# Economic Analysis of Potential Secondary Use of Batteries from Electric Vehicles
## 2 Battery Life Cycle
### Secondary Use of Batteries  
Due to the fact that the recycling of batteries from EVs is still very expensive and unhelpful for the environment, their reuse is considered to be a much more lucrative option. The continuous improvement of recycling technologies, which also includes secondary use, promises that by the end of 2021, recycling facilities for EVs batteries should be fully operational [11]. The academic community and several large car manufacturers are \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**DoD (Depth of Discharge)** & **Service Life-Number of Cycles** \\ \hline
100\% & 150 \\ \hline
75\% & 225 \\ \hline
50\% & 350 \\ \hline
30\% & 700 \\ \hline
10\% & 1800 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Relational discharge level and service life in terms of number of traction battery CCs [10]. showing increasing interest in second-life batteries. Partnerships have begun between carmakers and recycling companies to develop the second life batteries market. In accordance with [12] and the case studies, second battery life can be used in many ways. For example, 4R Energy, a joint venture between Nissan and Sumitomo, which was established in 2010, is dedicated to the secondary use of batteries from EVs. The company has carried out several projects using discharged batteries in order to verify technical problems and attempt a business model. The Sumitomo used second-life batteries from EV Nissan Leaf to create the world's first energy storage system on Yume-Shima Island in Osaka. This prototype consisted of 16 s life batteries (600 kW/400 kWh), which were used to test the soothing effect on the power output from a nearby wind farm. More than that, they collaborated with companies such as Eneres and provided them with second-life batteries for other possible innovative energy storage system solutions. Another example is FreeWire based in California, which provides innovative solutions in the form of creating a network of intelligent mobile EV chargers, which consist of second-life batteries. The Mobi charger, called the portable charging station, uses discarded Nissan Leaf batteries, and tries to solve the problem of an insufficient number of charging stations for EVs in the regions. It prevents unnecessary time spent searching for or waiting for available places to charge, and instead, the mobile charging station comes directly to the owner of the vehicle [12]. Other similar ventures and their projects are listed in Table 3.  
It is practical to replace batteries in EVs before the end of their service life. Based on interviews with industry leaders in the 2 nd life battery industry and the expertise of the IDTechEx analytics team, they presented a comprehensive analysis of the used battery industry and how it will evolve over the next ten years. A ten-year forecast of the available capacity of rechargeable batteries from different categories of EVs and electric buses (battery electric vehicles--BEVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles--PHEVs) shows the potential size and structure of the 2 nd life battery market (see Figure 1). This creates great potential across power engineering, where a large number of such batteries could be used [14]. Secondary use of batteries is based on a wide range of uses. They can be used in commercial, residential and industrial applications. Commercial and residential use is considered a small energy application and industrial applications are large that provide support for renewable energy sources. The limitation and market potential for 2 nd life batteries from EVs were analyzed by [PERSON] et al. (see Table 4) [15].