## 3 Results
### Land Surface Temperature Distribution during El Nino and La Nina in Kuching City from MODIS  
Figure 8 illustrates the pattern of surface temperature distribution in Kuching City, which varies during La Nina and El Nino events. During El Nino, a larger area of extreme land surface temperature is observed compared to that of the La Nina events. For example, during La Nina in January 2010, only one pixel representing zones H and I exceeded a surface temperature of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In contrast, during El Nino in January 2016, there were three pixels representing zones B, C, D, F, G, H, I, and J that exceeded the threshold.  
Table 7 presents statistical information values for each ONI difference for the selected data when the ONI exceeds \(\pm\) 1 and there is no cloud coverage at the study location. Based on the maximum, minimum, and average statistical values from Table 7, it is evident that the average, maximum, and minimum temperatures during El Nino are higher than during La Nina. For instance, during ONI 2.2 in February 2016 (El Nino), the average temperature was 28.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C, compared to ONI -1.6 in December 2010 (La Nina), when the average temperature was 24.51 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Furthermore, in January 2016, the average temperature was recorded as 29.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C during ONI 2.5 (El Nino), while in November 2010, the average temperature was 24.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C during ONI \(-\)1.7 (La Nina). This indicates that during El Nino events, the average temperature was higher compared to that of La Nina events. Another example is the maximum temperature values, which reach 32.11 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 35.31 \({}^{\circ}\)C in January and February 2016, respectively, during El Nino, compared to 30.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 30.71 \({}^{\circ}\)C in November and December 2010 during La Nina.  
Based on Table 7, there are notable differences in the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures during El Nino and La Nina events. For the average temperature, the difference ranges from 3.51 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 4.71 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while for the maximum temperature, the difference ranges from 2.06 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 4.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and for the minimum temperature, the difference ranges from 5.36 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 6.65 \({}^{\circ}\)C. These comparisons are evident in Table 7, in which the ONI values of \(-\)1 and 1 correspond to a moderate level of ENSO strength, resulting in lower maximum, minimum, and average temperatures compared to the MODIS satellite statistical values, which indicate a higher level of ENSO strength when the ONI exceeds \(-\)1.5 and 1.5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Date**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ONI Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Statistic Value LST** (\({}^{\circ}\)C)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Date**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ONI Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Statistic Value LST** (\({}^{\circ}\)C)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**LST Difference** (\({}^{\circ}\)C)} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & Maximum (30.05) & & & Maximum (32.11) & Maximum (2.06) \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6} \multirow{2}{*}{December 2010} & \(-\)1.6 & Minimum (20.87) & \multirow{2}{*}{February 2016} & \multirow{2}{*}{(El-Nino)} & Minimum (26.23) & Minimum (5.36) \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & Mean (24.5) & & Mean (28.01) & Mean (3.51) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{November 2010} & \(-\)1.7 & Maximum (30.71) & \multirow{3}{*}{January 2016} & \multirow{3}{*}{(El-Nino)} & Maximum (35.31) & Maximum (4.6) \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & Minimum (20.51) & & & Minimum (27.02) & Minimum (6.65) \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & Mean (24.3) & & Mean (29.01) & Mean (4.71) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Information on the statistical values of maximum, minimum, and mean LST MODIS during ENSO events in Kuching City.