## 2 Sensing Field
Table 1 reports more details about the optoelectronic systems and their possible implementation in an Industry 5.0 framework. Our selected state of the art discussion of electronic and mechatronic sensors is about optomechatronic systems [45; 46; 47; 48], printed and flexible electronics [49; 50; 51; 52], gas sensors [53; 54], sensor network systems [55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60], and other sensors applied in different production processes such as food and agriculture; and manufacturing processes such as drilling, milling and cutting [61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71]. Perspectives in Industry 5.0 frameworks involve the possibility of integrating different technologies into a unique platform, and adopting spatially adaptable electronic components for specific production plants. Furthermore, the evolution of production processes requires advanced diagnostic to be implemented by AI predicting risks and by applying PM models, auto-calibration of the manufacturing machine parameters, and auto-adaptive control systems monitoring tool wear. Table 2 lists more information about some electronic and mechatronic sensors and their possible implementation in an Industry 5.0 framework. \ \begin{table}
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**Optoelectronic Technologies** & **Topic** & **Description** & **Reference** & **Possible Implementation in Industry 5.0 Proposed in This Work** \\\\ \\hline  & High-temperature detection & Acquisition of a digital images representing the temperature field & [10] & Quality check of product surface at high temperature by scanning automatically very small regions (intelligent control). \\\\ \\cline{2-5} CMOS RGB photodetectors & Colorimetric gas detection & Accurate monitoring of the color change & [11] & Integration with other sensors detecting gas leakage in industrial environment. \\\\ \\cline{2-5}  & Inspection of camera defects & Automatic inspection system for color defect check in manufacturing process & [12] & Real time checking of defect line and color defect for array of cameras working for quality check (auto-changing of camera in cases of defective cameras) \\\\ \\hline  & Silicon nanowires read the percentage of resistance variation in the presence of gases (laser interaction) [13], and are able to detect different gases such as CO, C\\({}_{6}\\)H\\({}_{6}\\), NO\\({}_{2}\\), etc. [14; 15] & Security in air quality control in research laboratories: integration of different technologies to detect all gases characterizing a prototype or a chemical processes. \\\\ \\hline Carbon-based nanocomposite & Mechanical sensing and solar energy & [16; 17] & High-sensitivity pressure sensors integrating simultaneously with solar energy harvesting generators. \\\\ \\hline Polymeric nanocomposite & High sensitivity in detecting variation of the optical transmittivity & [18] & Use of this typology of sensors to measure different percentages of contaminating liquids. \\\\ \\cline{2-5} Nanotechnology & Polymeric pressure sensors & High-sensitivity pressure sensors detecting soft pressure forces & [19; 20; 21] & Implementation of hard- and soft-pressure sensors obtained by changing the chemical composition of the nanocomposite material. Both soft- and hard-pressure force sensors can be implemented into a unique controlled system that addresses the calibration of forces. \\\\ \\hline Optical nanocomposite sensors contacting surfaces & Sensors detecting small notches and shear forces & [22; 23; 24] & Implementation of intelligent AI algorithms classifying information about the morphology of defect discontinuity on products or in general on surfaces \\\\ \\hline Optical nanocomposite sensors contacting surfaces & 3D object morphology and color detection & [25] & Implementation of intelligent AI algorithms classifying information about the morphology of defect discontinuity on products or in general on surfaces \\\\ \\hline \\end{tabular}
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