## 3 Discussion  
The present study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potential of broccoli leaf extract (BL (200 and 400 mg/kg) + GTN) in GTN-induced renal and liver toxicity. GTN is an aminoglycoside antibiotic employed for the treatment of serious Gram-negative bacterial infections with a well-documented nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic adverse effect profile [23,24]. The documented evidence shows that GTN can induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in both the kidneys and liver [25]. Our results hereby confirm that GTN induces oxidative adverse effects by decreasing the antioxidant status and increasing the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, in mitigating GTN's adverse effects, the present study investigated the potential of broccoli leaf extract. Broccoli is usually consumed as a fresh vegetable, and its antioxidant activity is ranked  
Figure 8: Histogram showing the morphometric results of the renal and liver sections indicating MNAC in renal tissue (**A**), MNIC in renal tissue (**B**), MNAC in liver tissue (**C**), and MNIC in liver tissue (**D**). Data represent the mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n=6\)). \({}^{*}\) represents a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) from the control group, while # shows a significant difference from the GTN treatment group. Broccoli leaf extract (BL), L-cysteine (LC), Gentamicin (GTN), mean number of apoptotic cells (MNAC), and mean number of inflammatory cells (MNIC). second among ten common vegetables [26, 27]. Chemically, many reports have shown the presence of various constituents in BL [28, 29], and based on that the current study demonstrated the isolation and identification of three major phenolic compounds in the TME of BL. Based on \({}^{1}\)H, \({}^{13}\)C, DEPT, HMQC, and HMBC spectral data, the three molecules were identified as caffeic acid, gallic acid, and methyl gallate. The current findings regarding the TPC align with the reported values [17, 30]. The higher TPC was also noticed through the abundance of the abovementioned phenolic compounds from the TME. The presence of such phenolic acids and their potential to ameliorate GTN-induced oxidative stress [31] provoked us to evaluate the effects of the leaf by-product against GTN-induced toxicity. Biologically, the effect of the broccoli leaf extract was assessed against GTN-induced oxidative stress in rat kidneys and liver. Water extracts of broccoli were found to possess profound antioxidant activity according to the report by [PERSON] et al. [32]. Our results showed that BL (200 and 400 mg/kg) treatments significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation (MDA) induced by GTN in both the kidney and liver tissues of experimental rats. In addition, the renal and liver GSH and SOD activity levels were markedly increased by the treatments with BL (200 and 400 mg/kg) extract in the presence of GTN exposure. The aforementioned observation in the present study is similar to that in the studies by [PERSON] et al. [33] and [PERSON] et al. [34]. They indicated in their reports that broccoli extracts alleviated drug-induced oxidative stress in experimental animals. The documented evidence shows that GTN increases the serum levels of creatinine and urea [35]. The results of the present study showed that BL (200 and 400 mg/kg) treatments reduced the influence of GTN in both serum creatinine and serum urea. In this regard, we observed that the broccoli leaf extract showed better activity compared to the LC treatment. Regarding liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), GTN significantly elevated the activity levels of these enzymes. However, as shown in the results, the treatment with BL (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the levels of these enzymes. Hence, from this observation, it does appear that the broccoli extract has the potential to alleviate GTN-induced liver damage. Interestingly, our results appear to agree with a similar report documented by [PERSON] et al. [33]. They examined the mitigating potential of BL in arsenic-induced rat poisoning.