## 3 Results
### Revisitations to Aggregation Sites  
The recursive analysis undertaken for a group of individuals in each region separately revealed several areas frequently visited by the satellite-tracked reef manta rays. In Berau, only Sangalaki Island was frequently visited by the reef manta rays as suggested by the high revisitations (Figure 3). In Nusa Penida, while the entire southwest coast of the island was frequently visited by the manta rays, the highest revisitations occurred specifically at Manta Point. In Komodo, Karang Makassar was the site visited the most frequently by the satellite-tracked reef manta rays, though Baru Bay on the east of Rinca Island also showed high visitation. In Raja Ampat, several areas were most frequented by the reef manta rays, including the Wai Island feeding and cleaning area, the Arborek Island feeding and cleaning area (including Manta Sandy and Manta Ridge), and near Dayan Island in Dampier Strait. In West Waigeo, areas with high revisitations include the Yefnabi Kecil cleaning and feeding area, the Kawe Island cleaning and feeding area (including Eagle Rock), and the east of Wayag. Additionally, Ayau Atoll in northern Raja Ampat was also identified as an area with high revisitation. Figure 2: State-space models on the movement tracks of satellite-tracked reef manta rays in four regions: (**A**) Berau, (**B**) Northern Raja Ampat, (**C**) Southern Raja Ampat, (**D**) Komodo, and (**E**) Nusa Penida from July 2014 to July 2022. The move persistence index indicates the movement behaviors of the reef manta rays. cross all the GPS tracks by individuals in each region, the mean total visitation time of the satellite-tracked reef manta rays in Komodo was the highest of all the regions, with 48.6 \(\pm\) 38.6 h from five individuals. This was followed by that in Berau and Nusa Penida with 26.1 \(\pm\) 23.0 h and 25.7 \(\pm\) 17.2 h, respectively. In comparison, the mean total visitation time in Raja Ampat was the lowest with 19.3 \(\pm\) 19.6 h. Similarly, the mean total number of revisitations by the tagged individuals in each region also varied between the regions. In Berau, the mean total number of revisitations was 3738 \(\pm\) 4248, which was the highest of all the regions. This was followed by Komodo with 1169 \(\pm\) 1270 revisitations, Raja Ampat with 780 \(\pm\) 700 revisitations, and Nusa Penida with 596 \(\pm\) 184 revisitations. At the site level, the number of revisitations and visitation time varied between the seven primary aggregation sites across our study regions (Table 2). At Sangalaki (Berau), the visitation time ranged from 0.2 to 404.1 h (mean = 52.0 \(\pm\) 86.1) from a total of 29 revisitations by three reef manta rays visiting Sangalaki. At Manta Point (Nusa Penida), this site was  
Figure 3: Cumulative number of revisitations of satellite-tracked reef manta rays in Berau, Nusa Penida, Komodo, and Raja Ampat from July 2014 to July 2022 based on satellite tracking. visited by five tagged reef manta rays with 25 revisitations and visitation time ranging from 0.9 to 155.7 h (mean = 29.6 \(\pm\) 43.7). In comparison, at Karang Makassar (Komodo), this site was visited by four reef manta rays with 21 revisitations and visitation time ranging from 0.1 to 220.2 h (mean = 19.4 \(\pm\) 49.8). In Raja Ampat, the visitation time was calculated in four sites as follows: Manta Ridge (near Arborek Island), Wai, Yefnabi Keicil, and Eagle Rock (near Kawe Island) aggregation sites. The Manta Ridge aggregation site in Dampier Strait was visited by one reef manta ray with 19 revisitations and visitation time ranging from 0.9 to 43.6 h (mean = 18.7 \(\pm\) 12.7). The visitation time by two satellite-tracked reef manta rays (18 revisitations) at the Wai aggregation site ranged from 2.0 to 98.4 h with an average of 22.8 \(\pm\) 27.7 h. At the Yefnabi Keicil aggregation site, the visitation time by two individuals recorded at the site ranged between 2.1 and 297.5 h (mean = 66.3 \(\pm\) 90.9).