## 2 Materials and Methods
### Equipment  
The test pieces were printed on the Creality CR-10S Pro V2 3D printer (Shenzhen Creality 3D Technology Co., Shenzhen, China). The printer has a large print volume (300 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 400 mm), which allows for the production of larger objects. The device is equipped with a number of advanced features, including automatic leveling, which significantly simplifies print preparation. The printer features an improved extruder system that ensures more uniform material feed and minimizes jams, improving print reliability. Table 5 summarizes the most important parameters of the printer. The CR-10S Pro V2 is equipped with a touchscreen and TMC 2208 motor controller for virtually silent operation. The heated print bed heats up quickly, and the printer is compatible with a wide range of materials, including PLA, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified), and TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane). The printer supports a restart function in the event of a power failure, so interrupted print runs can be resumed. With features like these, the CR-10S Pro V2 is a reliable, accurate, and versatile choice for general users. Figure 1 shows the printer and the printing orientation of the tools. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Physical Properties** & **Method** & **PLA** \\ \hline Specific gravity [g/cm\({}^{3}\)] & D792 & 1.24 \\ Heat distortion temp. (HDT) [\({}^{\circ}\)C] & D790 & 55 \\ Glass trans. temp [\({}^{\circ}\)C] & D3418 & 55–60 \\ Tensile strength [MPa] & ISO 527 & 60 \\ Tensile elongation [\%] & ISO 527 & 6.00 \\ Tensile modulus [MPa] & ISO 527 & 3800 \\ Notched Izod impact [kJ/m\({}^{2}\)] & ISO 180 & 16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Raw material mechanical properties [43; 44; 45; 46; 47]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Filaticum** & **PLA Budget** \\ \hline Nozzle temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C] & 195–225 \\ Nozzle size [mm] & 0.2–1.2 \\ Bed temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C] & max. 70 \\ Cooling fan [\%] & recommended up to 100 \\ Layer height [mm] & 0.2–0.8 \\ Print speed [mm/s] & optimal 20–80, max. 250 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: PLA budget filament parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Pinter** & **Creality CR 10S Pro V2** \\ \hline Technology & Fused deposition modeling (FDM) \\ Build volume [mm] & \(X\times Y\times Z\): 300 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 400 \\ Filament diameter [mm] & 1.75 \\ Feeder type & dual drive (DD) \\ Max. hot end temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C] & 260 \\ Max. heated bed temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C] & 100 \\ Max. print speed [mm/s] & 180 \\ Slice thickness [mm] & 0.1–0.4 \\ Print precision [mm] & \(\pm\)0.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Creality CR 10S Pro V2 data sheet. Ultimaker Cura printer software (slicer) was used to set the printing parameters of the 3D printer. Cura is an open-source, accessible 3D printing software. Its primary purpose is 3D model slicing, i.e., to break down digital models into layers from which the 3D printer gradually builds the final object. Cura is widely used, as it is compatible not only with Ultimaker printers but also with many other brands and models. The software's simple user interface and numerous configuration options make it attractive for beginners and advanced users alike. It offers a variety of modes: the default mode allows simple settings for fast printing, while advanced settings allow detailed control over layer thickness, print speed, and extrusion rate. It also supports the installation of plug-ins so that someone can add additional features, such as predictions of print time and material consumption. Table 6 contains the 3D printing properties, as well as Figure 2 shows the status of tools after slicing in Cura's software. It is important to note that the infill effect is being investigated in another study, where a 40% infill was chosen based on previous experience.