## 1 Introduction  
The Internet of Things (IoT) can be defined as a system that incorporates intelligent devices for Internet-based intra- and intercommunication [1]. The IoT environment comprises interdependent tools that are capable of collecting, processing, storing, transmitting, receiving, and making decisions based on the available data. These features enhance smart monitoring and controlling of the environment and devices. With the penetration of IoT, it is predicted that the technology will make a subtle economic impact to the tune of USD 11.1 trillion by 2025 [2]. Interestingly, the needs of consumers have always been the target of developed IoT systems, which have, therefore, enhanced the adoption of IoT in many industrial applications [3]. The integration of IoT into industrial settings has witnessed both gradual and multi-layered approaches in the auto industry, manufacturing, smart city, and smart healthcare, among others [4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. The two-factor approaches are borne out of the heterogeneity and interdependence properties of the industrial setting. Thus, as the gradual process trends from industrial generation 1.0 to 4.0, the inherent layer evolves more. The era of Industry 1.0 was toward the end of the 18 th century, precisely the 1780s. The era featured the use of primitive resources such as water, steam, and fossil fuel to generate mechanical power. In the 1870s, a metamorphosis to Industry 2.0 was executed as a result of the generation of electrical energy with the use of assembly lines for mass production. The first DC motor was, in the era, assembled by [PERSON]. In Industry 3.0, use of electronics and information technology (IT) caused a huge evolution as automation became integrated into production industries, thus setting the pace for smart industry. It was in the 1970s that the first programmable logic circuit (PLC) was invented. Industry 4.0 features a set of emerging technologies such as IoT, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI). These technologies integrate smart technology in Industry 3.0 into cyber-physical systems (CPS) to actualize smart CPS (SCPS). The concept of SCPS is the real-time interface between the virtual and physical worlds. The current industrial revolution, i.e., Industry 4.0, has recorded, and is still recording, subtle technological, industrial, societal, and human advancement. However, the potential shift toward better consideration of parallel machine intelligent machines (PMIM) in the industrial framework, workers' ergonomics, and societal transformation endears the preparation for Industry 5.0. [9; 10]. The dynamism of the Industrial Revolution and its effects on gross domestic product is presented in Figure 1.  
Interestingly, the integration of emerging technologies, such as IoT, in Industry 4.0 gives rise to industrial IoT (IIoT). IIoT can then be defined as the deployment of IoT technology, including sensors, actuators, controllers, and smart systems in an industrial setting to produce hi-tech services with little or no human intervention [11; 12]. In addition, IIoT is a conglomerate of intelligent connections, instantaneous information processing, and synergic monitoring for reliable and optimized qualitative industrial products [13]. Based on its transformative features, IIoT is described as the only organ for the survival of 21 st-century industrial operations [14]. Hence, the IIoT ecosystem, as depicted in Figure 1, accounts for spontaneous growth in the world economy and instantaneous control of the production process [15]. Despite the recorded exponential development in the supply chain, monitoring system, management, and manufacturing process, the technology-aided industrial ecosystem, IIoT, is still being challenged by cyberattacks [3; 16; 17; 18]. The cyberattack effect on the IIoT ecosystem is found, in the literature, to be aided by the primary architectural focus of industrial machines and devices.