# Recent Advances in Research from Nanoparticle to Nano-Assembly: A Review
## 4 Futuristic Scope and Perspectives
However, reversibility can be directed by changing the ionization through varying the pH in the surrounding medium, as block co-polymers SA without the interference of external stimuli and re-assemble or disassemble under the influence of pH, solvents, or temperature [146]. This vague type of SA cannot be classified as either stimuli-dependent or stimuli-independent SA techniques. Although these vague-type SA techniques are advantageous smart-responsive technologies, their complexity, inconsistent outcomes, and unpredictability limit their application where precision plays a crucial role. Hence, strong attention has to be focused on controllable and established self-assembly mechanisms. Moreover, the appropriate characterization with adequate use of in situ and operando technologies need to be employed and developed to comprehend the exact nucleation and formation of NAs. More emphasis needs to be placed on the realization of simple, direct, and highly reproducible synthesis approaches for NA generation via a controlled fashion, especially in the cases concerning highly organized, complex, and self-assembled hierarchical structures. Such extensive analysis of the pre-programmed and robust NAs would render the developed technology promising for exploration in spintronic devices, metamaterials, photovoltaics, sensing, photo-plasmonics, and imaging applications. Further, it is important to discuss the limitations of this review. In this review we attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of self-assembly, yet it is important to acknowledge that the vastness of this field precludes an exhaustive treatment of all relevant examples. Specifically, the self-assembly of low-dimensional substrates such as 0D (carbon dots), 1D (CNT), and 2D materials (such as graphene and their analogous for instance), with a particular focus on carbon-based materials, represents a crucial area of interest within nanoscience and nanotechnology with multifaceted applications. An example of this is the way in which the self-organization of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and other allotropes, advances our understanding of material science and technology from an applied science standpoint. Carbon nanodots and their hybrids with other materials have been used to develop mechanically robust macroscopic functional substrates [147] useful in theragnostic [148], imaging, and sensing applications [149; 150]. Next-generation high-performance transistors in the semiconductor roadmap have been achieved using the self-assembly of 1D carbon nanotubes [151; 152], and the self-organization of other carbon-based materials has been utilized for applicationsincluding but not limited to optoelectronics, photocatalysis, energy generation, and water treatment, to name a few [153; 154; 155; 156; 157; 158]. While these topics are pivotal from both fundamental and applied science perspectives, they are not covered in extensive detail within this review. In this regard, we would like to direct readers to associated literature that delves deeper into these areas.