## 3 Hybrid Network Implementation Using LoRaWAN and LoRaMESH
### Topologies for the HyDSMaaS Context  
For the HyDSMaaS context there are different WSN topologies that can be used with IoT LoRa technology as presented in Figure 11. Among these topologies are the point-to-point network using LoRa, where end devices can communicate directly with each other via a long-range, low-cost, direct communication. In this case, it is not used for the scenario of this work, because the amount of SM is too large, and a point-to-point network would not be the most viable option due to the amount of packets and the communication time between the nodes. Another network possibility is the star network through the LoRaWAN protocol where a gateway plays the role of data collector and communicates directly with the end devices. In this case it is more scalable and can be used in the scenario proposed in this work, the limitation is that, as the amount of SMs grows, more gateways will be needed to cover the entire city. A third network possibility is through mesh with LoRaWAN technology under the LoRaMESH protocol. In this case, all SMs are able to connect to all SMs close to it, thus enabling a relay of the packets until they reach the application's IoT HUB. It can also be used in the proposed scenario, however, for scenarios with nearby houses and little distance. In order to propose a scalable infrastructure capable of covering an entire city and counting the SMs present in it. This work presents a proposal for hybridizing LoRaWAN with LoRaMESH networks. With this architecture, it will be possible to have a star LoRaWAN network with gateways spread throughout the city to connect more distant SM sets, and use the LoRaMESH network to connect large sets of nearby SMs, such as condominiums and buildings. And with this, also enabling direct communication from the application to the device via point-to-point.  
And another hybrid scenario is the use of LoRa, LoRaMESH or LoRaWAN network depending on particular specifications such as distance from the home to the EEC, distribution of homes, interference and distance from the homes to the gateways. For most of the cases already studied, hybridization of communication networks occur most often between star and mesh topologies [127]. Therefore, for the HyDSMaaS context, using only one network topology may overload the communication infrastructure, so new implementations should be made to propose a more robust hybridized topology to be able to supply the entire AMI scenario. In Brazil, the National Telecommunications Agency (Anatel) is responsible for regulating communication technologies of this size. It is worth mentioning that for LoRa technologies the adopted frequency is 915 MHz. furthermore, it is worth mentioning that all the equipment as final devices responsible for collecting the data and  
Figure 11: Network topologies to be used in this work adapted from the work [126].  
send to the gateways and gateways that are the devices responsible for collecting the data and send to the network server, used in this work are duly homologated and ready for commercialization in case they are implemented and trained for it. This way, making this work even closer to reality and opening opportunities for possible commercialization.