# Post-Flood Risk Management and Resilience Building Practices: A Case Study
## 7 Conclusions  
From the finding of the systematic literature review, it can be concluded that in Pakistan, disaster preparedness is higher for floods than other disaster events. The authorities continuously monitor and provide information on any emergency crisis. However, these authorities lack the technical skill and equipment to deal with large-scale disaster events such as the 2010 floods. There is a need to develop the capacity to respond to the emergency crisis, effectively relocate, rescue, and rehabilitate the victims in the affected regions. It has been observed that delayed response of government and NGOs during crisis further deteriorated the condition of the victims. Lack of clean drinking water, food, and shelter increased the suffering of the community. Despite having frequent floods proper awareness and education programs are not given to the people to prepare themselves for the disaster. Lack of coordination between government and NGOs is evident. The reported humanitarian relief work carried out is different from what is being carried out. The community was not satisfied with the relief response, reconstruction of houses by NGOs, and financial assistance provided by the government. The authorities at the district and sub-district level are unable to implement medium to long-term emergency plans and interventions to mitigate the floods [47; 48; 49]. It can be concluded from the case study that the socioeconomic status of people living in the district of Layyah was found to be low and most people worked as laborers and on the farms. After the floods, 74% population reported that they had to rebuild their house, and the support was mostly provided by NGOs instead of the Government. The local indigenous practices such as using tractor tubes and Sandhari for crossing over floodwaters were used. Houses were built on raised platforms and protection bund/embankments were built around their community as a protection against floods. The satisfaction level of the community for flood response by the Government and NGO was found to be high in LN and BAK, while very low satisfaction level was evident in SW and KHS. The flood risk management can be upgraded by integrating community resilience. The BAK, KHS, and SW community can fundamentally restore their living status and curtail long-run vulnerability using their local resources in addition to government and NGOs support. These three communities were considered as social and infrastructural resilient. The concept of community resilience to disasters has gained significant impact over the last decade, which could help policymakers and practitioners to identify the strengths and vulnerabilities of populations endangered by floods [34]. Although LN is not infrastructurally and economically resilient, however, people of LN were found to be socially resilient. There was no planning and coordination between Government and NGOs for flood risk management, due to which the satisfaction level of affected communities in all four UCs towards the gov \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Localities** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**For Government**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**For NGOs**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **Value of Index** & **Satisfaction Level** & **Value of Index** & **Satisfaction Level** \\ \cline{2-5} Factor: Response Plans & LN & \(-1.72\) & Very Low & \(0.00\) & Acceptable (Very low) \\ \cline{2-5}  & BAK & \(1.78\) & Very High & \(-1.70\) & Very low \\ \cline{2-5}  & KHS & \(-0.28\) & Very Low & \(-0.44\) & Very Low \\ \cline{2-5}  & SW & \(-1.32\) & Very Low & \(-0.62\) & Very Low \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of satisfaction level against flood response received after the 2010 floods between Government and NGOs. ernment's emergency relief and rescue was found to be very low. In BAK, the satisfaction level was found to be very high due to the government's long-term assistance as compared to the other three localities which depict the bias of government officials.