# Future Wireless Networking Experiments Escaping Simulations
## 2 Theoretical Comparison of the Testbeds
### Architecture Comparison  
The testbeds presented in this section (COSMOS, POWDER, W-iLab1.t and W-iLab2.t, CityLab) generally have a multilayer architecture. Common components include a col \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline  & **COSMOS** & **POWDER** & _W-iLab1.t_ & _W-iLab2.t_ & _CityLab_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Definition**} & Cloud Enhanced & Platform for Open & Federation for & Federation for & Federation for \\  & Open Software & Wireless & Future Internet & Future Internet & City of Things \\  & Defined Mobile & Data-driven & Research and & Research and & Research and \\  & & Experiment & Experiment & Experiment & FIRE testbed \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Resources available for wireless experiments**} & mmWave & & & & \\  & time integration optical & & Embedded PCs & LTE nodes, Wi-Fi nodes, sensor nodes, sensing from Wi-Fi to \\  & x-haul with wireless & massive MIMO & Atheros-based & radios, sensing platforms, and cognitive radio & Multi-technology approach, from Wi-Fi to \\  & technology, edge cloud integration with wireless & & a very broad set of experiments & and cognitive radio & custom sub 6 GHz and Zigbee \\  & technology, full duplex technique & & & & \\ \hline
**Operating system** which can be deployed & ONOS, RyuOpenFlow [17] & CentOS, CellOS [18] & Linux distribution, openWRT LEDE & Linux distribution, Contiki & Ubuntu versions similar to Wi-iLab \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**IoT capabilities**} & auto vehicle sensors, infrastructure sensors [17] & IoT sensor units [19] & sensor nodes & sensor nodes, spectrum sensing devices, LTE UEs, robots & smart city sensors \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Limitations**} & complexity, frequent blackouts & lack of mmWave communication & lack of mmWave communication & lack of mmWave communication & lack of mmWave communication, poor availability of nodes \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Automatic configuration**} & OMF testbed framework [17] & ONAP profile & Aggregate Manager API, OMF testbed framework & Aggregate Manager API, OMF, OML EMulab testbed framework & SFA AM API \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**SDN/OpenFlow capabilities**} & Ryu OpenFlow controller [17] & RYU OpenFlow controller & available on installing OpenFlow & available on installing OpenFlow & available on installing \\  & I/Q data, video multicast, cloud evaluation metrics (e.g., application delay), camera frames, signal-to-noise and link quality, throughput, latency [17] & RF data (spectrum usage, channel impulse response, received signal strength) [19] & temperature, humidity, light, battery status, node energy consumption & RSDI, ToA, spectrum scanning, energy detection, air quality [16], RSSI [18, 20], throughput, snr, Tx power, nr of clients, link quality [20] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Machine learning**} & deep learning algorithms to track objects via a radar screen [21] & applied for openRAN challenges [22] & intelligent transport applications & intelligent transport applications & prediction Wi-Fi link performance [20], prediction interference [18] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Architecture comparison among POWDER, COSMOS, and CityLab. lection of Software-Defined Radios (SDRs) or other radios, compute nodes, and cloud compute and storage. The architecture of POWDER, COSMOS, and CityLab is depicted in Figure 1. In Figure 1, for a better understanding and comparison between COSMOS, POWDER, and CityLab, we show a three-layer architecture composed of radio access, edge, and core. The COSMOS platform and POWDER have similar architecture but the Base Stations (BSs) can support mmWave transmission in COSMOS. POWDER and COSMOS are both deployed in universities campuses. POWDER covers an area of 6 km square of the University of Utah Campus in Salt Lake City, UT, while COSMOS has been deployed in four university sites: Rutgers, Columbia, NYU, and CCNY. The top layer is represented by the cloud, that in COSMOS and POWDER has two main components: edge cloud servers and general purpose cloud.