# A Study on Analyzing Travel Characteristics of Micro Electric Vehicles by Using GPS Data
## 1 Introduction  
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining attention as an alternative to fuel-powered vehicles due to their growing importance to the environment [1, 2, 3, 4]. As the importance of reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions has grown, the popularity of eco-friendly vehicles has increased [2]. Among environmentally friendly vehicles, micro-EVs are regarded as the most likely choice as a mainstream mode of transport in the future [1]. A micro-EV is a small electric car with one or two seats which is designed for short-to-medium-distance trips [5], and their usage has expanded in recent years. In the EU, the STEVE project piloted micro-EV-based mobility services from 2017 to 2021. In Japan, Toyota implemented a car-sharing service for short-distance urban travel using micro-EVs through the Ha:Mo project. In Korea, micro-EVs have been introduced and operated as part of the postal delivery service [6]. According to statistical data provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, the registered number of micro-EVs has increased by 38.8% annually since 2019, the year when the registration count was first compiled (from 950 units in 2019 to 4893 units in 2024). Despite this, the proportion of micro-EVs compared to the total number of vehicles remains very small, at around 0.02% (as of 2024) [7]. In response, the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy has conducted research and development (R&D) projects related to micro-EVs to expand the industry. These projects aim to provide various services using micro-EVs and identify the types of services where micro-EVs have advantages. The micro-EVs used in this project comprised a total of 106 units, consisting of six models, as shown in Table 1. While the CEVO-C, D2, Twizy, and MASTA MINI are most commonly used for personal trips, the D2C and MASTA VAN are more suitable for cargo transport. Micro-EVs have both advantages and disadvantages. They produce relatively less pollution, such as fine dust and noise, compared to conventional vehicles. Additionally, their small size makes it easier for them to travel in narrow areas compared to other modes of transportation. Micro-EVs are also suitable for addressing social changes, such as an aging population and the increase in single-person households. However, micro-EVs have some drawbacks, including short driving distances per charge due to their low battery capacity, limited output and speed, and insufficient driving performance. There are also concerns regarding the safety of these vehicles [6]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Classification**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Micro Electric Vehicles Used in the Empirical Experiment**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**CEVO-C**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**D2**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**D2C**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Twizy**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**MASTA MINI**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**MASTA VAN**} \\ \hline Length (mm) & 2430 & 2820 & 3095 & 2338 & 2545 & 3150 \\ \hline Width (mm) & 1425 & 1530 & 1495 & 1237 & 1290 & 1297 \\ \hline Height (mm) & 1550 & 1520 & 1705 & 1454 & 1570 & 1685 \\ \hline Battery capacity (kW) & 10.2 & 17.3 & 17.4 & 6.1 & 10.0 & 10.0 \\ \hline Max. output (kW) & 14.9 & 10.0 & 10.0 & 12.6 & 10.0 & 5.0 \\ \hline Max. speed (km/h) & 80 & 80 & 80 & 80 & 80 & 78 \\ \hline Range (km) & 75.4 & 92.6 & 101.0 & 100.0 & 150.0 & 100.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Micro-EVs used in the empirical experiment and their specifications. Due to the advantages and disadvantages of micro-EVs, it has not yet been evaluated as to which type of service would best promote their use. Through the aforementioned R&D project, the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy provided three types of services using micro-EVs: a shared transport service, delivery service, and public service [6]. The role of each service is explained in Table 2. The shared transport service provided micro-EVs to connect public transportation with departure and destination points in urban areas.