## 3 Results  
Six male and four female subjects were involved in the study. The demographic information (age, sex, and body weight) of the participants was provided (Table 1). All the subjects (\(n=10\)) completed the study without any side effects or hindrances. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Baseline** & **12 Weeks** & _p-Value*_ \\ \hline Age (years) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{9.50 \(\pm\) 0.50} & \\ Male, \(n\) (\%) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{6 (60)} & \\ Female, \(n\) (\%) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{4 (40)} & \\ Bodyweight (kg) & 55.62 \(\pm\) 5.18 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{55.68 \(\pm\) 5.00} & 0.885 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Calculated by paired \(t\)-test.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: The subjects’ demographic data (\(n=10\), mean \(\pm\) SE). The baseline value of QA was 26.73 \(\pm\) 1.42 ng/mL, whereas the 12 th week QA level was 19.64 \(\pm\) 1.08 ng/mL. A significant reduction (\(p\) = 0.004) was observed in the QA level. The baseline value of 5-HIAA was 2.91 \(\pm\) 0.44 mg/L, whereas the 12 th week 5-HIAA level was 7.28 \(\pm\) 1.19 mg/L. A significant increase level (\(p\) = 0.005) was observed in the 5-HIAA level. The ratios of QA/5-HIAA were 0.0109 \(\pm\) 0.001 and 0.0043 \(\pm\) 0.001 at baseline and at the 12 th week of the study, respectively. The change in QA/5-HIAA ratio was significant (\(p\) = 0.005) (Table 2). The go accuracy was 85.58 \(\pm\) 2.46% at baseline, whereas it was 97.92 \(\pm\) 0.97% at the end of the study (12 th week). The go error rates were 14.42 \(\pm\) 2.46 and 2.08 \(\pm\) 0.97% at baseline and the 12 th week, respectively. The go accuracy level increased, and the go error level decreased by the end of the study. The changes were significant in both go accuracy (\(p\) = 0.001) and go error (\(p\) = 0.006) (Table 3). The no-go accuracy was 88.25 \(\pm\) 3.36% at baseline, whereas it was 90.75 \(\pm\) 3.23% at the end of the study (12 th week). The no-go error rates were 11.75 \(\pm\) 3.38 and 9.25 \(\pm\) 3.23% at baseline and the 12 th week, respectively. The no-go accuracy level increased, and the no-go error level decreased by the end of the study, but the changes were not significant. The go response time increased (from 599.19 \(\pm\) 32.57 to 610.61 \(\pm\) 32.99 ms), but it was not statistically significant (\(p\) = 0.649) (Table 3). EEG/ERP recordings showed that brain wave changes occurred in the experimental subjects. Beta wave activity (from 4.73 \(\pm\) 0.78 to 2.85 \(\pm\) 0.32 \(\mu\)V, \(p\) = 0.005) was reduced after 12 weeks of probiotic supplementation. The activity of theta (from 2.95 \(\pm\) 0.46 to 5.66 \(\pm\) 0.63 \(\mu\)V, \(p\) = 0.002) and alpha (from 2.33 \(\pm\) 0.51 to 3.63 \(\pm\) 0.54 \(\mu\)V, \(p\) = 0.005) waves increased significantly after 12 weeks of probiotic supplementation (Figure 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Parameters** & **Baseline** & **12 Weeks** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline QA (ng/mL) & 26.73 \(\pm\) 1.42 & 19.64 \(\pm\) 1.08 & 0.004 * \\
5-HIAA (mg/L) & 2.91 \(\pm\) 0.44 & 7.28 \(\pm\) 1.19 & 0.005 * \\ QA/5-HIAA ratio & 0.0109 \(\pm\) 0.001 & 0.0043 \(\pm\) 0.001 & 0.005 * \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Statistically significant change (\(p\) < 0.05). a calculated by paired \(t\)-test. b calculated by Wilcoxon matched-pairs, signed-rank test.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Changes in QA, 5-HIAA, and QA/5-HIAA ratio during the study (\(n\) = 10, mean \(\pm\) SE).