# Modeling User Acceptance of In-Vehicle Applications for Safer Road Environment
## 7 Conclusions  
This study presents an implementation of the basic Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with additional constructs. In addition to the original TAM constructs, we added three variables which are related to driver context, i.e., system characteristic (SC), trust (T) and social influence (SI). We investigated the relationships of the SC, T and SI to the perceived usefulness (PU) and ease of use (EU) which will influence user attitude and lead to the intention to use the in-vehicle application. Moreover, we examined the relationship between the personal characteristic (PC) variable and the SC, T and SI. Compared to a study among Romanian licensed drivers [21] which highlighted perceived usefulness and attitude \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & \(p\)**-Value** & **Regression Model** &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(X\) **(Not Significant** \\ \(p\)**-Value)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Gender, age, knowledge \(\rightarrow\) BI & 0.00027 & Significant & age (0.17926) \\ Gender, age, knowledge \(\rightarrow\) AT & 0.00024 & Significant & age (0.36185) \\ Locality, knowledge \(\rightarrow\) SI & 0.00226 & Significant & Significant \\ \hline Self-reported capabilities, knowledge \(\rightarrow\) SC & 0.02361 & Significant & knowledge (0.05479) \\ \hline Locality, knowledge \(\rightarrow\) T & 0.00845 & Significant & self-reported capabilities (0.09237) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 17: Models with personal characteristics variable. as the main factors influencing the user acceptance of in-vehicle applications, our results show that other factors such as knowledge about in-vehicle applications can significantly affect trust and social influence, attitude and usage intentions among Malaysians. Similar to the in-vehicle application users in Czech [28], our findings agree that a user will be able to make an informed decision if they are aware of the advantages and limitations of the applications. Applications which are promoted as safety applications will have a higher acceptance rate. Moreover, gender and driving experience also have a moderating effect on the BI [4]. However, in contrast to [45], which investigates user acceptance among users in Rhodes Island, USA, our study shows age and gender do not have a significant influence on the user acceptance. The driving distance per week or driving experience also has no influence on the user acceptance. In addition, the findings show that trust, system characteristics and social influence may also influence the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, which in turn positively affects attitude toward using an in-vehicle application, a significant predictor of usage intentions. Thus, we summarized the findings from our work in relation to each research question in Table 18. Our work fills the gap in the existing research by extending the basic TAM model with variables which are influential on the user acceptance of the in-vehicle applications in a Malaysia context. Even though our study is not designed to study specific in-vehicle applications, vehicle marketers will generally benefit from understanding the factors which positively influence the user acceptance of in-vehicle applications. Consideration of these factors may provide better insight for the developers to ensure the positive response of users toward the advantages of effectively utilizing the in-vehicle applications for a better and safer driving environment. Communications can be strategically planned to educate the users on the benefits of in-vehicle applications to increase the acceptance level in the nation.