# PINE: Post-Quantum Based Incentive Technique for Non-Cooperating Nodes in Internet of Everything
## 1 Introduction  
The Internet of Everything (IoE) (shown in Figure 1) is a network of sensor devices that collect and exchange data or information without the need for human engagement [1]. IoE refers to the intelligent interconnection of people, processes, data, and digital objects. In addition, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of billions of things and devices that use various wired and wireless network protocols [2] to detect, measure, and analyse their state in public or private networks [3, 4]. By the next decade, it is expected that our technological future will be made of a variety of appliances, devices, and beings that are all connected to the Internet [1]. However, if we can determine the true distinction between IoT and IoE, the IoT focuses on physical objects and entities interacting with one another, while the IoE provides the smart network to connect all of these principles into a single system [3, 4]. The IoT has been restricted to automating Machine-To-Machine communication or devices [2] whereas, IoE involves Machine-To-Machine (M2M), Person-To-Machine (P2M), and Person-To-Person (P2P) connections [1]. As a result, phones, tablets, and computers as well as data, people, and business processes all contribute to this intelligent ecosystem. The IoE ecosystem can be applied to various use cases, including but not limited to education, transportation [4, 5], entertainment, defence [4], smart environments [6], healthcare devices [6], etc., all these becoming heterogeneous smart nodes that communicate with another in the network [3, 4]. In a world where everyone and everything is increasingly connected, wired and wireless network domains generate enormous opportunities to uncover network connectivity gaps. This network environment generates a very large amount of data, which are exposed to different types of cyber attacks due to the expansion in information and communicationtechnology. Malevolent entities, including but not limited to bots, people, and network devices, may wish to exploit such flaws. Data security and privacy are seen as critical components in establishing trust between gadgets and humans. Meanwhile, the Internet of Things is delivering a torrent of data, and safeguarding all of it is a difficult task. Cyber-crime and security breaches are increasing rapidly as a result of the exponential or unfettered expansion of technology. Most businesses are aware of their digital flaws, however, due to the high level of sophistication involved in executing a network assault, they tend to overlook or have little control over digital security. Because the global cyber-security industry is expected to be worth more than USD 20 trillion by 2025, and cyber-crime will cost more than USD 5 trillion, a proactive approach may be necessary to recover and mitigate dynamic unpredictable threats in IoE, IoT, and cloud computing, which together are expected to add more than USD 30 trillion to the global economy [7]. In Figure 2, cyber attackers attempt to exploit the vulnerability and jeopardise the dependability of the IoE network by applying different attacking techniques; the IoE architecture must be defensive enough to withstand such types of attacks and avoid economic loss. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a cooperative network of many sensor devices that interact over a short distance to share data either with or without an internet gateway [8]. The WSN ecosystem has expanded exponentially over the years, promoting advancement in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) [4] and leading to the emergence of different types of networks, for instance, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE), and Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) [9; 10; 11], to name only a few, all of which have numerous use cases. As ICT influences people's daily lives, it has an implicit impact on the macro-economic growth of society as well.