esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# ABANICCO: A New Color Space for Multi-Label Pixel Classification and Color Analysis
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Classification and Naming  
To numerically measure ABANICCO's accuracy for the tasks of color classification and naming, we applied our model to the official ISCC-NBS color classification Level 2 [26], established in 1955 by the Inter-Society Color Council and the National Bureau of Standards. This second level of the ISSCC-NBS color system includes a set of 29 colors made up of 10 hues, three neutrals, and 16 compound color names.  
We fed our model the image seen in Figure 3A, where the 29 Level 2 ISSCC-NBS prototypes were represented as ordered squares of the same size. ABANICCO classified each of the colors into its 12 categories (Figure 3B), and provided a clear name for each of the individually detected colors. Figure 3 and Table 1 summarize the model's classification and naming performance. Specifically, Figure 3 reflects the results regarding color classification, while Table 1 reports the naming performance of ABANICCO. This first experiment proved that our method could successfully classify the shades into the expected categories, and provide complete, coherent labeling for the ISCC-NBS system names. However, some of the terms in the ISCC-NBS system were incongruous from a color-wheel perspective [28]: for example, \"Yellowish pink\" and \"Reddish Purple\", which combined two non-adjoining categories, skipping the middle \"Red\" and \"Pink\" sections. Our method solved these nonlinearities by classifying those colors within the skipped middle categories. These two scenarios (marked in bold in Table 1) were the only ones reporting discrepancies between our method and the standardized ISCC-NBS system. Thus, the quantitative evaluation of the segmentation and classification accuracies of ABANICCO told us that, initially, ABANICCO had 93.1% classification accuracy, which increased to 100% when we disregarded the mentioned nonlinearities.  
Figure 3: Evaluation of our method with ISCC–NBS system of color categories: (**A**) Level 2 of the ISCC–NBS system, with each color’s name superimposed over its corresponding square; (**B**) ABANICCO classification of image (**A**) into the resulting 12 categories.
# Private and Secure Distribution of Targeted Advertisements to Mobile Phones
## 5 Detailed System Description
### Two Users Meet
#### 5.2.1 Registration of New Contacts  
When two mobile devices come into proximity for the first time, both clients request a manual confirmation from the users so that they can register each other as Contacts. Registration happens by trading a unique identity number that is built within each version of the client and will from now on be simply referred to as User-ID. An out-of-band channel (SMS, QR code, email or keyboard input) is then used to exchange a pair of authentication passwords, and the meeting is logged. Alternatively, the passwords could be exchanged automatically via Bluetooth. Although this would simplify the operation, it would also create the risk of passwords being sniffed by a nearby eavesdropper. The passwords are generated automatically by a secure random string generation function (more details on this are given in Section 6.
# Scaling of Rain Attenuation Models: A Survey
## 3 Existing Scaling Techniques
### Polarization Scaling  
In the radio wave, polarization is the orientation of electric and magnetic fields. The polarization is the variety of radio waves that include vertical, horizontal, right-hand circular, and left-hand circular. Polarization scaling is helpful to anticipate the attenuation for the type of polarization for which attenuation is unknown in a given region at a particular frequency. The ITU-R model can forecast for vertical polarization attenuation because long-term attenuation statistics are available for horizontal polarization and vice versa for a particular link. Equations (38) and (39) are the mathematical formulas for determining the conversion of polarization as specified in [45].  
\[A_{V}={}^{300A_{H}/\left(335+A_{H}\right)}(dB) \tag{38}\]  
\[A_{H}={}^{335A_{V}/\left(300-A_{V}\right)}(dB) \tag{39}\]  
where \(A_{H}\) and \(A_{V}\) are the rain attenuations of the horizontal and vertical links, respectively. The scaling of polarization is essential for estimating the type of polarization for which attenuation is unknown at a specific frequency in climatic areas. The ITU-R model can forecast the vertical polarization attenuation since long-term attenuation data are available, with a frequency limit of 100 GHz, and it is expected to be valid in any region of the world, with an allowable link length up to 60 km. In circular polarization, the disadvantage of this model is that it cannot be used.
# Investigation of Data Quality Assurance across IoT Protocol Stack for V2I Interactions
###### Abstract  
Networking protocols have undergone significant developments and adaptations to cater for unique communication needs within the IoT paradigm. However, meeting these requirements in the context of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications becomes a multidimensional problem due to factors like high mobility, intermittent connectivity, rapidly changing topologies, and an increased number of nodes. Thus, examining these protocols based on their characteristics and comparative analyses from the literature has shown that there is still room for improvement, particularly in ensuring efficiency in V2I interactions. This study aims to investigate the most viable network protocols for V2I communications, focusing on ensuring data quality (DQ) across the first three layers of the IoT protocol stack. This presents an improved understanding of the performance of network protocols in V2I communication. The findings of this paper showed that although each protocol offers unique strengths when evaluated against the identified dimensions of DQ, a cross-layer protocol fusion may be necessary to meet specific DQ dimensions. With the complexities and specific demands of V2I communications, it's clear that no single protocol from our tri-layered perspective can solely fulfil all IP-based communication requirements given that the V2I communication landscape is teeming with heterogeneity, where a mixture of protocols is required to address unique communication demands.  
data quality; IoT protocols; IP communication; V2I +
Footnote †: journal: Smart Cities
# Photodynamic Therapy--An Up-to-Date Review
## 2 Photodynamic Therapy Working Principle  
PDT is a special kind of light therapy based on the combined action of three main elements: A photosensitizer (PS), a light source, and molecular oxygen (Figure 1) [17; 18; 19; 12]. The main types of light sources employed in PDT are lasers, light-emitting diodes, and lamps, the choice depending on the target location, absorption spectrum of the used photosensitizer, and required light dose [20]. Under appropriate light irradiation, the non-toxic photosensitizing compound placed at the target site is activated, being able to absorb and transfer electrons, while the in situ found oxygen molecules act as electron acceptors [19; 21; 22]. Hence, cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, producing irreversible damage to microorganisms and target tissues by rupturing the cell membrane and causing cell death by necrosis or apoptosis [17; 19; 23; 24; 25].  
There are two main types of ROS, each corresponding to a distinctive PDT mechanism (Figure 2). By electron transfer are produced oxygen radicals (e.g., superoxide anion O2*-, hydroxyl radical HO*, hydroperoxyl radical HOO*), while by energy transfer is obtained singlet oxygen (1O2) [21]. Type I mechanism supposes the transition of PS molecules from the ground state to the singlet excited state and to the triplet excited state [8]. Then, through electron transfer, these excited PS molecules interact with the substrate to form free radicals [29; 30; 31]. In contrast, in the photodynamic reaction of type II, excited PS molecules transfer energy to molecular oxygen to produce highly active singlet oxygen that further interacts with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, causing cell death by necrosis or apoptosis [8; 22; 29].  
Figure 1: Main components of photodynamic therapy. Created based on literature references [12; 18; 26; 27; 28].
# A Compact Ultra-Thin 4 \(\times\) 4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna
## 5 Conclusions  
A minimized four-port MIMO APs system operating in the 5G n78 band was studied for future ultra-thin smartphones. The designed AP obtains the advantages of low area (18 \(\times\) 4.2 mm), closed fabricated distance (1 mm), and high isolation (17 dB). Numerous vital parameter analyses were performed to deeply comprehend this device. An application scene used in single-hand mode analysis is also provided to better understand its robustness characteristics and practicability. The explored antenna was printed and measured. The measured \(-\)10 dB bandwidth and worst isolation of the designed AP were 290 MHz (3.34-3.65 GHz) and 17 dB (\(S_{21}\)), respectively. Lower ECC (0.009), preferable gain (5 dB), and high radiating efficiency (73%) were obtained. The last section also further discusses a four-AP eight-port structure. The explored MIMO APs system is expected to be utilized in future ultra-thin smartphones.  
Conceptualization, C.Z.; methodology, G.D.; investigation, J.H. and J.C.; writing--original draft preparation, C.Z.; writing--review and editing, X.S. and G.L.; supervision and funding acquisition, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61671330, the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province under Grant No. LGG19F010009, and Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program under Grant No. C20170005 and No. 2018 ZG019.  
Not applicable.
## 3 Background and Previous Related Work
### Dlt
#### 3.3.12. Applications and Use Cases  
DLT can be applied to a wide range of industries and use cases, such as finance (cryptocurrencies, remittance, tokenization of assets), supply chain management (provenance tracking, inventory control), healthcare (secure data sharing, patient records), identity management (digital identity, access control), and more.
## 2 Sesquiterpenals and Their Bioactivities
### Bicyclic Sesquiterpenols  
Bicyclic sesquiterpenols are defined as sesquiterpenols containing two carbocyclic structures, with representative examples including eudesmol and \(\tau\)-cadinol (Table 1, Figure 1). Eudesmol is found in natural essential oils, and has many isomers, such as \(\alpha\)-, \(\beta\)-, and \(\gamma\)-eudesmol [40]. These isomers are typically a colorless to pale yellow viscous liquid with camphoraceous aroma [40]. Due to its antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, it can be used as a preservative which is widely applied in pharmaceuticals and the food industry [22]. Additionally, eudesmol can serve as a fragrance fixative and a bergamot oil substitute via its acetate derivative. Tau-cadinol is an aromatic bicyclic sesquiterpenol, which is primarily isolated from the fresh root bark of _Zanthoxylum piuszekii_, and demonstrates exceptional pest-repellent efficacy during herbal medicine storage, particularly against _Tribolium castaneum_ and _Lasioderma serricorne_[41]. This compound is distinguished by its operational efficiency, minimal residue profile, cost-effectiveness, and environmental compatibility [41]. Beyond its agricultural applications [41], \(\tau\)-cadinol exhibits the multifaceted potential as a nutritional substrate [42], membrane stabilizer [43], and energy metabolism modulator [43]. Its industrial applications extend to surfactant formulations and emulsifier production. Pharmacological investigations reveal additional bioactivities, including smooth muscle relaxation [23], antidiarrheal effects [25], calcium channel antagonism [24], phyto germination regulation [26], acaricidal action, and insect repellency [26].
# A PSF-Shape-Based Beamforming Strategy for Robust 2D Motion Estimation in Ultrafast Data
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a framework for motion estimation in ultrafast ultrasound data. It describes a novel approach for determining the sampling grid for ultrafast data based on the system's point-spread-function (PSF). As a consequence, the cross-correlation functions (CCF) used in the speckle tracking (ST) algorithm will have circular-shaped peaks, which can be interpolated using a 2D interpolation method to estimate subsample displacements. Carotid artery wall motion and parabolic blood flow simulations together with rotating disk experiments using a Verasonics Vantage 256 are used for performance evaluation. Zero-degree plane wave data were acquired using an ATL L5-12 (f\({}_{\text{c}}\) = 9 MHz) transducer for a range of pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs), resulting in 0-600 um inter-frame displacements. The proposed methodology was compared to data beamformed on a conventionally spaced grid, combined with the commonly used 1D parabolic interpolation. The PSF-shape-based beamforming grid combined with 2D cubic interpolation showed the most accurate and stable performance with respect to the full range of inter-frame displacements, both for the assessment of blood flow and vessel wall dynamics. The proposed methodology can be used as a photocolled way to beamform ultrafast data and obtain accurate estimates of tissue motion.  
ultrafast imaging; beamforming; motion estimation; plane wave; speckle tracking; speckle characteristics; carotid artery Article
# Enhancing Collaborative Filtering-Based Recommender System Using Sentiment Analysis
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Feature Extraction  
Once the text data have been cleaned and lemmatized, they need to be transformed into a numerical format that can be utilized as input for deep learning models utilizing techniques such as word embeddings or Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF).  
Word embedding [34] is a language modeling and feature learning technique that maps every word in a vocabulary to a real-valued vector representation. The goal is to have words with similar meanings have similar vector representations. Word embeddings can be learned using neural networks, and one widely used method is Word2 vec. the latter includes two models: Skip-Gram (SG) and Continuous Bag-of-Words (CBOW). SG predicts context words given a center word, while CBOW predicts a center word given context words. Another method for learning word embeddings is GloVe. TF-IDF, on the other hand, is a statistical measure that reflects the weight of a word in a corpus or collection of documents, and it is widely utilized in the field of text mining.  
DL techniques showed that word embedding vectorizations performed better than TF-IDF across all features and feature selection algorithms [35; 36]. The GloVe method, as proposed in [37], has been shown to be a superior approach to word representation learning, outperforming existing methods such as Word2 vec on various benchmark tasks.  
In our study, we employed GloVe embeddings as the word representation technique for sentiment analysis. By utilizing GloVe embeddings, we aimed to leverage its superior performance and the rich semantic information it captures to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of our sentiment analysis model.
## 3 Numerical Simulation Study
### Boundary Conditions and Numerical Simulation Approach  
The model boundaries were constrained using displacement constraints, with normal displacement constraints usual to the sides of the model and displacement constraints in all directions on the bottom surface. In contrast, the model's top was maintained as a free surface. In addition, the model was only subjected to self-gravitational stresses. In the early  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline  & **Rock Formation** & **Moraine Cover Layer** & **Subside** \\ \hline \(\rho/(\text{kg}/\text{m}^{3})\) & 2760 & 2100 & 2100 \\ E / (GPa) & 4.5 & 0.46 & 0.40 \\ v & 0.25 & 0.11 & 0.1 \\ \(c/(\text{MPa})\) & 0.88 & 0.056 & 0.051 \\ \(\sigma/(\text{MPa})\) & 1.06 & 0.126 & 0.110 \\ \(\varphi/(^{\circ})\) & 27.8 & 34.9 & 32.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Geotechnical physical and mechanical parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline  & **Interfacial** \\ \hline Stiffness-shear /(GPa/m) & 0.2 \\ Stiffness-normal /(GPa/m) & 0.2 \\ \(\varphi/(^{\circ})\) & 17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Interfacial mechanical parameters.  
modeling stages, the model was intentionally expanded to reduce the constraints' effect on the simulation results in the study area. It should be particularly emphasized that the surface continues to subside during the self-mining process. In the numerical simulation, the model's initial state, i.e., the state of the continuous subsidence of the collapse zone, was represented by applying a constant negative (Z direction) velocity to the top surface of the first mining zone. After several simulations using different Z-direction velocities, the final V-z was taken as 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) m/step. Considering the complexity of the actual strati graphic structure and the uncertainty of the rock state, it was challenging to accurately simulate the natural collapse method of mining using numerical methods. Therefore, this study focused on studying the collapse zone's southern fissure; thus, the model was simplified to a certain extent. The boundary constraints of each orientation of the model are shown in Figure 6 below.  
In its initial state, the model simulated the rock mass excavation in the southern mining area and analyzed the process of mining-induced collapse. It investigated the slope's crack formation and development patterns under new mining conditions. It conducted a comparative analysis of the impact of mining on the existing subsidence crater.
## 2 Study Area  
In situ and SAR data have been collected on the 24 km\({}^{2}\) DEMMIN (Durable Environmental Multidisciplinary Monitoring Information Network) test site (Figure 1). The site is hosted by a farm located in _Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania_ in North-Eastern Germany (_Gormin_ farm, 53\({}^{\circ}\)59\({}^{\prime}\)33\({}^{\prime\prime}\)N-13\({}^{\circ}\)16\({}^{\prime}\)40\({}^{\prime\prime}\)E, EPSG 4326).  
Nine crops were monitored over one or more plots (the plot identifier is reported between brackets): wheat (IDs 230 and 250), rape (IDs 101 and 140), barley (IDs 440 and 450), maize (ID 222) and sugar beet (IDs 102, 460). Sowing and harvesting dates are reported in Table 2. Noticeable, these cultivars are characterized by different vegetation architecture. Main soil textures in the Gormin area were loamy sand and sandy loam. Within this area, the 9 monitored plots are characterized by loamy sand texture. In particular, the soil texture of plots 222, 450 and 140 is predominantly loamy sand; plot 460 is characterized by loamy sand and slightly loamy sand soil; whereas the other plots are characterized by both loamy sand and strong loamy sand soils.
## 3 Results
### Effect of Emblica Extract Solution on Hair
#### 3.3.1 Effect of Emblica Extract Solution on Tensile Strength  
Figure 4 demonstrates the effect of emblica extract solution on the tensile strength of three types of hair: The tensile strength of VH (0.958 \(\pm\) 0.102, 1.020 \(\pm\) 0.086, 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.165, and 1.124 \(\pm\) 0.123N) was higher than those of BH (0.884 \(\pm\) 0.126, 0.927 \(\pm\) 0.188, 0.951 \(\pm\) 0.141, and 0.981 \(\pm\) 0.147N) and TH (0.810 \(\pm\) 0.175, 0.874 \(\pm\) 0.177, 0.801 \(\pm\) 0.170, and 0.881 \(\pm\) 0.241 N). Emblica extract solution extremely affected VH. The tensile strength of hair treated with 9% EXS was higher than those of 6% EXS, 3% EXS, and DI water, respectively. Only the increase in the tensile strength of VH caused by 3% EXS was statistically insignificant. The tensile strength of BH and TH were statistically insignificantly increased by all concentrations of emblica extract except for the tensile strength increase of BH by 9% EXS, which was statistically significant. The hair with the highest tensile strength was VH treated with 9% EXS, while that with the lowest tensile strength was TH treated with DI water. Emblica extract solution increased the tensile strength of VH by 14.76% and that of BH by 9.88%. The result showed that the more the concentration of emblica extract solution, the more the tensile strength for VH and BH.  
Analysis of correlation was conducted on the result with Spearman's correlation coefficient to measure the statistical relationship. Regarding VH, the degree of correlation between the concentration of emblica solution and tensile strength was \"moderate positive association\" (0.656) (\(p\) < 0.01), that of BH was \"low positive association\" (0.234) (\(p\) < 0.01), and that of TH was \"no linear association\" (0.050) (\(p\) > 0.05).  
Figure 4: Mean of tensile force (N) of 3 groups of hair samples treated with DI water, 3%, 6%, 9% emblica extract solution using a texture analyzer (\(n\) = 30 each, \(p\) < 0.05); error bars represent standard error of the mean. (3 groups: virgin, bleached, and twice bleached).
# Guaranteeing QoS for NOMA-Enabled URLLC Based on \(\kappa\)-\(\mu\) Shadowed Fading Model
## 3 Analysis of the Delay Performance  
Because each packet is very short, both imperfect CSI and FBL channel coding cause transmission errors. The maximum achievable data rate is subject to transmission errors and an instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), as described in Section 3.1. Due to transmission errors and dynamic data rates in the physical layer, the APs need to keep their packets in a buffer until successful completion, which leads to a random queuing delay, as discussed in Section 3.2. Finally, in Section 3.3, we derive the Mellin transform over the arrival and service processes and investigate the UB-QDVP.
## 2 Factors Influencing the Regeneration of Cucumber Plants
### Genotype of Explants  
The genotype is an important factor affecting cucumber regeneration. The cucumber's cotyledon nodes from different genotypes cultured in Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium showed different differentiation ability [16]. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [17], using medium supplemented with the same hormones, the regeneration frequency (proportion of explants that produced buds) of 'Nongcheng 3' could reach 100%, while that of 'Xinong 58' was only 58.3%. Some varieties cannot regenerate under most hormone combinations, while '9930' can, and the bud induction rate (proportion of explants that produced shoots) was high: up to 96.7% [14; 18]. [PERSON] et al. [19] located the gene _Csa1G642540_ closely related to cucumber regeneration in vitro. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses revealed that _Csa1G642540_ was significantly more highly expressed in '9930' (high cotyledon regeneration rate) than in '9930 Gt' (low regeneration rate). For the first time, it was confirmed that the regeneration ability of cucumber is related to genotype [20]. Given the severe dependence on cucumber genotype, several varieties with high regeneration rates are often used in cucumber regeneration and transformation, such as '9930', 'Poinset76', and 'Xintai mici' [21].