# Coordination of Macro Base Stations for 5G Network with User Clustering
## 4 Case Study
### Simulation on 10 \(\times\) 10 5G Macro BS Network  
#### 4.2.1 System Description  
The simulation was conducted on a 10 \(\times\) 10 5G macro BS network. The traffic load profile and renewable generation power of the network are presented in Appendix A. 2.2 Comparative Analysis between the Proposed Dispatching Scheme and the Conventional Dispatching Scheme for 5G Macro BSs Network  
To verify the performance of the proposed two-step energy management model in terms of saving energy consumption and electricity costs, the following two dispatching schemes were tested for comparison. Dispatching scheme 1 (DS 1): The dispatching scheme of communication and standard equipment in the 5G macro BS network is determined by the proposed two-step energy management model proposed in Section 3. Dispatching scheme 2 (DS 2): The conventional dispatching scheme. All BSs in the network are always in active mode, and the users in each cell are served by the 5G macro BS in the local cell; that is, user allocation is not performed, the transmission of electric energy among the BSs is not performed, the fixed-frequency commercial AC is temperature-controlled, and the set temperature is fixed. When the indoor temperature exceeds the setting upper value, the AC turns on, and it turns off when the indoor temperature exceeds the setting lower value. The backup batteries are used as a UPS, and they do not charge and discharge in normal conditions. The power generation of renewable energy is consumed by the local BS, and excess renewable energy is curtailed. Table 2 presents the comparative results of the two schemes. It can be observed that with DS 1, the electricity cost of the network is 20.35% less than that of DS 2. The energy consumption of the network with DS 1 is 15.90% higher than that of DS 2. The energy consumptions of the communication equipment and AC are both reduced with DS 1. The analysis outcomes are summarized in Table 2.  
First, we compared the dispatching scheme of the communication equipment based on the use of two strategies. The total power, fixed part of the power, and variable part of the power of the communication equipment are shown in Figure 10a-c, respectively. It can be observed from Figure 10a that the power variations of the communication equipment in the network with DS 1 and 2 are basically consistent with the traffic load profile. The power of the communication equipment with DS 1 is always lower than that of DS 2. The power of communication equipment with the above two strategies is close during high-traffic periods (such as the periods 40-85) and quite different during low-traffic periods (such as periods 10-30). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Operation Strategy** & **Cost/\$** & **E\_grid/kWh** & **E\_conf/kWh** & **E\_air/kWh** \\ \hline DS 1 & 693.82 & 9402.29 & 8431.56 & 1651.50 \\ DS 2 & 871.11 & 11,179.75 & 9827.16 & 2305.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Where Cost represents the total electricity costs of the 5G macro BS network, Egrid represents the total energy consumption from the grid of the network, and Ecom and Eair are the total energy consumption of communication equipment and AC in the network, respectively.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of the simulation results of DS 1 and DS 2. According to Equation (1), the power of communication equipment in active mode is composed of a fixed and a variable power, in which the variable power is proportional to the BSs' transmission power. As shown in Figure 10b, with DS 2, the communication equipment is always in active mode, meaning that the fixed power has been maintained at the maximum value; with DS 1, the redundant BSs can be shut down during the low-traffic period, and the sleeping BSs are \"awakened\" in high-traffic periods to serve the users, thereby reducing the fixed power consumption of communication equipment. According to Figure 10c, the variable power of the communication equipment with DS 1 is higher than that of DS 2.