## 3 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Test** & **HHAS (ms)** & **tHA (ms)** & **HV (ms)** & **tBAS (ms)** & **tBV (ms)** & **HA (g0)** & **BRA (deg)** \\ \hline sRPNH & \(-120.83\pm 25.58\) & \(-60.83\pm 9.17\) & \(-20.83\pm 9.70\) & \(-135.83\pm 38.00\) & \(-61.67\pm 59.47\) & \(5.00\pm 0.23\) & \(14.65\pm 2.66\) \\ sRPH & \(-198.33\pm 9.31\) & \(-56.67\pm 7.53\) & \(-12.50\pm 4.18\) & \(-175.00\pm 22.14\) & \(-45.83\pm 7.36\) & \(5.39\pm 0.77\) & \(91.61\pm 1.47\) \\ sRPSM & \(-240.00\pm 18.97\) & \(-61.67\pm 6.63\) & \(-16.67\pm 6.06\) & \(-188.33\pm 16.33\) & \(-58.33\pm 4.08\) & \(6.09\pm 0.64\) & \(69.51\pm 10.08\) \\ sRPSMO & \(-235.83\pm 24.98\) & \(-73.33\pm 33.27\) & \(-25.83\pm 8.61\) & \(-186.67\pm 11.69\) & \(-60.00\pm 11.83\) & \(3.80\pm 0.71\) & \(50.09\pm 10.22\) \\ sRPSMP & \(-249.17\pm 8.61\) & \(-56.67\pm 6.06\) & \(-15.83\pm 4.92\) & \(-173.33\pm 11.69\) & \(-45.00\pm 7.75\) & \(7.35\pm 0.47\) & \(61.24\pm 1.59\) \\ sRPSMP & \(-245.00\pm 31.94\) & \(-80.00\pm 32.71\) & \(-29.17\pm 10.68\) & \(-143.33\pm 39.83\) & \(23.33\pm 0.43\) & \(4.69\pm 0.66\) & \(53.32\pm 4.10\) \\ dRPSM & \(-214.17\pm 12.01\) & \(-54.17\pm 3.76\) & \(-18.33\pm 2.58\) & \(-168.33\pm 82.02\) & \(39.17\pm 38.13\) & \(6.85\pm 0.50\) & \(65.27\pm 3.74\) \\ dRPSMO & \(-225.83\pm 19.60\) & \(-51.67\pm 2.58\) & \(-18.33\pm 4.08\) & \(-179.17\pm 75.33\) & \(-2.50\pm 12.14\) & \(6.10\pm 0.10\) & \(66.82\pm 4.03\) \\ dRPSMP & \(-226.67\pm 36.01\) & \(-75.00\pm 29.66\) & \(0.83\pm 28.18\) & \(-118.33\pm 29.94\) & \(10.00\pm 33.76\) & \(6.99\pm 1.23\) & \(72.89\pm 7.85\) \\ dRPSMR & \(-251.67\pm 23.63\) & \(-51.67\pm 2.89\) & \(-15.00\pm 5.00\) & \(-148.33\pm 10.41\) & \(20.00\pm 40.93\) & \(4.87\pm 1.17\) & \(61.29\pm 4.42\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: RPNH– hip rotation excluded from RP execution; RPH– hip rotation included in RP; RPSM—sliding motion preceding RP; RPSMO—sliding motion preceding RP, with optment as a target; RPSMP—sliding motion preceding RP, with partner holding punch pad; RPSMR—sliding motion preceding RP executed on a visual signal; s—static; d—dynamic.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Hand and body temporal and kinematic parameters (MEAN \(\pm\) SD) in the ten test modalities. Figure 3: Change in maximum hand and body velocity (m/s) in the ten test modalities of reverse punch. reflect the gradual rise in the complexity of combat (training and competition) situations, they indicate that HA and HV do not necessarily increase, which is in accordance with previous findings [10, 11, 41]. When performing a punch in the air or on the punching pad, the athlete reaches the highest values of HA and HV. On the contrary, there is an obvious drop in hand acceleration and velocity in the initial phase of the punch when RP is executed while aiming at an opponent or reacting to a visual signal. The reason for such results could be explained by the test organisation, which implies certain goal orientation. Tests sRPSM and sRPSMP replicate the training set-up, where a direct threat from an opponent is reduced to zero. Even so, the apparent difference in kinematic parameters speaks in favour of RP executed on the punching pad. The same pattern is repeated in the results of the dynamic tests. Such evidence is supported by previous studies pointing out that changing the condition of execution (whether it be a task or goal orientation, opponent's activity, rules, etc.) [10, 11, 42, 43] will influence an athlete's performance. It was found that changing the distance or aiming for a higher impact affects acceleration [10, 11], and our results are in line with such data. In contrast with the previous tests, the kinematic values obtained in tests sRPSMO and sRPSMR are lower. This is presumably because these tests simulate real combat situations and engagement with an opponent to some degree [43]. It is true that the opponent activity is non-threatening, but it can be assumed that this type of setting activates learned patterns of execution.