## 4 Discussion
### Active Compounds Responsible for Activity in Cardiovascular Diseases  
It is well established that representatives of the Apiaceae and Rosaceae families are abundant in miscellaneous active phytochemicals, in particular, a whole range of phenolic compounds [196]. The families Apiaceae and Rosaceae are very extensive taxonomic groups, encompassing a wide variety of plants that differ in both chemical composition and health-promoting properties, depending on the species as well as the parts of the plant. Some of them (carrots--_Daucus carota_, Apiaceae; apples--_Malus_ spp., Rosaceae) are introduced into the diet from an early age, while other species can be inedible due to the high content of cyanogenic glycosides, characteristic of some species from the Rosaceae family. Nevertheless, the following classes of active compounds can be mentioned among the representatives of these families: phenolic compounds (e.g., flavonoids, phenolic acids, procyanidins), vitamins, triterpenes and sterols, fatty acids, essential oils, and coumarins (Apiaceae) [185; 191; 195; 191]. Individual species differ significantly in terms of  
Information regarding scientifically proven cardioprotective effect of popular polyphenols against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial damage is extensive. Their effectiveness results from antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, and anti-apoptotic properties [18]. [PERSON] and co-authors report that members of the Rosaceae and Apieceae families, such as _Crataegus pimentifolia_ and _Petroselinum crispum_, contain high amounts of apigenin (**1**), quercetin (**10**), and silibinin (**13**), which have proven cardioprotective effects [197]. Another study from 2023 showed that the seeds of members of the Apieceae family, namely _Coriandrum sativum_, _Petroselinum crispum_, _Carum carvi_, _Pimpinella anisum_, _Foeniculum vulgare_, _Cuminum cyninum_, and _Anmodaucus leucotrichus_, contained large amounts of valuable ingredients in the prevention of heart disease (especially in minerals, petroselinic acid (**33**), phytosterol, and tocopherol (**32**)) [198]. Rutin, one of the flavonoids present in the Apiaeae and Rosaceae families, stimulates the formation of NO in the vascular endothelium and at the same time inhibits the synthesis of 12-HETE (a compound impairing endothelial function). It also contributes to the inhibition of the synthesis of thromboxane A and the activity of phospholipase C. The anti-aggregation effect is also explained by the ability to inhibit the activity of enzymes such as phosphodiesterase and cyclooxygenase [199]. Rutin (**11**) administered orally in a dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg/day for 42 days to male albino Wistar rats increased the activity of SOD, catalase, and GSH in the heart in a dose-dependent manner. At the same time, a decrease in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxide was noted [200]. Catechins belong to a group of polyphenols with various pharmacological effects, including antioxidant properties, the inhibition of lipid enzyme biosynthesis, vascular inflammation reduction, and others. Numerous scientific studies have highlighted the significant potential of catechins in mitigating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [201]. [PERSON] et al. discovered a 39% reduction in aortic atherosclerotic arch lesions in 40 apolipoprotein E-deficient mice treated with catechin-rich water (50 ug/day) for 6 weeks compared to a placebo. Additionally, a 31% decrease was observed in low-density lipoprotein levels, along with reduced susceptibility to oxidation [202]. (-) Epicatechin (**4**) reduces the size of the infarction and leakage of cardiac markers. Furthermore, it stabilizes and protects the lysosomal membrane (20 mg/kg/day orally for 21 days, male albino Wistar rats) [203].