## 1 Introduction  
Peatlands are unique and diverse ecosystems that cover only around 3% of the global land surface [1, 2, 3]. The distinction between peatlands lies in the type of hydrology, nutrients, plants, and geography of the area. Peatlands are wetlands with an accumulation of decaying organic material that creates layers of peat and are divided into bogs and fens. Bogs are low in nutrients and only receive water from the atmosphere, while fens have a higher nutrient content and are nonvished by water from both the atmosphere and the ground. Bogs are generally populated by Sphagnum mosses, sedges, and ericaceous shrubs, whereas fens are characterised by brown mosses, sedges, grasses, and shrubs [4, 5]. In the global carbon cycle, peatlands serve as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) and store approximately 550 billion metric tons of carbon [1, 6]. They also provide various ecosystem services, including water purification, flood control, and habitats for various plant and animal species [7]. Peatlands have recently become increasingly important for climate change mitigation and adaptation [8, 9]. This is because peatlands are the most significant terrestrial carbon sinks, and their destruction and degradation can result in the release of large amounts of CO\({}_{2}\) into the atmosphere [10]. Therefore, peatland restoration and management have become critical priorities for many governments and conservation organisations worldwide [11, 12]. Despite their importance, various human activities threaten peatlands, including drainage, agriculture, forestry, and mining [2, 13]. For example, the drainage of peatlands for agriculture or forestry can lead to the oxidation of peat soil, which releases the stored carbon into the atmosphere as CO\({}_{2}\)[1; 14; 15]. Peat extraction for use as fuel or horticultural material can also lead to the degradation of peatlands [16; 17]. In addition, peatlands are highly susceptible to climate change because warmer temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns can alter peatland hydrology and vegetation [3; 18; 19]. Therefore, the conservation and management of peatlands are critical issues for global efforts to mitigate climate change and protect biodiversity [11; 20]. It should be noted that restoration efforts are being undertaken to mitigate these issues; however, using traditional field-based methods to monitor the success of these restoration strategies can be difficult and expensive. For instance, remote sensing techniques have emerged as a promising alternative for assessing peatland conditions, estimating gaseous carbon fluxes at various scales, and uncovering hidden complexities. Remote sensing is a powerful tool for mapping and monitoring the characteristics and dynamics of peatlands. It involves acquiring data on the Earth's surface from a distance using sensors on satellites, aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and ground-based platforms [21]. Various types of remote sensing data, including visible and infrared imagery, radar [15; 22], and LiDAR [23; 24; 25; 26], can be used to extract information about the physical, chemical, and biological properties of peatlands [27]. Remote sensing has been widely applied in peatland research and management in recent years, and there is a growing body of literature on this topic. For example, remote sensing technology has been employed to map peatland vegetation cover [28; 29; 30; 31], assess peatland hydrology [12; 32; 33], and estimate carbon storage [10; 34]. However, much of the existing research has focused on specific remote sensing platforms, and there have been few attempts to synthesise and compare findings across studies. Satellite-based remote sensing is one of the most widely used platforms in peatland research and management, as it has revolutionised our understanding of peatland ecosystems by providing large-scale coverage and long-term monitoring capabilities.