thermophysical properties like the thermal conductivity, specific heat, and latent heat of evaporation. Hence, further experimental and numerical studies on the subject are recommended.
###### Abstract  
Height measurement and location by a laser sensor is a key technology to ensure accurate and stable operation of a dispensing robot. In addition, alternation of dynamic and static working modes of a robot, as well as variation of surface and height of a workpiece put forward strict requirements for both repeatability and respond speed of the location system. On the basis of the principle of laser triangulation, a displacement sensor applied to a dispensing robot was developed, and a fast laser adjustment algorithm was proposed according to the characteristics of static and dynamic actual laser imaging waveforms on different objects. First, the relationship between the centroid position of static waveform and peak intensity for different measured objects was fitted by least square method, and the intersection point of each curve was solved to confirm the ideal peak intensity, and therefore reduce the interference of different measured objects. Secondly, according to the dynamic centroid difference threshold of two adjacent imaging waveforms, the static and dynamic working modes of the sensor were distinguished, and the peak intensity was adjusted to different intervals by linear iteration. Finally, a \(Z\) direction reciprocating test, color adaptability test, and step response test were carried out on the dispensing robot platform; the experiments showed that the repeatability accuracy of the sensor was 2.7 um and the dynamic step response delay was 0.5 ms.  
laser triangulation displacement sensor (LTDS); dispensing robot; location system; actual laser imaging waveform; centroid difference; repeatability accuracy; dynamic response speed Article
# Inundation Extent Mapping by Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Review
###### Abstract  
Recent flood events have demonstrated a demand for satellite-based inundation mapping in near real-time (NRT). Simulating and forecasting flood extent is essential for risk mitigation. While numerical models are designed to provide such information, they usually lack reference at fine spatiotemporal resolution. Remote sensing techniques are expected to fill this void. Unlike optical sensors, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides valid measurements through cloud cover with high resolution and increasing sampling frequency from multiple missions. This study reviews theories and algorithms of flood inundation mapping using SAR data, together with a discussion of their strengths and limitations, focusing on the level of automation, robustness, and accuracy. We find that the automation and robustness of non-obstructed inundation mapping have been achieved in this era of big earth observation (EO) data with acceptable accuracy. They are not yet satisfactory, however, for the detection of beneath-vegetation flood mapping using L-band or multi-polarized (dual or fully) SAR data or for urban flood detection using fine-resolution SAR and ancillary building and topographic data.  
flood inundation mapping; synthetic aperture radar; microwave remote sensing; natural hazard +
Footnote †: journal: Remote Sensing, 11, 879; doi:10.3390/rs11070879
# MixDiff-TTS: Mixture Alignment and Diffusion Model for Text-to-Speech
###### Abstract  
In recent years, deep-learning-based speech synthesis has garnered substantial attention, achieving remarkable advancements in generating human-like speech. However, synthesized speech often lacks naturalness, primarily because models excessively depend on fine-grained text-speech alignment. To address this issue, we propose MixDiff-TTS, a novel non-autoregressive model. MixDiff-TTS incorporates a linguistic encoder based on a mixture alignment mechanism, which combines word-level hard alignment with phoneme-level soft alignment. This design reduces reliance on fine-grained alignment, enabling the model to handle ambiguous phonetic boundaries more robustly. Additionally, we introduce a Word-to-Phoneme Attention module with a relative position bias mechanism to improve the model's capacity for processing long text sequences. We evaluate the performance of MixDiff-TTS on the LJSpeech dataset. The experimental results show that MixDiff-TTS scores 0.507 for SSIM (Structural Similarity Index) and 6.652 for MCD (Mel Cepstral Distortion). This suggests that the synthesized speech is closer to real speech in spectral structure and exhibits lower spectral distortion than state-of-the-art baselines (such as FastSpeech2 and DiffSpeech). MixDiff-TTS also achieves a MOS (Mean Opinion Score) of 3.95, which is close to that of real speech. These results indicate that MixDiff-TTS can synthesize speech with high naturalness and quality. Ablation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.  
deep learning; speech synthesis; non-autoregressive model; mixture alignment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences