## 3 Discussion
### Industry 4.0 and Logistics 4.0  
It is widely recognized that the actual industrial revolution will bring forth opportunities related to global logistics, such as efficiency, sustainability, or responsiveness to customers [22]. With the digitalization of manufacturing processes, \"Logistics 4.0\" has been receiving increasing attention in recent years, especially since the evolution of Logistics' concept is deeply related to the industrial revolution as described in Table 6, which accentuates the fact that logistics processes are the central function that plays a crucial role in the digital migration of the manufacturing sector, and therefore the underlying vision of fourth industrial revolution. [34; 35; 38; 39]. Some of the front-end technologies of Industry 4.0, such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of Things, Services, and People, can support the real-time tracking and tracing of materials from point of origin to the last mile, enabling a better internal and external logistics management. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017), Industry 4.0 presents an opportunity for more efficient logistics management. The authors pointed out that the connectivity of products and services through the Internet or other network applications such as blockchain technology will enable the decentralized control of value chains. These same authors state that digital connectivity offers the possibility of improving automated production as well as the self-optimized production of goods and services, including delivery without the presence of the human agent [40]. [PERSON] (2017) emphasizes the importance of IoT, especially in the logistics and transport sector since the integration of the respective solutions provides operational data on location and status [41]. [PERSON] (2017) argue that the IoT is the solution to challenges of transparency or visibility in supply chains processes, thus boosting customer satisfaction by reducing costs due to reduced cycles of logistics processes, joining the famous quote of logistics--the right products at the right time, in the right place, in right quantity, and at the right cost [3]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Logistics** & **Years Span** & **Industry** \\ \hline From Analog to Digital & 1960–1975 & Assembly Lanes and Standardization \\ Global Supply Chains & 1975–2005 & Automation and Information Technology \\ IoT and Big Data (Optimization) & 2005–Now & Machine Learning and Data Management \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: The impact of industrial revolutions on the evolution of logistics. [PERSON] et al. (2019) suggest another potential benefit of IoT-- the real-time activated state detection of logistics vehicles for improved logistics services, which will enable cost reduction through controlled and optimized fuel consumption [42]. By starting the shift to Industry 4.0, companies will undertake the digitization of all their processes, ranging from planning, to supply, to manufacturing, to delivery, and to return, which will positively impact logistics processes by improving flows, optimizing work, and reducing lead times. We can deduce that the Industry 4.0 technologies as shown in Figure 8 support the logistics paradigm on two fronts: physical operations and resource management. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics play an important role in automating decision-making processes; they provide a way to support human decisions in a data-driven approach. In addition, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies and smart sensors facilitate product and material identification processes and improve product tracking throughout the chain. As for computer systems, they provide real-time access to data and information from multiple sources; therefore, they allow for production planning in real time and in a reactive manner [28; 43].