# Hydrochemical Characteristics and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation
## 4 Conclusions  
The identification and continuous monitoring of irrigation groundwater quality are important for maintaining the freshwater resources in areas where agricultural measures such as irrigation are necessary for stable and profitable plant production. The hydrothermal characteristics and suitability assessment of irrigation groundwater quality in the study area were performed based on the assessment of results through both domestic and worldwide classification and irrigation water quality indices. Hydrochemical classification of water showed that almost all samples during the monitoring period belonged to Ca-Mg-HCO\({}_{3}\) water type. Additionally, it was found that the groundwater chemistry of the region was dominantly influenced by evaporation-sedimentation processes. The PCA analysis separated sample years according to lower values of K\({}^{+}\), Ca\({}^{2+}\), and Na\({}^{+}\), and higher values of Cl\({}^{-}\) in the irrigation water. The cluster analysis grouped parameters into 3 clusters (I-electroconductivity, II-dry residue and HCO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\), III-other water parameters) for all three localities. According to the applied classifications, the majority of underground water samples were suitable for irrigation. The majority of the samples at the monitoring locations were suitable for irrigation purposes, with occasional occurrence of deviations that suggest caution in using the water for irrigation purposes. In this context, at the monitoring locations at Sid and Lacarak, there was a shift from medium to high risk of soil salimization (C2-C3 classes according to USSL), while at Nikinci, the risk was high throughout the entire period (C3 class). According to [PERSON]'s classification, water quality was assessed as good and excellent throughout the entire observation period. The FAO classification indicates a moderate restriction in use at the Nikinci location (second class), with shifts between first classes and second classes at the two other monitoring locations. Specific indices suggest that the groundwater in this area is generally of good quality for irrigation purposes. The problem of potential NaCO\({}_{3}\) deposition occurred at the Lacarak location in 2016. A potential magnesium hazard was observed at the Nikinci and Lacarak locations. High water hardness was also observed at all monitoring locations. The study presents a comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation in the Srem region, in the Republic of Serbia. While the majority of samples meet irrigation water quality standards, occasional deviations underscore the need for regular monitoring, especially in light of climate changes impacting water availability and its usability. The results contribute valuable insights for policymakers and decision-makers in planning sustainable irrigation practices. Continuous monitoring is essential for ensuring stable crop production while safeguarding soil resources and irrigation equipment. Conceptualization, M.V. ; methodology, M.V. and R.Z. ; software, R.Z; validation, M.V., R.Z., J.G. and A.S.; formal analysis, M.V. and R.Z. ; investigation, M.V. and R.Z. ; resources, M.V. and R.Z. ; data curation, M.V. and R.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.V. ; writing--review and editing, M.V., R.Z. and J.G. ; visualization, R.Z. ; supervision, M.V., R.Z., J.G. and A.S.; project administration, A.S.; funding acquisition, M.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research is part of a project entitled: \"Determination of excess water in Vojvodina within the framework of climate change and extreme hydrometeorological phenomena\" and was funded by The Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research activity, grant number 142-451-3114/2022-01/2. Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study.