## 3 Applications  
Three-dimensional printing and 3D scanning are two important technologies that have revolutionized the way physical objects are being fabricated. Three-dimensional printing operates under the principle of building an object layer by layer from a digital model. Three-dimensional scanning, on the other hand, is the process of capturing digital data from a physical object to create a 3D model.  
Figure 3: Portable 3D printer, printing a replica of a 3D scanned artifact.  
Combining 3D scanning and 3D printing can have significant benefits for the field of cultural heritage. There is a number of ways in which these technologies can be combined and successfully used: Firstly, in the field of preservation, 3D scanning allows for the creation of a digital copy of an artifact or monument that can be used for preservation purposes. This digital copy can be used to create a physical replica through 3D printing, which can then be used for display or study purposes, without risking damage to the original artifact. Secondly, in the restoration field, 3D scanning can be used to create a detailed digital model of an artifact or monument that has been damaged or degraded over time. This model can then be used to recreate missing or damaged parts of the artifact using 3D printing, allowing for the restoration of the artifact to its original state. Regarding accessibility, 3D printing can be used to create replicas of artifacts that are otherwise inaccessible to the public. For example, replicas of ancient artifacts can be created and made available to people who might not have the opportunity to visit the original artifact. As far as education is concerned, 3D printing can be used to create physical replicas of artifacts for use in educational settings. Students can study the replicas up close, gaining a better understanding of the artifact and its historical significance. Lastly, in the greater research field, 3D scanning can be used to create detailed digital models of artifacts that can be studied in greater detail than would be possible with the original artifact. These digital models can be shared with researchers around the world, allowing for collaborative research projects.  
Three-dimensional printing has numerous applications across various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, fashion, and architecture [50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56]. For example, in the manufacturing industry, it can be used to quickly create prototypes, replace broken parts, and even produce end-use products. In the healthcare industry, 3D printing has been used to create custom prosthetics and implants, and to produce surgical models for planning procedures.  
Three-dimensional scanning has a range of applications as well, including reverse engineering, quality control, and heritage preservation [57; 58; 59; 60; 61]. In reverse engineering, 3D scanning is used to capture the data from an existing physical object and create a digital model that can be modified or used for further analysis. In the heritage preservation field, 3D scanning is used to create accurate digital representations of historical artifacts, which can be used for research, preservation, and educational purposes.  
Overall, 3D printing and 3D scanning have brought forth new capabilities, simplifying the processes for individuals and businesses to turn their concepts into reality. As these technologies continue to evolve, their applications are likely to become even more broad and have a greater impact in the future.