esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Failure Life Prediction of Hub Bearing in Composite Tooling
## 4 Experimental Evaluation of the Life of the Hub Bearing
### Results of Fatigue Life Tests  
Fatigue life tests were conducted at 6 kN and 200 rpm, which are analytically validated accelerated life test conditions. The torque measured by the torque meter during the test ranged from 1.96 to 5.89 Nm, and the range of maximum measured temperatures of the temperature sensor attached to the surface of the housing of the hub bearing was 28-30 \({}^{\circ}\)C indicating that almost a constant temperature was maintained. In this case, the atmospheric temperatures were in a range of 9-12 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 18 is a graph that shows changes in the actuator load during the accelerated life test of the hub bearing. The command load applied to the actuator during the test was 6 kN of static load, but it is assumed that the variable load was caused by the rolling body passing through the load zone of the bearing as the inner raceway of the bearing rotating.  
Any abnormal noise and vibration of the bearing was checked for after 133 h through the hearing and touch of the test engineer, which is the accelerated life test time. After identifying that there was no abnormality, additional tests were carried out to meet the life test time in the analysis. The accelerated life test was conducted for a total of 151 h, and it was confirmed that the bearing was operating normally without any abnormal noise during the test. After completion of the test, the visual inspection of the hub bearing was performed and, as shown in Figure 19, no damage to the hub bearing such as breakage, cracking and deformation of the hub bearing was found in the visual inspection. Based on the test results, it was identified that the hub bearing satisfied the life of B\({}_{10}\) 1200 h under  
Figure 18: Radial force applied to hub bearing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & **Specifications** \\ \hline \hline  & ABB \\  & -Model: ACS800-01-0016-5 \\  & -Input Voltage (Uin): 380-500 V \\ Inverter & -Output Power: 11 kW \\  & -Output Power, Heavy-Duty Use: 7.5 kW \\  & -Output Power, Light-Overload Use: 11 kW \\  & -Output Power, Normal Use: 11 kW \\ \hline Motor & \# HIGEN \\  & -Frame/kW/RPM: 112 S/2.2 kW/1,740 RPM \\ \hline Torque & \# SHIMMELSTEIN 28003T(2-3)-NFZ \\  & -Max RPM: 8500 RPM \\  & -Torque range: 2000 lbf-in \\ \hline Thermo & -Type/Number: K rmega-Alomega/CO1-K \\ meter & -Maximum Temperature \({}^{\circ}\)C, Continuous-260/600 hr:315/10 hr:370 \\ \hline Data acquisition system & DEWE 43V \& DEWESoft \\  & -16 input channels/TC/RTD, DC input \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Specifications of components for test rig.  
reliability of 0.9 (90 %), confidence interval of 0.9 (90%) and the equivalent load conditions of 1.98 kN and 132.6 rpm.
# Communication-Traffic-Assisted Mining and Exploitation of Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities in ADASs
## 3 Traffic-Assisted BOF Vulnerability Mining and Exploitation Method in ADASs
### Firmware and System Analysis  
In this section, we first decompress the extracted firmware and extract its files. If there is still no console login permission, we brute-force the password hash in /etc/passwd. Next, we proceed with three parallel tasks:  
1. Capturing and analyzing device communication traffic. In this step, we disguise our computer as a device node and connect it to the in-vehicle Ethernet to capture the communication traffic. Figure 3 shows part of the results. We write programs to analyze the captured traffic, extract potentially useful fields or features, and prepare for subsequent risk point localization.
2. Logging in to the console and obtaining port listening and system process information. If we obtain console login permission, we should log in to the device and view the background processes in the system, especially the processes of third-party applications. This can help us to quickly locate the ADAS manufacturer's developed applications in the firmware.
3. File analysis. If we still fail to obtain console permission, we must traverse the decompressed firmware folder and manually search for the corresponding ADAS manufacturer's program. Generally, applications developed by ADAS manufacturers appear in the form of libraries, modules, or executable files.
# A Software-Defined Radio for Future Wireless Communication Systems at 60 GHz
###### Abstract  
This paper reports on a complete end-to-end 5G mmWave testbed fully reconfigurable based on a FPGA architecture. The proposed system is composed of a baseband/low-IF processing unit, and a mmWave RF front-end at both TX/RX ends. In particular, the baseband unit design is based on a typical agile digital IF architecture, enabling on-the-fly modulations up to 256-QAM. The real-time 5G mmWave testbed, herein presented, adopts OFDM as the transmission scheme waveform, which was assessed OTA by considering the key performance indicators, namely EVM and BER. A detailed overview of system architecture is addressed together with the hardware considerations taken into account for the mmWave testbed development. Following this, it is demonstrated that the proposed testbed enables real-time multi-stream transmissions of UHD video content captured by nine individual cameras, which is in fact one of the killing applications for 5G.  
mmWave; 5G; OFDM; SDR; testbed; FPGA; RF frontends; UHD stream Article
## 7 Recently Proposed Intelligent Techniques for Power Systems
### Wavelet Transformation
The authors tested the suggested approach to display voltage signals of one pre-fault cycle and another cycle after the fault occurred using ATP-EMTP simulation, and the findings had several benefits over conventional HIF (high-impedance fault) detection techniques. The suggested method is straightforward, precise, and quick, independent of load change and imbalanced situations. Wavelet transformations are used in [144] categorization techniques for faults in double-circuit lines. The six current signals were preprocessed using wavelet transform Daubechies, which isolates distinguishing characteristics for feeding an artificial neural network. PSCAD was utilized for the simulation. The wavelet transform based on preprocessors helped to increase the algorithm's dependability and effectiveness. A novel method for locating faults in transmission networks was suggested by [40]. It is based on wavelet multi-resolution analysis combined with a cubical interpolation technique. The suggested method could be used at any voltage level and was unaffected by fault impedance, inception angle, or fault distance. However, the categorization of distinct line faults has not been considered. Wavelet MRA analysis was used by [145] to demonstrate how to identify and categorize defects in transmission networks. The peak absolute value, its mean, and the total of the third-level output of MRA signals of the currents in each phase were utilized as the decision criteria for identification and classification of the three-phase line currents provided from both ends using Daubechies eight (Db-8) wavelet transforms. Identifying and categorizing transmission line faults utilizing a wavelet multi-resolution analysis technique is also covered by [146].
# Design and Development of OECT Logic Circuits for Electrical Stimulation Applications
## 2 Materials and Methods
### OECT Architectures and Production Process
Two different carbon inks (7102 and 7082, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA) were used for the source and drain contacts and printed resistors, respectively. A silver ink (Ag 5000, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA) was used for the printed interconnects, conductors and contact pads, while a dielectric ink (5018, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA) was used for insulation. The materials of the standalone OECTs and OECT-based circuits were deposited by using flatbed sheet-fed screen-printing equipment (DEK Horizon 03 iX) with screen meshes based on polyester threads. The OECT printing process developed by RISE is described in detail in [19; 28], while the main steps are presented here for ease of understanding. Silver ink was printed as the first layer, providing the interconnects and contact pads. PEDOT:PSS was then screen-printed between the silver contact pads to form the transistor channel, followed by printing of the carbon-based source and drain electrodes. The separation between the source and drain electrodes defines the channel length, typically 100 um in the devices reported herein. The channel width, defined by the width of the deposited PEDOT:PSS OECT channel material, was customized to 1, 2, 3 and 6 mm. The silver, the PEDOT:PSS and the carbon inks were all dried at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min. An insulating layer (5018) was then deposited and UV-cured to define the area of the subsequently deposited electrolyte layer. Yet another PEDOT:PSS layer was deposited onto the electrolyte patterns as the OECT gate electrodes. The logic circuits rely on the voltage division between the OECT and a screen-printed resistor ladder based on carbon ink 7082. Conductor crossings were created by the deposition of the insulating 5018 ink followed by the deposition of another layer of Ag 5000. The design layout for printing, containing almost 1000 OECTs split into both standalone OECTs and various kinds of logic circuits, covered approximately the area of an A4 sheet. Additionally, we developed two testbeds for the purpose of characterization of various OECT architectures and functional testing and validation of the switching capability of integrated logic circuits based on the preferred OECT architectures.
# Synthesis of Biodiesel by Interestricification of Triglycerides with Methyl Formate
## 2 Intereesterification of Triglycerides with Methyl Formate
### Influence of Temperature on the Product Yield  
The rate of the reactions increases at higher temperatures, but it is recommended that the transesterification and intereesterification processes be performed at temperatures above the boiling point of the acyl receptor. The boiling point of methyl formate is 32 \({}^{\circ}\)C; therefore, studies of rapeseed oil intereesterification were performed at low temperatures of 20-28 \({}^{\circ}\)C [37; 41; 43]. The researchers performed the intereesterification studies with chemical catalysts at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, aiming to optimize the intereesterification process, and obtained 71% rapeseed oil methyl ester yield when the reaction was performed without a co-solvent; a total of 71.7% RME yield was determined with using a co-solvent tetrahydrofuran [41]. [PERSON] et al. [37] and [PERSON] et al. [42] performed intereesterification studies of rapeseed oil at similar temperatures of 27 and 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
It should be noted that the use of other types of carboxylate esters, such as methyl, ethyl acetates, and dimethylcarbonate, for intereesterification of oil sets a higher optimum temperatures of 50-60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, since the boiling point of these carboxylate esters is higher than of methyl formate [64; 65]. [PERSON] et al. (2017) conducted studies of the interestrication of rapeseed oil with methyl-, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl acetates at 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature [37]. [PERSON] et al. suggested an optimal temperature of sunflower oil interestrication with methyl acetate of 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C [66]. In this way, [PERSON] et al. studied the interestrication of rapeseed oil with ethyl acetate at 78 \({}^{\circ}\)C [48]. Even higher optimum temperature levels, intereesterification with methyl and ethyl acetate from 210 to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C were determined using heterogeneous catalysts [20, 67, 68].  
When using biocatalysts, it is necessary to carry out processes at 20-70 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperatures, since at higher temperatures biocatalysts are denatured and inactivated. As a rule, biotechnological processes are carried out at a temperature not exceeding 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Given the low boiling point of the methyl formate, it is favorable to carry out intereesterification using biocatalysts. The results of the studies showed that, at the lowest temperature of 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, using biocatalysis to intereesterification of rapeseed oil with methyl formate methyl ester, a yield of 60.68 \(\pm\) 0.95% was obtained [43]. Studies on the use of other types of carboxylate esters (methyl and ethyl acetates) using enzymatic catalysis were carried out at a temperature of 40 to 50, at which a yield of more than 90% of the esters was obtained. The highest yield of esters was obtained using the biocatalyst Novozyme 325 for insect fat for intereesterification with methyl acetate. It reached 96.97% at a temperature of 39.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C [29].
# Indoor Carrier Phase Positioning Technology Based on OFDM System
## 3 Positioning Algorithm
### Extended Kalman Filter
#### 3.2.1 NLOS Error Recognition and Elimination Based on EKF  
Equation (25) shows that DD operation may not cancel out the impact of the NLOS. Furthermore, we propose an EKF-based scheme for NLOS error identification and elimination.  
\[\begin{array}{l}\hat{T}_{r}^{ij}\triangleq cT_{ru}^{ij}+d_{u}^{ij}=d_{r}^{ ij}+m_{ru}^{ij}+w_{ru,T}^{ij}\\ \Phi_{r}^{ij}\triangleq\phi_{ru}^{ij}+\frac{d_{u}^{ij}}{\lambda}=\frac{d_{r}^ {ij}+m_{ru}^{ij}}{\lambda}-N_{ru}^{ij}+w_{ru,P}^{ij}\end{array}. \tag{46}\]  
According to the state and measurement equations at \(t=t_{k}\), EKF can predict the SD measurements at \(t=t_{k+1}\). Because the NLOS error reaches several meters, if there is NLOSpropagation at \(t=t_{k+1}\), the SD measurements will deviate greatly from the predicted value of EKF. NLOS error can be identified and corrected according to the deviation:  
\[\begin{split}&\text{if }\left|\hat{T}_{r}^{ij}-h_{T}^{ij}\right|> \Lambda\\ &\text{then }\hat{T}_{r}^{ij}=h_{T}^{ij},\Phi_{r}^{ij}=h_{p}^{ij} \end{split}. \tag{42}\]  
The threshold setting depends on the maximum DD measurement noise. For the deviation greater than \(\Lambda\), the NLOS error needs to be updated. The predicted measurements of EKF are used to improve the positioning accuracy.
## 4 Experimental Test Results
### Stiffness Degradation  
The stiffness degradation of precast FDDPs under flexural-shear loading was calculated as spring stiffness, k. k is the ratio between the applied monotonic load, F, in kN, and the corresponding slab deflection, d, in mm. Stiffness degradation in reinforced concrete elements results from cracking, loss of bond, and interaction with higher shear or flexural stresses. The level of stiffness degradation depends on the characteristics of the structure, such as material properties (P-delta effect), geometry level, level of connection ductility, loading history, and their combination.  
Table 6 summarizes the results for the CAF loading and for the VAF loading for precast A-Jointed FDDPs S1 and S2. Figure 15a,b depict the relationship between the spring stiffness and the number of fatigue cycles and slab deflection, respectively. One may observe that the specimen's stiffness of S1 degraded by about 53.8% after 4 million cycles of constant amplitude fatigue loading. On the other hand, the specimen's stiffness of S2 degraded by 86.86% when subjected to variable amplitude fatigue loading before complete collapse. Table 6 also summarizes the results for the CAF loading and the VAF loading for C-jointed precast FDDPs S3 and S4. Figure 15c,d depicts the relationship between the  
Figure 14: Schematic diagrams of the punching shear crack patterns for the tested slabs.  
spring stiffness and the number of fatigue cycles and slab deflection, respectively, for S3 and S4. It can be observed that the first specimen's stiffness (S3) degraded by about 50.73% after 4 million cycles of constant amplitude fatigue loading. On the other hand, the second specimen's stiffness (S4) degraded by 63.24% when subjected to variable amplitude fatigue loading before complete collapse.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Joint Type**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Slab S1 with CAF Loading \({}^{\ast}\)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Slab S2 with VAF Loading \({}^{\ast}\)**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Cumulative** & **Load** & **Deflection** & **k = F/d \(\ast\)** & **Cumulative** & **Load** & **Deflection** & **k = F/d \(\ast\)** \\ \hline  
\hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Stiffness degradation of the tested slabs.  
Furthermore, Table 6 summarizes the results for the CAF loading and for the VAF loading for Z-jointed precast FDDPs S5 and S6. Figure 15e,f depict the relationship between the spring stiffness and the number of fatigue cycles and slab deflection, respectively. One may observe that the specimen's stiffness of S5 degraded by about 21.9% after 4 million cycles of constant amplitude fatigue loading. On the other hand, the specimen's stiffness of S6 degraded by 71.32% when subjected to variable amplitude fatigue loading before complete collapse. Figure 16 shows a comparison of slab degradation under CAF and VAF loading.
## 5 Analysis of the Steric Parameters
### Adsorption Quantity at Saturation (Qsat)  
The potentiality of the surface to capture CO\({}_{2}\) molecules from the four samples is illustrated by the saturated adsorption capacity \(\rm Q_{sat}\). This means that this parameter is presented as the highest amount that can be captured at each temperature. Using the appropriate model, this parameter is expressed by:  
\[\rm Q_{sat}=n\times D_{m}\times N_{c} \tag{4}\]  
The temperature impact on the adsorption amount at saturation is given in Figure 8. We noticed that the increase in temperature provokes the decrement in\(\rm Q_{sat}\) for all the  
Figure 6: Effect of temperature on the density of receptor sites of the Na-ZSM-5, Mg-ZSM-5, La-ZSM-5 and Zn-ZSM-5 adsorbents.  
systems, which is attributed to the exothermic character of the adsorption mechanism and to the temperature impact on the aggregation phenomenon. The decrease in the saturated adsorption quantity is the result of the reduction in the force of the relation between the ZSM-5 surface and CO\({}_{2}\) molecules.  
The CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption capacity decreased with the order of Zn-ZSM-5 \(>\) La-ZSM-5 \(>\) Na-ZSM-5 \(>\) Mg-ZSM-5 at the three temperatures, whereas the size of the tested metal cation radius decreased in the order of La\({}^{3+}\) (0.1032 nm) \(>\) Na\({}^{+}\) (0.102 nm) \(>\) Zn\({}^{2+}\) (0.074 nm) \(>\) Mg\({}^{2+}\) (0.072 nm). In addition to the charge and size of the extra-framework cations, which are reflected on the CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption quantity, the kind of cation, the density and position in the structure of zeolite framework also have a strong effect. The low adsorption capacity of Mg-ZSM-5 is ascribed to the weak affinity of the alkaline earth metal cations for CO\({}_{2}\), which is consistent with the behavior related to alkaline earth metal cation-exchanged zeolite beta [31]. The Zn\({}^{2+}\) cation of the transition metal group has little cation radius and is favorably situated at the site of IV leads to an important increment in adsorption performance, which was revealed by the same manner for the ZnCHA [32; 33; 34].  
Figure 8: Effect of temperature on CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption capacity at saturation for the Na-ZSM-5, Mg-ZSM-5, La-ZSM-5 and Zn-ZSM-5 adsorbents.  
Figure 7: Effect of temperature on the total number of formed layers of CO\({}_{2}\) molecules on the Na-ZSM-5, Mg-ZSM-5, La-ZSM-5 and Zn-ZSM-5 adsorbents.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the effect of EGP, MWCNT, and their hybrid filler on the thermal conductivity of SSPCM was investigated. In order to achieve good dispersion, pretreatment by high-speed shear and sonication of fillers were carried out before they were blended with SSPCM. The thermal conductivity of the SSPCM increased with the EGP or MWCNT content, and EGP showed a greater thermal conductivity improvement than MWCNT. At about 9 wt %, EGP and MWCNT increased the thermal conductivity of SSPCM by 246% and 159%, respectively, compared to that of pure SSPCM. Incorporation of 1D flexible MWCNT and 2D EGP together, both with high thermal conductivity and high aspect ratios, gave rise to a bridging structure between them, which helped the formation of a thermal conduction network, with decreased interface thermal resistance. Therefore, a synergistic effect was exhibited. When the EGP/MWCNT ratio was 8:2, the thermal conductivity reached 0.674 W/mK, 288% that of the SSPCM and about 117% that of PCM-10 EGP.  
This work was financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (no. 2016 YFB0901405)  
[PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments and wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
The LPJ model was employed to analyze the historical and future spatial and temporal patterns of NPP and assess the contributions of climate change and CO\({}_{2}\) enrichment to future NPP trend in China. The main findings of this study are:  
1. Total NPP of China's terrestrial ecosystem increased from 2.8 to 3.6 Pg C yr\({}^{-1}\) over the period of 1961-2016, with an annual average of 3.1 Pg C yr\({}^{-1}\). Southwest China acted as the largest contributor to national total NPP among the six geographical regions of China, while Northwest China played the smallest role. Total NPP exhibited gradually increasing trends in Northwest China, Southwest China, South-central China, and East China.
2. National total NPP exhibited large interannual variability. NPP anomalies in China's terrestrial ecosystems were strongly associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Overall, the national total of NPP declined remarkably in the EP EI Nino year while increasing in the CP EI Nino year. The national total NPP often increased in the La Nina year. However, continuous La Nina events might induce NPP to decrease. Southwest China made the largest contribution to the interannual variability of national total NPP, the next is South-central China.
3. The total NPP in the A2 and RCP85 scenarios would be obviously larger than those in the B1 and RCP45 scenarios. During the period from 2091 to 2100, the average total NPP under the A2 and RCP85 scenarios would reach 4.9 and 5.1 Pg C yr\({}^{-1}\) respectively, higher than 4.2 and 3.9 Pg C yr\({}^{-1}\) under the B1 and RCP45 scenarios. The future increase of NPP in China would be dominantly contributed to by the fertilization effect of CO\({}_{2}\), while the climate change would have slightly negative effects on NPP.  
All authors contributed extensively to this work. Conceptualization, Q.H. and W.J.; methodology, Q.H. and W.J.; data curation, Q.H. and F.Z.; formal analysis, Q.H., F.Z. and Q.Z.; writing-original draft preparation, Q.H.; writing-review and editing, W.J., F.Z. and Q.Z.  
This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant number. 2016 YFA0600202), the Project of the University Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Province (grant number. 15 KJB170004), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number. 41701393), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Youth (grant number. BK20170641), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant number. 2018T110477).  
We would like to acknowledge the support from the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments to the improvement of the manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.