# Comparison of Tutorial Methods in Virtual Reality Games for a Better User Experience
## 1 Introduction  
Virtual reality (VR) is being rapidly adopted in fields such as tourism, medical care, and education [1, 2, 3, 4]. Head-mounted display (HMD)-based VR games have become popular [5, 6] owing to the affordable headsets [7, 8] and the popularity of VR. The natural interaction between VR and its user is an essential element of immersive VR [9, 10]. Considering that this maximises user immersion, the prospects for the development of VR for gaming are high. VR games can be used for various purposes, including education, training, treatment, and collaboration [11, 12]. In education, VR games are gaining popularity as they are proving to be useful tools for learning and storytelling [10, 13, 14]. VR games are being used in various educational fields, such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics [8, 15]. An educational game provides users with both entertainment and learning experiences [16]. However, these games are not immersive, as they prioritise learning and provide 'fun' elements in a formal manner [17]. In VR games, where players use a dedicated controller to explore the game and interact with objects [18, 19], the gameplay may be unfamiliar to players new to VR games [6]. Therefore, tutorials should provide help and information on interaction and game progression [5]. The provision of tutorials by game designers is a crucial element of these games [6]. Tutorials should be effective because users go throughthem at the start of the game [20] and thus learn how to play the game and interact with in-game elements [6; 21]. The help provided to the user should be cognitively comfortable and a stress relier, which can improve learning outcomes for educational purposes and the overall VR game experience [15]. A study revealed a positive effect on users when tutorials are offered in VR games [5; 22]. However, the literature lacks published research on how to effectively train users to increase their participation in virtual environments [2; 20] and on the effects of education tutorials. A study divided tutorials into 'instruction-screen' and 'context-sensitive tutorials' [5]. An instruction-screen tutorial is a traditional form of tutorial with fixed positions and directions for the tutorial [5], whereas a context-sensitive tutorial provides information with a speech bubble when the player requests new information, which is fixed onto the controller [5]. Compared with instruction-screen tutorials, context-sensitive tutorials provide a more positive player experience, which may be attributed to the lack of or limited experience of users with playing VR games [5]. Additionally, the study emphasised that the effects of various levels of context sensitivity should be reviewed in the future. Therefore, we recruited participants primarily from a group of users with considerable VR experience and further expanded the scope of research related to tutorial comparison using directly developed content. This study aims to determine user experience and VR motion sickness concerning the presence or absence of tutorials and delivery methods in a VR-based learning environment. Studying the effects of various tutorial methods on users can aid in designing effective VR game tutorials, leading to enhanced learning outcomes [20]. This highlights the importance of analysing the tutorial method for VR games and researching the user experience concerning the tutorial method. Herein, we develop a VR educational game named 'Numverse'. For this game, we design and develop tutorials based on the in-game tasks. Adopting [5]'s approach, we divide the tutorials into instruction-screen and context-sensitive tutorials by their display time. An instruction-screen tutorial is displayed before the game is played, assuming that the player will progress and learn the game more explo-ratively than with the context-sensitive tutorial. Conversely, we provide a context-sensitive tutorial according to the task of the user during the game, enabling the player to play and learn the game in a specific manner.