# Urban Quarry Ground Vibration Forecasting: A Matrix Factorization Approach
## 3 Target Site and Data Used  
### Target Site  
In this study, we focused on the Mikurahana gravel pit operated by Toseki Material Co., Ltd., located in Akita, Japan. The primary objective was to predict the ground vibrations caused by blasting in this area. The Mikurahana gravel pit is an open-pit mine that \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Method** & **Input** & **Output** & **Number** & \(\mathbf{R^{2}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [2]} & ANN & B, S, HD, HL, CL, BI, E, & \multirow{2}{*}{PPV} & \multirow{2}{*}{170} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.99} \\  & DB, Y, PR, Vp, VOD, DE & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [2]} & ANN & B, S, HD, HL, CL, BI, E, & \multirow{2}{*}{Frequency} & \multirow{2}{*}{170} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.99} \\  & DB, Y, PR, Vp, VOD, DE & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [3]} & ANN & B, S, D, BI, MC, Y, PR, & \multirow{2}{*}{PPV} & \multirow{2}{*}{174} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.99} \\  & Vp, VOD & & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [3]} & ANN & B, S, D, BI, MC, Y, PR, & \multirow{2}{*}{Frequency} & \multirow{2}{*}{174} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.91} \\  & ANN & Vp, VOD & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [27]} & ANN & B, S, D, NR, PF, MC, MH, & \multirow{2}{*}{PPV} & \multirow{2}{*}{116} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.75} \\  & DB, PLI & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [7]} & ANN & HL, ST, MC, DB & \multirow{2}{*}{PPV} & \multirow{2}{*}{182} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.95} \\  & ANN & MC, DB & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [28]} & PSO-ANN & B, S, HL, HD, ST, SD, NR, & \multirow{2}{*}{PPV} & \multirow{2}{*}{44} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.93} \\  & PF, MC, DB, RD, FRD & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [9]} & ANN & HD, ST, MC & \multirow{2}{*}{PPV} & \multirow{2}{*}{69} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.96} \\  & IA-ANN & BS, SL, MC, DB, Y, Vp & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: burden (B); spacing (S); burden to spacing (BS); delay (D); hole length (HL); hole diameter (HD); stemming (ST); stemming length (SL); charge length (CL); sab-drilling (SD); number of rows (NR); powder factor (PF); blastability index (BI); maximum charge per delay (MC); maximum hole per delay (MH); explosive per hole (E); density of explosive (DE); distance from the blasting point (DB); Yong’s modulus (Y); Poison’s ratio (PR); point load index (PLI); rock density (RD); field rock diameter (FRD); P-wave velocity (Vp); velocity of detonation (VOD); coefficient of determination (\(R^{2}\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Study on PPV prediction using ANN. employs the bench cut method. The primary rock type in this area is rhyolitic andesite. This rock formation significantly influences the blasting dynamics due to its specific lithological and geotechnical properties. The gravel pit has a production capacity of approximately 2000 t/day. The lithological units at the site consist mainly of rhyolitic andesite, characterized by its high silica content and physical hardness. The geotechnical properties of this rock type, including its density, porosity, and fracture patterns, play a crucial role in determining the blast design and the resulting ground vibrations. These properties were carefully analyzed to optimize the blasting process and mitigate adverse effects on the surrounding environment. The geographical relationship between the Mikurahana gravel pit and the surrounding area is illustrated in Figure 1. From Figure 1, it is evident that there are settlements and roads in the immediate vicinity of the gravel pit. The Mikurahana gravel pit conducts up to two blasts daily, making the surrounding areas susceptible to the effects of ground vibrations from these blasts. A schematic of the blasting design at the Mikurahana gravel pit is shown in Figure 2. The scale of blasting is relatively small compared to overseas standards, with approximately 125 kg of explosives used for a single blast and a bench height of 10 m. The hole spacing is around 2-2.4 m, with blast hole lengths ranging from 9 to 9.5 m. Explosive materials such as ANFO, water gel explosives, and electric detonators are employed.