esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract
However, this approach changes the original control problem of the dynamic discipline, and the optimization results in the literature show that the reliability indexes of the obtained solutions do not reach the necessary reliability requirements. In this paper, a crossrate-based MDSDO approach (C-MDSDO) is proposed, which avoids the nesting of the reliability assessment loop and can stably obtain a solution that meets the reliability requirements. C-MDSDO is a single-loop framework that consists of a deterministic MDSDO stage and a reliability assessment stage. In each iteration, the obtained solution from the deterministic MDSDO stage is evaluated in the reliability assessment stage, and the shifting vector that guides the deterministic solution to meet the reliability requirement is obtained according to the assessment result. Since the shifting vector in reliability-based MDSDO must simultaneously consider the impact of uncertainty on the design variables, the state variables, and the control variables, the traditional criteria for the vector solution in the traditional SORA is not applicable. Therefore, a novel sub-optimization problem is formulated. In the formulated problem, the uncertainty samples of the design variables that satisfy the objective reliability index are employed as the optimization object to obtain the inverse most probable point (iMPP)-based shifting vector, which is employed to obtain the initial values of the physical design variables for the next iteration. As a result of the proposed formulation, the difficulty associated with searching the shifting vector due to the decoupling of state variables, control variables, and design variables in the constraints is resolved. Furthermore, our method increases the vector searching efficiency when multiple MPPs exist in highly nonlinear constraints. In the proposed approach, the properties of the original dynamic discipline are maintained, and the framework structure is simple. Several numerical and engineering cases were used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Moreover, the results from various studies were used for comparison. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the definition of the reliability-based MDSDO problem in this paper is given. In Section 3, details of the construction and the process used for the sub-optimization problem are described. In addition, the algorithm flow of the proposed C-MDSDO is elaborated. In Section 4, several case studies are presented that verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed approach. The test results are discussed in Section 5, and conclusions are drawn.
# A Subjective Study on User Perception Aspects in Virtual Reality
## 3 Study Description and Experiment
### Factors and QoE Aspects
#### 3.1.3 Rendering Device  
One of the key challenges when studying QoE of 360 video is the diversity of rendering devices. Today, there are different types of mobile phones as well as HMDs that could be used for 360 video rendering. However, understandings of how rendering devices affect QoE aspects are limited because only one device set is usually employed. In this study, comparisons between two different device sets are conducted. Moreover, the impacts of wearing HMD and Field of View (FoV) on user experience are investigated.
# A Compact Low-Power LoRa IoT Sensor Node with Extended Dynamic Range for Channel Measurements
## 3 Hardware Verification Setups
### Indoor Measurement Setup  
In a second test phase, indoor measurements were performed using a setup in the same building where receiver RX1 was located during the outdoor measurements. Nodes were deployed in three rooms located on two similarly structured floors--the ninth and the eleventh--of the office tower. As seen in Figure 8, the floors of this building all feature a thick concrete core with multiple elevator shafts and stairwells, surrounded by a large number of office spaces.
## 6 Algorithms and Frameworks in Federated Learning
### Federated Stochastic Gradient
#### 6.2.2 Challenges  
The FedSGD algorithm is critical in decentralized machine learning, with enormous potential but practical limitations. Federated learning (FL) is based on consistent model gradient exchanges between clients and a central server, although network variability can create delays, particularly for larger models. \"Stragglers,\" or slower nodes, further impede global model updates. Another risk is privacy, as sending model changes may mistakenly reveal sensitive information. Although techniques like differential privacy and encrypted computation offer viable solutions, integrating them with FedSGD while retaining its efficiency and accuracy is challenging [87].
## 3 Routing Protocols for UWSN
### Protocols Featuring Energy Efficiency  
One of the challenging issues of the UWSN is the limited energy source. So, these routing protocols work on achieving better efficiency in energy thus improving the lifetime of the network. This group includes FBR, DUCS and SEEC. These routing protocols emphasize the energy consumption of the nodes which eventually increases the network life-time. So, these are most suitable for environmental monitoring which needs deployment for longer periods.  
Figure 9: Data transmission in Location-Aware Routing Protocol (LARP) [58].
## 4 Discussion
### Weaknesses of the Studies Reviewed in This Article  
Despite the strengths of the studies reviewed in the literature, we also identified several weaknesses, which are listed as follows:Selection bias: The data for this review were sourced from two databases, Web of Science and Scopus. While these databases cover a broad range of content, they do not encompass all publications.
2. Language bias: Limiting the review to studies published in certain languages (typically English) may overlook important research conducted in other languages, potentially skewing the results of the review.
3. Geographic bias: The studies included in this review are primarily concentrated in specific countries in Asia and Europe (such as China, Japan, the USA, and the UK), which could narrow the scope of the research findings.
4. Limited focus on emotion types: There is a predominant focus on unpleasant emotions, without correlating different categories of emotions with specific driving behaviors.
5. Unisensory driver emotion modulation: Driver emotion modulation is often conducted based on a single sensory input, lacking effective emotion modulation strategies.
6. Cultural studies from a social science perspective: The cross-cultural impact on drivers' emotions is predominantly studied from a social science perspective, without considering driver emotion modulation from a multicultural viewpoint to address global cultural developments.
7. Insufficient human-centered studies: There is a paucity of studies on individual differences in drivers' emotional responses and sensory preferences, which are crucial for tailoring interventions.
# Laser Absorption Sensing Systems: Challenges, Modeling, and Design Optimization
## 4 Strategies for Noise Reduction and Design Optimization
### Strategies Based On Laser Control Parameter Optimization
demonstrated an _in situ_, multi-parameter LAS sensor during a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process by accessing four H\({}_{2}\)O spectral transitions and a group of NH\({}_{3}\) lines with a single diode laser [95]. As can be seen in Figure 9, WMS with varied modulation amplitude (WMS-VMA) and an optimized multispectral fitting algorithm was used to satisfy the optimization targets for both the H\({}_{2}\)O and the NH\({}_{3}\) lines. WMS-_2f_ detection is sensitive to the curvature of the signal. When blending different spectral features becomes more significant, absorption from the wings of adjacent lines would alter the curvature at the target line center, so that maximizing the line center _2f_ magnitude of an individual transition  
Figure 8: Schematic illustration of the wavelength scanning function: conventional (linear) (**a**) and optimized (nonlinear) (**d**). The resulting spectrum waveform is shown for direct spectroscopy in (**b**) for linear scanning and (**e**) for nonlinear scanning as well as for WMS (second harmonic detection) in (**c**,**f**). Figure adapted from [94]. Figure 9: Simulated WMS-_2f_ signal with (**a**) modulation amplitude 0.065 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 0.24 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively; (**b**) wavelength modulation spectroscopy with varied modulation amplitude (WMS-VMA). Figure adapted from [95]. no longer renders the optimum of overall signal. In such cases, the optimal modulation depth \(a_{m}\) may largely deviate from the theoretical value of \(\sim\)1.1 \(\Delta v\). [PERSON] et al. proposed a novel procedure for choosing an optimal WMS modulation depth in the presence of spectral interference by defining a new figure of merit to account for the spectral interference [96; 97]. As shown in Equations (2) and (3), F and \(\sigma\) are defined to quantify the inverse magnitude of the WMS-\(2f\) signal and the sensitivity to spectral interference, respectively:  
\[F(a_{m})=\frac{S_{2f,\ max}}{S_{2f}(a_{m})} \tag{2}\]  
\[\sigma(a_{m})=\left|\frac{S_{2f/1f,\ inf}\Big{(}a_{m},\overline{\phi}\Big{)}-S _{2f/1f}(a_{m})}{S_{2f/1f}(a_{m})}\right| \tag{3}\]  
where \(S_{2f}\) is the total interference-free WMS-\(2f\) signal at the target transition line center, \(S_{2f,\ max}\) is the maximum possible interference-free WMS-\(2f\) signal, and \(S_{2f/1f}\) is the WMS-\(2f/1f\). Ideally, \(a_{m}\) should be chosen so that both the inverse signal magnitude F and the perturbation from interference \(\sigma\) are simultaneously minimized. Such an \(a_{m}\) does not generally exist, so the strategy is to select \(a_{m,\ opt}=\text{arg}min(C)\), where the cost function \(C=\sigma\)F is now the target of optimization. The so-obtained optimal modulation depth \(a_{m,\ opt}\) is indicated by the black dashed line in Figure 10 at the minimum of \(C\), where the value of F at this modulation depth is 1.5, indicating that 33% of the potential SNR is sacrificed.
# Web3 DGIS-Based System for Reservoir Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning
## 2 Target Area  
Danjiangkou Reservoir, China (Figure 1), is the largest artificial freshwater lake in Asia, and forms a water source for the South-to-North water diversion project in China. The project's central line was officially launched in late 2003, introducing water from Danjiangkou Reservoir to the Huanghuaihai Plain, which hosts over 20 cities ofvarying size. During construction of the water diversion project, the height of the Danjiangkou dam was extended, and its regular water-storage level was raised from 157 to 170 m, storage capacity increased from 17.45 to 29.05 billion m\({}^{3}\), and the water area expanded from 700 to 1022.75 km\({}^{2}\). When the reservoir water level rose, original drying landslide fronts were immersed, and stability of rock and soil mass were reduced. Furthermore, hydrodynamic pressure caused by the rapid water level change induced deformation. According to the geological survey results, before the water level rose, there were about 23 landslides with ascale of over 100,000 m\({}^{3}\); five years after the water level rose, the number of landslides with ascale of over 100,000 m\({}^{3}\) was about 30.  
To protect human life and infrastructure, the regional management and disaster prevention agencies require real-time monitoring of potential landslide sites, and an early warning system for landslide events in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area.
# Energy Efficiency Optimization in Massive MIMO Secure Multicast Transmission
## 3 Energy Efficiency Optimization of Secure Multicast Transmission
Its \(i\)th diagonal element can be expressed as  
\[R_{\text{mc}} =\min_{k} \mathsf{E}\left\{\log\det\left\{\mathbf{I}_{N_{t}}+\mathbf{H}_{ k}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\right\}\right\}\]0  
By employing the function in (15), the secure multicast rate in (9) can obtain its lower bound as  
\[R_{\text{mc}} =\min_{k} \mathsf{E}\left\{\log\det\left\{\mathbf{I}_{N_{t}}+\mathbf{H}_{ k}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\right\}\right\}\]1  
For a vast region of signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), the lower bound of secure multicast rate in (17) is very tight, and has little influence on the energy efficiency of the original problem, which can be seen in Section 4. Therefore, we can reduce the computational complexity while obtaining very approximate solutions of the original problem. The equivalent problem is approximately substituted for the original problem as follows,  
\[R_{\text{mc}} =\min_{k} \mathsf{E}\left\{\log\det\left\{\mathbf{I}_{N_{t}}+\mathbf{H}_{ k}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\right\}\right\}\]2 (18) s.t. \[R_{\text{mc}} =\min_{k} \mathsf{E}\left\{\log\det\left\{\mathbf{I}_{N_{t}}+\mathbf{H}_{ k}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\right\}\right\}\]3  
The feasible solution \(\mathbf{Q}=\mathbf{0}\) leads the value of \(R_{\text{se,lb}}\) to zero. Therefore, all other feasible solutions leading to negative secure multicast rate are not the optimal solutions of the problem in (18). Besides, SNR is defined as \(P_{\max}\) in this paper. As a result, we omit the operator \(\left[\cdot\right]^{+}\) without loss of any optimality, leading the problem equivalent to follows,  
\[R_{\text{mc}} =\min_{k} \mathsf{E}\left\{\log\det\left\{\mathbf{I}_{N_{t}}+\mathbf{H}_{ k}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\right\}\right\}\]4 (20) s.t. \[R_{\text{mc}} =\min_{k} \mathsf{E}\left\{\log\det\left\{\mathbf{I}_{N_{t}}+\mathbf{H}_{ k}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\right\}\right\}\]5We decompose the covariance matrix as \(\mathbf{Q}=\mathbf{\Phi}\mathbf{\Lambda}\mathbf{\Phi}^{H}\). The columns of \(\mathbf{\Phi}\) and diagonal elements of \(\mathbf{\Lambda}\), respectively, denote the eigenvectors and the eigenvalues of \(\mathbf{Q}\), which indicates the multicast signaling directions and the powers allocation. We investigate the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix in Theorem 1. **Theorem 1**: _Columns of \(\mathbf{V}\) are expressed as the eigenvectors of the transmit covariance matrix \(\mathbf{Q}^{\mathrm{opt}}\) in (20) as follows,_  
\[R_{\text{mc}} =\min_{k} \mathsf{E}\left\{\log\det\left\{\mathbf{I}_{N_{t}}+\mathbf{H}_{ k}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\right\}\right\}\]6  
Please refer to the Appendix A. According to Theorem 1, we can indicate that the energy efficiency oriented secure multicast transmit signal directions are consistent with the eigenvector of the BS transmission correlation matrix. Therefore, the optimal problem for maximizing the system energy efficiency of secure downlink multicast transmission can be simplified into a beam domain power allocation problem.
## 3 Methodology and Data Collection
### Design Infrastructure  
The road geometry is related to the angular changes of the vertical and horizontal alignment (curves of the road) and is closely related to the topography. This information was obtained from the road design databases provided by the Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation [46].  
The required data on the vertical geometry for the model are elevation (in meters) above mean sea level, for each section, as well as the corresponding vertical slopes in this case per kilometer, which are entered as a percentage, in proportion with the angle of the slope and to the horizontal, the starting point to the end point of the section.  
The status indicator that assesses the roads, in terms of the quality of the surface layer for the bearing of vehicles, is the International Roughness Index (IRI). The IRI was developed by the World Bank in the 1980s [47]. The IRI is used to define a characteristic of the longitudinal profile of a traveled wheel track and constitutes a standardized roughness measurement. The commonly recommended units are meters per kilometer (m/km) or millimeters per meter (mm/m). The correlation between the IRI, speed, and vehicle operating costs is one of the most important premises on which the analysis methodology is based, using HDM-4 [36]; parameters that are directly related to fuel consumption, by which the model predicts an approximate of the amount of emissions generated by vehicles.  
Surface roughness information is obtained through field inspections conducted with different pieces of equipment across the federal road network of the country (freeways and tollways). The IRIs used for each road section and each corridor are averaged to obtain homogeneous sections, according to the sections of road that were defined mainly by the AADT.
# Two-Wire Power Line Microwave Communication Using Low-Loss Modes
## 4 Results
### Communication System Performance  
It was shown in [22] that there are significant advantages to using a power line conductor as an open waveguide compared to free space communication systems for microwave communications links between two power line poles on the order of 100 m apart. Because the total attenuation of a system containing two conductors is smaller than that for a single conductor, this conclusion is even stronger than the two-wire case.
# Multi-Point Time-Synchronized Waveform Recording for the Analysis of Wide-Area Harmonic Propagation
## 1 Introduction
These methods, depending on the PQ phenomena in question have to be linked to specific data processing algorithms, as requirements for these can vary substantially with respect to the final goal. Still, the challenge in implementing such measurement systems for distortion evaluation lies to a large extent in the lack of commercially available instrumentation and the cost associated with customized solutions. On the other hand, as it was discussed above, stricter requirements on synchronization accuracy and specific signal processing algorithms (particularly for calculating harmonic phase angles) would be realized on these devices had these guidelines been reflected in the responsible standards, which is not the case at the current moment. In this paper, we report the results of a large-scale experiment performed at a self-contained power network which emulates a real distribution grid operating at MV and LV levels. In this network, a set of synchronized waveform recorders is available at different points. The scope of this work is to investigate transfer of harmonic distortion between MV and LV sides. The test setup is characterized by high degree of flexibility and full control over experiments. The harmonic impact of solar power inverter and electrical vehicle charger is assessed in this work. Additionally, a synthetic harmonic current profile was generated as reference injection. The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, the motivation for this study is given and objectives are explained, Section 3 focuses on the description of test setup, utilized measurement system together with the explanation of executed test cases. Additionally, the methodology for harmonic phasorestimation is briefly discussed. The analysis and interpretation of results is presented in Section 4 and conclusions are given in Section 5.
# Bidirectional-Feature-Learning-Based Adversarial Domain Adaptation with Generative Network
###### Abstract  
Studying domain adaptation is a recent research trend. Generally, many generative models that researchers have studied perform well on training data from a specific domain. However, their ability to be generalized to other domains might be limited. Therefore, a growing body of research has utilized domain adaptation techniques to address the problem of generative models being vulnerable to input from other domains. In this paper, we focused on generative models and representation learning. Generative models have received a lot of attention for their ability to generate various types of data such as images, music, and text. In particular, studies utilizing generative adversarial neural networks (GANs) and autoencoder structures have received a lot of attention. In this paper, we solved the domain adaptation problem by reconstructing real image data using an autoencoder structure. In particular, reconstructed image data, considered a type of noisy image data, are used as input data. How to reconstruct data by extracting features and selectively transforming them in order to reduce differences in characteristics between domains entails representative learning. Considering these research trends, this paper proposed a novel methodology combining bidirectional feature learning and generative networks to innovatively approach the domain adaptation problem. It could improve the adaptation ability by accurately simulating the real data distribution. The experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the traditional DANN and ADDA. This demonstrates that combining bidirectional feature learning and generative networks is an effective solution in the field of domain adaptation. These results break new ground in the field of domain adaptation. They are expected to provide great inspiration for future research and applications. Finally, through various experiments and evaluations, we verify that the proposed approach outperforms the existing works. We conducted experiments for representative generative models and domain adaptation techniques and found that the proposed approach was effective in improving data and domain robustness. We hope to contribute to the development of domain-adaptive models that are robust to the domain.  
adversarial domain adaptation; bidirectional feature learning process; generative network; adversarial learning 2023
## 3 Results
### Frameworks for Robust and Decentralized Energy Management
#### 3.5.2 Originality  
Recent innovations in decentralized energy management frameworks highlight their capacity to balance robustness with sustainability. For instance, a novel framework for islanded microgrids introduces P2P management with scenario-based stochastic optimization and CVaR analysis. This combination ensures reliable energy scheduling under high uncertainty, enabling microgrid operators to optimize local resources effectively while accounting for operational risks [88]. Another original contribution comes from frameworks designed to handle community-level energy sharing. A robust P2P energy trading platform for flexible microgrids incorporates emerging technologies like energy storage systems, demand response programs, and EVs. By using cooperative bargaining games and decentralized optimization methods, the platform enhances self-sufficiency and economic benefits for participants while accommodating uncertainties in electricity markets [89; 90; 91].  
Hierarchical blockchain-based frameworks have also emerged as innovative solutions for energy transaction security and efficiency. These systems integrate ledger summarization and reliability constraints into the transaction verification process, ensuring secure and optimized energy trading within clusters of microgrids. By addressing congestion issues in transmission corridors and providing scalable solutions for market clearing, these frameworks contribute to the robustness of decentralized energy systems [92]. Fault management frameworks have further advanced decentralized systems. A hierarchical modelfor wireless sensor networks, for example, uses clustering algorithms to enhance fault detection and recovery in inaccessible areas. By incorporating backup mechanisms and self-detection methods, the framework minimizes energy consumption and maintains optimal activity despite hardware limitations, demonstrating the potential for robust control in energy systems with high fault tolerance requirements [93].