## 1 Introduction  
Wireless communication presents advantages over wired communication because it is easier to set up and broadcast data without having to use wires. Wireless communication based on radio frequencies (RFs) has led to the rapid development of mobile networks. However, the radio-frequency resources are being exhausted. To increase the data rate, we need to increase the communication frequencies. Various research groups worldwide have been investigating ways of improving upon the fifth-generation (5G) of digital cellular networks in the frequency band of millimeter waves that increase the data rate (1-10 Gbps). However, it is important to consider that RFs have potentially harmful effects on human health [1]. Therefore, researchers worldwide have attempted to find new technologies to replace RF technologies currently in use. Studies have shown that visible light [2] can be used for data transmission instead of the RF techniques; the optical wireless communication (OWC) technique include three main techniques using LEDs to transmit data [3]: visible light communication (VLC), light fidelity (LiFi), and optical camera communication (OCC). VLC and LiFi both use photodiodes for the reception of signals from LEDs. The difference between VLC and LiFi is not only using visible light spectrum, but infrared spectrum also tested in LiFi [4]. Besides that, LiFi used the bidirectional transmission, with visible light as downlink and the infrared spectrum in uplink when VLC just usesvisible light with one-direction. Unlike VLC or Li-Fi technologies that use photodiodes as receivers, the OCC system uses an image sensor as a detector on the receiver side. The performance of the OCC system depends significantly on the camera type [5]. Global shutter and rolling shutter cameras are two types of cameras suitable for the OCC system, and these cameras are available in the commercial market at reasonable prices. For the global shutter camera, the frame rate is the main factor that affects the OCC performance because the frame rate determines whether the sampling rate satisfies the Nyquist sampling requirement. However, in the rolling shutter camera, the sampling rate depends also on the rolling rate of the camera. Their advantages of OWC technique over the RF technique are as follows:  
* Visible light waves do not have any negative influences on the human body [6]. In contrast, RF waves adversely affect human health and reduce system performance because of electromagnetic interference (EMI). * The bandwidth of the visible light wave is much greater than that of the RF bandwidth; it is more than 1000 times the RF bandwidth. * It is important to consider that when the line-of-sight transmission is gained by the channel model, visible light waves are more safe and efficient. Given this potential, many companies are investing a substantial amount in funding research on innovations in this technique. OWC technologies were introduced in the IEEE 802.15 standard [7]. The uniqueness of the OWC technique and its complexity protocol are given in [7]. The IEEE 802.15.7m task group (TG 7m) was created to amend the previous standard (i.e., IEEE 802.15.7-2011) [7], which focused only on the VLC mode. In TG 7m, the OWC technique includes the following four features:  
* The updated VLC modes are used in the IEEE 802.157-2011 standard [8]. * OCC uses cameras or image sensors to receive signals from a light source by using various modulation techniques. * Light-emitting diode (LED) identification is a low-speed communication scheme with speeds below 1 Mbps; LEDs are used as photodiodes. * Light fidelity (Li-Fi) is a high-speed modulation scheme that uses a high-rate photodiode with data exceeding 1 Mbps in the physical layer. Currently, the RF technologies cover most areas, such as mobile communication systems, monitoring systems, and radar systems, with typical techniques such as Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth. However, RF frequencies radiate EMI [9].