# Linked Open Government Data: Still a Viable Option for Sharing and Integrating Public Data?
## 4 Related Works  
In addressing our first research question, \"_What is the current state of Linked Open Government Data (LOGD)?_\", it is important to recognize the concerns raised by several scholars about the suboptimal adoption of LD and LOD dissemination practices in the government sector, often centered around the limited use of RDF distributions [57; 58; 59; 60]. Despite these concerns, there is a notable scarcity of studies that provide a quantitative analysis of these issues in specific contexts or scenarios [61; 62; 33; 3]. Among these, [PERSON] et al. [62], in their analysis of a diverse sample of regional and local European institutional websites, observed that RDF is not widely used. They found that \"RDF is still a minority format\", not only when compared to CSV formats (constituting less than 5% of the data formats used) but also significantly \"less common than non-tabular structured formats like XML and JSON\", being approximately five to six times less prevalent. In 2018, [PERSON] et al. [61] focused on exploring the potential for creating business models based on open data and also briefly examined four national portals: the US, UK, Germany, and Poland. This study yielded percentages of RDF distributions that were similar to the findings in our own research. [PERSON] et al. [33], drawing on various studies of national portals from countries like the US, Brazil, Italy, Colombia, and Greece, also highlight the extremely limited proliferation of RDF datasets. In their analysis of LOD challenges and opportunities for data-driven government initiatives in Russia, [PERSON] et al. [63], as of May 2020, noted that the Russian Open Data Portal showed minimal growth in open data, with only 23,775 datasets. Over 60% of these data were in CSV format, indicating compliance with the third level of the five-star open data model, but only five had an RDF distribution, highlighting a significant gap in LOD adoption in Russia. Compared to previous research, our study provides two significant contributions. Firstly, it presents a comprehensive and current overview of national portals worldwide, including a detailed quantitative analysis of RDF distribution publication and the availability of national SPARQL endpoints. Secondly, in addressing RQ1.2, our study concurrently sheds light on the scientific community's interest concerning the intersection of OGD and LOD. Concerning the second research question \"_What factors are holding back the spread of LOGD?_\", the literature review we carried out shows a clear lack of systematic investiga  
Figure 1: Research questions and paper organization. tions into the obstacles that impede the development of LD within OGD. This situation contrasts sharply with the extensive body of research that examines, from various angles, the challenges and barriers faced in the widespread implementation of OGD. One of the earlier studies focusing on OGD issues is by [PERSON] et al. [64] in 2012. They specifically explored socio-technical barriers to the use of open data. Their approach combined a literature review, four workshops, and six interviews to categorize these barriers into ten distinct categories. Notably, they found that the impediments identified through empirical research differed from those documented in the existing literature, providing a unique and comprehensive perspective on the challenges faced in the realm of OGD. [PERSON] et al. [65], in 2015, conducted a thorough analysis of the existing literature, focusing specifically on the processes of data publishing and consuming within OGD initiatives. They also aimed to identify key challenges and issues that prevent these initiatives from achieving their full potential. Based on their findings, they categorized the challenges into five distinct groups. We adopted their categorization as a framework to guide and structure our specific investigation of literature in the LOGD field. In the same year, [PERSON] et al. [66] carried out a comprehensive survey across various government agencies in India.