# Advanced Technologies for Geosite Visualization and Valorization: A Review
## 3 Examples of Geoheritage Visualization and Valorization through Innovative Technologies
[PERSON] [100] illustrates the application of specific techniques for the interpretation of geomorphological features by interactive visual media. His paper focuses on the use of interactive functionalities that enable to go beyond the cartographic limits of classic visual media, by means of multimedia, interactivity and animation. The impacts of these innovative technologies on learning are discussed according to recent results in media and cognitive psychology. [PERSON] et al. [101] illustrate the technological platform developed in the framework of the 2-year long Openalp 3D project. This cutting-edge tool, devoted to explaining the geology and geomorphology of the Dolomites (Italy), can be used both online and offline and features a 3D cartographic background with embedded elements (lines, points, polygons), which are helpful in assisting tourists in the choice of suitable itineraries. The Openalp platform also allows for the production of 3D motion pictures, with dynamic descriptions of sites and itineraries. The paper by [PERSON] et al. [102] had the purpose of integrating information collected by way of unmanned aerial vehicles, georeferenced information processed in GIS, photogrammetry techniques, and multimedia technologies to provide a better visualization of the geoheritage of a territory. [PERSON] et al. [103] have introduced and described eight sites marked by geomorphological and geological interest (geosites), belonging to Lower and Mid-Moocene carbonate sedimentary strata close to Albufeira in the central Algarve (Portugal). Over a 1-day field trip, these sites can be visited in person. The authors have implemented a virtual, 3D tour of the sites, also making use of augmented reality methods and geoinformatic tools that integrate digital layers such as geological maps and orthophotos. Each part of the tour features graphic and descriptive elements, which can be observed in Google Earth, integrated by photographs, diagrams and information files that describe the educational, cultural, touristic, and scientific values of the geosites. A paper focused on Iceland [104] has taken into account some selected volcano-tectonic geosites and described them through UAV-captured images, 3-D models, and field photographs. Furthermore, the authors have illustrated the pros and cons of each visualization method; finally, they have proposed a brand-new approach to geoheritage popularization, which uses interactive, VOs that are made available and can be accessed and navigated online. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [83] have showcased the technique employed for creating VOs and have presented, for the first time, the concept of \"VGs\"; these may be key to popularizing and illustrating geological phenomena to viewers that may navigate through the different outcrops, in a way that resembles an actual field survey conducted in person. In order to highlight the originality of this technique, they have selected and described VGs, which can be observed at volcanic areas situated in East Iceland and which are no longer active (Figure 1). [PERSON] et al. [105] have shown a geotrail that can be virtually walked along, across the East flank of Mt. Etna (Italy). The elements that compose the virtual geotrail derive from a major eruption that took place in 1928. The geostops in which the geotrail is articulated have been produced by means of the SfM photogrammetry technique, applied to a great number of images gathered by operating UAVs. As regards GIS tools, [PERSON] et al. [85] produced a Web-based, GIS model integrated with interactive and dynamic maps suitable for promoting and managing tourism resources in Tanzania. [PERSON] et al. [106] presented an effort aimed at describing a web application with which they came up, by using a GIS tool, Story Maps, made available by ESRI's online platform. Their purpose has been to present to broad audiences and describe Nisyros Volcano's geo-cultural environment, which represents a complex volcanic and cultural site in eastern Greece. Moreover, [PERSON] et al.