## 2 Theoretical Background and Research Gaps  
BIM is defined as \"a model of building information that provides full and necessary information to support all life-cycle processes and that can be directly interpreted by computer applications. It includes information on the building itself and its components, and involves information on the properties of the building, such as its structure, shape, material and life-cycle processes\" [21]. The term \"BIM\" has several contradictory and misleading interpretations. Definitions may differ for different people in distinct organizations, depending on their point of views, work types, and functions. From a design perspective, for example, BIM is described as the digital representation of a project's physical and functional qualities, which relates to the methodology and technologies required to generate a model [22]. In the construction industry, BIM is defined as the creation and application of a computer software model to simulate the construction and operation of a facility [23].  
The genesis, creation, and expansion of BIM ultimately represented the growth profile of computerization. In the late 1950s, Itek Corporation, a U.S. defense contractor, developed a computer graphics technology suitable for engineering design. This helped design visual representation technologies that had been integrated into commercial engineering design and design products. Subsequently, the idea was transformed into an Electronic Drafting Machine (EDM) [24]. By the mid-1960s, EDMs had been marketed for use by other organizations. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Applicon (founded in 1969 as Analytics, Inc. in Burlington, Massachusetts by a group of MIT Lincoln Laboratory programmers) provided 2D products for electrical design tasks. This included the concept of the printed circuit board and a 3D product named BRAVO! Computer Art and Design [24]. In the early 1980s, the BRAVO! The product has been considerably advanced. Since the early 1980s, Autodesk had been a significant competitor of Applicon and other CAD suppliers. Autodesk continues to be a pioneer in this area [25]. Distinctive characteristics such as structural analysis, monitoring and analysis of energy buildings, construction management, and performance tracking and even worker safety have recently been provided on AEC computer platforms [26]. The word BIM attracted \(\text{TM}/\
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of awareness, lack of specified standards, market and cultural changes, interoperability problems, lack of specific guidelines for BIM implementation, and habitual resistance to change [31; 44; 47]. However, it has been found that the construction industry in the United States has engaged BIM in its ventures relative to other industries across the globe [48]. The government's BIM initiative became compulsory in projects in the public sector, beginning in 2016 in the UK [43]. It is therefore noticed that implementation of the BIM in different countries is growing for effective and productive construction [49]. However, there is a need to explore BIM in sustainable building projects for the sake of an eco-friendly environment and prompt sustainable goals.