# How Reputation Systems Change the Psychological Antecedents of Fairness in Virtual Environments
## 1 Introduction
### Personal and Contextual Influences on Fairness and Adhesion to the Norm
Regarding the personal factors, personality traits [29], age, and gender [30] can influence the adherence to the norms conveyed by the context, such as fairness [3; 24]. Several studies put the Big Five Personality Factor model [1; 31; 32; 33] and its dimensions (i.e., neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) in relation to norms, such as cooperation. Susceptibility to social norms appeared to be associated with conscientiousness [34; 35] and agreeableness [32; 36; 37; 38], but not with extraversion, neuroticism, and openness [34]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35], employing a modified version of the Trust Game, found that participantswith the highest conscientiousness values were more effective during cooperation tasks compared to unconscientious individuals. Conscientious players appeared to be also more susceptible to norms, such as cooperation, compared to unconscientious ones [34]. Also, agreeableness emerged as a personality trait capable of promoting pro-sociality. [PERSON] et al. [32] employed a Resource dilemma to put in relation personality traits, cooperation, and interaction setting. Agreeableness appeared to be capable of predicting cooperation, even if situational variables mediated such a relation [32]. Using a Public Good game, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [33] investigated the relationship between agreeableness and cooperation. Their results showed that that individuals with low levels of agreeableness presented more stable selfish preferences during the game, compared with agreeable players. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [33] suggested agreeableness as a strong predictor of pro-sociality. According to the literature, cooperation seems not to be influenced by neuroticism and openness [32,34], while results on extraversion are not precise. In fact, even if extroverted individuals appeared to be less susceptible to norms [34], they also behaved pro-socially in a Resource dilemma [32]. Mixed results emerged on the effects of gender on fair behaviors [39,40], while there is evidence in the literature suggesting that they increase with maturity [21]. Investigated through the Prisoner dilemma, it is not clear if cooperation prevails among women [41,42], men [43, 44, 45], or if there is no difference between them [46, 47, 48]. Furthermore, another individual characteristic that affects potential cooperative behaviors is Self-Efficacy. According to the literature, Self-Efficacy promotes competitive behaviors and good performance [49]. Simultaneously, when people can judge others or are exposed to their evaluations, competitive and selfish behaviors become less frequent. As shown by numerous experimental studies, reputational systems favor collaborative choices and fair behaviors, making Self-Efficacy less capable of predicting competition [50,51]. With respect to the social dimension of interaction, susceptibility to norms and adhesion are tied to the group context. One factor that literature considered along with pro-social and cooperative behaviors is the Sense of Community [52]. Scientific evidence suggests that a large group's identification is associated with positive evaluations of the other members and increased levels of trustworthiness and cooperativeness that favor the onset of cooperative dynamics [53].