# Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): Biopolymers for Biofuel and Biorefineies
## 2 Sources of PHAs
### Microbial Production of PHA Block Copolymers
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sr No.** & **Copolymer** & **Strain or Plasmid** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Involved Genes/Genes** \\ **Sequence** \\ \end{tabular} & **Carbon Source** & **Ref.** \\ \hline
1 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-HA & _Pendomonas_ sp. 61-3 & _phnC1_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Gluconate \\ alkanoates \\ Glucose \\ \end{tabular} & [89] \\
2 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-HA & \(P\). sp. 61-3 & Glucose & [61] \\
3 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-HV & Recombinant E. _coli_ & _plaA_ & Glucose propionate & [90] \\  & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-HHx, & & & & \\
4 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-\(\infty\)-or- & Recombinant _R. eutropha P3 HB_-4 & \begin{tabular}{c} _P3 HB_ \\ _phnCAc_ \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Hexanoate and octanoate, \\ pentanoate and nonanoate \\ \end{tabular} & [91] \\  & HHPp & _R. eutropha_ H16 &
\begin{tabular}{c} _n_-alkanoic acids \\ \end{tabular} & [62] \\
5 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-OHx & _R. eutropha_ P3 HB 4 & _phn_C1\({}_{ps}\) &
\begin{tabular}{c} fructose \\ lauric acid, and oleic acid \\ \end{tabular} & [92] \\
6 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-OHx & _A. Indrophilia_ & _phn_C coexpressed with &
\begin{tabular}{c} Dodecanoate \\ _plaP pha_ \\ \end{tabular} & [93] \\
7 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-OHx & _R. eutropha_ ATCC 17699 & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Fructose and \(\gamma\)-butryrolactone \\ \end{tabular} & [95] \\
10 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P4 HB & _nector_ & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Spent palm oil \\ \end{tabular} & [96] \\
11 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-OHx & _R. eutropha_ H16 and its & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _phnCAc_ \\ recombinant strain \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Soybean oil \\ \end{tabular} & [69] \\
12 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-4 HB & _C. necator_ strain A-04 & &
\begin{tabular}{c} sugarcane, rock sugar, today palm \\ and coconut palm sugar \\ \end{tabular} & [70] \\
13 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HV & _P. hydrogencora_ & Lactose, glucose and galactose & [72] \\  & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HV-co- & Recombinant _A. Indrophilia_ 4 AK4 & _phaA_ and _phaB_ & Dodecanoic acid and propionic acid & [97] \\
15 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P4 HB & _C.omonas acidovovans_ & _phaA_ & Glucose and 1,_A_-butanediol & [98] \\
16 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HV & _C. necator_ H16 & _phA_ & palm oil and palm olein & [99] \\
17 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-OHx- & Recombinant C. _ necator_ & _PuCAc_ & Palm kernel oil & [35] \\
18 & P(SHP-co-4 HB)\({}^{\text{a}}\) & Recombinant _E. coli_ & _OrfZ, pos, dhuT, alD,_ and & Glycerol & [100] \\
19 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HV & _Bacillus_ sp. & 16S rDNA & Glucose, glycerol, s. acetate & [101] \\
20 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HV & _Bacillus cereus_ FA11 & 16S rRNA & Glucose & [102] \\
21 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HHx & Recombinant C. _ necator_ strain & _plaJ_ & palm kernel oil, soybean oil, corn & [103] \\
22 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HA & Recombinant R. eutropha & _phnC1\({}_{ps}\)_ & Soybean oil, fructose & [104] \\
23 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P4 HB & _Burkholderia contaminants_ & _phnC6\({}_{Rom}\)_ & sodium-4-hydroxybutyrate & [105] \\
24 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P4 HB & _Cupriavidus malasiensis_ & _phnC_ & 1,4-butanediol and 1,6-hexanediol & [106] \\  & USMAA1020 & _phn_ & & sodium acetate, sodium butyrate, & \\
25 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)P3 HHx & _R. eutropha_ Re2133/pcD81 & _phnC2_ & sodium lactate and sodium & [107] \\
26 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HHx & _R. eutropha_ H16 & _phnC2_ & propionate & [108] \\
27 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HV & _E. coli_ YH090 & _atoAD_ overexpressed & & \\  & with _NtH, phaB_, and _phnC_ & propionate & [109] \\
28 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HHx & _R. eutropha_ Re2133 & _phaJ_ & _phaC_ & coffee waste oil & [110] \\
29 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HV & _R. eutropha_ S119 & _lnrH_ & Glucose & [111] \\
30 & P3 HB-\(\infty\)-P3 HHx & _R. eutropha_ H16 & _phaB1_ and _phaB2_ & Glucose, fructose and glycerol & [112] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
\({}^{\text{a}}\) poly(3-hydroxypropionate-\(\infty\)-4-hydroxybutyrate)  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Microbial production of PHAs copolymers. (P3 HB-_b_-poly(3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyheptanoate) (PHVHHp)) block copolymers by recombinant _P. putida_ KTOV06\(\Lambda\)C _(phaPC)_ _A.c_ ).