## 5 Discussion
### Social Media Usage During COVID-19 Among University Students in Japan
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Pattern 1**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Pattern 2**} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(LINE + Twitter + Instagram)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(LINE + Twitter + Instagram + TikTok)**} \\  & **2021** & **2022** & **2023** & **2021** & **2022** \\  & **(\(n\) = 730)** & **(\(n\) = 472)** & **(\(n\) = 275)** & **(\(n\) = 175)** & **(\(n\) = 126)** \\ \hline Age 2 & & & 0.08 \({}^{\sharp}\) & 0.10 \({}^{\sharp}\) & \\ Living Condition 3 & & \(-\)0.09 \({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.07 \({}^{\sharp}\) & & \\ Generalized Trust & & 0.10 \({}^{\ast}\) & & & \\ Self-indeterminate & \(-\)0.08 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.29 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.32 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Self-establishment & 0.25 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & & & 0.15 \({}^{\ast}\) & \\ Self-independent & & & \(-\)0.09 \({}^{\sharp}\) & & \\ Self-variable & & 0.07 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.16 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Rejection Avoidance & & \(-\)0.14 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.11 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Praise Acquisition & 0.14 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.15 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.15 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.15 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.16 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ Self-appeal & & & \(-\)0.09 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Topic Avoidance & & & \(-\)0.17 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Internet Usage Time via Smartphone & & & & \(-\)0.17 \({}^{\ast}\) & \\ Internet Usage Time via Tablet & 0.08 \({}^{\ast}\) & & & & \\ OCSs & 0.10 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.14 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.12 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.15 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ Twitter Monthly Usage & & & & \(-\)0.08 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ LINE Monthly Posting Frequency & 0.05 \({}^{\ast}\) & & & & \\ Twitter Monthly Posting Frequency & \(-\)0.06 \({}^{\ast}\) & & & & \\ Instagram Monthly Posting Frequency & & 0.10 \({}^{\ast}\) & & & \\ Anxiety Toward COVID-19 & & & & & \\ Depression Tendency & \(-\)0.28 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.20 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.29 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.17 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.40 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) \\ Social Support & 0.37 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.23 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.32 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.46 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 0.35 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) \\ Self-indeterminate \(\times\) Gender & & & \(-\)0.30 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Self-establishment \(\times\) Gender & & & 0.17 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Self-variable \(\times\) Gender & & & \(-\)0.51 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Topic Avoidance \(\times\) Gender & & \(-\)0.17 \({}^{\ast}\) & & 0.52 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Internet Usage Time via Computer \(\times\) Gender & & & & & \\ Internet Usage Time via Smartphone \(\times\) Gender & & & & 0.28 \({}^{\ast}\) & \\ Internet Usage Time via Tablet \(\times\) Gender & \(-\)0.09 \({}^{\ast}\) & & & & \\ OCSs \(\times\) Gender & & & & \(-\)0.23 \({}^{\sharp}\) & \\ Twitter Monthly Usage \(\times\) Gender & & 0.07 \({}^{\ast}\) & & & \\ Instagram Monthly Usage \(\times\) Gender & & & 0.11 \({}^{\sharp}\) & & \\ Twitter Monthly Posting Frequency \(\times\) Gender & & & & 0.21 \({}^{\ast}\) & \\ Instagram Monthly Posting Frequency \(\times\) Gender & & & & \(-\)0.20 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ Anxiety Toward COVID-19 \(\times\) Gender & & & \(-\)0.28 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \\ Depression Tendency \(\times\) Gender & & \(-\)0.09 \({}^{\sharp}\) & & & \\ \hline Adjusted R2 & 0.58 & 0.56 & 0.59 & 0.59 & 0.45 \\ F-value & & 73.83 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 40.23 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 25.82 \({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\)\({}^{\ast}\) & 28.32 \({}^{\ast}\)