## 3 Current Status of the Circuit Component in the MMW Regime
### Recent Works of SoC in MMW Regime
#### 3.7.2 SiGe MMW Transceivers  
SiGe HBT and BiCMOS technologies are promising for carrying out the MMW transceivers in these two decades. In the past few years, many MMW transceivers are implemented with SiGe HBT and BiCMOS technologies [103, 127, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212] involving the system architecture of phased array transceivers [150, 212, 213, 214], sub-harmonic imaging array receiver [215], FMCW radar transceivers [216, 31, 217], fully differential transceiver [218] and dual-frequency transceiver [103]. A multi-channel FMCW radar sensor, which is designed and implemented in 0.25-\(\upmu\)m SiGe process [31]. The receiver has a measured conversion gain of 7 dB, NF of 16.5 dB whereas the IP\({}_{\rm 1 dB}\) is \(-\)30 dBm. The transmitter has an output power of 6.5 dBm and the OP\({}_{\rm 1 dB}\) of 6.5 dBm. The supply voltage of the transceiver is 3.3 V and the total power consumption is 1.584 W (VCO chip, four transceivers with one transmitter active and down-converter). In [150], a W-band phased array transceiver is implemented with the 0.18-\(\upmu\)m SiGe technology. The receiver has a measured conversion gain of 37 dB corresponding to a bandwidth of 20 GHz. The average NF between 75 and 95 GHz is 7 dB. Between 70 and 102 GHz, the input P\({}_{\rm 1 dB}\) is better than \(-\)35 dBm. The phase and amplitude imbalance remain better than \(\pm\)2\({}^{\circ}\) and \(\pm\)0.5 dB between 81.5 GHz and 100.5 GHz, respectively. The I/Q transmitter has a measured maximum saturated output power of 8.5 dBm for each element and higher than 5 dBm between 70 and 100 GHz. The image rejection at 90 GHz is better than 40 dB with the calibration. The transceiver demonstrates a transmitted 256-QAM constellation with 3% EVM. Figure 18: Block diagram of proposed CMOS centric phase array transceiver architecture for radio on a chip and radar on a package [204]. Based on 0.13-\(\upmu\)m SiGe technology, a sub-harmonic pumped 650 GHz receiver was reported [215]. It demonstrates the capability of SiGe technology in sub-MMW regime. The receiver has a measured conversion gain of \(-\)13 dB and a noise figure of \(-\)13 dB at 650 GHz. Also, when the LO power is \(-\)18 dBm. In [216], a 0.38 THz FMCW radar transceiver was implemented in 0.13-\(\upmu\)m SiGe technology. The measured EIRP ranges from 11 to 14 dBm. The transceiver demonstrates the FMCW function when the modulation frequency is 20 kHz at the 5 cm distance. Moreover, the measurements are also performed for a target at 10 cm distance from the FMCW radar transceiver. The measured beat frequency of the peak is 210 kHz with 92.47 dBm. In [217], a miniature 0.13-\(\upmu\)m SiGe 120 GHz FMCW/CW radar transceiver was presented. The receiver has a measured conversion gain of 12-36 dB with a measured noise figure 9.5 dB. The measured IP\({}_{\rm 1 dB}\) of the receiver is \(-\)11 dBm. The transmitter has a measured output power of 0 dBm. The power consumption of the whole transceiver is 350 mW. In [214], a 0.13-\(\upmu\)m SiGe dual-polarization W-band phased array transceiver was reported. Figure 19 illustrates the system block diagram of the dual-polarization W-band phased array transceiver. The receiver is composed of 32 phase-shifters and one for each antenna polarization (H and V). The transmitter is consisted of the double-conversion superheterodyne architecture, which is the same with the receiver. The local oscillator signal of the transmitter and receiver is provided by the same LO generation with the passive combiners. Depending on the desired polarization direction, only one of these paths will be activated. The beam-steering operations and calibration of the overall array can be bring about by the phase-shifting RF front ends in both transmitter and receiver with local memory arrays with a chip size of 6.6 \(\times\) 6.7 mm\({}^{2}\). The receiver has a measured maximum conversion gain of 43 dB and a measured noise figure of 8.2 dB. Also, the measured saturated output power of the transmitter is larger than 2 dBm with a measured maximum conversion gain of 23 dB.