esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Case Studies and Analysis
### Test Results and Analysis for PFG at SCP2
#### 3.3.2 Test Results and Analysis in Three-Dimensional Spaces  
In this section, the PFG at SCP2 will continued to be analyzed in spaces. According to Equation (4), the PFG to CIV1 are similar to that at SCP1, so it is also neglected for analysis here. In (a)-(d) of Figure 5, the PFG to CIV2 at SCP2 by Reg.1 mode present the similar spatial surfaces in the normal conditions, while the surfaces in the severe condition have larger curvatures. The PFG to CIV2 at SCP2 by Reg.2 mode present similar surface shapes, but the distribution tendencies of the surfaces are along the inverse horizontal directions to those of Reg.1. The features imply that the PFG to CIV2 can be regulated to change by inverse distribution tendencies to meet for more diverse regulation requirements of the power system.  
Figure 4: Curves of PFG to each CIV at SCP2 in planes: (**a**) Curves of the PFG to CIV1; (**b**) Curves of the APFG to CIV2. (**c**) Curves of the RPFG to CIV2; (**d**) Curves of APFG and RPFG to CIV3; (**e**) Curves of APFG against RPFG to CIV2; (**f**) Curves of APFG against RPFG to CIV3.  
Figure 5: Spatial surfaces of PFG to CIV2 at SCP2 in spaces: (**a–d**) Spatial surfaces of PFG to CIV2 by Reg.1 mode of OSIV in four operation conditions; (**e–h**) Spatial surfaces of PFG to CIV2 by Reg.2 mode of OSIV in four operation conditions.  
As for the PFG to each CIV3 at SCP2 shown in Figure 6, the spatial surfaces all present similar funnel shapes, but the curvatures in regulation Scen.2, Scen.3 and Scen.4 are larger than Scen.1, indicating that when the system operation condition varies, the UPFC can perform the regulations more efficiently in regulation Scen.2, Scen.3 and Scen.4, but the requirements for suppressing the resulting shocks are more rigorous at the same time, so as to maintain the stability and normal operations of the power system.
## 2 Data
### GOME-2 SIF and MODIS VIs  
The Fraunhofer lines, which are the result of absorption in the solar spectra through the atmosphere, allow SIF to be measured from space. [PERSON] _et al._[18] successfully extracted SIF around 740 nm (SIF-740) using the GOME-2 spectrometer onboard the MetOp-A satellite. The GOME-2 SIF-740 product had similar spatial patterns to the SIF extracted from the GOSAT, but was gridded with a finer spatial resolution, and has been used to estimate global GPP and track phenology [23; 26; 27; 29; 32]. This study used the monthly averaged gridded SIF-740 data (level 3, v26) from 2008 to 2013, with a spatial resolution of 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) latitude \(\times\) 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) longitude.  
In order to make a comparison between the drought sensitivity of SIF and reflectance-based vegetation indices, we took NDVI and NDWI as references. NDVI and NDWI are most widely used as indicators of vegetation vigor, and are calculated as:  
\[NDVI=\frac{\rho_{NIR}-\rho_{R}}{\rho_{NIR}+\rho_{R}} \tag{3}\]  
and  
\[NDWI=\frac{\rho_{NIR}-\rho_{SWIR}}{\rho_{NIR}+\rho_{SWIR}}\, \tag{4}\]  
where \(\rho_{R}\), \(\rho_{NIR}\) and \(\rho_{SWIR}\) represent the reflectance of the red, near-infrared, and shortwave-infrared bands, respectively. Monthly NDVI and NDWI were obtained from the MODIS Terra product,  
Figure 1: Study area. The numbers in the bottom left subfigure are the codes for the three states, while the numbers (from 1 to 9) in the main subfigure are the climate division (CD) codes. The CDs are referred to as the combination of the state code and the CD code hereafter. Ne-1, Ne-3, Kon, and KFS are the names of the flux sites used in this study and the red (cropland) and blue (grassland) circles are their geographic positions.  
MOD13A3 (website: [[https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/](https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/)]([https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/](https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/))). Because [PERSON] _et al._[10] found no significant discrimination among the relationships between drought indices and NDWI using MODIS bands 5, 6, and 7 (as an _SWIR_ band), we calculated NDWI using MODIS bands 2 and 7, as provided by the MOD13A3 product.
## 3 Parameter Learning of Trainable Functions to Maximize the Relevant Information
### Further Discussion, Other Approaches and Future Work
The output \(t\) is the index of the nearest neighbor \(\mathbf{\theta}_{t}\) of \(\mathbf{y}\). It can be found by using graph-based algorithms efficiently. Clearly, this realization of a mapping \(t=f_{\mathbf{\theta}}(\mathbf{y})\), which aims to maximize \(\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{X};\mathrm{T})\), differs a lot from the lookup table-based method, the computational domain approach and also the neural network method studied above. Yet, the results from [64; 65] prove it to be quite powerful in terms of the preservation of \(\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{X};\mathrm{T})\), with few parameters for distance-based quantization and demodulation in communication receivers. This illustrates that there is a lot of potential in finding different flexible and simple trainable functions \(f_{\mathbf{\theta}}(\mathbf{y})\) to design information bottleneck signal processing units for different signal processing problems in the future. In addition, efficient training of the parameters involved offers interesting research directions.
## A CSRR-Fed SIW Cavity-Backed Fractal Patch Antenna for Wireless Energy Harvesting and Communication  
**[PERSON] 1,2,\({}^{\dagger}\),*, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 3,\({}^{\dagger}\) and [PERSON] 1,2**  
1 State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Key Laboratory of Aerocraft Tracking, Telemetering & Command and Communication (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.J.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.C.)  
3 College of Communication, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.T.)  
\({}^{\dagger}\) These authors contributed equally to this work.  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +86-23-6510-5925 (ext. 616); Fax: +86-23-6510-3155.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 10 June 2015 / Accepted: 24 August 2015 / Published: 28 August 2015_  
This paper presents a novel compact dual-band and dual-polarized complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR)-fed substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed fractal patch antenna for wireless energy harvesting and communication. The proposed antenna is composed of a Giuseppe Peano fractal radiation patch with a backed SIW cavity. To enhance the bandwidth and minimize the dimensions, the CSRR structure is designed to feed the Giuseppe Peano fractal patch orthogonally. A prototype of the proposed antenna is simulated, fabricated and measured. The proposed antenna exhibits good directionality and high cross-polarization level with especially compact size.  
substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW); dual-band; dual-polarized; complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR); patch antenna
## 1 Introduction
### Sources of Microplastic (MP) and Nanoplastic (NP) Pollution  
A 2018 study to identify plastic contamination in bottled water sampled plastic water bottles from 9 different countries, 19 different locations, and 11 different brands of water. This study identified 93% microplastic contamination in 259 samples. The fragments obtained were analyzed by spectrophotometry, and it was identified that the microplastic identified was a polymer, i.e., polypropylene (54%), which is used to manufacture glass caps, and 4% of the particles were industrial lubricants. The information provided in this study suggests that the contamination of bottled water comes from the packaging and bottling process. Nonetheless, water is one of the most frequently consumed products by the general populace, and it is crucial to ascertain the potential health consequences of plastic pollution [10]. The highest concentrations of micro- and nanoplastics have been detected in water (94.37 MPs/L), followed by alcohol (32.27 MPs/L), air (9.80 MPs/m3), seafood (1.48 MPs/g), sugar (0.44 MPs/g), and honey (0.10 MPs). However, the greatest risk to an adult's health is the inhalation of nanoplastics; for children, it is drinking water. Moreover, inhaled nanoplastic particles can cross the placenta and then translocate to the human fetal organs during gestation [11].  
Comprehensive analyses of environmental pollution need to consider the adverse health effects of nano- and microparticulate plastics, including particles from emerging sources that have not received much attention, such as tire wear particles and particles from carpets and synthetic clothing [12]. Plastic particles are an emerging health concern and are a component of the suspended particles in the environment [13; 14].  
Nano- and microplastic particles that reach the air from seawater and polluted soil are by-products of industrial activities and domestic air pollution from synthetic carpets and clothing. It is anticipated that the solid particles from these sources will contribute to increased environmental pollution in the future if their production rises for commercial and research purposes before being disposed of and released into the environment. The nanometric database created by the Technical University of Denmark (Konges Lyngby, Denmark) comprises data on more than 4000 nanomaterial-based products currently available [15].  
At the same time, research should include an analysis of microplastics in groundwater from a hydrogeological point of view. Plastic can pollute groundwater, and this pollution can be represented by the following sources: the atmosphere, the interaction between plastic bodies and water, soils from agriculture, and urban infrastructure [16].
## 2 Main Components of the OxPhos Pathway in _M. tb_
### Succinate Dehydrogenase  
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), also known as complex II of the ETC, couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of MK to menaquinol (MKH2) in _M. tb_[36]. This complex directly connects the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the OxPhos pathway, thereby playing a critical role in bacterial carbon metabolism and respiration [37]. Despite its significance, there has been a general reluctance to develop inhibitors against this complex due to the presence of a mammalian counterpart and the presence of two isotypes [38]. _M. tb_ possesses two canonical SDH enzymes, Sdh1 and Sdh2, and an additional reversible fumarate reductase that can catalyse the reaction in both directions [39]. Independent transposon-site hybridization screens in _M. tb_ suggest that Sdh1 is essential for optimal growth under aerobic conditions [32], whereas Sdh2 seems to play a more significant role in the growth arrest and dormancy of _M. tb_ during its transition from aerobic to hypoxic conditions [40]. SDH enzymes also appear to function as an important regulator of respiration in _M. tb_. The deletion of sdh1 results in perturbation of respiration, leading to an increased rate of oxygen consumption which prevented recovery of _M. tb_ from the stationary phase [41]. While the functional redundancy of these enzymes remains to be fully clarified, it is established that the SDH enzymes in _M. tb_ are phylogenetically and biochemically distinct from each other, as well as from the mammalian complex [14; 42; 43]. On this basis, it would be theoretically possible to selectively inhibit the mycobacterial SDHs without off-target effects, although functional redundancy and structural differences between the mycobacterial SDHs would pose a challenge.
# Formation Kinetics and Morphology Characteristics of Natural Gas Hydrates in Sandstone Fractures
###### Abstract  
Fractures in marine sediments are critical zones for hydrate formation. The kinetics and morphological characteristics of hydrates within sandstone fractures are comprehensively investigated in this study by employing a high-pressure visualization reaction vessel to examine their formation, dissociation, and reformation processes. The results are presented below: (1) In 3 mm Type I fractures, the induction time is longer than that observed in the other two fracture widths. Hydrates predominantly form on the fracture walls and gradually expand toward both sides of the fracture. (2) Gas enters the fracture from multiple directions, causing the hydrate in Type X fractures to expand toward the center from all sides, which shortens the induction time and increases the quantity of hydrate formation. (3) An increase in fracture roughness promotes nucleation of the hydrate at surface protrusions but inhibits the total quantity of hydrate formation. (4) Hydrate dissociation typically propagates from the fracture wall into the interior, exhibiting a wavy surface morphology. Gas production is influenced by the fracture width, with the highest gas production observed in a 3 mm fracture. (5) Due to the memory effect, the hydrate induction time for reformation is significantly shorter, though the quantity of hydrate formed is lower than that of the first formation. This study aims to provide micro-level insights into the distribution of hydrates in sandstone fractures, thereby facilitating more efficient and safe extraction of hydrates from fractures.  
n  
Aticle  
1 State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation & Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.F.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.W.)  
2 Xinwen Mining Group Co., Ltd., Tai'an 271233, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.S.)  
3 Key Laboratory of Coupled Methane Resources and Reservoir Formation Process of the Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China  
*Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
natural gas hydrate; sandstone fractures; formation kinetic; morphology
# Strengthening Mechanisms in a Medium-Carbon Steel Subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Processing
## 4 Discussion
The M\({}_{23}\)C\({}_{6}\) carbides located at boundaries of blocks and laths may contribute to the overall dispersion strengthening in TMLS if the dislocation glide occurs along the laths on two possible <111> slip directions leading to attractive interaction between a gliding dislocation and boundary particles [19; 20]. This dislocation glide occurs parallel to the lath interfaces along laths in TMLS and is known as in-lath slip [20]. The dislocation glide with two other <111> slip directions, known as out-of-lath slip [20], could not interact with the boundary particles. Large straining during tempforming provides significant re-orientation of lattice. In the lamellar structure the in-lath slip can occur in [110] <111> grains via the dislocation glide along two possible <111> slip directions in the lamellae on a [110] plane lying parallel to longitudinal lamellae boundaries and RD [4]. Therefore, boundary M\({}_{23}\)C\({}_{6}\) carbides contribute to YS after tempering and tempforming. Since the interaction mechanisms of gliding dislocations with (V,Nb)C carbides and boundary M\({}_{23}\)C\({}_{6}\) carbides are different, the Pythagorean addition rule, i.e., \(\Delta\sigma_{\rm P}=(\sigma_{\rm Or}1^{2}+\sigma_{\rm Or}2^{2})^{0.5}\), [16; 21] is used to calculate the overall dispersion strengthening (Table 3). The grain size strengthening can be expressed by the second term of the well-known Hall-Petch relationship [5; 8; 9; 16; 17; 22; 23]  
\[\sigma_{\rm HP}=k_{\rm y}{\rm d}^{-0.5}, \tag{5}\]  
where d is the effective grain size and k\({}_{\rm y}\) is the Hall-Petch slope. The effective grain size is taken as a double lamellar/lath thickness taking into account the volume available for the formation of pile-ups in the lamellae [9]. The k\({}_{\rm y}\) value of 0.31 MPa\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) describes with a high accuracy the grain boundary strengthening in medium-carbon steels [24]. The resulted values of the grain size strengthening are presented in Table 3.  
The dislocation strengthening from the interior dislocations is described by a Taylor-type relationship [5; 8; 9; 16; 17]:  
\[\sigma_{\rm d}=\alpha{\rm MG}\rho^{0.5}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(\rho\) is the density of free interior dislocations taken from Table 1, \(\alpha\) is a constant (0.24 for low-alloy steels [9; 16]). The dislocation strengthening, \(\sigma_{\rm d}\), attributed to free lattice dislocations located within the laths or lamellae, is presented in Table 3. Lath boundaries are irregular dislocation arrays may also contribute to the dislocation strengthening [12; 25; 26; 27]. Intrinsic dislocations composing lath boundaries and free dislocations contribute to the dislocation strengthening due to long-range elastic stress fields [17]. These fields correlate with the
# Application of Bonded-Block Models to Rock Failure Analysis
###### Abstract  
Discrete element models are being increasingly applied to model rock failure processes. Bonded-particle models, based on circular or spherical particle systems, have been successfully used for two decades. More recently, bonded-block models, using polygonal or polyhedral elements, have proven to be a powerful alternative. This paper describes the basis of the application of these models in the numerical simulation of failure in rock materials. The critical governing parameters are identified, and their influence is discussed. The model calibration procedure based on the analysis of laboratory tests is discussed. An application example of an underground excavation problem is presented using a simple bonded-block model employing rigid blocks and a bilinear softening contact model. The results show the capability of this approach to reproduce observed failure modes involving block fractures.  
rock mechanics; rock failure analysis; discrete elements; bonded-block models; underground works
# Power Quality Enhancement in a Grid-Integrated Photovoltaic System Using Hybrid Techniques
## 7 Results and Discussion  
The implementation of the proposed method was carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. In this research, the designed PV model was named Sun Power (SPR 305W). This portion demonstrates the outcomes of the simulation, connected through the PV module, which operates with the proposed BPSO-GWO algorithm to extract the maximum power. The grid-tied PV system was modeled, and the PQ was analyzed using the BPSO-GWO optimization technique. The proposed method controls the duty ratio of the boost converter to enhance the power quality. Figure 6 illustrates the Simulink model of the proposed method with the 31-level MLI.  
Figure 6: Simulink diagram of the proposed method.  
Figure 10 illustrates the comparative analysis of PV power using various techniques. Table 2 indicates that the proposed BPSO-GWO technique achieved the maximum power of 92.930 kW, which is better than the independently exploited BPSO and GWO techniques. Table 2 clearly shows that the BPSO and GWO extracted the maximum power levels of 88.209 and 90.238 kW, respectively.  
Figures 11 and 12 provide the output FFT investigation for the PV system under different loads through the BPSO-GWO technique. Figure 9 demonstrates that the 31-level MLI with the voltage blocking process achieved a 3.70% THD. A similar concept  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Techniques** & **PV Power (kW)** \\ \hline BPSO method & 88.209 \\ GWO method & 90.238 \\ Proposed BPSO-GWO method & 92.930 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of PV power under linear load.  
Figure 10: THD analysis of the 31-level MLI.  
Figure 9: PV performance factors measured using the BPSO–GWO method.  
combined with the proposed BPSO-GWO under different loads attained a THD of 1.60%. The following table displays the simulated outcomes attained by the FFT investigation of the output waveform for linear, nonlinear, and grid loads by means of BPSO-GWO. Table 3 tabulates the analysis of the 31-level MLI with the proposed BPSO-GWO controller.  
Figure 11: THD analysis of the 31-level MLI.  
Figure 12: FFT investigation of the 31-level MLI with BPSO–GWO.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Temperature During Forming  
During the incremental sheet forming of square pyramids, a thermal imaging camera was used to determine temperature distribution (Figure 9). For this purpose, the emissivity coefficient values were first determined by simultaneously determining the surface temperature of the sheet metal using a thermal imaging camera (at different emissivity values set) and a K-type thermocouple (Figure 10). The emissivity coefficient determined in this way was used to determine the surface temperature of the material during forming using the SPIF method. Its average value was 0.95.  
It was found that during the ISF process, the maximum temperature at the point of contact between the end of tool and the sheet metal increased with the forming time, rising from room temperature to about 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the annealed sheet and to about 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the naturally aged sheet.
# Enzymatic Degradation of _Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis_
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Screening of Degradation Enzymes  
Natural antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting ROS formation and eliminating ROS in organisms. The scavenging abilities of hydroxyl radical and DPPH, reducing capacity, and total antioxidant capacity are widely used for evaluating the radical scavenging abilities of antioxidants in vitro [27; 28]. Figure 1A-D suggested that the in vitro antioxidant activities of enzymatically degraded products (GPP, GGP, GXP, GCP, and GDP) were significantly higher than those of the GLP. At a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of GLP on hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical were 13.39% and 2.70%, respectively (Figure 1A,B). However, GDP exhibited the most effective antioxidant activity against hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, with scavenging rates of 38.86% and 17.95%, respectively (Figure 1A,B). Consistently, GDP had higher reducing and total antioxidant capacities than the other degradation products (Figure 1C,D). Thus, \(\beta\)-dextranase was considered as an optimal enzyme for preparing the antioxidant polysaccharides of _G. lemaneiformis_. Polysaccharides with lower molecular weight exhibit higher antioxidant activity than those with high molecular weight [6]. Interestingly, the Mw of GDP was 81 kDa, which is lower than that of GLP (106 kDa) but higher than GPP (66 kDa) (Table 1), indicating that GLP with suitable molecular weight may exhibit better antioxidant ability [4; 12]. In addition, monosaccharide composition also affects the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. The antioxidant activities of _Lentinualodes_ polysaccharides rely on the ratios of different monosaccharides in the composition, and Ara and Man positively modulate the antioxidant properties of _L. edodes_ polysaccharides [29]. In our present study, the Ara and Man contents in GDP and GGP significantly increased than other polysaccharides (Table 2), which was generally consistent with their increased antioxidant activities (Figure 1). It was inferred that the antioxidant effect of GLP was closely related to the Mw and monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides. Notably, it was reported that the sulfated derivative of GLP showed a stronger superoxide anion scavenging ability than GLP [30]. However, no correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and the sulfate contents of polysaccharides prepared in our present study (Table 1, Figure 1), which was consistent with the results obtained by [PERSON] et al. (2017) [31]. These findings may be ascribed to the fact that the molecular weight and chemical composition were varied among GLP and its degradation products, and the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides are associated not only with a single factor but also with the combined actions of several factors, such as molecular weight, sulfate and uronic acid content, monosaccharide composition [14].