# Independent Double-Boost Interleaved Converter with Three-Level Output
## 4 Conclusions  
This work emphasizes the development and analysis of an interleaved converter with independent operation of the two integrated boost converter stages, attaining at the output a three-level voltage structure. The symmetric and asymmetric operations were demonstrated, together with all possible CCM and DCM operations. Although the prototype design is not fully optimized, the results are encouraging, and future improvements can be aimed at the selection of the electronic switching devices, analog components, and PCB design. The converter features good energy efficiency with twice the voltage gain of regular boost and interleaved topologies. The proposed converter has no specific feature with outstanding performance, and in certain applications, a shortcoming of the converter could be that the output and input do not share a common ground. Moreover, the complexity of the proposed structure can be considered a drawback, but by increasing the number of power electronics applications and particularities, alternative approaches will increase as well (Table 2). Compared with these solutions, the general number of components in the proposed converter is not very high. Nevertheless, considering all the combined characteristics, namely the interleaved property, high gain, good efficiency, low voltage stress, output with three-voltage levels, and especially the independent control of the integrated electronic structures, this converter is an engaging solution for PV optimizers/microinverters and battery energy management \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Input Voltage—V\({}_{\text{IN}}\) & 50 V–100 V \\ Output Voltage—VOUT & 400 V \\ Switching frequency—f\({}_{\text{s}}\) & 100 kHz \\ Max. Output Power—P\({}_{\text{OUT}}\) & 480 W \\ Switches (T\({}_{1}\)–T\({}_{4}\)) & C2M0280120D \\ Diodes (D1, D2) & C3D02060A \\ Inductors (L\({}_{1}\), L\({}_{2}\)) & 50 \(\mu\)H, RL = 21 m\(\Omega\) \\ Capacitors (C\({}_{1}\), C\({}_{2}\)) & 100 \(\mu\)F \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Prototype components and specifications. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Voltage Gain**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Normalized Voltage**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**P\({}_{\text{out}}\)**} & **Efficiency** & **Components** \\  & & & **Stress across the Power** & & **[\%] at** & **S*/D*/L*/** \\ \multirow{2}{*}{**(M)**} & **Switches** & **Diodes** & **[W]** & **V\({}_{\text{in}}\) [V]** & **C*/C*/T* \\  & & **V\({}_{\text{S}}\)/V\({}_{\text{O}}\)** & **V\({}_{\text{D}}\)/V\({}_{\text{O}}\)** & & \\ \hline IDBIC & 2/(1 \(-\) d) & 1/M + 0.5 & 0.5 & 240 & 94.25 @ 50 V & 4/2/2/2 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{[15]} & (1 \(-\) d)/ & 1/M & 1/M & 95.95 @ 100 V & 2/-/10 \\  & (1 \(+\) d)/ & (M \(+\) 1)/2M & (M \(+\) 1)/2M & 240 & 91.7 @ 24 V & 2/2/2/2 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{[17]} & 1/(1 \(-\) d) & 0.5 & 0.5 & 300 & 95.9 @ 60 V & 4/2/2/2 \\  & & & & & 3/-/11 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{[18]} & 2/(1 \(-\) d) & 0.5 & 0.5 & 320 & 90.2 @ 48 V & 2/3/2/2 \\  & (3 \(+\) d1 \(-\) d2)/ & (M \(+\) 1)/4M & (M \(+\) 1)2M & 500 & 93.4 @ 20 V & 3/4/2/2 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{[20]} & (1 \(-\) d1 \(-\) d2) & (M \(-\) 1)/2M & (M \(+\) 1)/2M & 500 & 95.85 @ 30 V & 3/-/12 \\  & (1 \(+\) 5d)/ & (1 \(+\) 5M)/6M & (M \(+\) 1)/M & 200 & 95.9 @ 30 V & 6/9/6/6 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{[21]} & 2/(1 \(-\) d) & 0.5 & - & 91.3 @ 50 V & 4/0/1/1 \\  & & & & 94.3 @ 100 V & 4/0/9 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{[23]} & 3/(1 \(-\) d) & 0.33 & 0.33 & 150 & 93.9 @ 30 V & 1/5/1/1 \\  & (3 \(+\) d)/ & (M \(+\) 1)/4M & (M \(+\) 1)/2M & 200 & 96 @ 30 V & 2/3//-/ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(\overline{\text{S}}\): switch, D*: diode, L*: inductor, C*: capacitor, C*: t: coupled inductor, T*: total of components, V\({}_{\text{O}}\): output voltage, V\({}_{\text{S}}\): switch voltage, V\({}_{\text{D}}\): diode voltage, V\({}_{\text{in}}\): input voltage, P\({}_{\text{out}}\): output power, d: duty cycle.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Converter characteristics comparison. systems.