# Agriculture 5.0 in Colombia: Opportunities Through the Emerging 6G Network
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Current Colombian Agricultural Outlook
#### 4.3.4 Agorclimatic Monitoring and Smart Irrigation  
In Colombia, an IoT-based water management system was deployed in an irrigation district in Valle del Cauca, covering crops such as avocado, cocoa, sugar cane, and Tahiti lime. This system utilized soil moisture sensors and automatic weather stations to optimize irrigation scheduling, achieving reductions in both water and energy consumption [66]. With 6G's edge computing and integrated sensing capabilities, localized irrigation recommendations could be generated instantly--even in remote and underserved rural areas--thus enhancing climate resilience and resource efficiency. Table 8 summarizes the specific domains discussed, linking each to key 6G functionalities and illustrating their potential benefits with measurable outcomes.  
These use cases illustrate how 6G can enhance key agricultural processes already underway in Colombia. In parallel, the national government is actively promoting smart agriculture through public funding and policy instruments.  
The Colombian government has increasingly promoted digital innovation in agriculture as a strategy to strengthen food sovereignty and rural development. In addition to theimplementation of intelligent pest and disease monitoring systems and digital traceability platforms for food quality assurance, recent national policy has focused on enhancing AI and smart agri-food systems through strategic public investment.  
The Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation launched Call 950 in 2024 (ColombIA Inteligente: Development and Implementation of Solutions through Artificial Intelligence and Space Sciences for Territories) to foster applied R&D in AI and space sciences targeted at local socioeconomic and environmental challenges, including those in agriculture [67]. Continuing this initiative, the 2025 call ('ColombIA Inteligente: Quantum Science and Technologies and AI for Territories') aims to support precision agriculture, agribusiness, water resource management, and product traceability, with the goal of boosting food sovereignty in dispersed rural regions [68].  
While these efforts are promising, they still grapple with structural barriers such as limited rural connectivity and insufficient real-time data processing capabilities. In this context, 6G networks, with their ultra-high speeds, ultra-low latency, and massive device connectivity, could significantly amplify these initiatives. With 6G, it would be possible to deploy real-time smart sensors in remote areas, embed AI directly within network infrastructure for immediate decision-making, and further automate agricultural processes, thereby creating synergies with ongoing public-sector efforts (see Figure 6).  
Figure 6: Sixth-generation technologies in agriculture in Colombia.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Agricultural Domain** & **Key 6G Feature** & **Expected Benefit** & **Illustrative KPI/Source** \\ \hline Soil and Crop & Integrated Sensing and AI & Improved soil health monitoring & Reduction in fertilizer use by up to \\ Monitoring & at the Edge (ISAC) & and nutrient mapping & 20\% [64]. \\ \hline Pest and Disease & Massive IoT + Real-time & Faster disease alerts and early & 93\% accuracy in coffee rust \\ Detection & Multispectral Streaming & interventions in high-value crops & detection [65]. \\ \hline Digital Traceability & Ultra-Reliable & Transparent supply chains and & Full-chain traceability via \\  & Communication (uRLLC) & real-time compliance with EURD & Hyperledger Fabric [66]. \\ \hline Smart Irrigation and & Edge Computing + ISAC & Localized irrigation optimization & Notable reductions in water and \\  & + mMTC & and climate resilience & energy consumption in Valle del \\  & & Cauc IoT-irrigation pilots [67]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Applications in Colombian Agriculture.