## 4 Results and Discussion
### Performance Evaluation of the Developed Valve  
It was difficult to either control or monitor each of the filling condition variables (pressure, temperature, time, flow rate, etc.) in the conventional mechanical carbonated beverage fillers. In this study, the variation of filling time with the temperature and the pressure change, and the filling flow rate with the electronic flow meter, were monitored and controlled, and the filling deviation was measured by individual correction of the filling process. The filling quantity accuracy was measured by measuring 10 different valves. The filling quantity repeatability was measured 10 times with the same valve, and the filling deviation was within \(\pm\) 3 gr (standard deviation 0.57).  
During a high-pressure carbonated beverage filling for ambient temperature filling, filling occurs while turbulence increases, but it was difficult to control individually in the mechanical type. Therefore, in this study, we achieved filling optimization by adjusting the back pressure and the abovementioned calibration of the filling pressure and time among the filling condition variables. Through this study, we determined that when the surface area is constant in the orifice flow of a filling valve, we can predict faulty filling and filling processes by predicting the flow speed when opening a filling valve, monitoring and controlling filling pressure changes (controlling the supply pressure and exhaust pressure).  
In this study, we were able to control filling just by flow rate control while solving the inconstancy in filling pressure by adjusting the back pressure during filling. In mechanical filling, we were not able to control various filling condition variables, such as temperature, pressure, time, etc., individually, but as we switched to the pulse flowmeter type electronic filling valve, we removed all uncertainties of the inconstancy in the electronic flow rate pressure through compensation, thereby implementing optimization. When filling with pressurized fluid, there are valves that match the filling pressure to match the pressure of the filler bowl and the pressure of the filling bottle, and the filling valve separately, so we are able to match the same pressure, decreasing faulty filling and increasing filling efficiency. This increases the filling time as more back pressure is applied if there is differential pressure. At this time, we are able to monitor pressure in the case of filling valves and decreasing faulty filling and increasing filling efficiency by gas volume when filling carbonate by controlling the differential pressure and calibrate the pressure deviation by adjusting the differential pressure. Thus, we were able to complete a filler with high versatility and good efficiency.  
Figure 13: Counter pressure and exhaust time of the chamber (3 bar).  
**Author Contributions:** S.-B.O. conceived and designed the analysis, collected and analyze the data, funding acquisition; S.-H.O. supervisor, validation, funding acquisition; B.-R.M. supervisor, validation.  
**Funding:** Some results of this paper are the result of the SME Innovation Technology Development Project implemented by the Small and Medium Business Administration (SA113921). This research was supported by the Chung-Ang University research grant in 2014.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.