###### Abstract
In stark contrast, first-generation (1G) analog terrestrial communication has become obsolete. Second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) digital communication technologies, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), have been globally phased out. Fourth-generation (4G) communication, represented by LTE, has achieved widespread deployment. Furthermore, fifth-generation (5G) communication is exerting its influence by driving the digitalization and mobilization of various industries while catalyzing the evolution of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector [2]. In addition, the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) [3] has been actively engaged in the systematic development of advanced and promising evolutionary features, custom-tailored to meet the stringent requirements of industries venturing beyond the boundaries of 5G [4; 5; 6]. Notably, a diverse range of industry sectors, including automotive, factory automation, and public safety, has persistently advocated for enhanced coverage. This expanded coverage extends across both network infrastructure and off-network scenarios, encompassing indoor and outdoor environments. In response to these persistent demands, 3 GPP has embarked on a rigorous standardization process, characterized by an unwavering commitment to enhancing performance and optimizing user experiences. This comprehensive effort includes the extension of communication coverage, such as the introduction of satellite components as part of 5G New Radio (NR), and the integration of various advanced features aimed at improving reliability and reducing latency. This groundbreaking initiative commenced with the introduction of Release 15, representing a pivotal milestone in 3 GPP's specifications for 5G. Release 15 established the foundational architecture capable of accommodating the diverse requirements of multiple industries [7]. Furthermore, the dynamic and evolving requirements originating from these industry sectors continue to exert a profound influence on the trajectory of ongoing standardization efforts within 3 GPP. This transformative journey began with the introduction of Release 18, marking the inaugural version of 3 GPP specifications for 5G-Advanced [8]. These cutting-edge technologies operate seamlessly within a globally harmonized communication framework, strategically positioned to deliver benefits across multiple industries by leveraging the economies of scale inherent in 3 GPP standards-based products and solutions. Moreover, these advancements are poised to effectively address evolving needs within the forthcoming standardization framework, often referred to as 6G. This framework is anticipated to closely align with the framework and overall objectives of the future development of International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) for 2030 and beyond, encompassing six distinct usage scenarios, including the realization of ubiquitous connectivity, and four overarching aspects, notably the imperative of connecting the unconnected [9]. Theseobjectives hold particular significance for the maritime sector, given its distinctive and evolving communication demands. It is clear that various industry sectors share common demands in terms of enabling technologies within the context of 3 GPP standardization, and some of these demands may have relevance within the maritime sector. This relevance is particularly evident when considering the need to enhance communication coverage at sea, which can be achieved through the adoption of cutting-edge enabling technologies and solutions within the 3 GPP framework. The inclusion of the maritime domain within the 3 GPP standardization framework, starting from Release 16 [10; 11; 12], has brought a wealth of enabling technologies from 5G and beyond into the scope of maritime transformation. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that these technologies may require further optimization to seamlessly align with the specific challenges posed by the maritime environment.