# Smart Healthcare: Exploring the Internet of Medical Things with Ambient Intelligence
## 2 Fundamentals of AMI  
AMI refers to a computing paradigm in which the environment supports the occupant by adapting to their needs rather than inhibiting them. These intelligent environments can perceive, process, and respond to human interactions seamlessly and unobtrusively. Unlike traditional computing systems, which often require explicit inputs from users, AMI systems operate in the background using sensors, actuators, and intelligent algorithms to anticipate and adapt to users' needs and preferences [10]. The key characteristics of AMI include:  
* **Context-aware computing:** Aims to gain a deeper understanding of the significant contextual and situational information within ambient systems. * **Embedded systems:** AMI applications primarily consist of embedded systems, intelligent sensing technologies, and actuators that can be deployed and operated autonomously. * **Intelligence:** Different AI algorithms enhance the analytical capabilities of AMI systems to perceive, understand, and act. * **Personalized systems:** Can be personalized and tailored to the needs and satisfaction of each user. * **Anticipatory:** Can anticipate and fulfill the needs of an individual without requiring conscious intervention from the user. * **Ubiquitous:** Enables the integration of invisible sensors into real-time environments, facilitated by the miniaturization of embedded components for enhanced mobility. * **Transparency:** Seamlessly integrates into daily lives, subtly blending into the background without disruption. * **Complaints and flexibility:** AMI systems are highly adaptable and flexible, and are capable of effortlessly adjusting to the diverse needs of individuals. Within the realm of AMI, the creation of intelligent environments relies on synergy between various components working harmoniously to enhance user experiences and streamline everyday tasks. Figure 1 depicts the core components of AMI systems in healthcare, including the environment, intelligent sensing technologies, actuators, communication media, and advanced AI algorithms. These components form the foundation of AMI environments, enabling them to perceive, process, and respond to user interactions seamlessly and intuitively. The AMI environment comprises a dynamic ecosystem embedded with various sensors, actuators, and a communication system that collaborates with AI algorithms to create intelligent and context-aware spaces. These spaces can respond to users' needs without requiring explicit input from them. Users can benefit from the interactive functionalities of these spaces without having to provide any explicit commands. Such environments can be established by integrating AMI into homes, workplaces, healthcare facilities, and public spaces to enhance user experiences, improve operational efficiency, and establish what is known as \"Smart Living\". Consequently, individuals in AMI assisted living (AMIL)are surrounded by intelligent gadgets that can sense their conditions while predicting and potentially adapting to support them in their daily activities. In this paper, we primarily focus on those environments relevant to human healthcare. In healthcare, AMIL is utilized in various intelligent environments to enhance patient care, optimize clinical workflows, and improve the healthcare system as a whole. The different AMIL environments in healthcare are described below:  
1. **Hospital rooms:** AMI is integrated into hospital rooms to establish intelligent and patient-centric environments. For example, ref. [11] demonstrated the utilization of AMI to track and monitor patients in intensive care units. Additionally, ref. [12] proposed the use of AMI to predict patients' length of stay, thereby aiding in the prevention of emergency department overcrowding. Furthermore, AMIL is able to monitor patient health metrics and adjust environmental conditions such as lighting and temperature within patient wards in order to ensure optimal comfort. 2.