## 4 Applying SWE
### SWE Projects and Applications  
In recent years, SWE based Sensor Web infrastructures have been deployed in various projects and applications which demonstrated the practicability and suitability of the SWE standards. In the following, we present a non-exhaustive selection of such SWE projects and applications. Table 7 gives an overview and further information about the selected projects, for example about which SWE service types have been used. The architecture of the OSIRIS project (_[[http://www.osiris-fp6.eu/_](http://www.osiris-fp6.eu/_)]([http://www.osiris-fp6.eu/_](http://www.osiris-fp6.eu/_))) has been based on SWE standards [75]. SOS, SAS and SPS were enhanced and used in a broad range of use cases ranging from forest fire fighting [105], to air pollution monitoring by attaching sensors to busses [106]. The SANY project (_[[http://sany-ip.eu/_](http://sany-ip.eu/_)]([http://sany-ip.eu/_](http://sany-ip.eu/_))) [107] dealt with environmental and risk management. It aimed at improving the interoperability of in-situ sensors and sensor networks to enable the reuse of data and services [77]. Within the GENESIS project (_[[http://www.genesis-fp7.eu/_](http://www.genesis-fp7.eu/_)]([http://www.genesis-fp7.eu/_](http://www.genesis-fp7.eu/_))), the SWE services have been applied in practical scenarios ranging from air quality to fresh and coastal water quality. A special focus has been put on sensor discovery and concepts for event based architectures. The INTAMAP project (_[[http://www.intamap.org/_](http://www.intamap.org/_)]([http://www.intamap.org/_](http://www.intamap.org/_))) developed a real-time processing service for the interpolation of observations provided via SOS [108]. The EO2 Heaven project (_[[http://www.eozheaven.org/_](http://www.eozheaven.org/_)]([http://www.eozheaven.org/_](http://www.eozheaven.org/_))) contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationships between environmental changes and their impact on human health by building a spatial information infrastructure which applies SWE services to monitor human exposure to environmental pollution and for an early detection of infections. The ESS project (_[[http://www.ess-project.eu/_](http://www.ess-project.eu/_)]([http://www.ess-project.eu/_](http://www.ess-project.eu/_))) develops an infrastructure based on SOS, SPS, and SES to provide real-time information to crisis managers during abnormal events to improve the management between forces on the ground (e.g., police and firefighters) and the control centers. The UncertWeb project (_[[http://www.uncertweb.org/_](http://www.uncertweb.org/_)]([http://www.uncertweb.org/_](http://www.uncertweb.org/_))) is dedicated to integrate quantified uncertainty into web based environmental model chains which also involves the incorporation of the uncertainty assessment into O&M and SensorML. CSIRO's South Esk Hydrological Sensor Web deals with monitoring the water cycle in Tasmania and in particular forecasting the short-term river flow. Within the test bed, SWE standards have been used to develop new hydrological and water resource management tools [109]. The Advanced Fire Information System (AFIS) project [110] combines in-situ measured sensor data (e.g., from weather stations) and remote sensing data to detect wild fires in South Africa. As soon as the power supply infrastructure (power lines or pylons) is endangered, an automatic notification of responsible persons is triggered so that damage to transformers can be prevented. The OOSTethys project (_[[http://www.oostethys.org/_](http://www.oostethys.org/_)]([http://www.oostethys.org/_](http://www.oostethys.org/_))) has developed software components to leverage oceanographic research. The aim has been to integrate heterogeneous ocean observing systems such as the application oriented _Integrated Ocean Observing System_ (IOOS) and the research-oriented _Ocean Observatories Initiative_ (OOI) by utilizing SWE and other standards [111].