## 4 Discussion  
This study was designed to investigate the color stability of calcium silicate cements in contact with irrigation solutions and to present information about the effect of calcium silicate cements on tooth discoloration. The Vita Easyshade color measurement tool was employed in this study to deter-mine color. One of the most reliable spectrophotometers with high repeatability is the Vita Easyshade color measurement tool. The device measures the amount of light that reaches a detector after passing through a sample using a light beam. Changes in a material's reflectance characteristics imply changes in the color parameters, or the lightness values L*, a*, and b*, as well as the visually perceived color. A three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is used to define a color's location in the CIELAB color space. L* denotes a color's brightness or darkness. The a* and b* values indicate the location on the green (-) red (+) and blue (-) yellow (+) axes, respectively [18]. The CIE system is a framework for universal color standardization and is approved by the ISO [34]. This study utilized instrumental color measurement through spectrophotometry. This approach offers advantages by eliminating subjective aspects of color measurement and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **N** & **Mean** & **Sd** & **Min** & **Max** & **x\({}^{2}\)** & \(p\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{DW} & Biodentine & 12 & 6.93 & 4.23 & 2.44 & 13.51 & & \\  & Angelus MTA & 12 & 6.35 & 4.74 & 2.13 & 15.89 & & \\  & BIOfactor MTA & 12 & 6.55 & 2.40 & 3.52 & 10.31 & & \\  & Total & 36 & 6.61 & 3.82 & 2.13 & 15.89 & & \\  & Biodentine & 12 & 7.38 & 2.39 & 4.29 & 11.24 & & \\  & Angelus MTA & 12 & 9.47 & 3.06 & 4.43 & 13.14 & & \\  & BIOfactor MTA & 12 & 8.70 & 4.57 & 3.04 & 17.98 & & \\  & Total & 36 & 8.51 & 3.47 & 3.04 & 17.98 & & \\  & Biodentine & 12 & 9.57 & 3.06 & 6.12 & 17.06 & & \\  & Angelus MTA & 12 & 4.25 & 2.62 & 0.30 & 9.35 & & \\  & BIOfactor MTA & 12 & 6.86 & 2.24 & 4.61 & 11.78 & & \\  & Total & 36 & 6.89 & 3.40 & 0.30 & 17.06 & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} * _p \(<0.05\)._  
\end{table} 
Table 2: According to irrigation solutions, the average color change values of calcium silicate-based materials. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **1 Week** & **1 Month** & **3 Month** & **6 Month** \\ \hline Biodentine & 8.97 \(\pm\) 3.83 A & 7.88 \(\pm\) 3.60 A & 9.93 \(\pm\) 3.06 B & 11.44 \(\pm\) 5.21 C \\ Angelus MTA & 8.38 \(\pm\) 2.42 B & 8.32 \(\pm\) 5.90 B & 6.99 \(\pm\) 3.69 AB & 8.76 \(\pm\) 3.75 B \\ BIOfactor MTA & 7.56 \(\pm\) 4.55 A & 6.94 \(\pm\) 4.51 A & 8.01 \(\pm\) 3.82 AB & 9.45 \(\pm\) 4.58 B \\ Control & 4.46 \(\pm\) 4.46 B & 5.79 \(\pm\) 3.34 C & 3.41 \(\pm\) 1.79 Aa & 4.25 \(\pm\) 1.82 Ba \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* A statistically significant difference is shown by different capital letters in the same row (\(p<0.05\)). A statistically significant difference is shown by different lowercase letters in the same column (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Measurement of color change (\(\Delta\)E) values of all study groups. providing numerical expressions of shade differences related to visual perception and clinical significance [35]. The visual determination of tooth color is considered highly subjective due to various factors like external light conditions, human eye fatigue, color blindness, and there is limited standardized verbal communication for color characteristics. Despite these limitations, the human eye is efficient in detecting small color differences [36; 37; 38; 39]. On the contrary, spectrophotometry offers several benefits, including high standardization, sensitivity to small color changes, repeatability, and objectivity. This method has been widely used and validated in dental research, enabling precise and reliable color comparisons [40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45]. In the current investigation, it was revealed that all calcium silicate-based materials had discoloration as a result of irrigation with distilled water, NaOCl, and CHX.