## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the following conclusions can be obtained by monitoring the inside and outside of the chamber of [PERSON]'s tomb for a period of one year, combined with indoor tests and simulations:  
1. The characteristics of the temperature and humidity variations of stone relics in tombs are closely related to the direct solar radiation and rainfall. The temperature variations outside the chamber are mainly influenced by solar radiation, while the relative humidity is notably influenced by rainfall. The temperature and humidity inside the chamber are mainly affected by variations in the temperature and humidity outside the chamber. The wind speed indirectly affects the temperature and humidity inside the chamber by influencing the hygrothermal transfer effect. The temperature and humidity variations inside the chamber exhibit a lag due to the buffering effect of the envelope on the temperature and humidity variations outside the chamber. The greater the chamber depth is, the poorer the air circulation with the outside and the higher the relative humidity. 2. The temperature and humidity variations in [PERSON]'s tomb exhibit seasonal variation characteristics. The temperature outside the chamber reaches a maximum value of 37.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C in summer and a minimum value of \(-1.4\)\({}^{\circ}\)C in winter. The temperature inside the chamber is less responsive to seasonal variations, and the seasonal variation magnitude is small. The humidity outside the chamber remains high throughout the year and does not significantly vary with the season. The humidity inside the chamber is more responsive to seasonal variations, with a higher humidity in summer and a lower humidity in winter. 3. A heat and humidity transfer--CFD airflow model is established to simulate the inside chamber environment of [PERSON]'s tomb. Through comparison and validation against the measured data, the model achieves favorable applicability and high reliability. Temperature and humidity data for the outside environment of the chamber can be used to predict the temperature and humidity inside the chamber. This study provides a reference and basis for subsequent research and protection of stone cultural relics in the tomb category. 4. By studying the change trends of the temperature and humidity inside and outside the tomb, it can be found that the temperature and humidity inside the tomb are mainly affected by those outside the tomb. The higher the humidity is, the greater the damage to stone cultural relics. Therefore, structures or plants can be arranged at the entrance of the tomb with stone cultural relics to alleviate the overall impact of the atmospheric temperature and humidity on the temperature and humidity within the chamber. Moreover, chamber desiccant or dehumidifier technology can be used to reduce the humidity in the chamber. Conceptualization, P.L. and B.S. ; methodology, W.S. and X.X. ; validation, W.S. ; formal analysis, W.S., X.X. and Q.W. ; investigation, C.L. ; writing--original draft preparation, W.S. and X.X. ; writing--review and editing, P.L. and B.S. ; funding acquisition, P.L. and B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51408285 and No. 42267023), the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (No. 20 JR5 RA293), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. Luzujbky-2021-57), the Science and Technology Item Foundation of Northwest Research Institute Limited Company of CREC, the Education Science and Technology Innovation Project of Gansu Province and the Education Reform Research Project of Lanzhou University. Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. **Acknowledgments:** We thank our colleagues at Northwest Research Institute Limited Company of China Railway Engineering Corporation for their great help in this work.