# Detection of Crustal Uplift Deformation in Response to Glacier Wastage in Southern Patagonia
## 4 Results  
### Velocities and Tendency of the Data Series  
The estimated velocities for the GPS network sites along with their uncertainties for a 3- and 5-year observation period are shown in Table 4. The study period was 2154 days with some interruptions; through the temporal resolution given by the continuous data from the stations, it was possible to estimate the displacement for the sites in the three components (North, East, and Up) (Figure 2). The highest value in Up was at the GBCS station located on the periphery of the SPI, reaching a velocity of 37.16 \(\pm\) 2.10 mm a\({}^{-1}\); then, in the north area of SPI, the uplift rates found were high. On the other hand, the lowest value recorded was for the PUMA episodic station with an Up velocity of 20.30 mm \(\pm\) 5.03 mm a\({}^{-1}\) in the southern region of the network (Figure 3a). The results of the data series in the three components N, E, and Up of the GBCS and GRCS stations are shown in Figure 2, the trend of which in the Up component is positive, which would indicate crustal uplift at all the sites.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Site**} & **Vel N** & \(\sigma\)**N** & **Vel E** & \(\sigma\)**E** & **Vel Up** & \(\sigma\)**Up** \\  & **(mm a\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mm a\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mm a\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mm a\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mm a\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mm a\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline GBCS & 7.87 & 0.50 & 3.33 & 2.11 & 37.16 & 2.10 \\ GRCS & 10.20 & 0.63 & 3.15 & 1.12 & 33.03 & 2.14 \\ LPAS & 8.70 & 1.09 & 12.30 & 1.23 & 34.00 & 5.03 \\ PUMA & 5.40 & 1.09 & 11.30 & 1.23 & 20.30 & 5.03 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: GPS continuous and episodic station network velocities.  
The estimated horizontal components have a mean velocity of 11.7 mm a\({}^{-1}\) with an azimuth in the northeast direction with respect to the IGS08 frame. The continuous stations GRCS and GBCS have azimuth values of 17\({}^{\circ}\) and 22\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, and the episodic stations LPAS and PUMA, which are located to the south, have a more easterly orientation with values of 54\({}^{\circ}\) and 64\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. This trend in velocities responds to the regional crustal deformation of Patagonia in the South American plate (SOAM) [54]. It should be noted that the area of the SPI where the network is located does not belong to the rigid part of the plate but is affected by a regional-scale deformation [26].  
Figure 3: \(Cont.\)  
Figure 2: Estimated speed from GPS stations GRCS and GBCS.  
A topographic profile was performed between the stations located in the SPI (GRCS and GBCS), and one in the periphery (CHLT) and another more distant (UNPA) in the Patagonian plateau, the latter belonging to RAMSAC (Red Argentina de Monitoreo Satelital Continuo) [55]. This profile was derived from the Shutter Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital model. Figure 3b shows the profile plotted between the four stations, which denote an altitudinal delta of approximately 1600 m. Comparing the trends, we observe that at those stations located at high altitude within SPI and CHLT, the slope has a marked positive upward trend (Figure 3c). Note that GBCS has a slope value of 38 mm a\({}^{-1}\), GRCS of 35 mm a\({}^{-1}\), and CHLT of 25 mm a\({}^{-1}\). In contrast, UNPA station near the Atlantic Ocean has a slightly negative vertical displacement rate with a value of \(-\)0.077 mm a\({}^{-1}\). These results are consistent with those expected, indicating a crustal uplift of the SPI region and its periphery.