## 3 Enhancing Supply Chain Security Through Blockchain Technology
### Security Advantages of Blockchain in Supply Chains
#### 3.1.1 Immutable Records Ensuring Data Integrity in Supply Chains  
The immutability characteristic of blockchain technology plays a critical role in preventing data manipulation within supply chains. Blockchain records each transaction into a cryptographically secured chain of blocks, which are verified by all the participants through a distributed ledger. Once a block is added to the chain, altering data in previous blocks becomes practically impossible, as any change would create inconsistencies, disrupting the consensus mechanism of the entire network. This mechanism ensures data integrity, making transactions conducted at any stage of the supply chain irreversible [25; 28]. For  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Cyber Threat** & **Targeted Asset** & **Attack Method** & **Potential Impact** \\ \hline Phishing [14] & Credentials & Fake Emails, SMS, Websites & Data leakage, unauthorized access \\ Insider Threats [15] & Data, Systems, Networks & Data Leakage, Identity & Data loss, operational disruption, financial loss, loss of trust \\ DDoS [14] & Network Infrastructure, Services & Botnets, System Overload, Flooding & Service disruption, customer loss, reputational damage \\ Ransomware [16; 17; 18; 19] & Data, Systems & Malware, File Encryption, Ransom Demands & Operational downtime, data loss, financial loss \\ Zero-Day [14; 20] & Software, Hardware & Undiscovered Vulnerabilities, Exploits & Unauthorized access, system manipulation, data breach \\ Malware [14; 19; 21] & Systems, Networks & Viruses, Trojans, Keylogers & Data theft, financial losses \\ Man-in-the-Middle [22; 23] & Network Traffic, Communications & Unencrypted Networks, DNS Spoofing, Packet Sniffing & Data theft, privacy violation, system compromise \\ Social Engineering [24] & Human Factor, Credentials & Phone Calls, Fake Support & Credential theft, fraud \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Classification of cyber threats targeting supply chain security.  
instance, in sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, or logistics, all activities from production to delivery to the final consumer are recorded securely, thus preventing the manipulation of these records. This facilitates the detection and tracking of counterfeit products, preventing fraudulent transactions and false declarations within the system.  
In sectors such as the food industry, blockchain's immutable and transparent structure has been shown to strengthen trust across supply chain actors, which indirectly supports the prevention of counterfeiting and fraud [29]. Moreover, blockchain technology enhances transparency, traceability, and security, accelerates processes, reduces costs through the use of smart contracts and cryptocurrencies, prevents fraud, and eliminates the need for intermediaries. Additionally, blockchain-based web platforms have been developed to establish traceability and trust within supply chains, enabling the detection of counterfeit products [30]. Through such systems, retrospective alterations to blockchain-recorded supply chain transactions are prevented, significantly increasing transparency.