esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract
The most convenient method for obtaining such compounds is hydrothermal synthesis [26; 27; 28], which allows, depending on the process conditions (concentration and type of reagents, temperature and pressure in the reactor, and the duration of thermal treatment), one to obtain a wide range of microstructure variants with varying degrees of dispersity and crystallinity. Additionally, this method allows hierarchically organized materials and films to be formed with increased roughness, which ensures better wettability of the material surface and increases its specific surface area and the number of active centers, contributing to fast ion diffusion at higher applied current and therefore ensuring a high-rate performance [29; 30; 31]. In most works concerning the development of supercapacitor electrodes, the application of the active material is most often carried out by impregnating the carrier, by screen printing with pastes based on the target material and organic binder [7; 24; 32], or in the process of hydrothermal growth of films, directly on the surface of substrates of varying nature [33; 34; 35]. These approaches are not always convenient from the point of view of targeted material deposition or creation of electrode structures of complex geometry; in addition, removal of the organic binder after coating deposition requires additional heat treatment of the obtained samples, which may negatively affect their morphology, chemical composition, or crystal structure. Previous research by various authors has shown the high efficiency of using printing technology to create miniaturized components and devices for alternative energy, electronics, and gas sensing. In particular, it has been demonstrated that approaches such as ink-jet printing [36; 37; 38; 39], aerosol printing microplotter [40; 41; 42; 43] and microextrusion [44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49] printing, and pen plotitier printing [50; 51; 52] allow the use of sinks of varied viscosity, forming coatings of different thickness and geometry with high accuracy and ensuring high reproducibility of microstructures and functional characteristics of the resulting planar structures. The purpose of this work was to study the synthesis of a nanocomposite based on layered double nickel and cobalt hydroxides and carbonate hydroxide hydrates by using a hydrothermal process to develop a technique for the microplotter printing of an electrode film as an array of miniature planar nanostructures on a nickel-plated steel surface using functional inks based on the obtained hierarchically organized powder and to study the electrochemical properties of the resulting material as a promising component of supercapacitors.
# Research on a Decoupling Algorithm for the Dual-Deformable-Mirrors Correction System
## 5 Coupling Analysis  
The coupling coefficient is calculated from the directional cosine of the Woofer phase compensation and the Tweeter phase compensation. This coefficient represents the degree of correlation between them [17]. Through research, the coupling effect of the dual-deformable-mirrors wavefront correction system can be effectively reduced, achieving independent correction of each order of aberrations and correction of any order of aberrations, as well as targeted correction of specific aberrations in different scenes. This will make the dual-deformable-mirrors wavefront correction system more widely used and lay the foundation for the application of large aperture telescopes. For example, when correcting 3 rd-order aberrations, the mode coefficients of the aberrations are 0.657761, 2.42713, and 0.0423 \(\upmu\)m. Figure 8 shows the saturation margin of the DM actuator and the coupling coefficient curve between the FSM and the DM.  
Figure 8a depicts the coupling coefficient curve between the FSM and the DM. Figure 8b displays the saturation margin of the DM actuator. By combining Figure 8a,b, the black line in Figure 8a represents the coupling coefficient curve when correcting the 1 st-order and 2 nd-order aberrations of the FSM and the 1 st-, 2 nd- and 3 rd-order aberrations of the DM. The red line represents the coupling coefficient curve when correcting the 1 st- and  
Figure 7: Coupling coefficient curve between FSM and DM.(**a**) FSM only corrects the 1 st and 2 nd-order aberrations, DM only corrects the 3 rd-order aberrations (**b**) FSM only corrects the 1 st and 2 nd-order aberrations, DM only corrects the 10 th order aberrations (**c**) FSM only corrects the 1 st- and 2 nd-order aberrations, DM only corrects the 25 th-order aberrations.  
2 nd-order aberrations of the FSM and the 3 rd-order aberration of the DM. The black line in Figure 8b represents the saturation margin of the DM actuator, corresponding to the black line in Figure 8a. The red line represents the saturation margin of the DM actuator, corresponding to the red line in Figure 8a. As can be seen from the black line in Figure 8b, it is evident that the saturation margin of some actuators of the DM decreases rapidly, which reduces the ability to correct aberrations and affects the correction of more high-order aberrations. This will seriously affect the stroke of the DM actuator, resulting in resource waste and increased costs. Therefore, the decoupling study of the dual deformable mirrors wavefront correction system is crucial.
## Materials and Methods
### Antimicrobial Testing  
The antimicrobial susceptibility of several strains (_Bacillus subtilis_ CCM 2215, _Enterococcus faecalis_ CCM 4224, _Escherichia coli_ CCM 3954, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ CCM 3955, _Staphylococcus aureus_ CCM 4223, _Streptococcus agalactiae_ CCM 6187, _Streptococcus canis_ NPK09, _Streptococcus pyogenes_ NPK01 and _Candida albicans_ CCM 8215) to SHDE extract, hydrolate, and the distillation residue of the areca nut was tested by a previously described disk diffusion method [43]. The strains were obtained from the Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Brno, Czech Republic (CCM), or provided by the Pardubice Hospital (NPK) as clinical isolates.  
Briefly, strains were grown on Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) or Sabouraud dextrose agar (HiMedia, India) in the case of _Candida albicans_. Cells were harvested and suspended in physiological saline to approximately a cell density of \(1.5\times 10^{8}\) CFU-mL\({}^{-1}\) (0.5 on the McFarland scale). The microbial cell suspensions were spread onto Mueller-Hinton or Sabouraud dextrose agar using sterile cotton swabs. Sterile paper disks (6 mm in diameter) were placed on the inoculated agar medium and impregnated with 8 \(\upmu\)L of sample. Plates were incubated for 24-48 h at 30-37 \({}^{\circ}\)C (depending on strain) under aerobic conditions. Following incubation, inhibition zones were evaluated using a BACMED 6 iG2 automated reader and analyzer (Aspiag, Czech Republic). Simultaneously, antimicrobial disks were purchased from Oxoid Ltd. (Basingstoke, UK) were used as a positive control (ampicillin: 10 \(\upmu\)g, ciprofloxacin: 5 \(\upmu\)g, clindamycin: 2 \(\upmu\)g,uconazole: 25 \(\upmu\)g, and tetracycline: 30 \(\upmu\)g). As a negative control for SHDE extract, testing with pure \(n\)-hexane (solvent) was performed. Experiments were carried out repeatedly (\(n=4\)), and the results were expressed as the mean of inhibition zones (in millimeters, including 6 mm of disk diameter) with a calculated standard deviation.
## 2 Methodology
### Point Cloud Processing  
The terrestrial laser scanner is used to obtain the data from the cloud of points that are stored in a data structure that contains a vertical angle \(\theta\), a horizontal angle \(\phi\), and the distance R between the scanner and the object [33].  
For registration, a BLK360 Personal Laser Scanning (PLS) weighing 1 kg was used, which makes it very useful for managing non-complex architectures [34].  
The BLK360 Terrestrial Laser scanner (Leica Geosystems, Switzerland) uses waveform scanning (WFD) technology, with a maximum speed of 360,000 points/s. The description, precision, and characteristics of said equipment can be seen in the work carried out by [PERSON] et al. [34] in relation to works that are related to the field of architectural heritage. Regarding processing, the BLK360 operates through the Cyclone FIELD 360 software (in its updated version as of the shipping date) using a tablet as an operator in field work.  
For data processing, the Cyclone REGISTER 360 software was used through the process structure, as shown in Figure 3a: \"Create new project\", \"Import files\", \"Smart Align Option\", \"Visual alignment\" and \"Accuracy result obtained\" according to this configuration shown in Figure 3b. To determine the analysis of the point density of the laser scanner, a segmented sample of the set of two phases was taken with a section of 0.265 by 0.248 m, making two subsets of points with 65,720 mm\({}^{2}\). In Phase 1, 18,799 points are obtained, so the density is 0.28 points/mm\({}^{2}\). In Phase 2, in the same way, a total of 19,150 points are obtained, so the density is 0.29 points/mm\({}^{2}\). If we compare this scanner with other structured light scanner densities [35], we will observe that its point density varies. The average distance between points of the Phase 1 record has also been determined, taking twenty samples at random and nearest points, obtaining a result of 0.00318 m.  
Figure 3: (**a**) Point Cloud parking link and (**b**) Link result of Cyclone 3 DR 360 scans.
## 4 Kinematics, Workspace, Singularity, and Simulation
### Inverse Kinematics Solution  
The moving platform orientation was used to calculate the final homogeneous transformation matrix. The maximum stroke length for each linear actuator on the robot is 50 mm.  
Figure 6 illustrates the change in the leg length during flexion and extension motions. During the extension motion, the moving platform is rotated about the \(X_{\text{m}}\)-axis in a clockwise direction (+ve direction), and it is rotated in an anticlockwise direction for flexion motion. The three actuators are initially positioned (the home position) at the halfway point of the stroke (25 mm). The actuator has a 25 mm maximum extension and retraction from the home position. Leg l\({}_{2}\) extends, leg l\({}_{3}\) retracts, and leg l\({}_{1}\) remains in the same mid position during the extension motion. Leg l\({}_{2}\) retracts, leg l\({}_{3}\) extends, and leg l\({}_{1}\) is not activated during the flexion motion. As a result, the moving platform can be oriented in the desired direction. Note that the movable platform only permits rotational motion.  
Figure 7 depicts how leg lengths vary during wrist ulnar deviation and radial deviation motions. During ulnar deviation motion, the moving platform is rotated about the \(Y_{\text{m}}\)-axis in an anticlockwise direction (\(-\)ve direction), and it is rotated clockwise for radial deviation motion. When the robot performs the ulnar deviation motion, leg l\({}_{1}\) retracts while leg l\({}_{2}\) and leg l\({}_{3}\) simultaneously extend. Leg l\({}_{1}\) extends and legs l\({}_{2}\) and l\({}_{3}\) retract in the same manner during radial deviation motion. The inverse kinematics solutions shown in Figures 6 and 7 were used to control the leg lengths of the robot.  
Figure 6: Change in the leg length during flexion/extension.  
It is understood from Figures 6 and 7 that, when the top platform of the 3 UPS/S exoskeleton robot was rotated smoothly, all the legs of the exoskeleton robot moved smoothly in tandem.
## 4 Data and Examples  
### Urban Road RFID Data Processing and Extraction  
In this paper, we extract the vehicle traffic data recorded by RFID on Nanjing urban roads in December 2015. The distribution of the collected base stations is indicated by the green circles in Figure 3. Due to issues such as information transmission and database storage abnormalities, some abnormal data were collected by some base stations. Therefore, in the data analysis section, only valid vehicle passage data from the collected base stations were selected. Taking the data from December 2 nd as an example, the license plate matching method was used to extract the vehicle passage records for each base station and generate data sets of vehicle speeds, headways, and travel times.  
Three detection devices, 6269, 6271, and 6273, were selected as the analysis case data source, as shown as the red point in Figure 4, encompassing a total length of 660 m, where the traffic direction was shown as the red arrow. Each detection device can collect driving data from three lanes in the same direction, including basic data such as driving speed, vehicle lane, license plate, and passing time.
# A Survey from Real-Time to Near Real-Time Applications in Fog Computing Environments
## 1 Introduction  
The widespread use of devices connected to the Internet has spread the IoT approach and has changed the way people live and live with advanced technology. In a smart home, for example, the deployment of IoT devices aims to offer greater interoperability between home appliances. Health devices offer greater monitoring of elderly or disabled people and, consequently, greater independence for their activities. As a result, IoT has become an important topic for the technology industry and the academic area [1].  
However, IoT applications require an environment with features not always present in cloud computing, such as support for mobility and geographic distribution, location recognition, low latency and fast response to assertive decision-making [2]. To meet these requirements, [PERSON] et al. [3] proposes an intermediate platform called Fog Computing, which provides computing, storage, and networking services between edge devices and cloud computing data centers.  
Most data generated by applications using IoT requires time-sensitive processing [4]. The requirements present in applications based on IoT, such as low latency and fast processing have been presented as essential characteristics of an application of temporal nature, and this has generated multiple definitions for systems that respond in real time. In this article, we present a survey on the use of the fog computing approach with time-sensitive applications. The goal is to research what applications are being implemented in fog computing architectures and how the temporal requirements of these applications are being addressed. We also carry out a bibliometrics analysis, so that it is possible to verify some characteristics present in the selected articles such as: countries and publisherswho generated more publications; the types of articles published; and the number of publications per year. Finally, we point out the lessons learned.  
The main motivation for conducting this survey was to obtain the understanding presented by the community regarding the concept of real time and fog computing/edge computing. In addition, it seeks to analyze the most widespread applications for the evolution of future work.  
The article is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the material and methods that consist of the concepts of edge computing, fog computing, and the difference between edge and fog computing, as well as the different concepts of real-time and near real-time presented in the literature. Moreover, we describe the research protocol proposed and used for the survey, and we analyze the selected articles and proposed a classification according to the applied real-time concept. Section 3 presents a summary of the articles according to the assigned category. In Section 4, we point out the lessons learned, carry out an analytical discussion about the selected articles, and present the indications of future works. Finally, Section 5 concludes the article and indicates some future works.
# A Single Image Enhancement Technique Using Dark Channel Prior
## 3 Improved Image Defogging Method Based on Dark Channel Prior
### Treatment of Dark Channel Prior Failure Areas
#### 3.2.2 Sky Enhancement Algorithm Based on Sequence Decomposition  
In this section, we propose a sky enhancement algorithm based on sequential decomposition for the sky area. The enhancement algorithm based on sequence decomposition performs decomposition based on the Retinex model in continuous sequences, and continuously estimates a smooth illumination and a reflectance. After getting the illumination and reflectance, the light layer is used to produce an enhanced effect, and the specific steps are as follows:  
Step 1: Estimate the initial illumination \(L^{\prime}\), and convert the RGB image to a YUV image. In the YUV space, set the \(Y\) channel of the input image to the initial illumination \(L^{\prime}\).  
Step 2: Use Equation (18) to estimate the optimal illumination \(L\).  
\[argmin||L-L^{\prime}||_{F}^{2}+d||\Theta L||_{1} \tag{18}\]  
Figure 4: The sky segmentation example.  
where \(||L-L^{\prime}||_{\mathrm{F}}^{2}\) represents the fidelity of the initial illumination \(L^{\prime}\) and the optimal illumination \(L\), and \(\Theta\) represents the first order differential operator.  
Step 3: Calculate the correlation weight matrix \(W\) of the input image and the adjustment gradient \(G\) of the input image.  
\[W=\frac{1}{|\Theta s|+\omega} \tag{19}\]  
where \(\omega\) is a threshold value for eliminating small gradient.  
Step 4: Use Equation (20) to estimate the optimal reflectance \(R\).  
\[argmin_{R}||R-S/L||_{F}^{2}+\beta||W*\Theta R||_{F}^{2}+w||\Theta R-G||_{F}^{2} \tag{20}\]  
where \(||R-S/L||\) represents the fidelity of \(R\) and \(S/L\), and \(||W*\Theta R||_{F}^{2}\) represents the spatial smoothness on the enhanced reflectance \(R\). The purpose of \(||\Theta R-G||_{F}^{2}\) is to reduce the gradient of the reflectance \(R\) and the observed image \(S\).  
Step 5: Use Equation (21) to enhance the image.  
\[S^{\prime}=R*L^{\prime\frac{1}{2}} \tag{21}\]  
The improved algorithm is compared with the sky defogging algorithm based on cost function [16], sky defogging algorithm based on tolerance mechanism [12] and defogging algorithm [15] based on sky segmentation, and Figure 5 illustrates the comparison figures.
# NOMA-Based VLC Systems: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Potential Challenges and Open Research Issues
### Practical Channel  
The availability of spectrum and a highly efficient radio access technology are two essential components of next generation wireless networks that must be met in order to handle the ever-increasing amounts of user data. It is currently evident that 5G will take advantage of spectrum allocations in the underutilized millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency ranges. In addition, 5G's backbone networks are anticipated to switch from fiber and copper to mmWave wireless connections, which would enable speedy rollout and a network topology similar to a mesh. The mmWave frequencies between 30-300 GHz represent a new, bandwidth-rich prospect for mobile networks. Therefore, it is crucial to learn about the difficulties of mmWave cellular communications and the channel behavior in particular while designing 5G mobile systems and backhaul methods [160]. Current NOMA research often assumes that the wireless connections between the transceivers display a Rayleigh fading channel with AWGN. If the observed delay spread and route loss values can be taken into consideration to reflect the radio channel in the mmWave band, a more accurate picture of the channel's behavior would emerge. Similarly, researchers should focus on challenges of mmWave NOMA systems [161].
# Median U-Turn Intersection Critical Parameter Research and Operational Performance Evaluation
## 5 Model Effectiveness Validation
### Field Data Collection  
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed cellular automata model, the field traffic volume data of a specific MUT intersection located in Xi'an are used to input into the model. Figure 10 illustrates the real scene of a certain MUT intersection on Chang'an Street, Xi'an city, China. This MUT intersection consists of a two-way, four-lane (minor road) road from north to south and a two-way, six-lane (major road) road from west to east. There are three intersection entrance lanes with a left-turn lane, straight lane, and right-turn lane on the major road. And the minor road only has two intersection entrance lanes with a straight lane and right-turn lane. A median U-turn is set up on the west and east sides of this intersection. The distances from the selected MUT intersection to the other two adjacent intersections are approximately 460 m and 610 m. The current parameters measured for the selected MUT intersection are shown in Table 3.  
In this paper, we investigate vehicle data at different entrances of the MUT intersection on Chang'an Street. Video cameras were installed at each entrance to obtain the traffic field data over five consecutive working days. With a larger traffic flow, traffic congestion during this period is more serious in the morning peak hours. The traffic volume at the MUT intersection during peak hours is presented in Table 4.  
This MUT intersection employs two-phase signal control. The through movements of vehicles on the major road and minor road are assigned phases. Left turns for vehicles are prohibited within the intersection. The right-turn movements of vehicles are not controlled by traffic signals. The signal cycle of this MUT intersection is 100 s. The green duration for the through movements on the major road is 52 s. The red duration for the through movements on the minor road is 42 s. The yellow duration is 3 s.
## 4 Conclusions  
With the increase in MRPC counting rate in future applications, the risk of the gas pollutant generation has motivated studies by simulation and detector observations. The development of the sealed MRPC is devoted to the realization of a lower gas volume in gas gaps with the aim to promote the gas exchange. A high-rate sealed MRPC prototype has been tested in cosmic and X-rays. Excellent performance of 97% efficiency and 70 ps time resolution is validated at the cosmic-level rate, with no dependency on the gas flow within the measurement precision of 5%. Stable current behavior within a relative fluctuation of 0.4% has been verified under the full irradiation of X-ray at 3-5 kHz/cm\({}^{2}\) rate conditions, which is a promising development that solves the current problem for MRPCs in gas-streaming boxes. The sealed MRPC may develop as a solution for high-rate timing uses such as high luminosity CBM-TOF.  
However, the exact effect of the current growth on MRPCs at high rate is still opaque to us. More investigations and tests in terms of material, aging, and performance should be quickly started, and some of them can be predictably destructive to the detector. For these reasons, a new test stand is in construction to study the in-beam performance of the high-rate sealed MRPC, and more prototypes are being produced in case of the scheduled tests. At the same time, we are seeking facilities that can provide beam with intense flux and large coverage. It is also believed that the manufacturing technique can be further improved and made more proficient during this process, in terms of the quality control of the sealing frame, the modularized assembly of the sealing chamber, the material selection, and so on.  
Conceptualization, X.C. and B.W.; investigation, B.W., X.C. and Y.Y.; resources, B.G. and X.C.; writing, B.W.; visualization, B.W. and X.C.; supervision, Y.W.; project administration, D.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11927901, 11420101004, 11735009, U1832118, and by the Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant No. 2018 YFE0205200, 2016 YFA0400100.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.