# Satellite Climate Data Records: Development, Applications, and Societal Benefits
## 3 CDR Products and Applications
### CDRs and Scientific Applications
#### 3.1.1 NOAA Climate Data Record Program
* _PERSIANN Precipitation CDR_: The CDR of Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information ([PERSON] et al., 2016) using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) is produced primarily by using infrared brightness temperature data from GridSat-B1 FCDR as input to the trained PERSIANN algorithm. Rainfall estimates are bias-corrected using monthly Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data. PERSIANN CDR is a daily product at 1/4\({}^{\circ}\) spatial resolution. It spans 1983 to current (updated quarterly) with a nearly global coverage: from 60\({}^{\circ}\)S to 60\({}^{\circ}\)N latitude and 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 360\({}^{\circ}\) longitude. This global precipitation dataset is intended to support climatologists, hydrologists, hydrometeorologists, and hydroclimatologists in various forms of climate research and application, including extreme event (flood and drought) analysis ([PERSON] et al., 2016). * _AVHRR Aerosol Optical Thickness_: AVHRR AOT CDR provides an optical measure of aerosol column loading derived from the global ocean pixel-level PATMOS-x AVHRR clear-sky reflectance CDR at 0.63 \(\upmu\)m channel on both daily and monthly scales. The current operational version of the product spans from 1981 to 2009 and has been used to study the long-term trends of aerosol loading ([PERSON] et al., 2016) and air quality changes in coastal regions ([PERSON] et al., 2016). * _AVHRR PATMOS-x cloud properties_: These products provide high quality CDRs of multiple cloud properties along with AVHRR brightness temperatures ([PERSON] et al., 2016). Different algorithms were used to derive these cloud products during daytime and nighttime. They are output together with the inter-calibrated radiances and selected ancillary data as the Level-2b daily CDR products, which allow other applications and CDRs to be generated from the PATMOS-x CDR data, such as the above AVHRR AOT CDR (also in Figure 2). The PATMOS-x CDR data span 1978 to present and will be forward extended through 2020. The products have many applications, such as detecting and studying climate variability ([PERSON] et al., 2016), verifying and validating climate models ([PERSON] et al., 2016), energy and hydrology studies ([PERSON] et al., 2016), and supporting aviation safety ([PERSON] et al., 2016). * _Ocean Near-Surface Atmospheric Properties and Heat Flux_: Near-surface atmospheric temperature, humidity, and wind along with similar values at the sea surface describe essential aspects of the air-sea exchange. The Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), a passive microwave sensor, along with the sea surface temperature CDR provide this data after the application of a combination of statistical techniques using neural networks and diurnal warming parameterizations ([PERSON] et al., 2016). From these data, the near-surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat calculations produce a CDR on a three-hourly 0.25\({}^{\circ}\) resolution grid over the global ice-free oceans. The products have been widely used in the surface energy budget analysis and water cycle study ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2016). Outgoing Longwave Radiation: The amount of terrestrial radiation that is released to space and, by extension, the amount of cloud cover and water vapor that intercepts radiation in the atmosphere defines the daily and monthly Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) CDR. Data (Level-lb) from the HIRS and GridSat-B1 are the primary inputs into the daily OLR record. Application of a combination of statistical techniques, including OLR regression, instrument ambient temperature prediction coefficients, and inter-satellite bias corrections produce the final record [59]. The products have been widely used in various applications, such as radiation budget studies and Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) diagnostics and forecasts [26]. * _Sea Ice Concentration_: The sea ice concentration CDR provides a daily and monthly, time series of sea ice concentrations for both the north and south polar regions on a 25 km \(\times\) 25 km grid [60].