esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# UWB-Based Real-Time Indoor Positioning Systems: A Comprehensive Review
## 5 Real-Time UWB Indoor Positioning Systems (RTIPSs)
### Real-Time Implementation Ranging and Topologies  
The unique properties of ultra-wideband waves have supported their widespread use in real-time positioning systems. As explained in the previous paragraphs, several companies have introduced products that support the direct development of tracking and positioning systems using different transceivers and modules based on ultra-wideband technology. Below are the most prominent research works focusing on indoor tracking and  
Figure 9: Signal propagation path for UWB IPSs in (**a**) LoS and (**b**) NLoS.  
positioning systems using ultra-wideband technology and completed during the survey period described above, which represents the main contribution of this work.
## 4 Signal Preprocessing
### Angle Fourier Transform  
The AOA estimation requires the use of at least two receiving antennas. The reflected signal from the target is received by both antennas; however, it must travel an additional distance \(\beta\) to reach the second antenna. Minor movement in the target location causes a phase shift across the receiving antennas. The phase difference between the two receiving antennas along the elevation \(\varphi_{E}\) and azimuth \(\varphi_{A}\) is determined as follows [21; 43]:  
\[\varphi_{E}=\frac{2\pi\beta\ sin(\theta)}{\lambda}, \tag{8}\]  
\[\varphi_{A}=\frac{2\pi\beta\ cos(\theta)\sin(\varnothing)}{\lambda}, \tag{9}\]  
where \(\theta\) and \(\varnothing\) are the elevation and azimuth angles of a reflecting target. \(\beta\) is the distance between two receiving antennas, and \(\lambda\) is the wavelength of the signal. Owing to slight differences in the phases of the received signals, \(\theta\) and \(\varnothing\) can be calculated as follows:  
\[\theta=sin^{-1}(\frac{\lambda\varphi_{E}}{2\pi\beta}), \tag{10}\]  
\[\varnothing=sin^{-1}(\frac{cos(\theta)\lambda\varphi_{E}}{2\pi\beta}), \tag{11}\]  
The angle-FFT is applied to the 2D range-Doppler localization, resulting in a 3D range-Doppler angle cube. Consider a point cloud \(P=\{P_{1},\...,\ P_{n}\ \}\), where \(n\) is the number of detected targets. Each point \(P_{i}^{t}\) is represented by a feature set at a certain time \(t\) and is denoted by \(P_{i}^{t}=[x,y,z,v,\varnothing,\theta]_{i}^{t}\), where \(x,\ y\), and \(z\) are the 3D spatial coordinates.
# Highly Reliable Fuzzy-Logic-Assisted AODV Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
## 2 System Model and AODV Protocol  
### System Model  
We consider establishing and evaluating the fuzzy-logic-assisted AODV routing protocol in the MANET environment, as shown in Figure 1. We assume that each mobile node is equipped with GPS and the same beam array antenna in order to know its position and speed information in real time. In the route discovery process, it is supposed that each antenna has its own node ID to release its position coordinates, which allows the receiving node to calculate the direction of the beam array antenna of the sending node, thereby avoiding flooding broadcast. When communication needs to be established, each mobile node can directionally receive the routing table of the neighboring node through the beam array antenna to estimate the information of the neighboring node. In addition, we assume that the switching time of the beam array antenna is negligible in this paper.
# Classification of Parkinson's Disease Using Machine Learning with MoCA Response Dynamics
### The Cognitive Assessment  
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief test used by doctors to find early signs of problems with thinking and memory, which can be linked to [PERSON]'s disease. MoCA is a one-page 30-point test that includes tasks such as visuospatial/executive functions, naming, memory, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation. It is designed to quickly assess cognitive functioning and screen for mild cognitive impairment. This test is usually carried out face-to-face in a clinical setup and takes around 15 min to complete.  
Despite this, checkups of cognitive state are rare exceptions, as they generate additional workload to the budget of healthcare systems. This leads to the underdiagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions. Because of this challenge, it makes sense to use the web and machine learning models to support the process diagnosis. This removes the geographical and economical constraints, making it possible to screen wider populations, providing valuable data.  
However, transitioning to an online environment poses its own set of challenges, especially for elderly users who may struggle with digital tasks that differ from their paper-based counterparts, such as drawing. Difficulty with the technology might result in lower test scores that inaccurately reflect a person's cognitive abilities rather than their familiarity with computers.  
Therefore, while the prospects are promising, there are challenges to consider, including ensuring the privacy and security of sensitive medical data, addressing digital literacy and accessibility issues among older populations, and validating the efficacy of machine learning models across diverse populations. Thus, further research is needed to ensure their reliability, accuracy, and integrate them into clinical practice.  
Hence, to evaluate available methods, we created an online platform in which participants can solve a self-administered version of the MoCA test. The platform is accessible via web browsers, ensuring ease of access for users from the comfort of their homes. It features a simple, intuitive interface that guides users through the screening or diagnostic process step by step. Given the sensitivity of medical data, the platform adheres to privacy and security standards, such as data encryption, secure data storage, and anonymization techniques.  
Then, we analyzed the results, we used machine learning models to classify our participants according to their health status, and we compared our findings with the existing literature.
# Hard SyDR: A Benchmarking Environment for Global Navigation Satellite System Algorithms +
## 4 Development Details
### Synthesis of C/C++  
After implementing these changes to the code, we turned our attention to Vitis HLS for synthesis. This led us to discover several additional restrictions of the tool: the hls_math header, which is meant as a synthesizable drop-in replacement of <math>, does not provide a full set of functions for complex data types [38]. Thankfully, for Hard SyDR this merely meant replacing two complex exponential functions with their equivalent real-valued cosine and sine functions. We also found that the compiler erroneously flagged a pointer reassignment as an unsupported pointer-to-pointer operation. Nevertheless, as this operation is poor code style even from a software development perspective, we have reworked the affected C SyDR code to avoid it too.  
With the final changes in place, we implement the top-level channel manager function with the aforementioned streaming interfaces. For improved efficiency in data transfers to the PL, we pack eight 8-bit RF samples into one 64-bit word and unpack them in the channel manager. We also adapt the C SyDR main function into a testbench capable of interfacing the channel manager, passing its data from an RF data file and writing any returned values to another file. The testbench is used to verify the design either by executing it in software or by simulating its post-synthesis hardware implementation.  
Next, we launch the synthesis flow itself, which, in addition to a set of HDL files, produces a useful report that includes the latency and estimated resource utilization KPIs for various functions and loop kernels. In accordance with the literature, however, we found that these metrics may be inaccurate [45]. Nevertheless, they indicate code regions with high potential for optimization either by manual revision or using HLS directives [38]. For use in an FPGA, the synthesized design must be packaged into an IP core. This standalone package contains the HDL version of the design and can be imported into AMD Vivado.
# Generating Loop Patterns with a Genetic Algorithm and a Probabilistic Cellular Automata Rule
## 1 Introduction
### New Results  
* _A GA was designed_ that can use an arbitrary set of tiles (small matching patterns) in order to find optimal patterns depending on a _global fitness function_. The fitness function used here is the _number of local tile matches_ being maximized. The working principle is demonstrated for an example: Generating patterns with points and squares.
* Then, the GA was used for generating loop patterns. _A set of overlapping tiles was defined_, which can aggregate to loops. Loop patterns appear by maximizing the number of tile hits. Most of the generated patterns are loop patterns, but not all of them.
* _A CA Rule was defined that evolves stable loop patterns only._ It uses (i) templates derived from the prior defined set of tiles, and (ii) an extra logical condition, the loop path condition. This extra condition can easily be modified in order to allow connections between loops.
# 5G Network Slice Isolation
## 3 Network Slice Isolation As a Security Measure
### Challenges in Network Slicing Security
Furthermore, we also have to identify the adequate physical and logical isolation points for each of the network slices to protect the service's availability, set the security perimeters and provide appropriate security measures in the future. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Aspect** & **Subject** & **Objective** \\ \hline Protection & network infrastructure & network resilience and service availability \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Prevention} & unauthorized access and inappropriate use & cross-AD resource isolation and robustness to insider threat \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Identification} & security threats & establishing appropriate security control policies \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Management} & ADs, virtual environment visibility, subscribers of tenants & increased virtual environment visibility and reduced network risk \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Identified challenges in network slicing security. In terms of the network management challenges, we have a number of items that must be seriously considered. The MNO shall provide policies to manage the unknown ADs and the virtual environment visibility. In particular, the virtual environment visibility can be managed by different technological techniques, e.g., microsegmentation, hypervisor firewall, etc. These techniques can increase the visibility but also require a substantial amount of knowledge to manage them. On the other hand, under NSaaS, we have many tenants that need to be managed. For example, a tenant's identity, access and privacy need to be properly managed. Furthermore, the MNO shall provide a privacy scheme or guideline for tenants to manage their subscribers in order to reduce the risk of the network. The above four aspects can assist the MNO in securely operating the NSaaS. Therefore, we propose to plan and provide a precise policy of control to fulfill these aspects as the basic requirements.
# Proposed New Analytical Method of Tower Load in Large-Span Arch Bridge Cable Lifting Construction
## 3 Accuracy Verification of Calculation Method
### Measurement of Engineering Actual Data  
The prisms are installed on both sides of the tower top, and the displacements of towers are measured and read directly by using the total station, which is set on the longitudinal and transverse axis of the tower. Nine measurement points are set on the top of each tower. Figure 9 shows the tower and the installation position of prisms in the engineering case.  
The maximum actual measured values of the displacements of the towers under each load condition are shown in Table 5. According to existing engineering experience, in the lifting process of the cable tower and buckle tower combined into one structure, if the displacement of the tower top is more than 200 mm this will produce a greater impact on the arch rib shape, so it is necessary to control the tower deflection as much as possible in the construction. How to control it will be given in Section 3.4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Tower Site**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Load Category**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Main Cable**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Towing Cable**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Lifting Cable**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sum**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & **Empty Cable** & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Left bank} & \(H\) & 157.294 & 462.258 & 7.389 & 6.628 & 633.569 \\  & \(V\) & 1396.352 & 4037.225 & 55.919 & 73.244 & 5562.74 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Right bank} & \(H\) & 398.077 & 1163.234 & 43.800 & & 1605.111 \\  & \(V\) & 1880.204 & 5445.233 & 185.026 & & 7510.463 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The forces acting on the tower tops when the main cable transports a rated load to the middle of the span (unit: kN).  
Figure 9: Tower and measurement point layouts for engineering case: (**a**) left bank; (**b**) right bank.
# NewApproach to Predict the Motion Characteristics of Single Bubbles in Still Water
## 1 Introduction
### Problem Statement  
In the past, to study the kinematic and dynamic mechanisms of single bubbles, the researchers used the theoretical analyses as well as a simplified model. Among all, [PERSON] [3] was the first who assumed the liquid is incompressible, non-viscous, and non-rotating. With the assumption, he proposed a bubble transport equation. Such an equation has become the basis for the study of bubbles. It was widely applied and improved by the other researchers [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9].  
In general, the relationship among the motion characteristics of single bubbles and their relationships with the external forces are complicated. It is hard to describe the mechanisms of single bubbles by using only the theoretical analyses. Hence, laboratory work is essential, especially in observing and analysing the process of bubble rise. The widely used experimental approaches to observe the upward movement of single bubbles in still water are photographing method, particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement, conductance proves, pressure sensing, and others [10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18].  
However, due to certain limitations of the experimental instruments, the knowledge of single bubbles is still limited. This is because it is difficult to measure the single bubble motion and the flow pattern of the surrounding liquid without any interference.  
Therefore, there is a need to have an alternative approach which is able to serve as a basis for the further exploration of single bubble motion and transport mechanisms under the breaking wave condition.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization of the Fibers
#### 2.3.1 Helium Piconmetry  
The real densities of untreated and boiled fibers were evaluated through helium piconmetry analysis in a Piconmatic ATC Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bohemia, NY, USA) piconmeter. The values were recorded as the average of at least 8 good measures (maximum standard deviation of 0.05%) in a maximum of 15 test cycles.
# Design of Shape Memory Alloy-Based Soft Wearable Robot for Assisting Wrist Motion
## 3 Design of Soft Wrist Assist (SWA)
### Torque Evaluation  
The torques of the four wrist motions were measured to observe the performance of the SWA. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 9. The robot was worn on a 3D-printed hand-forearm model, in which the hand and the forearm were connected via a universal joint. The universal joint was used since it had two non-aligned axes, similar functions to that shown in a real wrist joint. The maximum torque was measured when the wrist was in its neutral position. One end of a steel wire was connected to the wearable robot, and the other end of the wire was connected to a load cell that measured the tension in the wire. The torque was estimated by multiplying the distance between the universal joint and the wire by the tension [45]. The simple equation for the estimation of the torque is described in Equation (2).  
\[\mathrm{M_{SMA}}=\mathrm{T_{wire}}\times 1 \tag{2}\]  
Table 2 shows the measured maximum torques exerted by the SWA in the direction of four wrist motions. Since the largest number of actuators produce the motion in the direction of the extension, the highest torque of 1.32 Nm was measured in the direction of extension motion. In addition, torques of 0.61, 0.90, 0.62 Nm were measured in the direction of flexion, radial deviati  
Figure 9: Experimental setup for torque measurement of SWA, (**a**) experimental setup for measuring extension torque, (**b**) schematic of torque measurement system.  
From the experimental results of torque evaluation, it is noted that the SWA can produce a maximum torque near 1.5 Nm in the direction of the extension. Additionally, the torques measured in all other directions were higher than 0.5 Nm. Since most ADL that use the wrist motion requires the torque less than 1.5 Nm [63], it is expected that the proposed SWA can support wrist motion executed during some ADL that do not require relatively high torque.
## 1 Introduction
### Literature Review
#### 1.2.2 Designed Macro-, Micro-, and Nano-Scale Surface Structures  
Deliberately engineered surface geometries and structures at various scales have been extensively studied to optimize boiling dynamics. For example, [PERSON] et al. [25] developed a scalable deposition technique to create a three-tier hierarchical nano-engineered surface with micro-/nano-structures, including microspores and dendritic clusters, specifically designed to optimize boiling characteristics. This innovative approach yielded an ultrahigh CHF of approximately 400 W/cm\({}^{2}\), representing a significant enhancement of approximately 245% compared to smooth copper surfaces. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [26] investigated micro-structured copper surfaces with spatially controlled mixed wettability. By optimizing the size of hydrophobic spots on the microstructures, they achieved significant enhancements. The highest HTC achieved was 257.6 kW/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)K, 4.55 times that of a plain surface, and the CHF reached was 2190.8 kW/m\({}^{2}\) (1.87 times that of a plain surface). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] investigated pool boiling on laser-processed copper surfaces, comparing them to polished surfaces using water and acetone. Their experiments consistently showed that the laser-treated surfaces significantly increased HTCs. For example, with water, the maximum HTC on a treated surface reached 41.5 kW/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)K, nearly double that of the polished surface. Similarly, with acetone, the maximum HTC was 22.0 kW/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)K, compared to 14.0 kW/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)K for the polished one. At a heat flux of 300 kW/m\({}^{2}\), their best laser-processed surface (LPS 1) achieved 40.0 kW/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)K for water and 21.0 kW/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)K for acetone, substantially outperforming the polished surfaces.  
Furthermore, studies on specific porous structures, where the internal geometry is designed rather than just bulk porosity, have shown promise. [PERSON] et al. [28] demonstrated that microporous structures with larger pore diameters, such as copper inverse opals, exhibit improved boiling performance due to enhanced pathways for vapor escape.
## 4 Influence on the Shear Strength of SFRC Post-Tensioned Dry Joints  
### Influence of the Number of Keys  
The number of keys in the joint, N\({}_{\text{k}}\), is one of the most influential design parameters regarding the shear capacity of the joint. Although code formulae, such as that from AASHTO [23], may only take into account the average shear stress by considering the base and contact areas of the joint plane, A\({}_{\text{k}}\) and A\({}_{\text{sm}}\). However, this approach overestimates the actual capacity of a joint with multiple keys. This is due to the fact that the AASHTO formula considers that the capacity of a key in a multiple-keyed joint is the same as that of a single-keyed joint. However, it does not take into account that, due to sequential failure of keys, not all the keys can fully develop their capacity in multiple-keyed joints [17; 21], and some works already remark on the influence of N\({}_{\text{k}}\). This was studied in [17] and a new formula for the estimation of the shear capacity was proposed in terms of N\({}_{\text{k}}\) and \(\sigma_{\text{n}}\), and the base and contact areas of the joint plane, A\({}_{\text{k}}\) and A\({}_{\text{sm}}\), respectively:  
\[V_{n}=7.118A_{k}(1-0.064N_{k})+2.436A_{sm}\sigma_{n}(1+0.127N_{k}) \tag{8}\]  
Equation (8) was obtained by fitting the numerical results using a smeared cracking model [39] for plain concrete. In this study, however, we use the CDP model. Both models are compared in  
Figure 3: Scheme of the dry joints: (a) N\({}_{\text{k}}\) = 3 configuration; (b) N\({}_{\text{k}}\) = 5 configuration [17].  
Figure 4, for the case of no fibers (V\({}_{\rm f}\) = 0.0%). As we can see in this figure, all models follow the same trend: the shear capacity of the joint, V\({}_{\rm n}\), increases with the prestress \(\sigma_{\rm n}\). However, it can be seen that the CDP model exhibits lower estimates for V\({}_{\rm n}\) than those by the smeared cracking model from [PERSON] et al. (2017).  
The number of keys has a strong influence on the shear capacity, higher values of N\({}_{\rm k}\) leads to higher shear capacities. From our simulations, we can quantify increments of 57.6% in average when increasing the number of keys from 3 to 5. Obviously, the higher N\({}_{\rm k}\), the higher A\({}_{\rm k}\). However, if we compute the unitary shear strength, i.e., the nominal shear divided by the number of keys (V\({}_{\rm un}\) = V\({}_{\rm n}\)/N\({}_{\rm k}\)), we observe that this value decreases as N\({}_{\rm k}\) increases (Figure 5). This is due to the sequential failure, i.e., not all the keys develop their full capacity.
## 4 Hardware Design
### Memory Arrangement  
The ATmega128L contains 128 K bytes of in-system programmable flash with read-while-write capabilities, 4 K bytes EEPROM, and 4 K bytes SRAM. The in-system programmable flash, which is used for storing program code, does not cause a bottleneck in our design. The problem is that the SRAM is relatively insufficient. It is used for temporary storage of data, produced as a result of processing, until instructions call for the data to be used again in subsequent processing. In addition, during interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address is stored on the stack. The stack is effectively  
Figure 3: Hardware architecture of a data concentrator.  
allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. Therefore, we have to reserve enough SRAM space. As mentioned before, the AT45 DB041D contains two SRAM buffers of 264 bytes each, and the AT45 DB642D also contains two SRAM buffers of 1,056 bytes each. Therefore, we can take full advantage of these parts of the space and treat them as external SRAM buffers. Thus, the available SRAM of the collector is increased by 12.89%, and that of the concentrator is increased by 50.10%. EEPROM in the ATmega128L is used for storing the device parameters and the routing table. Since each entry of the routing table occupies 5 bytes, the EEPROM can record about 800 entries, which is sufficient for this type of application. The external flash is a type of non-volatile storage that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. No power is needed to maintain the information stored in the chip. Therefore, all the data obtained from the electricity meters are kept in external flash. The data concentrator is required to record hourly electricity meter data in last fifteen days and daily electricity meter data in last sixty days. And the flash memory size used in a concentrator is 69,206,016 bits, so a single data concentrator can monitor at most 2,300 electricity meters, which is sufficient for the application of the automatic electricity meter monitoring.