esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Integration of BIM and GIS for the Digitization of the Built Environment
## 2 Materials and Methods
In recent years, several emerging technologies have shown tremendous potential to improve the interoperability and efficiency of infrastructure design, construction and management processes. One of the most promising trends is the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques [43; 44] to BIM-GIS integration. AI makes it possible to analyze large numbers of data from both domains, identify hidden patterns and relationships, and generate useful insights for urban planning, resource management and infrastructure maintenance. For example, machine learning algorithms can be used to predict the energy needs of a building based on BIM data and geospatial information on solar orientation and geographic location. Another important development is the use of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies for visualization and collaboration based on BIM models and GIS data [45]. These technologies allow users to explore and interact with 3D models in an immersive way, facilitating communication and information sharing between different stakeholders. For example, developers and planners can use AR devices to visualize BIM models of new infrastructure in the existing geospatial context in real time to assess visual and environmental impacts and make informed decisions. IoT is revolutionizing the way data are collected, processed and used in BIM-GIS integration [46]. Intelligent sensors embedded in buildings and the urban environment can collect a wide range of real-time information, such as air quality for occupant comfort, automatic monitoring of security cameras with computer vision systems, users' behavior for automation customization, monitoring of energy produced by renewable energy systems and life cycle assessment of sources, control of vehicle traffic, and much more [47; 48; 49; 50]. The collected data can be interpolated in a single working environment to improve the accuracy of analyses and predictions. Cloud computing is becoming increasingly important in information management, storage and sharing, including in the supply chain of integrated BIM-GIS systems, enabling flexible and scalable data storage, processing and access. Cloud platforms offer the ability to collaborate in real time on shared models and data, overcoming the limitations of geographical distribution and local computing capacity. The adoption of these technologies holds great promise for improving the efficiency, sustainability and resilience of cities and infrastructure, enabling smarter, data-driven management of the built environment.
## 7 Conclusions  
Constraints inherent to the survey of coastal linear landforms (mainly restricted spatial distribution of tie points and restricted distribution of GCPs) cause detrimental effects in topography reconstruction using SfM photogrammetry.  
This study shows that adopting a flight scenario that favors viewing angles diversity can limit DEM's bowl effect, but this flight strategy has to be well matched with the choice of camera distortion model. For this study, in the 5 GCPs configuration, with PhotoScan(r) ([PERSON]'s distortion model), the best results are obtained for Flight 2 (2 parallel lines, with a 40\({}^{\circ}\) oblique-pointing camera). In this case, the mean Z-error is of 19.2 cm and the maximal error is about 50 cm (respectively compared to 55.6 cm and 118.0 cm for Flight 1). With MicMac(r) (using \"F15P7\" distortion model), the best results are obtained for Flight 3 (2 parallel lines at different altitudes, 40 m and 60 m in this study) and a nadir-pointing camera. In this case, the mean Z-error is of 17.7 cm and the maximal error of 40 cm (respectively compared to 138.7 cm and 274.6 cm for Flight 1. Results of similar quality are obtained for Micmac(r) - \"Fraser\" but for Flight 2.  
Figure 11: Impact of the number of tie points in image alignment on the quality of the results in 5 GCPs configuration for Flight 1. The “default” parametrizations (i.e., number of tie points limited to 4000 for every image in PhotoScan® and image size reduced by 3 in images alignment in MicMac®) are compared to PhotoScan® processing with unrestricted number of tie points and MicMac® processing with full resolution images.  
More generally, this study highlights the need to acquire sufficient understanding of the algorithms and models used in the SfM processing tools, particularly regarding the camera distortion model used in the bundle adjustment step. On the whole, survey strategies offering a variety of viewing angles of each homologous point are preferred, particularly in the case of sub-optimal GCPs distribution. This result can most likely be extended to non-linear surveys.  
Conceptualization, M.J.; Formal analysis, M.J., S.P., P.A. and N.L.D.; Funding acquisition, C.D.; Methodology, M.J. and P.G.; Project administration, C.D.; Writing--original draft, M.J. and S.P.; Writing--review & editing, P.A. and N.L.D.  
This work is part of the Service National d'Observation DYNAILIT, via the research infrastructure ILICO. It was supported by the French \"Agence Nationale de la Recherche\" (ANR) through the \"Laboratoire d'Excellence\" LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19-01) program, a grant from the French government through the \"Investissements d'Avenir\". The authors also acknowledge financial support provided by the TOSCA project HYPERCORAL from the CNES (the French space agency).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Continuous Speech Analysis/Synthesis System
### Baseline Vocoder  
The baseline system in this paper is based on our previous work [31]. Throughout the analysis phase, the continuous F0 estimator is calculated on the input waveforms using an approach proposed by [PERSON] et al. [9], which is able to track fast changes with no voiced/unvoiced decision. Additionally, the Glottal Closure Instant (GCI) algorithm [48] is used to find the glottal period boundaries of individual cycles in the voiced parts of the inverse filtered residual signal. From these F0 cycles, a principal component analysis (PCA) residual is built which will be used in the synthesis phase to yield better speech quality than those of the excitation pulses. During the production of voiced sounds, MVF is used as the spectral boundary separating low-frequency periodic and high-frequency aperiodic components. Our vocoder follows the algorithm proposed by [30], which has the potential to discriminate harmonicity, exploits both amplitude and phase spectra, and use the maximum likelihood criterion as a strategy to derive the MVF estimate. Finally, a simple spectral model represented by  
Figure 2: Examples from a female speaker of F0 trajectories estimated by the baseline (red) and ground truth (black) plotted along with proposed refined contF0 (adaptive Kalman filter (AKF), time-warping (TWRP), and StoneMask (STMSK)) methods.  
24-order Mel-Generalized Cepstral analysis (MGC) [49] was used with \(frameshift=5\) ms, \(alpha=0.42\), and \(gamma=-1/3\).  
It was shown in [48] that the PCA-based residual yields better speech quality than pulse-noise excitation. Therefore, during the synthesis phase, voiced excitation in the continuous vocoder is composed of PCA residual overlap-added pitch synchronously based on the continuous F0. Then, at the frequency given by the MVF contour, the voiced excitation is lowpass filtered, while white noise is used at frequencies higher than the value of MVF. A true time envelope of the PCA residual has been applied to further control the time structure of the high-frequency component in the excitation and noise parts [31]. The voiced and the unvoiced excitation are overlap-added. The Mel generalized-log spectrum approximation (MGLSA) filter [50] will finally be used to obtain a synthetic speech signal.  
Figure 3: Illustration of the parametrization of speech with the continuous vocoder. Additions and refines are marked with dashed lines.  
Thus, continuous vocoder was designed to overcome the shortcomings of discontinuity in the speech parameters and the computational complexity of modern vocoders.
# 5G-AKA-FS: A 5G Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Forward Secrecy
###### Abstract  
5G acts as a highway enabling innovative digital transformation and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in our lives. It is undeniable that the success of such a paradigm shift hinges on robust security measures. Foremost among these is primary authentication, the initial step in securing access to 5G network environments. For the 5G primary authentication, two protocols, namely 5G Authentication and Key Agreement (5G-AKA) and Improved Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3 rd Generation Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA'), were proposed and standardized, where the former is for 3 GPP devices, and the latter is for non-3 GPP devices. Recent scrutiny has unveiled vulnerabilities in the 5G-AKA protocol, exposing it to security breaches, including linkability attacks. Moreover, mobile communication technologies are dramatically evolving while 3 GPP has standardized Authentication and Key Management for Applications (AKMA) to reuse the credentials, generated during primary authentication, for 5G network applications. That makes it so significant for 5G-AKA to be improved to support forward secrecy as well as address security attacks. In response, several protocols have been proposed to mitigate these security challenges. In particular, they tried to strengthen security by reusing secret keys negotiated through the Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) and countering linkability attacks. However, they still have encountered limitations in completing forward secrecy. Motivated by this, we propose an augmentation to 5G-AKA to achieve forward security and thwart linkability attacks (called 5G-AKA-FS). In 5G-AKA-FS, the home network (HN), instead of using its static ECIES key pair, generates a new ephemeral key pair to facilitate robust session key negotiation, truly realizing forward security. In order to thoroughly and precisely prove that 5G-AKA-FS is secure, formal security verification is performed by applying both BAN Logic and ProVerif. As a result, it is demonstrated that 5G-AKA-FS is valid. Besides, our performance comparison highlights that the communication and computation overheads are intrinsic to 5G-AKA-FS. This comprehensive analysis showcases how the protocol effectively balances between security and efficiency.  
5G security; 5G-AKA; forward secrecy (FS); standard compatibility +
Footnote †: journal: _Sensors_
## 4 Discussion
(former Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCHJU)) has estimated that blue hydrogen could reach 10% of demand in industrial application by 2030 [38]. Despite large expectations for a significant contribution from carbon capture and storage (CCS) to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the large-scale deployment of CCS deployment is lagging. Several technologies are available for carbon capture and different storage options are available (enhanced oil recovery--EOR, depleted oil and gas fields, saline formations, porous rock formations, deep ocean, etc.). A few pilot and demonstration CCS projects have been developed worldwide, such as Weyburn, Canada; Aqustore, Canada; or CO2 CRC Otway, Australia, that have proven the technology to be technically feasible [39]. In Europe, several demonstration projects were announced, but most of them were cancelled in the last years. There are only two operating CCS projects in Europe, Sleipner and Snevhit in Norway, where CO\({}_{2}\) captured is reinjected into the offshore natural gas fields [40]. Roll-out of CCS is being currently delayed by high capital cost, high energy consumption (on the carbon capture side) and thus high costs and a lack of demonstration of technology. Other aspects that hinder CCS deployment are related to the large scale needed and the available geological storage capacity. [39; 41]. CCS also requires infrastructure to transport CO\({}_{2}\) and favourable storage conditions for wide-spread deployment, as CO\({}_{2}\) leakages and safety on the storage side are other aspects to consider. This is important for wide-spread deployment. Capturing all CO\({}_{2}\) in a refinery is challenging due to the number of CO\({}_{2}\) sources. By comparing the Clean Hydrogen Partnership's estimation of blue hydrogen accounting for 10% of refinery demand in 2030, it is likely that the degree of CCS deployment across the whole refinery will be smaller. In general, and regardless CORSIA-related initiatives (e.g., LCAF), refineries are already expected to implement such technologies to reduce their carbon impact: historically, refinery energy efficiency has improved by 0.5% per year, and refineries will continue implementing efficiency improvement measures until 2030. In terms of upstream emissions reduction, a 20% reduction in upstream emissions could be assumed for 2030 on the basis of the trajectory set by the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative's (OGCI) target to reduce upstream emissions by 13% between 2017 and 2025. The 20% comprises the easier to implement and cheaper technologies or measures. Some measures for upstream emissions are still in early stages of development and are therefore unlikely to be available for widespread deployment in 2030. The extent of deployment of the both general refinery and kerosene-specific levers depends primarily on the availability and cost of low-carbon hydrogen, CCS and renewable electricity, which ultimately depend on the specific policy support level.
# An In-Line Coaxial-to-Waveguide Transition for Q-Band Single-Feed-Per-Beam Antenna Systems
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, an in-line coaxial-to-waveguide transition in Q-band has been proposed. The transition is 13.24 mm long, and the only increase in space occupation is due to a tapered backshort where a cavity is inserted. The transverse section size of the full waveguide is not exceeded. The modifications in the rectangular waveguide are reduced to the strict necessary to achieve the impedance matching with the coaxial cable and a suitable modal conversion. The critical design issues are studied through a tolerance analysis, reported in the result section.  
The return loss keeps higher than 25 dB in the whole Q-band (BW% = 40.96), guaranteeing a good operation over the all required frequencies, and an acceptable margin to compensate the unavoidable manufacturing errors. The insertion loss (lower than 0.06 dB) results sensibly better than in a typical microstrip-based in-line transition, due to the reduced dispersion in the coaxial end-launcher.  
This improvement significantly facilitates the signal detection and processing, increasing the signal power level compared to the noise generated by the devices which constitute the receiving RF system. The results suggest the suitability of the proposed solution to develop an in-line transition with low losses by maintaining a very compact geometry and, in the same time, satisfying the requirements over a wide frequency band. This makes the proposed in-line coaxial-to-waveguide transition suitable for SFB antennas arrangement in radio-astronomy and satellite communication.  
Conceptualization: M.S., A.F. and G.M.; simulation: M.S.; validation: M.S., M.B.L.; analysis: M.S, A.F., T.P., and M.B.L.; data curation: M.B.L., T.P.; writing--original draft preparation: M.S.; writing--review and editing: M.S., M.B.L., A.F., T.P and G.M.; supervision: [PERSON] and G.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Work** & **Structure** & **Simulated RL** & **BW\%** \\ \hline
[17] & us2 wg & 20 dB-BW: 92–100 GHz & 8.33 \\
[18] & us2 wg & 20 dB-BW: 8.35–9.6 GHz & 7.18 \\
[19] & us2 wg (gap WG) & 20 dB-BW: 77–108 GHz & 33.5 \\
[24] & coax2 wg (patch launcher) & 20 dB-BW 10–10.4 GHz & 3.9 \\
[25] & coax2 wg with tunable fin & 20 dB-BW: 2.5–4 GHz & 46 \\
[26] & coax2 wg with rectax & 20 dB-BW: 3–4.8 GHz & 46.15 \\
[28] & coax2 wg with shaped pin & 20 dB-BW 7.5–13 GHz & 54 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: A comparative table on performance of the different transitions proposed in literature.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The work presented in this paper did not involve humans or animals.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not Applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data are available at: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14138042.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors are grateful to [PERSON], for his precious help in improving the figures quality.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Innovative Approaches to Semi-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells
## 6 Applications of ST-PSCs
### Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Applications
developed PV windows with modulated optical properties controlled by solar illumination and achieved a PCE of 11.3% with 68% visible transmittance in the bleached state [165]. The flexibility and lightweight nature of this technology make it easier to integrate flexible modules into advanced building applications [166; 167]. The use of various new flexible substrates, such as ultra-thin glass, foldable plastics, textiles, etc., summarizes the advances and prospects in flexible lightweight technology [168]. However, the advantages of flexible substrates are accompanied by prospective challenges as well. To utilize the flexible substrates PET or PEN as TEs, usually a TCO, i.e., indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO), and sometimes an ultra-thin silver layer is typically coated onto them. Despite their good conductivity and transparency compared to TCO/glass substrates, these substrates are prone to easy damage due to bending, as the coated ITO material is brittle and can be easily damaged. Secondly, these ITO layers are annealed at lower temperatures, which demonstrates their diminished chemical resistance as compared to that of crystalline ITO substrates. Specifically, if the substrates are treated in any acidic solution, that could lead to the degradation of the above-lying perovskite layer if the layer is not covered with a compact charge transport layer. This adds to the thermal constraints for the fabrication of n-i-p-based PSCs, as the fabrication process should be carried out at a temperature below 150 degrees [169]. Hence, the careful modifications of PET substrates with appropriate conducting materials are required to overcome the underlying challenges.
# Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossi Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks
## 5 Result Evaluation and Discussion
### Thin Linear Network  
In the initial experimental trial, we constructed a long, thin network with up to three hops, as shown in Figure 5. During this trial, a total of 500 packets were transmitted from the Source node (S) to Destination node (D) through three relay nodes. We calculated the Packet Reception Rate (PRR) via all relay nodes (R-1, R-2, and R-3) at D. The experimental result showed that D had a PRR of 99.3 %. The overall performance analysis at D during the first experimental trial is shown in Figure 10. The Packet Loss (PL) by using a single relay node at each hop (tested with a three-hop count) was almost negligible.
## Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature over the Heihe River Basin Using HJ-1B Thermal Infrared Data  
**[PERSON] 1 *, [PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1**  
1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.J.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.H.)  
2 Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +86-135-2279-2960; Fax: +86-10-6480-7983.  
Academic Editors: [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
_Received: 20 August 2014 / Accepted: 23 December 2014 / Published: 29 December 2014_  
The reliable estimation of spatially distributed Land Surface Temperature (LST) is useful for monitoring regional land surface heat fluxes. A single-channel method is developed to derive the LST over the Heihe River Basin in China using data from the infrared sensor (IRS) onboard the Chinese \"Environmental and Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting with a Small Satellite Constellation\" (HJ-1B for short for one of the satellites), with ancillary water vapor information from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products (MOD05) and _in situ_ automatic sun tracking photometer CE318 data for the first time. _In situ_ LST data for the period from mid-June to mid-September 2012 were acquired from automatic meteorological stations (AMS) that are part of Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) project. MOD05-based LST and CE318-based LST are compared with _in situ_ measurements at 16 AMS sites with land cover types of vegetable, maize and orchards. The results show that the use of the MOD05 product could achieve a comparable accuracy in LST retrieval with that achieved using the CE318 data. The largest difference between the MOD05-based LST and CE318-based LST is 0.84 K throughout the study period over the Heihe River Basin. The standard deviation (STD), root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (R) of HJ-1B/IRS _vs._ the _in situ_ measurements are 2.45 K, 2.78 K, and 0.67, respectively, whereas those for the MODIS 1 km LST product _vs._ the _in situ_ measurements are 4.07 K, 2.98 K, and 0.79, respectively. The spatial pattern of the HJ-1B/LST over the study area in the Heihe River Basin generally agreed well with the MODIS 1 km LST product and contained more detailed spatial textures.  
Keywords:land surface temperature; HJ-1B; Heihe River Basin; single-channel algorithm
## 4 FPGA-Based Hardware and Software Architecture Design
### Calculation Module
The divisor is implemented using IP cores, and the bit-widths of the divisor and divisor need to be greater than or equal to the bit-width of the result of the quadratic operation. The divisor is therefore implemented using IP cores, with both the divisor and dividend set to 32 bits wide and the quotient set to 64 bits wide. The trigonometric function calculation uses the LUT lookup table method to reduce the complexity of the algorithm, where angle-related data use 2 bits wide and 12 bits wide.