## 3 Results
### Analysis of Protein Expression  
3.2.1. Bone Markers  
When analyzing the lateral implants (scaffolding plus pre-differenced MSCs) at 3 months, we did not observe statistically significant differences between the expression of positive controls in comparison to the implants for OPN (\(p\) = 0.71) and RUNX2 (\(p\) = 0.91). Moreover, at 6 months, only for the marker OPN (\(p\) = 0.73) in the implants' inside joint without pre-differentiated MSCs did we find no statistically significant differences in relation to the positive control. On the other hand, we found statistically significant differences in the marker RUNX2 (\(p\) = 0.03) for the implants inside the joint without pre-differentiated MSCs, with a lower expression than the positive control of 0.52%\(\downarrow\) (the down arrow\(\downarrow\), means an expression lower than that of the positive control). Additionally, in the external implants of the joints without pre-differentiated MSCs, we found statistically significant differences for OPN (\(p\) = 0.01), with a lower expression of 0.54%\(\downarrow\), and RUNX2 (\(p\) = 0.01), with a lower expression 0.56%\(\downarrow\). For the implants inside the joints with pre-differentiated MSCs, we identified statistically significant differences for OPN (\(p\) = 0.01) in both markers, with an over-expression of 0.52%\(\uparrow\) (the arrow up \(\uparrow\), means an expression greater than that of the positive control); similar results were obtained for RUNX2 (\(p\) = 0.01), with an over-expression of 0.53%\(\uparrow\) (see Table 1, Figure 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Months** \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} & **OPN** & **Mean \%** & \(p\) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Implant vs.** \\ **Control** \\ \end{tabular} & **RUNX2** & **Mean \%** & \(p\) &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Implant vs.** \\ **Control** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{Positive control obtained from healthy trabecular bone} \\ \hline Pre-implant & Control + & 60.8 \(\pm\) 19 & N/A & N/A & Control + & 56.2 \(\pm\) 19 & N/A & N/A \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{Lateral implant with pre-differentiated MSCs to osteoblasts (3 months)} \\ \hline
3 m & Implant & 65.1 \(\pm\) 14 & 0.71 & 0.07\(\uparrow\) & Implant & 57.3 \(\pm\) 21 & 0.91 & 0.02\(\uparrow\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Analysis of the expression of markers for bone in the implants at three and six months. First, we can observe that for the 3-month implantation with MSCs pre-differentiated into osteoblasts, the expression of bone markers (OPN and RUNX2) remained similar to those of the positive control obtained from healthy bone (Control +). On the other hand, for the external joint implants without cells at six months, we observed that expression of the markers for bone was decreased concerning the control (Implant vs. Control), which indicates little colonization of the cells adjacent to the implant. Contrastingly, external joint implants with pre-differentiated cells demonstrated an increase in markers for bone, implants inside joint without cells at six months behaved similarly to their non-joint counterparts’ and finally, implants inside joint with MSCs pre-differentiated demonstrated a significant increase for bone markers analyzed.