## 5 Results
### Regression Analysis
However, the point of interest in this analysis phase was to determine the increase in explanatory strength provided by the personality trait variables. In Experiment 1, an extended model where the Big Five variables were added explained 44.7% of the variation in _Pleasantness-Eventfulness_. The increase over the smaller model was significant ([PERSON] = 0.076, \(p\) < 0.001), with a small effect size ([PERSON]'s \(f^{2}\) = 0.044). In Experiment 2, an extended model including Big Five and _noise sensitivity_ variables explained 23.6%; this represented a significant increase ([PERSON] = 0.080, \(p\) < 0.001), likewise with a small effect size ([PERSON]'s \(f^{2}\) = 0.041). While these results are encouraging it must be recalled that the probability values calculated above are tentative, since we could not show that homoscedasticity and other required assumptions were met. Future research might want to focus on selecting larger participant samples, representative of a population, and assure that distribution assumptions are fulfilled. In the third and final phase, we carried out four univariate multiple regressions with the extended set of predictor variables. The results are given in Table 6.  
In Experiment 1, the model explained 48.5% of _Pleasantness_ and 35.2% of _Eventfulness_ variance. Note that these amounts are the cross-validated adjusted \(R^{2}\), and that the relatively small difference compared to overall \(R^{2}\) indicates that the model is fairly robust [52]. Table 6 also gives 95% confidence intervals around the means for these statistics. In Experiment 2, the amount of variance explained was lower; 22.2% for _Pleasantness_ and 20.7% for _Eventfulness_. The lower levels might in part be due to the smaller range of acoustic variation among the restaurant soundscape stimuli. The _type_ of environment was a strong predictor for both _Pleasantness_ and _Eventfulness_ in the two experiments. Note that since _type_ was a dummy encoded categorical variable, standardized beta indicates the amount of difference in the dependent variable associated with a shift from one _type_ to another. The values in Table 6 refer to the largest differences, i.e., between Shop and Ruralpark, and Cafe and Bar, respectively. _Loudness_ was a significant predictor of _Eventfulness_ over and above _type_. Within environments of all the kinds defined in the two experiments, louder soundscapes were perceived as more eventful. As discussed above, note that the probability values and significance levels in the present results must be taken as tentative, since homoscedasticity and other required assumptions were not met. We will continue the interpretation of results with caution, but please keep this limitation in mind. In Experiment 1 and within its _types_, louder soundscapes were rated as less pleasant. However, _loudness_ was not a significant predictor of _Pleasantness_ in Experiment 2 when the effect of _type_ was partialled out. This needs to be discussed, in particular since the corresponding relation in the study by [PERSON] et al. [41] was clearly significant. In our data from Experiment 2, separate analysis of each _type_ revealed that the expected negative effect was significant only in Cafes. In Bars, there was a significant effect in the opposite direction: louder Bars were rated as more pleasant. The same tendency was observed in MixFusion, but did not reach significance. Looking at the Eateries in Experiment 1, the negative effect of _loudness_ on _Pleasantness_ was strong. See also Table 2. The weak or even contradictory results within certain restaurant _types_ might be due to the influence of other soundscape factors, such as the kinds of sound sources that are prevalent in an environment rather than their _loudness_[53]. Certain sounds might cue expectations in listeners that cause them to adapt their internalised affective responses. For example, if we hear sounds that let us understand that we are in a bar, then 'loud is good'; but on the other hand, if we hear the sounds of a cafe or a park, then 'loud is bad'.