## 3 Application of CNCs
### Use of CNCs in Construction Applications
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Technology** & **Description** \\ \hline Method for replicating biological structures on surfaces of CNCs (Aalto University and University of Eastern Finland) & The surface by using a method to mimic the biological structure on the surface of nano-sized cellulose crystals adsorbs the virus and destroys the function of the virus. The results of this study are expected to be useful for the development of antiviral ointment and surface. [33] \\ \hline Transparent paper (University of Maryland, South China University of Technology, and University of Nebraska-Lincoln) & Developed transparent paper that can have high optical transparency (96\%) and high degree of fogging (60\%) simultaneously using nanocrystalline cellulose has very effective properties as a solar cell substrate [34]. \\ \hline Cellulose nanofibers-based filter (Gyeongsang National University) & Improvement in wet strength due to the hydrophilic characteristics of cellulose nanofiber prepared by the mechanical treatment and formation of a cellulose nanofiber filter by layering the characteristics of the adsorption of a metal ion by a high anionic functional group of carboxylated cellulose nanofibers [35]. \\ \hline Supercapacistors and batteries & A novel nanocellulose-based composite was fabricated for producing flexible energy storage devices. The device, which had a simple structure, used nanocellulose paper with good conductivity at room temperature as the separator, and was flexible because it employed multiwalled carbon nanotubes-based electrodes [36]. \\ \hline Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices based on nanocellulose (Kyoto University) & OLEDs that show low thermal expansion coefficients (21 ppm/K) were recently developed using nanocellulose substrates. Various resins were used to produce transparent and flexible devices [37]. \\ \hline Energy recovery device & 80\% of the currently used solar panels are made of silicon, and have long lifetimes and good driving power. However, it is expensive to produce high-purity silicon, and the process is complicated, making mass production difficult. Nanocellulose is attracting attention as a novel flexible substrate for solar energy applications [38; 39]. \\ \hline Nanoporous cellulose membrane & A silver nanoparticles-doped bacterial cellulose (AgNP@BC) nanoporous membrane containing AgNPs NPs with diameters of \(\sim\)8.1 nm was successfully fabricated without employing any other reductants or capping or dispersing agents. The BC hydrogel with a 3D network not only acts as a stable scaffold, but also as a reductant for the synthesis of AgNPs. The as-prepared membrane exhibited high efficiency during the continuous catalytic decolorization of two typical organic dyes (fhodamine 6G and methyl orange), owing to its distinct nanoporous structure [40]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Cross-polarized reflected micrographs showing the effect of surface anchoring on planar orientation, CNC film dried in a water vapor-saturated environment assisted by orbital shear with coverslip (A) off and (B) on during drying. Uniform photonic properties were achieved over orders of magnitude with greater length scales by understanding the effects of initial concentration, orbital shear, surface anchoring, and drying conditions on the microstructure and photonic properties of fabricated films. In addition, the fabricated biomimetic films exhibited a double-peak spectrum similar to that of the chiral nematic photonic structure that was observed in Lomaptera beetles [41].  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Use of nanocellulose in the industry.