## 3 Results and Discussion
### Crystallization Behavior
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Neat Wax or** & & & & & & & & & \\
**Lipidic Matrix** & **Tm Onset (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Tm (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Tm offset (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Tc onset (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Tc offset (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Tc offset (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **\(\Delta\)T (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **\(\Delta\)Hc** \\
**System** & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline BEW & 31.4 & 37.8 & 43.8 & 57.7 & 53.9 & 48.5 & 9.3 & 26.0 & 0.8 \\ \hline CLW & 25.7 & 29.3 & 33.2 & 57.0 & 55.9 \({}^{*}\) & 45.4 & 23.8 & 5.6 & 1.3 \\  & 55.5 & 67.4 & 72.3 & 65.7 & 61.0 & 57.0 & 6.6 & 6.6 & 1.6 \\ \hline CRW & 60.0 & 82.0 & 85.0 & 71.7 & 61.5 & 51.7 & 17.0 & 13.3 & 0.4 \\ \hline OKW & 70.1 & 76.6 & 79.0 & 65.8 & 64.0 & 57.9 & 13.2 & 29.2 & 1.1 \\ \hline BEW matrix & 51.5 & 56.7 & 60.4 & 60.8 & 55.0 & 46.7 & 0.4 & 3.4 & 0.7 \\ \hline  & 21.3 & 29.5 \({}^{*}\) & 32.2 & & & & & & \\ CLW matrix & 32.3 & 37.8 \({}^{*}\) & 45.1 & 40.5 & 32.0 & 19.0 & 8.3 & 1.64 & 3.1 \\  & 45.4 & 50.5 & 54.5 & & & & & & \\ \hline CRW matrix & 37.0 & 49.4 & 54.8 & 61.0 & 54.7 & 47.2 & 6.2 & 0.4 & 0.4 \\ OKW matrix & 36.7 & 56.5 & 78.7 & 59.6 & 58.5 & 48.7 & 19.2 & 18.1 & 0.2 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* A shoulder from the main peak.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Thermal parameters obtained from the DSC profiles. On the other hand, CLW displayed multiple crystallization temperatures increasing the co-crystallization exothermic peak at 61.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, followed by a small shoulder at 55.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C. During cooling, minor components, such as n-alkanes, nonacosane, and tritriacontane, form mixed molecular  
Figure 2: Differential scanning calorimetric profiles of neat waves (left panel) and their lipidic matrix systems with lemon oil (right panel). Straight and dotted lines correspond to the heating and cooling modes, respectively. (**a**) beewax, (**b**) candellilla wax, (**c**) carnauba wax, and (**d**) ozokerite wax. structures with the major alkane component, hentriacontane. This interaction affects molecular packing, which results in a broader co-crystallization peak. Thus, polar components such as FAls, FAs and WEs are able to align and partially co-crystallize. This alignment is driven by the formation of hydrogen bonds [29]. The right panel in Figure 2 shows the thermograms that resulted from the lipidic matrix systems. They are shown as amorphous systems. LEO has one big endothermic event at 45.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C (not shown), but, once incorporated into a matrix system, this peak shifted and appeared broad, except for BEW. Thereby, the relative close endothermic events between LEO and BEW (37.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C) suggest that both substances are highly miscible and that only a minimal co-crystallization occurs when these two substances are incorporated into the matrix. The HC, WEs, and FAl fraction of the CLW matrix eased crystallization at low temperatures. Matrixes having poor interaction with the terpenoids of LEO showed very little crystallization due to the poor molecular organization. In turn, it caused two small exothermic peaks. The first one was initiated by the supersaturation of waxes in the matrix, followed by a second peak indicating complete crystallization. The magnitude of these two events depended on the wax chemical composition. The energy that was required to crystallize and melt these matrix systems was smaller than that of the neat wax, which can be seen from enthalpy values. The melting enthalpy is a measurement of the amount of crystalline mass in these matrixes and depended on the wax chemical composition. The low activation energy that is required for melting these matrixes is explained by the relative level of solubility of the waxes in liquid LEO. Thus, BEW and OKW and their respective matrixes exhibited the largest solubility and, hence, melting enthalpy. On the other hand, CLW and its matrix system showed the largest crystallization enthalpy indicating a high resistance to temperature changes due to the high fraction of HCs, and WEs crystals formed.