## 1 Introduction  
As the number of ships and the volume of global maritime trade increase significantly worldwide, e-Navigation, which ensures maritime safety, security, and environmental protection, has received considerable attention [1; 2; 3; 4]. e-Navigation is a next-generation maritime navigation system that aims to meet the requirements of the maritime Internet of Things (MIoT) through the collection, exchange, integration, and mutual cooperation of maritime-related information between ships and coastal stations [5; 6; 7; 8]. e-Navigation has been advanced through various technologies such as wireless communication, IoT, and artificial intelligence (AI), and these developments have led to a rapid increase in demand for not only safety applications but also non-safety applications such as infotainment and multimedia services [9; 10; 11; 12]. In addition, maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs) that use automation and remote-control technologies based on a large amount of maritime-related information have emerged [13; 14; 15]. This paradigm shift in the maritime industry has led to a rapid increase in maritime traffic [16; 17; 18]. Accordingly, the existing automatic identification system (AIS) for maritime communication has reached a point where it can no longer sufficiently accommodate the rapidly increasing maritime traffic due to its limited resources [19; 20; 21]. The limited network capacity of AIS causes frequent packet collisions and network congestion, especially in coastal areas where many ship stations are densely packed. Furthermore, this can lead to collisions between ship stations and safety accidents. In response to increasing channel and bandwidth constraints in maritime communications, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced the very-high-frequency (VHF) data exchange system (VDES) in 2015 [22]. VDES concentrates on addressing these challenges by expanding the transmission capacity of maritime stations, including ship stations, shore stations and satellites, improving the reliability and efficiency of maritime communication networks. VDES is a time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based maritime communication system designed to facilitate data exchange among ships, ground stations, and satellites. It comprises three main components: AIS, application specific message (ASM), and VHF data exchange (VDE). AIS plays a crucial role in maritime communication by enabling ships to identify each other, track targets, exchange information, and maintain situational awareness via two channels. These capabilities allow AIS to effectively support safe navigation and contribute to the prevention of collisions between ships. ASM is utilized for transmitting various data types, including ship position, speed, direction, identification details, marine safety information, and specific application requirements, using the AIS channel and two additional channels. VDE facilitates high-speed transmission of large data, such as multimedia services, utilizing a broad bandwidth across 12 dedicated channels. Moreover, VDE is separated into VDE-terrestrial (VDE-TER) and VDE-satellite (VDE-SAT), which operate independently. VDE-TER facilitates data transmission in coastal areas by leveraging existing shore station infrastructure, while VDE-SAT uses low-orbit satellites to provide maritime communication for offshore ship stations, thereby enabling access to the MIoT network. Despite the increase in bandwidth and data rate of maritime communication with the introduction of VDES, ensuring the stable transmission of various MIoT application data through VDE in coastal areas, such as ports and harbors where ships are densely located, remains challenging [23; 24]. Specifically, the components of VDES may experience interference due to the utilization of adjacent frequency channels. Consequently, the transmission of VDE-TER data may cause interference, potentially degrading the quality of both the transmission and reception of AIS messages.