esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Base-Station Selection Strategy for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Communications
## 4 Proposed Mechanism
### Methodology of the Markov Decision Policy  
The basic idea of base station selection is illustrated in Figure 2. The objective of this paper is to provide base station selection for vehicles in C-V2X, the strategy of which is based on the [PERSON] decision policy. To achieve this goal, we divided this objective into two subproblems. The first one is providing a strategy to support base station selection. The second is providing an approach to address the complicated decision problem in base station selection. To solve the first subproblem, we propose a method to predict the probability of next second displacement and achieve RSS. We also propose femtocell base station redundancy as the probability of femtocell base station selection to address the second subproblem.
# Assessing the Security and Privacy of Baby Monitor Apps
## 6 Discussion & Conclusions
### Privacy Implications of Baby Monitor App Usage  
As our security analysis has shown, the confidentiality of transmitted monitor video streams may be compromised, which seriously threatens user privacy. On the contrary, the privacy status of baby monitor apps appears to be overall acceptable. Each app offers a privacy policy, although with differences in completeness and compliance. Interestingly, our analysis of requested permissions indicated that permissions were used correctly, with no excessive or suspicious use. However, a closer look at the privacy policies in conjunction with the analysis of the data exchanged reveals several privacy leaks from baby monitor apps. While the reasons are difficult to determine, we made two observations. First, although it is a valid business model to exchange app features to display ads, identified privacy leaks show that privacy policies do not sufficiently explain the transfer of personal data to advertising partners. Second, the use of (cloud) services is often not sufficiently mentioned in the respective privacy policies.
# Vibration Properties of Dual-Rotor Systems under Base Excitation, Mass Unbalance and Gravity
## 4 Conclusions  
The combined effects of base motions, mass unbalance and gravity on vibration properties of a counter-rotating dual-rotor system were studied in this paper for the first time. Some conclusions are summarized as follows:  
1. Constant base rotations generated constant external stiffness and damping matrices, and so had some impact on its natural properties. The effects of rolling base motion are larger than that of pitching base motion.
2. When the base was fixed, mass unbalance on different rotors only excited whirling modes that were in the same direction with the rotor rotating. The constant pitching base motion caused other whirling modes to be excited by mass unbalance forces, while the constant rolling base motion did not.
3. Base translations can stimulate both backward and forward whirling modes of the counter-rotating dual-rotor system whether or not the constant pitching base motion was involved. It is interesting that when the constant rolling base motion and base translation along the horizontal direction were both taken into account, the combined frequencies of the base angular velocity and base translation frequency can induce different resonances.
4. Components along different directions of the gravity exhibited harmonic behavior when the constant base rotations were concerned. They can also excite different whirling modes, while one with rolling base motion did not. In addition, matrix transformation in a complex field was validated as a useful and efficient computing method.  
Figure 12: Responses of the dual-rotor system at disk 1 due to gravity with rolling base motion: (a) \(x_{d1}\); (b) \(z_{d1}\); (c) \(\theta_{d1}\); (d) \(\psi_{d1}\).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.C. and J.W.; methodology, L.C.; software, L.C.; validation, L.C. and Z.Z.; formal analysis, L.C.; investigation, L.C.; resources, L.C.; data curation, L.C.; writing--original draft preparation, L.C.; writing--review and editing, D.Z. and Z.Z.; visualization, Z.Z.; supervision, J.W.; project administration, J.W.; funding acquisition, D.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers are 52175071 and 52105083); the major projects of aero-engine and gas turbines (grant number is J2019-I-0008-0008); the Innovation Centre for Advanced Aviation Power (grant number is HKCX2020-02-016).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** Special thanks go to [PERSON] for his encouragement and help in preparing of this article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Experiment 3: PD + Gravity Compensation  
This experiment evaluates the performance of the standard PID controller compared to an alternative control scheme, namely PD with gravity compensation [31]. Although simpler, this scheme requires prior knowledge of the robot manipulators' dynamics.  
As a common and reliable approach, PD with gravity compensation provides a valid baseline for assessing the suitability of the PID controller in bilateral systems with time-varying delays. The operator attempts to reproduce the same experiment performed with the PID controllers, although exact replication is inherently difficult. The results are shown in Figure 6.  
While the results are not directly equivalent to those in Figure 5, they can be compared objectively through Tables 3 and 4.  
The RMSE values in this table show that the PD controller with gravity compensation performs slightly better than the PID controller, particularly in Joint 3. This difference is attributed to the instantaneous compensation for gravity effects provided by the PD approach, whereas the PID controller requires some time for the integral term to adjust. Nonetheless, the PID controller achieves comparable performance while offering greater robustness and less reliance on precise system modeling.  
The PD + gravity compensation scheme performs slightly better than the PID controller, especially for the third joint. This behavior can be explained by the fact that when the human operator releases the end-effector with the PID controller, it falls momentarily until the integrator compensates for gravity. In contrast, the PD + gravity compensation approach cancels gravity effects instantaneously, eliminating this drawback. Despite this, the performance of the standard PID controller remains acceptable for comparison purposes.
# DIKWP-TRIZ: A Revolution on Traditional TRIZ Towards Invention for Artificial Consciousness
## 4 Mapping and Coverage Analysis of TRIZ Rules in DIKWP
### Mapping the 40 TRIZ Principles to the DIKWP Model
#### 4.1.16 Wisdom (W) \(\rightarrow\) Data (D)  
The process involves interpreting Data through Wisdom to gain profound insights, while also discussing how Wisdom can guide Data collection and interpretation. It requires not only a deep understanding of the Data itself but also the integration of experience and intuition to form a comprehensive cognition that transcends specific contexts. The following are several TRIZ principles closely related to this transformation process, along with their specific applications:  
* **Principle 6: Universality**Wisdom is the information content with values, which is used in this principle to standardize or define universal expressions or contents of the same semantics, and can also integrate multiple independent data points into a coherent understanding beyond individual cases. For example, in the media field, in order to reach a wider audience of people of different ages, educational backgrounds, etc., corresponding adjustments need to be made to the expression methods and channels of the displayed data [95].
* **Principle 24: Intermediary** The cognitive subject can employ Wisdom-driven models or frameworks to analyze Data, offering more refined and contextually relevant insights. For example, in social science research, psychological theoretical models can be applied to interpret survey results. By leveraging the value-driven processes inherent in Wisdom, these models facilitate a deeper exploration of the motivations behind individual behaviors and the social factors that influence them. This approach allows for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of complex human dynamics, enhancing the ability to generate meaningful and actionable conclusions [96].
* **Principle 25: Self-service** Wisdom can guide Data collection and interpretation, enabling autonomous operations by the cognitive subject and reducing reliance on external guidance. This involves incorporating intelligent decision-making mechanisms into Data processing. For instance, in intelligent traffic management systems, historical traffic flow patterns and emergency response experiences can be utilized to automatically adjust traffic signal control strategies, thereby optimizing traffic flow. This approach enhances system responsiveness and efficiency by enabling adaptive, self-regulating decision-making processes [97].
* **Principle 35: Parameter Changes** The cognitive subject can adjust Data parameters based on insights derived from Wisdom to ensure that Data collection and analysis methods support deeper understanding. For example, in intelligent transportation management systems, historical traffic flow patterns and emergency response experience can be utilized to automatically adjust input parameters for traffic signal control, thereby optimizing traffic flow. This method improves the system's responsiveness and efficiency by implementing an adaptive and self-regulating decision-making process [97].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
To compare the accuracy among the three synchronization methods (Manual Notational Dataset (MND), Optimized Synchronization Dataset (OSD), and Raw Synchronization Dataset (RSD)), a statistical approach based on the distributional characteristics of the data was adopted. Initially, the normality of the variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection through Q-Q plots. The normality was not verified, and therefore the non-parametric Friedman test was used. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted using Durbin-Conover tests with appropriate correction for multiple comparisons. The rank biserial correlation (r\({}_{\text{rb}}\)) was used as effect size and interpreted with the following thresholds: \(<\)0.1 trivial, 0.1-0.3 small, 0.3-0.5 moderate, \(>\)0.5 large [32]. Statistical calculations were carried out using Jamovi software 2.4 [33], and the statistical significance was set at \(\alpha\) = 0.05.
#### Article
It is generally accepted that the impact of nanoparticles on plant growth and development can be both positive and negative [41; 42]. AgNPs increased the growth rate and biochemical characteristics (chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein content, anti-oxidative enzymes) of _Brassica juncea_, common bean, and corn [43; 44]. [PERSON] et al. [41] studied the influence of biologically synthesized AgNPs in a hydroponic cultivation on the increase of _Bacopa moninieri_ and discovered that biosynthesised AgNPs have a significant impact on the germination capacity of seeds. Furthermore, AgNPs contributed to the intensification of seed germination and seedling of _Boswellia ovalifololidata_ trees [45]. Crop, vegetable, and leguminous plantations around the world are affected by a variety of stress conditions (draught, water deficits, salination, etc.) which can significantly influence seed germination [46; 47]. To answer the same, constant efforts are being made with the view of finding new methods of improving the seed material [48]. Among these, nanotechnology remains a relative novelty. We still do not know the full extent of its potential side effects, i.e., the related mechanisms of toxicity or the consequences of releasing the material into the ecosystem [49]. The study described below focused on verifying various techniques with the potential of improving the germination and emergence rate of pumpkin seeds, determining the respective content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, and photochemical intensity. The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of seed stimulation using laser light, electromagnetic fields and silver nanocolloid on the germination, emergence rate, content of photosynthetic pigments, and photosynthetic efficiency in the respective stages of the plants' development.
## 4 Discussion
### The Data Collection on Small Groups  
Despite ongoing efforts, there remains a notable dearth of universal and precise strategic level data.  
Existing studies have made assumptions about the initial location of MIGs, specifying their gathering points [7]. Some studies have attempted to reconstruct the initial positions of occupants within small spaces by utilizing fixed seating arrangements [39; 40; 41; 42]. However, these location data are primarily applicable to buildings such as schools, office spaces, and libraries, where fixed seating arrangements are common. They may not accurately reflect the dynamics of large public buildings like exhibition halls, commercial complexes, and hospitals, where occupants' locations are constantly changing. Consequently, these data lack universality.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dependent Variable** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Distance** \\ **between** \\ **MIGs** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Assembling** \\ **Time** \\ \end{tabular} & **Increase in OET** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Increase in** \\ **OTJT** \\ \end{tabular} & **Increase in OED** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Increase in** \\ **OES** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Distance between & 1 ** & 0.740 ** & 0.538 ** & 0.412 * & 0.569 ** & Irrelevant \\ AllIGs & / & 1 ** & 0.683 ** & 0.589 ** & 0.499 ** & Irrelevant \\ Increase in OET & / & / & 1 ** & 0.916 ** & 0.602 ** & Irrelevant \\ Increase in OTJT & / & / & 0.916 ** & 1 ** & Irrelevant & \(-0.520\)** \\ Increase in OED & / & / & 0.602 ** & Irrelevant & 1 ** & 0.388 * \\ Increase in OES & / & / & 134.308X2 + & \(-0.520\) ** & 48.302X2 & 1 ** \\  & & 21.823X + 9.581 ** & & & 40.690X + 3.963 ** & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* **: \(p<0.01\), **: \(0.01<p<0.05\).  
\end{table}
Table 10: Variable correlation.  
Our innovation lies in collecting location data of MIGs in a 450 m\({}^{2}\) specialist outpatient center, where the occupants' locations change continuously fluctuate and quantifying it as the distance between MIGs. Unlike fixed location data, the distance between MIGs offers broad utility in setting up experiments and simulations.  
Obtaining precise small group data presents significant challenges. [PERSON] et al. conducted on-site sampling to ascertain the percentage of MIGs and the size of small groups in different types of buildings [10]. Their findings revealed that in hospitals, the percentage of MIGs was 80.4%, while groups consisting of 1-3 occupants comprised 65.2-76.8% of occupants in most public spaces. Groups with more than three occupants accounted for 23.2-34.8%. However, sample surveys are inherently subject to random variation, leading to potential imprecision.  
Our innovation involves leveraging surveillance videos capturing daily activities within a specialist outpatient center to gather accurate data on the number and size of small groups, the number of MIGs, and the location distribution of small group members. The percentage of MIGs in our study is 60.33%, which is lower than the statistic of [PERSON] et al. This is also due to the high sampling error.
## 6 Conclusions  
In conclusion, tests on the developed test bench prove the effectiveness of the methodology for diagnosing and controlling mechanical faults in robotic systems. The data collection, processing, and fuzzy logic algorithms to identify and address common issues like belt tension and gear heating in robot transmissions are used.  
Figure 18: The control membership functions of input (**a**) and output (**b**) variables.  
Analysis of the vibration signals from the experiments gave insights into different fault frequencies. By spotting distinct patterns through spectral analysis, a strong fuzzy logic algorithm for diagnosing and fixing faults accurately based on vibration frequency and amplitude was developed.  
The fuzzy logic algorithm effectively adjusts robot parameters like speed, torque, and acceleration to mitigate the impact of faults on the transmission system. This ensures smooth operation while reducing wear on mechanical parts and preventing breakdowns.  
The diagnostic modeling results highlight the reliability of the approach in identifying damage in the transmission system, even with limited data. This reduces the need for frequent repairs and lowers maintenance costs.  
Overall, our findings emphasize the potential of fuzzy logic-based systems for enhancing the reliability of robots in dynamic industrial environments. The flexible methodology offers real-time fault detection and management, improving operational efficiency and reducing downtime in automated manufacturing processes.  
For future work, we plan to explore other types of mechanical damage, upgrade our fuzzy logic rule database, and validate our algorithm for controlling and diagnosing faults. We will also investigate the use of fuzzy logic in machine learning and predictive maintenance. Additionally, our research can aid in setting up digital twins of transmission systems, robots, and other connected elements.  
Conceptualization, S.A.; methodology, S.A.; validation, A.R., T.V. and K.K.; formal analysis, S.A.; investigation, S.A.; resources, S.A.; data curation, S.A., T.V. and A.K.; writing--original draft preparation, S.A.; writing--review and editing, K.K.; visualization, S.A.; super-vision, A.R. and T.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research leading to these results received funding from PSG453, 2020-2024, \"Digital twin for propulsion drive of autonomous electric vehicle\".  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Code Description
### RFQ Structure  
For an RFQ section the electrical field is calculated separately for each cell. The eight-terms series for the potential is expressed at each node of the grid. The system of linear equations is solved by the least-squares method for the coefficients \(A_{ns}\). The expression for the electrical field can be obtained by derivation of the formula for the electric potential:  
\[\begin{array}{l}U(r,\psi,z)=-\frac{U_{l}}{2}\ \left[F_{0}(r,\psi)+\sum\limits_{n =1}^{\infty}F_{n}(r,\psi)\ \sin(2n-1)\ kz\right]\\ F_{0}(r,\psi)=\sum\limits_{s=0}^{\infty}A_{\rm{0s}}\left(\frac{r}{R_{0}}\right) ^{2\ (2s+1)}\cos(2\ (2s+1)\ \psi)\\ F_{n}(r,\psi)=\sum\limits_{s=0}^{\infty}A_{ns}\ I_{4s}[(2n-1)\ kr]\ \cos 4s\psi\end{array} \tag{1}\]  
where \(z\), \(r\), \(\psi\)--cylindrical coordinates, \(F_{n}\), \(A_{ns}\)--Fourier-Bessel coefficients, \(k=2\pi/\beta\lambda\), \(\beta\)--relative velocity, \(\lambda\)--wavelength of rf field and \(R_{0}\)--average aperture of the RFQ.  
By purpose, the obtained distribution of the potential (or electric field as a derivative) could be used directly by the software as a field mapping. In particular, the irregular electric field in the fringe areas of an RFQ is modeled taking the gap between electrodes and flange into account, and is represented as field mapping.
# Vulnerability of Satellite Quantum Key Distribution to Disruption from Ground-Based Lasers
## 2 Methods
### Orbital Dynamics  
The relative location of the ground station and laser terminal, and the angles formed between the ground station, satellite, and laser terminal will determine both the optical loss due to diffraction and atmospheric attenuation, as well as the period during which the satellite is in view of both the ground station and laser terminal, and so the fraction of the QKD transmission period for which the laser terminal is able to disrupt the QKD.  
Detailed simulations of the orbit of the satellite, using the orbital track of _[PERSON]_ as an example, were performed to determine the effective range of the laser terminal, and the optical losses from laser terminal, to satellite, to ground station.
###### Abstract  
Geometrical parameters, such as the thickness and the sidewall etch angle of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) thin films, are important information for device design and simulation, material property extraction, and quality control in a fabrication process line. This paper presents an in-line test microstructure for measuring geometrical parameters of surface micromachined thin films. The structure consists of four-probe bridges with continuous step structures and deposited at three different angles. The extraction method takes advantage of the resistances of the step structures to determine the thickness and the sidewall etch angle of the phosphosilicate glass (PSG) layer and the thickness of the polysilicon layer. The sheet resistance and the width of the test structure are required for the extraction method and can also be measured by using the test structure. Thicknesses of (2.080 \(\pm\) 0.011) \(\upmu\)m, (2.142 \(\pm\) 0.012) \(\upmu\)m, (1.614 \(\pm\) 0.014) \(\upmu\)m and (2.892 \(\pm\) 0.012) \(\upmu\)m are obtained for the Poly 1 layer, the Oxide 1 layer, the Poly 2 layer and the stacked layer of Oxide 1-Oxide 2, respectively. The sidewall etch angles for the Oxide 1 layer and the stacked layer of Oxide 1-Oxide 2 are obtained as (77.51 \(\pm\) 0.61)\({}^{\circ}\) and (76.17 \(\pm\) 0.91)\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. In comparison to previously reported thickness measurement approaches, the proposed method is nondestructive, and makes use of four-point probe technique which is featured with electrical input and output configuration, simple operation, low cost, fast response, good repeatability and ease of integration. Therefore, this method is more suited to in-line monitoring the MEMS fabrication process.  
film thickness; sidewall etch angle; four-probe bridge; surface micromachined thin films; in-line test +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Wavelet Decomposition Prediction for Digital Predistortion of Wideband Power Amplifiers
###### Abstract  
Digital predistortion (DPD) is essential for improving the efficiency and linearity of power amplifiers (PAs), particularly in radio frequency communication systems. We propose a wavelet decomposition prediction (WDP) framework that better adapts to the highly nonlinear characteristics of PAs. In this framework, the input data are first decomposed using wavelet transformation, allowing for a more effective representation of nonlinear features. Next, a nonlinear modeling process is conducted on the PA to capture its distortion characteristics. Once the nonlinear model is trained, it is frozen to preserve its learned features. Based on this frozen nonlinear model, DPD is then applied to the PA to compensate for nonlinear distortions. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, achieving the best ACPR and EVM performance on the OpenDPD dataset.  
digital predistortion; power amplifiers; wavelet decomposition prediction 2025 15 3599