esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Improving Smartphone GNSS Positioning Accuracy Using Inequality Constraints
## 3 Kalman Filter with Inequality Constraints  
The Kalman filter (KF) is commonly chosen in GNSS positioning due to its advantages of maturity and computational efficiency. Additionally, numerous practical applications have demonstrated the robustness and effectiveness of the KF in GNSS [41]. In addition, a KF with a state constraint is also easy to achieve, and these methods are frequently studied [29; 42]. In this paper, we employ the Kalman filter (KF) as an estimator to obtain the value and variance of the unknown states. In this section, the KF is first briefly reviewed, and then, the inequality constraint method is introduced. Specifically, we apply the density function truncation approach to solve the inequality constraint problem, and this method is described in detail.
## 4 Future Directions
### Sector-Specific Platform Evolution  
Tailored solutions for niche industries will dominate future development. In aerospace, platforms like Pega are integrating digital twin capabilities to simulate mission-critical systems, enabling predictive maintenance for satellite constellations [75]. Case studies have shown that organizations adopting Pega platform's low-code development framework attained a 598% return on investment (ROI) within three years, while recovering implementation costs in fewer than three months [37]. Similarly, energy sectors require low-code tools that interface with SCADA systems and renewable energy APIs. Duke Energy's hybrid platform, combining Mendix with Python-based analytics, exemplifies this trend, achieving faster response to grid fluctuations.  
Academic research [1] emphasizes the need for domain-specific language (DSL) support in low-code platforms, allowing users to define industry-specific logic without coding. For example, a DSL for semiconductor manufacturing could automate defect detection workflows, reducing validation cycles.
# VOCs Are Relevant Biomarkers of Elicitor-Induced Defences in Grapevine
###### Abstract  
Grapevine is susceptible to fungal diseases generally controlled by numerous chemical fungicides. Elicitors of plant defence are a way of reducing the use of these chemicals, but still provide inconsistent efficiency. Easy-to-analyse markers of grapevine responses to elicitors are needed to determine the best conditions for their efficiency and position them in protection strategies. We previously reported that the elicitor sulphated laminarin induced the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by grapevine leaves. The present study was conducted to characterise and compare VOC emissions in response to other elicitors. Bastid(r) was first used to test the conditions of VOC collection and analysis. Using SBSE-GC-MS, we detected several VOCs, including the sesquiterpene \(\alpha\)-farnesene, in a time-dependent manner. This was correlated with the induction of farnesene synthase gene expression, in parallel with stilbene synthesis (another defence response), and associated to resistance against downy mildew. The other elicitors (Redeli(r), Romeo(r), Bion(r), chitosan, and an oligogalacturonide) induced VOC emission, but with qualitative and quantitative differences. VOC emission thus constitutes a response of grapevine to elicitors of various chemical structures. Therefore, VOC analysis is relevant for studying the impact of environmental factors on grapevine defence responses and optimising the performance of elicitors in vineyards.  
grapevine; elicitor; plant defence; volatile organic compounds; terpenes; stir bar sorptive extraction SBSE-GC-MS +
Footnote †: journal: _m molecules_
# Gamma-ray Bursts: 50 Years and Counting!
## 11 Future Prospects
BurstCube is a mission under development by NASA with a launch scheduled for March 2024, with the main objective of studying short GRBs and their gravitational wave counterparts [227]. BurstCube will be a cubesat equipped with four cesium iodide (CsI) detectors, each coupled to an array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) sensitive in the 50 keV to 1 MeV energy range, thus expanding the coverage of the sky in this energy window. Another smallsat project under development by NASA is the StarBurst Multimessenger Pioneer [228], also developed for the observation of the prompt-emission phase of short GRBs and the electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational waves, which will exploit the combination of scintillator arrays (12 NaI(TI) detectors) with SiPMs to achieve high sensitivities in the energy band between 30 keV and 1 MeV. The Moon Burst Energetics All-sky Monitor (MoonBEAM) [229; 230] proposal expands the concept of using the difference in light travel time between different spacecraft to precisely estimate the position of GRBs (time triangulation) by proposing to place two cubesats in Earth and cislunar orbit, thus maximizing the flight time (>1 s) of light between the two satellites and achieving a great improvement in localization capabilities. Last but not least is the proposal of the LEAP GRB polarimeter [231; 232]: a single wide-FoV Compton polarimeter (\(\sim\)1.5\(\pi\) steradians) capable of precisely measuring the polarization of GRBs between 50 and 500 keV and, at the same time, carrying out spectroscopy measurements between 20 keV and 5 MeV, to be mounted on board the International Space Station (ISS). The possibility of reliably measuring the polarization of GRB signals will allow an enormous advance in our understanding of these events, thanks to the possibility of clearly distinguishing the different emission mechanisms (synchrotron, inverse Compton, etc.) as well as directly probing the geometries of the magnetic fields in GRB jets, opening a completely new window for the study of these phenomena. The proposals for new missions for the observation of GRBs are many and very varied, pushing in various directions (depth, rapid repointing, localization capability, polarimetry). It is interesting to note how, for the first time, a substantial methodological difference is emerging between large-single-satellite missions, with very high capabilities and costs, and distributed architectures, where constellations of smaller and cheaper instruments are used to obtain exceptional results. What the future of the sector will be remains to be seen:\"Ai posteri l'ardua sentenzal\" (Il Cinque Maggio, [PERSON]).
## 3 Results
### Antioxidant Assays
In Sweetheart cherry, the coloured fraction showed the most significant capacity (IC\({}_{25}\) value of 3.06 \(\pm\) 0.34 \(\upmu\)g/mL of dw), being five times more effective in scavenging O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{\bullet-}\) than the coloured fraction of Saco cherry (IC\({}_{25}\) value of 16.58 \(\pm\) 0.27 \(\upmu\)g/mL of dw) [5]. Regarding other fruits, grapes and strawberry ethanolic extracts showed higher activity to scavenge O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{\bullet-}\) than both berry extracts (IC\({}_{50}\) scores of 3.7 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 3.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL of dw) [59] as well as blackberry methanolic extracts (IC\({}_{50}\) value of 72.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL of dw) [60]. Other studies have described the antioxidant potential of blueberries and sweet cherries. In particular, [PERSON] and colleagues [28] reported that a daily intake of 22 g of freezed dried blueberry powder, which is equivalent to 1 cup of fresh blueberries, for 8 weeks reduces 8-hydroxy-2\({}^{\prime}\)-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative damage, and increases the activity of endogenous antioxidant superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. Regarding sweet cherries, it was previously verified that the ingestion of 280 g of cherries after an overnight fast is effective in reducing nitric oxide concentrations [41]. Using [PERSON]'s test, positive correlations (r > 0.8689) were found between the antioxidant potential of cv. Legacy and the content of malvidin and delphinidin 3-O-arabinoside and the total non-coloured phenolic compounds (r > 0.7057). Additionally, negative correlations were obtained between petunidin 3-O-galactosidase and DPPH\({}^{\bullet}\) (r = \(-\)0.9231) and between \({}^{\bullet}\)NO (r = \(-\)0.9826), O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-\bullet}\) (r = \(-\)0.8454), and FRAP (r = \(-\)0.8942) assays. Regarding cv. Duke, a positive correlation was obtained between its activity against DPPH\({}^{\bullet}\), \({}^{\bullet}\)NO, and O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-\bullet}\) and its total coloured phenolic compounds (r > 0.8440), and also between 5-O-caffeoyluinic acid and DPPH\({}^{\bullet}\) and \({}^{\bullet}\)NO assays (r = 0.9280). Focusing on Sweetheart cherry, a positive and strong correlation was obtained between \({}^{\bullet}\)NO and O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-\bullet}\) assays (r = 0.9907 and r = 0.9958, respectively) and the levels of 5-O-caffeoyluinic acid, while negative correlations were obtained regarding its antioxidant potential and the presence of delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside (r < \(-\)0.9974). In a general way, the antioxidant abilities are strongly related to the chemical structure of these compounds, particularly with the number and type of sugar moieties attached to the aglycone, the degree of methylation position and the number of the hydroxyl groups, and the position of carboxylated and/or aromatic aliphatic acids on the sugar residue [56; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65]. Normally, the increase in hydroxyl groups increases the radical scavenger capacity; therefore, it is not surprising that the presence of anthocyanins increases this capacity [5; 7; 66].
## 1 Introduction
There are two magnetic fields named the static bias magnetic field and dynamic alternating field, which should be applied into the magnetostrictive patches during the wave generation. The bias magnetic field for the elimination of the frequency doubling effect can be provided by permanent magnets [29]. For pipe inspection, the bias magnetic field may be more utilized when the magnetostrictive patches are bonded with an angle of 45\({}^{\circ}\) to the longitudinal axis of the pipes, which can be improved further with the patches in the Z-shape or with V-shaped yokes [30; 31]. For magnetostrictive materials with certain coercive forces (e.g., Hiperco), the bias magnetic field should be more uniform, which can be achieved by pre-magnetization [32]. A solenoid coil can also provide a strong bias magnetic field, but a large direct current is needed and the magnetostrictive strip needs to be manufactured with grooves for solenoid coils [33]. The dynamic magnetic field is normally provided by the coils. Figure 1 shows the common coils used in transducers with directivity. The figure of eight coil has a large energy conversion efficiency with multiple turns as well as the coil with a core [34]. However, a high system power is needed to drive these coils with large resistances and the directivities are not satisfactory. The transducers with these coils are too large for narrow spaces and cannot be deformed to match curving surfaces. Planar coils in the shape of meanders or racetracks have good directivities. They can be manufactured as flexible printed circuits (FPC), which are small, light and flexible. As a result, they can be used as scanners in pipe and plate inspections or elements in phased arrays. The distance between the adjacent wires in planar coils depends on the generation of the wavelength from the mode, resulting in the sparse arrangement of the wires. Furthermore, these coils work in open magnetic circuits with dynamic magnetic fields dispersed in the air [19]. These characteristics result in the relative low energy conversion efficiency of the MPT with planar coils, limiting their applications in long distance inspection. In this paper, a method for the enhancement of the magnetostrictive patch transducer (MPT) with planar coils was proposed by the dynamic magnetic field optimization using a soft magnetic patch (SMP). In Section 2, the relationship between the magnetic fields and mechanical properties of the magnetostrictive materials is illustrated and the theoretical explanations of the improvement for the dynamic magnetic field are given based on the magnetic Ohm's law. As described in Section 3, a 2D model of the transducer was built to verify the dynamic magnetic field improvement and to study the effect of different affecting factors, including the thickness, magnetic conductivity, lift-off distance of the SMP with the excitation currents and induced magnetic fields at different frequencies. Experimental investigations were carried out in an aluminum plate as described in Section 4 and the conclusions follow in Section 5.
# Minimum Barrier Distance-Based Object Descriptor for Visual Tracking
###### Abstract  
In most visual tracking tasks, the target is tracked by a bounding box given in the first frame. The complexity and redundancy of background information in the bounding box inevitably exist and affect tracking performance. To alleviate the influence of background, we propose a robust object descriptor for visual tracking in this paper. First, we decompose the bounding box into non-overlapping patches and extract the color and gradient histograms features for each patch. Second, we adopt the minimum barrier distance (MBD) to calculate patch weights. Specifically, we consider the boundary patches as the background seeds and calculate the MBD from each patch to the seed set as the weight of each patch since the weight calculated by MBD can represent the difference between each patch and the background more effectively. Finally, we impose the weight on the extracted feature to get the descriptor of each patch and then incorporate our MBD-based descriptor into the structured support vector machine algorithm for tracking. Experiments on two benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.  
Keywords:visual tracking; patch-based; minimum barrier distance; patch descriptor +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 1 Introduction
### Research Scope and Previous Studies
This approach differs from previous studies in that it analyzes various factors influencing older adults' motivations for using these centers, specifically in Yeongdo-gu. Figure 1 shows the dependent variable (motivation to use senior citizen centers) and the independent variables (relieving social isolation, improving physical health, promoting leisure activities, facilitating social interaction, and providing emotional stability and support), in addition to their sub-factors, used in this study. Although previous studies have suggested that environmental factors significantly influence the use of senior citizen centers, these are excluded from the scope of this study as it assumes that there are differences between the various eldercare system types.
# Pollen-Food Allergy Syndrome: Allergens, Clinical Insights, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges
## 7 PFAS Diagnosis  
Diagnosis of PFAS involves a combination of clinical history, physical examination, and confirmatory testing. A thorough patient history is the cornerstone of diagnosis and should focus on the timing and nature of symptoms, the specific foods involved, and any seasonal patterns that suggest pollen sensitization [44]. Commonly implicated foods include apples, peaches, cherries, carrots, celery, and nuts, depending on the pollen to which the patient is sensitized.  
Skin pick testing (SPT) and serum-specific IgE testing are valuable tools for identifying pollen sensitization. Extracts from pollens and suspected foods can be used to confirm cross-reactivity. However, in some cases, commercial food extracts may not contain the heat-labile proteins responsible for PFAS symptoms, necessitating testing with fresh food preparations (the \"prick-to-prick\" method) [187].  
The advent of component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) has revolutionized the diagnosis of PFAS by allowing for the detection of IgE to specific allergenic proteins rather than whole extracts [119]. For example, testing for sensitization to Bet v 1, the major birch allergen, can help identify individuals at risk for PFAS to related foods like apples and carrots. Similarly, testing for profiling (e.g., Phl p 12, a grass pollen profilin) or isoflavrooid reductases (e.g., Bet v 6) can provide insights into the patient's cross-reactivity profile.  
Figure 4 illustrates a flowchart outlining a structured step-by-step diagnosis algorithm for PFAS, designed to guide clinicians through the evaluation process, ensuring accurate diagnosis and differentiation from other conditions [98,188].
# The Challenges and Compatibility of Mobility Management Solutions for Future Networks
## 5 Recent MM Techniques and 5G Architecture
### Considerations for SDN-based MM Solutions
#### Drawbacks of radio access network as service (RANaaas)  
* Many modifications are required on the RAN side of the network [80; 81].
# RMRRASL: Robust Matrix Factorization with Robust Adaptive Structure Learning for Feature Selection
## 5 Experiments and Analysis
### Analysis of Experimental Results
#### 5.5.1 Classification Performance Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **AR** & **CMU PIE** & **Extended YaleB** & **ORL** & **COIL20** \\ \hline LSFS & \(61.90\pm 2.35\) & \(83.69\pm 1.36\) & \(61.21\pm 1.56\) & \(91.42\pm 3.07\) & \(90.34\pm 1.48\) \\  & \((560)\) & \((560)\) & \((560)\) & \((560)\) & \((560)\) \\ NNEFS & \(63.56\pm 1.48\) & \(85.54\pm 1.29\) & \(62.95\pm 0.75\) & \(92.33\pm 2.00\) & \(91.68\pm 0.93\) \\  & \((460)\) & \((560)\) & \((260)\) & \((460)\) & \((560)\) \\ USFS & \(63.71\pm 2.71\) & \(86.90\pm 1.17\) & \(63.57\pm 1.38\) & \(92.67\pm 1.93\) & \(92.66\pm 1.39\) \\  & \((460)\) & \((560)\) & \((560)\) & \((60)\) & \((60)\) \\ CNAFS & \(63.83\pm 1.66\) & \(83.95\pm 1.56\) & \(63.92\pm 1.12\) & \(93.13\pm 1.85\) & \(94.29\pm 1.22\) \\  & \((560)\) & \((560)\) & \((560)\) & \((560)\) & \((160)\) \\  & \(64.90\pm 2.12\) & \(87.29\pm 0.64\) & \(63.58\pm 1.39\) & \(92.17\pm 1.81\) & \(93.56\pm 1.32\) \\  & \((460)\) & \((560)\) & \((360)\) & \((560)\) & \((160)\) \\  & \(67.79\pm 2.03\) & \(88.45\pm 0.90\) & \(64.28\pm 1.10\) & \(93.33\pm 1.47\) & \(94.88\pm 1.15\) \\  & \((260)\) & \((360)\) & \((360)\) & \((560)\) & \((560)\) \\ SPNFSR & \(68.50\pm 0.91\) & \(88.22\pm 1.02\) & \(64.02\pm 1.95\) & \(92.83\pm 1.81\) & \(94.21\pm 1.42\) \\  & \((260)\) & \((360)\) & \((360)\) & \((560)\) & \((460)\) \\ RMFRASL & \(69.77\pm 0.97\) & \(89.17\pm 0.80\) & \(64.98\pm 0.75\) & \(93.92\pm 1.56\) & \(95.93\pm 1.17\) \\  & \((260)\) & \((360)\) & \((360)\) & \((460)\) & \((160)\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: The best accuracy rate and STD of different algorithms on the five databases. Figure 6: _Cont_.
# Circularly Polarized Vivaldi Antennas Integrated with Septum-like Polarizer
## 4 Discussion  
A septum-like polarizer shaped like a pulse train has been presented for a circularly polarized Vivaldi antenna. The profile of the polarizer has been optimized using GA based on the commercial software of HFSS. The optimized design provides more than 10% fractional bandwidth in terms of a 3 dB axial ratio. Within the bandwidth, a good impedance matching was obtained. The requirements for the antenna bandwidth can be met for the use of radar and satellite communication systems. The prototype of the proposed antenna was constructed, and the simulated results showed good agreement with the experimental results. The length of the feed line can be adjusted to change the polarization between RHCP and LHCP. The design of the proposed antenna can be scalable to other frequencies under 11 GHz. However, the scalability to other frequencies above 11 GHz may be limited because the substrate becomes thinner and the rigidness of the antenna prototype may be affected. In the future, some switches to reconfigure the feed network may be added to realize a switchable CP Vivaldi antenna.  
Conceptualization, I.K. and [PERSON]-[PERSON]; methodology, I.K. and [PERSON]-H.L.; software, I.K. and S.-G.L.; validation, S.-G.L. and [PERSON]; formal analysis, I.K. and S.-G.L.; investigation, c resources, S.-G.L.; data curation, S.-G.L.; writing--original draft preparation, I.K. and J.-H.L.; writing--review and editing, I.K.; visualization, S.-G.L.; supervision, J.-H.L.; project administration, J.-H.L.; funding acquisition, J.-H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Two authors: [PERSON] and [PERSON], were funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2015R1A6A1A03031833). Three authors, [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON], were funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS-2024-00343372).  
The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because the data are part of an ongoing study.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 5 Application Case
### Experimental Results of Drag Coefficient  
According to the athlete's physical information, such as weight, height, and body shape, a 1:4 scale model of their typical posture was obtained by 3D scanning the athlete's appearance using 3D printing technology, which was used as a wind tunnel experimental model for drag coefficient testing. The 3D scanning was carried out with a German Anthroscan Bodyscan 3D body scanner, and optical triangulation technology was adopted to obtain the 3D data and texture. The measurement range was 2100 mm (height) \(\times\) 1000 mm (depth) \(\times\) 1200 mm (width), and the average maximum girth error was 1 mm.  
The drag resistance coefficient experiment of the sport posture was completed in the variable boundary layer wind tunnel laboratory of NEFU; the size of the test section was 5 m (length) \(\times\) 0.8 m (width) \(\times\) 1.0 m (height), and the maximum wind speed was 70.5 m/s (continuously adjustable). A force transducer was used to measure the model drag force parallel to the direction of the approaching wind. As shown in Figure 7, the model and force transducer were connected by a circular platform; the platform edge was smooth and sharp to minimize the circumference phenomenon when the wind passes through the platform.  
Experiments on the drag coefficient were performed at high wind speeds (22 m/s) so that the Reynolds number of the wind tunnel model would be as close as possible to that of an actual athlete. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the Reynolds number has a negligible influence on the scale model, and many researchers have utilized scale models  
Figure 7: Scale models in the wind tunnel.  
to study the drag coefficient [4; 33]. The sampling frequency of the force data was 100 Hz, and the sampling duration was 20 s in the stable phase. The frontal area of the athlete was obtained by extracting the contour line of the athlete's sport posture. The measurement results of the drag coefficient \(C_{D}\) and the frontal area \(A\) are shown in Table 1.