## 3 Results and Discussion
### Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Type** & **Subtype** & **Adaptation Measure** & **Instrument/Country** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Ecosystem-based} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Discharge and contribute solids to rivers} & 2, 8, 12 \\ \cline{3-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Ecosystem-based} & Protect, conserve, and renaturalize valuable coastal ecosystems} & 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Safeguard key species and coastal biodiversity. & 2, 3, 9, 12, 13 \\ \cline{3-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Intervention and management of cliffs} & 10, 12 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Natural restoration of sediment transit in river basins & 12 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Service} & \multirow{2}{*}{Modify buildings in low-lying areas to make them more resistant to the weather and the action of the sea} & 1 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Adequacy of harbor facilities and jetties data & 7 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Social} & \multirow{6}{*}{Information} & Monitoring and tracking of climate variables and coastal conditions & 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Assessment of infrastructure and coastal protection measures & 5, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Development of studies, projects, and research on the effects of climate change & 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Study on the identification of individuals who are vulnerable to climate change in coastal areas & 2, 8 \\ \cline{3-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Educational} & Develop knowledge of the coast and its relationship with climate change at different educational and social levels & 1, 4, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Capacity building and awareness raising at both human and institutional levels & 1, 2, 8, 12, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Behavioral} & Strategic retreat or relocation of coastal urban developments, activities, and anthropogenic uses & 4, 6, 12, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Discouraging coastal urban development & 6 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Institutional} & \multirow{6}{*}{Economic} & Increase and promote financial resources for climate change adaptation & 4 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Develop coverage strategies (insurance against economic disruptions in ecosystem service provision) & 8 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Develop risk insurance for ecosystem benefit losses and economic losses & 8 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Adopt economic and financial instruments & 4 \\ \cline{3-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Laws and regulations} & Implement and/or improve climate change or coastal zone laws and regulations & 2, 7, 8, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Enforce compliance and regulatory codes & 2, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Adopt and/or improve coastal management strategies, plans, and programs at national and local scales & 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Integrate coastal conservation, use, and management plans & 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 14 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Laws and regulations} & \multirow{6}{*}{Laws} & \multirow{6}{*}{Laws} & \multirow{6}{*}{Laws} & \multirow{6}{*}{Laws} \\  & & & & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & Enforce compliance and regulatory codes & 2, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Adopt and/or improve coastal management strategies, plans, and programs at national and local scales & 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Integrate coastal conservation, use, and management plans & 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 14 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Laws and regulations} & \multirow{6}{*}{Laws} & \multirow{6}{*}{Laws} & \multirow{6}{*}{Laws} \\  & & & & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._tial to translate adaptation strategies and plans into concrete measures. Some countries with more limited resources have developed strategic frameworks but face serious difficulties in implementing measures at the local level due to the lack of sustained financial support. On the other hand, the governance of adaptation, which requires coordination across European, national, regional, and local scales, constitutes a structural challenge.