# Modern Technologies for Waste Management: A Review
## 3 Discussion  
This study aimed to show a potential that modern technologies have in waste management. The presented studies prove that there is a big potential in improving and automating processes in each step in the waste management hierarchy. The smart waste bin is an innovative technology that uses sensors and Internet of Things connectivity to optimize waste management processes. Sensors attached to a bin can detect the level of waste inside and other parameters such as temperature and humidity. With this data, waste management companies can be equipped with real-time information about the waste status and use this information to provide more efficient services. However, there are also disadvantages. The cost of the smart waste bin is significantly higher than the regular waste bin. We have to keep that in mind that waste bins should be almost everywhere in the city. Smart waste bins are also bigger and repairing costs can be painful for the authorities. These devices need to be maintained regularly, which is also a cost. It is crucial to acknowledge \"technological literacy\" of society in such systems. If a solution requires interaction with a user (i.e., opening the bin via touch screen), it should be reduced to a minimum. Internet coverage plays a big role in the implementation of waste bins. Solutions in urban and sub-urban areas with less developed internet infrastructure might require other wireless solutions for better stability and connectivity; further research should consider alternatives, such as LoRaWAN, for greater usability in various areas. It is worth noting that license-free frequencies vary between continents. For LoRa these are some of the bands that are license-free (ISM): EU868 (863-870/873 MHz) in Europe; AU915/AS923-1 (915-928 MHz) in South America; US915 (902-928 MHz) in North America; IN865 (865-867 MHz) in India; and AS923 (915-928 MHz) in Asia [68]. These legal issues should be emphasized by researchers for clarity and easier replicability by others. Governments can encourage the adoption of smart waste bins by providing tax breaks to waste management companies, so they would feel more confident to invest in that technology. Future research can investigate how smart waste bins can be improved. At the time of writing this paper, many available smart-waste-bins-related resources are pretty similar to each other or do not provide any significant innovations (i.e., different types of sensors, alternative energy sources), so the research may not be entirely covered and need to be carried out once more in the future. Artificial intelligence and robots are being increasingly used in waste management. AI algorithms not only speed up processes but they also improve their accuracy and safety. AI can be used in various situations, from powering machines to predicting where illegal dumping may occur using photos from space. Computer vision has shown significant promise in tackling the global waste management crisis, using its ability to distinguish types of waste based on visual characteristics. AI capabilities are able to enhance waste recycling rates and optimize waste collection. Robots can do their job faster, more efficiently, and more precisely than humans constantly learning about a given task. Using these technologies can significantly increase waste management effectiveness. However, it will be a challenge to implement AI in waste management successfully. The cost and scalability of AI systems are uncertain. Furthermore, as with any automation, the risk of job displacement for waste management workers needs to be acknowledged and managed. AI-related topics are a contemporary concern these days because of the OpenAI GPT-4 language model. It proved to us that nothing related to AI is certain yet, so further research may be needed to cover the impact of GPT-4 and other AI language models in practical reality. The implementation of automated vacuum collection (AVAC) is an alternative to traditional door-to-door waste collection implemented in various cities worldwide.