## 3 Nutritional and Bioactive Components of Sprouted Grains
### Macnontrient Modifications During Sprouting
#### 3.1.1 Modification of Protein and Amino Acid Contents
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Key Changes** & **Examples and Details** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Proteins and Amino Acids} & \(\bullet\uparrow\) Endogenous protease activity & \(\bullet\) Soybean (_Glycine max_; ZD41, J58, \\  & \(\rightarrow\) & 36 h germination \(\rightarrow\) water-soluble \\  & hydrolysis of storage proteins & protein +9-30\% \\  & \(\bullet\uparrow\) Water-soluble proteins & \(\bullet\) Quinon (_Chromodium quina_): \\  & \(\bullet\uparrow\) Free amino acids & \(\bullet\) Mimo acids \\  & & +7-14\% \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Carbohydrates and Fiber} & \(\bullet\uparrow\) a-amylase activity \(\rightarrow\) & \(\bullet\) Coix seed (_Cax lacryma-joki_ L.) \\  & breakdown of starch & : 24 h germination \(\rightarrow\) starch \(\downarrow\) \\  & \(\bullet\) Preferential amylopectin & from 58.9\% to 52.4\% \\  & degradation \(\rightarrow\) Relative \(\uparrow\) & \(\bullet\) Oat (_Aven sativa_ L.): \\  & amylose & \(\rightarrow\) amylase \(\uparrow\) from 0.3 to 48 U/g \\  & \(\bullet\downarrow\) Viscosity and gelatinization & \(\bullet\) Quinon: 72 h germination \(\rightarrow\) \\  & temperature & changes in total dietary fiber \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Lipids and Fatty Acids} & \(\bullet\) Lipase-mediated hydrolysis \(\rightarrow\) & \(\bullet\) Barley (_Hordeum vulgar_): \\  & \(\beta\)-oxidation and energy supply & \(\uparrow\) stearic acid (C18.0) and \\  & \(\bullet\) Lipase activity relative to other enzymes & \(\alpha\)-lindenic acid (C18.3n-3), \\  & \(\bullet\) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids & \(\downarrow\) oleic acid (C18.1n-9) \\  & (PUFA; especially n-3), \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) Eight strains comparison: \\  & & Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) & PUFA 46.9–75.6\% (millet highest) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Micronutrient Bioavailability} & \(\bullet\) Degradation of antinutrients \(\rightarrow\) & \(\bullet\) Oat: marked \(\uparrow\) in \\  & \(\uparrow\) extractability of vitamins and minerals & thiamine and riboflavin \\  & \(\rightarrow\) & \(\uparrow\) extractability of vitamins and & \(\bullet\) Quinon (Q-R2): riboflavin \\  & \(\rightarrow\) & \(\uparrow\) Oat -3\% increase at 36 h \\  & \(\bullet\) Water-soluble B-vitamins and fat-soluble vitamin E & \(\alpha\)-brown rice (_Oryza sativa_): \(\uparrow\) \\  & & \(\alpha\)-tocopherol and locotrienols at 96 h \\  & & after seed soaking \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Anintutrient Reduction} & \(\bullet\) Phytic acid, lectins, and trypsin inhibitors & \(\bullet\) Quinon: germination \(\rightarrow\) \\  & \(\bullet\) Private activity \(\rightarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) phytic acid \(\rightarrow\) \\  & mineral solubilization & \(\uparrow\) Ca, Zn, Fe bioavailability \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{ Bioactive Compounds} & \(\bullet\) Adzuki bean (_Vigna angularis_): \\  & \(\circ\) GABA up & \(\uparrow\) G\(\uparrow\)\(\pm\) 31 mg/kg \(\rightarrow\) improved glucose \\  & \(\bullet\) Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid & and weight regulation in mice \\  & (GABA), polyphenols, flavonoids, & \(\bullet\) Oat: \(\beta\)-glucan +14-37\% \(\rightarrow\) Histone \\  & \(\beta\)-glucose & Dacetylase 3(HDAC/3), Nuclear \\  & \(\bullet\) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities & factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway \\  & & modulation \\  & & \(\bullet\) Red rice (_Oryza sativa_): flavonoids \\  & & \(\rightarrow\)20%, DPPH/ABTS activity \(\uparrow\) \\  & & 1.0-1.4\(\times\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} A complete list of abbreviations is provided in the Abbreviations section. Symbols: \(\uparrow\) indicates increase; \(\downarrow\) indicates decrease; \(\rightarrow\) indicates the resulting effect.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Nutrient and bioactive compound changes during germination. grains [32]. However, a more pronounced effect is seen in the elevation of free amino acids, including essential ones such as lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine.