# AI Agents Meet Blockchain: A Survey on Secure and Scalable Collaboration for Multi-Agents
## 6 Blockchain for AI Agents
### Blockchain as Infrastructure  
Blockchain acts as a fundamental infrastructure for AI agents by offering a secure and verifiable foundation for interaction. It allows for seamless coordination and data sharing among AI agents while ensuring privacy and reliability through distributed ledger technology. For example, the Ethereum AI Agent Coordinator (EAAC) illustrates the use of blockchain as an infrastructure to support AI agent ecosystems by enabling transparent and immutable coordination [70]. By leveraging Ethereum [74] and IPFS [75], EAAC creates a decentralized framework that facilitates secure logging and dissemination of agent activities. The framework integrates on-chain transactions to establish accountability and uses a public knowledge graph to enhance transparency and mutual awareness among agents. Key components, such as smart contracts and event listeners, ensure reliable data tracking and retrieval. Additionally, the structured representation of agent activities in knowledge graphs enhances interoperability [76]. These features highlight blockchain's capability to serve as the backbone for coordinated, trustworthy, and scalable agent-driven operations in complex and multi-agent environments. [PERSON] et al. [71] leverage blockchain, DeAI, and LLMs to facilitate a decentralized infrastructure that supports AI agents through transparent coordination and secure resource sharing. Their proposed framework allows AI agents to perform inference tasks efficiently while ensuring accountability through smart contracts. By utilizing decentralized billing and AI computations, the infrastructure supports autonomous AI agents to resolve disputes, while preserving intellectual property.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [77] further emphasize blockchain's capability as an enabler of AI agent autonomy, particularly through on-chain computation and Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePINs) [78; 79; 80]. It introduces the concept of \"on-chain metabolism\", where blockchain transactions serve as essential actions for sustaining AI agents by enabling continuous state changes. Blockchain's immutable ledger and decentralized structure allow AI agents to operate independently while ensuring secure and verifiable interactions. Additionally, the integration of DePIN highlights the role of blockchain in providing scalable and permissionless access to facilitate on-chain training, inference, and adaptation of AI models. These mechanisms illustrate how blockchain supports AI agents not only in terms of secure coordination but also through autonomous growth and evolution. This reinforces DePIN's role as a decentralized infrastructure to drive AI agents' capabilities in complex environments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **Ref.** & **Contribution** & **Privacy** & **Transparency** & **Accountability** & **Scalability** & **Efficiency** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Infrastructure} & [70] & Leverage Ethereum and the IPFS to create a decentralized framework that facilitates secure logging and dissemination of agent activities. & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & [71] & Leverage blockchain, DeAI, and LLMs to facilitate a decentralized infrastructure that supports AI agents through transparent coordination and secure resource sharing. & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Goverance} & [72] & Provide a practical demonstration of blockchain-inspired governance on root cause analysis in micro-services architectures. & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & [63] & Serve as a blueprint for a self-governing, autonomous building infrastructure by leveraging blockchain technology, DAOs, and LLM-powered building automation systems. & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Key Enablers} & [73] & Integrate on-chain data and off-chain information to execute daily trading strategies in cryptocurrency market. & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Summary of the existing research in terms of blockchain for AI agents.