## 1 Introduction  
Nanotechnology is an emerging trend in several fields such as physics, chemistry, material science, biology, and medicine [1, 2]. Nanoparticles (NPs) are often preferred for certain applications due to their ideal specifications such as tiny particle size (<100 nm), high surface area to volume ratio, and complex electronic, optical, magnetic, chemical, and physical properties [2]. Studies have indicated that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are usually synthesized using chemical approaches that are often expensive, time-consuming, and involve toxic chemicals [3, 4, 5]. Due to the several limitations associated with the chemical production of AgNPs, researchers are largely focused on the development of \"Biological or green synthesis\" of NPs. The production of biosynthesized AgNPs is often favored due to their simplicity, effectiveness, reduced cost, and eco-friendly properties [2, 3, 6].  
The efficient production of AgNPs using various biological methods, including utilizing microorganisms, plant extracts, or plant biomasses, has been intensively explored [3, 6, 7]. Furthermore, it has been suggested that plant extracts are easily maintained since they do not require intra/extracellular synthesis, purification, or the maintenance of cell cultures [1; 7]. Many reports have highlighted the biosynthesis of AgNPs using multiple plant extracts such as _Cymbopogon citatus_[8], _Tabern haematoma divariate_[9; 10], and _Tabernaemontana heyneana_ [PERSON]. [11]. However, most recently, latex extracts have been studied due to the presence of natural polymers, which act as a stabilizer for NPs [10]. Studies have been reported for _Jatropha curcas_[3], _Ficus sycomorus_[12], _Euphoria nivalia_ L. [13], _Hevera brasiliensis_ L. [14], _Calotropis gigantea_ L. [15], and _Euphoria trivacalli_[6].  
_Tabernaemontana ventricosa_ Hochst. ex A. DC. (Apocynaceae) is a latex-bearing tree with a scattered distribution in Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa [16; 17]. Traditionally, the leaves, stems, and latex of _T. ventricosa_ are often used to reduce fever and hypertension, treat wounds, and heal sore eyes [18]. The pharmacological properties of this plant include antiamoebic, antibacterial, antileishman, and cytotoxic activities [17; 19; 20]. The latex of _T. ventricosa_ contains an abundant source of alkaloids, phenolics, and proteins that may be responsible for the medicinal value of this species and the capping and stability of NPs [21].  
The continuous developments in the identification of novel plant bioactive compounds have driven researchers toward the application of latex extracts and their respective compounds for the synthesis of AgNPs [1; 22; 23]. Currently, there are several reports on the \"Green synthesis\" of AgNPs using various _Tabernaemontana_ species, such as _T. divariata_[9; 10] and _T. heyneana_ [PERSON]. [11]. To the best of our knowledge, no reports exist on the synthesis of AgNPs using latex from the _T. ventricosa_ species. Considering the importance surrounding the synthesis of AgNPs using latex extracts, especially within the genus _Tabernaemontana_, the current investigation aimed to biologically synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxicity of synthesized AgNPs using latex from _T. ventricosa_.