## 3 Results  
We evaluated the records of 54 patients who underwent mandibular surgery by a single operator in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery between 2017 and 2022. Of them, eight diagnosed with amelblastoma or squamous cell carcinoma were excluded. A total of 17 patients who developed osteonecrosis or osteomyelitisitis without intake of any MRONJ-inducing medication were also excluded. A total of 14 patients were excluded because their surgical management was marginal mandibularomy or hemimandibuelectomy. One case, which met the inclusion criteria but had a follow-up of <6 months, was also excluded. Finally, 14 cases were selected (Table 1). The distribution of cases is shown in Table 2. The included patients comprised two men (14.3%) and 12 women (85.7%) with a mean age of 74.8 \(\pm\) 9.3 years (range, 50.3-87.2 years). The mean follow-up period after the surgery was 27.5 \(\pm\) 11.6 months (range, 12.7-48.3 months). New bone formation was observed in all patients (100%), but bony bridge formation was detected in ten (71.4%). The bony bridge formation was detected within 1 year after surgery in all ten cases. The bony bridge formation was evaluated by comparing serial views in both the three-dimensional reconstruction CT view (Figure 1) and panoramic radiographs (Figures 2-4, serial panoramic radiographs of each patient are shown in the Supplementary Materials). The older the patient, the lower was the tendency for bony bridge formation in the defect (\(p\) = 0.035). In 11 cases (84.6%), a sound state of the R-plate was maintained without any complication. In the other two (15.4%), a fracture of the R-plate was detected at the last follow-up. However, the R-plate fracture did not significantly affect bony bridge formation (\(p\) > 0.05). Most cases were of MRONJ induced by bisphosphonate medication alone (78.6%). The duration of medication intake was >4 years in half of the cases (50%) and <4 years in another half (50%). The effects of medication type and duration on bone bridge formation were not statistically significant (\(p\) > 0.05). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline No. & Age (Year) & \begin{tabular}{c} Follow-Up \\ Period (Month) \\ \end{tabular} & Gender & \begin{tabular}{c} New Bone \\ Formation \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Bony Bridge \\ Formation \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} R-Plate \\ Fracture \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medication \\ Type \\ \end{tabular} & Duration \\ \hline
1 & 73.76 & 50.08 & Female & Present & Present & None & Both & >4 years \\
2 & 73.48 & 45.42 & Female & Present & Present & None & Bisphosphonates & >4 years \\
3 & 80.72 & 41.25 & Male & Present & Absent & Present & Bisphosphonates & 2 years \\
4 & 70.77 & 37.00 & Female & Present & Present & None & Bisphosphonates & 3 years \\
5 & 71.70 & 32.42 & Female & Present & Present & None & Bisphosphonates & 3 years \\
6 & 85.01 & 28.67 & Female & Present & Absent & None & Bisphosphonates & >4 years \\
7 & 83.12 & 25.17 & Female & Present & Absent & None & Bisphosphonates & >4 years \\
8 & 78.39 & 22.75 & Female & Present & Absent & None & Bisphosphonates & 2 years \\
9 & 71.72 & 22.67 & Female & Present & Present & None & Bisphosphonates & \(>\)4 years \\
10 & 50.27 & 19.08 & Female & Present & Present & None & Bisphosphonates & 3 years \\
11 & 62.50 & 16.92 & Male & Present & Present & Present & Denosumab & \(>\)4 years \\
12 & 78.98 & 16.25 & Female & Present & Present & None & Bisphosphonates & 1 year \\
13 & 87.19 & 14.58 & Female & Present & Present & None & Bisphosphonates & 1 year \\
14 & 79.22 & 12.67 & Female & Present & Present & None & Denosumab & 2 years \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Patient characteristics.