## 1 Introduction  
The high durability and long life of concrete structure can significantly reduce the cost and environmental impact, which is the trend and hotspot of international concrete research [1]. Polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent is considered to be the third breakthrough in concrete technology and an important means to achieve high durability and long life of concrete structures. Because polycarboxylic acid high-performance water-reducing agents have the characteristics of a high rate of water reduction, high performance at a low content, and a small slump loss over time, they have been rapidly developed in regions such as Japan, the United States, and China and are widely used. In recent years, polycarboxylic acid-based high-performance water-reducing agents have been applied in many key projects such as high-speed railways, port and day terminals, hydropower dams, and municipal engineering. They have broad application prospects and will further move toward high-performance and multifunctional. However, many problems have arisen in the application of polycarboxylic acid water reducers, such as insufficient concrete water reduction rate, rapid loss of concrete fluidity, sensitive admixture content and easy segregation of bleeding, slow concrete early strength development, etc. Therefore, the further optimization of the composition and structure of the polycarboxylic acid-based high-performance water-reducing agent is an important research direction to improve its performance and expand its application. Scholars have conducted a lot of research on the properties of cement-based materials modified by admixtures to improve the mechanical properties and rheological properties of mortar or concrete. [PERSON] et al. [2] investigated the effect of internal curing (IC) by superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on the internal relative humidity (IRH), autogenous shrinkage, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and strength characteristics of low water-cement ratio (_u/c_) mortars. [PERSON] et al. [3] assessed durability and rheological characteristics of binary blended mixtures incorporating high-volume ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). [PERSON] et al. [4] studied the dispersion performance of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on cement particles and evaluated the fluidity, plastic viscosity, and shear yield stress of cement slurry under different water-cement ratios (_u/c_). The relative effectiveness of them as dispersants in cement slurry was also studied. [PERSON] et al. [5] evaluated the effects of mixing time, mixing speed, and superplasticizer addition time on the rheological properties of cement slurry with self-compacting concrete consistency. The results show that changing the water consumption is the main factor affecting the rheology of cement slurry with low water-cement ratio (_u/p_). [PERSON] et al. [6] studied the effect of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on Fubelite sulfoaluminate cement, and the results showed that the cement setting time depends on the amount of water-reducing agent. Through mercury intrusion method (MIP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and other methods, the compatibility mechanism between polycarboxylate superplasticizer and cement was studied. [PERSON] et al. [7] proved that the polycarboxylate superplasticizer is adsorbed on cement particles and acts through electrostatic and/or steric repulsion. The working performance of cement paste, mortar, and concrete containing polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer depends on various parameters. On the one hand, the type, chemical composition and molecular structure of polycarboxylic acid superplasticizers [8] affect the rheological properties (such as apparent yield stress, viscosity, concrete slump); on the other hand, the chemistry of cement Composition (especially C\({}_{3}\) A content and soluble sulfate content), specific surface area, the presence of mineral additives or other types of mixtures, all affect the role of superplasticizers in cement paste, mortar, and concrete [9; 10].