# Digital Twin in the Maritime Domain: A Review and Emerging Trends
## 5 Developing a Ship Digital Twin Architecture
### Appreciting the Future Dynamics
#### 5.3.1 Smart Port Compatibility  
To create better management solutions and increase the efficiency levels of port operations using DT techniques, initiatives such Smart Port or Port 4.0 [98] have become  
Figure 7: Overall Task Distribution of a DT-based Framework.  
promising concepts. The digitalized port ecosystem will expect its stakeholders to follow the prerequisites to obtain or deliver the services. Automation will be the key component with supportive technologies such as IoT, AI, Smart Logistics [99], Blockchain port operations [100], DT, etc. With a similar intention, the \"European Commission Roadmap for Waterborne Transportation Development Action Plan\" [101], which was formulated in the year 2019, strives towards the implementation of a digitalized smart port concept with the ultimate goals of improving the safety, security, efficiency, environmental soundness, transparency and improvement in workforce factors in present port systems. The United Kingdom, in their long-term strategy Maritime-2050, has also emphasized the ambitions of digitalization of ports in the process of moving towards Smart Ports [102].  
As the terminology itself portrays the correlation, Smart Ports will always be required to accommodate smart ships. Both systems will function hand in hand in energy management, navigation, communication, resource sharing, safety and security, marine environment conservation, intelligent awareness of each side's strengths/limitations, etc. Necessary historical data and real-time data are to be shared at both regional and global levels. DTs of both ship and port will be able to function as the bridge between two smart systems.  
The Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands has already taken the initial step in adopting DT technology by establishing a sensor array using IoT technology and obtaining real-time mission-critical hydro and weather data for port operations. It obtains tidal data, salinity, wind speed, and direction from a combination of 44 sensors and analyzes them along with prediction models to provide complete digital visibility to the port control station [103] and upbringing data to support the port governance and inter-port collaboration scheme [104]. The Port of Antwerp in Belgium is also adding digitalized concepts for its operations. Apart from the functioning the level DT model, digitalized radar infrastructure port control is assisted by an autonomous network of drones to assert domain awareness, spill/waste detection, firefighting tasks, etc. [105]. Further, Adelaide Port in Australia has optimized its container handling capacity by using AI-powered smart functions in the planning and utilization of assets in the terminal [106]. The TwinSim project at Hamburg port, Germany, is also underway to achieve 3D visualization of the port functions in collaboration with sensor data and AI [107]. However, the safety, physical security and cyber security of the smart port system [108] will be an utmost concern and a challenge, where a single deviation/disruption can halt the entire operational flow.  
With the current trend of port digital extension, future ships may be mandated to operate with smart functions along with a DT to maintain compatibility with the DT of the smart ports. The transformation from regular to digital will require successful meta-level organizational alignment with strategic coalitions of stakeholders [109].