esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Production of PstS-1 and Ag85B and Analysis by Western Blotting  
An analysis of the PstS-1 and Ag85B proteins in the cell extract and supernatant of the _M. microti_ strains was determined through immunodetection with Western blotting using the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) \(\alpha\)-TB71 (PstS-1) and \(\alpha\)-Ag85B (Ag85B) after 196 h of culture growth (Figure 3). The results showed that the expression of PstS-1 and Ag85B proteins in the wild-type _M. microti_ strain (Figures 3A and 3C, lanes 1 and 4) was at a baseline level in both cellular extracts and supernatants. Surprisingly, the recombinant antigens PstS-1 were detected with MW differences between the cellular extracts (Figure 3A, lanes 1,2 and 3) with a MW of about 32 kDa compared to the secreted ones (Figure 3A, lanes 4, 5 and 7) with a MW of approximately 38 kDa. Moreover, the _M. microti_-PstS-1 strain overexpressed PstS-1 in the cell extract (Figure 3A, lane 3), with a 5.2-fold increase according to the densitometric analysis (Figure 3B), while the release of PstS-1 into the supernatant appeared to be inhibited (Figure 3A, lane 6). In contrast, the _M. microti_-Ag85B strain overexpressed Ag85B in both the cell extract and the supernatant (Figure 3C, lanes 3 and 6). Compared to the _M. microti_ wild-type and a control consisting of an _M. microti_ with an empty vector (ev), we found a 2.6- and 3.2-fold increase in the Ag85B antigen in the cell extract and supernatant, respectively (Figure 3D). These results show that the overexpression of the PstS-1 (Rv0934) and Ag85B (Rv1886c) antigens of _M. tuberculosis_ could be successfully carried out in _M. microti_ strains.
## 3 Workflow and Software
The methodological framework adopted in this study follows these sequential steps:  
* Detailed analysis of the Phase A design, with a focus on the characterization of each subsystem, its interfaces with the platform, and its contribution to the overall structural performance. * Development of a simplified, defeatured model that preserves mass, volume, and structural integrity of critical components, created using ANSYS SpaceClaim. The model is then meshed and imported into the numerical simulation environment. * Preliminary definition of boundary conditions and external constraints, enabling the characterization of multiphysical loads, with particular emphasis on mechanical and thermal stresses. Figure 1: Workflow for method analysis  
* Execution of numerical simulations, followed by validation and verification against both technical specifications and scientific mission requirements. * Development of Reduced-Order Models (ROM) and Response Surface Models (RSM) to support design optimization and rapid design-space exploration.
# Detection of Volatile Constituents from Food Lures by Tephritid Fruit Flies
## Materials and Methods
### Commercial Baits  
Five commercially available protein and fermentation-based attractive baits were chosen for this study:  
1. brewer's yeast waste (St. George brewery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), is a byproduct from the brewing process that is normally tossed off. It is rich in yeast and has been exploited as an alternative source of protein for use in tephritid fruit fly management [28];
2. baker's yeast (_Saccharomyces cerevisiae_) (Jastbolaget AB, Sollentuna, Sweden), activated with sugar, is a common diet for adult tephritid fruit flies. It is also an essential component of tephritid larval media (see Section 2.1);
3. GF-120 success bait (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA), is a combination of spinosad, enzymatically hydrolyzed protein, sugars, adjuvants, and conditoners that attracts fruit flies [29];
4. Anamed (ISCA Technologies, Riverside, CA, USA), is a protein-based attractant that targets a wide range of tephritid fruit flies;
5. Torula yeast (_Candidia utilis_) (ISCA Technologies, Riverside, CA, USA), is a species of yeast which is often grown on wood sugars left over after paper production. These baits were chosen as representatives of the different types of attractive tephritid baits used by growers [28; 29; 30; 31].
## 5 Conclusions  
In sum, the present study exhibited the strong linear GPP-SIF relationships across the two subtropical forest ecosystems and great potential to track the variability in tower-based GPP by solely using the satellite-derived SIF product. Compared with two widely-usedMODIS and BESS GPP products, the SIF-based GPP estimates showed better performance at the seasonal and annual time scales. The results can help improve our understanding of the carbon cycles in the subtropical forests and pave a novel way toward monitoring GPP accurately for evaluating climate change mitigation performance.  
G.L.: formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing; [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] ([PERSON]): methodology and resources. Y.C.: conceptualization and methodology. [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) and [PERSON]: reviewing and editing. [PERSON]. ([PERSON]): reviewing and funding. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41961004 and 42161019) and Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WSGS2020007).  
Not applicable.  
All data that support the findings of this study are publicly available from the corresponding author upon request.  
All scientists and technicians maintaining the ChinaFLUX site management, data collection, and long-term observations are greatly appreciated. We are also grateful to the developers of MODIS products provided by NASA's Earth Observation System Data; GOSIF data produced by Earth System Research Center, University of New Hampshire; and BESS data developed by Seoul National University.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Optimal Clustering in Stable Instances Using Combinations of Exact and Noisy Ordinal Queries
## 2 Model and Preliminary Definitions
### Stable Instances  
For a given metric space \((X,d)\) as above and a positive integer \(k\), a clustering is a partition \(C=\{C_{1},\ldots,C_{k}\}\) of \(X\). The cost of a cluster \(C_{i}\) with respect to a point \(x\in X\) is defined as  
\[Cost(C_{i},x):=\sum_{y\in C_{i}}d(y,x)\.\]The _medoid_ (or _centroid_) of each cluster \(C_{i}\) is the point in that cluster minimizing this cost, i.e., \(c_{i}:=\arg\min_{x\in C_{i}}Cost(C_{i},x)\), and the cost of a cluster is simply \(Cost(C_{i}):=Cost(C_{i},c_{i})\). Then, the cost of the clustering is the sum of the cost of each cluster,  
\[Cost(C):=\sum_{i=1}^{k}Cost(C_{i})\;.\]  
A clustering that minimizes this cost is called optimal \(k\)-clustering. (In the literature, this is sometimes called \(k\)-medoid. Since in this work we use centroid and medoid interchangeably, we simply use the term \(k\)-centroid.)  
**Definition 1** (\(\gamma\)-perturbation stability).: _A \(\gamma\)-perturbation of a metric space \((X,d)\), for \(\gamma\geq 1\), is another metric space \((X,d^{\prime})\) such that, for all \(x,y\in X\),_  
\[\frac{1}{\gamma}d(x,y)\leq d^{\prime}(x,y)\leq d(x,y)\;.\]  
_For a given positive integer \(k\), a metric space \((X,d)\) is \(\gamma\)-perturbation-stable if there is a \(k\)-clustering \(C_{1}^{*},\ldots,C_{k}^{*}\), which is the unique optimal \(k\)-clustering in every \(\gamma\)-perturbation of \((X,d)\)._  
**Remark 1**.: _Observe first that the above definition restricts the perturbations from being metric too. Moreover, if a metric space is \(\gamma\)-perturbation-stable, then it has a unique optimal solution (regardless of the value of \(\gamma\geq 1\))._  
For \(\gamma\geq 2\), there exists an exact polynomial-time algorithm for the \(k\)-clustering problem [3] (see also [2] for algorithms for \(\gamma\geq 3\)). The algorithm exploits the following key property of such stable instances. Intuitively, in \(\gamma\)-perturbation-stable instances, in the optimal clustering, every point is \"much closer\" to the centroid of its own cluster than to any other centroid:  
**Lemma 1** (\(\gamma\)-center proximity [2; 3]).: _Let \((X,d)\) be \(\gamma\)-perturbation-stable and let \(C_{1}^{*},\ldots,C_{k}^{*}\) be its (unique) optimal solution. Then, for every \(x\in X\), with \(x\in C_{i}^{*}\), and every \(j\
eq i\), we have that_  
\[d(x,c_{j}^{*})>\gamma\cdot d(x,c_{i}^{*})\]  
_where \(c_{i}^{*},c_{j}^{*}\) are the respective centroids of \(C_{i}^{*},C_{j}^{*}\)._
## 5 Induced Aging Mechanisms of STSCs
### Oxidation Aging Mechanism  
Oxidation is a key accelerated mechanism of STSCs, in which substrate or absorber layer elements gain enough energy to overcome barriers and form new compounds, at elevated temperatures [95,98]. Conversely, atoms, particularly oxygen, diffuse into the inter-layers and form oxides, causing the interface to widen and altering thickness and density, which subsequently leads to performance degradation [95]. The oxidation of STSCs encompasses the oxidation of alloys, metals, and metallic oxides, each exhibiting distinct oxidation behaviors at elevated temperatures. Initially, [PERSON] et al. [99] observed that the aging of Al\(\rm{O}\)y/Al/Al\(\rm{O}\)y selective coatings was driven by the oxidation of the aluminum layer, with the formation of metastable Al\(\rm{}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) at high temperatures. [PERSON] et al. [100] identified that the primary cause of absorptance degradation was the oxidation of the CrAlO film's surface during annealing at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. TEM images of the oxide layers formed on surfaces of the prepared CrAlO- STSC after annealing are shown in Figure 9.  
[PERSON] et al. [101] assessed the stability behavior of two STSCs: Al\(\rm{}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) cermet and bilayered Al\(\rm{SiO}_{N}\)/Al\(\rm{Si}_{N}\) at high temperatures. The STSC demonstrated an emissivity of  
Figure 8: Diagram of the isothermal aging test of Pyromark STSC [93].  
Figure 9: TEM photos of the foamed oxide layers on surfaces of the CrAlO- STSC after annealing at (**a**) 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 200 h; (**b**) 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 h [100].  
7-10% and a solar absorptance of 95-93% at 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Additionally, it was reported that the degradation of the painting resulted from the oxidation of the SiOx anti-reflective layer. [PERSON] et al. [102] reported that the electric potential gradient can reach approximately 10\({}^{7}\) V/cm\({}^{2}\), with this high voltage occurring within an oxide layer thickness of less than 10 nm, after oxidation begins. This phenomenon might be attributed to the quantum tunneling effect. Once the layer thickness exceeds 10 nm, the quantum tunneling effect diminishes rapidly, leading to a swift reduction in the electric potential gradient.
## 3 Discussion
Both patients resumed a liquid/cool oral diet on the same day as surgery and drains were removed within 48 h. The employment of VSP and CAD/CAM patient-specific materials, combined with an intraoral-transbuccal approach, resulted in less invasive procedures, early hospital discharge, and no reported complications. The patients had already discontinued antiresumptive medication following the instructions given by their attending doctors upon MRONJ suspicion and undergone a drug holiday for longer than three months when they first presented to our department. They have not resumed medication since. Despite the current controversy regarding the need for the suspension of antiresumptive medication in the treatment of MRONJ, several studies have reported significant advantages [28; 29; 30]. Although bisphosphonates have a long bone half-life, it is possible that a drug holiday diminishes drug concentration in the periosteum and soft tissue, allowing for better vascularization and more favorable healing [31; 32]. The surgical interventions resulted in complete mucosal healing and the two subjects remained asymptomatic, with an absence of complications (such as loosening screws, fatigue fractures, orcutaneous fistulas, or plate exposure) over one year of postoperative follow-up. Additional treatments, such as the application of autologous platelet concentrates, have been proposed; however, according to a recent systematic review, no significant differences in the outcomes of additional MRONJ treatments were registered compared to surgical treatment alone [33]. The patients will resume oral rehabilitation with soft-lined removable prosthesis and regular appointments have been scheduled to control for denture-induced sores that could result in MRONJ relapse [1]. No other prosthetic options have been proposed, since evidence regarding the oral rehabilitation of MRONJ patients is lacking [1; 34]. The limitations of the present case series include the retrospective design, the small sample size (considering this is a report on two cases), the lack of external validity, and the limited postoperative follow-up time. However, the principal question of whether it is possible to apply a digital workflow, including VSP and CAD/CAM reconstruction plates, for the prevention of mandibular fractures secondary to MRONJ is successfully addressed in the present report.
## 1 Introduction
In recent times, the analysis of loss based on entropy production has become a subject of increasing importance. This approach enables the visualisation of flow losses in great detail. The potential of entropy-based loss analysis for centrifugal pumps has already been investigated in several studies [22; 23; 24]. [PERSON] et al. applied the entropy production method to examine the losses occurring in the pump with prewhirl in more detail [25]. The results demonstrated that entropy production is concentrated at the impeller inlet and outlet at varying whirl angles. A theoretical prediction model was derived to determine the changes in head and power consumption characteristics. We also derived a model for predicting the power consumption for radial centrifugal pumps when prewhirl occurs [26]. In comparison to the model proposed by [PERSON] et al., our approach exhibited a high degree of absolute accuracy. It was presumed in our case that the head characteristics were already known. Nevertheless, the mentioned research indicates that the hydraulic losses in the pump are significantly affected by prewhirl. Understanding this influence is necessary for the development of a model for determining the head's characteristic curve. A more detailed analysis is required to identify the underlying causes of the fluctuations in pump hydraulic losses resulting from prewhirl. The work in the literature presented so far has not resulted in the derivation of mathematical approaches for modelling the changes in losses due to prewhirl. The work presented below addresses precisely the research gap that has been identified. A mathematical model for the management of hydraulic losses in centrifugal pumps can be derived from the numerical analysis of these losses. This model allows for the calculation of the characteristic curves of the head at prewhirl.
## 6 Functional Properties and Applications of Nanocomposites
### Organic solar cells and intrinsic conductive polymer nanocomposites  
Organic solar cells are widely under investigation since the early publication by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 1991 dealing with the photocurrent generation after photon absorption by an organic dye and electron injection into the conduction band of a n-type semiconductor like TiO\({}_{2}\)[235]. Modern dye-sensitized organic solar cell uses polymer electrolytes quite similar to systems used in lithium-ion-batteries [236]. Quite recently the positive influence of nanosized TiO\({}_{2}\) (13 nm, Degussa/Evonik), dispersed in PVDF, on the long term stability of the solar cell was demonstrated [237].  
Intrinsic conductive polymers have gained more importance at the latest since the Noble prize for [PERSON] in chemistry in 2000. These polymers, like polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene (PTP), PPy or PPV, are expected to be used in organic solar cells, display technology, photodiodes or batteries. In the last years the addition of nanosized ceramics like SiO\({}_{2}\), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), or TiO\({}_{2}\) for a chemical stabilization, an improvement of the physical properties as well as a better dispersibility in water or organic solvents has been investigated. [PERSON] and [PERSON] prepared composites consisting of PTP and nanosized alumina (particle size: 22-74 nm) [238]. They found a slight increase in the electrical conductivity and an improved thermal stability in contrast to the pure homopolymer. In contrast to the neat polymer, the composite showed the formation of stable suspensions in water and isopropanol. [PERSON] and coworkers investigated the influence of nanosized SiO\({}_{2}\) (20 nm) and TiO\({}_{2}\) (20 nm) on the stability of the PPV-precursor molecule [239]. The authors claimed that the addition of the nanoceramics can improve the stability against photodegradation. Both nanoparticles caused an increase of the conjugation length. The optical and electrical properties of the same composites were measured by [PERSON] _et al._[240]. They found a pronounced impact of the nanoparticles, their particle size and concentration on the photoluminescence and current density-applied field characteristics. In case of composites consisting of PANI, doped with _in situ_ generated nanosized TiO\({}_{2}\) (mean particle size: 20 nm) up to a solid load of 80 wt %, the electrical conductivity was significantly influenced by the filler [241]. Whereas small amounts (5 wt %) caused a pronounced conductivity increase from 0.016 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) S/m for the neat polymer up to a value of 0.704 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) S/m, a further TiO\({}_{2}\) increase yielded a conductivity drop close to the initial value. The large value at low solid load may be attributed to the formation of a network with improved charge transport.  
In solar cells nanoparticles face very different challenges. Hence, requirements are very different, too. The impact of different ceramic nanoparticles on physical properties including conductivity is given in a comprehensive early review [242].
## 5 Evaluation
### Experiments
#### 5.2.3 The Effect of Interference  
To test how the interference affects data packet transmission reliability, we have done a series of experiments. A sensor network contains one BS, three master nodes and five slave nodes. The RF transmission power for each node is \(-20\) dBm, and the sample interval for slave node is 30 s. Firstly, we placed the network in a sealed steel box. The external interference can be ignored. The link quality is good because they are close to each other [5]. The average delivery ratio of CENet and standard stack (standard TinyOS networking stack) are both 100%. Secondly, we placed the network in a laboratory and a three-hop tree is constructed. As shown in Table 5, the average delivery ratio of CENet is 94.5% and for standard stack it is 82.3%.  
Finally, an interference node is introduced into the sensor network and its MAC protocol is modified by disabling the backoff mechanism. It continuously broadcasts data and does not consider the channel status (busy or idle). The interference is placed into the network. As shown in Table 5, CENet has delivery ratio of 89.2%. However, the delivery ratio of the standard stack is decreased to 64.7%. That is mainly because the MintRoute routing protocol cannot quickly repair an interfered route while CENet is robust to link interference.
# SMCSPO-Based Robust Control of AUV in Underwater Environments including Disturbances
## 3 Controller and Observer Design
### Stability Analysis
\delta_{sp}{}^{\prime}+ \begin{bmatrix}0\\ Z_{\dot{\delta_{r}}}{}^{\prime}u_{0}{}^{2}+Z_{w}^{\prime}w_{0}+(W-B)+Z_{\dot{ \delta_{r}}}{}^{\prime}u_{0}{}^{2}\delta_{sp0}\big{]}/(m-Z_{w}^{\prime})\\ M_{w}^{\prime}w_{0}/(I_{yy}-M_{u}^{\prime})\\ 0\end{bmatrix} \]  
Horizontal plane dynamics include sway, roll, and yaw motions, as shown in (71). \[ \begin{bmatrix}\dot{v}^{\prime}\\ \dot{p}^{\prime}\\ \dot{v}^{\prime}\\ \dot{v}^{\prime}\\ \dot{v}^{\prime}\\ \dot{v}^{\prime}\\ \end{bmatrix}  = \begin{bmatrix}V_{v}^{\prime}/(m-V_{v}^{\prime})&0&(V_{r}^{\prime }-mu_{b})/(m-V_{v}^{\prime})&(W-B)/(m-V_{v}^{\prime})&0\\ 0&V_{g}^{\prime}/(l_{xx}-K_{p}^{\prime})&0&z_{\theta}B/(l_{xx}-K_{p}^{\prime} )&0&p^{\prime}\\ N_{r}^{\prime}/(l_{xx}-N_{r}^{\prime})&0&N_{r}^{\prime}/(l_{xx}-N_{r}^{\prime})&0& 0&r^{\prime}\\ 0&1&0&0&0&\dot{\phi}^{\prime}\\ 0&0&1&0&0&\dot{\psi}^{\prime}\\ \end{bmatrix}  \tag{71}\] \[+\begin{bmatrix}0&V_{g_{v}}{u_{0}}^{2}/(m-V_{v}^{\prime})\\ K_{g_{v}}^{\prime}{u_{0}}^{2}&0\\ 0&N_{g_{v}}^{\prime}{u_{0}}^{2}&\left| \begin{bmatrix}\delta_{sm}\\ \delta_{r^{\prime}}\end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix}V_{r}^{\prime}\dot{v}^{\prime }+r^{\prime}/(m-V_{s}^{\prime})\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \end{bmatrix} \right.\]  
Using the models of (70) and (71), the PID controller is designed to control the roll, pitch, and yaw of the vehicle, respectively. The gains of each controller are designed to have a sufficient phase margin and gain margin using the pole-placement method of MATLAB's SISOOL. We designed PID controllers for each of the p, q, r, \(\theta\), \(\theta\), and \(\psi\) directions. The phase margin of all controllers is designed to exceed at least 80 degrees, and the gain margin is also designed to exceed at least 30 dB. However, since the linearized vehicle dynamics do not consider the influence of some non-linear terms, the PID controller can be vulnerable to disturbances.
## 4 Discussion
In the case of the municipality of Tibasosa, the IRR in the circular model is 26.7%, showing a similar behavior to that of the circular model in Arbelaez. This once again demonstrates the economic viability of the model with the reuse of waste. However, due to the higher investment requirements and cost structure, the IRR decreases in this scenario. IRR in the linear model is 77.6%, a figure that, althoughsignificantly higher, is explained by the lack of investment in this scenario. In this situation, the structural costs are notably lower in relation to the circular scenario in this municipality. The B/C ratio shows very similar results in the four scenarios analyzed, showing a slight difference in favor of the circular models in Arbelaez and Tibasosa. This shows that each EUR of cost is recovered by the incomes derived from the management and use of waste, confirming the economic viability of the implementation of circular economy models in both municipalities. The highest B/C value corresponds to Scenario 2, that is, the circular economy model in the municipality of Arbelaez, in which B/C = EUR 0.00054. Finally, in relation to the payback of the investment, it is observed that the linear models show a shorter time (6.7 years in Arbelaez and 2.6 years in Tibasosa). As stated above, this is explained, as in Scenarios 1 and 3, no investment outlay is contemplated, since there is no reuse of waste. On the other hand, in Scenarios 2 and 4, the investment outlay is equal to EUR 55,405 and EUR 36,889, respectively. This investment is used for the construction of the waste recycling plants. Therefore, the return periods are longer (8.6 years in Arbelaez and 9.6 years in Tibasosa). These payback times are considered to be within common recovery intervals [50].