esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, the first goal of this study is to investigate the behavior of the combination of two static tools (Fortify SCA by Microfocus, Newbury, United Kingdom, and FindSecurityBugs, OWASP tool created by [PERSON], licensed under LGPL), two dynamic tools (OWASP ZAP open source tool with Apache 2 licenseand Arachni open source tool with public source License v1.0 created by [PERSON]) and two interactive tools (Contrast Community Edition by Contrast Security, Los Altos, EE.UU. and CxIAST by Chekcmarx, [PERSON], Israael) using a new specific methodology and a test bench for Java language with test cases for the main security vulnerabilities. We investigate specifically the security performance of two and three AST tools combinations, selecting adequate metrics. The second main goal of this study is to select the best combinations of tools taking into account different security criticality scenarios in the analyzed applications. To investigate the best combinations of AST tools according to each of the three levels that are criticality established, different metrics are selected considering the true and false positive ratios and the time available to perform a subsequent audit to eliminate the possible false positives obtained. The tools are executed against the OWASP Benchmark project [14] based on the OWASP Top Ten project [5] to obtain the results of n-tools combination effectiveness. Well-known metrics are selected for the execution results to obtain a strict rank of combination tools. Finally, the paper gives some practical recommendations about how to improve their effectiveness using the tools in combination. Therefore, the contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:  
* A concrete methodology using the OWASP Benchmark project to demonstrate its feasibility evaluating n-tools combinations by the detection of web vulnerabilities using appropriate criteria for benchmark instantiation. * An analysis of the results obtained by n-tools in combination using a defined comparative method to classify them according to different degree levels of web applications importance using carefully selected metrics. * An analysis of results of leading commercial tools in combination for allowing the practitioners to choose the most appropriate tools to perform a security analysis of a web application. The outline of this paper is as follows: Section 2 reviews background in web technologies security focusing on vulnerabilities, SAST, DAST and IAST tools, security web application benchmarks and related work. In Section 3 the OWASP Benchmark project to evaluate security analysis tools (AST) tools is presented. Section 4 describes the steps of the comparative methodology proposal designed by enumerating the steps followed to rank the SAST tools in combination using the selected benchmark. Finally, Section 4 contains the conclusions and Section 5 sketches the future work.
## 1 Introduction
However, RFG is more promising because it reduces NOx by about 65% and is a necessary component of oxy-combustion [7]. [PERSON] et al. [22] carried out experiments on the NOx emissions of oxy-coal combustion in a pilot plant. They found that compared to CO2/O2, for a swirl flame, O2-enriched recirculated flue gas (O2/RFG) can reduce NOx emissions by up to 50%, while in flameless combustion, O2/RFG can reduce NOx emissions by approximately 40%. Subsequently, [PERSON] et al. [23] also found that NOx emissions in the O2/RFG mode were greatly reduced, by about 50%, compared to air-firing mode. This is because the NOx contained in the RFG is fed back to the flame through a secondary stream. [PERSON] et al. [24] investigated NOx and SO2 emissions during oxy-coal combustion at a high oxygen concentration (50%) in a 0.1 MWth circulation, fluidized bed combuster. It was found that a low excess oxygen ratio contributes to a reduction in fuel N conversion, and in this situation, the CO2 concentration in the flue gas was between 84.5% and 92.6%. [PERSON] et al. [25] studied the effect of coal rank on NO and N2O emissions in a bubbling fluidized bed combuster in the oxy-fuel combustion mode. They found that higher ranked coals lead to a larger fuel N conversion to NO and N2O, and that an increase in moisture content results in a slight reduction in NO emissions. [PERSON] et al. [26] investigated the NO emission behavior for three types of Chinese coal in both air and oxy-coal combustion modes. In both air and oxy-coal atmospheres, it was observed that NO emissions increase with decreases in the coal rank, and decrease with decreases in the O2 fraction. [PERSON] et al. [27] studied NO and NO2 formation in an oxy-combustion pulverized fuel (PF) system. The study indicated that wet recirculated flue gas has better reduction efficiency on NO. [PERSON] et al. [28] applied a large-eddy simulation to study the effect of O2 concentration on NOx formation in a pulverized coal-fired furnace. SO2 is another key component in pollutant emissions. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s study [29] showed that the conversion of sulfur into SO2 is significantly influenced by the type of combustion environment. The conversion rates were, respectively, 91%, 75%, and 64% for combustion in air, an O2/CO2 mixture, and an O2/RFG mixture. During oxy-fuel combustion, the level of SO2 emissionsis proportional to the fuel S, which is similar to combustion in air. It has been reported that the in-furnace SO2 concentration significantly increases in an O2/RFG atmosphere. Nevertheless, in terms of the total sulfur mass output, SO2 emissions are lower during oxy-fuel combustion than during air-combustion [2]. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [13] found that when the combustion pressure was increased, the SO2 emissions were significantly reduced, due to the enhanced self-desulfurization of ash under high pressure. This paper is aimed at investigating the oxy-combustion characteristics of Australian coal in a 0.3 MWth furnace. The influence of various oxygen flow rates and recirculated flue gas (RFG) on heating performance and pollutant emissions are examined in O2/RFG environments.
## 3 Review Results  
Figure 2 shows the reviewed papers per year, highlighting that 16 empirical papers were reviewed from 2023 and 24 from 2024. This indicates a significant increase in publications discussing ChatGPT adoption and acceptance in educational settings. The growing body of literature reflects the rising interest and recognition of ChatGPT's potential impact on education. Researchers are increasingly focusing on understanding how ChatGPT can be integrated into educational practices to enhance learning outcomes and streamline educational processes.  
The increase in publications from 2023 to 2024 underscores the urgency and importance placed on exploring the various factors influencing ChatGPT adoption. This trend suggests that educational institutions and researchers are keen to address the challenges and opportunities presented by this advanced AI technology. The reviewed studies span various educational contexts, offering insights into the diverse applications and implications of ChatGPT in higher education. As the technology evolves, the expanding research base will be crucial for developing effective strategies to leverage ChatGPT's capabilities, ensuring its successful integration into educational systems worldwide. This surge in research highlights the academic community's proactive approach to harnessing AI-driven tools for future educational advancements.  
Moreover, Table 1 shows the list of confirmed, unconfirmed, and debatable factors influencing the adoption and acceptance of ChatGPT in educational settings. The confirmed factors are consistently found to be significant across empirical studies.  
The unconfirmed factors were found to be insignificant across studies. In contrast, the debatable factors have shown mixed results in terms of significance, including trust, extrinsic motivation, privacy and security, technology readiness, reliability, and accuracy concerns. These debatable factors highlight areas where further research is needed to clarify their impact on adopting and accepting ChatGPT in education. The detailed categorization of these factors is presented in Table 1.  
The following subsections discuss in detail the theories used in the empirical studies, the factors examined, the methodology applied, and the gaps in the current literature.  
Figure 2: Number of publications analyzed per year.
## 4 Parameter Estimation  
In [PERSON] LRSV estimator, two parameters (i.e., \(T_{60}\) and \(\kappa\)) should be given in advance. The reverberation time \(T_{60}\) can be determined by applying Schroeder's method to the AIR. The parameter \(\kappa\) is related to DRR and can be calculated [3] by solving Equation (8)  
\[\kappa=\frac{1}{DRR}\frac{1-\exp\Big{\{}\frac{-13.8R}{T_{60}f_{s}}\Big{\}}}{ \exp\Big{\{}\frac{-13.8R}{T_{60}f_{s}}\Big{\}}}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(DRR=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{R-1}h^{2}(n)\Big{/}\sum\limits_{n=R}^{+\infty}h^{2}(n)\) and \(h(n)\) represents AIR. The [PERSON] LRSV estimator is often used without knowing those two parameters. The \(T_{60}\) estimation has been well investigated and numerous blind approaches can be found. However, the DRR estimation is less mature and there are few online single-channel estimation algorithms [7]. Therefore, the reverberation time \(T_{60}\) is assumed to be known in the following, and the present work focuses on the \(\kappa\) estimation. Most existed \(\kappa\) estimators [4; 9] treat \(\kappa\) as a frequency-independent parameter. Hence, this letter also derives a fullband \(\kappa\) estimator which can make the LRSV estimator more practical and accurate.
## 3 Result and Discussion
### Modeling the Structures of a-Glucosidase Complexes with Main Essential Oil Compounds
However, further studies regarding the structure of the protein complex are needed to elucidate the hypotheses proposed in this study. From there, it could serve as evidence to develop _C. operculatus_ essential oil as a treatment in the future. The bioactivities of _C. operculatus_' essential oils, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and cytotoxicity bioactivities, were investigated [9; 10; 11]. The antimicrobial activities of bud essential oil were evaluated for inhibiting skin pathogens such as methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant _Enterococci_ (VRE), and multiantibiotic-resistant bacteria (MARB), with MIC and MBC values in the range of 1-20 \(\upmu\)M/mL [9]. In another study, the buds' essential oil also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-1b (IL-1b) in RAW 264.7 cells via blocking NF-\(\upkappa\)B activation [10]. In addition, the antioxidant activity of _C. operculatus_ bud essential oil was reported [11]. In particular, [PERSON] et al. (2018) reported the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of _C. operculatus_ leaf essential oil. Particularly, the essential oil also had a supportive effect on the burn wound healing process, with a contraction rate of 100%, obviously higher than that of tamanu-oil-treated mice (79%) and control mice (71%) after 20 days of application [26]. In summary, essential oils extracted from _C. operculatus_ had notable antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, and could be exploited as topical dermatological agents. So far, many studies have investigated the antihyperglycemic activities of compounds and extracts from _C. operculatus_ with promising results [24; 27]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has not been any published paper reporting on the antidiabetic potential of _C. operculatus_ essential oil. Meanwhile, several publications have reported this effect of essential oils from other _Syzygium_ species. In 2016, [PERSON] et al. reported that _Syzygium aromaticum_ essential oil could inhibit \(\alpha\)-amylase as the emulsion of 25% \(\upsilon\)/\(\upsilon\) of essential oil exhibited \(\alpha\)-amylase inhibitory activity of 95.30% inhibition, and two major components of the essential oil were identified as eugenol (18.7%) and \(\alpha\)-pinene (15.6%) [28]. Figure 4: Dynamic simulation between (_Z_)-\(\beta\)-ocimene and \(\alpha\)-glucosidase for 100 ns. (**A**) RMSD. (**B**) RMSF. (**C**) Radius of gyration. (**D**) SASA. In conclusion, _C. operculatus_ leaf essential oil is a promising substance to treat diabetes. However, the in vivo antihyperglycemic benefits of this essential oil need to be further researched.
## 4 Problem Description and Results
### Transitional Flow over a Flat Plate
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Inflow Condition** & \(U_{\infty}\) & 5.4 m/s \\  & \(T_{u}\) & 3.3\% \\  & \(\mu_{t}/\mu\) & 10.0 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Grid System**} & (Lx,Ly) & (3.2c,1.0c) \\  & (Nx,Ny) & (230,100) \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\mathrm{Re}_{L}\) & \(1\times 10^{6}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & (L = 0.3 m) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Information regarding the inflow conditions and grid system for flow over a flat plate. Figure 1: Computational mesh for the flat plate. Figure 2: Skin friction coefficient distribution with the original formulation over the flat plate. The mean drag coefficients approached approximately 0.00413, which showed 2.9% difference compared with the deterministic solution, 0.00401. The standard deviation, which could not be predicted by the deterministic simulation, was approximately 0.00018, which was 4.4% of the mean value. The percent errors of the mean and STD values were, respectively, 0.043% and 0.9% for point-collocation NIPC and 0.014% and 1.29% for NISP when the two methods with fifth-order were compared to those in the Monte Carlo method. Figure 3 shows the convergence of the mean and STD of the drag coefficient according to the polynomial order of the two methods. The long dashed line is the reference value, which corresponds to the Monte Carlo results. The point-collocation NIPC showed faster convergence of the mean and STD than NISP and consistent values except for the case with second order. However, in NISP, the results of the odd number orders (third and fifth orders) are close to the Monte Carlo results and the results of the even number orders (second and fourth orders) have some discrepancies compared to the reference values. Figure 4 shows the detailed probability density function of the drag coefficient, which was generated from the calculated polynomial coefficients based on 10,000 sampling points by the Latin-Hypercube sampling method. In all cases, the peaks of the probability density function were biased toward lower values with the given interval but the value of the peak showed small differences depending on the polynomial order. As the order increased, the shape of this function had a similar pattern but there was a small difference towards higher drag coefficient values. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Order** & **Mean\_NIPC** & **STD\_NIPC** & **Mean\_NISP** & **STD\_NISP** & **Mean\_MC** & **STD\_MC** \\ \hline
2 & 0.00413298 & 0.0001857 & 0.00411269 & 0.0001878 & & \\
3 & 0.00412933 & 0.0001811 & 0.00412791 & 0.0001769 & & \\
4 & 0.00412997 & 0.0001826 & 0.00412113 & 0.0001819 & & \\
5 & 0.00412992 & 0.0001815 & 0.00412758 & 0.0001775 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The mean and standard deviation of the drag coefficient values for flat plate. Figure 3: The mean and standard deviations of the drag coefficient of the three methods for Orders 2–5: (**a**) mean value; and (**b**) standard deviation.
# Wireless Covert Communication with Polarization Dirty Constellation
## 5 Performance Evaluations
### Experiment Results  
#### 5.2.1 Reliability  
In this chapter, we investigate the reliability comparison of two covert communication channels, namely WCC-DC and WCC-PDC. BCH codes are employed for encoding and decoding in WCC-DC, while polar codes are utilized for covert information encoding in WCC-PDC. The decoding process employs both SC and SCL decoders. In order to examine the reliability of different covert signal transmission rates, we establish a comparison between two code rates, namely 0.5 and 0.2. To accurately replicate the diverse environmental noise conditions that exist in practical scenarios, we set two distinct carrier-secret ratios (\(CSR\)), namely \(CSR=10\) dB and \(CSR=15\) dB. In this work, the number \(L\) of SCL decoders is set to 8, the length of the BCH code block is 1023 bits, and the length of the polar code block is 1024 bits.  
As depicted in Figure 9, the BLER of the wireless covert channels decreases as the code rate decreases to 0.2. It is worth noting that the \(SNR\) represents the ratio between the secret carrier signals and noise signals. WCC-PDC exhibits lower BLER compared to WCC-DC with BCH code. Specifically, at \(SNR=18\) dB, which is a normal value, the BLER of WCC-PDC with SC decoder reaches 0.02, and the BLER of WCC-PDC with SCL decoder reaches \(1\times 10^{-6}\). Moreover, even at \(SNR=18\) dB, a low BLER of 0.03 can still be obtained by utilizing WCC-PDC with SCL decoder.  
Figure 8: Wireless covert channel testbed.  
Figure 9: Block error rate versus signal noise ratio.  
Figure 9b illustrates the BLER of different wireless covert channels at \(CSR\) = 15 dB. The figure shows that the BLER of the hidden channel decreases significantly as the \(SNR\) increases. However, even at \(SNR\) = 21 dB, a BLER of only 0.01 can be achieved using WCC-PDC and SCL decoder. This suggests that the reliability of the covert channel needs to be improved in low \(CSR\) scenarios.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### 4-n-NP Mineralization in Sewage Sludge Slurry  
4-n-NP mineralization experiments in sludge suspensions were carried out using the same respirometers previously described for mineralization experiments in the solution, and all microcosm components were sterilized before the assays. _B. safensis_ CN12 was selected to study the possibility of 4-n-NP mineralization in sewage sludge. Experiments were performed in Corex glass centrifuge tubes containing 100 mg of sludge spiked with a mixture of 4-n-NP in methanol (to obtain a final content of 50 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) and the corresponding volume of labeled \({}^{14}\)C-4-n-NP to obtain a radioactivity level of approximately 420 Bq \({}^{14}\)C-4-n-NP per Corex tube. After methanol evaporation in a fume hood (24 h), 5 mL of a solution containing 5 mL of MSM was added to the Corex tubes. Various assays were carried out in parallel: (I) Non-inoculated sludge: To observe the effect of the sludge endogenous microbial population on 4-n-NP mineralization (assay named \"Sludge\"), no inoculation was added; (II) Non-inoculated sludge + Glucose: To observe the effect of adding glucose to the endogenous microbial population, glucose was added to the solution to obtain a concentration of 1 g L\({}^{-1}\) (assay named \"Sludge + glucose\"); (III) Non inoculated sludge + HPBCD: To observe the effect of adding HPBCD as an availability enhancer on NP mineralization, the appropriate amount of HPBCD was added to the MSM solution to obtain 50 mM (assay named \"Sludge + HPBCD\"), a HPBCD concentration used previously by [PERSON] et al. [36] in NP biodegradation studies; (IV) Inoculated sludge: In those assays where bacterial strains were present, the containers were inoculated to obtain 10\({}^{8}\) CFU mL\({}^{-1}\) of each strain in the suspension. Corex glass centrifuge tubes were closed with Teflon-lined stoppers, with a soda tramp containing 1 mL of 0.5 M NaOH.  
Less than 1/5 of the total volume of the microcosms was occupied by the slurry, and they were incubated on a temperature-controlled rotary shaker at 150 rpm and 30 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C to ensure aerobic conditions. The production of \({}^{14}\)CO\({}_{2}\) was measured as radioactivity in the alkali trap (as previously explained) at the beginning of the experiment and at periodic intervals.
### Research Content  
In this paper, the research aims to solve the tracking problem of a satellite constellation tracking system for HGVs. This study's main research components and critical contributions are as follows: (a) A learnable maneuver intention dynamics model for HGVs was established. (b) A parallel-stacked LSTM neural network (PSLSTM) was designed to recognize and predict the maneuver sequence of the HGV. (c) An intention uncertainty factor is added to make the satellite consider the uncertainty of the target's maneuver intention when selecting the target. On the basis of that, a sensor-switching strategy is designed to guide the satellite in choosing the timing of the handover.  
In the simulation analysis, the maneuver intention prediction capability of the PSLSTM network and two currently popular network structures: the multilayer LSTM (M-LSTM) and the dual-channel and bidirectional neural network (DCBNN) were tested for comparison. From the comparison results, it can be seen that PSLSTM recognizes the maneuver types of HGVs with more than 96% accuracy and has a higher accuracy of the maneuver intention prediction. Then SS-LCBBA was compared with three advanced distributed mission planning algorithms, LCBBA, BK and ICNP, in a satellite constellation tracking scenario. From the value function curve, SS-LCBBA improved the cumulative tracking score by 5-10% in the task of tracking HGV. It can be seen that SS-LCBBA has better tracking performance for HGVs in the multi-satellite collaborative scheduling problem.  
The subsequent sections of this paper are organized as follows: In Section 2, a maneuver intention model for HGVs is established. In Section 3, a parallel-stacked LSTM neural network for maneuver intention prediction of HGVs is designed. In Section 4, the performances of three parallel forms of intention prediction networks are compared. Then, the SS-CBBA algorithm is compared to three baseline algorithms. In Section 5, the concluding part of this paper's research is discussed.
## 6 Key Findings
### Open Challenges and Future Work  
#### 6.2.1 Interoperability Among Institutions with Different Legal Frameworks  
In a case where interoperability is required in an ecosystem of universities with different regulatory frameworks, the solution proposed in this article can be scaled so that each institution can have its own private blockchain. The flexibility of the proposed smart contract would provide the necessary interoperability among the involved organizations. All the operations performed on the students' ARs would be tracked in each university private blockchain. The history of changes of a specific student could be retrieved by performing a simple query to the blockchain history. Thus, the stored history could be hashed and such hash could be uploaded through the proposed smart contract to a public blockchain (the use of a public blockchain is key to increase the security and trustworthiness of the process). This way, the platform, which would be common to the international university consortium, would track the state of each student's AR, regardless of the university they belong to.
# Hardware Update through Digital TV Signals
## 5 The Proposed Hardware Reconfiguration Scheme Based on the DTV Signals  
The entire hardware reconfiguration scheme can be split into three distinct steps. The first one consists of preparing the data to be broadcast. In particular, that means encapsulating synthesized FPGA bitstreams into TSs. Here, one assumes that a bitstream is already synthesized, tested, and validated for the same FPGA model used by a receiver. The second step involves filtering, remounting, checksum validation, and persistence. Finally, the last one uses downloaded bitstreams to reconfigure a receiver's FPGA module. The following sections discuss each step of this procedure in detail.