# Research on Vibration Comfort of Non-Motorized Lane Riding Based on Three-Axis Acceleration
## 1 Introduction  
The interdependence between walking and bicycling transportation systems and public transportation is a crucial component of the green, low-carbon travel ecosystem. These systems significantly influence residents' travel choices. Enhancing public transportation necessitates the bolstering of a robust walking and cycling infrastructure. The development of a high-quality walking and bicycling system is essential for encouraging residents to shift towards more sustainable travel modes. Therefore, the construction and improvement of these systems warrant significant attention to foster a green, low-carbon, and sustainable transportation future [1; 2; 3; 4].  
The quality and service level of urban non-motorized paths are critical not only for safety but also for the comfort of non-motorized riding. Presently, research on non-motorized paths primarily concentrates on ensuring uninterrupted space, addressing safety concerns, and evaluating service levels. However, there is a notable paucity of research focusing on the comfort experienced during non-motorized riding. This gap highlights the need for more comprehensive studies that incorporate the comfort dimension into the evaluation of non-motorized transportation infrastructure [5; 6; 7; 8].  
Enhancing non-motorized comfort on urban roads can significantly increase the use of non-motorized vehicles, yielding social and environmental benefits like improved air quality, reduced traffic congestion, and lower carbon emissions. Non-motorized riders often consider vibration as a key indicator of bicycle comfort, which markedly influences their vehicle choice. The concept of non-motorized lane comfort is multifaceted. Scholarshave investigated its main influencing factors through field studies and surveys [9; 10]. Some research posits that the condition of bicycle infrastructure predominantly determines comfort. Others argue that road surface type, smoothness, and overall conditions are crucial for bicycle comfort. Further, [PERSON] et al. [11; 12; 13; 14] delved into the impact of road surface on bicycle comfort as perceived through vibration intensity by cyclists. They developed a dynamic bicycle comfort measurement system, quantifying bicycle vibration on various road sections. This system involved volunteers providing feedback on each road section via questionnaires, leading to the establishment of thresholds for acceptable rates, comfort, and vibration perception. The Dynamic Comfort Index (DCI), a novel and effective metric, was introduced to characterize the vibration features of bicycle lanes using acceleration data from bicycles. This suggests that cyclists' route choices are often influenced by road surface quality. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [15] examined the relationship between bicycle road characteristics and vehicular collisions by developing collision models.  
[PERSON] et al. [16; 17] explored the influence of the road environment on cycling. [PERSON] [18] developed a non-motorized cycling quality assessment model for urban roads, incorporating evaluation indices like facility attributes and cycling behavior characteristic parameters, derived from natural cycling experiments. [PERSON] [19] crafted a situational simulation questionnaire using the narrative preference method. For the survey data, a discrete choice model was applied to examine the riding preferences of commuters as well as to assess and suggest improvements for the riding environment.  
In summary, the acceleration experienced during non-motorized riding is closely linked to road environment and traffic factors. However, existing studies have not comprehensively delineated this relationship, which hinders practical applications aimed at enhancing riding comfort on non-motorized roads [20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. In this study, we assessed and analyzed the vibration comfort of non-motorized road riding by collecting triaxial acceleration data from the human torso under riding conditions, thereby confirming the impact of road and traffic factors on vibration comfort.