# Optimal Insertion Torque for Orthodontic Anchoring Screw Placement: A Comprehensive Review
## 3 Results
### Overview of the Selected Studies (Table 1)  
The total number of patients in the selected studies ranged from 26 to 142, while the number of OASs ranged from 59 to 280. Among these studies, 81.8% (9/11) examined the buccal alveolar area, and included nine [1; 6; 7; 9; 10; 11; 13; 14; 15] and five [7; 9; 10; 13; 15] studies for the maxilla and mandible, respectively.  
One of the nine maxillary studies also examined the lingual alveolar area [1]. In studies that investigated the alveolar area, all OASs were placed in the molar region, except for one study, which included the incisor area [13]. Among the remaining studies, three investigated the mid-palatal area [8; 12; 15], while one investigated the infrazygomatic crest and the buccal shelf areas [10].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Patients** & **Mean** & **Screws** & **Placement** & **Methods** & **Loading** & **Definition of Success (or Failure)** & **Notes** \\ \hline Watanabe & & & & Maximly buccal alveolar area & Self-Dimiling & Loaded 3 months after placement & dislodement of active treatment (failure) & female subjects only \\ Watanabe & & & & & Maximly buccal alveolar area & Self-Dimiling & Immediate & self-Dimiling & remeding active treatment (failure) & female subjects only \\ \hline Geshay & & & & & & & & Comparison between anterior and posterior areas & Comparison between \(\mathrm{m  
Seven of the studies used a self-drilling method [1; 6; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13], two used a self-tapping method [7; 8], and two used both methods [14; 15]. Regarding the timing to load the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Patients** & **Mean Age (y)** & **Screws (n)** & **Placement Location** & **Methods** & **Loading** & **Definition of Success (or Failure)** & **Notes** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{83} & \multirow{4}{*}{26.8 \(\pm\) 9.8} & \multirow{4}{*}{161} & Mid-palatal suture area & Self-Tapping & Immediate & \begin{tabular}{} \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} & \
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orthodontic force, four studies employed immediate loading [6; 8; 10; 14], while five used delayed loading [1; 9; 11; 12; 15]. The duration of the delay ranged from less than 1 week [12] to beyond 3 months [1; 7] after placement. One study [7] compared the success rates on the basis of duration of healing after OAS placement in adolescent participants and used both early (2-4 weeks after placement) and late loading (\(\geq\)3 months after placement).  
The decision of OAS success was defined as endurance for 6 months or more without mobility in five studies [7; 8; 9; 13; 14], and as a lack of mobility or dislodgement during the active orthodontic treatment in three studies [1; 6; 11]. The remaining were unknown [10; 12; 15].  
Specific annotations for several studies were as follows. [PERSON] et al. [6] used 3 mm long OASs. [PERSON] et al. [9] compared cylindrical OASs with and without dual threads. [PERSON] et al. [11] compared the surface characteristics between sandblast-etched OASs and controls.