## 5 Conclusions  
Attitudes towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries showed that after implementation there was a significant increase in the percentage of companies that have implemented the international FSMS both in developed (16.7% to 63.9%) and developing countries (26.6% to 48.1%). Certification has also increased from 34.2% to 59.6% in the total sample, namely from 33.3% to 61.1% in developed countries and from 34.6% to 59.0% in developing countries. Food safety culture and manager leadership implementation were increased to over 80% after FSMS implementation in both developed and developing countries (_p_ < 0.001). Key Performance Indicator (KPI), Multi-FSMS, Workers Training, Sustainability Programs, Food & Materials Waste, Reduction Programs, Lot Identification Traceability, Crisis Management, Food Defense TACCP Plan and Food Fraud VACCP Plan implementations also increased after FSMS implementation for all companies participating in the sample (_p_ < 0.001). Attitudes towards food security in the region of the company's activities were more positive after the implementation of FSMS in developing countries (53.1% to 78.1%, \(p\) < 0.001. There was a decrease in companies reporting that FSMS implementation is an expensive and complicated task, showing economic, technological, and legislation constraints (_p_ < 0.001), while there was an increase in companies reporting the non-familiarity of FSMS to customers and consumers (_p_ < 0.001). Regarding differences in geographical regions, European companies reported significant increases in changes/upgrades of the FSMS standards, application of quality standards, GFSI implementations, food safety culture and manager leadership applications. North American companies (US and Canada) indicated a significant increase in the implementation of International FSMS, Certification and SQF integration, changes which were not detected in Europe. For Indian companies, international FSMS application and certification have presented a significant increase, larger than the ones reported for African or Latin American companies. No significant change in the incentives to implement FSMS Standards was detected within different sectors before and after FSMS implementation. The sectors of processed fruit and vegetables, snacks and baked goods, food service, ingredients, and meat have reported greater constraints of non-familiarity of FSMS standards to consumers and customers after FSMS implementation. According to the findings of the study, there are still gaps in the implementation of food safety standards, particularly in the areas of HACCP and microbiological standards. To ensure the effective implementation and enforcement of food safety standards, governments should allocate adequate resources and strengthen their regulatory frameworks. In this context, companies should improve food safety culture by empowering different dynamics with the aid of models, guidelines and assessment tools. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12173218/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12173218/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12173218/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12173218/s1)), Sample Case Study Survey [M1]. Conceptualization, J.C.L. and T.V. ; methodology, J.C.L. and T.V. ; software, M.N. ; validation, J.C.L., A.A. and T.V. ; formal analysis, J.C.L. and T.V. ; investigation, J.C.L., M.N. and T.V. ; resources, J.C.L. and T.V. ; data curation, J.C.L. and T.V. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.C.L., M.N., A.A. and T.V. ; writing--review and editing, J.C.L., M.N., A.A. and T.V. ; visualization, J.C.L. and T.V. ; supervision, J.C.L. and T.V. ; project administration, J.C.L. and T.V. ; funding acquisition, J.C.L. and T.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.