## 6 Conclusions  
1. Changes in land development patterns and reductions in intensity improve the ecological environment. The land use dynamics in Xiong'an exhibited a phased growth pattern characterized by \"slow-fast-slow\" progression, accompanied by a consistent annual decline in land resource development intensity. Following Xiong'an's establishment, substantial expansions were observed in grassland, wetland, coniferous forest, and construction land areas, contrasting with a persistent reduction in cultivated land. These transformations have collectively enhanced the regional ecological environment, facilitating the preliminary formation of the \"one lake, three belts, nine patches, and multiple corridors\" ecological spatial framework.
2. The establishment of Xiong'an New Area has significantly contributed to population decentralization from Beijing and industrial agglomeration. From 2014 to 2022, Xiong'an experienced a population increase of 190,000 (+17%) and a GDP growth of CNY 13 billion (+60%), with the tertiary sector expanding notably by CNY 13.5 billion (+278%) [51; 83]. The influx of new residents and industries has accelerated urban construction, altered land use patterns, and, consequently, impacted ESV and landscape configuration.
3. ESV has been significantly improved. From 2014 to 2022, Xiong'an experienced a consistent upward trajectory in ESV, with a cumulative increase of CNY 33.46 billion (57.51% of total growth) and an average annual growth of CNY 4.183 billion. These results demonstrate marked improvements in both ecological structure and environmental quality.
4. Landscape index analysis revealed positive correlations between ESV and the ED, NP, SHDI, and DIVISION indices, whereas negative correlations emerged with the CONTAG, AI, and AREA_MN indices. These findings indicate that increasing landscape fragmentation corresponds with elevated ESV in Xiong'an.
5. In providing enlightenment for improving the rigor of ESV evaluation, this study employs the equivalent factor method to conduct ESV calculation. While this approach estimates value based on fixed coefficients, the results inherently carry certain margins of error. Subsequent research will refine the ESV calculation methodology by enhancing uncertainty analysis and adopting a tripartite framework--'dynamic monitoring, local calibration, and policy simulation'--to improve the scientific rigor of ESV assessment.  
**Author Contributions:** Methodology, [PERSON], J.T. and X.D.; Software, D.C.; Formal analysis, J.G.; Data curation, X.S.; Writing--original draft, X.J.; Writing--review & editing, J.L.; Project administration, W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Key Laboratory of Airborne Geophysics and Remote Sensing Geology Foundation [2023 YFL32] and the APC was funded by the Key Laboratory of Airborne Geophysics and Remote Sensing Geology Foundation [2023 YFL32].  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.