## 1 Introduction  
### Research Background and Significance  
Traffic engineering professionals often refer to traffic control as the cornerstone of the field, while simultaneously representing a worldwide challenge. Given the complex and highly stochastic factors affecting traffic control, traffic signal timing optimization applications cannot directly adopt mature artificial intelligence and reinforcement learning algorithms. Additionally, since traffic represents a highly systemic entity, signal optimization must extend beyond optimal traffic light timing to include comprehensive congestion mitigation strategies and macro-level planning, avoiding the limitations of standalone traffic control systems. With China's numerous rapidly developing cities, constantly increasing road traffic demands, citizens' requirements for high-quality road transportation services, and the rapid development and potential applications of advanced technologies, how to further construct and develop high-level \"new generation urban traffic control systems\" has become a research direction of critical concern for Chinese cities. On the other hand, China has issued numerous supportive policies for the intelligent connected vehicle industry, providing a solid foundation for the intelligent development of the \"controlled entity\" in control systems. In June 2017, the National Standards Committee, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and others released the \"National Vehicle-Network Industry Standard System Construction Guide (Intelligent Connected Vehicles)\". In February 2020, 11 national ministries and commissions, including the Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of Transport, jointly issued the \"Intelligent Vehicle Innovation and Development Strategy\", emphasizing the coordinated development of intelligence and connectivity. In September 2022, the Shanghai Municipal Government Office issued the \"Shanghai Implementation Plan for Accelerating Intelligent Connected Vehicle Innovation and Development\" (hereinafter referred to as the \"Plan\"), which specified that by 2025, Shanghai would establish a nationally leading intelligent connected vehicle innovation and development system. The industry scale would strive to reach CNY 500 billion, with vehicles equipped with combined driving assistance functions (L2 level) and conditional autonomous driving functions (L3 level) accounting for over 70% of new vehicle production, while vehicles with high-level autonomous driving functions (L4 level and above) would achieve commercial applications in limited areas and specific scenarios. In January 2024, five ministries including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and Ministry of Transport jointly issued the \"Notice on Conducting Intelligent Connected Vehicle \"Vehicle-infrastructure-Cloud Integration' Application Pilot Work\", requiring adherence to the principles of \"government guidance, market-driven, coordinated planning, and sequential construction\" to establish a batch of urban-level pilot projects with identical architecture, unified standards, interconnected services, and reliable security, promoting intelligent roadside infrastructure and cloud control platform construction, enhancing vehicle terminal equipment rates, conducting intelligent connected vehicle \"vehicle-infrastructure-cloud integration\" system architecture design and multi-scenario applications, forming unified vehicle-infrastructure coordination technical standards and testing evaluation systems, improving road traffic safety assurance capabilities, promoting large-scale demonstration applications and new business model exploration, and vigorously promoting the industrialization of intelligent connected vehicles.