## 5 Discussion and Conclusions  
The HIL system developed in this study simulates the PVS with integration times of 10 \(\upmu\)s, this timing, although turning out to be longer compared to the studies developed in commercial platforms, is similar to the results obtained in research reported in the literature; [32] obtains simulation periods between 1.1 and 19.9 ms, [43] reports periods of 20 \(\upmu\)s, the platform developed by [46] presents periods of 5 \(\upmu\)s, in the study by [44] results for this 10 \(\upmu\)s variable are reported, [47] reports periods between 200 ns and 2 \(\upmu\)s, in [42] a period of 1 ms is used and finally [40,41] report periods of 50 \(\upmu\)s. On the other hand, if the response of the PVSE presented in Figure 22 is analyzed as a first order system, it would have a time constant of approximately 990 microseconds, which means that with the integration time of the PVS around 99 values are calculated for the output for each time constant, allowing to emulate a continuous signal. The proposed investigation was developed using generic software, obtaining integration times similar to dedicated platforms, but at a lower cost. The HIL platform of the PVPE allows the generation of different I-V curves for PVPs by manipulating the values of the desired power in real time, giving the user the option to check the behavior of the controllers reproducing diverse climatic changes, offering advantages in the experimental stage compared to real systems, in which the climatic conditions cannot be manipulated, or in proposals where the I-V curve emulated by the platform is unique [45]. The proposed HIL platform is programmed in an environment with high-level graphic language that allows researchers and educators to reproduce and reconfigure the proposed emulator in a faster and easier way compared to methodologies that propose the use of multiple software, for example [42] that proposes the use of VHDL as a programming language. Concerning the accuracy of the system, when comparing the results obtained with the software simulation, the emulator presented a mean absolute error of 1.0930 V and a mean percent error of \(-2.0478\%\). These values tend to be large in the samples taken at the start of the converter output voltage response. The period in which the error obtained is greater corresponds to the time in which the output takes small values, close to zero at the beginning of this period, so that, although the error is significant for that section of the response, this does not imply a higher variation. Taking this into account, the result obtained when reproducing the behavior of the PVS is satisfactory. The system, in conjunction with the PI controller presents a settling time of 1.36 s without variations in the steady state in its response. The P&O controller on the other hand generates a settling time of 2.15 s with variations of approximately 0.62% in steady state, these variations are inherent in the algorithm used and the parameters with which the controller was configured. When comparing the results obtained through software simulation with those obtained from the implementation of the controllers, it is concluded that the PVSE is useful as a tool in the process of evaluation and validation of control systems. With the platform at the level of development that is presented in this study, its correct operation depends largely on the balance between the power of the PVP and that of the load being kept constant, being the power demanded by the load at all times less than the PVP. To counteract this disadvantage,  
Figure 32: PVPE voltage response with the PI CSE. as a future investigation, a battery bank and interconnection with the AC main grid will be integrated into the system, both elements emulated in HIL, in addition to an embedded global energy management system for the control of the complete system. Furthermore, for future investigation, comparison of the HIL models presented with their corresponding experimental prototypes is being contemplated.