## 3 Results
### Main Outcomes of the Top 20 Highly Cited Articles from Each Thematic Area
#### 3.2.8 Marine Safety and Security
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**N**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Energy Resource**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Focus**} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Methods** \\ **Used** \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{2}{*}{**GIS**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Satellite Data**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline
10 & [160] & Solar & P & Yes & n/a & Saudi Arabia \\
11 & [159] & Solar & P & MCDM & Yes & n/a & Iran \\
12 & [158] & Solar & OL & MCDM & Yes & SRTM & Morocco \\
13 & [153] & Solar & OL & MCDM & Yes & ASTER, MODIS & Iran \\
14 & [150] & Solar & OL & MCDM & Yes & n/a & Turkey \\
15 & [155] & Wind & OL & MCDM & Yes & n/a & Egypt \\
16 & [151] & Solar & OL & MCDM & Yes & n/a & Morocco \\
17 & [156] & Wind & OL & MCDM & No & n/a & Egypt \\
18 & [154] & Bioethanol & OL & MCDM & Yes & n/a & Iran \\
19 & [157] & Solar & OL & & Yes & n/a & Global \\
20 & [152] & Solar & OL & MCDM & Yes & n/a & Turkey \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._natural origin, related to the bottom seepage phenomenon and associated with an existing hydrocarbon system. [PERSON] et al. [180] designed and implemented an integrated volunteered geographic information (VGI)-based system based on coastal pollution management concepts and public participation in order to monitor coastal pollution in the port city of Nowshahr (Mazandaran Province, Iran). Tourists, residents, and other present individuals were asked to report observable pollutants at their location; 86% of the reports referred to the accumulation of garbage, while 10% and 4% of the remaining reports were related to wastewater pollution and oil contaminants, respectively. According to the authors, future work should focus on the integration of spatial decision support systems (SDSSs) in the existing tool to improve coastal pollution management. [PERSON] et al. [179] used Landsat OLI images, synchronized with the sampling time of water and sediment samples, to assess the toxicity of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in freshwater and marine environments in the Rosetta area (Egypt). They found that drainage canals, cultivations, and urbanized zones were the major sources of contamination in the studied area. They recommended biological treatment processes such as using naturally grown plants like Phragmites australis in the contaminated sites. The increasing level of marine plastic pollution poses severe threats to marine ecosystems, thus cost-effective solutions for identifying plastic litter are essential. [PERSON] et al. [181] examined the potential of detection of floating plastic litter by introducing the plastic index (PI) and reversed normalized difference vegetation index (RNDVI), based on the Sentinel-2 B08 (842 nm) and B04 (665 nm) bands. They found that Sentinel-2 satellite images were effective in identifying plastic clusters in the sea, through the high reflectance of solar radiation at NIR wavelengths. They highlighted that future research should focus on the use of Sentinel-1 SAR images for the identification of plastic litter in the sea. [PERSON] et al. [182] combined Sentinel-2 imagery with machine learning algorithms (support vector machine and random forest) for the development of an automated marine floating plastic detection system. The authors found that the random forest algorithm performed better than the support vector machine, as it detected floating plastic from real-world data collected from Calabria and Beirut with 91% accuracy. [PERSON] et al. [183] combined WorldView-3 satellite data with a knowledge-based classifier and concluded that this approach is efficient and reliable for monitoring and identifying plastic materials. Global warming and human activities have caused abrupt changes in marine ecosystems. [PERSON] et al. [184] investigated the potential of using the coarse spatial resolution MODIS products for mucilage detection and monitoring in the Sea of Marmara (Turkey).