## 1 Introduction  
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres. The advantages and disadvantages of FRP depend on the specific application and requirements. The versatility of FRP makes it a popular choice in industries where a combination of strength, light weight, and resistance to environmental factors is required [1; 2]. While FRP offers several benefits, it is essential to carefully consider factors such as cost, temperature resistance, and fire resistance when choosing it for a particular use case [3; 4]. It is important that the specific applications of FRP can vary based on the type of fibre, resin, and manufacturing processes used in its production [5]. Common applications of FRP in civil engineering involve the reinforcement of concrete structures and the rehabilitation of various types of structures by enhancing their load-bearing capacity and extending their lifespan. FRP is also used for lining pipes and tanks in corrosive environments, protecting against chemical degradation. The use of FRP reinforcement continues to grow in civil engineering as researchers and engineers explore its applications and refine design guidelines. FRP is used as an alternative or supplement to traditional materials like steel. The most popular FRP rebars are glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) [6], carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) [7], and basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) [8; 9]. Among FRP composites, GFRP has the lowest price; hence, it is the most commonly used composite. The use of GFRP in civil engineering applications is driven by its corrosion resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, and versatility in design. It addresses the challenges associated with corrosion in traditional materials like steel, making it particularly suitable for infrastructure projects in corrosive or aggressive environments. Additionally, GFRP's lightweight nature simplifies transportation and installation processes. The authors of [10] examined the behaviour of hybrid fibreglass tubes filled with recycled material, such as shredded and used tires, and concrete for use in deep foundations (piles). Analysing the internal forces of the GFRP tubes filled with recycled material showed the semi-linear behaviour of the pile members, which resulted in increased total strength and ductility of the reinforced piles. The lateral responses of both the GFRP piles and pre-stressed piles showed comparable results, in that the effect of cracking under axial and lateral loadings was negligible. As presented in [11], the sheet-pile wall made of GFRP was introduced in a stream bank stabilization. It was evaluated that GFRP is a suitable alternative for protecting stream banks. Traditional riverbank stabilization measures often require heavy machinery to be utilized inside the delicate environment of a protected stream and near fragile ecosystems, disturbing the environment. GFRP sheet-piles can be customized to the required dimensions and installed in the field with manual labour or minimal assistance from heavy machinery, which reduces disturbance and provides aesthetic value to the surrounding environment. Glass fibre-reinforced polymer is also used for pile construction, which was presented in [12; 13; 14]. The aim of the study discussed in [12] was the experimental determination of the load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete piles wrapped with BFRP and GFRP sheets. Initial investigations were conducted to assess the impact of BFRP and GFRP wraps on the strength properties of concrete. The mechanical strength of samples with dual wrapping of basalt and glass fibres perpendicular to each other exceeded all other samples. Additionally, the piles were wrapped with laminates and tested for their uplift capacity in both dry and submerged conditions. The results indicate a significant improvement in the load-bearing capacity of the piles compared to unrestrained piles.