esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Related Works
On the Mobile front, IKEv2 is supported both by native clients and with third-party apps on iOS, Android, Blackberry, and Windows devices. QUIC is a UDP-based transport protocol, particularly suitable for IoT devices with limited resources [25; 26] and general TRANSPORT SERVICES (TAPS) [18] implementation guidance can be found in [20]. Ref. [25] discusses Layer 3 VPN Tunnel Traffic Leakages and discusses possible mitigations. In the work [19] we deal with the issue of the parameters to be provided to authenticate to a VPN server. Mainly, in many cases, the classic coupled username/password valid is enough to access, while for other implementations, it is necessary to provide additional parameters, as in the case of an IKEv1-XAUTH deployment. The Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) [27; 28] proposed by Microsoft allows channeling the traffic of a PPP device through an encrypted VPN tunnel via HTTP using SSL/TLS transport. This component, in particular, deals with negotiating keys, encrypting the channel, and ensuring the integrity of the traffic. OpenConnect, discussed in [26], is an software designed to create point-to-point and point-to-multi-point secure architectures. Born as an open-source implementation of Cisco's AnyConnect SSL VPN client, it guarantees a good level of protection and data exchange at the application level [29]. This result allows to securely manage communications between applications and services running on IoT nodes and on cloud/edge infrastructures. With the term \"VPNaaS,\" we mean a simple way to parameterize network security, centralizing the necessary configurations in a single product to meet numerous corporate security requirements and access to virtualized networks on the cloud. In particular, this work [30] proposes the implementation of such a service using WireGuard with a WAN backbone based on 5G transport. In [22], experimental analysis was performed on Debian environment Linux by implementing the IPsec tunneling protocol with different encryption algorithms. The paper concludes that IPsec AES-sha1 provides fair and reasonable terms performance comparable to IPsec 3 DES-sha1. It is also underlined how the encryption/decryption of the UDP VPN (User Datagram Protocol traffic) requires a large amount of CPU and memory that contributes to performance degradation. The document [31] compares the VPN technologies \"L2 TP\", \"PPTP\", \"OpenVPN\", \"Ethernet over IP\" (EoIP) and \"MPLS\". This analysis stemmed from having to choose the technology that best-suited business needs. For each VPN technology examined, accurate analysis of both performance and packets in transit was made.
# Comprehensive Review of UAV Detection, Security, and Communication Advancements to Prevent Threats
## 5 Utilization of UAVs in Different Domains  
The potential of UAVs and drones has been proved already, and this domain covers every type of utilization from personal usage to military purpose, as illustrated in Figure 6.  
These UAVs can be more efficient in performing several missions if they are equipped with a camera, smart sensors, and processors. With these essential components, one may see 100 plus applications of drones mentioned by several researchers, such as in [32].  
Please note that Figure 6 shows the areas where UAVs are utilized mostly in general, whereas Figure 7 shows the benevolent usage where UAVs are commonly used. The term malevolent usage shows the areas and specific domains where people have witnessed an incremental increase in utilizing the drones over the last few decades. Factors such as diligence, cost, mobility in the areas where humans are unable to reach, payload options, and risk compel everyone to use drones/UAVs. Now, depending on the type of drone, they may be used in a better way. Commonly, it is seen that the design of drones is dependent on the type of mission they perform in the field [33]. Thus, categorizing them all with respect to their domains may lead to understanding their architecture in a better way. This has been illustrated in Figure 7, where every domain has its own privacy and security needs [33; 34].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of** & **Elevation in Km** & **Number of** & **Satellite Life** & **Handoff** & **Doppler** & **Gateway** & **Propagation** \\
**Communication** & & **Satellite Life** & **Frequency** & **Doppler** & **Cost** & **Path Loss** \\ \hline Geostationary & & & & & & \\ Earth orbit (GEO) & Up to 36,000 & 3, no polar & coverage & 15+ & NA & Low & Very expensive & Highest \\ \hline Medium Earth & & & & & & \\ orbit (MEO) & 5000–15,000 & 8–20 global & 10–15 & Low & Medium & Expensive & High \\ \hline Low Earth orbit (LEO) & 500–1500 & 40–800 global & 3–7 & High & High & Cheap & Least \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Communication based on satellite type.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Technique** & **Channel Width** & **Band** & **Bit Rate** & **Range** & **Latency** & **Mobility Support** \\ \hline
**Wi-Fi** & 20 MHz & 2.4 GHz to 5.2 GHz & 6–54 Mbps & 100 m & 10 ms & Low \\
**GPS** & 2 MHz & 1176 to 1576 MHz & 50 bps & - & 10 ms & Higher \\
**UMTS** & 5 MHz & 700 to 2600 MHz & 2 Mbps & 10 Km & 20–70 ms & High \\
**5G** & 2.16 GHz & 57 to 64 GHz & Up to 4 Gbps & 50 m & - & Ultra-High \\
**LTE** & 20 MHz & 700 to 2690 MHz & Up to 300 Mbps & 10 ms & Very High \\
**LTE-A** & Up to 100 MHz & 450 MHz to 4.99 GHz & Up to 1 Gbps & 30 Km & - & Very High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Classification of UAVs based on communication channels.
## 4 Field Experiments
### Analysis of BER Variation with Tailing Effects and Duty Cycle Changes  
During outdoor experiments, the straight-line distance between the transmitter and receiver ranged from 500 m to 700 m, with communication tests conducted every 50 m. Simultaneously, for each communication experiment, the system was tested at a rate of 150 kbps under different conditions of tailing effects and duty cycles set at 48%, 47%, and 45%, with the BER results subsequently compiled. Following this, experiments were conducted at rates of 200 kbps and 300 kbps. Figure 13 depicts the curve of BER variation with communication distance in the experimental tests.  
It was observed that, compared to the BER data measured under the influence of tailing effects, the BER corresponding to the optimal duty cycle for each communication rate was reduced. This experimental evidence demonstrates that changing the signal duty  
Figure 13: (**a**) The performance of BER at 150 K speed. (**b**) The performance of BER at 200 K speed. (**c**) The performance of BER at 300 K speed.  
cycle can improve the BER increase caused by LED tailing effects in UV communication systems. For a communication rate of 150 kbps, the best BER performance occurred when the transmission signal had a duty cycle of 48%. At 200 kbps, the optimal performance was observed with a 47% duty cycle, although in the range of 520 m to 570 m, the 48% duty cycle performed better. The optimal duty cycle setting for 300 kbps was found to be 45%. However, it is noteworthy that under specific duty cycle conditions, the BER was worse compared to the influence of tailing effects. This is because excessive adjustment of the BER can lead to excessive loss of photons in the intensity of the symbol 1 signal. When the additional BER impact caused by this loss exceeds the BER reduction impact caused by the symbol 0, the BER will further deteriorate.
# A Rotating Object Detector with Convolutional Dynamic Adaptive Matching
## 4 Experiment
### Evaluation  
In RS object detection tasks, we commonly use precision \(P\) to represent the proportion of correctly predicted true-positive samples to the total number of predicted positive samples. The recall rate \(R\) represents the proportion of the correctly predicted positive samples to the actual number of positive samples.  
\[P=\frac{TP}{TP+FP} \tag{17}\]  
Figure 4: (a) The relationship between regression values and gradients. (b) The relationship between regression values and losses; the smaller the regression value, the smaller the difference between the predicted results of the model and the true labels, which usually occurs on high-quality samples.  
\[R=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{18}\]  
Among them, \(FP\) represents predicting negative class errors as positive class numbers, and \(FN\) represents predicting positive class errors as negative class numbers. However, accuracy and recall are mutually exclusive metrics, as achieving high levels of one often results in suboptimal performance for the other. In order to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the model, this paper selects mean average precision (mAP) as the measurement standard for RS object detection. The mathematical meaning of average accuracy AP is the area of the P-R curve, as follows:  
\[AP=\int_{0}^{1}P(R)dR \tag{19}\]  
When the detection object has \(J\) categories, mAP is defined as follows:  
\[mAP=\frac{1}{J}\sum_{i=1}^{J}AP_{i} \tag{20}\]  
The complexity of the algorithm is measured by the number of parameters (Params) and the number of floating-point operations (FLOPs). The Params formula is as follows:  
\[Params=C_{out}\times(k_{w}\times k_{h}\times C_{in}+1) \tag{21}\]  
Among them, \(C_{out}\) represents the number of output channels, \(C_{in}\) represents the number of input channels, and \(k_{w}\times k_{h}\) represents the size of the convolution.
# On Training Data Selection in Condition Monitoring Applications--Case Azimuth Thrusters
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Description of Data
#### 2.2.2 Shaft Speed Values  
Figure 4 presents the shaft speed values during the monitored period in chronological order. In addition, the median, interquartile range and the 95% coverage are shown cumulatively so that each value is calculated based on all the values from the first one to the value of that time. To analyze the effect of sample size and distribution on the performance in training subset selection, the full dataset was chopped into different training sets with sizes from N = 200 to N = 3000 with the steps of 200 samples. Figure 5 illustrates the 1-99 th percentiles of the different datasets generated.  
Figure 5 shows that the first 200 samples resulted in the most uniform distribution with some outlying values in the higher end (see also Figure 4). Thereafter, the thruster was commonly operated at shaft speeds around 500 rpm, with some periods of higher and lower speed. As shown in Figure 5, the median of datasets with sample sizes N = 600-1400 was around 419 rpm and increased to 500 rpm with the sample sizes N = 2000-3000. The interquartile range in Figure 4 shows that half of the samples were on a relatively narrow range (roughly 400-520 rpm) after the 800 first samples. The flat areas in Figure 5 indicate that large proportions of the samples in the distributions were collected from narrow operating areas. More details are shown in Appendix A.  
Figure 3: Drawing of UUC 455 thruster.
# Development of Screen-Printable Nafion Dispersion for Electrochemical Sensor
## 3 Results
### Rheology Properties
#### 3.1.1 Shear Thinning  
Shear thinning is a non-Newtonian behavior in which the viscosity of the sample decreases with the increase in shear rate. It is required for inks used in screen printing to have certain degrees of shear thinning so the ink can be pushed through the screen mesh during squeege movement [23]. On the other hand, the inks should also have good stability under higher shear rate; otherwise, the printing quality will be poor. Figure 1 shows the viscosity of the modified Nafion dispersion as a function of shear rate, also known as a viscosity curve. The sample is highly shear thinning, with a viscosity value at 500 s\({}^{-1}\) being around 1778 centipoise (cP), nearly three orders of magnitude smaller than the viscosity value at 0.1 s\({}^{-1}\) (1.22 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) cP). The shear-thinning behavior of modified Nafion is mainly due to the disentanglement of polymer chain and shear-induced strand alignment [24]. The viscosity curve demonstrates good stability of the modified ink over a wide range of shear rates (0.1 to 500 s\({}^{-1}\)), which is suitable for applications in both screen printing and stencil coating.
## 2 Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics of Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction
### Advances in Electrocatalyst Preparation Techniques for Efficient Nitrate Reduction
#### 3.1.4 Thermal Treatment (Annealing)  
Thermal treatment (annealing) involves heating a material to a precise temperature for a defined period and then cooling it under controlled conditions. Annealing is generally used in the middle of catalyst preparation and specifically for catalyst decomposition such as the conversion of Cu(OH)2 to CuO [92]. Electrocatalyst materials subjected to annealing showed significant improvements in nitrate reduction performance compared to those without annealing. [PERSON] et al. [83] showed that annealing increased BDD's surface energy, allowing better copper attachment due to numerous dangling bonds, additionally the annealing process consolidated copper oxides on the BDD surface, which significantly enhanced electrode stability. The surface morphology of the BDD electrode remained unchanged before and after copper oxide removal, indicating its suitability for long-term use. Furthermore, the BDD electrode could be reused multiple times without significant changes in copper oxide morphology [83].
# Study and Investigation on 5G Technology: A Systematic Review
## 3 Preliminary Section
### 5G Applications
5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation, pest, insect, and electricity control. * **Autonomous Driving:** The 5G wireless network offers very low latency high-speed communication, significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects, and other vehicles running on the road. 5G's low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is essential for autonomous vehicles, decision-making is done in microseconds to avoid accidents. * **Healthcare and mission-critical applications:** 5G technology will bring modernization in medicine where doctors and practitioners can perform advanced medical procedures. The 5G network will provide connectivity between all classrooms, so attending seminars and lectures will be easier. Through 5G technology, patients can connect with doctors and take their advice. Scientists are building smart medical devices which can help people with chronic medical conditions. The 5G network will boost the healthcare industry with smart devices, the internet of medical things, smart sensors, HD medical imaging technologies, and smart analytics systems. 5G will help access cloud storage, so accessing healthcare data will be very easy from any location worldwide. Doctors and medical practitioners can easily store and share large files like MRI reports within seconds using the 5G network. * **Satellite Internet:** In many remote areas, ground base stations are not available, so 5G will play a crucial role in providing connectivity in such areas. The 5G network will provide connectivity using satellite systems, and the satellite system uses a constellation of multiple small satellites to provide connectivity in urban and rural areas across the world.
## 3 Results
### Stability  
Tunable MMW signals are generated from ultra-wide broadband electro-optic frequency combs with different frequency spacing. The tunable MMW signal generation is based on the RF carrier created from two adjacent lines of the different OFCs. The K-band and V-band MMW signals generated based on EO-combs at different frequency intervals were measured and are shown in Figure 4a,b, respectively. The spectrum properties of the MMW signals generated were tested by the ESA with a 200 Hz resolution bandwidth (RBW).  
In Figure 4, the powers of the frequency at 25, 37.5, 50 and 75 GHz are about \(-\)13.5, \(-\)9.5, \(-\)22 and \(-\)33 dBm, respectively. The power of MMW signal generated from 37.5 OFC is larger than that from 25 GHz OFC. The experiment shows linewidths of 250 Hz, 259 Hz, 265 Hz and 273 Hz is for the 25, 37.5, 50 and 75 GHz, respectively. The results prove that the OFC generated by the EOM and QD laser had excellent properties, such as great stability and ultra-low phase noise. These measurements show that the OFC generated by the QD laser has extremely low phase noise and high stability [16].  
In addition, the phase noise is measured by a UTC-PD. We measure the single side-band (SSB) phase noise of the MMW generated by 25 and 37.5 GHz OFC as shown in Figure 5. The SSB phase noises of the 25, 37.5, 50 and 75 GHz are \(-\)115 dBc/Hz, \(-\)106 dBc/Hz, \(-\)102 dBc/Hz and \(-\)95 dBc/Hz at an offset of 1 kHz, respectively. It is clear that the SSB phase noise of the 25 GHz was the lowest compared to the other frequencies  
Figure 3: OSNR comparison of the different frequency spacing of OFCs, frequency spacing of 25 GHz (red), 37.5 GHz (blue) and 75 GHz (brown).  
before the offset of 1 kHz, while the SSB phase noise of 75 GHz was the highest. The low phase noise of the MMW signals is due to the low power deviation and the low phase noise of the quantum dot laser. Beyond the offset of 100 kHz, the phase noise approaches a noise floor without any fluctuating peaks [20]. The experimental results show that the MMW frequency synthesizer based on this structure has high stability.
# Fixed Wireless Access in Flexible Environment: Problem Definition and Feasibility Check
## 3 Assumptions and Inputs  
It is assumed that setting up a direct wired connection to the planned location (PL) is either impossible (e.g., local rules/laws in a \"built heritage environment\" does not allow cabling), or too expensive (difficult or harsh ground environment), or simply the construction and cabling works would be too expensive and slow (e.g., due to local administrative rules of the authorities). However, since broadband connectivity is available nearby, FWA presents a viable alternative. The dynamically changing traffic in existing networks results in varying resource availability [30; 31; 32]. Similarly, the added traffic changes dynamically and includes the traffic of multiple services with diverse requirements and different endpoints to be connected to. It is assumed that these dynamic changes are defined with identical time granularity to enable the traffic design. Finally, it is assumed that SDN control of the network traffic in the existing network is available to enable the dynamically changing traffic conditions [16; 33].  
The planned algorithm aims to determine the optimal way to provide a FWA for a specific location that meets (i) bandwidth requirements, (ii) e2e availability expectations, and (iii) e2e latency limits. Optionally other requirements can be added, e.g., limit on maintenance cost [34]. A review of related works revealed no existing solution or algorithm that rigorously examines potential connection point option(s) that meet these requirements. The inputs of the proposed algorithm are grouped as follows.
## 6 Conclusions  
The standard HSR protocol generates too much unnecessary redundant unicast traffic in HSR networks, resulting in the degradation of network performance. Several techniques have been proposed to solve this problem. In this paper, we presented a review of typical HSR traffic reduction techniques. We showed that these HSR traffic reduction techniques significantly reduce redundant unicast traffic compared to the standard HSR protocol and improve network performance in HSR networks. These techniques are classified into two categories based on their traffic reduction manner, consisting of traffic filtering-based techniques and predefined path-based techniques. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages. The selection of which HSR traffic reduction technique to implement depends on the particular application and trade-offs. Some of the objectives are traffic performance, network topology, control traffic volume, and storage requirements. With this review paper, researchers can acquire what has been investigated, and network designers can identify which technique to use, and what are the trade-offs.
## 3 Node Key Construction Technology
### Cantilever Truss Node
#### 3.3.3 Node 3 Structural Design  
The steel column GKZ1, lower chord rod XXG1, horizontal beam GKL1, oblique abdominal rod FG1A-D, and horizontal rod FG2 form Node 3, as shown in Figure 8. A 800 mm \(\times\) 720 mm \(\times\) 40 mm round steel pipe column is used to construct the GKZ1, and the concrete-filled steel tube column is used to improve the vertical bearing capacity of the frame column. The lower chord rod XXG1 is made of a 1700 mm \(\times\) 1500 mm \(\times\) 80 mm \(\times\) 80 mm box-shaped steel pipe, and the horizontal beam GKL1 is made of a 1000 mm \(\times\) 300 mm \(\times\) 20 mm \(\times\) 35 mm solid beam. Moreover, the oblique rods FG1A to D are made of 700 mm \(\times\) 700 mm \(\times\) 40 mm \(\times\) 40 mm box-shaped steel plates, as shown in Table 3. The horizontal rod FG2 is made of a 700 mm \(\times\) 700 mm \(\times\) 60 mm \(\times\) 60 mm box steel plate. Basically, the lower chord XXG1 is connected through being consistent with the design idea of Node 1, and it mainly bears both the transmission and the support of horizontal loads. Meanwhile, the steel column GKZ1, as the main force transmission component, bears vertical loads and provides vertical support. Together with the other stomach rods, it acts as the anti-lateral force component to increase the stability and overall stiffness of the node. This node is located below the end of the cantilever truss, which is subjected to numerous connecting rods and complicated forces. In order to meet the conceptual design requirements of resisting continuous collapse [23], multiple diagonal belly rods are set to evenly transfer the load to other parts of the structure, which can reduce the stress concentration of the nodes and ensure the design requirements of \"strong nodes and weak members\" [24]. It can absorb and disperse the seismic energy effectively during a rare earthquake, in order to reduce the degree of damage to the structure and improve the seismic performance of the whole structure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Component** & **Depict** \\ \hline GKZ1 & 800 mm \(\times\) 720 mm \(\times\) 40 mm round steel pipe column (concrete-filled steel tube column) \\ XXG1 & 1700 mm \(\times\) 1500 mm \(\times\) 80 mm \(\times\) 80 mm box-shaped steel pipe (lower chord rod) \\ GKL1 & H1000 mm \(\times\) 300 mm \(\times\) 20 mm \(\times\) 35 mm solid beam (horizontal beam) \\ FG1A\(\sim\)D & 700 mm \(\times\) 700 mm \(\times\) 40 mm \(\times\) 40 mm box-shaped steel plate (oblique rod) \\ FG2 & box steel plate 700 mm \(\times\) 700 mm \(\times\) 60 mm \(\times\) 60 mm (horizontal rod) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Component information of Node 3.  
Figure 7: Diagram of Node 2.