## 2 Solar-Hydrogen Storage System
### Components
#### 2.2.2 Electrolyzer  
An electrolyzer is a critical component in the process of producing hydrogen via electrolysis, which uses electrical energy to divide water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen [29]. These devices, which include Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), alkaline, and solid oxide electrolyzers, are critical in the production of clean and renewable hydrogen [30]. During operation, an electrolyzer receives an electric current, which is often derived from renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power, and applies it to water (H\({}_{2}\)O). Within the electrolyzer, the electrical energy causes a chemical process that causes water \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Step** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1} & Photons & When sunlight, which consists of photons (light particles), \\  & Absorption & strikes the surface of a solar panel, the photons transfer their \\  & & energy to the electrons in the panel’s semiconductor material. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2} & \multirow{2}{*}{Generation of Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs and Electron-Hole Pairs respectively.} & Electrons in the semiconductor material are excited by the \\  & & absorbed energy and break out from their regular locations. \\  & & shock produces electron-hole pairs, in which one electron is freed \\  & & and a positively charged “hole” in the substance is left behind. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3} & \multirow{2}{*}{Creation of Voltage Potential} & Electron mobility generates an electric current, and charge \\  & & separation generates a voltage potential across the solar cell. \\  & & This potential difference serves as the foundation for generating \\  & & electricity. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{4} & \multirow{2}{*}{Electricity Generation} & The electric current created travels through the semiconductor \\  & & material and into an external circuit connected to the solar \\  & & panel. This movement of electrons creates electrical energy, \\  & & which can then be used for a variety of purposes. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{5} & Direct Current & Solar panels generate electrical energy in the form of direct \\  & (DC) Output & current (DC). DC power flows in only one direction and is \\  & & created by solar cells. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{6} & Inverter & An inverter converts the direct current (DC) electricity \\  & Conversion (for Grid-Connected \\  & Systems) & generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) for \\  & & grid-connected solar power systems. AC is the most common \\  & & type of electricity found in homes and businesses. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{7} & Utilization or Grid & The converted electrical energy can be used immediately to \\  & & power devices connected to the solar panel system. Excess \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The Process of Solar Panels Capturing Sunlight and Transforming it into Electrical Energy. molecules to separate. During the process, one electrode (cathode) releases hydrogen gas, while the other electrode (anode) releases oxygen gas. The split hydrogen can be stored for subsequent use as a versatile and environmentally beneficial energy carrier, thereby advancing green energy technology and lowering carbon emissions [31]. Factors influencing electrolyzer efficiency and performance include the type of electrolyzer technology used, the cleanliness of the water source, and the overall system design [32]. Technological advancements in electrolyzers continue to improve efficiency, lower prices, and broaden the possibility of large-scale hydrogen generation, establishing electrolysis as a vital actor in the transition to a sustainable and hydrogen-based energy economy [33].