## 2 IoT Ecosystem Architecture for Smart Agriculture
### Data Analytics and Storage Solutions  
In the smart agriculture domain, besides the main problems of sensing, collecting data, and controlling devices to respond to the real farming environment, data storage and processing are also important problems and face some challenges [26; 28]. In reality, the number of collected data is huge, and traditional data storage, organization, and processing solutions are not feasible. Therefore, big data processing solutions need to be researched and applied for smart agriculture [65; 66].  
The complexity of data storage and processing is due to the unique characteristics of the smart agriculture field, including unstructured data and various formats, such as text, images, audio and video, economic figures, and market information. Recent solutions and technologies have introduced the use of cloud platforms for storage and data analytics, which are collected from farms [36; 67]. In addition, cloud-assisted big data analytic solutions, such as edge computing [68] or fog computing [69], are also proposed to reduce latency and costs and support QoS.  
The survey results demonstrate that, in recent years, many management information systems for smart agriculture have been proposed [70; 71; 72]. Nowadays, possible solutions have been developed and commercialized, providing solutions and services for farmers to manage farms and fields, aiming to increase productivity, reduce human labour, and enhance farming efficiency, as follows:  
* _OnFarm_[73]: It is part of the SWIM family, which specializes in providing solutions and technology for smart agriculture. _OnFarm_ is a technology platform that allows farmers to manage and use data in the simplest way. It is also a comprehensive solution for managing, using, and controlling water on smart farms.
* _Farmobile_[74]: It is a commercialized online platform to manage smart farms that allows farmers, traders, scientists, and insurance companies to operate and communicate centrally on an online platform.
* _Silent Herdsman Platform_[75]: It is a platform that allows monitoring of the activities of cow colonies and predicting their milk production.
* _CropX_[76]: It is a platform that will enable monitor and control nutrients of farming soil based on a sensor system and big data analytic solutions.
* _FarmX_[77]: It is an all-in-one platform for tree crops. _FarmX_ provides a series of diverse farming management solutions, including irrigation, fertilizer, cropland management systems, environmental monitoring, and crop production forecasting.
* _Easyfarm_[78]: It is a platform that provides software to help farmers manage and account for figures of farms. _Easyfarm_ provides visual figures, including input and output supplies management, production forecasting, and market connectivity, to help farmers fully manage their farms.
* _KAA_[79]: It is a cloud-based IoT platform that aims to provide comprehensive, end-to-end solutions for farmers, including: (1) connecting and managing IoT devices in farms or fields; and (2) monitoring and controlling behaviours of devices based on data analysis results.
* _Farmlogs_[80]: It is a platform that provides tools and solutions for: (1) automating the production cost calculation process; (2) managing the day-to-day activities of the farm in real-time; and (3) supporting marketing and increasing sales of products.