## 1 Introduction  
The study of the effect of the wound-healing of  
## 1 Introduction  
The process of cutaneous wound healing is a sophisticated physiological event, and it is critical for restoring the integrity of the skin barrier. It involves activation of the immune system's cellular components, the coagulation cascade, and the inflammatory pathways, leading to a massive remodeling of all skin compartments [1,2]. Three sequential phases characterize the wound-healing process: the inflammatory phase, proliferative phase and the remodeling phase (maturation). The inflammatory phase arises immediately after tissue injury. The extravasation of blood constituents activates platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation. Furthermore, it leads to the formation of a fibrin clot. The next phase starts 48 h after the onset of the lesion. It is called the proliferative phase. When many new blood vessels are formed, several cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells are recruited to form new granulation tissue to cover and fill the wound area. Granulation tissue creates a three-dimensional extracellular network of connective tissue. The third phase of wound healing consists of remodeling or maturation, which lasts for several months or more and begins at 2 or 3 weeks after the onset of the lesion [3,4]. Wounds can result from the action of intrinsic factors associated with a plethora of conditions, such as diabetes, neuropathy, vascular disease and various extrinsic factors involving mechanical, chemical or thermal injuries. They can be classified into acute wounds that pass through each of the healing stages, resulting in skin restoration, and chronic wounds that exhibit a persistent inflammation phase and fail to restore the damaged skin's integrity [5]. Many factors can hamper the healing process. For instance, if a wound is contaminated with microorganisms, covered by necrotic tissue or external particles that cannot be removed during acute inflammation, the result is a chronic wound [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Despite intensive research, impaired wound healing remains a significant healthcare challenge. The investment of healthcare systems in non-healing injuries, scars from surgical incisions, trauma or burns exceeds billions each year [11, 12, 13]. For example, in the United States, almost 2% of the population are affected by chronic wounds, and the overall cost for the US health care system is estimated at USD 25 billion annually [12,14]. In Europe, 1.5-2 million people suffer from acute or chronic wounds [11]. A multicenter study covering three hospitals in Bradford and Airedale emphasized that most of the wounds were caused by surgery or trauma (48%), leg or foot ulcers (28%) and pressure ulcers (21%) [15]. Patients with risk factors such as smoking, diabetes mellitus, sickle cell disease, vascular insufficiency, atherosclerotic disease, local pressure effects and immunological factors are predisposed to abnormal healing, which leads to chronic wounds [10,16,17]. Patients with impaired wound healing blame a diminished quality of life or psychological or financial problems, and they experience depression, social isolation and the loss of daily activities [18, 19, 20, 21]. Aside from that, non-healing wounds are associated with prolonged hospitalization time, high morbidity and mortality [22]. Given the overwhelming pressure that impaired wound healing applies on the healthcare system, there is an increasing demand to develop new therapies in wound care to minimize health costs and enhance treatment efficacy [11,12,23]. The purpose of wound care is to promptly prevent complications and bypass the evolution of impaired healing. That notwithstanding, several novel approaches in wound healing treatments have failed, giving rise to an increased interest in nanotechnology advancements [24]. Nanotechnology exhibits an excellent opportunity to enrich currently available medical treatments, enhance standard care and manage wounds.