## 4 FHB Management
### Conventional Breeding  
Conventional breeding based on phenotypic selection was one of the main tools of improving resistance for most of the 20 th century. It has led to the development of some very important FHB resistant wheat cultivars such as Sumai-3. Sumai-3 is a Chinese spring wheat cultivar that has been and is still extensively used in breeding programs worldwide [29; 54; 89; 90; 101; 102; 103]. It was the first FHB resistant cultivar to be developed in China in 1947 from a cross of a moderately susceptible, Italian wheat variety, Funo and a resistant landrace (Taiwanxiomai) from Taiwan [26; 54; 104]. Since then, Sumai3 cultivar (cv). has been instrumental in the development of other resistant cultivars such as Ning 7840 [104]. Sumai3 is also a major source of resistance in wheat and durum breeding programs in the USA and Canada, contributing to the development and release of more than 20 modern cultivars. These include commercially available moderately resistant (MR) hard spring wheat cultivars Alsen, Glenn, Barlow, and SY Ingmar from North Dakota, Faller and Prosper from Minnesota, [54] and AAC Brandon a spring wheat cv. from Canada [54]. Another Italian cultivar Montana and Brasilian cultivar Frontana have also contributed to the improvement of FHB resistance in North America [101; 103]. Conventional breeding has also played a part in the identification of one of the first major FHB resistance quantitative trait loci _Fhb1_, which was first mapped in Sumai 3 by [PERSON]'s laboratory [101; 105]. The _Fhb1_ gene has been validated in different studies [54; 81; 103; 104; 105] and is located on the long arm of Chromosome 3B and has been shown to confer Type II resistance--resistance to fungal spread according to the mechanisms of resistance first described by [PERSON] and [PERSON], 1929 [106]. _Fhb1_ resistance is widely used in spring wheat (hexaploid) cultivars and has been shown to contribute (20-50%) resistance to FHB in bread wheat compared with their parents [93; 99]. At the end of the 20 th century conventional breeding had established a solid foundation in the area of FHB resistance in wheat and other crops. Undoubtedly, this era in host resistance has led to a better understanding of the genetic control of FHB. It has also led to the development and release of not only, the well-known spring wheat cultivars (_cvs_), such as Sumai-3 and its derivatives from China, but others such as Nobeeoka Bozu from Japan, and Brazilian cultivar Frontana. that was mainly used in winter wheat breeding programs in Canada in the late 20 th century. Research in host optimisation has resulted in creation of winter wheat _cvs_. such as Praag 8 and Novokrumka from Europe [31] as pioneer resistant cultivars in the fight against FHB aggressiveness. However, these advances have encountered limitations due to the lack of good germplasms and major resistance genes, polygene nature of FHB resistance, and the difficulty in disease resistance evaluation [101]. In addition, it takes up to 10 years to develop a new resistant cultivar [107]. At this stage of the research, breeders are just not able to afford the costly consequences of delays in getting more resistant cultivars on the global market [107]. The disastrous FHB epidemics of the 1990s and early 2000s decimated wheat and durum crops in the US and Canada. Indeed, the seemingly effortless way in which _Fusarium_ pathogens were able to circumvent and render ineffective the most up to date control measurements of the time underscores the urgency to have improved cultivars on the market and in time to prevent the next FHB attack. As a result of this, conventional breeding alone has not and will not be able to mitigate this disease. Therefore, the race to produce more resistant cultivars has to be continuously supported with newer technological tools such as GS (genomic selection), MAS (marker assisted selection), and MARS (marker-assisted recurrent selection [108; 109; 110; 111].