## 3 Results  
Table 2 presents the descriptive statistics of the 242 participants included in the study. Among them, 21.9\(\%\) were assessed as normal, while 28.5\(\%\), 26.4\(\%\), and 23.1\(\%\) were classified with low MM, poor PP, and sarcopenia, respectively. Significant differences were observed in age (\(p\) = 0.002), educational level (\(p\) = 0.005), BMI (\(p\) < 0.001), WC (\(p\) = 0.016), AMMI (\(p\) < 0.001), and SPPB scores (\(p\) < 0.001). The sarcopenia group was significantly older than those in the normal group (\(p\) = 0.049) and the low MM group (\(p\) = 0.025). Individuals in the normal or poor PP groups had a higher BMI (\(p\) < 0.001) compared to those in the low MM and sarcopenia groups. Additionally, the low MM and sarcopenia groups had significantly lower WC (\(p\) = 0.023, \(p\) = 0.041, respectively) than the normal group. Furthermore, individuals in the normal and low MM groups exhibited significantly lower scores on the FES (\(p\) < 0.001) and ABC (\(p\) < 0.001) compared to those in the poor PP and sarcopenia groups. Table 3 presents the results of covariance analysis for gait parameters categorized by sarcopenia status. Concerning gait parameters, the duration of the double-limb stance was significantly longer in the poor PP and sarcopenia groups compared to both the normal MM (\(p\) < 0.001) and low MM (\(p\) < 0.001) groups. Stride length was lower in the poor PP (\(p\) = 0.001) and sarcopenia groups (\(p\) < 0.001) compared to the normal group. Furthermore, the variability of stride length in the normal group was significantly lower than in the low MM (\(p\) = 0.009), poor PP (\(p\) = 0.013), and sarcopenia (\(p\) = 0.001) groups. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Normal**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Low MM**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Poor PP**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sarcopenia**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\) **Value**} \\  & **(\(n\) = 53)** & **(\(n\) = 69)** & **(\(n\) = 64)** & **(\(n\) = 56)** & \\ \hline Age (years) & 78.1 \(\pm\) 3.5 d & 78.1 \(\pm\) 4.0 c d & 80.1 \(\pm\) 3.7 b & 80.2 \(\pm\) 5.2 ab & 0.002 \\ Sex, \(n\) (\%) & & & & & \\ Male & 8 (15.1) & 19 (27.5) & 9 (14.1) & 11 (19.6) & 0.194 \\ Female & 45 (84.9) & 50 (72.5) & 55 (85.9) & 45 (80.4) & \\ Education (years) & 5.7 \(\pm\) 4.2 & 7.8 \(\pm\) 4.5 c & 5.2 \(\pm\) 4.6 b & 5.9 \(\pm\) 4.7 & 0.005 \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 26.8 \(\pm\) 2.6 b & 23.3 \(\pm\) 3.4 a & 25.9 \(\pm\) 2.7 b & 23.5 \(\pm\) 2.4 a & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Characteristics of study participants. Table 4 presents the results of the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, where AMMI, SPPB score, and sarcopenia were considered dependent variables, while gait parameters served as independent variables. The analysis revealed significant associations: AMMI with double-limb stance (\(\beta\) = -0.155, \(p\) = 0.037), SPPB with gait speed (\(\beta\) = -0.205, \(p\) = 0.001), and double-limb stance (\(\beta\) = -0.287, \(p\) < 0.001), and sarcopenia with gait speed (\(\beta\) = -0.120, \(p\) = 0.043), stride length (\(\beta\) = 0.283, \(p\) < 0.001), and double-limb stance (\(\beta\) = -0.244, \(p\) = 0.001).