## 4 Results and Discussions
### Emerging Digital Technologies
#### 4.1.4 Internet of Things, Sensors, and Motion Capture  
The IoT functions as the digital backbone of Industry 4.0 and 5.0, connecting factory elements such as machines, tools, production lines, workers, and infrastructure through  
Figure 10: Brief overview of the applications and functions of immersive technologies in OHS. smart sensors that enable continuous real-time data collection and communication [3; 9]. IoTs act as a crucial interface between the physical and cyber worlds, enabling technologies like DTs, which are virtual representations of physical assets. The IoT is considered the primary driver of Industry 4.0, serving as the foundational technology for CPS [61], enabling physical objects to sense, communicate, compute, and actuate, thereby possessing both physical and virtual identities [3]. Integrating IoT and AR further expands the capabilities of traditional Information Communications Technology (ICT) systems by merging physical and virtual realities with ambient data, creating context-aware ambient intelligence, and enabling multi-modal interaction [2]. Adverse conditions in industrial settings often require monitoring of factors like dust, noise, and heat, which can harm workers' health. In manufacturing, IoT and sensor networks are revolutionizing operations by providing real-time monitoring of environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, noise, and air quality [18; 20]. This is exemplified by [74], who implemented a five-layer IoT-based architecture for real-time environmental monitoring in smart manufacturing. Industry 4.0 integrates IoT into manufacturing, driving digitization, optimization, and customized, knowledge-driven value creation. This continuous data collection from sensors, including gas and particulate matter, supports hazard detection, ergonomic assessment, and safety compliance through real-time alerts and notifications [20; 33; 34]. For example, as mentioned by [38], smart sensors and IoT devices can quickly identify fire hazards or other accidents, enabling automatic machine shutdowns and immediate alerts to local authorities for a rapid response. By connecting factory elements to the Internet, the IoT provides real-time data insights into production processes, helping to identify areas for efficiency improvement [9]. Additionally, IoT can provide technical solutions for preventing workplace injuries and illnesses [34]. IoT technologies can help prevent human errors and accidents, enhance operational efficiency, improve process safety, and mitigate the impact of severe incidents. For example, smart monitoring devices, such as smart watches and smart weight scales, within a human DT framework can track body composition, location, stress, and sleep, thereby improving worker safety in industrial settings [19]. Furthermore, motion capture (MoCap) systems, which use cameras and sensors to track the real-time movements of people or objects, play a crucial role in ergonomic analysis by converting movements into digital data [22; 75]. The MoCap system continuously gathers and interprets human posture data in real time [28] and is increasingly used to program and control robots by enabling them to replicate human movements and interact seamlessly with their environment. This is accompanied by specialized sensors and vision systems that enable immediate responses to human actions [16] and the combination of multiple sensors that monitor various physical and behavioral biometric parameters with ML technologies [9]. Hence, MoCap technologies, as shown by [22] and [28], contribute significantly to ergonomic analysis and human-robot programming by digitizing movement data in real time. Figure 11 provides a concise overview of the integrated applications and functions of IoT, sensor technologies, and MoCap systems in industrial environments to enhance industrial intelligence and safety. For instance, the IoT facilitates real-time data exchange between physical and cyber systems, supporting the implementation of DTs, CPS, and smart manufacturing.