# Adaptability of Buildings: A Critical Review on the Concept Evolution
## Content Analysis
### Enablers and Promoting Models
#### 3.3.4 Design for Resilience
Resilience can be defined as \"the ability of an urban system--and all its constituent socioeconomic and sociotechnical networks across temporal and spatial scales--to maintain or rapidly return to desired functions in the face of a disturbance, to adapt to change, and to quickly transform systems that limit current or future adaptive capacity\" [96] (p. 2). This definition as other literature definitions refers or acknowledges the need to change, which is a common feature with adaptability. However, resilience thinking provides useful understanding for the processes of change. From another perspective, adaptable design treats climate change as an important change factor to be considered for future scenarios. [PERSON] et al. [14] state \"when designing new buildings it is important to be concerned about maximizing the adaptive reuse potential of buildings later in their lives to help mitigate the effects of a changing weather climate plus the volatility of social, economic and environmental conditions\" [104] (p. 102). The recognition of resilience as an adaptive capacity in the system is obtaining momentum in developing strategies to address changes in the built environment, particularly predicted changes resulting from climate change [105]. At a building scale, resilience indicates the capacity of a building to preserve its function in the face of environmental disturbances triggered by climate change [106]. A resilient building has been defined as a building that withstands physical damage and either preserves its key functionalities or re-establishes its operations rapidly when a disruptive event hits [107]. Fostering the capacity of buildings to absorb and adapt to the consequences of climate change is becoming crucial, given the huge contribution of the sector to ecological negative footprint [108]. Another attribute shared with adaptability is that resilient design is not a single standard solution or perspective. It can be interpreted through a multifaceted lens that combines proactive and reactive strategies through mitigation and adaptation to address disturbances and external stressors. However, achieving adaptation measures in buildings is challenging due to the nonstatic nature of buildings in the future [4]. Incorporatingadaptability and flexibility strategies in building design is an important factor that takes the time dimension into consideration, thus contributing to accommodating both anticipated and unforeseen conditions, and to reducing the vulnerability to future impact. Key system characteristics that influence the resilience of buildings while fostering adaptability include robustness, redundancy, reflectiveness, resourcefulness or rapidity, longevity, and passive survivability. * **Robustness:** is the ability to withstand the impacts of stressors and external disturbances without major damage or functional failure. Robustness ensures the durability of the structure so that it is strong enough to cater multiple uses and loading scenarios. Durable claddings and foundations can significantly facilitate adaptability, increasing therefore the potential of conversion over demolition [3]. Overdesigning structural capacity is an enabling strategy for adaptability in buildings [41] and meet future needs [109]. * **Redundancy:** is the capacity spared intentionally to accommodate upcoming disturbance. In this sense, it includes diversity of solutions to address a need or perform a certain function [110]. Redundancy assumes to provide alternatives to support the main functions of a system if the primary solution is disrupted, such as backup generators and multiple water supply systems for a building. The overcapacity of systems and building elements supports changes scenarios, making buildings more adaptable. * **Refectiveness:** consists of constantly evolving systems with the ability to modify standards based on emerging conditions rather than pursuing permanent responses to maintain the original state [110].