## 3 Potential of Earth Observation (EO) for Supporting SDG Indicators
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Title** & **Type** & **Year** & **EO Data Contribution on SDG Indicators** \\ \hline Earth observation in service of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [154] & Peer review & 2017 & First review of the EO contribution for SDGs, focusing on the role of GEO and GEOSS work and the actual use of EO in support of the SDGs. \\  & Peer review & 2017 & Presents the major GEO projects that address indicators from SDG 2, SDG 6, SDG 15. Also, it discussed the importance of capacity building, data access, and global collaboration with NSOs and custodian agencies. \\ \hline Satellite Earth Observation in support & & 2018 & The report presented best practices of using EO data for several indicators that cover SDG 2, SDG 6, SDG 11, SDG 14, and SDG 15. \\ \cline{3-4} of the Sustainable Development Goals [36] & Report & 2019 & EO4 SDGs Initiative is launching a series of pilot projects to apply and test uses of EO to support the assessment and tracking of the SDGs, including integration with national statistical accounts for the indicators. \\ \hline Maturity Matrix Framework (MMF) 1.0 [14] & Framework & 2018 & MMF 1.0 is an analytical framework that is based on 3 premises (methods of processing EO data, requirement of non-EO information, and level of completeness). A total of 80 peer reviews and reports were systematically reviewed under MMF 1.0 to seek the potential of EO data to support SDG indicators. The MMF 1.0 was applied to all SDG indicators and found 84 indicators that were classified into three categories: weak support from EO, indirect measure by EO data and high potential of EO data directly to populate the SDG indicator. \\ \hline Maturity Matrix Framework (MMF) 2.0 [15] & Framework & 2019 & MMF 2.0 is similar to the previous framework, but it evolved into 6 premises after expert interviews were conducted with 38 specialists in EO and sustainability. \\ \hline A Review of the Sustainability & & & The scope of this review was to summarise the work and best practices of using EO for supporting the SDG indicators. \\ \cline{3-4} Concept and the State of SDG & Review & 2020 & The scope of this review was to summarise the work and best practices of using EO for supporting the SDG indicators. \\ \cline{3-4} Monitoring Using Remote & & & ESA Compendium presents case studies of using EO satellite-derived data for a total of 34 indicators which were assessed against a framework that discriminates the indicators into two categories; 17 indicators can be directly measured, and 17 indicators indirectly informed by EO data across 29 targets and 11 goals. \\ \hline EnviroAtlas [35] & Review & 2020 & EnviroAtlas is a web-based, interactive map of environmental and socio-economic data relevant to the SDGs. It provides multi-resolution spatial indicators and introduced proxy indicators related to the SDGs. \\ \cline{3-4} The paper presents multiple examples of using EO for 47 targets across most goals. \\ \hline \hline Maxar company (formerly known as & & 2021 & The report summarised the case studies that address all SDGs. \\ \cline{3-4} DigitalGlobe) [158] & Review & 2021 & The report summarised the case studies that address all SDGs. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Published assessments of EO data use in support of SDG indicators and targets. GEO and its space-agency arm CEOS has set out how EO can support the SDG indicators through their EO4 SDG initiative [154]; more recently, they have published a report detailing the achievements of the programme, examples of application and further steps [155].