### Literature Review  
Through listening experiments conducted in the laboratory using typical road traffic noise, [PERSON] et al. [7] demonstrated that changes in different parts of the spectrum exert different effects, and their final experimental results showed that while low-frequency noise (LFN) was predominant in physical measurements, it did not always correlate with subjective perception. The authors of this study delved into the correlation between users' annoyance with environmental noise in indoor settings and the impact of different frequency bands from this perspective. However, this study was conducted in a laboratory. This study distinguishes itself from other simulation methods by focusing on on-site measurements to collect fundamental acoustic data for analysis, with the authors acknowledging that data from acoustic simulation software or laboratory-scale models might slightly deviate from real-world soundscape data. According to [PERSON] et al. [8] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9], the effects of noise on patients and staff are a major concern in hospital lobbies; however, the authors of most previous studies have focused only on the noise levels of individual hospital units or have detailed the acoustic properties of medical equipment. The authors of a few studies, in fact, have only provided information about annoyance and noise perceptions in terms of road-traffic composition. The authors of such studies concluded that annoyance is highly dependent on the actual noise sources in complex traffic scenarios; however, they provided only limited evaluations regarding the complicated hospital noise disturbances in the lobbies studied. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the acoustic conditions of the halls of multiple hospitals with the aim of locating the main sources of noise annoyance in the hospital lobbies studied. ISO1996-1-2016 [10] specifies methods for assessing environmental noise and provides guidance for predicting the potential annoyance responses of communities to long-term exposure to various types of environmental noise. Sound sources may occur in isolation or in various combinations. Based on these rating levels, the long-term response of the community can be estimated. Sounds are evaluated individually or in combination, taking into account, if necessary, their special characteristics of tonality and low-frequency content, in addition to road traffic noise, other forms of traffic noise with different characteristics (e.g., aircraft noise), and industrial noise. In this study, the aim was to study the correlation between the subjects' annoyance levels and noise in the hospital lobby. [PERSON] et al. [11] reviewed the extensive literature on hospital noise levels over the past 40-50 years. They found that sound pressure level measurements in hospitals significantly exceeded the maximum noise levels allowed under World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines [12]. In fact, the authors of a considerable number of studies have confirmed a link between higher levels of ambient noise and various adverse health effects, such as cardiovascular disease [13], sleep quality issues [14; 15; 16], other issues [17; 18; 19], and the cognitive development of vulnerable groups such as children [16; 20]. It has also been observed that long-term exposure to noisy environments has adverse health effects on individuals' memory and expression ability [21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. [PERSON] et al. [26] conducted a survey on 295 staff members on the ward of a large teaching hospital, and the average noise level spanned between 52 and 75 dB (A). In addition, 15-20% of respondents stated that noise within the hospital had a negative impact on their professional performance and quality of work. As indicated by [PERSON] et al. in their study [27], 43% of surveyed neurological intensive care unit (ICU) nurses believedthat noise in the work environment leads to distraction. [PERSON] et al.