# Seismic Resilience of CRC- vs. RC-Reinforced Buildings: A Long-Term Evaluation
###### Abstract
[PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [22] identified distinct impacts of corrosion on steel bars, noting the detrimental effects on the bond strength between steel and concrete, which reduces component performance. Despite these contributions, there remains a gap in the literature regarding the seismic analysis and comparative assessment of RC structures versus CFRP structures. This work aims to bridge existing gaps by analyzing seismic resistance and comparing the performance of traditional RC structures with those reinforced with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). Earthquake resistance is evaluated using the Dissipation Energy Method (DEM), beginning with an in-depth evaluation of a frame throughout various stages of its service life. This analysis is conducted via pushover analysis (POA) using SAP 2000, which extends the assessment over the structure's lifespan to explore the capacity of bending frames to withstand seismic forces. This methodology is supported by the work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23; 24], who applied both time history and pushover analyses to predict large-scale structural capacities. Their findings were further substantiated by experimental testing, demonstrating the validity of these nonlinear methods. Similarly, authors like [PERSON] et al., [PERSON], and [PERSON] have utilized nonlinear behavior in their research [25; 26; 27], underscoring these techniques' widespread acceptance and application in structural engineering. This study then focuses on the ductility of the structures, using specific equations to analyze the actual seismic capacities when reinforced with either steel or CFRP. A detailed comparison of energy dissipation through elastic and plastic energies at various life stages shows the long-term effects of these reinforcement methods on seismic resilience. The DEM model is critical in this research, assessing a structure's energy absorption and dissipation capacities subjected to seismic loads. This model helps to map the structural response from its original state to potential future conditions. Furthermore, the seismic resistance prediction method (SRPM) builds upon the findings from the DEM, integrating data across various periods to deepen the understanding of material degradation and the evolution of residual properties. This integrative approach quantifies energy dissipation throughout the structure's lifetime, introducing the seismic resistance capacity factor (RCF) concept to measure seismic resilience quantitatively. In addition to employing the DEM and SRPM models, this study is supported by recent research findings that emphasize the effectiveness of CFRP reinforcement. This study significantly extends the findings of our previous work, which identified crucial factors that enhance the ductility ratio of sections reinforced with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), as detailed in our earlier research [22]. This reinforcement has proven highly effective under seismic conditions. This enhanced framework builds upon our prior findings and provides deeper insight into the structural dynamics and longevity of buildings designed to endure seismic events. Our initial investigations focused on the section-level analysis of structures created with CFRP; however, this work has now expanded to include a comparative study at the structural level of existing buildings, assessing their resilience and performance over time. Further, the amount of energy a structure can dissipate at any given point in its lifespan serves as a crucial numerical indicator of its functional performance in future periods, up to its eventual demolition. This quantitative measure is vital, providing critical insights into the structure's capacity to manage and mitigate energy during seismic events or other dynamic stresses. The ability of a structure to dissipate a high amount of energy suggests improved safety and stability, which in turn extends its service life and reduces potential risks associated with structural failure.