# Protection against Shiga Toxins
## 1 Introduction
### Intracellular Transport of Stx
The different compounds discussed in this review are shown with their suggested action on different steps of Stx intoxication: 1—Stx binding; 2—Stx endocytosis; 3—Stx sorting to the Golgi; 4—Stx transport via Golgi to ER; 5—release and translocation of StxA\({}_{1}\); (a) predicted effect for Stx2; (b) no effect for Stx2; (c) predicted effect for Shiga toxin. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound** & **Cellular Action** & **Targeted Step of Stx Inoication** & **Cell Lines Tested** & **In Vivo Studies** & **Reference(s)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{CQ} & Elevation of pH in & Translocation of A\({}_{1}\)-m moiety to & \multirow{2}{*}{HEp-2} & - & [98] \\  & acidified organelles & cytosol (predicted) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Baf} & V-ATPase inhibitor & Transport to the Golgi & \multirow{2}{*}{HEp-2} & - & [98] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ConA} & V-ATPase inhibitor & Transport to the Golgi & \multirow{2}{*}{HEp-2} & - & [98] \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Nig} & Incomplete that exchanges H\({}^{+}\) for & \multirow{2}{*}{Not determined; later than Golgi} & \multirow{2}{*}{HEp-2} & - & [98] \\  & monovalent cations & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2 DG} & Inhibition of glycolysis and protein & \multirow{4}{*}{Release of A\({}_{1}\)-m moiety} & \multirow{4}{*}{HEp-2, HT-29, SW480, HeLa} & - & [99] \\  & & the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{FDG} & Inhibition of glycolysis and protein & \multirow{2}{*}{Binding; Transport from Golgi to ER;} & \multirow{2}{*}{HEp-2, HT-29, MCF-7, HEMEC} & - & [48] \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Retro-2 substances} & \multirow{2}{*}{Relocalization of Syntaxians 5 and 6} & Transport from endosomes to the Golgi & \multirow{2}{*}{A459, HeLa} & \multirow{2}{*}{Reduction in mortality rate} & \multirow{2}{*}{[100,101]} \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mn2\({}^{+}\)} & Induction of GPF130 & \multirow{4}{*}{Transport from endosomes to the Golgi} & \multirow{4}{*}{HeLa, Vero} & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PMMP} & Inhibition of Glcer synthesis & \multirow{2}{*}{Not investigated} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{C-9} & \multirow{2}{*}{Inhibition of Glcer synthesis} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not investigated} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & & & & & \\ \hline HG & Ether lipid precursor & Transport from Golgi to ER & \multirow{2}{*}{HEp-2, HEMEC-1, HEMEC} & - & [109] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Rosuvastatin} & Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and protein preparation & Transport to the Golgi & AGHN & - & [110] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Furin inhibitors} & Inhibition of furin & \multirow{2}{*}{Procolytic cleavage of the A-m moiety} & \multirow{2}{*}{HEp-2} & - & [111,112] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Compounds that protect cells against Stx.