## 1 Introduction
While these studies offer valuable insights into the material properties of FRPs, there remains a notable gap in understanding how these materials function within the broader context of concrete elements. Additionally, a study comparing the adhesion properties of FRP fibers, coupled with analytical evaluations of material properties, was conducted [29]. However, the focus on standalone bar analysis overlooks the crucial aspect of comprehensively understanding the interaction between these materials and concrete elements, particularly in load-carrying scenarios. Among the studies on the ultimate load-carrying capacity of concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars, [PERSON] et al. [18] meticulously documented performance metrics, revealing that the average ultimate load of three concrete beams reinforced with 8 mm basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars was 40 kN, while their steel-reinforced counterparts managed a load of 35 kN. This stark contrast signifies a notable 14.28% increase in the ultimate load-carrying capacity of BFRP-reinforced concrete beams compared to their steel-reinforced counterparts. The impressive tensile strength property inherent in FRP reinforcement is further underscored by the ACI Committee 440 [30]. Moreover, [PERSON] [22] conducted a parallel investigation, discovering that concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars exhibited an average ultimate load of 70.5 kN, nearly doubling that of steel-reinforced beams. Our research corroborates these findings, demonstrating that concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars sustained an average ultimate load of 36.9 kN, while those reinforced with BFRP bars sustained 28.4 kN. These figures represent remarkable increases of 76.55% and 35.88%, respectively, compared to concrete beams reinforced with steel bars (20.9 kN). Regarding the deflection property, some scholars [18,31] documented significantly greater deflections in beams reinforced with BFRP bars compared to reference beams. This phenomenon was attributed to the lower modulus of BFRP bars compared to steel bars. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [16] reported that concrete beams reinforced with basalt fiber polymers exhibited substantially higher deformations, averaging three to four times more than steel-reinforced concrete beams. Notably, during the initial loading phase, BFRP-reinforced concrete beams demonstrated a 40% increase in deflection relative to reference reinforced concrete (RC) beams, with this disparity increasing as the load intensified. Consequently, BFRP-reinforced concrete beams exhibited deflections twice as large as those of reference beams. According to [PERSON] et al. (2018), concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars have shown the largest amount of cracks with greater widths, with the first perpendicular crack occurring when the load reached 10% of the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the sample. However, the flexural capacity of beams reinforced with FRP reinforcement has shown significant improvement. In terms of failure modes, observations made by [PERSON] (2018) are significant. Additionally, it is important to note that the ACI Committee 440 (2018) has highlighted the comparatively low transverse shear resistance exhibited by FRPs. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2019) observed that beams reinforced with basalt bars displayed cracks that were three to four times wider than those observed in traditionally reinforced concrete beams. This underscores the necessity for further research aimed at developing a comprehensive model to accurately predict the shear capacity of FRP-reinforced concrete beams. Such efforts are crucial for advancing our understanding and ensuring the structural integrity of FRP-reinforced concrete beams. This research endeavors to bridge this gap in the scientific discourse by embarking on a comprehensive comparative analysis.