## 9 Application of the TFME Technique in the Analysis of Organic Compounds  
The TF-SPME technique has been used to concentrate and analyze a wide range of organic compounds in aqueous, biological, and food matrices for over twenty years. In \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sorption Phase** & **Preparation** & **Analyte** & **Matrix** & **Detection** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{DES} & dip coating & parabens & water & HPLC-UV & [119] \\ \cline{2-6}  & dip coating & formaldehyde & water & HPLC-UV-Vis & [122] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PDMS/DES} & dip coating & parabens & water & HPLC-UV & [121] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Examples of the Use of DES in TF-SPME. addition to the possibility of preparing samples in the laboratory, the TF-SPME technique allows sampling onsite [43] and in vivo [37; 123; 124]. The TF-SPME technique has been successfully used to extract in vivo prohibited substances and oral cancer markers from human saliva [125] and analytes from human skin [37]. The different types of matrices containing analytes, whose determination by TF-SPME have been described in scientific publications, are shown in Figure 22.  
Organic analytes whose determination procedures were developed using TF-SPME mainly belong to the following:  
1. Compounds that are environmental contaminants in aqueous and food matrices (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs), plant protection products, phenols, chlorophenols, alkylphenols, bisphenol A);
2. Preservatives determined in aqueous matrices (parabens and personal care products PCPs);
3. Biologically active compounds determined in aqueous and biologic matrices (drugs from various therapeutic groups including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antidepressants, tranquilizers, opioids, anti-cancer drugs, sex hormones, doping agents, narcotics). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles PASHs, along with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), organochlorine, and organophosphate pesticides are among the hazardous pollutants of surface water and food. Due to the toxicity of PAHs, environmental pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is a factor that has a very negative impact on the human and animal bodies. They negatively affect endocrine, reproductive, and developmental processes [126]. For many compounds, among several hundreds of known PAHs, the initiation of tumor transformations has been proven. Similarly to PAHs, polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles PASHs, such as dibenzothiophene (DBT), are components of petroleum products with mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Analytical procedures have been developed for the determination of PAHs in aqueous matrices, using TF-SPME with sorption phases: PDMS [34] and MWCNTs/CTA [100], while in food matrices, using MWCNTs/Agr [95]. In the determination of PASHs in water samples, MIP [59] was used as the sorption phase (Tables 13 and 14). Figure 22: Matrix types containing analytes determined using the TF-SPME technique. The need to maintain global food production at a level sufficient to feed the earth's growing population necessitates the use of crop protection products. These products, while increasing yields in agricultural production, also contribute to the pollution of the environment with hazardous organic compounds. This underscores the critical need to monitor even trace amounts of pesticides and fungicides in treated water for drinking and food products [127]. Analytical procedures have been developed for the determination of pesticides and fungicides in aqueous matrices using TF-SPME with sorptive phases in the form of PDMS/DVB [42], polypropylene/polyamide nanofibers [52], MOFs [74], MWCNTs/CTA [96], (MOF)/(PU) [128], MIP [54], and DES/CTA [127].