### Surveys on IS Risk Management Frameworks
Alongside ISO/IEC 27005, the ISO/IEC framework offers guidelines and protocols for adopting a comprehensive approach to implementing, monitoring, and enhancing IT security that aligns with overall organizational risk management practices. To begin with, it is essential to establish the risk management context. This will help in defining the criteria for identifying risks, allocating responsibility, assessing potential consequences, and assessing the accessibility of information, as well as to establish a systematic approach for evaluating the potential risks and their probabilities [34]. Risk assessment, the second step in the process, involves various stages that include risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation [35]. The framework's iterative nature signifies that the risk assessment process is repeated whenever the information obtained from a previous risk assessment does not adequately support decision making in risk management [36]. An additional cycle of the risk assessment phase is performed, involving updated criteria for evaluating risks or their potential impact [35]. The outcome of a risk assessment process is the development of a risk treatment plan. This plan aims to address identified risks through various strategies, including avoiding, modifying, sharing, or retaining the risk [37]. The risk treatment process is a cyclical one that encompasses multiple procedures. These procedures include evaluating the treatment, estimating the remaining risk levels, modifying the treatment if these levels are deemed unacceptable, and assessing the effectiveness of the treatment according to ISO guidelines. This enables the modification of contextual parameters, including risk acceptance criteria, and the creation of a new version of the treatment. According to the ISO 27005 framework, effective communication and consultation should be maintained throughout all stages of the risk assessment process [38]. Specifically, it is important to effectively communicate risks and treatments to operational staff and managers in order to minimize risks and mitigate potential damage. The framework emphasizes that the controls should be based on risk assessment. This statement effectively reflects the ever-changing nature of risks and emphasizes the significance of the risk monitoring stage. Additionally, the standard furnishes details regarding common threats, organizational constraints, scope considerations, asset valuation, vulnerability assessment, and risk modification. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Teradway Commission (COSO) framework is geared towards a broader view of risk management. It integrates IS risks into enterprise risk management, highlighting how IS risks align with organizational objectives and governance. Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies (COBIT) is a framework designed for IT governance and management. It provides an actionable set of controls over information technology and aligns IT activities with business objectives through its comprehensive set of processes and best practices. Comparative analysis of each framework offers unique strengths and caters to different aspects of IS risk management. For example, while NIST provides a security-centric, customizable approach, ISO/IEC 27005 focuses on a structured, compliance-oriented risk management process. COBIT, on the other hand, bridges the gap between IT operational processes and organizational strategic objectives, making it integral for governance and business alignment. A detailed comparative analysis reveals the situational advantages of each framework, depending on organizational size, sector-specific requirements, and regulatory compliance needs. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the major IS risk management frameworks. These frameworks are crucial for effective risk management and safeguarding operations in organizations across various industries.