# Discovering Trends in the Digitalization of Shipping:
## 4 Analysis
### Trends and Evolutions
#### 4.3.3 Evolutions within the Topics  
The changes in the frequency of the keywords in the documents by topic showed the evolutions within the topics. For this, a count was made of the keywords of the documents by topic. The results are shown in Table 9.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Topic** & **Key-Words Found** & **2016** & **2017** & **2018** & **2019** & **2020** & **2021** & **2022** & **2023** \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{service system port management technology ping operation industry performance} \\ \hline industry & 14\% & 25\% & 32\% & 22\% & 20\% & 0\% & 17\% & 20\% \\ \hline management & 25\% & 21\% & 24\% & 28\% & 20\% & 25\% & 39\% & 40\% \\ \hline operation & 18\% & 10\% & 6\% & 10\% & 0\% & 0\% & 4\% & 0\% \\ \hline performance & 0\% & 6\% & 2\% & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% & 4\% & 10\% \\ \hline ping & 0\% & 6\% & 2\% & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% & 4\% & 0\% \\ \hline port & 0\% & 0\% & 4\% & 2\% & 0\% & 0\% & 4\% & 0\% \\ \hline service & 29\% & 27\% & 16\% & 22\% & 20\% & 50\% & 26\% & 30\% \\ \hline technology & 14\% & 12\% & 16\% & 13\% & 40\% & 25\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{IoT immarsat company finding adoption sector skill laggard security fleet} \\ \hline immarsat & 0\% & 6\% & 0\% & & & & & \\ \hline IoT & 0\% & 39\% & 50\% & & & & \\ \hline sector & 50\% & 39\% & 50\% & & & & \\ \hline security & 50\% & 17\% & 0\% & & & & \\ \hline step anywhere network smarter satellite connect infrastructure process cyber provide & & & & & & & \\ \hline process & & 100\% & & & & & \\ \hline cyber security system risk attack network management control cybersecurity information & & & & & & & \\ \hline cyber & 40\% & 34\% & 24\% & 20\% & 10\% & 23\% & 12\% \\ \hline cybersecurity & 11\% & 16\% & 21\% & 20\% & 40\% & 36\% & 38\% \\ \hline management & 3\% & 0\% & 12\% & 3\% & 10\% & 5\% & 0\% \\ \hline network & 6\% & 0\% & 3\% & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ \hline risk & 0\% & 4\% & 1\% & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% & 4\% \\ \hline security & 37\% & 41\% & 29\% & 50\% & 30\% & 32\% & 42\% \\ \Between 2016 and 2017, the prevailing keywords were \"service\", \"port\", \"system\", and \"ping\", indicating a focus on technology and infrastructure within the discussed context. As time progressed into 2018 and 2019, there was a shift in focus towards industry and business. This transition was marked by the emergence of keywords such as \"iot\", \"innarsat\", \"sector\", and \"security\", signifying a change in the primary topics of interest.  
Moving into the years 2020 and 2021, the emphasis continued on industry and business, but with a heightened focus on cybersecurity. This shift was reflected in the prominence of keywords like \"cybersecurity\", \"management\", \"network\", and \"risk\", illustrating the evolving concerns and focal points within these sectors.  
By 2022, the topic had broadened further to encompass satellite services and blockchain technology. This expansion was highlighted by the introduction of keywords such as \"satellite\", \"certus\", \"network\", \"trade\", \"smart\", \"blockchain\", \"transaction\", \"contract\", \"ledger\", and \"IBM\", showcasing a diversification in the areas of interest and discussion.  
There has thus been a growing interest in the use of technology to improve business operations and address security challenges. There has also been a growing interest in the use of satellite services and blockchain technology.  
The keyword \"service\" was consistently among the most common keywords throughout the entire period. This suggests that the topic has always been focused on the delivery of services.  
The keyword \"management\" has become more prominent in recent years. This suggests that there is a growing focus on the management of technology and cybersecurity risks.  
The keywords \"satellite\" and \"blockchain\" are relatively new to the topic, but they have become increasingly prominent in recent years. This suggests that these technologies are gaining traction in the business world.