## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Designing and 3D-Printing the Surgical Guides  
We tested the cooling efficacy of the surgical guides on 14 artificial bone models, trade name BS-001B (Bone Models, Castello de la Plana, Spain). These models simulate bone properties with cortical density D1 and dense-to-porous cortical density D2. The use of standardized bones aims to minimize specimen variability and clearly highlight the difference between the two types of surgical guides.  
We started by acquiring a CBCT scan of a standardized bone specimen. The resulting DICOM file was then imported into the Blue Sky Plan software, V4.13 64 bit, (Blue Sky Bio, Libertyville, IL, USA) to design the surgical guides, as shown in Figure 1. We used the \"Create model\" function to generate the digital model of the bone (Figure 1A). For building the surgical guides, we simulated 8 implants, as shown in Figure 1B. The dimensions of the implants were as follows: 3 mm in diameter, 8 mm long, guiding tube diameter of 5.3 mm, 4 mm tall, and 10 mm offset. We generated the template after marking its limits, thus producing 8 classical surgical guides (Figure 1C).  
Four of these guides were modified to include an incorporated irrigation channel. To achieve this, we simulated additional implants using the \"Create Scan Appliance Guide\" function for guides in positions 2, 4, 6, and 8, as shown in Figure 1D. These implants were designed to intersect the main implants at a 52\({}^{\circ}\) angle and were 2 mm in diameter, 8 mm long, with guiding sleeve diameter of 3 mm, height of 3 mm, and no offset. We chose a 3 mm diameter for the guiding sleeve to ensure a proper connection to the tubing of the physiodispenser.  
Additionally, eight lateral implants were simulated normally to the main implant direction, as illustrated in Figure 1E. These were used to guide the drilling for the holes needed to host the thermocouples. They were designed to allow the positioning of the thermocouples at a depth of about 4.5 mm (slightly variable because of the irregular shape of the bone models) and 0.8 mm away from the edge of the final osteotomy.  
Lastly, we designed four additional guides on the lower part of the template. These were used to drill the holes needed for securing the surgical guide to the bone models using fixation pins. Our design was inspired by the work of [PERSON] et al. [25].  
We exported the surgical guide design in Standard Tessellation Language (STL) format. The file was then loaded into the software of an AccuFab L4-D Digital Light Processing  
Figure 1: Digital design of the surgical template created using Blue Sky Plan software. (**A**) Digital model of the artificial bone generated from a CBCT scan. (**B**) Planning the position of the main osteotomy sites. (**C**) Generation of the surgical template featuring eight classical guides; we defined four measuring regions (pairs of guides). (**D**) Planning and creating the irrigation channels for the guides in position 2, 4, 6, and 8. (**E**) Planning and generating lateral drilling channel for the insertion of thermocouples. (**F**) Planning the four guides for the insertion of fixation pins used to secure the template on the bone model.  
3D printer (Shinging 3D, Hangzhou, China) and the template was manufactured using SG1 Surgical Guide resin (Shinging 3D, Hangzhou, China). After printing, the template was cleaned of uncured resin by bathing in rubbing alcohol for 5 min, followed by an ultrasonic distilled water bath for another 5 min. The cleaning protocol was repeated twice. In the end, the surgical template was cured for 30 min in a photopolymerization booth.