esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Part Functionality as Effected by Surface Topography
### Fatigue Strength and Wear Resistance as Effected by Surface Topography
It was noted that different tool paths lead to the difference of microscopic stress concentration caused by the orientation morphology, which affects the fatigue performance of the workpiece. The surface integrity after machining directly affects the life and reliability of the workpiece, so it is important to study the effect of different surface integrity on the friction and wear properties of the workpiece surface to improve the service life of the workpiece. [PERSON] et al. [55] studied the relationship between surface roughness parameters and friction and wear properties of mold surface. The results show that the friction coefficient is inversely proportional to the surface roughness under the condition of dry friction, and the change trend is opposite in the lubrication conditions. [PERSON] et al. [56] studied the effect of surface texture on friction coefficient and adhesion wear in friction pair. The results show that the friction coefficient and adhesion wear are mainly influenced by the surface texture, which is independent of the surface roughness. [PERSON] et al. [57] studied the relationship between surface morphology and wear resistance during die milling. They found that the best tribological performance was that composed of microcavities generated by similar and high values of fz and ae. The surface topography under four cutting conditions and the die wear results is shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 5: Four types of surfaces topography and die flash land after forging [57]. Profiles of the die flash land surfaces under (**a**) condition 1, (**b**) condition 2, (**c**) condition 3, and (**d**) condition 4; Die flash land after forging under (**e**) condition 1, (**f**) condition 2, (**g**) condition 3, and (**h**) condition 4. After milling processes, surface topography has a direct impact on part functional performance, especially in respect of fatigue life and wear resistance. The reason is the surface topography has close relationship with surface frictional characteristic and stress distribution of milled surface. To get a good performance part, the surface topography should be selected according to the application condition of workpiece.
# Location Optimization of Emergency Bell Based on Coverage Analysis for Crime Prevention
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Optimal Location of Emergency Bells
#### 4.3.2 EBMCLP  
In this subsection, the budget is calculated based on a pre-determined number of emergency bells by using EBMCLP. Additionally, the number of emergency bells required to achieve 80% coverage for each district is determined.  
EBMCLP was solved to derive the optimal locations for new emergency bells in each district of Gwangju. More precisely, based on the proposed formula (7), 250, 500, 1000, and 1500 new emergency bells (\(F\)) were pre-determined. Specifically, weights were assigned based on the cumulative number of crimes for each unmonitored crime coordinate. The results generated by GIS are shown in Figure 7 below.  
Following the results of EBMCLP as shown in Table 6, approximately 90% of crimes in each district could be covered with 1000 optimized new emergency bells.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(F\)* & **Gwangsan (\%)** & **North (\%)** & **West (\%)** & **South (\%)** & **East (\%)** & **Total Price (HB-112  
When installing 500 emergency bells in each district, the total installation cost is calculated as follows: $771.67 multiplied by 500 equals $385,835 for each district. Therefore, the total cost for all five districts would be $1,929,175. The East district would require 614 emergency bells with $473,805.38 ($5771.67 \(\times\) 614) to cover all crimes, while with just 250 bells costing $192,917.50, it can still achieve 83% coverage. This brings out the advantage of obtaining the desired coverage for each district by considering the budgetary constraints.  
To cover over 80% of crime occurrences, the following amounts of emergency bells were required for each district: 800 in the Gwangsan and North districts, with coverage percentages of 88% and 85%, respectively; 500 in the West and South districts, with 83% and 89% coverage rates, respectively; and 250 in the East district with an 83% coverage rate. The cumulative cost totaled $2,199,259.5 for the installation of 2850 new emergency bells. This represented a budget reduction of more than fifty percent when compared to the scenario of achieving 100% coverage as calculated by EBLSCP ($4,805,960.76).  
The results of EBLSCP and EBMCLP can be utilized to obtain precise addresses by geocoding coordinates. In this paper, candidate locations were generated by creating regular points at 25 m intervals throughout the entire Gwangju Metropolitan City. This  
Figure 7: **(a)** EBMCLP result (F = 250); **(b)** EBMCLP result (F = 500); **(c)** EBMCLP result (F = 1000); **(d)** EBMCLP result (F = 1500).  
approach enabled the proposal of more refined installation candidates. An example of such optimized emergency bell addresses is presented in Table 7.
# A Review on Internet of Things for Defense and Public Safety
## 3 Target Scenarios for Mission-Critical IoT
### Personal Sensing, Soldier Healthcare and Workforce Training  
Body-worn devices are increasingly available [61; 62]. Fitness trackers [63] enable monitoring of physical activity along with vital signs. This information has an obvious value for the users, but there is also a significant potential in examining aggregate values of communities. Body-worn sensors, when deployed on a community scale, offer information to support C4 ISR. We have to distinguish between participatory and opportunistic sensing. The last one may be of particular relevance for under-cover personnel involved in reconnaissance missions in urban environments. Technologies for monitoring both workforce and their surroundings could aid when inferring physical or psychological states as well as assessing the risk of internal injury based on prior trauma [64]. Soldiers can be alerted of abnormal states such as dehydration, sleep deprivation, elevated heart rate or low blood sugar and, if necessary, warn a medical response team in a base hospital. These wide range of health and security monitoring systems, enables an effective end-to-end soldier health system, including re-provisioning of health services when needed.  
In addition, IoT can be used in some training and simulation exercises, i.e., wearable receivers to mimic live combat. An example of live training may use cameras, motion and acoustic sensors to track force during training exercises. The system would send data to trainers' mobile devices, who can coach in real time and produce edited video and statistics to review after the exercise.  
Other examples are Cubic's I-MILES (Instrumented-multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System) training solutions [65] which simulate combat using lasers and visual augmentation. They use connectivity, computer modeling and neuroscience-based learning tools to provide a more comprehensive real-time training experience. The solutions simulate artillery fire and provide a battle effect simulator, which include explosive devices like land mines, booby traps, and pyrotechnics.  
The previously referred applications, and others yet-to-be imagined, could be part of the equipment of the soldiers of the future. A likely evolution of such equipment can be seen in Figure 4.  
Figure 4: Soldiers of today and the future.
# Response to Variations in River Flowrate by a Spaceborne GNSS-R River Width Estimator
## Materials and Methods
### Case Study: Pascagoula River
The estimated width is then scaled by the cosine of the angle of the CYGNSS track relative to a line perpendicular to the river's banks; this is necessary to estimate the width of the river from bank to bank, instead of the along track distance of the CYGNSS observation. We refer to the final width determined in this way as the associated GNSS-R width, or AGW, of the river. Figure 4: April 2019 raw IF data collections over the Pascagoula River: (**a**) track locations; (**b**) corresponding flowrates at the time of each overpass (color coded to match the track locations plotted on the left), plotted over the USGS flowrates over the time period spanning the data collections.
Remote Sens._**2012**, \(4\), 3168-3183; doi:10.3390/rs4103168  
_Remote Sensing_**ISSN 2072-4292**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing  
_Article_  
**A New Window-Based Program for Quality Control of GPS Sensing Data**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1,* and [PERSON] 1,* * 1**  
Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.C.)  
Department of Spatial Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.Y.); Tel.: +82-31-290-7522; Fax: +82-31-290-7549.  
_Received: 23 August 2012; in revised form: 16 October 2012 / Accepted: 16 October 2012 / Published: 18 October 2012_  
**Abstract:** The main purpose of this study is to develop a new Windows-based program that calculates a quality control parameter that shows the quality of Global Positioning System (GPS) observations using GPS data in a Receiver INdependent Exchange (RINEX) format. This new program, Global Positioning System Quality Control (GPSQC), allows general GPS users to easily and intuitively check the quality of GPS observations before post-processing, which will lead to the improvement of GPS positioning precision in diverse areas of GPS applications. The GPSQC is designed to control the multi-path, cycle slip, and ionospheric errors of L\({}_{1}\) and L\({}_{2}\) signals in GPS observations. The GPSQC was developed using C#.NET language for the Window series with Microsoft Graphical User Interfaces (MS GUIs). This program gives brief information for GPS observations, time series plots, graphs of quality control parameters, and a summary report in MS word, Excel and PDF formats. It can simply perform quality checking of GPS observations that is difficult for surveyors conducting field work. We expect that GPSQC can be used to improve the accuracy of positioning and to solve time-consuming problems due to data loss and large errors in GPS observations.  
**Keywords:** GPS observations; GPSQC program; quality control (QC); QC parameters
# A Two-Stage Registration Strategy for Thermal-Visible Images in Substations
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Visual Results  
To validate the registration performance of the proposed method under various scenarios, Figure 5 shows the four most representative experimental results.  
The main results are as follows: (a) such images contain a large amount of detailed information, including small electronic components, intricate cables and other complex structures common to substations; (b) there is a huge difference in scale between these image pairs, and the thermal image usually has a narrow viewing distance and can only cover part of the information of the visible image; (c) these images include large differences in viewing angles, and some contain spatial distortion due to the different camera angles and positions used; (d) these images are of low quality and contain a lot of noise, especially in thermal images, due to the poor camera quality or long distance from the target object.  
We can roughly compare the edge consistency of the foreground objects by observing the registration results of fusion and checkerboard images, and judge the degree of image alignment. Through an artificial observation of the above four groups of experimental results, there is no obvious deviation in the image, and the stable registration performance is maintained in various scenarios.  
However, we can find obvious virtual shadows in scene c and scene d. This is attributed to the inferior quality of the infrared images and the presence of spatial distortion. Several basic image transformation methods cannot completely correct the two image. In order to make up for the lack of pixels and achieve better registration results, function interpolation and fitting methods are used to correct the registration results.  
In order to fully evaluate the effectiveness and advantages of this method, the following section will provide a detailed comparative analysis of its performance with other mainstream and state-of-the-art methods in the current field, especially key indicators such as precision and robustness. Figure 6 compares the experimental results of five methods, including the proposed method. It can be seen that PSO-SIFT and SI-PIIFD failed to register successfully. MS-PIIFD has a small registration error. The experimental results of the proposed method and RANSAC are the best, and there is no obvious difference.  
Figure 5: Four sets of experimental results of the proposed method, including original thermal-visible image pair (left top&right top), fusion form (left bottom), and checkerboard form (right bottom).
# Temperature Prediction Model in the Main Ventilation System of an Underground Mine
## 5 Conclusions  
A model with interactions and seven parameters was found to be the most appropriate to describe the main ventilation system in an underground mine, showing good correlation between estimated and observed temperatures (\(R^{2}=0.933\)), with an estimation error of \(\pm 2~{}^{\circ}\)C. Furthermore, its soundness was proven in both node-to-node and multi-node analyses. The model obtained can be useful to predict temperature evolution along the principal circuit, find the best workplace conditions in terms of temperature, and analyze different mine planning scenarios. It is simple to use, adaptable to further modifications depending on the data and requirements of the mine, and accurate in temperature predictions.  
The higher error seen in nodes 1 and 2 suggests that the analysis and model of a U-shaped ventilation system should begin at least several hundred meters away from the bottom of the shafts or ramp (\(>\)2 km in this case study) in order to obtain the highest accuracy (as seen in nodes 3-7); otherwise, the range of the estimation error may be considerable due to the influence of potential disturbances in areas with a high pressure differential and large amounts of airflow. The multi-node approach is an interesting option in underground mining, due to there being many factors that can affect the availability of data from the sensors. The placement of sensors was also found to be crucial for obtaining representative data and, subsequently, an accurate model. It is important to find zones of drift with the lowest possible disturbance, especially regarding the operation of diesel equipment, due to the high temperature of exhaust fumes. In addition, it is necessary to have an accurate calibration protocol to avoid outliers.  
Conceptualization, M.B., J.M.R., L.S., and H.A.; methodology, M.B. and J.M.R.; validation, M.B. and J.M.R.; formal analysis, M.B., J.M.R., L.S., and H.A.; investigation, M.B., J.M.R., L.S., and H.A.; writing--original draft preparation, M.B., J.M.R., L.S., and H.A.; writing--review and editing, M.B. and J.M.R. All authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. The authors would like to thank ICL and the ICL Chair in Sustainable Mining for their collaboration during the data acquisition process. The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 9: Analysis of temperature correlation and deviation between nodes 6 and 7.
## 5 Open Problem and Research Challenges
### Open Challenges
#### 5.1.2 Node Positioning  
In most of the recently proposed protocols, node positioning is not mentioned. Node deployment plays a vital role in communicating between the nodes, the sink and the base station [15]. Most present protocols do not describe the procedure of node deployment in their work. This is most commonly seen in geographical information protocols. In addition, many authors assume that acoustic waves travel at a constant speed, which is not possible. Therefore, most of the protocols assume that the information of the nodes is available without further searching for location coordinates [90]. Nevertheless, they fail to consider that the node position changes from time to time due to water flow, which changes the system's topology. Thus, it is essential to update the sensor's location information from time to time. Therefore, researchers need to implement a strategy that will update the nodes positioning and help in eliminating errors.
# CommC: A Multi-Purpose COMModity Hardware Cluster
## 4 Technologies and Services
### Graphical Desktop-Sharing Systems  
Graphical desktop-sharing systems enable remote access to and control of computers over networks, facilitating tasks like troubleshooting, collaboration, and telecommuting. These systems use a client-server model, with protocols such as Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) and Virtual Network Computing (VNC) enabling secure and seamless interactions. Desktop-sharing technologies are widely adopted in modern hybrid work environments, offering real-time collaboration and remote system management.  
VNC is a cross-platform remote desktop protocol that uses the Remote Framebuffer Protocol (RFB) found in [28] to share graphical desktops between devices. Its simplicity and compatibility across operating systems make it a popular choice for remote access.  
VNC operates via a client-server model, capturing the host desktop environment and transmitting it to a remote client, and bandwidth-intensive advancements like compression and adaptive quality have improved its performance. VNC is widely used in IT support, education, and system administration.  
**TigerVNC Client**[29] is high-performing and uses secure software to access remote desktops. It supports modern graphics capabilities, high-resolution displays, and encryption protocols like TLS, ensuring smooth and secure remote desktop connections. Its cross-platform compatibility and intuitive interface make it an efficient tool for remote work, system management, and troubleshooting, catering to both novice and advanced users.
## 3 Results
### Gas Generator Cycle: Comparison of Techniques and Objective Functions
#### 3.2.8 Objective Function: T/W vs. \(I_{sp}\)  
The results of a fourth OF used on GG cycle are shown in Figure 5 where maximizing \(I_{sp}\) and T/W are both given equal weightage. Values of the global optima for each technique are given in Table 7. Five techniques return results with a maximum \(I_{sp}\) between 262 and 272 s; however, only CSA and SA provide theoretically higher performance values for this Objective Function. \(F\) is directly proportional to \(I_{sp}\); therefore, a linear trend is expected if \(T/W\) is plotted against \(I_{sp}\), which is verified by the results as shown in Figure 5. This Objective Function is included in this research to validate the seven techniques. All techniques returned a similar trend line, as shown in Figure 5. If a technique had not returned values other than those shown in Figure 5, the Objective Function would, therefore, have invalidated that particular technique.
# The Role of Metal Ions in the Electron Transport through Azurin-Based Junctions
## 1 Introduction
For the present study, we are particularly interested in the possibility of fully-coherent transport, which was suggested by the temperature-independence of the conductance measured in several experiments based on azurins [8; 11; 23; 26; 36; 37; 38; 39]. In [34], various types of configurations were studied, in which an STM tip was contacted to a blue-copper azurin in three different ways: in blinking mode (in which the tip is kept at a fixed distance from the surface and the protein is allowed to attach to the tip spontaneously), via top indentation (in which the tip is brought closer to the protein) and by lateral indentation (in which the tip approaches the protein sideways). It was found that, under the assumption of fully-coherent electron transport, measurable conductance values can only be obtained by slightly compressing the protein upon tip indentation from the top or by bringing the tip close to the protein from the side. In this study, we chose to focus on this latter scenario. We compared the conductance properties of the blue-copper azurin from _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ with that of junctions in which the Cu ion was replaced by Zn, Ni or Co. Such a substitution is well known to lead to the formation of stable compounds [40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45], which in fact were used for the aforementioned experiments [15]. The Apo (protein deprived of the metal ion) was also considered.
# AuxDepthNet: Real-Time Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Sensitive Features
## 4 Experiment and Analysis  
### Dataset  
The KITTI dataset is a widely used benchmark for autonomous driving research, providing labeled data for tasks such as 3D object detection, stereo vision, and SLAM. It includes 7481 training images and 7518 test images, captured with stereo cameras and LiDAR in real-world driving scenarios. KITTI evaluates 3D object detection across three categories (Car, Pedestrian, Cyclist) and three difficulty levels (Easy, Moderate, Hard), making it a standard for testing perception algorithms. Consistent with prior work [34], we partitioned the 7481 training images into 3712 training samples and 3769 validation samples. The detailed distribution of object instances in this split is summarized in Table 1.