# Plant Exosomal Vesicles: Perspective Information Nanocarriers in Biomedicine
## 4 Biochemical Characterization of Nanovesicles
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Plant Species** & **miRNA Name** & **miRNA Function** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Thale cress (_Arabidopsis thaliana_)} & \multirow{3}{*}{miR396} & Reduces stomata density, regulates leaf and flower development & [50] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & Increases the accumulation of anthocyanin & [51] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Ginger (_Zingler officinal_)} & \multirow{6}{*}{miR7267} & Modulates immunity by suppression of the _Latchobacillus rhammus_ & [55] \\  & & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Ginger (_Z. official_), grapefruit (_Citrus paradisi_)} & \multirow{6}{*}{miR-2911} & Suppresses influenza virus (HSN1) infection, and suppresses SARS-CoV-2 virus replication & [55] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cabbage (_Brassica oleracea_)} & \multirow{6}{*}{miR172} & Promotes flowering by inhibiting the function of the _APETALA2 family genes_ & [56] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Grapefruit (_C. paradisi_)} & \multirow{6}{*}{miR17} & Suppresses the expression of the histocompatibility _complex_, thereby inhibiting tumor growth & [57] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Blueberry (_Vactimium_ spp.),coconut (_Cocos nucifera_)} & \multirow{6}{*}{miR168} & Regulates the functions of the AGO2 protein complex & [51,58] \\  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Soybean (_G. max_)} & \multirow{6}{*}{miR319} & Acts on the transcription & \multirow{6}{*}{[51]} \\  & & & factor TCP, which controls & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & leaf development & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Soybean (_G. max_)} & \multirow{6}{*}{miR530} & Participates in defense & \multirow{6}{*}{[59]} \\  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & reactions, circadian rhythm & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & and secondary metabolism & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Watermelon (_Citrullus lmutus_)} & \multirow{6}{*}{miR156} & Regulates the mammalian & \multirow{6}{*}{[59,60]} \\  & & & TNF-a signaling pathway in & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & adipocytes; found in human & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & blood following oral & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & administration & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Examples of miRNAs in plant nanovesicles. secondary metabolism of plants have been identified in the nanovesicles (Table 1), thus indicating that plants can modify the biosynthesis of these compounds in the target cells via exosomal signalling. The nanovesicles have been also found to contain considerable amounts of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc.) and amino acids (alanine, asparagine, isoleucine, threonine, leucine, etc. ), the concentration of which also varies and depends on the source of the material [26]. It is probable that these small molecules are encapsulated into the exosomes unspecified via passive diffusion.