# Electromechanical Behavior of Afyonkarahisar Clay Under Varying Stress and Moisture Conditions
## 1 Introduction
Their findings show that path analysis provides deeper insight into the relationships among soil parameters--such as texture, compaction, organic matter, pH, and cation exchange capacity--helping to identify which variables most significantly influence soil quality. This approach offers a more structured and informative evaluation than traditional correlation analysis. The study highlights the method's potential for improving soil monitoring and management, especially in agricultural and environmental contexts. The study \"Quasi-3D mapping of soil moisture in agricultural fields using electrical conductivity sensing\" by [PERSON] et al. (2022) [8] explores the use of electromagnetic induction surveys to predict soil moisture across agricultural fields. The researchers established electrical resistivity-soil moisture calibrations at two depths, which were then used to convert soil conductivity data into volumetric moisture content. This approach allowed for the accurate prediction of soil moisture at three depths during both dry and wet seasons. Furthermore, the application of quasi-3D inversion techniques significantly improved the estimation of soil moisture distribution throughout the soil profile. The study highlights the effectiveness of EMI-based sensing combined with inversion modeling as a practical and non-invasive method for high-resolution soil moisture monitoring in agricultural settings. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [9] conducted a comparative analysis of various models, including artificial neural networks, for predicting soil electrical resistivity based on mechanical properties. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [10] developed a system for automated sampling and weighing of soil specimens using microwave drying, enabling rapid and accurate determination of soil density. [PERSON] et al. (2019) and [PERSON] et al. (2024) [11; 12] explored the use of piezoelectric sensors to detect changes in the mechanical properties of soils caused by freeze-thaw cycles. [PERSON] (1979) [13] introduced a mechanical behavior model for natural clays based on critical state soil mechanics, emphasizing the differences between naturally consolidated and laboratory-prepared samples, as well as the long-term response of clays under loading. [PERSON] (2004) [14], in his widely used textbook, provides a systematic overview of both fundamental and advanced concepts in soil mechanics, including classification, permeability, consolidation, shear strength, and slope and foundation stability, making it a key reference in both education and engineering practice. Similarly, [PERSON] (2016) [15] offers a comprehensive treatment of geotechnical engineering, with a strong focus on the mechanical behavior of soils, investigation methods, foundation design, and settlement analysis, all presented with a clear practical orientation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1974) [16] developed the SHANSEP method (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties) as an improved approach for evaluating the stability of soft clays, allowing for a more realistic assessment of safety factors by accounting for stress history. [PERSON] (1975) [17] further advanced design procedures for soft clays, focusing on settlement and long-term stability, and providing experimentally supported methods essential for the reliable design of structures on weak soils. While these studies provide valuable insights, this research focuses specifically on Afyonkarahisar clay, which has a unique geotechnical profile. Unlike the previous studies, which used a broader range of water content values, this study focuses on water content levels of 10%, 20%, and 30%, which are more relevant to the local conditions in Afyonkarahisar. The primary contribution of this research is to deepen the understanding of Afyonkarahisar clay's behavior, particularly how its resistivity and conductivity change as water content varies, and how these properties interact with stress and strain.