# Insights into the Issue of Deploying a Private LoRaWAN
## 2 Background and State of the Art
The authors of [51] propose LoRaWAN integration into 4G/5G network, where the gateway includes the eNB (LTE evolved Node B) protocols so it can be part of a mobile network. The study [52] examines the technical and economic feasibility of deploying LoRaWAN in a licensed access spectrum band. Currently, however, LoRaWAN network operators use only the unlicensed band. These results are beneficial for understanding the basics of the LoRaWAN technology or for improving the public network. Nevertheless, the LoRaWAN technology usesboth public and private deployments, and there are major differences between these two approaches (basic differences):  
* **Public network--the network is always owned by a third party (public operator of national or international scale), gateways are deployed to provide coverage over large geographical areas (wide area network--WAN), and for the end-user: fixed parameters of the network, non-transparent and uncontrolled environment, expected lower capital (no need to build the infrastructure), questionable operational expenses (based on the fees and scale), simple and fast deployment, and low technological and management requirements. **
* **Private network--the network is owned by the end-user (i.e., city, company, or individual), gateways are typically deployed to provide coverage over smaller geographical areas (i.e., local, campus, or metropolitan), dynamical (customizable) parameters of network for end-users, transparent and controlled environment for end-users, expected higher capital and questionable operational expenses (based on scale), more complex deployment, and higher technological and management requirements. **  
Although the private approach is a promising topic, only a very limited number of papers have dealt with private LoRaWAN networks. For example, the authors of [53] work with an experimental self-developed and minimized private network. The paper shows the relation between SNR, data rate, transmission time, and energy consumption. Though the paper provides experimental results, only limited technical details of the experiment are given (i.e., antennas gain and power settings are missing, and information about LoRaWAN stack is missing). Related work [54] focuses on the coverage and signal propagation within the single-gateway network. Authors give sufficient background about the experimental settings and develop a simple visualization method for the chosen use case (apartment building). Another experimental measurement campaign for a private LoRaWAN deployed for industrial application was published in [55]. The paper reports small-scale measurements of signal strength (RSSI) and SNR in an industrial complex (approx. 30 points). Similar work [56] provides results from early-stage measurements of the packet-loss rate in five selected points for a one-floor scenario. The studies [53; 54; 55; 56] report show-cases of early-stage results for the LoRaWAN technology. On the other hand, the work [57] reports complex measurements of power consumption, outdoor signal propagation, adaptive data rate performance, and indoor measurement for a single-gateway network. Notably, the authors control many variables in their measurements, including spreading factor, channel selection, bandwidth selection, and modulation. Another significant work [58] reports very complex results from outdoor measurements of SNR in the campus use case (a single-gateway network). The results from [57; 58] are valuable to the scientific community and provide a bright idea about the LoRaWAN technology and its usage in outdoor environment for private use cases. Moreover, the paper [57] presents the approach of using different channels of the 868 MHz band. When we consider Europe, LoRaWAN operates in the unlicensed sub-GHz band, which for most European countries is set by the standard to 868 MHz [10] under CEPT Rec. 70-03 frequency band regulation [31]. The LoRaWAN specification recommends only three default channels: 868.1 MHz, 868.3 MHz, and 868.5 MHz [10].