1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology,  
Rolla, MO 65401, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.L.) 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology,
surface roughness. High energy density helps in reducing top and side surface roughness while repetitive laser melting and slow scan speed increase side surface roughness but decrease top surface roughness [17; 18]. Partially fused powder particles are also a common cause of high surface roughness in AM parts [19]. Due to all the factors mentioned above, achieving admissible ranges of surface roughness and geometric dimension and tolerance (GD&T) is very difficult in the AM process. Therefore, post-processing, especially surface treatment, is required to qualify AM parts for final applications. In most applications, especially for usages critical to fatigue [20], post-fabrication surface treatments such as machining, grinding, and polishing are preferred for AM metal parts. Conventional machining and polishing processes are usually employed to improve the part surface finish and bring it within GD&T. [PERSON] et al. [21] utilized a CNC lathe to finish AISI 316 and 15-5 HP steel parts built with AM techniques and improved the fatigue performance of the parts. [PERSON] et al. [22] applied high-speed milling (HSM) to finish AM aluminum parts and evaluated the effectiveness of the different surface finishing techniques to achieve a smooth surface finish. [PERSON]\(\ddot{\text{o}}\)[PERSON] et al. [23] reduced the as-built surface roughness of AISI 316L steel parts using different surface treatment processes such as grinding, sandblasting, and electrolytic and plasma polishing. They also compared and quantified the change in surface roughness after different surface treatments. [PERSON] et al. [24] introduced a novel shape-adaptive grinding process to finish AM Ti6 Al4V parts and smoothed down the surface to less than 10 nm average roughness from 4 to 5 \(\upmu\)m. [PERSON] et al. [25] implemented a hybrid manufacturing system by combining additive and subtractive methods to mitigate surface roughness. Besides conventional surface quality improvement processes, laser-aided machining and polishing (LAMP) can also be an effective method to achieve dimensional accuracy and minimize roughness [26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. LAMP offers a high processing rate, minimum heat-affected zone (HAZ), and easily adjustable process parameters [31; 32]. This method can also repair cracks and pores, ablate metallic globules, and improve the fatigue performance of AM materials [33; 34]. The LAMP technique is also advantageous over commonly used processes since the size of the tools used in conventional methods for machining and polishing has limitations to reach critical locations. Additionally, while a hybrid manufacturing process combined with the AM system makes the entire process unwieldy and complicated, LAMP can be easily integrated with any existing laser-enabled AM process. Among different AM techniques available, i.e., selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), powder fed and wire fed direct energy deposition (DED), laser-aided SLM and DED processes are very popular methods used to fabricate ferrous and nonferrous materials. Toward improving the surface finish and obtaining GD&T for AM parts, by utilizing the same laser employed to fabricate AM parts, surface roughness can be improved in the same build chamber or machine. Toward modeling and developing the LAMP process and investigating the effect of this process on the mechanical properties of AM materials, several studies have recently been carried out [35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46]. [PERSON] et al. [47] demonstrated the application of pulsed laser (PL) for both micro-milling and micro-polishing processes by changing the focal offset distance between the laser focus and the part surface. [PERSON] et al.