## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experiments on the Reduction of Residues by Means of Fining Agents  
Stock solutions (5000 mg/L) of all standards were prepared in acetonitrile. The stock solutions in acetonitrile were stored at \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C until use. Just before use, a mixed solution was prepared in ethanol with a concentration of 50 mg/L of each pesticide. Before fining, 30 L of the red wine and 30 L of the white wine were spiked with the mixed solution so that the target final concentration of each pesticide was 50 ug/L. Thus, the total concentration of pesticides present in the wine was 1250 ug/L. For comparison, the highest documented value in an Austrian sample was 800 ug/L, but only six bortylicide residues were considered in this study [5]. Comparably similar individual or total concentrations of pesticide residues in other reduction studies are well documented [38; 40; 44]. The wines were homogenized, bottled in 1-L bottles (exact volume (1000 mL) for the reproducibility of the fining tests) and stored at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C until further treatment. The wines were taken from cold storage and brought to room temperature. Stock solutions of the fining agents were prepared so that the use of 10 mL corresponded to the recommended final concentration. The conditions in the application amount, time of swelling, and water temperature can be seen in Table 3 and were defined after consultation with the manufacturers of the products (average recommended application amount, adequate rehydration). The filtration additive Flowpure was also directly dosed to the wine and 10 mL of water was added to the control sample. The stirring time after the addition of the fining agents was 2 times 15 min for all variants with a break of 1 h between stirring. After fining, the bottles were covered with nitrogen and sealed gas-tight to preserve the aroma. All experiments were performed in triplicate for both red wine and white wine. Analyses for volatile compounds and pesticides were performed directly from the blank supernatant of the samples after 18 h of contact time. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Commercial Name** & **Kind of Fining Agent** & **Producer** \\ \hline Absolut Wein & Yeast Cell wall product & Lallemand Inc. (Montreal, QC, Canada) \\ Reskue & Yeast Cell wall product & Lallemand Inc. (Montreal, QC, Canada) \\ NaCalit & bentonite & Erbsloh Geisenheim GmbH (Geisenheim, Germany) \\ Granucol GE & activated charcoal & Erbsloh Geisenheim GmbH (Geisenheim, Germany) \\ CarboTec GE & carbon-bentonite mixed products & Erbsloh Geisenheim GmbH (Geisenheim, Germany) \\ Purity D & carbon-bentonite mixed products & Erbsloh Geisenheim GmbH (Geisenheim, Germany) \\ Flowpure & Plant fibre & Laffort (Bordeaux, Frankreich) \\ Grandeco & activated charcoal & DAL CIN (Mailand, Italy) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Information regarding fining agent applied. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Finging Agents** & **Concentration** & **Time of Swelling** & **Water Temperature** \\ \hline Absolut Wein & 0.6 g/L & 6 h & 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Reskue & 0.6 g/L & 6 h & 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Grandeco & 1 g/L & 30 min & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ NaCalit & 1 g/L & 12 h & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ CarboTec GE & 1 g/L & 30 min & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Purity D & 0.5 g/L & 30 min & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Granucol GE & 0.2 g/L & 30 min & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Flowpure & 2 g/L & 30 min & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Fining conditions of the used agents. Analysis of Residue by Means of Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe Gas Chromatography Triple-Quad-Mass Spectroscopy (QuEClERS-GC-TQMS)  
All must, must in fermentation, wine, and experimental samples, were analyzed for 23 residues (Table 1) using QuEChERS-GC-TQMS.