## 3 Review Results
### Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and ChatGPT Adoption in Higher Education  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is a qualitative research approach that aims to understand how individuals make sense of their personal and social experiences. It focuses on individuals' subjective experiences and meanings regarding phenomena [44]. In the context of ChatGPT adoption in higher education, IPA provides rich insights into students' and educators' lived experiences, attitudes, and perceptions as they interact with this technology. This section reviews the confirmed and unconfirmed factors identified in empirical studies that apply IPA to adopting ChatGPT [45; 46]. The following paragraphs provide an in-depth discussion of the factors highlighted in the previous research.  
**Personal Competency:**  
Studies using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) have demonstrated that personal competency is crucial in shaping attitudes toward using ChatGPT. When individuals feel competent and confident in their ability to use ChatGPT, their likelihood of adopting the technology increases significantly. This finding highlights the importance of equipping users with the necessary skills and knowledge to use ChatGPT effectively. Ensuring that users are well trained and comfortable with the technology can enhance their adoption rates and overall satisfaction. Thus, personal competency emerges as a key factor in promoting the successful integration of ChatGPT in various settings [46].  
**Trust:**  
Trust in ChatGPT's reliability and accuracy significantly impacts users' attitudes and intentions toward its use. Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) studies reveal that users who have confidence in the capabilities of ChatGPT are more inclined to integrate it into their academic routines. Trust is especially crucial in educational settings, where the credibility and reliability of information are of utmost importance. Ensuring that ChatGPT consistently provides accurate and reliable responses can foster user trust, thereby encouraging its adoption and regular use in academic contexts [45].  
**Emotional Response:**  
Emotional responses, such as enthusiasm, curiosity, and satisfaction, are important determinants of ChatGPT adoption. Positive emotional experiences with ChatGPT significantly enhance users' willingness to use the technology. Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) studies emphasize the crucial role of emotional engagement in fostering a positive attitude toward ChatGPT. When users experience positive emotions while interacting with ChatGPT, their overall perception and acceptance of the technology improve, leading to higher adoption rates and continued use [47].  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) provides a deep qualitative understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of ChatGPT in higher education. Confirmed factors such as personal competency, perceived usefulness, trust, social influence, emotional response, and facilitating conditions play significant roles in influencing adoption. However, unconfirmed factors like anxiety, perceived risk, technology readiness, cost considerations, and external motivations highlight the complexity and variability regarding the technology adoption processes.  
By leveraging IPA, researchers can capture users' nuanced and subjective experiences, providing a comprehensive picture of the determinants that facilitate or hinder the adoption of ChatGPT in educational settings. Future research should continue exploring these factors and validating their relevance in diverse educational contexts, ensuring that institutions can effectively leverage ChatGPT to enhance learning outcomes and support educational innovation.