## 3 Results and Discussion
### Content Analysis
#### 3.3.1 Cluster 1: The Internet of Things (IoT)  
The Internet of Things has been defined in various ways since its inception [29]. Generally, the common perception is that the Internet of Things refers to the digital interconnectivity of different objects. These interconnected objects collect data through sensors, process the gathered data, and make them available for further use [30]. Furthermore,  
Figure 3: Thematic Clusters. such interconnectedness can take various forms, such as between people, between people and machines, and among devices [31]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] emphasize that the Internet of Things is the basis of Industry 4.0 [32]. [PERSON] et al. assert that the Internet of Things may significantly affect the features of products and services [33]. They argue that these will also potentially influence the entities involved within the ecosystem in which the Internet of Things survives and helps co-create. [PERSON] and [PERSON] claim that partnerships and cooperation among these involved actors are necessary across different businesses and industries [34]. Therefore, a perspective that integrates an ecosystem approach is expected to be more beneficial and comprehensive when these relationships and actors are required to be in a holistic network. [PERSON] and [PERSON] highlight the need for such a structure in the ecosystem of interconnected businesses [35]. Such interdependencies will inevitably determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the Internet of Things and all its services. [PERSON] et al. argue that the Internet of Things naturally creates a competitive and cooperative environment [36]. In this ecosystem of intertwined networks, the involved actors engage in direct competition and cooperation due to the fact that the assets associated with the products and services are shared. Following this line of thought, [PERSON] et al. assert that analysis of such a dynamic ecosystem is particularly challenging [37]. This interdependent nature of the Internet of Things creates an environment that is not conducive to typical business situations where the relationships between the company and the suppliers and the relationships between the company and the customers are the primary focus. On the contrary, the Internet of Things reshapes and redefines the business environment so that all the involved actors generate new ways of creating value, delivering value, and offering value co-dependently [38]. [PERSON] et al. argue that the Internet of Things imposes a radical change in the ecosystem, especially the agri-food industry [39]. They claim that the interdependencies among industry actors may cause friction, so, in order to provide a smooth collaboration, an effective and innovative business model incorporating these relationships and interdependencies is highly sought after [39]. The Internet of Things has already started to affect the manufacturing world. In this respect, we can also talk about the Industrial Internet of Things [40]. The Industrial Internet of Things has an apparent and direct impact on business models [41] while the Internet of Things seems to suffer from well-established, clear, and compelling business models [42; 43]. There have already been several significant attempts to combine business models with the Internet of Things. [PERSON] et al. studied more than 300 companies citing 55 commonly occurring business models [44]. Building upon this great effort, [PERSON] et al. point to 20 of these 55 business models as having high potential, especially in the Internet of Things applications [45]. In a further analysis, [PERSON] et al. point to six critical attributes common within these 20 major business models [46]. These are \"(1) Digital Add-On, (2) Digital Lock-In, (3) Product as a Point of Sales, (4) Physical Fereimium, (5) Object Self Service, and (6) Remote Usage and Condition Monitoring\". \"Digital Add-On\" refers to after-sales services offered to augment the user experience. \"Digital Lock-In\" refers to the exclusive use of original parts, equipment, and software.