esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Examining the Novelty/Contribution Claims Associated with the Three-Topic Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{34.1 pt} p{341.4 pt}} \hline
**Degree of Association to Topic 3** & **Claims Associated with Topic 3: Unique Properties of Photonic Devices Based on SWG Metamaterials** \\ \hline  & SWG sensing waveguides exhibit two advantages that are of great practical interest. First, it is clear that these sensitivities can be achieved for a wide range of silicon thicknesses (220–300 nm). This affords a significant design flexibility, especially compared to TM sensing waveguides that operate with silicon thicknesses of at least 250 nm. Second, propagation losses in SWG waveguides have been experimentally shown to be of the order of only 2 dB/cm. Thus, these waveguides may achieve substantially longer interaction length than slot waveguides that exhibit losses of 8–10 dB/cm. \\ \hline
0.983 & We developed a new technique for implementing the all-optical switching control of the MZIS... Note that one MZIS arm is a wire waveguide and the second is a SWG waveguide. \\ \hline  & Here, we leverage the inherent anisotropy and dispersion of a sub-wavelength structured photonic metamaterial to demonstrate ultra-broadband integrated beam splitting. Our device, which is three times more compact than its conventional counterpart, can achieve high performance operation over an unprecedented 500 nm design bandwidth exceeding all optical communication bands combined, and making it one of the most broadband silicon photonics components reported to date. \\ \hline  & Compared to SOI couplers with shallow etch grating region, the present approach has two important practical benefits: (i) both grating coupler and interconnecting waveguide are defined in a single-etch group to the depth of the BOX layer and (ii) the SWG structure allows to control the coupling strength and apodize the grating profile. \\ \hline  & We show for the first time that SWG waveguides can be utilized to engineer the dimensional dependence of the waveguide mode effective index. We use the unique property of SWGs to implement a polarization splitter and rotator with a substantially enhanced tolerance to waveguide size variations resulting from fabrication. \\ \hline  & The benefit of using the SWG to engineer the mode profile for sensing include the mode delocalization effect and providing the analyte to reach the modal field in the gaps of the SWG structure. More than 25\% of the field power is concentrated in the sensing part of the SWG waveguide (superstrate and gaps), compared to less than 7\% in a slab waveguide (only the superstrate is sensing). This explains the sixfold enhancement in the bulk and surface sensitivities, as indicated by our results. \\ \hline  & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Topic 3T3 textual examples referring to the unique principles of operation of SWG photonic metamaterials: operation, SWGs, photonic, remarkably, lithography, unique, superior, compact, metamaterial, structure.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) of Bread
However, the increase was less pronounced in oat- and spelt-based breads, indicating a slower staling rate. These outcomes are consistent with [PERSON] et al. [7], who found that fermented and ultrasonicated oat by-products contributed to softer crumbs and slower texture deterioration, likely due to their moisture-retaining capacity and modified crumb structure. The inverse relationship between aeration and crumb density described by [PERSON] et al. [10] further explains the reduced chewiness observed in these variants. Interestingly, the trends observed in our study partially contrast with those reported for dairy-based substitutions. According to [PERSON] et al. [48], replacing water with milk or acid whey led to significant increases in crumb firmness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience, particularly at higher substitution levels. Moreover, crumb cohesiveness increased in milk-based samples but decreased in acid whey breads, suggesting matrix-dependent effects. In our study, all cereal-based beverage variants showed reduced cohesiveness at high substitution levels, aligning more closely with the acid whey results. The relatively lower firmness values observed in oat- and spelt-based breads also suggest that these beverages may be less disruptive to crumb softness than dairy ingredients, likely due to their lower protein and sugar content and more favorable fiber composition. Overall, cereal-based beverages influenced bread texture in a beverage- and dose-dependent manner. At 25% substitution, most samples exhibited textural profiles similar to the control. However, higher substitution levels (75-100%) led to more pronounced effects. Oat and spelt beverages were particularly effective in maintaining crumb softness and elasticity during storage, while millet-based variants exhibited increased firmness and chewiness. These results, supported by [PERSON] et al. [7], [PERSON] et al. [10], and [PERSON] et al. [48], highlight the role of fiber structure, gluten interaction, and moisture dynamics in shaping bread texture. Thus, cereal-based beverages--especially oat and spelt--may serve as functional ingredients for extending the freshness and improving the shelf life of wheat breads. One limitation of this study is that the beverages used were commercial formulations containing not only cereal extracts but also small amounts of non-cereal ingredients such as vegetable oil, salt, or stabilizers. While these additions reflect typical consumer products and enhance practical relevance, they may have contributed to the observed effects on dough rheology, baking performance, or crumb structure. Moreover, the study evaluated each beverage as a whole and did not attempt to isolate the individual contributions of specific components such as fiber, protein, or other bioactive compounds. Future research using simplified or model formulations--allowing controlled variation of ingredient ratios--would help disentangle the effects of cereal-derived compounds from those of added excipients, and provide deeper mechanistic insight into the functional role of these beverages in breadmaking.
# On the Issues of \(\mathbf{NO_{x}}\) as Greenhouse Gases: An Ongoing Discussion...
## 4 Dualistic Nature of NO\({}_{x}\) Impact on the Greenhouse Effect
### Warming Nature  
The presence of NO\({}_{x}\) can influence global warming. The results of investigations suggest that the main process responsible for this effect is the impact of NO\({}_{x}\) on the conversion of tropospheric ozone (O\({}_{3}\)) [38], which is recognized as a GHG [32]. Depending on the concentration of NO\({}_{x}\) in the atmosphere and the equilibrium between other compounds contained in the atmosphere, O\({}_{3}\) can either be created or destroyed. If the concentration of NO\({}_{x}\) are higher than the range of 10-30 pptv (parts-per-trillion (volumetric), 10\({}^{-12}\)), O\({}_{3}\) can be created in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the rate of O\({}_{3}\) creation because of the presence of NO\({}_{x}\) depends on the latitudes and seasons [38]. Namely, it has been postulated that the presence of NO\({}_{\rm x}\) (NO/NO\({}_{2}\)) influences the catalytic conversion of O\({}_{3}\), according to the following reactions ((2)-(5)) [36]:  
\[\rm{OH+CO+O_{2}\to CO_{2}+HO_{2}} \tag{2}\]  
\[\rm{HO_{2}+NO\to NO_{2}+OH} \tag{3}\]  
\[\rm{NO_{2}+hv\to NO+O(^{3}P)} \tag{4}\]  
\[\rm{O(^{3}P)+O_{2}+M\to O_{3}+M} \tag{5}\]  
Summarizing reactions (2)-(5), the overall process reaction (6) is  
\[\rm{CO+2O_{2}+hv\to CO_{2}+O_{3}} \tag{6}\]  
Thus, this proves and provides clear evidence that the presence of NO\({}_{\rm x}\) causes the creation of O\({}_{3}\) and CO\({}_{2}\) under sunlight irradiation. Hence, they influence global warming because of the creation of GHGs. The effect of the presence of NO\({}_{\rm x}\) on O\({}_{3}\) conversion in the atmosphere was confirmed by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [51].  
Another phenomenon potentially influencing global warming due to the presence of NO\({}_{\rm x}\) is their impact on N\({}_{2}\)O conversion [38; 52]. Namely, NO\({}_{\rm x}\) emitted into the atmosphere can be converted into N\({}_{2}\)O (a direct GHG) in the complex processes occurring in the soil. The simplified description of this complex mechanism of converting NO\({}_{\rm x}\) into N\({}_{2}\)O is as follows: Emitted NO is transformed into NO\({}_{2}\), and next to nitrogen acids and other compounds in the form of aerosols. These compounds are then transferred into the soil by precipitation. Further transformation in the soil (such as by the denitrification process) leads to incidental emissions of N\({}_{2}\)O from the soil to the atmosphere. It was estimated that the N\({}_{2}\)O emissions from soil (as a consequence of NO\({}_{\rm x}\) transformation) are 1.2%-3.6% of the total N\({}_{2}\)O emissions from other sources [38]. Nevertheless, understanding the soil N cycling processes is still being discussed [53].
# Fabrication of Random Microlens Array for Laser Beam Homogenization with High Efficiency
###### Abstract  
The miniaturized and integrated microlens array (MLA) can effectively achieve the beam homogenization, compactness and miniaturization of laser systems. When the high-coherence laser beam is homogenized by means of using the MLA, interference fringes will occur in the homogenized light spot due to the periodicity of the MLA, which seriously affects the uniformity of the homogenized light spot. To solve this problem, a novel random microlens array (rMLA) structure was proposed for the purpose of achieving beam homogenization. The coherence in the homogenization process is suppressed by means of breaking the periodicity of the MLA. The homogenized light spot with a high energy utilization is then obtained accordingly. In the fabrication process, a clever method of combining chemical etching with lithography technology is performed to fabricate a honeycomb rMLA and a rectangular rMLA. The experimental results show that the energy utilization rate of the two types of the rMLAs is about 90%, and the uniformity of the homogenized light spots generated by the honeycomb rMLA and the rectangular rMLA are more than 80% and 85%, respectively. Meanwhile, fully cost-effective fabrication is possible to be realized.  
chemical etching; random microlens array; beam homogenization; laser +
Footnote †: journal: Micromachines
## 2 System Description  
### System Overview  
The topology and control of the system are presented in Figure 1. The VSC is connected to the weak grid through a Delta-wye (Dy) grounded step-up transformer. The impedance of the transformer is much less than that of the line impedance; thus, the transformer is considered as an ideal transformer in this paper.  
In Figure 1, \(e_{abc}\), \(\
u_{ubc}\), \(\
u_{Fialc}\), and \(v_{gabc}\) are the \(abc\) three-phase components of VSC output voltage, low-voltage-side PCC voltage, fault point voltage, and infinite-bus voltage, respectively. \(i_{ubc}\) denotes the \(abc\) three-phase component of the current injected by the VSC into the grid. The equivalent impedances from the point of common coupling (PCC) to fault location and from fault location to infinite-bus are denoted as \(\mathbf{Z_{\mathrm{L}}}\) and \(\mathbf{Z_{\mathrm{g}}}\), respectively. Notably, different asymmetric fault types are denoted by \(g^{(\mathrm{n})}\), where \(g^{(\mathrm{1})}\), \(g^{(\mathrm{2})}\), and \(g^{(\mathrm{3})}\) denote single line-to-ground (SLG), double line-to-ground (DLG), and line-to-line (LL) faults, respectively.  
The control strategy of VSC comprises dual second-order generalized integrator-positive/negative-sequence calculator (DSOGI/PNSC), the positive and negative sequences PLL (PLL\({}^{+}\) and PLL\({}^{-}\)), and proportional resonant (PR)-based dual-sequence current control in stationary reference frames.
###### Abstract  
This study investigates the morphological impact of using three-dimensional (3D) printed custom implants in surgical hip reconstruction compared to the conventional bone graft and standard size implant methods. An amount of 16 patients at the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute who underwent hip reconstruction surgery for tumors involving the P2 pelvis region were selected using stratified sampling. Half of them were randomly selected to receive 3D-printed implants, and the other half were selected to receive standard implants with bone grafts. Six months post-surgery, computed tomography (CT) scans were used to identify the hip joint center of rotation and to measure greater the trochanter offset and acetabular inclination angle. These CT scans were also used to construct a 3D model of the pelvis for 3D measurements. The results show no significant differences in accuracy, using Student's \(t\)-test and Mann-Whitney U-test (\(p\)-value \(>\) 0.05), between the two methods for reconstructing the hip joint center of rotation or greater trochanter offset. However, 3D-printed implants showed statistically significant greater precision, using Student's \(t\)-test (\(p\)-value \(<\) 0.05), in reconstructing the acetabular inclination angle compared to the conventional bone graft and standard-sized off-the-shelf implants. This superior precision reduces the risk of impingement of the femur implant neck with the acetabulum implant cup, which directly relates to improved implant survivorship. These findings support the continued exploration of 3D printing technology for personalized orthopedic solutions.  
hip joint reconstruction; 3D printing; custom implants; morphological analysis; 3D; virtual measurement; massive bone loss; additive manufacturing; computer aided design; precision; accuracy
# Trends in LPWAN Technologies for LEO Satellite Constellations in the NewSpace Context
## 1 Introduction
Similarly, surveys [14; 15; 16; 17; 18] concentrate on specific applications or aspects within satellite IoT, such as smart grids or MAC protocols, but do not offer a comprehensive technological overview provided here. This survey uniquely addresses a gap in the systematic analysis of LPWAN protocols within the NewSpace architecture, a critical aspect for the future trajectory of satellite IoT communications. Addressing this gap, this survey examines satellite constellations and their IoT applications, mainly focusing on LEOs. It introduces a fresh perspective on societal impacts, dissects the architecture and protocols enabling IoT via satellites, and scrutinizes their challenges. Notably, the findings highlight the potential of LoRa/LoRaWAN in LEO satellite communications within NewSpace, marking a significant step towards overcoming the current limitations and paving the way for a future of extensive IoT connectivity. While the convergence of these LPWAN and NewSpace domains is recognized, there is a significant knowledge gap in determining the optimal architectural and technological paths for this integration. This research addresses this by evaluating the potential challenges and future directions of various LPWAN technologies in satellite IoT. Doing so aims to establish a foundational understanding for guiding the subsequent research and development in this evolving field. This work is structured to provide a comprehensive overview of the integration of satellite constellations in the IoT, beginning with Section 2, which delves into the role of satellite constellations in IoT. Section 3 explores various architectures and protocols that facilitate IoT communications via satellites, setting the stage for Section 4, where the challenges and limitations inherent in this integration are addressed. Section 5 presents future perspectives, highlighting the emerging trends and potential advancements. Section 6 illustrates practical applications through a series of use cases, demonstrating the real-world impacts and applications of satellite-enabled IoT. Finally, the conclusions are presented.
# Hyperspectral Imaging for Detecting Plastic Debris on Shoreline Sands to Support Recycling
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Investigated Samples  
Samples of plastic debris and sand were collected in March 2023 from three distinct locations along the Ponting coastline (Latina, Italy), which are: Foce Verde, Capo Portiere, and Sabaudia (Figure 1). Additionally, other pollutants like glass, paper, cigarette butts, and natural materials (such as pumice stones, wood, shells, etc.) were also collected to perform the analyses. In more detail, plastic debris, within a size dimension range of >5 mm, were randomly collected on the selected sites. Only the polymer categories detected in the sample set from the collection campaign were used for the analyses. Sand samples were  
These polymers were selected as they are among the most frequently occurring in marine litter: Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene (PE), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), and Polystyrene (PS). Three particles from each category were used to construct the training set.  
Two different experimental setups were defined to perform HSI model classifications, that is:  
1. _First experimental setup_. An image was acquired for each sand type contaminated by plastic or other materials (e.g., pollutants or natural materials). A classification model able to recognize plastic samples, other materials, and sand (i.e., _sand/plastic/other materials model_) was built and applied to these three images. After correctly identifying the plastic, these particles were classified using the polymer-type model.
2. _Second experimental setup_. Three distinct sets of 15 known particles were selected and placed on the three sand samples. The _sand/plastic model_ was applied to assess the ability to identify plastic pollutants within the substrate. Subsequently, the polymer-type model was used to classify the identified plastic particles into different polymer categories (i.e., _polymer-type model_).  
The first experimental setup was carried out by simulating a real situation in which, in addition to plastic, other materials (pollutants or natural) could be found on different sand substrates. The second experimental setup was realized as a simplified case, representative of typical polymers that can be found on sand where other pollutants/materials have already been removed and/or identified.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Agricultural Productivity from the Satellite-Based Model  
The VPM was built upon the conceptual partitioning of photosynthetically active vegetative parts and non-photosynthetically active vegetative parts. The latter has a significant effect on the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation at the canopy level [32]. The generated model can be defined as follows:  
\[\text{GPP}=\varepsilon_{g}\times\textit{FPAR}_{\textit{chl}}\times\textit{PAR}, \tag{1}\]  
\[\varepsilon_{g}=\varepsilon_{0}\times T_{\textit{scalar}}\times W_{\textit{ scalar}}\times P_{\textit{scalar}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(\textit{FPAR}_{\textit{chl}}\) is the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (\(\textit{PAR}\)) absorbed by leaf chlorophyll in the canopy and can be estimated as a linear function of the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) [34]; \(\textit{PAR}\) is the photosynthetically active radiation (\(\upmu\)mol photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD); \(\varepsilon_{g}\) is the light use efficiency (\(\upmu\)mol CO\({}_{2}\)/\(\upmu\)mol PPFD); and \(\varepsilon_{0}\) is the maximum light use efficiency (\(\upmu\)mol CO\({}_{2}\)/\(\upmu\)mol PPFD). Here, we used the regression relationship between \(\varepsilon_{0}\) and the maximum EVI to determine the \(\varepsilon_{0}\) of each pixel [39]. \(T_{\textit{scalar}}\), \(W_{\textit{scalar}}\), and \(P_{\textit{scalar}}\) are the scalars for the effects of temperature, water, and leaf phenology on the light use efficiency of vegetation, respectively [32; 33]. To substantially improve the ability to model and evaluate the seasonal dynamics of productivity in intensified agricultural ecosystems, the modified VPM was used to identify the crop intensity (including crop calendar and multiple cropping) dynamics and assign appropriate light use efficiency to C3 and C4 crops [34].
## 3 The Architecture of SLA based Sharing Economy Service
### Participants of the Proposed Sharing Economy Service  
The proposed sharing business model is defined as a building agreement based on the SLA specification for concluding the contract between the providers and users. We propose the mechanism of specifying the components of the SLA based on the smart contract. The most characteristic feature of SLA is that the services should be provided to the consumer as agreed upon in the contract. In the proposed sharing economy service model, the financial transactions are services that are automated and intelligently managed by the SLA contract. All the participants in trusted operations in which the SLA contract studies the agreement and the obligations are executed automatically without human involvement. Such a system can report faults, handle payment and refund, monitor performance metrics, perform data analytics, and make decisions. As shown in Figure 3, the proposed system includes many participants in terms of their roles. In this work, five different participants are defined, including the validator, provider, consumer, issuer, and monitor. The provider is a vendor that offers the required solutions or services based on the SLA contract templates. The validator validates the SLA registered to the system and responds to the system with the validation results. The consumer can discover the SLA and associated validation results. negotiation is performed to formulate the right contract content that suits both providers and consumers. Once the service is being established and executed, it needs to be monitored. The monitor continuously monitors the service performances according to the respective guarantees posed in the smart contract. Once these guarantees are violated, the monitor sends the notice to the system. The penalties are assessed to conduct the respective compensation actions associated with them, as dictated by the smart contract. Moreover, charging is automatically executed according to the cost of the service concerned. Once the contract validity period expires, the SLA contract is automatically terminated. However, its specification can remain in the system for accountability and legal reasons for some time. After that period, the contract might be discarded, as in the case of regular contracts. For the reuse, the specification would require to be preserved in the system. The issuer is a legal entity that is authorized to issue its securities or tokens. The created token so-called IoTooin is a particular coin, which allows providers to tokenize assets. Representing assets as tokens establish the individual state and permission of an item, and reduce the risk and difficulty of transferring assets across multiple parties.  
Figure 3: The relation between participants and the smart contract with the SLA specification in the proposed model.