## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mycotoxin Occurrence  
Amongst the analyzed mycotoxins, fumonisin B2 (FB2) was the most frequently detected one in both oat and barley grains (Tables 7 and 8). The percentage of positive (contaminated) samples was as follows: FB2 96%, OTA 84%, fumonisin B1 (FB1) 12%, 15-AcDON 8% and 4% each of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DON and ZEA. However, all detected mycotoxin concentrations were below the maximum levels set for mycotoxins in cereal grains [45]. The following mycotoxins analyzed within the study were not detected in any of the tested cereal samples: NIV (Nivalenol), AFLB1 (Aflatoxin B1), AFLB 2 \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cultivar** & **Total Polyphenols (mg 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & **Lutein (ug kg\({}^{-1}\))** & \(\beta\)**-Carotene (\(\upmu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline
**Barley** & & & \\ Natasia & \(116.15\pm 0.35\,^{1}\) abc\({}^{-2}\) & 834.44 \(\pm\) 15.02 fgh & \(1.16\pm 0.05\) b \\ SU Lolek & \(214.25\pm 16.7\,^{2}\) e & \(810.30\pm 20.20\) f & \(1.106\pm 0.12\) b \\ Bringey & \(92.53\pm 9.90\) a & 843.85 \(\pm\) 32.48 fgh & \(1.23\pm 0.13\) b \\ Ella & \(156.37\pm 19.95\) d & \(793.22\pm 2.95\) de & \(0.96\pm 0.34\) ab \\ KWS Dante & \(155.04\pm 16.57\) cd & \(808.20\pm 10.14\) def & \(1.16\pm 0.09\) b \\ KWS Atrika & \(97.12\pm 13.31\) a & \(860.52\pm 4.54\) h & \(0.92\pm 0.21\) ab \\ Olympic & \(109.24\pm 6.27\) ab & \(798.93\pm 5.43\) a & \(1.20\pm 0.04\) b \\ [PERSON] & \(207.67\pm 9.74\) e & \(596.69\pm 6.60\) a & \(0.91\pm 0.02\) a \\ [PERSON] & \(130.75\pm 11.71\) abcd & \(737.59\pm 6.63\) c & \(0.89\pm 0.10\) b \\ [PERSON] & \(112.27\pm 11.15\) ab & \(777.69\pm 4.54\) d & \(1.48\pm 0.01\) c \\ Tocada & \(115.56\pm 1.66\) abc & \(810.62\pm 23.80\) f & \(1.31\pm 0.13\) b \\ Podarek & \(215.52\pm 2.51\) e & \(812.37\pm 10.90\) efg & \(1.20\pm 0.02\) b \\ Soldo & \(157.00\pm 3.67\) d & \(897.34\pm 28.41\) i & \(1.72\pm 0.24\) c \\ Penguin & \(119.22\pm 11.84\) abcd & \(838.15\pm 20.26\) fgh & \(1.56\pm 0.15\) b \\ Fabienne & \(138.43\pm 4.58\) bcd & \(858.44\pm 18.11\) h & \(1.35\pm 0.05\) b \\ [PERSON] & \(101.97\pm 6.74\) ab & \(852.84\pm 10.05\) h & \(1.50\pm 0.14\) b \\ [PERSON] & \(98.57\pm 0.68\) a & \(671.03\pm 1.74\) b & \(1.22\pm 0.07\) b \\
**Mean** & \(\mathbf{137.51\pm 42.73}\) & \(\mathbf{800.13\pm 73.36}\) & \(\mathbf{1.23\pm 0.31}\) \\ \hline
**Oat** & & & \\ [PERSON] & \(176.12\pm 11.35\) cd & \(688.95\pm 9.95\) a & \(1.53\pm 0.11\) b \\ Haker & \(63.93\pm 8.51\) a & \(664.29\pm 4.08\) a & \(1.61\pm 0.40\) a \\ Arden & \(170.55\pm 5.98\) cd & \(652.98\pm 1.19\) a & \(0.89\pm 0.02\) ab \\ Bingo & \(61.05\pm 0.73\) a & \(686.54\pm 15.04\) a & \(1.32\pm 0.39\) ab \\ Navigator & \(186.97\pm 21.65\) d & \(700.71\pm 12.63\) a & \(1.19\pm 0.14\) ab \\ Krezus & \(155.79\pm 20.40\) bc & \(828.98\pm 35.03\) b & \(1.07\pm 0.11\) ab \\ Pascal & \(134.51\pm 11.39\) b & \(908.79\pm 33.32\) bc & \(0.82\pm 0.57\) ab \\ Amant & \(54.27\pm 3.23\) a & \(9930.30\pm 1.58\) c & \(1.40\pm 0.04\) ab \\
**Mean** & \(\mathbf{125.40\pm 55.15}\) & \(\mathbf{757.69\pm 83.51}\) & \(\mathbf{1.23\pm 0.38}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) Data are presented as means \(\pm\) standard deviations (SD), n = 3; \({}^{2}\) Within columns, mean values followed by different letters (a–i) are significantly different at \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Total polyphenols, lutein and \(\beta\)-carotene content in grains of barley and oat cultivars grown organically in the controlled field trial in Poland. (Aflatoxin B2), AFLG1 (Aflatoxin G1), AFLG2 (Aflatoxin G2) and 3-AcDON (3-acetylideoxynivalenol). Mycotoxin-producing molds attack crops before and after harvest. Fumonisins, DON, ZEA and trichothecenes are the toxins produced by fungi of the genus _Fusarium_, which belong to pathogens occurring during plant growth, while OTA is produced by _Penicillium verrucosum_, a post-harvest mold, as well as by many species of _Aspergillus_[12].