## 3 Results
### Classification of Treatments, Cultivars, and Farms Based on the Raw Data Collected
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Parameter** & **Integrated** & **Organic** & **Significance** \\ \hline
**CEC (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 26.18 & 26.99 & ns \\
**pH** & 7.91 & 7.86 & ns \\
**OM (\%)** & 2.40 & 2.99 & ns \\
**CaCO\({}_{3}\) (\%)** & 38.97 & 40.88 & ns \\ EC (mmnbs cm\({}^{-1}\)) & 2.48 & 3.36 & * \\
**Total N (\%)** & 0.28 & 0.13 & * \\
**P (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 26.76 & 16.28 & ** \\
**K (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 0.85 & 0.80 & ns \\
**Ca (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 22.22 & 22.72 & ns \\
**Na (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 0.38 & 0.41 & ns \\
**Mg (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 4.45 & 4.81 & ns \\
**Fe (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 1.59 & 1.74 & ns \\
**Mn (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 2.27 & 0.96 & ns \\
**Zn (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 0.87 & 0.81 & ns \\
**Cu (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 5.36 & 8.42 & ns \\ \hline \end{tabular} _Asterisks indicate significant differences of means within the same row at probability level \({}^{*}\), p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ns, not significant. CEC, cation exchange capacity, OM, organic matter, EC, electrical conductivity._  
\end{table} 
Table 8: Effect of cultural management on soil physicochemical properties of Bebecou orchards. On the other hand, the two cultivars could be partly separated, as 'Bebecou' was located on the negative side of PC 1, while the majority of 'Diamantopoulou' was located on the positive side of PC 1 (Figure 2). In the following figure where only the raw data of 'Bebecou' were used, it can be seen that there was a quite clear separation between the two cultivation systems, as the majority of the raw data of organic farms were located on the positive side of PC1 and those of integrated farms on the negative side (Figure 3). Figure 1: Scatterplot of the raw data based on cultivation practice employed in the orchards, irrespective of the cultivar used. Abbreviations: ORG, organic management, INT, integrated management. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Parameter** & **Integrated** & **Organic** & **Significance** \\ \hline
**CEC (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 20.21 & 30.59 & ** \\
**pH** & 7.9 & 7.72 & ns \\
**OM (\%)** & 2.34 & 3.67 & ** \\
**CaCO\({}_{3}\) (\%)** & 45.68 & 29.33 & ** \\ EC (mmnbs cm\({}^{-1}\)) & 2.77 & 3.57 & ns \\
**Total N (\%)** & 0.13 & 0.20 & * \\
**P (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 30.25 & 43.35 & ns \\
**K (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 0.66 & 1.65 & * \\
**Ca (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 20.09 & 22.79 & ns \\ Na (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.54 & 0.37 & ns \\
**Mg (meq 100 g\({}^{-1}\))** & 4.16 & 4.85 & ns \\
**Fe (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 1.78 & 1.47 & ns \\
**Mn (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 1.89 & 1.37 & ns \\ Zn (mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 1.00 & 1.17 & ns \\
**Cu (mg kg\({}^{-1}\))** & 9.88 & 8.06 & ns \\ \hline \end{tabular} _Asterisks indicate significant differences of means within the same row at probability level *, \(p<0.05\); **, \(p<0.01\); ns, not significant. CEC, cation exchange capacity, OM, organic matter, EC, electrical conductivity._  
\end{table} 
Table 9: Effect of cultural management on soil physicochemical properties of ’Diamantopoulou’ orchards. When only the raw data from the organic farms of 'Bebecou' were used, the first two components of the PCA explained together the 47.93% of the variability. It was clear that the farms could be distinguished from each other, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Scatterplot of the raw data based on cultivation practice employed in the ’Bebecou’ orchards only. Abbreviations: ORG, organic management, INT, integrated management. Figure 2: Classification of the two cultivars used in the present experiment. Abbreviations: B, ’Bebecou’ cultivar, D, ’Diamantopoulou’ cultivar. Similarly, when only the data from the integrated 'Bebecou' orchards were analyzed, the first two PCA components could explain 53.48% of the variability of the original data. Again, it was clear that the three integrated 'Bebecou' orchards could be separated based on the PCA results (Figure 5). Figure 4: Scatterplot of the raw data based on the effect of farms in the ‘Bebecou’ organic orchards only.