## 3 Materials and Methods
### Details of the Testbed  
The network infrastructure in the testbed enables the incorporation of two Linux servers that use Ubuntu version 20.04, also commonly known as Focal Fossa. This helps the inclusion of normal and attack machines with supportive devices such as routers and switches. The server, IoT devices, and smartphones are connected to WAN and LAN interfaces accordingly and are connected to the Internet through a combination of routers and a switch. Figure 1 illustrates the network architecture components of the testbed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **Year** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Comprehensive** \\ **IoT Simulation** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Multi Attack** \\ **Scenarios** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Telemetry Data** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Label** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **IoT/IIoT** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline KDDCUP99/NSL-KDD [12] & 1998 & No & No & No & Yes & IoT \\ \hline UNSW NB15[13] & 2015 & No & Yes & No & Yes & IoT \\ \hline AWID [18] & 2015 & Yes & Yes & No & Yes & IoT \\ \hline ISCX [14] & 2017 & No & Yes & No & Yes & IoT \\ \hline UNSW-IoT Trace [15] & 2018 & Yes & No & No & N/A & IoT \\ \hline BoT-IoT [17] & 2018 & Yes & Yes & No & Yes & IoT \\ \hline UNSW-IoT [16] & 2019 & Yes & Yes & No & Yes & IoT \\ \hline WUSTL-IIoT-2021 [19] & 2021 & Yes & Yes & No & Yes & IIoT \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of widely utilized IoT datasets. Figure 1: Network architecture of the testbed. The system follows the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) [21] and HTML protocol while servicing through the gateway API and is programmed accordingly using scripts programmed in Java. A particular Ubuntu Server is under the control of the attacking entity, and its purpose is to execute various types of Botnet-related attacks, such as port scanning, fingerprinting, and volumetric and protocol-based DDoS attacks. The transmission of essential data and information between servers was facilitated by employing the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a secure method for transferring files over a network that utilizes the Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) operating on port number 22. The comprehensive dataset of both benign and malicious network traffic was meticulously captured using Wireshark [22], a proficient network packet analyzer tool that runs on the Ubuntu operating system. Wireshark captures packet information on demand, ensuring the entire volume of network traffic data is precisely captured. The cloud server utilizes the cloud server platform known as Heroku. In this cloud server, Heroku references the repository of a Java program uploaded to Gitlab ([[https://about.gitlab.com/](https://about.gitlab.com/)]([https://about.gitlab.com/](https://about.gitlab.com/)) assessed on 1 May 2023). Heroku supports the programming language and can process the system following the Java-based framework, Spring boot. While processing, the Heroku server also manages the internal program data in one popular and cost-effective database platform, PostgreSQL ([[https://www.postgresql.org/](https://www.postgresql.org/)]([https://www.postgresql.org/](https://www.postgresql.org/)) assessed on 1 May 2023). The data generated from the IoT device follow the network communication protocol to transfer and receive files from the Heroku server [23]. The Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface (RestAPI) integration through java programming helps the IoT device to communicate with its web and android based application to retrieve and transfer the necessary data. Figure 2, illustrating the communication process for IoT network. The following are the primary microcontroller components utilized for the development of the IoT device: (1) Arduino Uno, (2) SIM808 Module, (3) ESP8266 (NodeMCU), (4) Load Cell Sensor, and (5) HX711 Module. The IoT device is programmed through Arduino IDE, implementing the C++ programming language for the following functions:  
1.