esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Sustainable Support Material for Overhang Printing in 3D Concrete Printing Technology
## 1 Introduction
In addition to the different techniques of overcoming the printing of overhangs, 3 DCP has to tackle another problem, which is the pumpability and buildability of the material. The fresh concrete is deposited through a nozzle tracing the cross section of the design in a layered manner. The material used must possess low viscosity to achieve high pumpability, and high yield strength to achieve buildability to support subsequent layers. This requirement commands a rapid yield strength evolution of the concrete mix, which has encouraged buildability studies in 3 DCP. [12] utilized a modified green compression test model to predict the buildability of a concrete mix. The model was able to predict failure heights which can enhance control in optimizing the material design and printing process. [13] demonstrated the use of physical measurement of shape and stability to determine the buildability criterion. The study gave an insight into the definition of printability, as well as a suite of tests to determine whether a material is printable. These approaches, collectively, contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of buildability and facilitate improved optimization techniques for concrete printing. Much existing literature typically focuses on implementing printability optimizations through two main methods. They either introduce modifications to the concrete in small batches or apply set-on-demand interventions near the print head [14; 15]. Ref. [14] show that set-on-demand methods are more effective for improving buildability than mixture modifications using admixtures during the initial mixing. Ref. [16] used an active rheology  
Figure 5: Product achieved by D-shape printing method [9]. control using vibration to achieve the contradicting performance for 3 DCP. The vibration was observed to improve the extrudability of the material. Regardless of the method employed, the residence time of concrete within the print head is a critical parameter that must be precisely monitored to ensure optimal mixing efficiency. In view of this, the objective of this study is to develop a removable support that both fulfills the printability and sustainability aspects of the material characteristics. This study aims to develop a printable support material that temporarily supports the overhang sections until the primary material gains self-supporting capabilities with sustainable raw materials, such as fly ash and recycled glass powder. The support material should also allow ease of removal after the primary material has hardened.
## 3 Experimental Activities
### Advanced Shielding for Spacecraft
#### 3.2.3 3D-Printed Shields  
The H2020 ReDSHIFT (Revolutionary Design of Spacecraft through Holistic Integration of Future Technologies) project focused on the development of highly innovative and low-cost spacecraft solutions for debris protection and mitigation, including design for demise and novel manufacturing strategies and technologies [42]. In this project, hypervelocity impact testing investigated the response of aluminum shield panels with complex core geometry produced through additive manufacturing. Both simple plates (Figure 6, left) and multi-layer configurations (Figure 6, right) were investigated in the experimental campaign, which included 20 shots with different projectiles at velocities in the range between 1 and 5 km/s. Results showed that the manufacturing process did not significantly influence the response of samples to impacts and that multi-layer configurations present improvements in terms of debris shielding with respect to standard honeycomb sandwich panels with equivalent areal density and thickness [43].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Rice Map Accuracy Assessment
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Site** & **Country and Study Site** & **Validation Points and Date(s) of Validation** & **Rice Area (ha) and as \% of Footprint** & **Accuracy and Kappa** \\ \hline
**1** & Cambodia, Takeo & 100, 8 April, 22 April and 11 September 2013 & 150,026, 94\% & 85\%, 0.70 \\ \hline
**2** & Philippines, Leyte East & 99, 24–26 September 2013 & 17,817, 11\% & 87\%, 0.74 \\ \hline
**3** & Philippines, Leyte West & 85, 27 to 28 September 2013 & 15,229, 10\% & 89\%, 0.79 \\ \hline
**4** & Philippines, Agusan del Norte & 100, 14–16 October 2013 & 13,163, 8\% & 89\%, 0.78 \\ \hline
**5** & Vietnam, Soc Trang & 108, 25 September 2013 & 55,216, 35\% & 87\%, 0.74 \\ \hline
**6** & Vietnam, Nam Dinh & 100, 30 August and 5 September 2013 & 108,733, 68\% & 89\%, 0.78 \\ \hline
**7** & Indonesia, Subang & 115,10–13 February 2014 & 64,533, 40\% & 97\%, 0.93 \\ \hline
**8** & India, Tamil Nadu, Cuddalore & 111, 12 February and 3 March 2014 & 26,015, 16\% & 92\%, 0.84 \\ \hline
**9** & India, Tamil Nadu, Thanjavur & 102, 31 January, 1 February and 7 March 2014 & 83,871, 52\% & 91\%, 0.82 \\ \hline
**10** & India, Tamil Nadu, Sivaganga & 105, 14 and 21 February 2014 & 41,825, 24\% & 87\%, 0.73 \\ \hline
**11** & Thailand, Muang Yang & & 109, 17 October and 12 December 2013; 12 and & 91,908, 57\% & 86\%, 0.72 \\ \hline
**12** & Thailand, Suphan Buri & & 100, 25 September, 25 October and 14 December & 555,317, 40\% & 87\%, 0.74 \\ \hline
**13** & Philippines, Nueva Ecija & 100, 19 September, 3 and 4 October2013 & 424,801, 27\% & 86\%, 0.72 \\ \hline  & **Points and area (ha)** & _1334_ & _1,648,454_ & _1,648,454_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary of site validation visits, rice area and accuracy assessments.
## 2 Wind Speed Prediction Research Methodology
### The Multi-Head Self-Attention Mechanism  
The multi-head self-attention mechanism extends the attention mechanism that can learn the local and global features in parallel in different representation subspaces. The mechanism can capture the changing features of the input data at different time scales, enhancing the model's ability to capture long-distance dependencies [44].  
The multi-head self-attention mechanism maps the input query (\(Q\)), key (\(K\)), and value (\(V\)) vectors to multiple subspaces separately. Independent attention weights are computed in each subspace and multiple attention outputs are computed in parallel [45]. The multi-head self-attention mechanism first generates the input sequence into query, key, and value matrices via linear transformation, and the matrices are generated as follows:  
\[Q_{i} =XW_{Q_{i}} \tag{22}\] \[K_{i} =XW_{K_{i}}\] (23) \[V_{i} =XW_{V_{i}} \tag{24}\]  
where \(W_{Q_{i}}\), \(W_{K_{i}}\), \(W_{V_{i}}\) is the weight matrix of the \(i\)th header.  
Figure 4: Flowchart of RIME optimization algorithm.  
Attention scores are calculated independently for each head, and different attention outputs are obtained:  
\[M_{i}=softmax(\frac{Q_{i}K_{i}^{K}}{\sqrt{d}})V_{i} \tag{25}\]  
The attentional outputs from all the heads are spliced and then transformed through a linear layer:  
\[M=Concat(M_{1},M_{2},\cdots,M_{h}) \tag{26}\]
## 4 Comparative Analysis  
A comparative analysis is summarized in Table 1. It is clearly shown that the efficiency can be improved by around 10% with the introduction of the imbalanced resonator in addition to around 10% with the replacement of LDMOS by GaN-HFET. In general, there exists a serious tradeoff between the output power and the efficiency. However, there is no such criteria representing this tradeoff.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Output Power (W)** & **Efficiency (\%)** & **Device** & **Resonator** \\ \hline (5) & 157 (310) & 44 (46) & LDMOS & Ring \\ (6) & 138 (330) & 41 (45) & LDMOS & Dielectric \\ (7) & 48 & 58 & GaN-HEMT *1 & - \\ (9) & 210 & 51 & LDMOS & Coaxial \\ This work & 263 & 61 & GaN-HFET & Coaxial \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (): 2 devices are used; *1 Gallium Nitride–High Electron Mobility Transistor  
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparative analysis of the high power oscillators.  
Figure 14: Measured PWM output waveform.  
Figure 13: Measured output spectrum.
###### Abstract  
This article examines the transformative potential of integrating reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) into sixth-generation (6G) wireless non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). The focus is on the RIS's capability to address diverse user requirements, including secure data transmission, power efficiency, extended coverage, and enhanced data rates. The paper delves into the synergy between RISs and NTNs, emphasizing key components like multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and advanced radio communications. Additionally, it highlights the crucial role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in optimizing RIS-based beamforming to solve scientific and engineering challenges while ensuring energy efficiency and sustainability in NTN operations. By positioning RISs as a key enabler in shaping the future of wireless communication systems, this research underscores their significance in unlocking the full potential of NTNs and advancing next-generation wireless communications. This paper contributes valuable insights and projections for future research directions, highlighting RISs' potential to revolutionize NTNs for 6G technologies.  
artificial intelligence; beamforming optimization; energy efficiency; high-altitude non-terrestrial platforms; machine learning; non-terrestrial networks; reconfigurable intelligent surfaces; 6G communications +
Footnote †: journal: _Sensors_
# Techno-Economic Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery in Automotive Manufacturing Plants
###### Abstract  
This study proposes an innovative system for recovering waste heat from exhaust air after a regenerative thermal oxidiser process, integrating a Carnot battery and photovoltaic (PV) modules. The Carnot battery incorporates an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with a recuperator, thermal energy storage (TES), and heat pump. Waste heat is initially captured in TES, with additional energy extracted by a heat pump to increase the temperature of a secondary fluid, effectively charging TES from both direct and indirect sources. The stored heat enables electricity generation via ORC. The result of this study shows a heat pump COP between 2.55 and 2.87, the efficiency of ORC ranging from 0.125 to 0.155, and the power-to-power of the Carnot battery between 0.36 and 0.40. Moreover, PV generates 1.35 GWh annually, primarily powering the heat pump and ORC system pump. The proposed system shows a total annual net generation of 4.30 GWh. Economic evaluation across four configurations demonstrates favourable outcomes, with a return on investment between 25% and 160%. The economic evaluation examined configurations with and without the PV system and recuperation process in the ORC. Results indicate that incorporating the PV system and recuperator significantly increases power output, offering a highly viable and sustainable energy solution.  
thermodynamic cycles; photovoltaic; Carnot battery; energy saving; decarbonisation 2020
# Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose at MWCNT-CuBTC Composite Electrode
## 4 Discussion
Moreover, the selectivity toward fructose and sucrose carbohydrates at concentrations around the ones found in real samples (10 times lower concentration than glucose) was determined. While at these concentrations, they did not interfere in the glucose response recorded by MPA, for concentrations comparable with the glucose concentration, the signal was significantly affected (about 80%). To mitigate these carbohydrate interferences, the optimization of sample pretreatment prior to electrochemical detection may be achieved. However, further studies related to permselective membrane integration within the composite composition are currently being carried out. The operational stability of the sensor was investigated through five continuous repetitive CV runs, recorded in 1 mM of glucose and 0.1 M of NaOH, and the voltammetric response was not significantly changed. Additionally, a reproducible background current was achieved, which indicated good stability of the electrode. Electrode composition stability was checked through measurements for glucose detection after one year of storage in a common plastic bag, and a difference of about 2% was achieved, which confirms good stability of the electrode surface.
## 5 Model Verification with Experimental Results  
### Activation-to-Force Processing  
Muscle force plays a vital role in the research of the driver's NMS dynamic model. It cannot be measured directly, but can be obtained based on EMG signals. Therefore, a numbers activation-to-force model was proposed [26]. In this paper, the EMG signals are obtained by EMG analysis software \"BioLab\". In order to facilitate the analysis of the result, the measurement noise is filtered through 20-400 Hz frequency, followed by average rectified value (RMS) processing. Finally, the linearized time-domain signal is obtained. Noteworthily, the following assumptions are presented: the driver's muscle characteristic is linear; ignoring the influences of driving fatigue; the length of the tendon contraction is constant; the contribution of each work muscle can be quantified by different weights.  
Figure 6: Driving experimental scenarios.  
Figure 7: Driving experimental scenario.  
The muscle activation \(a(t)\) is processed by a nonlinear function:  
\[a(t)\approx u(t)=\frac{RMS(t)}{RMS_{\max}} \tag{43}\]  
where \(RMS(t)\) represents the RMS value of EMG at time \(t\) after normalization; \(RMS_{\max}\) infers to the RMS value of EMG in isometric maximum voluntary contraction(MVC); \(u(t)\) infers to the strength of muscle; \(a(t)\) indicates the degree of muscle activation.  
Ten muscle activations are calculated as shown in Figure 8. Evidently, the muscles of Biceps brachii (BB), lateral head of triceps brachii (TB-LA), pectoralis major (PMA-S) and long head of triceps brachii (TB-L) have higher activation which means more contributions for steering movement. Similarly, the rectus femoris (RF) muscle plays the most significant role during speed control.
# A Comparative Study of SOx, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 in the UK and Poland from 1970 to 2020
## 4 Changes in Air Pollution in the UK Since the 1970s
### Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides over the Years  
In the UK, there has been a noticeable reduction in emissions of air pollutants, such as SOx, NOx, and PM over the years. Emissions of nitrogen oxides have fallen by 76% since 1970, to 702 thousand tonnes in 2020 (Figure 7) [13]. From 1990 to 1984, emissions of nitrogen oxides were relatively consistent with small peaks in 1973 and 1979, which were due to cold winters in those years. From 1984 onwards, emissions started to rise due to increased traffic. Nevertheless, since 1989, the overall emissions have decreased, driven by reductions in power station emissions and a decline in road transport emissions [8]. Road-related emissions showed a steady increase from 1970 to 1989, mirroring the overall rise in road traffic across the UK (Figure 7).  
Since 1989, there has been a steady decline in emissions due to the introduction of catalytic converters in passenger cars and stricter regulations on truck emissions (Figure 7). Starting in 1988, electricity generators initiated a gradual retrofitting program for their 500 MWe (megawatt electric) coal-fired units, incorporating low-NOx burners. The subsequent acceleration in emission reduction, particularly since 1992, can be attributed to the widespread adoption of cars equipped with three-way catalytic converters [18]. In 1993 and 1994, the enforcement of emission limits on diesel cars and light goods vehicles further contributed to this decline. Recent advancements include the increased utilization of nuclear power and the implementation of Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power plants, which burn natural gas and have led to additional reductions in NOx emissions [19].  
Figure 7: NOx pollution levels over the years.  
The ongoing shift from coal to gas and electricity usage has also played a role in lowering NOx emissions (Figure 6). There is currently only one coal-fired power station in the UK, Uniper's Ratcliffe-on-Soar plant in Nottinghamshire, which is expected to close in 2024 [20].  
Nowadays, emissions originating from power stations and industrial combustion plants have experienced a substantial reduction. This decline is indicative of the sustained shift away from coal and oil towards natural gas and renewable energy sources. Specifically, annual nitrogen oxide emissions from the energy industry have witnessed a notable decrease of 71% between 2005 and 2020. This decline can be attributed to the closure or conversion to biomass fuel of coal-fired power plants [13].  
It would appear that the combination of technological advances and regulations allowed for the reduction in emissions over the years. Some of the regulations are shown in the schematic below (Figure 8):
## 4 Conclusions  
InGaAs/InP photodetectors were monolithically integrated with AlGaAs/GaAs five-layer optical waveguides through TIR coupling. The electrical signal from the photodetector was then directed using polyimide-planarized metal coplanar waveguides for WDM PDA monitoring and high speed optical interconnection. The WDM PDA channel spacing was 2 nm over the 1,520-1,550 nm wavelength range and the pass band was 1 nm at \(-\)1 dB level. A 0.2 pF low capacitance and 3 dB bandwidth of 11 GHz at 1,543.5 nm wavelength were all demonstrated for high speed optical interconnection applications. By combining metal coplanar waveguide techniques with the integrated receiver module, the high speed and high density interconnects with monolithically or hybrid integrated amplifier circuits can be readily achieved.
## 4 Conclusions  
Understanding the links between grape composition and concentrations of volatile compounds in wine has important implications with respect to viticultural and winemaking parameters and the impact of these on wine style and quality. Based on previous studies and an examination of yeast biochemical pathways, known and putative grape-derived precursors were assessed for their ability to produce ethyl and acetate esters upon fermentation in chemically defined model media. Significant stimulating effects of MCFAs and their derivatives were revealed, as was the apparent toxicity of some compounds at the highest concentrations tested. MCFAs, their methyl esters and carnitine conjugates were able to contribute to ethyl ester production, albeit with variable influences of odd and even chain length MCFAs. Amino acid conjugates of MCFAs also produced the corresponding ethyl esters, but with differences evident between C9 and C12 MCFAs and for alanine compared to isoleucine; a toxic effect was noted at higher concentrations of nonanoyl alanine, whereas dodecanoyl isoleucine had no significant effect on ester production.  
Investigation of four amino acids related to CoA production by yeast revealed the exclusive effect of \(\beta\)-alanine on the formation of a range of MFCAs and their ethyl esters, along with acetate esters. Ethyl hexanoate, octanoate and decanoate significantly increased with 50 and 100 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) of \(\beta\)-alanine, as did their MCFA counterparts, along with ethyl and phenylethyl acetates, but not isoamyl acetate. The results implied a stimulatory effect on MCFA synthesis, leading to corresponding increases in esters, but isoamyl acetate levels were deemed to be limited by isoamyl alcohol concentrations. Additional experiments with lower concentrations of \(\beta\)-alanine, and \(\beta\)-alanine along with pantotheanate, showed that levels at or below the usual grape concentrations of these compounds were able to stimulate production of a range of MCFAs and their ethyl esters, as well as ethyl, isoamyl and phenylethyl acetate esters. Both \(\beta\)-alanine and pantotheanate promoted ester production but \(\beta\)-alanine was more effective in some circumstances.  
Overall, a range of putative and known grape-derived precursors were shown to have important effects on the production by yeast of MCFAs, and ethyl and acetate esters. These interesting outcomes open the way for additional investigations of odd _versus_ even MCFA chain length, MCFA carnitine derivatives and the importance of \(\beta\)-alanine relative to pantotheanate in actual juices or musts, which may reveal even greater insights into the relationship between nonvolatile grape components and wine aroma constituents. Ultimately, being able to predict and control wine aroma based on grape composition and winemaking inputs could be realised as a result of such studies.
# Research on Phase Stabilization Algorithm of Femtosecond Timing System
## 5 System Testing
### PID Algorithm Testing  
The performance of the PID control algorithm is significantly influenced by its parameter settings, where the choice of parameters directly correlates with the system's response speed and stability. Inappropriate parameter configurations may lead to excessive oscillations and prolonged response times, adversely affecting control performance. During the parameter optimization process, a step-by-step approach should be adopted. First, the proportional coefficient \(\mathrm{K_{p}}\) is determined, setting the integral coefficient \(\mathrm{K_{i}}\) and derivative coefficient \(\mathrm{K_{d}}\) to zero in this phase, to observe the basic impact of proportional control on system response. Next, the integral coefficient \(\mathrm{K_{i}}\) is gradually adjusted starting from a small value to assess its effect on the system's error accumulation correction capability. Finally, the derivative coefficient \(\mathrm{K_{d}}\) is adjusted to optimize the system's response to rapid changes and reduce overshoot [20,21]. The final selections were \(\mathrm{K_{p}}=1\), \(\mathrm{K_{i}}=0.2\), and \(\mathrm{K_{d}}=0\).  
Figure 10 compares the performance of the simple conditional control algorithm with the PID control algorithm. It is evident that without the PID algorithm, the fluctuations in the signal phase were considerable, and the adjustment amplitude was quite pronounced. In contrast, after implementing the PID control algorithm, the signal changes became smoother, and the adjustment process exhibited greater stability.  
Figure 10: Algorithm testing.  
Figure 9: Signal phase offset situation.