## 3 Results and Discussion
In addition, more than 70% of the As in saved piles of poultry litter was dissolved by rainfall events and actually leached into lakes and streams, making this application practice unsustainable and not in line with the national organic standards [41]. Accordingly, As may reach agricultural soils when CM is applied as a fertilizer. The maximum acceptable As levels in the U.S. soils fluctuate extensively from one state to another state. The As concentration is 2.4 in Arkansas's soil and 500 ppm in Montana's agricultural soil, whereas this level in residential soils ranges from 0.4 ppm in Illinois to 40 ppm in Colorado. In South Carolina, which has a great hen industry, has set the maximum concentration of As in hens' litter at 41 ppm (dry weight basis) with no more than a total of 37 pounds of As to be applied ever [42]. In Italy, the maximum permissible concentration of As in compost is 10 ppm, and it is 13 ppm in Canada, 15 ppm in the Netherlands, and 25 ppm in Denmark [43], whereas the detected levels of As in Kentucky soil ranged from 0.1-10 ppm based on analyzing samples from across the state [44]. Results revealed that CM mixed with native soil used in the present investigation contained < 9 ppm arsenic (As) (Table 1). Accordingly, As does not represent any hazardous issues for growing plants in the study area. However, [PERSON] [41] reported a phytotoxic effect on plants growing in soil that contains As at levels of 10 ppm. Table 1 also revealed a significant increase in invertase activity in all the amended soil compared to the control treatment. In terms of urease activity, Vermi displayed a significantly greater increase compared to the SS-, CM-, and HM-amended soils, as well as the native control soil. Both Vermi and SS displayed a significant increase in acid phosphatase activity compared to the CM- and HM-amended soils. CM was found to be the most effective at increasing alkaline phosphatase activity among the treatments. Conversely, Vermi and SS displayed the lowest alkaline phosphatase activity, which was even below that of the native soil. These results could be due to the variability of the nutritional composition of each of the soil amendments used. Results in Table 3 listed the total GSLs concentrations in roots and shoots of each of the three turnip varieties investigated in this study. About 120 different GSLs are reported in the literature review in [1]. Based on the release of glucose molecules used in the quantification of GSLs, total GSLs in turnip variety PTWG grown in elemental inorganic fertilizer (Inorg) and SS-amended soil were significantly (\(p\leq 0.05\)) increased compared to plants grown in the control treatment (NM native soil). SS elevated the total concentration of GSLs in variety PTWG from 919 in the control to 2024 g\({}^{-1}\) fresh tissue, which is about a 120% increase. Similarly, Inorg fertilizer elevated the total concentration of GSLs in variety PTWG from 919 in the control to 1736 g\({}^{-1}\) fresh tissue, which is about an 89% increase. This means there is a greater release of ITC and greater mycelia suppression in agricultural fields infested with soil-borne diseases when extract of PTWG is used for soil pest control. Studies revealed a strong inverse relationship between dietary ingesting of cruciferous vegetables and occurrences of cancer due to the chemopretive and chemotherapeutic role of ITCs against numerous tumor types [45] including pancreatic, breast, prostate, and ovarian [46; 47; 48; 49; 50]. Table 3 also revealed that none of the amendments tested increased the GSLs concentrations in the shoots of the three turnip varieties (PTWG, SQR, and TC) tested, whereas all amendments increased GSLs in the roots of variety PTWG and only SS and Inorg amendments increased total GSLs in the roots of variety TC compared to the control treatments.