esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Beneficial Health Potential of Algerian Polysaccharides
## 3 Results and Discussions  
### Structural Characterization of L-PSPC and S-PSPC  
#### 3.1.1 Main Biochemical Compositions  
The extraction yields of both L-PSPC (leaves) and S-PSPC (seeds) fractions are detailed in Figure 1, i.e., 46 g/kg (4.60% \(w\)/\(w\)) and 186 g/kg (18.6% \(w\)/\(w\)), respectively. Regarding the procedure of extractions, these values are consistent with the literature. Mass yields of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from various parts of Plantago species are ranged from 1 to 20%, as reported for _Plantago major_[6], _Plantago asiatica_[28] or _Plantago notata_[29]. Obviously, extraction yields are strongly influenced by the methodology, physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, reaction time, solid/liquid ratio, stirring, etc.), solvents, type and concentration of polysaccharides [30]. The higher yields are given for polysaccharides extracted from Plantago seeds (Psyllium) [31].  
L-PSPC and S-PSPC are mainly composed of carbohydrates (66.6% and 86.5% \(w\)/\(w\), respectively) (Table 1). Water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from _Plantago ciliata_ leaves contained more uronic acids (24.0% \(w\)/\(w\)) than those extracted from seeds (7.96% \(w\)/\(w\)). Note that L-PSPC and S-PSPC are clearly enriched-polysaccharide fractions since both are poorly contaminated by proteins (2.30% and 0.35% \(w\)/\(w\)) and phenol compounds (close to 0% \(w\)/\(w\)). Three polysaccharide fractions from _Plantago asiatica_ seeds (PLP-1, -2, -3) with high levels of total carbohydrates varying between 79.2% and 87% (\(w\)/\(w\)), and very low protein contents (around 1% \(w\)/\(w\)) [32]. PSPN, a heteroxylan extracted from _Plantago notata_ seeds, was composed of 85.6% of carbohydrates including 78% of neutral sugars [29].  
Figure 1: Extraction yields (\(w\)/\(w\) %) of L-PSPC (leaves) and S-PCPC (seeds).  
[PERSON] et al. also described few amounts of uronic acids (\(<5\%\)\(w/w\)) in a seed hus arabinoxylan extracted from _Plantago oovata_ Forsk [33]. A branched rhamnocalaturonan with side chains of arabinocalatan, was extracted in similar conditions from _Plantago major_ leaves and mainly contained uronic acids (59.3% \(w/w\)) followed by neutral sugars (39.1% \(w/w\)) [34]. Homogeneous acidic protein-bound heteropolysaccharides composed of carbohydrates (89-92% \(w/w\)), proteins (3-7% \(w/w\)) and uronic acids (10-20% \(w/w\)) were extracted from seeds of _Plantago depressa_[35]. Thus, pectic substances and mainly heteroxylan are usually identified, respectively, from Plantago leaves or seeds by using water extraction bioprocesses [6; 36].
## 4 Numerical Model and Materials
### Refined Model of Anchor Joint
#### 4.2.2 Material Properties  
The CDP constitutive model is used for the two segments, and the corresponding parameters are totally identical to those listed in Section 4.1.2. The elastoplastic constitutive model is adopted for all of the components in the anchor joint. The elasticity modulus of the anchor joint is 181 GPa, while the yield stress is 530 MPa. The Poisson's ratio is 0.26.
# Human Milk Fat Substitutes from Lard and Hemp Seed Oil Mixtures
## 3 Results  
### Fatty Acid Profile and Their Distribution in Triacylglycerors (TAGs)  
The studied land contained over 80% palmitic acid in the sn-2 position of TAGs (Figure 1), while in the hemp seed oil, the share of this acid in the sn-2 position was only 40%. The acquired breast milk fat substitutes were characterized by a specific distribution of fatty acids in the TAG molecules that was different from those present in lard and hemp seed oil (Table 1, Figure 1). Having analyzed the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in the sn-2 TAG position of the generated substitutes, we found that they occurred mainly in the external positions of TAGs. The share of oleic acid within the central position of TAGs in the resulting substitutes was between 12.5% and 19.6%, which accounts for the fact that it is contained mostly in sn-1,3 positions (the oleic acid content in sn-1,3 positions was between 32.8% and 39.5%, and that in the sn-2 position was between 12.5% and 19.6%). In contrast, a vast majority of saturated palmitic acid occupied the sn-2 position of TAGs in the acquired human breast milk substitutes. Depending on the process conditions, the share of this particular acid in the sn-2 TAG position was between 41.3% and 51.8% (the palmitic acid content in the sn-1,3 positions was between 13.8% and 21.7%, and that in the sn-2 position was between 41.3% and 51.8%). This triacylglycerglycerol structure of the acquired substitutes is very close to that appearing in human milk fat (HMF).  
In order to enrich the lard TAGs in polyunsaturated fatty acids, the intereesterification process was initiated. PUFAs originating from hemp seed oil were built into the lard TAG structure in its course. Given the results regarding the content of fatty acids in the analyzed HMF substitutes (Figure 2), we observed that, irrespective of the process duration time, the intereesterification products featured similar profiles of fatty acids. Among all the researched modified fats, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) prevailed. Their content ranged from 43.2% to 46.6%. Furthermore, these fats contained considerable amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Jointly, they constituted from 32.4% to 33.5% of all the fatty acids. In addition, the intereesterification products turned out to be an abundant source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, ranging between 21.3% and 22.8%.
# Numerical Parametric Studies on the Stress Distribution in Rocks around Underground Silo
## 2 The Underground Silo
### In-Situ Stress State and Material Properties  
According to the results of a detailed geological survey of the site area with a radius of 1 km centered on the WLDC site in Wolsong, the geology of the WLDC site is mainly  
Figure 4: Drawing and dimensions of underground silo (unit: mm).  
composed of tertiary plutonic rocks, cretaceous sedimentary rocks, and intrusive rocks (see Figure 5) [15; 16]. More detailed geological survey data are described in [16].  
It was reported in an investigation of the site's characteristics that the ratio of in situ horizontal stress to vertical stress (Ko) was approximately between 1.17 and 1.92 [17]. The numerical analysis presented here was therefore performed to predict the stress distribution occurring in rocks around the silo for three cases (Ko = 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0). The soil layer was assumed to be \(-4.3\) m deep from ground level, and the weathering rock was assumed to be \(-9.5\) m deep, starting from the bottom of the soil layer. It was assumed that the rock was distributed from the lower part of the weathering rock to the deep layer. Typical values for the material properties of geomaterials used for this finite element modeling were assumed, as shown in Table 1[13]. All geomaterials were assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ground Layer**} & **Unit** & **Young’s** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Poisson’s**} & **Internal Friction** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cohesion (MPa)**} \\  & **Weight** & **Modulus** & **Ratio** & **Angle** & **(degree)** & **(MPa)** \\ \hline Soil layer & 18.56 & 0.124 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) & 0.33 & 30 & 0.35 \\ \hline Weathering rock & 20.52 & 0.342 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) & 0.30 & 38 & 2.08 \\ \hline Rock & 26.28 & 8.260 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) & 0.27 & 43 & 2.26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Typical material properties of geomaterials.  
Figure 5: Geological map of the Wolsong site.
## 2 Applicable Nanotechnology Solutions to Road Maintenance
### Clear-Seal Applications
Water is clearly seen seeing out underneath the Marvil apparatus through the extensive network of crocodile cracking (alligator cracking). After application of the GE-NANO clear-seal to a rate to saturation and the drying thereof, another Marvil test was performed close to the original test site (refer to comparative test sections clearly visible in Figure 10b). After the clear-seal application no water could be observed in the cracks leaving from the Marvil apparatus. Water penetration using the Marvil apparatus was measured both before and after the application as recorded at different time intervals, as given in Table 2. Table 2 also contains comparative measurements taken after a period of 14 days, during which time the road was opened to normal traffic. The reduction in water penetration into the severely cracked surface is clearly evident. After application of the clear-seal, the water ingress into the pavement structure was reduced by 97 per cent. After 14 days of the road being opened to traffic, the water ingress was still reduced by 81 per cent. These results are significant, and in combination with a hydrophobic cost-effective slurry mix, could restore the integrity of the surfacing for a number of years. Figure 10: (**a**) Water penetration before application of a clear-seal, showing water seeping out along the extensive network of cracks; (**b**) Marvil test after application of a clear-seal showing the sealing effect of the clear-seal. In order to address any concerns about a possible decrease in the skid-resistance of the surfacing caused by the application of the clear-seal, skid resistance testing was performed using the British Pendulum Tester (Figure 11), both before and after the application of the clear-seal. The results of the skid-resistant tests are given in Table 3. No statistical difference between the test performed before and after the application of the clear-seal was measured. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Permeability at Different Intervals**} & **Pre-Treated (Figure 8a)** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **After Application of a** \\ **Clear-Seal** \\ **(Figure 8b)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **14 Days after Application of** \\ **Clear-Seal and Opened to Traffic** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
7 min & 0.214 L/h & 0.000 L/h & 0.017 L/h \\ \hline
15 min & 0.200 L/h & 0.008 L/h & 0.020 L/h \\ \hline
20 min & 0.150 L/h & 0.009 L/h & 0.018 L/h \\ \hline
**Average Permeability** & **0.188 L/h** & **0.006 L/h** & **0.036 L/h** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Penetration rates tested using the Marvil apparatus of the application of a clear-seal on a severely cracked surfacing exhibiting closely spaced crocodile cracking (refer to Acknowledgements). Figure 11: Skid resistance testing performed before and after application of a clear-seal [18] (refer to Acknowledgements).
# Millimeter-Wave Smart Antenna Solutions for URLLC in Industry 4.0 and Beyond
## 4 Antennas for mmWave Industry 4.0 and beyond Communication  
Antenna design at the 60 GHz mmWave band has been explored to a great extent in recent years. This is due to the advancement in CMOS and IC design technologies that support compact mmWave circuitry and RF frontends. Array antenna systems with beamforming are essential to support robust and reliable communication due to smaller wavelengths at mmWave and high susceptibility to path loss. The beamforming antennas help to improve the coverage, SNR, and effective beam steering [80]. We broadly categorize the 60 GHz smart beamforming antennas into three types: printed circuit board (PCB)-based antennas [81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97], on-chip antennas [98; 99; 100; 101; 102; 103], and low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC)-based antennas [104; 105; 106; 107; 108; 109; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115]. We discuss these antennas here in detail.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Scattering mean-free Path and Diffusion Coefficient at the Random Laser Threshold  
We show in Figure 3a the result for the scattering mean-free path \(l_{s}\) that is computed within the self-consistent framework in dependency to the pump strength \(\mathrm{P}\) and the position inside the sample. We find a significant qualitative difference to the same length scale in the non-pumped regime. The length scale \(l_{S}\) at the random laser threshold, thus in stationary state, is increased at the sample's lossy boundaries. This effect relies here exclusively on the incorporation of a loss rate at the boundaries, whereas the sample's filling is \(50\,\%\) volume filling everywhere in the slab. We find that the increase of \(l_{s}\) is qualitatively not directly inverse to the behavior of the coherence or correlation length \(\xi\); however it depends on the strength of the excitation power. This is intuitively clear, since with the increasing excitation power of the pump the refractive index of the single active Mie resonator is modulated. The sample is homogeneously pumped, all parameters are equal to the case of Figure 2. We also find a significant quantitative difference of the scattering mean-free path \(l_{s}\) at the laser threshold, which is for \(P\,=\,9.0\gamma_{21}\) at the boundaries, \(l_{s}\,=\,1460.0\) nm and in the center of the slab, at \(Z\,=\,0\), \(l_{s}\,=\,1432.0\) nm. Thus \(l_{s}\) under stationary state lasing conditions is increased for our parameter set here by a factor of \(4.7\) to a factor of \(4.87\) compared to the measure \(l_{s}\) in the non-pumped system, whereas its quality in terms of the derived formula is exactly the same, compare reference [34].  
Our results for \(l_{s}\), Figure 3a, and \(D\), Figure 3b, are as such remarkable, since they provide some insight on the physical consequence of the pumping of complex active disordered media with respect to their localization characteristics. The measure for localization is always the self-consistent diffusion coefficient \(D\), that we show as a result for the same parameters as for the calculation of \(l_{s}\), Figure 3a, and for the calculation of \(\xi\), Figure 2, in Figure 3b. The diffusion coefficient shows qualitatively the same behavior as \(l_{s}\) in stationary state. It assumes quantitatively a finite value which depends on the position and on the pump strength. We thus conclude that random lasers at the stationary state undergo the lasing transition, which is, however, neither correlated nor equal to the phase transition of Anderson localization.
## 4 Experimental Setup
### Power Electronics  
#### 4.2.1 AC-DC Rectification and Filtering  
The output of the wind turbine's three-phase AC generator is first rectified using a full-wave diode bridge rectifier, which converts the AC signal into DC. A smoothing capacitor is placed at the rectifier's output to mitigate the voltage ripple, ensuring that the input to the subsequent DC-DC boost converter remains stable and minimizes fluctuations that could negatively impact control precision. In Figure 7, both components can be observed. This configuration is critical for maintaining reliable performance during dynamic wind changes, where voltage stability is essential.
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, an ultra-thin, highly efficient all-dielectric metasurface is demonstrated for FOV generation and optical vortex detection. The all-dielectric metasurface comprises Nb\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) nanobars on a silica substrate. The meta-atom operates as a miniature half-wave plate with a cross-polarized efficiency of 86.9%. This high efficiency is achieved due to the existence of both electric and magnetic resonance in the nanobar. A phase delay of \(\pi\) between the \(x\)- and \(y\)-polarized electric field components is attributed to the different parity of the numbers of AMDs induced by the incident light. Based on this concept, we demonstrate the FOV generation with distinct topological charges and NA. The designed FOV generator shows a maximum efficiency of 79.2%. Moreover, a multichannel device which can simultaneously generate and detect the OV beams with varying OAMs in a single metasurface has been demonstrated in the UV range. We envision that our designed devices of high flexibility and ultra-thin thickness may have potential use in high-performance micron-scale integrated ultraviolet nanophotonics and meta-optics.  
Conceptualization, Z.Z.; Data curation, Z.Z.; Formal analysis, Z.Z.; Funding acquisition, G.S.; Visualization, Z.Z.; Investigation Z.Z.; Writing, original draft preparation, Z.Z.; Writing-original draft, Z.Z.; Writing, review, and editing, Z.Z., T.L., and X.J.; supervision, G.S. and Y.X. All of the authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The project was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. XDB43010000, the National Key Research and Development Plan (No.2016 YFB0400601 and No.2016 YFB0402402), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2015 CB351902), the National Science and Technology Major Project (2018 ZX010050101-010), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61835011 and Grant No. U1431231) the Key Research Projects of the Frontier Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. QYZDY-SSW-JSC004), and the Beijing Science and Technology Projects (Grant No. Z151100001615042).  
The authors declare no competing interests.
### Signal Processing  
The importance of studies in the field of artificial intelligence and signal processing in the past two decades has been on a steady increase [19]. [PERSON] et al. [20] opened that signal processing has a broad range of applications and has transformed into a key element for the analysis of power systems. Signal processing methods are essential in an electrical power system as they offer the best analysis and characterization of signals that are to be investigated. In [21], signal processing refers to the science that enables the analysis of signals. According to a study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22], fault detection with the help of signal processing techniques has attracted significant attention. The outcome of signal processing techniques is assessed via simulations. The techniques used for fault detection are divided into two key categories, signal processing-based and model-based approaches. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] classified signal processing methods into five categories, as shown in Figure 2.  
Among the numerous electrical power signal analysis techniques, this study adopted the wavelet transform and a multilayered perceptron neural network method.
## 2 Methodology
### Least Squares for Estimation of a Damped Sinusoid
#### 2.2.1 Preprocessing  
Figure 3a shows an example of typical bridge displacements measured with a GBR for two vehicle crossings. A free damped vibration follows the initial displacement caused by a vehicle. This vibration can be primarily observed in crossings of heavy vehicles, such as trucks. However, it also occurs after crossings of lighter vehicles, such as cars, although the amplitude of the vibration is much smaller. Figure 3b shows the amplitude spectrum of the displacement. The first and second natural frequencies are visible at approximately 3.6 Hz and 7.2 Hz, respectively. Generally, the amplitude of the second natural frequency is about an order of magnitude smaller than the amplitude of the first natural frequency and may be lost in the broadband noise. The proposed method is, therefore, only applied to the first natural frequency.  
Since the damped vibrations have recognisable characteristics in the frequency domain, their startpoints and endpoints can be detected relatively easily. A common signal processing method for detection is a bandpass filter with a passband of the first natural frequency. The vehicle crossing is then determined by applying a threshold. Alternatively, machine learning methods constitute a more complex but also more flexible approach.  
Figure 2: Horizontal view of the measurement principle of GBR of a bridge’s underside.  
Combining two methods makes it possible to detect vehicle convoys, which interrupt the damped vibration [44]. After detection, a high pass filter with a cut-off frequency below the first natural frequency is applied. The filter reduces the influence of low-frequency components, which can result from short-term atmospheric disturbances to the GBR signal. Multiple scatterers in the same range cell can also cause low-frequency noise, which influences the least squares.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Heterostructures Composition and Crystallinity  
The ternary heterostructures' composition and crystallinity are considered key properties in developing high efficient photocatalytic and adsorbent materials [61]. The diffraction analysis of Fly ash-TiO\({}_{2}\) structures (named Fly 1, Fly2 and respectively Fly 3) (see Supplementary materials, Figure S1) shows the presence of crystalline oxides such as SiO\({}_{2}\) (monoclinic), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) (hexagonal) and Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) (hematite, hombohedric) from FA, TiO\({}_{2}\) (anatase, rutile) from Degussa powder, and Cu\({}_{2}\)S (chalcocite) and CuS (covolite) from the powder obtained by the photochemical method (Figure 2). Even if the samples were thermally treated at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, there is no proof of formation of Cu\({}_{x}\)O or other mixed oxides. However, due to the similarity of the metal ionic radius (\(r_{Al^{\beta+}}=0.050\) nm, \(r_{Fe^{3+}}=0.06\) nm, \(r_{Ti^{\beta+}}=0.068\) nm, and \(r_{Cu^{2+}}=0.072\) nm), the doping between heterostructure materials cannot be excluded. Materials compatibility is a pre-requisite in obtaining uniform and homogeneous interfaces that can facilitate the charge carrier's mobility through the structure.  
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) technique was employed to get information about the elemental composition of the ternary TiO\({}_{2}\)-Cu\({}_{x}\)S-FA structures. The percentage weight and atomic content of various elements of the surface determined by EDS are shown in Table 2. This information is essential, considering that photocatalysis and adsorption processes are dependent on surface chemistry [62]. Based on the EDS results, titanium oxide is the most surface-abundant, which is a positive aspect due to the well-known photocatalytic efficiency of this material [63]. Additionally, the sample's surface contains all components required for heterostructure activation in UV radiation. Sample C10 is the most suitable zeolite material because the Si/Al ratio is 2.60, which is closest to the value recommended in the literature of 2.10 [64; 65].  
Figure 2: X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for ternary TiO\({}_{2}\)–Cu\({}_{x}\)S–FA heterostructures.