# A Critical Review of Flood Risk Management and the Selection of Suitable Measures
## 2 Flood Management Practices
### Measures, Approaches, and Practices
#### 2.2.2 Approaches  
An approach or strategy is comprised of motivations and primacies that aim to select the most suitable measures. Depending on the specific economic, environmental, social, hydrological, and geological conditions, the most appropriate approach will vary accordingly [19]. The risk-based strategy not only enables analyzing and designing a measure, but also identifies the most suitable strategy in terms of the effectiveness of flood management according to the local demands. Flood management approaches, based on flooding risk mechanics, may be classified into two groups. Direct approaches strive to reduce the losses, while indirect approaches tend to recover from these losses rapidly. Direct approaches can be further distinguished in relation to those measures that minimize the vulnerability of floodplain inhabitants with those that minimize hazards [20]. * Direct approaches
* Indirect approaches
* Resilience-based  
The approaches for hazard management are based on theory \"to keep floods away from people\". Important examples are flood management and flood mitigation. The approach itself seeks to minimize floods by adopting structural measures. These strategic measures must be comprehensive and manage to reduce the flood occurrence events' probability if installed at upper catchments. Such measures may otherwise be locally applied to minimize the magnitude with which a flood affects an area [21]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Class** & **Measure** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Target Parameter**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Abatement**} & Rain harvesting & Hazard & Probability \\  & Reforestation & Hazard & Probability \\  & Soil conservation & Hazard & Intensity \\  & Groundwater recharging & Hazard & Probability \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Control**} & Storage and retention & Hazard & Probability \\  & Dykes, Floodwalls & Hazard & Intensity \\  & Flow diversion & Hazard & Probability \\  & River re-profiling & Hazard & Intensity \\  & River conveyance & Hazard & Intensity \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Alleviation**} & Encroachment control & Vulnerability & Exposure \\  & Building codes & Vulnerability & Exposure, Susceptibility \\  & Rescue & Vulnerability & Exposure \\  & Evacuation & Vulnerability & Exposure \\  & Land-use adaptation & Vulnerability & Susceptibility \\  & Floodproofing & Vulnerability & Susceptibility \\  & Public awareness & Vulnerability & Susceptibility \({}^{\star}\), Exposure \({}^{\star}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Recovery**} & Flood insurance & Vulnerability & Exposure, Susceptibility \\  & Relief efforts & Vulnerability & Exposure \({}^{\circ}\), Susceptibility \\ \cline{1-1}  & Compensation & Vulnerability & Exposure \({}^{\circ}\), Susceptibility \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Public awareness plays an indirect role as it provokes other direct measures. \({}^{\circ}\) Play negative role instead, or at least no direct role in reducing risk.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Flood management measures and target risk parameters. The \"lives with floods\" theory has been adopted as an adapted indicator of risk management [22]. The components of preparedness (event-based response) and adaptation (societal adjustment) [22] minimize susceptibility. Annual flood events are anticipated and expected in highly adapted societies, while such severe events may still lead to losses and destruction [20]. Flood zoning restricts vulnerability by minimizing both susceptibility (flood proofing) and exposure (encroachment control) [23]. Encroachment control is another option based on the concept of \"restraining people from the flood\" by limiting exposure within a floodplain. Examples of indirect measures include rehabilitation, compensation, flood insurance, and relief. In general, resilience-based flood management is related to indirect approaches.