## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Treated Sludge on Soil Fertility, and Chemical and Microbiological Properties
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treatment** & **pH** & **CEC** & **CaCO\({}_{3}\)** & **EC\({}_{\infty}\)** & **SAR** & **Kjeldahl-N** & **OC** \\ \hline  & **(1:2)** & **cmd\({}_{1}\) kg\({}^{-1}\)** & **\%** & **dS m\({}^{-1}\)** & & **\%** & \\ \hline  & & & & Acid Soil & & & \\ \hline AcB & 5.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 c & 6.6 \(\pm\) 0.3 b & ND & 1.66 \(\pm\) 0.13 b & 2.90 \(\pm\) 0.17 a & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.02 ab & 1.18 \(\pm\) 0.10 b \\ AcV & 5.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 c & 6.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 b & ND & 1.44 \(\pm\) 0.12 c & 2.22 \(\pm\) 0.16 b & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 bc & 1.15 \(\pm\) 0.03 b \\ AcBc & 5.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 bc & 6.0 \(\pm\) 0.3 c & ND & 1.43 \(\pm\) 0.22 c & 2.99 \(\pm\) 0.37 a & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.02 c & 1.66 \(\pm\) 0.19 a \\ AcL & 8.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 a & 8.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 a & 0.20 & 1.83 \(\pm\) 0.07 b & 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.04 c & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.03 bc & 1.18 \(\pm\) 0.07 b \\ AcD & 5.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 b & 6.1 \(\pm\) 0.3 c & ND & 2.11 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 3.02 \(\pm\) 0.23 a & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.02 a & 1.27 \(\pm\) 0.10 b \\ AcIF & 4.4 \(\pm\) 0.0 e & 4.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 e & ND & 1.16 \(\pm\) 0.12 d & 0.39 \(\pm\) 0.03 d & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.02 cd & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.01 c \\ AcIFX & 4.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 d & 5.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 d & ND & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.05 e & 0.37 \(\pm\) 0.03 d & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.01 cd & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.05 c \\ AcC & 4.7 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 4.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 e & ND & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.04 e & 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.07 d & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.02 d & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.02 c \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{\(p\) F-test} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(<\)0.001} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(<\)0.001} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(<\)0.001} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{0.021} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(<\)0.001} \\ \hline  & & & & Alkaline Soil & & & \\ \hline AlB & 7.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 a & 22.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 a & 5.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 b & 1.89 \(\pm\) 0.09 b & 1.75 \(\pm\) 0.03 c & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 d & 1.75 \(\pm\) 0.11 cd \\ AlV & 7.9 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 22.8 \(\pm\) 0.4 a & 4.7 \(\pm\) 0.8 b & 2.03 \(\pm\) 0.05 b & 1.55 \(\pm\) 0.02 d & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.02 abc & 1.62 \(\pm\) 0.08 de \\ AlBc & 8.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 cd & 22.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 a & 5.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 b & 1.93 \(\pm\) 0.13 b & 1.87 \(\pm\) 0.07 b & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.01 ab & 2.03 \(\pm\) 0.07 a \\ AlL & 8.4 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 21.9 \(\pm\) 0.6 a & 6.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 a & 1.46 \(\pm\) 0.09 c & 1.83 \(\pm\) 0.05 bc & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.06 bc & 1.79 \(\pm\) 0.20 bc \\ AlD & 7.9 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 22.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 a & 4.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 b & 3.14 \(\pm\) 0.09 a & 2.23 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 1.92 \(\pm\) 0.10 ab \\ AIFX & 7.9 \(\pm\) 0.0 cd & 21.9 \(\pm\) 0.5 a & 4.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 b & 1.40 \(\pm\) 0.18 c & 1.01 \(\pm\) 0.10 e & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.00 bc & 1.56 \(\pm\) 0.05 e \\ AlFX & 8.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 bc & 22.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 a & 5.2 \(\pm\) 0.3 b & 0.92 \(\pm\) 0.07 d & 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.04 e & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.05 cd & 1.50 \(\pm\) 0.04 e \\ AIC & 8.1 \(\pm\) 0.0 b & 22.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 a & 5.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 b & 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.04 d & 1.03 \(\pm\) 0.02 e & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.02 bc & 1.55 \(\pm\) 0.03 e \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{l}{\(p\) F-test} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(<\)0.001} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{NS} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{0.005} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(<\)0.001} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(<\)0.001} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{0.038} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(<\)0.001} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Certain properties of the soil treatments before the pot experiment with white clover. CEC: cation exchange capacity; EC\({}_{\infty}\): electrical conductivity of the saturation extract; SAR: sodium adsorption ratio; ND: not detectable; NS: non-significant. Treatment of the acid and alkaline soil, respectively, with: AcB and AlB: bentonite-treated sludge; AcV and AlV: vermiculite-treated sludge; AcBc and AlBc: biochar-treated sludge; AcL and AIL: lined sludge; AcD and AID: air-dried sludge; AcIF and AIIF: N-P-K inorganic fertilization; AcIFX and AIIF: P-K inorganic fertilization; AcC and AIC: control. Different letters, within each soil and property, indicate significant differences among means, using the LSD test, at \(p\leq 0.05\).