# Effects of Stretching and Resistance Training on Psychophysical Awareness: A Pilot Study
## 3 Results
In contrast, the within-group improvement in the experimental group from pre- to post-test showed a small effect size ([PERSON]'s d = 0.19; Pre: M = 28.55, SD = 4.91; Post: M = 29.48, SD = 4.91), while the control group showed a negligible change over time ([PERSON]'s d = 0.036; Pre: M = 28.66, SD = 4.92; Post: M = 28.84, SD = 5.10). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Athletes** & **EXP** & **EXP** & **EXP** & **CON** & **CON** & **CON** \\
**(n = 24)** & **Pre** & **Mid** & **Post** & **Pre** & **Mid** & **Post** \\ \hline Mean & 28.55 & 29.39 & 29.48 & 28.66 & 28.76 & 28.84 \\ SD & 4.91 & 4.67 & 4.91 & 4.92 & 5.03 & 5.10 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Sit and reach test data for EXP and CON groups. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Effect/Comparison** & **F/t** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Effect Size** \\ \hline Main Effect: Group & 1350.94 & \(<\)0.0001 & \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.058 \\ Main Effect: Time & 29.33 & \(<\)0.0001 & \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.003 \\ Group \(\times\) Time & 14.89 & \(<\)0.0001 & \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.0013 \\ Interaction & 4.55 & 0.0012 & d = 1.83 \\ EXP: Pre vs. Post & 3.49 & 0.0156 & d = 2.16 \\ EXP: Mid vs. Post & 0.46 & 1.0000 & d = 0.19 \\ CON: Pre vs. Mid & 0.87 & 1.0000 & d = 0.39 \\ CON: Pre vs. Post & 1.30 & 0.8120 & d = 0.50 \\ CON: Mid vs. Post & 0.43 & 1.0000 & d = 0.31 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Mixed-design ANOVA and Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc results for the sit and reach test. [PERSON]’s d values are reported for within-group comparisons to indicate effect size magnitude. SD = 5.10). These findings suggest that the study was adequately powered to detect large effects within groups, but not modest differences between groups. Survey results presented in Table 6 indicate the mean scores for the EXP (experimental) and CON (control) groups at pre-, mid-, and post-training. For the EXP group, the score increased progressively from 3.00 (SD = 0.52) at pre-training to 3.50 (SD = 0.67) at mid-training, and further to 4.17 (SD = 0.58) at post-training, reflecting a significant improvement in perceived flexibility and psychophysical awareness over time. In contrast, the CON group had a pre-training score of 2.83 (SD = 0.83), a slight increase to 3.00 (SD = 0.42) at mid-training, and only a small rise to 2.91 (SD = 0.51) at post-training, showing minimal improvement over the course of the program. The Friedman test results indicate a statistically significant shift in the perceived outcomes of athletes within the experimental group over time (\(\chi^{2}\) F = 8.71; \(p\) = 0.01). Post-hoc comparisons using the Wilcoxon test reveal no significant difference between the initial and intermediate assessments (\(p\) = 0.60). However, notable differences arise when comparing the initial and final scores (\(p\) = 0.02) and the intermediate and final scores (\(p\) = 0.02), suggesting an evolving perception over time. The effect size for both the pre-to-post and mid-to-post comparisons was moderate (d = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.56). Conversely, the Friedman test conducted for the control group does not yield statistically significant findings (\(\chi^{2}\) F = 3.56; \(p\) = 0.16). Post-hoc analysis further supports the lack of meaningful change across the three time points: pre-to-intermediate (\(p\) = 0.13), pre-to-post (\(p\) = 0.09), and intermediate-to-post (\(p\) = 0.27). These results suggest that athletes' perceptions in the control group remained stable over time. A summary of the Friedman test outcomes and post-hoc analyses detailing perceptual changes across the three time points for both groups is presented in Table 7.