# Cognitive Manufacturing in Industry 4.0 toward Cognitive Load Reduction: A Conceptual Framework
## 3 Results
### SRQ1: What Causes Cognitive Overload in Manufacturing Environments?
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Causes of Cognitive Overload** & **Literature** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Interruptions} & According to [20; 21; 22; 23], interruptions are identified as being an essential driver to cognitive overload, which influences the human’s capacity to perform effectively. The authors of [24] stated that interruptions are identified as being an essential driver to cognitive overload, which influences the human’s capacity to perform effectively. \\ \cline{2-3}  & The authors of [25] stated that training in some areas commonly speaks to circumstances that are near the breaking point of trainees’ capacities, forcing cognitive overload. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Manual assembly} & The authors of [9] mentioned that, because of the strategies of manufacturing companies, manual assemblers face a bigger cognitive load than in past times. The authors of [26] demonstrated that the work performed under cognitive overload affects assembly task completion times. The authors of [27] studied a reduction in cognitive load in complex assembly systems. The authors of [28] mentioned the information management strategies in manual assembly. The authors of [29] evaluated the guidelines for assembly instructions. The authors of [8] developed a method for cognitive load assessment. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Maintenance activities} & The authors of [30] developed an AI tool to test if, among other aspects, the cognitive load of the maintenance workers using an AI-based system would be lower. The authors of [31] studied a cognitive perspective and methodology for reverse engineering tools. \\ \cline{2-3}  & The authors of [32] stated that order picking is a demanding task at the cognitive level. The authors of [33] demonstrated the significant effect of for pinking tasks on human capacities and error rate by recording the human cognitive load, while the authors of [34] studied the order picking process using a projector helmet. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Visual inspection/quality inspection} & The authors of [35] based their work on the knowledge that visual control does not ensure a completely correct assessment, due to constrained human reliability that is influenced by several elements which impact the capacity of a human to properly evaluate the quality of the procedure and/or product. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & The authors of [35] based their work on the knowledge that visual control does not ensure a completely correct assessment, due to constrained human reliability that is influenced by several elements which impact the capacity of a human to properly evaluate the quality of the procedure and/or product. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Causes of cognitive overload in manufacturing environments. generate remarkable quality experiences and add to a better quality of life. The ideal approach to decrease cognitive load is through augmentative technologies, which does not necessarily refer only to augmented reality when it comes to manufacturing [32]. The following technologies help workers on the job, and they can be integrated into the environment to improve worker capacity [17]:  
* Digital work instructions guide workers through complex procedures, progressing with them, introducing them to the data they need when they need it, decreasing stress, and removing common sources of error [17]. As summed up in [39], reading on high-quality computer displays can be done as fast as reading on paper. A smarter operator [40] interacts with an AI personal assistant, thereby reducing the probability of mistakes happening [41]. This interaction can happen through virtual or augmented reality (virtual operator or augmented operator [40]). Some relevant Industry 4.0 technologies are in-view instructions using head-mounted displays, tablet instructions, projection-based in situ instructions, and step-by-step instructions that guide the worker through the whole process [42].