Surface cracks are predominantly induced by pits resulting from cutting tool marks and the detachment of inclusions. Correspondingly, subsurface cracks are mainly caused by internal nonmetallic inclusions, such as Al, Ca, Si, and Mg oxides. In accordance with Paris law, [PERSON] et al. [16] proposed that crack initiation and propagation are more likely to occur in locations subjected to alternating loads. Several criteria, such as the Jiang-Sehitoglu criterion [17], Brown-Miller strain-life equation [18], Basquin equation [19], and Paris law [20], have been employed to calculate the fatigue life of crack initiation and propagation. It is noteworthy that the majority of these studies primarily focus on RCF crack propagation in railway wheel hub steel under the rolling contact conditions of rail wheels. Limited attention has been given to the impact of bearing contact conditions on bearing RCF performance. However, bearing contact conditions are more intricate than rail wheel contact conditions. [PERSON] et al. [21] introduced a series of finite element models to investigate the processes of crack initiation, propagation, and spalling in rolling contact fatigue. [PERSON] et al. [22] established a Voronoi finite element model (VFEM) based on damage mechanics. This model can simulate the initiation, propagation, and fatigue spalling of micro-cracks while also examining the influence of surface defects on the linear contact of elastohydrodynamic lubrication. [PERSON] et al. [23] explored the effects of bending moment, radial load, and other factors on the stress intensity factor at the crack front, crack growth rate, and crack initiation. They proposed a simulation model to study the effects of crack inclination angle and inclusion hardness on bearing fatigue damage, concluding that the shear mode plays a crucial role in crack initiation, while other modes play a secondary role. In terms of experiments, [PERSON] [24] designed a novel RCF experimental device and concluded that the primary mode of failure in ceramic bearings was material spalling due to crack propagation. [PERSON] et al. [25; 26; 27; 28] and [PERSON] et al. [29; 30] conducted numerous experimental studies utilizing four-ball and other RCF experimental devices, yielding a plethora of valuable conclusions.O[PERSON] [31] conducted experimental investigations on the fracture behavior of gallium selenide crystals and concluded that under mechanical stress, slip bands propagate to the surface, resulting in crystal spalling at an angle of approximately 45\({}^{\circ}\) relative to the applied tensile stresses. [PERSON] et al. [32] employed the dye penetrant technique to study the R-curve behavior of polycrystalline alumina material and found that a work of fracture value of 73 jm-2 was achieved after crack extension a = 3 mm, while crack growth initiated at Go = 26 jm-2. The observed increase in the R curve is attributed to interlocking grains within the crack wake. [PERSON] et al. [33] employed a sharp diamond indentation technique to generate artificial surface cracks--an exceptionally effective experimental approach. This method allows for the creation of cracks with sufficiently large size and repeatable geometry, facilitating RCF experiments under controlled conditions. Building upon this technique, [PERSON] et al. [34; 35; 36], [PERSON] et al. [37; 38; 39], and [PERSON] et al. [40; 41] initiated RCF experiments to validate their fracture mechanics theoretical models. In fracture mechanics, SIFs play a crucial role in calculating the speed and direction of crack growth. Consequently, scholars have dedicated substantial efforts to researching SIFcalculations in recent years. [PERSON] et al. [42] proposed a simulation for rail crack propagation under RCF using the XFEM. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [43] introduced a simulation for crack initiation and propagation under uniaxial load on Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\), based on the adaptive heavy grid cohesion element model.