# Impact of Mega Constellations on Geospace Safety
## 3 Impact of Starlink on Environmental Fluxes in Earth's low-orbit Space
The maximum value becomes 4.001 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr at 504.2253 km, 11.5 km/s, changing to 2138.428 times the former. The flux variation due to the change in inclination is more pronounced compared to the flux variation due to the change in volume and mass. According to the above cases, the impact on the orbital safety is substantial; the specific and the quantified impact will be analyzed in detail in the following section. Figure 5: _Cont._  
Figure 5: _Cont_. Figure 6 is a representation of the flux distribution heat map for object height and object mass (Alt-Mass). Similar to Figure 5, the top of each satellite flux heat map is the flux distribution without Starlink, and the bottom is the flux distribution considering Starlink. The figure on the right depicts the heat map of the flux distribution corresponding to the height and mass of various objects, allowing for a clear comparison of the trend of the flux extremes before and after the increment. Figure 6a,b shows the comparison of Alt-Mass flux variation of JILIN-01-01 GAOFEN 2D satellite, the highest point of flux before Starlink is 1.542 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr at 543.6587 km altitude and 0.6796 kg of mass. In this scenario, the main source of flux is a series of small objects such as space debris in low orbit space. The flux distribution is more even, due to the consideration of the mega constellation Starlink. The highest point becomes 3.874 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr at 548.399 km and 222.6219 kg, which is 25.123 times higher than the former. The top view shows that the flux impact of Starlink is very clustered in a smaller area for altitudes in the range of 535 km. The flux impact is more obvious for the height range of 535-555 km and the mass range of 200-250 kg, and the flux impact is especially strong for the mass of the object around 225 kg, which is related to the properties of Starlink itself. In short, the flux has shifted from a previously uniform distribution to a more concentrated distribution; the precise effect of this change will be explained in the following section. Figure 6c,d shows the comparison of Alt-Mass flux variation of CORVUS BC5 satellite; compared with the flux variation of Alt-V, the flux variation of Alt-Mass is more concentrated. It is believed that the uncertainty of mass interval is smaller than the uncertainty of Starlink velocity interval; the spatial flux is mainly concentrated in the range of 480-500 km, between 0-450 kg, with a more even distribution, which is more similar to the distribution of Alt-V, with the maximum value of 499.5452 km, 0.67962 of 1.216 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr. After considering Starlink, the spatial flux is concentrated between the range of 500 \(\pm\) 5 km, 225 \(\pm\) 5 kg. The overall distribution is where the maximum value becomes 9.212 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr at 499.5452 km, 222.6219, and the latter value becomes 757.56 times the former value; the flux change of CORVUS BC5 is more concentrated compared with the flux change of GAOFEN. This change has some relationship with the volume of both, and the overall change trend is similar to that of Alt-V. The effect of the different characteristics of the satellites is similar between the different types of fluxes. Figure 6e,f shows the comparison of Alt-Mass flux variation of YAOGAN-35C satellite. Before considering Starlink, the spatial flux of YAOGAN-35C is concentrated in the range of 475-520 km, below 50 kg. The size is relatively average and there is no extremely high value. The maximum value is 521.7986 km, 0.67962 kg at 2.914 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\)/m\({}^{2}\)/yr; this situation is similar to the distribution of Alt-V. After considering Starlink, the spatial flux distribution  
Figure 5: Orbital object flux and velocity flux variation. (**a,b**) Before and after Alt-V fluxes of GAOFEN satellites; (**c,d**) Before and after Alt-V fluxes of CORVUS BC5 satellites; (**e,f**) Before and after Alt-V fluxes of YAOGAN-35C satellites.