esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Performance of Warm-Mixed Flame Retardant Modified Asphalt Binder
## 4 Results and Analysis of Conventional Performance Test of Asphalt Binder
### Softening Point Test  
The softening point of asphalt binder was determined using the ring and ball method, and the results are shown in Table 5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Types of Asphalt** & \multirow{2}{*}{**SBS**} & **+1\%** & **+1\% Sasobit** & **+1\% Sasobit** & **+1\% Sasobit** & **+1\% Sasobit** \\
**Binder** & & **Sasobit** & **+5\% FR** & **+6\% FR** & **+7\% FR** & **+8\% FR** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Penetration \\ (0.1 mm) \\ \end{tabular} } & 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 18.7 & 18.0 & 17.8 & 17.5 & 17.1 & 16.5 \\  & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 44.8 & 44.6 & 42.7 & 43.6 & 42.0 & 40.7 \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 67.9 & 65.3 & 64.8 & 63.2 & 61.9 & 60.4 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} T\({}_{800}\) \\ T\({}_{1,2}\) \\ PI \\ \end{tabular} } & 58.2 & 58.7 & 58.7 & 59.1 & 59.4 & 59.7 \\  & \(-\)16.5 & \(-\)16.4 & \(-\)16.2 & \(-\)16.1 & \(-\)15.9 & \(-\)15.6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.38 & 0.40 & 0.42 & 0.43 & 0.44 & 0.45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Results of the penetration test.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Types of** & \multirow{2}{*}{**SBS**} & **+1\% Sasobit** & **+1\% Sasobit** & **+1\% Sasobit** & **+1\% Sasobit** & **+1\% Sasobit** \\
**Asphalt Binder** & & **+5\% FR** & **+6\% FR** & **+7\% FR** & **+8\% FR** \\ \hline LOI (\%) & 23.0 & 22.8 & 23.2 & 23.4 & 23.7 & 24.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: FR is the acronym of “Flame Retardant”, similarly hereinafter.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Results of limit oxygen index test.  
It can be inferred from Table 5 that Sasobit modified asphalt binder and warm-mixed flame retardant asphalt binder with different flame retardant concentrations had softening points that were 1.00, 1.02, 1.04, 1.06 and 1.11 times that of SBS modified asphalt binder, respectively, which indicates that both flame retardant and Sasobit can effectively improve the high-temperature deformation resistance of asphalt binder, and for warm-mixed flame retardant asphalt binder, the higher the concentration, the better the effect, which is consistent with results based on the penetration test.
# Construction of a Chemical Kinetic Mechanism of Five-Component Surrogate Fuel for RP-3 Kerosene
## 4 Result and Discussion
### Verification of Single-Component Combustion Parameters
#### 4.2.3 Iso-Dodecane  
Figure 18 presents a comparison between the predicted values of the ignition delay time of isododecane with the reaction mechanism and the experimental results of [PERSON] [19]. The experimental conditions were introduced earlier. Under all working conditions, the coupled mechanism constructed can effectively predict the ignition behavior of isododecane in the temperature range above 900 K. In the medium- and low-temperature region below 900 K and \(\varphi=0.5\), the prediction of the NTC phenomenon with the mechanism is relatively low. However, at \(\varphi=1.0\) and 1.5, the mechanism can basically well meet the prediction targets. This is attributed to the scarcity of experimental data for the isododecane component and the limited research on the related reaction mechanism. The kinetic parameters of the macromolecular oxidation reaction in the mechanism refer to the related reactions of the n-dodecane component. Moreover, the reactivity of isododecane is lower than that of n-dodecane, and the mechanism fails to consider the property differences  
Figure 16: Verification of ignition delay time for n-tetradecane [52].  
Figure 17: Verification of laminar flame speed for n-tetradecane [23; 53].  
between the two components, resulting in a shorter ignition delay time. Nevertheless, on the whole, the coupled mechanism demonstrates certain reliability in predicting the ignition delay time of the isododecane component.
# Performance Optimization of Grounding System for Multi-Voltage Electrical Installation
## 6 Discussion and Recommendations  
### Impact of Soil Resistivity Variations  
Soil resistivity is a key factor influencing grounding system effectiveness. Since soil resistivity is affected by the moisture content, temperature variations, and soil composition, seasonal changes create a dramatic change in grounding system performance. For example, soil resistivity increases during dry periods, raising ground resistance, thus impairing fault current dissipation and augmenting the potential risk of equipment damage; some mitigation techniques to offset peak resistivity during dry weather include soil conditioning via chemical additives or conductive backfill installation. As we see it, these treatments work best in high-resistivity soil areas and thus make for a continuity of system reliability throughout the year. However, the effectiveness of soil treatments may be limited by unavoidable environmental factors, which may demand periodic maintenance for sustained effectiveness.  
Grounding enhancement materials (GEM) such as Sodium Chloride and Copper II Sulphate provide significant reductions in earthing resistance. In Figure 6, Sodium Chloride shows the highest reduction of 96.45%), the commercially available GEM exhibits superior stability over time. The commercial GEM maintained a consistent earthing resistance with minimal fluctuation, making it more reliable for long-term use, especially in environments where moisture retention is crucial. Fluctuation of earthing resistance is shown in Table 14. Sodium Chloride, while effective initially, was found to dissolve in heavy rain, highlighting the need for periodic replenishment in tropical climates. Thus, for stable long-term performance, the commercial GEM is recommended.
## 4 Results
### Test Case 3: Western Part of Houston  
For the third case study, we focus on an area located in the western part of Houston that contains a very large number of damaged/flooded houses. According to the Digital Globe crowdsourcing data, more than 9000 houses were affected by the flood during Harvey. For this case, we considered only SAR data in IW mode, since the SM data with reduced swath do not cover this area. From the intensity images that are illustrated in Figure 7a, we can see the impact of the flood both on bare soil areas depicted in red, as well as on urban areas depicted in cyan. To better characterize the latter, i.e., the flooded building class, we use the \(\rho\) information in the same manner as for the other case studies. In Figure 7b, illustrating the \(\rho\) changes, we notice an important \(\rho_{\text{co}}\) drop-off, predominantly in the building areas that are surrounded by large bare soil areas that were classified as flooded. We can confidently hypothesize that the adjacent building areas are also prone to flooding. By merging these areas with the building footprint, we can detect the houses affected by the flood, as shown in Figure 7e, in dark blue. These areas correspond to the Digital Globe crowdsourcing labels given in Figure 7c. We also note that we detect another area in the lower left part of the map as flooded that was not covered by the Digital Globe data. If we compare our results of these additional areas with the FEMA model output, shown in Figure 7d, we also observe a strong agreement in that area, thereby confirming the correctness of the algorithm's outcome. The areas illustrating this aspect are depicted in the blue polygons in all the subfigures.  
Figure 5: Aerial photographs over the Barrington Kingwood area highlighting flooded houses (AOI 1 in Figure 4), extracted from the video, All Kingwood Club House flooding Hurricane Harvey San Jacinto River: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk-1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk-1) ESELjEg]([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk-1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk-1) ESELjEg).  
Figure 6: Case study 2: (**a,b**) Intensity RGB composite, IW (R = 24 August 2017, B = G = 30 August 2017), SM (R = 18 August 2017, B = G = 30 August 2017). (**c,d**) \(\rho\) composite (R = \(\rho_{\text{pre}}\), B = G = \(\rho_{\text{co}}\)) IW, SM RGB. (**e**) Digital Globe VHR imagery (**f**) Aerial photo of the Arkema plant [48] (**g.h**) IW, SM: flooded buildings (dark blue), flooded bare soil (light blue), non-flooded building footprint (red), other non-flooded land cover classes (white).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cell Assays on Cancer and Normal Cell Lines  
The anticancer activity was determined for seed extracts from _Ribes_ cultivars, and _R. rubrum_ extract, a widely used commercial _Ribes_ species, was used for comparison. The HT-29 colon cancer cells line and the CCD-18 colonic human myofibals cells line were used to check antiproliferative activities. Cultures were supplied by the Technical Instrumentation Service of the University of Granada (Granada, Spain). First, they were checked for the absence of _Mycoplasma_ and bacteria. Then, cells were grown at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 5% CO\({}_{2}\) humidified atmosphere in medium RPMI-1640 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.125 mg/mL amphoteric, and 100 mg/mL penicillin-streptomycin.  
All cultures were plated in 25 cm\({}^{2}\) plastic tissue culture flasks (Sarstedt, Newton, NC, USA). Cell culture and cell assay, that is, the MTT test, were accomplished as previously described [13].  
In the MTT assay, cells were divided into 96-well microtiter plates, adjusted to \(1\times 10^{4}\) cells/well, and cultivated in a medium at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 5% CO\({}_{2}\) prior to adding the different extracts dissolved in the medium. The phenolic-containing extracts were supplied to cells dissolved in a mixture of methanol:water (60:40, _v/v_) and then in the culture medium at designed concentrations (0-300 \(\upmu\)g/mL). After 48 and 72 h of cell exposure, 5 mg/mL of an MTT solution was added to the culture medium to determine the viability of cells. The absorbance was recorded at 570 nm on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate reader (Thermo Electron Corporation, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain). The formazan crystals produced were solubilized using 100 \(\mu\)L of DMSO. Cells without phenolic extracts were considered negative controls, which were used for all concentrations and tested extracts. Cell survival in exposed cultures relative to unexposed cultures was calculated, and the number of viable cells was calculated using the following equation:  
Percentage of viable cells (%) = (Absorbance of treated cells/Absorbance of untreated cells) \(\times\) 100%.  
The concentrations causing 50% cell growth inhibition (GI\({}_{50}\)) were calculated from the growth curves. Doxorubicin (98.0-102%, D1515) from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain) was used as a positive control, while DMSO and methanol were used as the negative (vehicle) controls. Phenolic extracts and controls were evaluated in three independent assays. Values presented are mean \(\pm\) standard error of the mean. The SI of each compound was calculated as GI\({}_{50}\) of the extract against the CCD-18 normal cell line/GI\({}_{50}\) of the same extract against the HT-29 cancer cell line [14].
## 3 Keep1-Nrf2-ARE Signaling System
### Betulin (Be)  
Betulin (5) is a triterpene, usually found in birch tree _Betulaceae_ sp. bark. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties [44].  
A review article presented the accumulated evidence of the anticancer and chemo-preventive role of BE in various cancer cells, including myeloid leukemia, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, thyroid, ovarian, breast, skin, colorectal, hepatic, prostate, oral, gastric, pancreatic, and lung carcinoma [140]. This review reported that the anticancer role of BE was mechanized either by extrinsic (TNF, Fas, etc.) or intrinsic (DNA damage, nuclear fragmentation, etc.) apoptotic factors. Evidence was found for BE's suppressive role on various cancer cells via an intrinsic apoptotic mechanism [141]. Induction of apoptosis was also implicated in the anticancer action of BE in multidrug-resistant renal carcinoma [142]. BE, extracted form _Betula platyphylla_ demonstrated promising cytotoxicity against A549, H1264, and Calu-6 lung adenocarcinoma cells [143]. In addition, it ameliorated the side effects of chemotherapy in the same study, i.e., gastric and renal cell damage. A brief review described BE to be a direct acting agent on mitochondria [144]. Agents that act on mitochondria directly in order to exert chemotherapeutic action receive special consideration in the field of cancer studies, because they can cause cell death under conditions in which conventional chemotherapeutic agents might fail. BE exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through the dose-dependent induction of Nrf2 and its detoxifying enzymes NQO1, HO-1, GCLC and glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) [145]. This Nrf2-dependent anti-inflammatory signaling of BE followed the AMPK/AKT/glycoprotein synthase kinase 3\(\beta\) (GSK 3\(\beta\)) signaling pathway. Nrf2 becomes phosphorylated with serine and threonine residues through AKT, AMPK, and PI3K in order to promote the discharge of Nrf2 from Keap1 and its consequent nuclear translocation for the initiation of antioxidant action to protect the cells against cancerous invasion [146]. In addition, inflammatory mediators, e.g., iNOS, COX-2, that are involved in the carcinogenic process were significantly abolished by BE [145]. Some other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are responsible for oncogenesis, like IL-1, TNF-\(\alpha\), etc., were reportedly inhibited by BE via disruption of NF-\(\kappa\)B and MAPK signaling [147].  
BE ameliorated 7,12-dimethylbenz(\(\alpha\))anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer in rats by upregulating the Nrf2 expression [148]. Downstream antioxidant enzymes like HO-1, Gpx, SOD and CAT were markedly enhanced after BE treatment. This chemopre effect of BE was accompanied by downregulated expression of Keap1, MAPKs, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and cytochrome p450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1).
## 3 Results
### Geographical Distribution of the Single Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Latitude** & **High\_N** & **Med\_N** & **Low\_N** & **Low\_S** & **Med\_S** & **High\_S** \\ \hline Num. & 12 & 49 & 24 & 31 & 22 & 5 \\ \hline GPS\_H & 9.15 & 10.23 & 17.52 & 13.74 & 14.26 & 9.56 \\ Galileo\_H & 14.74 & 17.52 & 23.94 & 21.04 & 20.13 & 12.01 \\ BDS\_H & 15.37 & 23.55 & 23.74 & 20.73 & 23.64 & 16.80 \\ GPS\_V & 7.98 & 11.70 & 16.48 & 11.70 & 11.15 & 9.70 \\ Galileo\_V & 12.21 & 17.91 & 22.84 & 22.62 & 18.35 & 12.90 \\ BDS\_V & 12.77 & 16.03 & 23.84 & 18.44 & 18.44 & 10.30 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The number of stations and the mean convergence times (unit: min) of the different latitudes for static PPP. Figure 7: Geographical distribution of the median convergence times of static PPP for the selected 143 worldwide MGEX tracking stations over a month (September 2022) using three single systems. The geographical distribution of the RMS is depicted (Figure 9 for static PPP, Figure 10 for kinematic PPP), and the mean RMS of the various latitudes is listed (Table 4 for static PPP, Table 5 for kinematic PPP). For the horizontal component, we can see that the RMS value of GPS-only tracking stations reaches more than 0.48 cm in the low latitudes and performs relatively better in the middle and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, where the RMS statistics are well below 0.38 cm. Galileo-only tracking stations have an RMS of above 0.60 cm in the middle and high latitudes, but better performance in the low latitudes, with a value of below 0.60 cm. For BDS-3-only, most stations have an RMS of more than 0.95 cm in the middle and high latitudes of the southern hemisphere and the low and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, while the stations in the middle latitude of the northern hemisphere and low latitudes of  
For the kinematic PPP solutions in the horizontal component, the geographical distribution of the median RMS for GPS-only are similar to those of the static PPP solutions. Galileo-only performs better in the high latitudes, with a value of about 4.00 cm. Meanwhile, it is clear that for stations located in the high latitudes all around the world and the low latitudes of the southern hemisphere, the RMS of BDS-3-only is well below 5.00 cm, and it is larger than 5.00 cm in the other areas. For the vertical component, it is apparent that, compared with the low latitudes, the respective RMS of both GPS-only and BDS-3-only in the high latitudes is relatively lower. On the whole, the RMS statistics of almost all the PPP solutions perform better in the high latitudes than in the low latitudes. Although the number of stations located in different latitude zones is not the same, this is a general conclusion. This can be explained by the similar distribution of the average number of visible satellites for the three single-system constellations.
## 4 Conclusions  
According to the obtained results, the following conclusions were found:  
* It is possible to obtain composite PP-GHP filaments through extrusion and use a 3D printing process to obtain probes with interesting properties in comparison with those of pristine PP.
* The DSC results showed that the degree of crystallinity increased for PP-GHP composites compared with those of pristine PP. There was a higher \(X_{c}\) value for the 3D-printed PP-3 GHP composites, and an increase in the content of GHPs generated a decrease in \(X_{c}\).
* The DTG curves showed that the thermal stability was affected by the addition of GHPs, and it was higher for the 3D-printed PP-3 GHP composites.
* The DMA results indicated that the storage modulus decreased with the addition of GHPs to PP, indicating that the stiffness decreased, and the Tan \(\delta\) curve helped demonstrate that the 3D-printed composites had a more complex structure because the peak width increased for the 3D-printed composites in comparison with that of the 3D-printed pristine PP. This was related to molecular relaxations in the 3D composites that were not present in PP.
* The XRD results corroborated the presence of the monoclinic \(\alpha\) phase of PP and the \(\beta\)-hexagonal phase, and there was a slight displacement of the signals of the PP filament to lower angles on the 20 scale when GHPs are added to PP, which was related to changes in the structure of the 3D-printed composites.  
Conceptualization, C.G.F.-H., J.L.-B. and J.L.R.-A.; methodology, C.G.F.-H., J.L.-B., B.A.S.-C., C.E.R.-G., M.Y.C.-C. and J.L.R.-A.; software, B.A.S.-C., C.E.R.-G. and M.Y.C.-C.; validation, B.A.S.-C., C.E.R.-G. and M.Y.C.-C.; formal analysis, B.A.S.-C., C.E.R.-G. and M.Y.C.-C.; investigation, J.L.-B., C.G.F.-H., B.A.S.-C., M.Y.C.-C. and C.E.R.-G.; resources, J.L.-B., C.G.F.-H. and J.L.R.-A.; data curation, J.L.-B., B.A.S.-C. and M.Y.C.-C.; writing-original draft preparation, C.G.F.-H., J.L.-B., B.A.S.-C., C.E.R.-G., M.Y.C.-C. and J.L.R.-A.; writing-review and editing, C.G.F.-H. and J.L.R.-A.; visualization, J.L.-B. and C.E.R.-G.; supervision, C.E.R.-G., M.Y.C.-C. and B.A.S.-C.; project administration, C.G.F.-H. and J.L.R.-A.; funding acquisition, J.L.R.-A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 7: XRD diffractogram for PP 3D-printed and PP-GHP 3D-printed composites.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico (TECNM), grant number 16612.23-P.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors wish to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for technical support in the characterization of the filaments and 3D printing process.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Phase II: Proposed Point-to-Point Relay-to-Destination Transmission
### Decoding Linear Combination at the Destination  
In order to obtain the decoder at the destination to obtain the linear combination of the original signals from the noisy channel output, we propose to use a zero forcing equalizer. Therefore, for this decoding, we set \(\alpha\), such that \(\alpha=\frac{1}{h_{RD}}\), which leads to the equalized signal being:  
\[\alpha\mathbf{y}_{D}=\hat{\mathbf{v}}_{R}+\frac{\mathbf{z}_{D}}{h_{RD}} \tag{24}\]  
Consequently, an ML decoder is used to obtain \(\hat{\mathbf{v}}_{R}\). A low complexity ML decoder, namely a sphere decoder, can be used to perform the decoding operation. The ML decoder, designed identically to thesphere decoder used at the relay as the lattice to which the target decoded signal, \(\mathbf{v}_{R}\), belongs, is the same at both the relay and the destination node. Therefore:  
\[\mathbf{\hat{v}}_{D}=\mathcal{D}_{D1}(\alpha,\mathbf{y}_{D})=\text{arg min}_{ \mathbf{t}\in\Lambda^{\prime}}\parallel\alpha\mathbf{y}_{D}-\mathbf{t} \parallel^{2}\]  
where \(\Lambda^{\prime}\) is given by Equation (23). Note that the decoding is without error, as long as \(\frac{z_{D}}{h_{RD}}\) in Equation (24) is within the Voronoi region of the lattice, \(\Lambda^{\prime}\). We explore the probability of error in the detection of linear combination in Section V.
## Description  
The route of the terminal area is a network structure composed of all approach routes and departure routes in the terminal area. Currently, the arrival and departure routes of the terminal area are planned and designed according to the flight procedure rules specified in ICAO Doc8168 [26]. The designer uses simple auxiliary tools to complete the procedure and makes operational rules and restrictions by considering the factors such as airport layout, aircraft performance, meteorological conditions, navigation facilities and airspace restrictions.  
At present, safety is the primary goal of terminal area flight procedure construction, and the terminal area route network planning method with manual design as the main means, so the economy and sustainability of the flight in the terminal area cannot be taken into account simultaneously due to subjective and objective limitations. Under the background of green transportation, the fuel economy and environmental impact of the terminal area should be considered in the planning and design stage of terminal area route network.
###### Abstract  
The transient impact components in vibration signal, which are the major information for bearing fault severity recognition, are often interfered with by ambient noise. Meanwhile, for bearing fault severity recognition, the frequency band selection methods which are employed to pre-process the contaminated vibration signal only select the partial frequency band of the vibration signal and cause information loss of other frequency band. Aiming at this issue, this paper proposes a novel fault severity recognition method based on Huffman coding, which can retain all the information of the frequency band, and is applied for the first time to bearing fault severity recognition. Specifically, the average coding length of Huffman coding (ACLHC) of the original vibration signal is first calculated to reduce the noise and highlight the impact components of the signal. Then, the ACLHC is encoded by symbolic aggregate approximation (SAX) to reflect the modulation information of bearing. Finally, the Lempel-Ziv indicator (LZ indicator) of the symbol sequence is calculated to reflect the fault severity. The proposed method is verified by the bearing datasets under different working conditions. Compared with the methods based on frequency band selection, the proposed method effectively recognizes the fault severity of bearing for more working conditions.  
Keywords:signal processing; Lempel-Ziv indicator; average coding length of Huffman coding; symbolic aggregate approximation; bearing fault severity +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences