## 5 Conclusions
The application of DAS is here to stay as petroleum geoscientists are progressively turning from conventional geophone arrays for boreholes and surface seismic measurement. Individual conventional geophones carry vital information about seismic imaging. However, when combined with DAS, they are more efficient in terms of accurately and continuously capturing obtained seismic signal behavior rather than spending time andcost carrying complicated field acquisitions. Field data acquisition is a critical initial step in subsurface imaging, and the application of DAS has been proven to be effective, as it is able to acquire data in hard-subsurface environments and can be used for real-time monitoring. The cost, number of signal data samples along the measurement array, and time to acquire seismic data can be significantly reduced with the application of DAS if a proper deployment of a DAS SMF or MMF cable is used to help improve data acquisition parameters and the data processing of conventional geophones as a comparison for high-resolution subsurface imaging. SMF and MMF cable deployment has served as the benchmark for research in this endeavor as more advanced DAS data processing work is being developed to address this issue. The enhancement of the data processing framework to obtain higher-resolution images of subsurface values for the evaluation seismic images has a huge impact on geophysics field exploration. In the case of fiber optic cables combined with SMF and MMF, the deployment of an MMF cable is yet to be explored in acoustic parameter sensing. Its application can be more useful for DTS measurement than SMF, especially when deployed to record temperature variations. These deployment mechanisms for both SMF and MMF cable can be employed to enhance the signal resolution and improve the processing of DAS data, leading to improved seismic imaging and interpretation. This will help to fully utilize conventional geophone arrays for efficient measurements and imaging of subsurfaces. Incremental research advances, whether in the study of DAS data acquisition or processing, play a crucial role in improving the decision-making process within geophysics exploration, making future developments studies crucial. Future research on the development of SMF and MMF to improve DAS measurement can be started with a focus on the surface DAS acquisition layout; these types of fiber optic cables deployed along long-distance trenches can be compared with geophone responses to find the most suitable acquisition parameter settings. Subsequently, for further data processing enhancement, it is always better to begin with synthetic simulation for SMF and MMF responses to understand the processing framework, including a filter for conversion of the DAS strain rate to geophone units and exploration of more ML algorithms that might result in better data or model classification and denoising. The M.R. contributed to study conception, the literature review, material preparation, data collection, and analysis. K.A.M.N., A.H.A.L., D.A.O., B.N.T.-O., A.D.P., Z.A.R. and D.T.A. reviewed the manuscript and offered advice. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work is supported by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS under Rotal Energies cost centre 015 MD0-162. I would like to acknowledge the financial support by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS and thanks to [PERSON] from Institute for Computational & Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University and other authors who helped me during conceptual understanding and guidance. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.