esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Numerical Modelling for Form-Finding of TEL-Gridshells
### Workflow  
The proposed form-finding model for TEL-gridshells requires determining the geometry of the elements in two steps with the help of an intermediate run analysis.  
In the first step, the geometry of the main grid and the auxiliary elements corresponding to _Stages 1_ and 2 are established. The model is then imported into RFEM and a first provisional analysis is performed.  
Once the deformed geometry of the grid is obtained, it is exported to Rhino where the geometry of the transverse laths in the deformed position is determined and, from this, the geometry of the straight laths including the position of the connectors is derived. Then, the cables required for the curving of the transverse laths and the auxiliary connectors needed to join all the elements are added to the geometrical model. These operations are carried out using custom scripts developed in Grasshopper. Once the geometrical model is complete, it is exported back to RFEM and the final full computational run analysis is performed (_Stages 1_-5).  
The two-step geometrical modelling is necessary because the shortening of the cables is not total, and therefore the deformed grid does not exactly match the target grid. This means that the length of the transverse laths to be used does not match the length of the target geometry either and must be slightly readjusted. Otherwise, the length of the transverse laths will be longer than the distance in the grid and unrealistic stresses or convergence problems may occur.
## 3 Result and Discussion
### Chemical Backwashing for Radial Fiber Media Filtration Process  
Chemical backwashing was evaluated for the radial multifiber media filtration process because physical backwashing was ineffective in restoring the head loss of the organically contaminated fiber media filter [16]. Previous studies found that sodium hypochlorite solutions may have a negative impact on the properties of the fiber media filter or may lead to the deterioration of the filter [19; 35; 36; 37; 38]. A sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution with optimal concentration was used during chemical soaking to achieve optimal head loss recovery with a minimum impact on the properties of a fiber-type filter.  
Figure 6 shows the result of the experiments performed once a week using different NaClO concentrations. Increasing the concentration of NaClO increased the cleaning efficiency at 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/L after 24 h of chemical soaking following 20 h of operation. The head loss of the radial multifiber media filtration process was efficiently restored through chemical soaking at a concentration of 2000 mg/L. The head loss recovery efficiency was 96.2% at 2000 mg/L of NaClO but was restored by only 65.2% and 84.5% at 500 and 1000 mg/L, respectively (Figure 6a). Compared to the removal efficiencies of virgin media filters (Figure 6b), the radial-type multifiber media filter exhibited stable removal efficiency after soaking at the highest NaClO concentration (2000 mg/L). The removal efficiencies after soaking at a concentration of 2000 mg/L were 88.5% for TSS, 59.4% for TOC, and 42.3% for BOD\({}_{5}\).  
Although NaClO consists of functional groups such as aldehyde (CHO), carboxyl (COOH), and keto (C=O), these functional groups can degrade the mechanical properties of organic-based fiber media filters [39]. As shown in Figure 7, NaClO soaking of the fiber media in this experiment provided relatively good recovery of head loss due to the oxidation and removal of organic contaminants on the surface. The NaClO solution may damage the surface of the fiber media filter due to oxidation of the media surface. However, the solution increased the negative charge on the surface, thereby leading to an increase in electrostatic repulsion between negative charges on the filter and negatively charged contaminants [40]. This may increase the interaction between contaminants and the filter, resulting in stable removal efficiencies after NaClO soaking.  
Figure 6: (**a**) Head loss recovery of the fiber media filter after chemical soaking with different concentrations of NaClO solution and (**b**) removal efficiencies of TSS, TOC, and BOD\({}_{5}\) from radial-type multifiber media filtration after chemical soaking with 2000 mg/L of NaClO solution.
# Automatic Atrial Fibrillation Arrhythmia Detection Using Univariate and Multivariate Data
## 4 Conclusions  
This work has presented an overview of automatic AF arrhythmia detection methods based mainly on inter-heartbeat intervals, roughly organized into two groups, namely univariate and multivariate classifiers. The first group focuses on the analysis of single time series features, while the second screens the arrhythmia as a multidimensional problem, in which a set of features is coupled and then evaluated at once.  
As exemplified by the reviewed studies, the contribution of widely renowned open access databases is of utmost importance, covering different classes of arrhythmia but proving crucial for the development of AF detection methods. However, assessment of different AF classes remains limited, pioneered by field studies [29; 50] separating AF into chronic (ChAF) and paroxysmal (ParAF). Throughout reviewed studies, the research efforts put on device-oriented and field data progress deserve special credit [25; 47; 49; 72] regardless of the not yet remarkable performances achieved, as only the fully ambulatory approaches (online processing) that achieve success would enable future development of pacemaker-like medical devices capable of reverting AF attacks to normal rhythms. While the low computational demands of the RR-based univariate methods offer a bright future in the domain of wearables with limited but increasing computational capabilities, the interconnected IoT Cloud and services that are emerging in remote health markets may be calling for a research look at a wide range of multivariate pretrained models with renewed interest.  
Conceptualization, methodology and paper writing, Z.H.; formal analysis, B.A.; writing, metrics review, performance comparison and manuscript editing, M.A.; validation, M.O. and J.-C.D.; supervision, N.A. and S.D.; funding acquisition, Z.H. and M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101029808. The research conducted by [PERSON] received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801342 (Tecniospring INDUSTRY) and the Government of Catalonia's Agency for Business Competitiveness.  
The authors [PERSON], M.A. and [PERSON] are employed by NVISION, a company developing IoT and Digital Health data processing services.
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, a relaxed FFSP with sequence-dependent setup time constraints is described as one 0-1 integer programming problem and then solved using an ensemble of three metaheuristics, including genetic algorithms (GAs), ant colony systems (ACO), and simulated annealing (SA). This ensemble runs in a grid-based environment using two clusters, where the candidate solutions are distributed in the grid cores. The main contributions of this proposal are the following: (1) the implementation of a cooperative hybrid GA combining GA global search skills with both iterative and cooperative local search properties provided by SA and ACO to solve RFFSP instances; (2) that the binary representation of candidate solutions efficiently exploits the characteristics of the search approaches, unlike the known proposals where there is a mapping between the continuous and the discrete space, which is not guaranteed to maintain the properties of the search heuristic; (3) the use of an island model with a star-type connection to run the ensemble of heuristics in a grid-based environment. Furthermore, with a master-slave scheme, the evolutionary process is conducted in a master process. The local search is carried out in a set of slave processes distributed in a grid environment. Also, the master process distributes the population on the slave processes and coordinates the communication on the computational grid elements. The communication occurs in both directions using point-to-point communication. Finally, since, to the best of our knowledge, there are no instances in the existing literature for the optimization model under study, four instances (small, medium, and large) are designed to test the proposed ensemble. The rest of this document is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the relaxed flexible flow shop problem with sequence-dependent setup times and presents a novel mathematical model to solve this problem. Section 3 introduces the grid-based algorithm used in this paper, the hybrid genetic algorithm in the grid environment, and the experimental results are discussed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 contains the conclusions and future work of this proposal.
# A Preliminary Analysis on the Insecticidal Effect of Cyantraniliprole against Stored-Product Pests
## 4 Discussion
xylostella_ L. adults with deformed wings in the parental generation increased when larvae were treated with chlorantraniliprole at LC10 and LC25 concentrations. The survival time of tested adults was significantly shorter than that of the control adults. The dose effect on survival time was obvious because it was at the highest doses where the survival time was the shortest. The doses of insecticides not only affect insect physiology but also alter insect behavior [36]. [PERSON] et al. [37] showed that a subsurvival dose of cyanraniliprole increased the mating competitiveness of treated _Bactrocera dorsalis_ (Hendel) males, as well as the number of times a cyanraniliprole-treated mating pair mated. Moreover, the significant effect of cyanraniliprole on feeding behavior was analyzed using electrical penetration graphing (EPG) and was observed in several insects, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & **Active Ingredient** & **Mortality** & **Remarks** & **Reference** \\ \hline _T. molitor_ & pirimiphos-methyl & High & Phosphorylating the acetylcholinesterasecholinesteraseterase (AChE) & [22] \\ _T. confusum_ & pyrrole & High on barley & More effective on barley and wheat & [23] \\  & cypremethrin & and wheat & than on maize & \\  & cypermethrin & High & LC50 values = 68.1 to 6263 ng & \\ _A. diaperinus_ & cypremethrin & High & (AI)/cm\({}^{2}\) & [24] \\  & dichlorvos & High & LC50 values = 10.3 to 1385 ng & \\  & triflumuron & High & LC50 = 272 \(\mu\)g (AI)/mL of solution & [24] \\ _R. domencia_ & pirimiphos-methyl & High & Proved an efficacious method & [25] \\  & spinosad & High & Proved an efficacious method & [26] \\  & cypremethrin & High & Higher mortalities recorded on wheat & \\  & cypermethrin & High & and barley than on rough rice & [27] \\  & & & Higher mortalities recorded on wheat & \\  & deltamethrin & High & and barley than on rough rice & [27] \\  & & & and maize & \\  & pirimiphos-methyl & High & Phosphorylating the acetylcholine-lineterase (AChE) & [27] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Experimental data from previously published time–mortality bioassays of chemical insecticides against adults of the species tested in this study. including _Myzus persicae_ ([PERSON]), _Bacterica cockerelli_ ([PERSON]), _Frankliniella fusca_ ([PERSON]), and _F. occidentalis_[38; 39; 40]. Piercing and sucking insect pests not only cause direct damage to plants by stylet probing but also indirectly by transmitting plant viruses between plants during feeding [41]. Cyantraniliprole has excellent cross-spectrum activity against a wide range of pests, including lepidoptera, dipteran leafminers, fruit flies, beetles, whitflies, thrips, aphids, leafhoppers, psyllids, and weevils [42].
## 3 Results
### Model Performances
1—ERA dataset the testing phase; 2—PCA dataset the testing phase; 3—ERA dataset the validation phase; 4—PCA dataset the validation phase. _CC_ for relative air humidity varies from 0.82 to 0.89 depending on the selected model. _NRMSE_ is 10.6-12.6, except for the NN model with a ten time's smaller error, as it was for the incoming radiation NN model. The difference between _KGE_ for various models for the relative air humidity is insignificant and changes within the range of 0.77-0.87. The linear model with PCA dataset demonstrated bad performance for simulation of the wind speed with _CC_ = 0.58 and _KGE_ = 0.45. All other models were good enough for modelling of the wind speed. Estimation of model performances showed that the wind direction has the biggest errors and lowest correlation among all studied meteorological variables. The correlation coefficients are below 0.6 and have a negative value for direct ERA5-Land comparison. _NRMSE_ is about 23-26%, except for the NN model (_NRMSE_ = 0.6%). _KGE_ is at an average level of 0.37-0.53. The CC value for net radiation is high (0.86-0.9) and some improvements were obtained using the PCA dataset. The NN model demonstrated the lowest _NRMSE_ compared with other models, and the _KGE_ for the NN model is higher than for other models. Similar results were obtained for modelling of the soil temperature. The NN model showed a slightly better performance than regression models and much better results than direct ERA data. The CC values for all models is high (0.97-0.98), _NRMSE_ is about 8%, and _KGE_ is above 0.7.
# Multiport Energy Management System Design for a 150 kW Range-Extended Towing Vessel
## 3 Rule-Based Expert Control Strategy for the EMS of RETV
### Expert Control Strategy for the EMS  
The EMS control target is to distribute power between the ESS and the diesel generator system. By monitoring the SoC level of the ESS, charging can be dynamically adjusted to  
Figure 11: Energy flow of the EMS under towing operation.  
Figure 12: Energy flow of the EMS under end towing operation.  
Figure 10: Energy flow of the EMS under cruise operation.  
meet the PMSM's power demands. As the ESS design combines the battery and supercapacitors, the EMS's rule-based expert control strategy is complex, as each component can be either charged or discharged.  
The operating conditions of the RETV are relatively fixed, making it suitable for the rule-based expert control strategy. The logical threshold control decomposes the RETV's different operation stages into control parameters, providing a tailored control strategy for each stage to ensure comprehensive energy management.  
According to the analysis of the operation stages, we set the PMSM power demand \(P_{t}\), and lithium battery SoC\({}_{b}\) as the threshold values. Operating the lithium battery at low SoC accelerates aging. To optimize the battery's lifespan, we set the upper and lower thresholds of SoC\({}_{b}\) as 0.9 (So\(C_{bMAX}\)) and 0.2 (So\(C_{bMIN}\)), respectively. When \(P_{t}\) was greater than the rated output power of the battery, the diesel generator system was used as the compensation power supply to supply the extra power demand. The control logic flowchart is shown in Figure 13. The specific rules were as follows:  
1. When \(P_{t}>0\) and SoC\({}_{b}\) > SoC\({}_{bMIN}\) If the rotating speed of the PMSM was not fixed in the high-speed range (beyond 87% of its peak speed), the lithium battery and supercapacitors could supply the RETV. If the rotating speed was fixed in the high-speed range, the diesel generator system supplied the PMSM. If the rotating speed of the PMSM was not fixed and was less than 87% of its peak speed, the lithium battery and supercapacitors supplied the RETV for various power demands. If the rotating speed was fixed and was less than 87% of its peak speed, only the lithium battery supported the RETV.
2. When \(P_{t}>0\) and SoC\({}_{b}\) < SoC\({}_{bMIN}\) As the lithium battery and supercapacitors could not supply the RETV in this operation stage, the diesel generator system joined in and compensated for power. The lithium battery and supercapacitors were charged if necessary.  
Figure 13: A schematic diagram for the expert control strategy of EMS for the RETV.  
When \(P_{t}<0\) and \(\text{SoC}_{b}>\text{SoC}_{bMAX}\)  
The RETV worked under the end towing stage. The PMSM acted as a reverse power generator. The lithium battery and supercapacitors were charged in this case.  
When \(P_{t}<0\) and \(\text{SoC}_{b}>\text{SoC}_{bMAX}\)  
The braking resistor consumed the negative power.
## 3 Design of Distributed Controller and Filters
### Design of the Distributed Controller  
In this section, cooperating with the filter (6), the distributed adaptive controller is designed. The following error variables and change of coordinates are introduced  
\[e_{i,1}=\frac{1}{k_{i}(t)}\Big{(}x_{i,1}-q_{i,1}-\sigma(t)(x_{i,1}^{0}-q_{i,1 }^{0})\Big{)} \tag{18}\]  
\[e_{i,m}=\frac{1}{k_{i}(t)}\Big{(}x_{i,m}-\alpha_{i,m-1}-\sigma(t)x_{i,m}^{0} \Big{)},m=2\,,\ldots,n \tag{19}\]with  
\[\sigma(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{t_{s}^{2}}(t-t_{s})^{2},\ t<t_{s}\\ 0,\ t\geq t_{s}\end{array}\right. \tag{20}\]  
where \(x_{i,j}^{0}=x_{i,j}(0),j=1,\ldots,n\), and \(q_{i,1}^{0}=q_{i,1}(0)\), and \(t_{s}\) can be any positive constant. Let \(t_{s}=1\) in this paper.  
Then, the intermediate control signals \(\alpha_{i,m}\) and the distributed controller \(u_{i}\) are determined as follows  
\[\alpha_{i,m}=-\lambda_{i,m}\frac{e_{i,m}}{1-e_{i,m}^{2}},\ m=1,\ldots,n-1 \tag{21}\]  
\[u_{i}=-\lambda_{i,m}\frac{e_{i,n}}{1-e_{i,n}^{2}} \tag{22}\]  
where \(\lambda_{i,m},1\leq i\leq N,1\leq m\leq n\) are the positive design parameters. It is easy to verify that \(e_{i,m}(0)=0\) for all \(1\leq i\leq N,1\leq m\leq n\) and \(e_{i,1}(t)=x_{i,1}(t)-q_{i,1}(t)\) for \(t\geq t_{s},1\leq i\leq N\). \(k_{i}(t)\) are the constrained functions chosen by the designer and used as prescriptive performance functions, satisfying \(0<\underline{k}\leq k_{i}(t)\leq\overline{k}\), \(\left|\dot{k}_{i}(t)\right|\leq k^{\prime}\) with \(\underline{k}\), \(\overline{k}\) and \(k^{\prime}\) being positive constants.  
**Remark 4**.: _Function \(\sigma(t)\) is constructed to attenuate the influence of the initial conditions, since it makes \(e_{i,m}(0)=0\) and therefore stable results can be achieved under all initial conditions using \(\sigma(t)\) for transformation (20). It should also be noted that \(\sigma(t)\) of (20) is continuously differentiable and \(\hat{\sigma}(t)\) does not exist in the further design of the controller, which means that the designed intermediate control signals and actual controller are smooth._
# Addressing Sustainability within Public Procurement of Food: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Discussion
### Addressing Sustainability in Food Procurement  
The results suggest that all three sustainability pillars were accounted for in the reviewed literature. These were often related to common focus words, but also potential environmental implications and perceived benefits. In the articles, environmental and social sustainability were the most salient. Similar results were identified in [PERSON] et al. [27], where social aspects and environmental sustainability through green public procurement were found to be common themes.  
Environmental sustainability was found to be addressed by discussing the benefits of certain types of foods, e.g., organic and local foods (see also discussions below) and their perceived sustainable outcomes. Such findings were broadly represented in the text, and associated with, e.g., reduced climate change, damage to ecosystems, less pollution and pesticides (e.g., toxicity), and reduced resource consumption and waste. This broad and complex view of the environmental sustainability implications was an interesting finding, as studies on sustainable consumption of food are generally limited in their scope, often addressing only climate change, see, e.g., discussions in [106; 107]. Social sustainability was primarily addressed by discussing the implications of food choices. This included suggestions that procuring food should ensure that issues such as fair trade, fair wages, safe working conditions, ethical purchasing, and healthy diets for consumers are addressed. Similar findings have also been found in previous studies addressing social sustainability in food systems [22; 43; 108]. Additionally, economic sustainability was focused primarily on economic viability and livelihoods, primarily for national and local producers.  
Despite the narrative provided in the articles that suggest a number of positive implications for the sustainability of food systems through public procurement, few articles assess the sustainability or outcomes of procurement processes through quantitative or qualitative methods. As outlined, most articles are accounts of past procurement processes or discussions on future potential, with only a few applied methods linked to indicators on the implications for sustainability through life cycle assessment or other methods. In several articles, environmental sustainability was proxied by referring to the potential GHG emission reductions of particular foods or assumed benefits from certain types of foods, e.g., local and organic. Similar findings are also discussed in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [52], where GHG emissions (and reductions thereof) are assumed to represent sustainability broadly. While addressing environmental sustainability, other major social and economic aspects were not covered. Similar findings have been highlighted for bioenergy systems, due in part to the science-policy framework used to promote bioenergy, see [24].
# Optimal Design of Switchable Wearable Antenna Array for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Models and Methods
### Inverse Problem Formulation
#### 2.2.2 Nadir Point Distance Maximization  
As an alternative to the min-max approach, in this subsection and in the next one we propose two other single-objective formulations amenable to a concept of multi-objective optimization theory. In fact, objective function components \(G_{s}\) and \(G_{i}\) define a 2D objective space where the Pareto front, i.e., the set of solutions exhibiting the best trade-off between competing objectives \(G_{s}\) and \(G_{i}\), takes place. In particular, two reference points can always be found in a straightforward way in a 2D objective space:  
* utopia \(U\), i.e., the point the coordinates of which are the best values of each objective (in our case, \(U_{s}\) is the maximum of \(G_{s}\) function, independently considered and subject to the problem constraints; a similar explanation holds for \(U_{i}\));
* nadir \(R\), i.e., the point the coordinates of which are the worst values of each objective.  
According to a geometric interpretation, utopia and nadir are located at the independent vertices of a rectangle which incorporates the Pareto front (Figure 9). Put simply, \"good\" solution points are those located within the rectangle, far from nadir point and close to utopia point.  
Moving from this background, we decided to implement a single-objective optimization inspired by the utopia-nadir concept, with the final aim of approximating a solution located along the front of best compromises. Accordingly, the second proposed approach utilizes the concept of distance of individual solution point to nadir point, which is defined in the objective space as shown in Figure 9. As the first step, we approximated the values of utopia coordinates and nadir coordinates; then, we defined the objective function \(f_{r}\) defined by Equation (4), to be maximized, which expresses the \(d_{R}\) distance from nadir point in objective function components space. Therefore, \(f_{R}\) is a scalar preference function conceived in a bi-objective context. The coordinates of nadir point are (\(R_{s}\),\(R_{i}\)) = (0.1,0.25).