# Model for Global Quality Management System in System of Systems
## 1 Introduction
### Literature Review  
_The_ pioneering research on G-QMS in SoS integrates the disciplines of _Quality Management System (QMS)_, _Globalization_, _SoS_, and _Systems Thinking_, each being a new and rapidly evolving discipline. In addition, in combination, they emerge and formulate this innovative field of research. This review includes the separate disciplines to facilitate their integration, laying the foundation for this research work. **QMS in organizations for SoS** is required for highly complex professional applications and in appropriate organizational structures. As also explained in [PERSON] et al. [4], SoSs are characterized by highly complex technological solutions, typically on a large scale, based on the synergy of multiple systems and technologies. Correspondingly, their organizational systems exhibit a high degree of complexity, including sub-organizations and sub-structures, generally with a global geographical distribution, rendering them global organizational systems. Such organizations require an efficient and effective organizational system capable of operating the structural and global system in a multifaceted, demanding, and ever-changing environment, perpetually advancing technology, and in multiple and diverse environments. Accordingly, their QMS must support both current dynamic complexity and future adaptations while meeting customer demands and regulatory requirements, while also giving the organization added value by being a superlative, tailor-made QMS that is exceptionally relevant, effective, and efficient. From the aspect of **globalization**, global organizations are a relatively new phenomenon whose meanings are yet to be fully explored, thereby having a broad definition [5; 6]. Global organizational structures are diverse across sequences, according to the changing requirements and goals of the organization. Accordingly, global organizations today exhibit a myriad of structures that are in a state of continual evolution. In regard to **SoS**, the field is growing in importance, and consequently, there is a growing interest in its concepts and strategies. However, a review of existing literature on SoS finds that it is in a preliminary state, with a consensus on its definition still elusive, as well as in terms of defining its organizational systems [7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. The transition to the accepted modern term SoS is introduced in the works of [15; 16; 17; 12; 18], while a recent articulation for SoS is documented in ISO/IEC/IEEE 21839:2019 [1] and SEBoK (2023) [2]. Based on the above references, an SoS can be worded as a collection of independent constituent systems (CSs), integrated into a larger system to produce unique capabilities and behavior that are unattainable separately. This research attends that, in general, this represents a global capability and behavior whose realization also necessitates a corresponding global organizational structure. In addition, SoS has distinguished attributes and characteristics that necessitate addressing the technological solution and therefore also the organizational structure. While Systems Engineering (SE) is a relatively established field, the burgeoning interest in System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) poses a challenge for the present systems engineers on the global scale [2]. Thus, considering these aspects of globalizationand SoS, the research regarding the relevant QMS for global SoS organizations is in an embryonic stage. **QMS** is based on compliance with the requirements of international standards, which establish a global standard, encapsulating the best practices of quality management and certification. The cornerstone among these is ISO 9001:2015 [19]. ISO 9004:2018 [20], serving as a guideline, expands this framework, and both are suitable for a wide variety of organizations. In addition, ISO 9001 forms the basis for all the sectorial standards that have emerged over the past two and a half decades. These are pertinent as SoS sectors typically relate to these specific sectors.