## 1 Introduction  
Urban underground space is getting more and more crowded as cities develop and flourish, and the open excavation building approach has increasingly fallen short of many urban underground engineering construction needs [1]. Rectangular pipe jacking is widely used in the construction of underground infrastructure, including comprehensive pipe racks, underground passages, railway stations, multi-story roads, and other municipal facilities, due to its significant advantages in space utilization, low cost, and environmental protection [1, 2, 3, 4]. Given the size effect, the disturbance caused by big-diameter pipe jacking to the nearby soil will rise as the diameter of the pipe jacking in the project increases. As the disturbance worsens, it leads to the movement and deformation of the surface and underground soil, putting the safety of underground pipelines, structures, surface traffic, and buildings in jeopardy and leading to a number of engineering and environmental issues [5, 6]. Additionally, by transferring loads from the superstructure to the earth surrounding the pile and thereby creating stresses, the building's pile foundation has an impact on the new pipe jacking tunnels [7]. Therefore, it is important to precisely estimate the deformation of structures brought on by excavation on the one hand and to predict the effects of existing structures on the tunnel structure on the other. Many academics have conducted extensive research on the causes and laws affecting surface settlement with regard to the effects of tunnel construction on the surrounding ecosystem, and they have presented some illuminating findings [8; 9; 10]. The Peck formula, which [PERSON] proposed in 1969, is the most well-known [11]. Based on this, the improved [PERSON]'s formula more accurately forecasts the settlement brought on by pipe jacking [12; 13]. In-depth research has also been conducted on the surface settlement brought on by pipe jacking installation using model testing, computer simulations, and on-site observation [8; 9]. Based on the Mindlin displacement solution method and the random medium theory, [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [14; 15; 16] thoroughly examined the mechanism of soil disturbance, additional thrust on the excavation surface, friction of the pipe jacking machine with the soil, friction of the subsequent pipeline with the soil, and grouting pressure. [PERSON] et al. 's [17] investigation into the process by which pipe jacking disturbs the soil led to the development of a formula for predicting the jacking force of rectangular jacking pipes with large cross sections. [PERSON] et al. [18; 19] suggested a pipe-soil contact model and its associated computing method for rectangular jacking pipe. The grouting features of pipe walls, as well as their impact on reducing friction and preventing subsidence, were studied by [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [8; 9]. The results of the research are extremely important for the safety assessment of the jacking project close to the construction. [PERSON] et al. [20] used Plaxis 2D finite element software to simulate the horizontal and vertical displacements of the existing structure caused by pipe jacking construction. The studies mentioned above are primarily concerned with the effects of pipe jacking construction on the environment, but it is also crucial to examine how existing structures affect the force and deformation characteristics of pipe sections as well as the pattern of ground surface deformation during the construction of rectangular pipe jacking with a large cross-section. This work develops a numerical analysis model of pipe jacking construction step by step using the finite element method in conjunction with the actual situation of the quasi-rectangular pipe jacking project at Jing'an Temple Station of Line 14. It also investigates the force and deformation characteristics of pipe jacking sections as well as the surface deformation law.