## 3 Results  
### Screening Results of Fungi and Insects Inducing Agarwood Formation in A. sinensis  
Through the separation and purification of fungi from agarwood blocks, 16 fungal species were isolated (Figure 1). Morphological and ITS sequence analyses confirmed species-level diversity (Table 2). The isolates comprised seven _Fusarium_ species, three _Penicillium_ species, one _Trichoderma_ species, one _Neodeightonia_ species, one _Leptographium_ species, one _Pestaliotiss kenyama_, one _Acrodontium_ species, and one _Phaeocarcinoma_ species (Table 3). Literature analysis (Supplementary Materials, Table S3) showed that as of December 2023, 339 articles focused on agarwood research, with 348 publications included in the analysis. Recent research surged after 2015, peaking from 2020 onwards. Teams led by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] formed the core research groups; notably, the team led by [PERSON] published predominantly during 2020-2023, while the team led by [PERSON] and [PERSON] published primarily during 2018-2020. This concentration of research activity indicates a maturing field in agarwood biotechnology. The analysis identified 50 fungal genera harboring species with potential induction effects, among which 23 species exhibited confirmed activity. _Fusarium_ spp. (representing 10% of the confirmed active species) and _Trichoderma_ spp. (7%) were the predominant genera, suggesting their key role in agarwood induction. Consequently, strains from these genera were prioritized for subsequent experiments. Figure 1: Fungal morphology. Note: (**A–P**) represent fungi number, respectively, CX-1, CX-2, CX-3, CX-5, ZCX-1, ZCX-4, ZCX-5, ZCX-7, ZCX-8, ZCX-13, ZCX-15, ZCX-17, YB-1, YB3-1, HLH, YML. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Scientific Name** & **Accession** & **Query Cover** & **E Value** & **Per. Ident** \\ \hline CX-1 & _Fusarium proliferatum_ & ON181987.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & KR861510.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ CX-2 & _Penicillium citrinum_ & MT141138.1 & 98\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & LT558887.1 & 98\% & 0.00 & 99\% \\ CX-3 & _Penicillium chrysogenum_ & KX349473.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & KR233462.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ CX-5 & _Fusarium proliferatum_ & ON181987.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & & OQ983868.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ ZCX-1 & _Phaeacremonium alvesii_ & OW985201.1 & 95\% & 0.00 & 99\% \\ ZCX-1 & _Phaeacremonium alvesii_ & OW985834.1 & 95\% & 0.00 & 99\% \\  & OP178975.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ ZCX-4 & _Trichoderma atroviride_ & MH357337.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ ZCX-5 & _Fusarium solani_ & MN783104.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & KF255997.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ ZCX-7 & _Fusarium proliferatum_ & ON181987.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & OQ983868.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ ZCX-8 & _Neodeightonia subglobosa_ & LC177544.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 98\% \\  & LC317703.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 98\% \\ ZCX-13 & _Acrodontium saloneum_ & JF449870.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 98\% \\  & OV983741.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 99\% \\ ZCX-15 & _Penicillium paxilli_ & JN617709.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & MN783046.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ ZCX-17 & _Pestalotiopsis kenyama_ & OR777892.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ YB-1 & _Fusarium equiseti_ & MK729628.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & MT428183.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ YB3-1 & _Fusarium equiseti_ & MK729628.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & MT428183.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ HLH & _Leptographium truncatum_ & JX444638.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & KU319006.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ YML & _Fusarium proliferatum_ & ON181987.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\  & KR861510.1 & 100\% & 0.00 & 100\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of BLAST alignment results and taxonomic assignments for fungal isolates (ITS).