## 6 Experimental Construction  
The proposed BEE, BEEM and Smart-BEEM algorithms will be evaluated in MATLAB simulation. In this section, the experimental settings and analysis are presented.  
For different technologies in the network, we will have a normalised feature table like Table 6. In our simulation, we assume five different interfaces are available. NAI\({}_{i}\) can be instanced to any technologies in Table 4 or new technologies that have not been invented yet. In the experiments, without losing generality, we use the symbolised name for the network access interfaces. There are two reasons supporting this temptation: (1) This approach makes the algorithm scalable for new network access interfaces that can be included flexibly. (2) In the future work, we will consider more complexed heterogeneous nodes, in which circumstance each node will have its own set of network access interfaces.  
LEACH claims that different assumptions about the radio characteristics will affect the performance of a protocol. Two most referenced clustering algorithms, LEACH and HEED, adopted different models to compute energy consumption for long distance communication. As shown in Table 7, in LEACH, the calculation of transmission power consumption is simplified as:  
\[E_{Tx}=E_{dec}*k+\epsilon_{amp}*k*d^{2} \tag{6}\]  
where \(k\) is message length measured in bits and \(d\) is the distance from the transmitter to the receiver. In the further work, LEACH research team has provided an advanced study on radio power consumption in [34]. The calculation is specified as:  
\[E_{Tx}=E_{dec}*k+\epsilon_{amp}*k*d^{n} \tag{7}\]  
when \(d<d_{0}\), \(\epsilon_{amp}=10\) pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\) and \(n=2\). When \(d>d_{0}\), \(\epsilon_{amp}=0.0013\) pJ/bit/m\({}^{4}\) and \(n=4\). The value of \(d_{0}\) is a constant distance that is determined by the surrounding environment. HEED has adopted this power consumption model.  
Based on the power consumption model in LEACH and HEED, in this paper, three power consumption modes are defined as in Table 8. For BEEM, since only one communication interface  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Communication** \\ **Means** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Data Rate** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Transmission** \\ **Range** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Energy** \\ **Consumption** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline NAI\({}_{1}\) & Low & 10 m & Low \\ NAI\({}_{2}\) & Low & 20 m & Low \\ NAI\({}_{3}\) & Low & 40 m & Medium \\ NAI\({}_{4}\) & High & 25 m & High \\ NAI\({}_{5}\) & High & 1 km & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Normalised Feature Values for Different Communication Interfaces.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Protocols** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Transmission/Receiving (\(E_{elect}\))** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Transmit Amplifier (\(\epsilon_{amp}\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline LEACH & 50 nJ/bit & 100 pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline HEED & 50 nJ/bit & 10 pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\) (\(d<d_{0}\)) \\  & & 0.0013 pJ/bit/m\({}^{4}\) (\(d>d_{0}\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Energy Dissipated for LEACH and HEED.  
is considered, Low and High power consumption modes are used for the default communication. For Smart-BEEM, Low, Medium and High power consumption modes are adopted, where \(d_{0}=40\) m.  
The performance of a clustering algorithm is highly related to the parameter settings in the simulation. For example, if broadcast packet has the same size as data packet, heavy broadcast will significantly undermine the performance. Besides, node density also affects the impact of broadcast. We set our simulation parameters to be the same as in HEED, shown in Table 9. 300 nodes are randomly deployed in a (0, 0) \(\sim\) (100, 100) field with a BS located at (50, 175).