# Industry 4.0 and World Class Manufacturing Integration: 100 Technologies for a WCM-I4.0 Matrix
## 2 Literature Review on WCM and I4.0 Relations  
There are many trends that have driven industries to move towards a new paradigm, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal issues [19]; among the most relevant, the following can be found [19]:  
* Reduction of time-to-market to develop, produce and market new products and services, which require increasingly high innovation capacities;
* Increased customization to meet the needs of individual consumers;
* Greater flexibility with faster and more versatile production processes capable of producing in smaller batches while maintaining high levels of quality;
* Decentralization of the decision-making process;
* Increased resource efficiency;
* Technological innovations such as the Internet, apps, social, networks, systems engineering, smartphones, laptops, 3D printers, AI (Artificial Intelligence) and Machine Learning, MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems), etc. In a similar context, I4.0 proposes new technological solutions whose impacts can now be clearly outlined. Digitized production has an impact on production processes, performance and business models, defined as a system of interconnected and interdependent activities that determine the way the company operates with its customers, partners and vendors. While there is no consensus among researchers on the definition of a business model, most agree that it includes a comprehensive and systematic approach to explain how companies do business, i.e., how value is generated and delivered. Because of environmental dynamics, even an established and successful business model cannot be assumed to be permanent and \"the superior ability to reinvent your business model before circumstances impose\" [20] is considered an increasingly vital source of competitive advantage in volatile and complex environments. I4.0, in this sense, proposes itself as a determining agent in the design of these new business models. The implementation of more efficient and faster production systems and innovative technologies enables leaner processes, faster time-to-market for new products and services as well as related delivery times, shortening production phases and increasing product differentiation capabilities. At the same time, it is to be expected that businesses in I4.0 need enhanced social and technical skills; it is also expected to be a shift toward design thinking instead of production thinking [21]. It seems that scientific literature does not include, to date, studies specifically focused on the relationship between I4.0 and WCM. On the contrary, there are already numerous papers and case reports on I4.0 applications in specific industrial contexts, but these are not helpful to analyze possible synergies between I4.0 and WCM. Differently, some recent papers present, indeed, the synergy between Lean Manufacturing and I4.0 [22; 23] but since WCM is not considered, and it presents some significant differences from the Lean approach, these papers give a minor contribution to the authors' aim. At the same time, notwithstanding the differences between WCM and Lean, because there are some shared principles between these approaches, literature dealing with the link between Lean and I4.0 has been analyzed: the work of [PERSON] [24] clarifies the relationship between I4.0 technologies and Lean principles, pointing out which Lean principles are strongly impacted by I4.0 technologies, and which are not. It also resumes the two current visions of researchers about the link between Lean management and I4.0: some state that Lean is a necessary foundation for I4.0 [23; 25; 26], others that I4.0 improves the effectiveness of Lean [27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. These contributions may help understanding where I4.0 may impact on WCM, for those common principles between WCM and Lean philosophy.