## 2 Decision Support System
### The Mapping Tool  
The scope of the Mapping tool is to identify the ES needs and hotspots for the target property and its surroundings, and hence support the user in choosing the appropriate management actions, which could then be tested through the Simulation tool. The Mapping tool provides maps and statistics on seven indicators and proxies representing the current provision of cultural and regulating ecosystem services. The tool is accessible via a user interface (Figure 3) from the web application. From the interface, the users can upload the zipped shapefile of the forest property (in the box \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Services** & **Goal** & **Technologies** \\ \hline Server & Delivers access to Multisilva application and the API & Nginx—version 1.25 \\ Web application (version 0.1.6) & Provide Multisilva functionalities to users via the & Nuxt/Typescript \\  & web-browser & Keycloak—version 24 \\ User management & Manage user authentication and authorization & Python (version 3.11) REST API \\ API application (version 0.1.7) & Runs the Simulation tool and the Mapping tool & Various file types \\ Database & Multisilva databases containing background maps, & \\  & model, parameters and climatic data. & Various file types \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Principal components of the design and the technologies utilised. Figure 2: C4 system context diagram of the Multisilva software system. \"Shp loader\"), providing the subdivision of the forest property in management units. The user interface also has an interactive map in which the forest property is automatically displayed once the zipped shapefile is loaded. Furthermore, there is a search function that helps the user to identify the location of specific management units within the property in the interactive map. Once the zipped shapefile has been uploaded via the user interface, it is sent to the API server, in which a Python module (based the packages _geopardas_ and _nsterio_) operates seven functions overlapping the shapefile with the ES indicator maps stored in the Multisilva database. The seven functions are activated by the user from the user interface using the boxes in the \"Computation launchers\" section (Figure 3). Each function computes spatial statistics at management unit level for a set of regulating, cultural, and supporting ES indicators and proxies. An overview of the offered functions is presented below, with more details, including the methods and background data used to develop them, described extensively in Appendix A. The first function is the _water protection computation_. This function overlaps each forest stand in the property with the water protection areas as defined by national regulations. Different levels of protection are present in Luxembourg (drinking-water protection zones, provisional drinking-water protection zones, and sanitary protection zones), and each corresponds to different management requirements requested by the national law. This function warns the user on legal management constraints that may have to be considered in the overlapping areas, but it can also provide important inputs for managing stands close to these hotspots. The second function is also related to water-regulating ESs. The _water bodies computation_ draws buffer areas around the main rivers, lakes, and creeks and provides the percentage of the management unit area overlapping with the buffer. The user can set the width of the buffer from the user interface (the pre-set value is 50 m). This function relies on the national shapefiles of the surface water bodies. The objective of this function is to identify riparian zones and areas to which forest management should be tailored (e.g., selection of species, residual removals to avoid nutrients runoffs, etc.). Figure 3: The user interface of the Mapping tool. The third function is called the _nature protection area computation_.