esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
These works indicate that the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of pressure signals are effective tools for constructing internal leakage detection models. However, these models cannot be used to detect the internal leakage in dual-cylinder parallel balanced oil circuit for two aspects:  
1. As a heavy-duty support mechanism, the work speed of dual-cylinder parallel balanced oil circuit is normally slow, which is different from extracting fault features from pressure signals at high-speed working mode in existing work. Specifically, some fault features have changed, which are presented in the analysis of Section 2. 2. The existing fault diagnosis methods for the internal leakage are prone to confuse with those for external leakage. In this paper, we studied the fault diagnosis of the internal leakage in dual-cylinder parallel balance oil circuit for the first time. The working stages include lifting, pressure maintenance, and retraction. During the pressure maintenance stage, the pressure signal's main frequency fluctuation was consistent with the mechanism's natural frequency, which is low due to the large mass and load. With low difficulty and cost in sampling and analyzing, the proposed method is easily applicable in engineering. Since the pressure maintenance stage is common, it facilitates the collection and analysis of pressure signals, which are abundant in leakage features. In summary, the contributions of this paper are as follows:  
1. The internal leakage diagnosis in dual-cylinder parallel balance oil circuit was studied for the first time, and hydraulic simulation and theoretical analysis were innovatively adopted to study the fault features of the internal leakage in the pressure maintenance stage. 2. The internal leakage diagnosis based on the extracted time-frequency domain leakage features from the experimental data was presented, and the accuracy and robustness of the proposed features were verified, which indicated that the proposed fault features and diagnosis method are practical in engineering. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 carries out the hydraulic simulation and theoretical analysis on the leakage fault in the hydraulic cylinder of the dual-cylinder parallel balance oil circuit. Section 3 gives the extracted fault features. Section 4 introduces the hydraulic experimental bench. Section 5 proves the accuracy and robustness of the proposed fault features based on the experimental data. The conclusion is given in Section 6.
# Hyperspectral Python: HypPy
## 2 Design and Implementation
### The Usage Levels: GUI, CLI, and API  
Image processing packages support different types of interfaces to the software. For instance, the Khoros package [8] support a GUI, CLI, and API. On top of that, Khoros offers an interface for visual programming, which is called Cantata [9]. Building a visual programming environment is complex and is not within the scope of HypPy. However, similar to Khoros, HypPy offers a GUI, CLI, and API.  
The advantage of having these three levels is that it offers flexibility. GUIs make it easy to use the tools, even for beginners. From the interface, it is clear which inputs and outputs a certain tool may need. In addition to that, a GUI can be used to invoke multiple tasks at once. In this way, two or more programs may be run in parallel, thus enabling the use of multi-processing capabilities of the computer without the need for parallel coding.  
The CLI can be used to run tools on the command line. However, the real power of the CLI is that it can be used to create scripts that run a sequence of tools in order to run a complete processing chain. Furthermore, scripting can also be used for time-consuming tasks that run for a long time or automate the processing of large sets of images.  
Most of the functionality of HypPy can also be imported into other Python programs using the API.  
The GUI of a HypPy tool consists of a separate module, which imports the HypPy function, creates the GUI, and passes the parameters to the HypPy function. One module contains the GUI, while another module contains the API and the CLI. For instance, the edgy.py module contains the functions for hyperspectral edge filtering plus the command line interface. The GUI is invoked using the tkEdgy.py module. In this case, the three levels are as follows:  
* GUI program: tkEdgy.py;
* CLI program: edgy.pyl
* API function: edgy().  
The HypPy top-level menu can be used to start the GUI program tkEdgy.py. The Edgy filter can be found as a 'Spatial-Spectral Edge Filter' in the 'Filter' menu.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterisation of Urinary Volatile Metabolites
Alcohols can originate from different sources, such as the reduction of fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract, pyruvate, citrate, or glycolysis pathways [57], or even the metabolism of hydrocarbons [8]. Similarly, the metabolism of microorganisms such as bacteria can also be a source of these metabolites [58]. Another source of alcohols is diet through the ingestion of food and beverages [8]. Dihydromyrencol was previously detected in the urine samples of PCa patients [55] and was reported at lower levels than in control subjects [8]. Hydrocarbons are metabolites of great diagnostic interest because they are closely related to oxidative stress [59]. Alkanes and other methylated hydrocarbons typically result from the lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids found mainly in cell membranes [59]. Significant changes in the levels of alkanes and methyl alkanes in cancer patients may be related to the activity of CYP 450 enzymes [8]. In contrast, unsaturated hydrocarbons, typically alkenes, are often involved in the mevalonic acid pathway of cholesterol synthesis [59]. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic substances that humans are exposed to in the environment, at certain industrial workplaces, and from tobacco smoke [59]. Naphthalene is a PAH often associated with cancer development and is released by industrial, domestic, and natural burning processes, leading to exposure of the general population [59; 60]. However, no metabolic pathway has clearly explained the origin of naphthalene derivatives in urine. Some researchers have indicated a potential relationship with steroid metabolism, while others have suggested that these compounds may come from the environment to which the individual is exposed [59; 60]. Furanic compounds and benzene derivatives can be found in both exogenous and endogenous sources as metabolic products of food and different processes in the human organism [45; 46; 47]. The thermal degradation and rearrangement of carbohydrates in natural and processed food is the primary source of furanic compounds [44; 46; 47]. Furan was proposed as a PCa biomarker by [PERSON] et al. [61]. 2-Methyl-5-(methylthio)furan, a furanic compound found in both the control and PCa groups, has been found in coffee, garlic, and horseradish. Benzene derivates are often related to environmental sources, such as air and environmental pollution from industrial (pesticides, dyes) or natural processes (fires). The major sources of benzene exposure are automobile service stations and tobacco smoke [48].
# A Novel Video Transmission Latency Measurement Method for Intelligent Cloud Computing
## 4 Evaluation
### Method 1: Timecode Method  
The method requires a camera, two display screens, an allocator, codec, and a CC3030 before the measurement. The camera is used for real-time video acquisition and the captured video is passed through a 12 G SDI video one-in, two-out splitter to obtain two-channel zero-time latency video. One input is raw video to the display screen, the other input is CC3030. The original video sequence input to CC3030 is called the source video, and the video input is called the source entry (Ori). The source video is output from CC3030, and, after passing through the codec, the reconstructed video is obtained. The reconstructed video is fed into CC3030, which is called the reconstructed entry (Rec). The time stamp in the reconstructed video is found by FPGA in CC3030 and the transmission latency of the video sequence is determined by comparing it with the local time. In order to facilitate the display of the latency measurement results on the reconstructed video, the displayed time bit is controlled at 0.1 ms.  
The video input and output in the measurement process need to pass through the video interface (HDSDI or HDMI). The latency caused by these interfaces is measured in microseconds, which is negligible compared to the latency of measuring video transmission. Since the timestamp is embedded in the existing video source, the latency caused by camera acquisition is not included in the latency measurement results.  
Figure 9a is the latency measurement process of video transmission through the H.264 codec. In the image, the right screen shows the original video, and the left screen shows the reconstructed video with the measurement results, and the time stamp is presented as a spline at the bottom of the screen. It can be seen that the real-time video acquisition format of the measurement process is 720P60 HZ and the latency measurement result is 51.5 ms.  
Figure 8: Design framework and physical and picture of delay measurement equipment. The picture contains Chinese words: “School of Information Engineering, Jimei University”.  
Figure 9b shows the latency measurement process of video transmission through the H.265 codec. In the same picture, the right screen is the original video and the left screen is the reconstructed video with the measurement results. The real-time video acquisition format of the measurement process is 1080i50 HZ and the latency measurement result is 436.6 ms.
# Improving Polar-Coded SCMA System by Information Coupling and Parity Check
###### Abstract  
In this paper, the uplink information-coupled polar-coded sparse code multiple access (PC-SCMA) system is proposed. For this system, we first design the encoding method of systematic joint parity check and CRC-aided (PCCA) polar code. Using the systematic PCCA-polar code as base code, the partially information-coupled (PIC) polar code is constructed. Then, a joint iterative detection and successive cancellation list (SCL)-decoding receiver is proposed for the PC-SCMA system. For the receiver, the coupled polar decoder's extrinsic messages are calculated by the Bayes rule and soft cancellation (SCAN) algorithm. Based on the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) idea, the PIC PCCA-polar code is optimized. Simulation results demonstrate that the PIC PCCA-PC-SCMA system outperforms the other polar (or LDPC) coded SCMA systems at various code rates and channel configurations. Additionally, compared with an uncoupled PC-SCMA system with SCL decoder, the complexity of PICC-PC-SCMA is reduced at a high \(E_{b}/N_{0}\)  
sparse code multiple access; polar code; partially information coupling; parity check; successive cancellation list; extrinsic information transfer +
Footnote †: journal:
# Cheating Detection in Online Exams Using Deep Learning and Machine Learning
## 5 Conclusions  
As a result of the experimental studies, deep learning and machine learning algorithms were analyzed, and the attributes affecting the performance of algorithms perceived as black boxes were determined by descriptive analyses such as SHAP and LIME. Among the algorithms that make predictions within the scope of Scenario-1, the 5-layer DNN algorithm presents the best model with a performance success of 80.9% in detecting students who \"copied\" in exams. In binary classification analysis for Scenario-2, the best performance was achieved by correctly classifying the \"copied\" students with a 96.9% accuracy rate and a 3.1% error rate with the 10-layer DNN algorithm. In the triple classification analysis within the scope of Scenario-3, high performance was achieved by the XGBoost model with the highest accuracy (97.7%), highest sensitivity (95.8%), highest F1 Score (94.6%), highest specificity (98.5%), highest MCC (95.6%), and lowest error (2.3%) rates for the classes of \"copied\", \"dicey\", and \"did not copy\". The results obtained revealed the performance of the models with the most appropriate parameters. Another gain of the models is that they provide a roadmap and foresight to the relevant people in the planning of education and training activities and the evaluation of online exams in educational institutions.
# Mechanical Performance of Confined Autoclaved Fly-Ash-Brick Masonry Walls under Cyclic Loading
## 2 Axial Compression Test of Autoclaved Fly-Ash-Brick Columns  
To determine the deformability and compression characteristics of the autoclaved fly-ash brick and establish its constitutive relationship, which is critical in the numerical model [22,23], an axial compression test of the autoclaved fly-ash-brick short column is first carried out.  
According to the basic test method of building mortar [24], which specifies the range of mortar strength, the mortar-strength design values of the brick columns were M7.5, M10, and M15. When building brick columns, mortar test blocks were cast to maintain the same condition for the material. The strength value of the mortar was tested using a pressure-testing machine. The average values of the mortar were 7.55, 10.12, and 14.89 MPa. Meanwhile, two halves of the brick were bonded using 32.5 MPa ordinary cement. The specimen was loaded with a maximum load by the pressure-testing machine. The test results showed that the average value of the brick compressive strength was 12.36 MPa.  
All the brick columns were constructed using autoclaved fly-ash bricks with a typical size of 240 mm \(\times\) 115 mm \(\times\) 53 mm (L \(\times\) B \(\times\) H) and 10-mm-thick cement mortar. The dimension of the autoclaved fly-ash-brick columns in the axial compression test was 240 mm \(\times\) 365 mm \(\times\) 756 mm, as shown in Figure 1.  
To obtain the stress-strain curves of the short brick columns, the deformation data were collected using displacement sensors, and the pressure value was recorded using the test machine. The test device was composed of a pressurized system (5000 kN pressure-testing machine), a press buffer system (jack and oil pump), and a measurement system. The actual load value of the test specimen was measured by a 1000 kN pressure sensor installed at the top of the test piece. The overall compression deformation of the test specimen was measured using an electrical indicator at the bottom of the test piece. Two micrometers were installed at the longitudinal and transverse centers of the test piece to test the longitudinal and transverse deformation, respectively. After the measured data were processed by the dynamic strain gauge, the load-displacement curves of the specimen were directly plotted on the X-Y function recorder. The micrometers were mounted on the test piece, as shown in Figure 2. The brick column was mounted on the test device, as shown in Figure 3.  
The compressive performance of the autoclaved fly-ash-brick masonry mainly included the stress-strain curves and elastic modulus, which provided the parameters for seismic performance and numerical simulation analyses of the wall structures.
# A Practical and Efficient Node Blind SignCryption Scheme for the IoT Device Network
## 4 Functionality Comparisons and Security Analysis
### Efficiency Comparisons
#### 4.5.4 Indistinguishable-Chosen Cipher-Text Attack (Ind-CCA for Short)
First, we assume that our sign-cryption SC scheme is an Ind-CCA secure symmetric encryption/decryption scheme with a secure hash random oracle \(H_{1}\) and also satisfied with the unforgeability (Unf) in the following. Then, we can say that, if SC is \((t^{\prime},\epsilon^{\prime})\) Ind-CCA secure and unforgeable, then  
\[Adv_{\mathcal{F},\mathcal{A},SC}^{Unf,Ind-CCA}(\theta,t)\leq(\frac{1}{2^{l} \cdot q_{s}\cdot q_{e}\cdot q_{d}}\cdot\epsilon+\frac{1+\epsilon^{\prime}}{2 \cdot q_{e}\cdot q_{d}}),\]  
where \(t\) is the maximum total experiment time including adversary execution time, \(l\) is an upper bound on the number of all IoT devices of at most \(q_{s}\) times signing query, at most encryption oracle \(q_{e}\) times query, and at most decryption oracle \(q_{d}\) times query under the security parameter \(\theta\) in the experiment.
# Prediction Models for Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Review
## 2 Prediction Models of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)  
Research for 215 countries in 2022 on T1D incidence in children and adolescents shows that it varies widely, and has increased in many nations [35] over the last decades. Based on data, the estimated annual rise over 20 years is expected to be 3%, which will increase incidence by 81%. In order to overcome and reduce the difficulties of this disease, it is necessary to recognize and treat it in a timely manner.  
Clinical T1D arises from the progressive destruction of \(\beta\)-cells, ultimately leading to end-stage insulitis, often following a prolonged asymptomatic period. Identifying individuals at risk is crucial for delaying or preventing its onset. Since the 1980s, significant advancements have been made in predicting T1D [11]. Prevention strategies are categorized into primary prevention (reducing risk before \(\beta\)-cell damage), secondary prevention (halting \(\beta\)-cell destruction), and tertiary prevention (restoring \(\beta\)-cell function or preventing complications). Predictive accuracy has improved by incorporating risk factors such as family history and genetic, immunological, and metabolic markers.
# Cancer Treatment: An Overview of Pulsed Electric Field Utilization and Generation
## 9 Pulse Generators
### Power Electronics-Based PGs
#### 9.2.1 Capacitive Storage-Based PGs  
The simplified main concept of capacitive-based PGs is shown in Figure 14. It is based on charging a capacitor through a switch, then releasing the stored energy to the load using another switch. The energy is stored in a capacitor with a voltage rating higher than the needed load pulse voltage. For higher voltage ratings, a bank of series and parallel capacitors can be utilized based on the voltage level and load needs. The delivered voltage pulse shape can be an exponential decayed pulse or a rectangular wave pulse. The system designer can generate both pulses via proper selection of the capacitance value. For exponential decayed pulses, the capacitor delivers the whole stored charge to the load until the voltage reaches zero. On the contrary, the capacitance of the circuit with a rectangular wave pulse should be sized to hold much more energy than is delivered to the load in order to avoid the voltage reaching zero and to keep the capacitor voltage within a specific limit \(\Delta V\).  
In designing such a system, many aspects must be taken into consideration: the voltage rating of the power switches and capacitance, must be determined, as must the power capability of the switch and the maximum operating frequency of the switch; furthermore, if the main power source charging the capacitor cannot supply the voltage at the required rating, the system needs to utilize a boost converter in between. Finally, neither switch is referenced to the ground, resulting in an increased requirement for floating power supplies to drive switches and the need for isolated drivers between the microcontroller and the switches. For applications with a pulse voltage of several kV, a need arises for several lower-voltage cascading switches and capacitors in order to increase the system's capabilities. The series connection of several switches in a conventional way can lead to system failure due to the mismatch between cascaded devices during the switching transients period. A snubber circuit, comprising a resistor and capacitor, is one way to maintain the balance among all series connected switches. While this is simple and effective, it can lead to increased size, weight, cost, and losses, reducing system efficiency [79].  
Many solutions have been introduced in the literature to overcome the drawbacks of series-connected switches and utilize low-voltage (LV) power sources. In the following subsections, different topologies with modular, non-modular, and hybrid structures are presented. Non-modular techniques include Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS), Capacitor-Diode Voltage Multiplier (CDVM), and Solid-State Marx generators
## Appendix B  
Since the calculating of ERI is based on energy conservation theory, the key to amending Equation (5) into Equation (7) is calculating the speed of each part of the track with the slip ratio \(\lambda\) taken into consideration when braking. Taking the front part of the track as an example, the speed \(v_{t\_f}\) can be decomposed into a converted velocity \(v_{t\_fcc}\), which equals the speed of the vehicle, and a relative velocity \(v_{t\_frr}\), which equals the linear velocity of the wheel rotation, as shown in Figure 11. Thus, taking Equation (6) into consideration, the dynamics of the front part of the track can be expressed as:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}\vec{v_{t\_f}}=\vec{v_{t\_f}}+\vec{v_{t\_f}}\\ v_{t\_fcc}=v_{\_}{x}=\frac{\omega\vec{r}}{1-\lambda}\\ v_{t\_frr}=\omega\vec{r}\\ \frac{1}{2}m_{t\_f}v_{t\_f}^{2}=\frac{1}{2}l_{\_cri}^{t\_f}\omega^{2}\end{array}\right. \tag{11}\]  
According to the cosine law, \(v_{t\_f}^{2}\) can be expressed as:  
\[v_{t\_f}^{2}=v_{t\_fcc}^{2}+v_{t\_frr}^{2}-2v_{t\_fcc}v_{\_frr}\cos\varphi_{A} \tag{12}\]  
Substituting \(v_{t\_f}\) as a function of \(v_{t\_fcc}\), \(v_{t\_frr}\), and \(\varphi_{A}\) from Equation (12) into (11), the ERI of the front part of the track can be derived as:  
\[l_{\_cri}^{t\_f}=m_{t\_f}r^{2}\left[1+\frac{1}{(1-\lambda)}^{2}-\frac{2 cos \varphi_{A}}{(1-\lambda)}\right] \tag{13}\]  
which is exactly the same as what is written in Equation (7).  
The expression of other three parts of the track can be derived using the same way above.
# Effects of DNA Topology on Transcription from rRNA Promoters in _Bacillus subtilis_
## 3 Results
### Chromosome Relaxation Inhibits Total RNA Synthesis In Vivo  
To test whether DNA topology could affect rRNA expression in vivo, we used novobiocin. Novobiocin is an antimicrobial compound that binds to the \(\beta\) subunit of gyrase and blocks its function by inhibiting ATP hydrolysis [41; 42; 43]. Gyrase relieves tension in DNA caused by transcribing RNAPs or helicases by creating more negatively supercoiled DNA. Hence, the inhibition of gyrase causes DNA in the cell to be more relaxed [44].  
In this experiment, we first used total RNA as a proxy for rRNA synthesis as in exponential phase most of RNA synthesis comes for rRNA operons (\(\sim\)80% of RNA in cell is rRNA and tRNA [29; 45]). We treated early-exponentially growing cells (OD\({}_{600}\sim\)0.3) with novobiocin or mock-treated them, and measured the rates of total RNA synthesis by following incorporation of radiolabeled \({}^{3}\)H-uridine into RNA. As a positive control, where we expected cessation of RNA synthesis, we treated cells with rifampicin, a well-characterized inhibitor of bacterial RNAP.  
Figure 1: Correlation between GTP concentration and promoter activity after entry into the stationary phase. (**A**) Sequences of Pveg and \(rrn\)B P1. (**B**) Relative promoter activities of \(rrn\)B P1 (black circles) and Pveg promoters (open circles) after entry into stationary phase, relative GTP concentration (green squares), and optical density (dashed grey line). Promoter activities and GTP concentrations were normalized to 1 at time 0. Promoter activities were measured by qPE from wt _B. subtilis_ strains: \(rrn\)B P1 (LK134), Pveg (LK135). Promoter activities were calculated from three independent experiments, the error bars show \(\pm\)SD. The GTP concentrations are from two independent experiments, showing the mean, the bars show the range. A representative bacterial growth curve is shown. The vertical arrow indicates the entry into stationary phase.  
Figure 2 shows that in the presence of novobiocin the synthesis of total RNA decreased/stopped, similarly as in the presence of rifampicin, suggesting that relaxation of the chromosome affects total RNA synthesis in the cell (Figure 2A).