## 3 Proposed Improved Hybrid SSA with an EDO (ISSAEDO) Algorithm
### Various ISSAEDO's Components Results  
Comparing the proposed ISSAEDO to the unique versions of DE and SSA demonstrates that this combination enhances the performance of the ISSAEDO algorithm. Tables 8 and 9 indicate the values of the determined parameters and their corresponding RMSE values for all implemented models. According to the RMSE values provided in Tables 10 and 11, the suggested ISSEADO had the lowest RMSE values across all tested models. DE, on the other hand, had the lowest RMSE values across all two test models (SDM and DDM). Finally, for one of the test models, SSA produced the lowest RMSE values. This demonstrates that the algorithm exhibits a higher degree of stability and reliability in generating solutions compared to the algorithms employed by its individual components.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & \(I_{\text{ph}}\) **(A)** & \(I_{\text{eff}}\) **(uA)** & \(R_{\text{e}}\) **(\(\Omega\))** & \(R_{\text{eff}}\) **(\(\Omega\))** & \(\boldsymbol{\gamma_{1}}\) & \(I_{\text{eff2}}\) **(uA)** & \(\boldsymbol{\gamma_{2}}\) & **RMSE** \\ \hline ISSAEDO & 0.7607810790 & 0.22957937960 & 0.0367404315 & 55.48544360000 & 1.4510166600 & 0.7493498910 & 2.000000000 & **9.8248485179E-04** \\ MADE & 0.7607810797 & 0.2260000000 & 0.0367404211 & 55.4854055726 & 1.4510173879 & 0.7493000000 & 1.9999999999 & 9.8248485587E-04 \\ SaDE & 0.7605529097 & 0.4019423717 & 0.0352812892 & 63.8865930751 & 1.5048179780 & 0.1090051418 & 1.9074684965 & 9.8458640000E-04 \\ EPSDE & 0.7607839281 & 0.7398515250 & 0.0367635704 & 55.4482499718 & 1.9812650310 & 0.2202062130 & 1.4489316075 & 9.827239000E-04 \\ CODE & 0.7606657463 & 0.7169618000 & 0.0358493596 & 56.2001315362 & 1.8307557540 & 0.3482198660 & 1.4889528267 & 1.0104260000E-03 \\ MFDED & 0.760800000 & 0.7493400000 & 0.0364000000 & 55.4850000000 & 2.000000000000 & 2.0297000000 & 1.4510000000 & 9.8248690000E-04 \\ JDE & 0.7608008110 & 0.2602554104 & 0.0367193584 & 55.2879940264 & 1.4513088666 & 0.7028794990 & 1.9818923230 & 9.828900000E-04 \\ JADE & 0.760772410 & 0.1939047400 & 0.0365249693 & 54.2950340976 & 1.73419049549 & 0.244654550 & 1.4607843563 & 9.8519200000E-04 \\ PGJAYA & 0.7607837732 & 0.4630972107 & 0.0367145383 & 55.3345161445 & 1.7858272830 & 0.1849328798 & 1.4386695529 & 9.852585000E-04 \\ IJAYA & 0.7607756123 & 0.4719030929 & 0.0366006720 & 55.1172649192 & 1.9439093713 & 0.2468714629 & 1.4589209674 & 9.8343310000E-04 \\ MLBSA & 0.7607813802 & 0.2375023013 & 0.0366501347 & 54.9172957588 & 1.4586677128 & 0.4640968779 & 1.9157161435 & 9.8348930000E-04 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Optimal parameters extracted from the presented ISSAEDO and the comparative algorithms for the DDM.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **RMSE** \\ \hline  & **Minimum** & **Maximum** & **Mean** & **STD** \\ \hline ISSAEDO & **9.8248485E-04** & **9.8602238E-04** & **9.8408156E-04** & **1.4185866E-06** \\ MADE & 9.8248486E-04** & 9.9810305E-04** & 9.8511840E-04 & 1.818267E-06 \\ SaDE & 9.8458640E-04 & 1.7089030E-03 & 1.2130700E-03 & 1.9964670E-04 \\ EPSDE & 9.8272390E-04 & 2.5031770E-03 & 1.5854020E-03 & 4.5970190E-04 \\ CoDE & 1.0104260E-03 & 1.7836150E-03 & 1.3436560E-03 & 1.9219140E-04 \\ MFDED & 9.8248490E-04 & 9.8673210E-04 & 9.8461020E-04 & 1.4732270E-06 \\ JDE & 9.8285900E-04 & 1.6377260E-03 & 1.065103E-03 & 1.5496370E-04 \\ JADE & 9.8519202E-04 & 2.824010820E-03 & 1.0614520E-03 & 4.4163080E-04 \\ PGJAYA & 9.8525850E-04 & 1.4380610E-03 & 1.0345370E-03 & 8.8557680E-05 \\ IJAYA & 9.8343310E-04 & 1.7581600E-03 & 1.1920610E-03 & 2.0934500E-04 \\ MLBSA & 9.8348930E-04 & 1.0282400E-03 & 9.9315490E-04 & 1.3358040E-05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Statistical outcomes achieved by ISSAEDO and its peers for DDM.  
Figure 7: Analysis of the DDM’s observed voltages and IAE as measured by the given ISSAEDO.