## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Physicochemical Evaluation  
For the tested honey samples, a basic physicochemical evaluation has been performed and the results are summarized in Table 2. The obtained quality parameters for all honey samples were within the range corresponding to applicable standards [9]: the water content was not exceeding 20% and the free acidity was below 40 mval/kg. The HMF level was much below the level of 30 mg/kg. For honeydew honey samples, the conductivity value was above 0.8 mS/cm, which confirms that the type of honey was declared correctly. In the case of rapeseed honey, the conductivity was 0.144 mS/cm, typical for nectar honeys (below 0.8 mS/cm). The values of the tested parameters obtained for honeydew honey were mostly within the ranges previously determined for a larger pool of samples from the same region [5], as well as other honeydew honey samples tested by other teams [8; 39; 40].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Honey** & **Water** & **Water Activity** & **pH** & **Free Acidity** & **Conductivity** & **HMF** & **Color** & **Color** \\
**Sample** & **Content [\%]** & **Water Activity** & **pH** & **[mval/kg]** & **[mS/cm]** & **[mg/kg]** & **[mm Pfund]** & **A450 nm** \\ \hline H1 & 17.10 \(\pm\) 0.10 b & 0.522 \(\pm\) 0.006 * & 4.69 \(\pm\) 0.01 d & 27.35 \(\pm\) 0.07 b & 1.21 \(\pm\) 0.00 d & 3.42 \(\pm\) 0.71 * & \(>\)150 b & 0.466 \(\pm\) 0.011 b \\ \hline H2 & 18.90 \(\pm\) 0.10 d & 0.570 \(\pm\) 0.003 * & 4.20 \(\pm\) 0.02 b & 35.55 \(\pm\) 0.07 c & 0.99 \(\pm\) 0.01 b & 3.22 \(\pm\) 0.51 * & \(>\)150 b & 0.831 \(\pm\) 0.025 c \\ \hline H3 & 15.60 \(\pm\) 0.10 a & 0.567 \(\pm\) 0.001 c & 4.38 \(\pm\) 0.00 c & 39.80 \(\pm\) 0.14 d & 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.00 c & 6.58 \(\pm\) 0.67 b & \(>\)150 b & 0.901 \(\pm\) 0.009 d \\ \hline H4 & 19.00 \(\pm\) 0.30 d & 0.602 \(\pm\) 0.002 d & 4.16 \(\pm\) 0.02 b & 41.10 \(\pm\) 0.14 e & 1.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 b & 7.20 \(\pm\) 0.53 b & \(>\)150 b & 0.859 \(\pm\) 0.022 d \\ \hline R & 17.60 \(\pm\) 0.10 e & 0.533 \(\pm\) 0.003 b & 4.10 \(\pm\) 0.02 e & 8.55 \(\pm\) 0.07 * & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.00 * & \(<\)LOQ & 40 \(\pm\) 0.3* & 0.071 \(\pm\) 0.010 * \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Basic physicochemical characterization of tested honey samples. The data are shown as mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n=3\)).  
Water activity is an additional parameter not included in legal regulations, but it reflects well the microbiological stability of the product. It is assumed that the value of 0.6 is the limit preventing the growth of microorganisms [41]. The tested honeys showed lower values, except for the H4 sample, which had a water activity value slightly exceeding 0.6, which proves its microbiological safety. Generally, water activity for various honey varieties ranges between 0.410 and 0.691 [42]. Another parameter that clearly distinguishes honeydew honey is its dark color. The color of the tested samples could not be expressed using the Pfund scale as all the values exceeded the measuring range of the device (>150 mm Pfund). Among the samples previously examined in the work by [PERSON] et al. [5], some samples also showed such a dark color, and the average color value for honeydew honey from Podkarpacie was 140 mm Pfund. The simple method used to measure absorbance at 450 nm allowed for the differentiation of the four tested samples. For sample H1, the lowest absorbance value was obtained, and the remaining three showed similar values. It is common knowledge that dark-colored honeys are characterized by a higher content of bioactive substances and have stronger health-promoting effects than light honeys [43; 44].