esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Extraction  
In order to reconstruct the extracted ion chromatograms (XICs), we first had to extract information from the mass spectrometry data. Biologists use an enzyme to cleave protein samples into short peptides. When the peptide mixture enters the mass spectrometer, the output spectrum is denoted as the MS1 spectrum. Then, precursor ions are selected to be fragmented into daughter ions to obtain the MS2 spectrum [2]. In this paper, we define the MSI spectrum as the precursor ion mass spectrum and the MS2 spectrum as the MS/MS spectrum.  
It is assumed that as peptides move through the chromatograph, only ions with a specific \(m/z\) range will be able to move through, creating a chromatogram. We can see the generated chromatograms in Figure 2. The recorded information for the three axes contains their \(m/z\), retention time, and peak intensity. The traditional pseudo-MS/MS spectrum method does not divide the precursor ion mass spectrum when extracting the mass spectrum data information, which leads to a large search space in the process of similarity comparison and increases the amount of calculation. In this paper, we added the information of the isolation window to the MS/MS spectra data. This represents a \(m/z\) range value, that is, the minimum \(m/z\) of the fragmented precursor ion to the maximum \(m/z\).  
Figure 1: The workflow of the CorrDIA method.  
In the experiment, we use the scan number of the mass spectrum as the unique identifier. For each detected precursor ion mass spectrum, our algorithm reports each mass spectrum's scan, \(m/z\) value, intensity, and retention time; for each detected MS/MS spectrum, our algorithm reports each spectrum's scan, isolation window, \(m/z\) value, intensity, and retention time. One precursor ion mass spectrum is fragmented by multiple MS/MS spectra; we can determine the corresponding relationship between one precursor ion mass spectrum and several MS/MS spectra based on the order of the retention time (RT). The isolation window information, which spans the minimal and maximal \(m/z\) of the chosen precursor ions, allows us to determine which precursor ions from the associated precursor ion mass spectrum are responsible for fragmenting the current MS/MS spectrum. The search space is narrowed, improving the experimental accuracy.
# A Matrix-Based Proactive Data Relay Algorithm for Large Distributed Sensor Networks
## 5 Model Maintenance Algorithm
### Updating the Connection Matrix C  
In wireless sensor networks, the connection matrix C is initialized by hello messages. However, because of the dynamically changing nature of the network topology, the connections between sensors may change. In this subsection, some heuristic rules are proposed to update matrix C from sensors' incoming messages. When sensor \(v_{i}\) receives a piece of data from sensor \(v_{j}\), first, it indicates that \(v_{j}\) is well connected with it:  
\[C_{v_{i}v_{j}}=\sigma\]  
where \(\sigma\) is a high probability that the two sensors are connected. Second, any two adjacent sensors in \(d_{k}.path\) are well connected for their successful transmission in the last time step. The connection between them can be updated by \(\sigma^{2}\) such that \(\forall v_{j}\in d_{h}.path\), \(v_{k}=d_{h}.path.next(v_{j})\), and  
\[C_{v_{j}v_{k}}=C_{v_{k}v_{j}}=\sigma^{2}\]  
Also, \(v_{i}\) will assume any connection probability in C fades as sensors move and failure of sensors occurs. This implies, the connection probability decays for a given period of time \(T\). We can describe this process as follows:  
\[C\gets C\circ C\]
# Vertical-Type Ni/GaN UV Photodetectors Fabricated on Free-Standing GaN Substrates
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, we fabricated vertical-type Schottky-type photodetectors on homoepitaxial GaN layers with semi-transparent Ni contacts. Although the leakage current and the ideality factor of the Schottky contact are degraded as a result of the thin contact compared to the thicker ones, the photodetector still shows good performance as a result of the high-quality GaN drift layer grown on free-standing GaN substrate. A high responsivity of 0.16 A/W and high specific detectivity of more than \(10^{12}\) Jones at 350 nm are obtained for the devices fabricated on the GaN epilayer with a relatively lower growth rate. The detectors show the excellent visible-blind spectral selectivity with a cutoff wavelength of 370 nm and a high discrimination ratio (1530 at \(-\)5 V) between the UV and visible light (350/630 nm). The signal-to-noise ratio at zero voltage is more than \(10^{4}\), indicating a good self-powered capability. The high performances of the photodetectors are beneficial due to the  
Figure 3: (**a**) Time response of device-A upon the 350 nm light illumination measured by a mechanical chopping method. (**b**) The relaxation time \(\tau_{1}/\tau_{2}\) under different bias voltages. (**c–f**) The slow component during the decay process and its corresponding fitting curve by bi-exponential relaxation equation.  
high-quality GaN drift layer with a high electron mobility and low-density dislocations. A relatively lower growth rate for the GaN epilayer on the GaN substrate is preferred to obtain a high-performance Schottky-type photodetector.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] did the experiment and measurement; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the experimental results and wrote down the paper; [PERSON] and [PERSON] revised the paper; [PERSON] and [PERSON] helped on the discussion, paper revision and review; [PERSON] and [PERSON] helped on the discussion, paper review and editing.  
**Funding:** This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11875186), Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai (No. 16010500500), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology (MEXT) in Japan, and JSPS KAKENHI (18K14141).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
# Cooperative Game-Based Energy Efficiency Management over Ultra-Dense Wireless Cellular Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
We investigated the comprehensive EE, SE, and DE problem in a ultradense wireless cellular network. Two coefficients, \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\), were used for an adjustable utility function in a cooperative Nash bargaining game, whereby the EE problem was transformed into a power-coordination problem. Closed-form optimal interference-aware power-coordination solutions were derived by relaxing the CapEx and the circuit power consumption variables. A simplified algorithm was proposed for reducing the complexity of the signaling overhead. Accordingly, a cooperative Nash bargaining power-coordination algorithm exhibited convergence to a Pareto-optimal equilibrium for the cooperative game. According to the simulation results, the proposed power-coordination scheme not only converges within several iterations but also achieves a better tradeoff among the EE, SE, and DE. The simplified algorithm can approach the performance of the power-coordination scheme, which proves the effectiveness of this algorithm.  
**Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported by the National Youth Science Foundation of China under Grant 51404258, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant BK20160274, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 41472288, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant BK20160274, the Department of Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province under Grant BY2016026-03 and China Postdoctoral Science Special Foundation under Grant 2016T90523.**  
Figure 14: DE performance of the simplified algorithm.  
Figure 12: SE performance of the simplified algorithm.  
Figure 13: EE performance of the simplified algorithm.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] proposed improved cooperative bargaining game-based power coordination for comprehensive EE management in an ultra-dense wireless cellular network. [PERSON] and [PERSON] derived and proved the closed form of the power-coordination solutions and proposed the simplified algorithm. [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote and revised the paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 1 Introduction
### Scope and Contribution of this Study  
This investigation deals with the identification of the MISO-OE systems with unknown time-delays based on convex optimization and auxiliary model. The structure of the MISO-OE systems is different from the systems studied in [20; 21], which means that different methods need to be applied to form the identification model. In this paper, the auxiliary model technique is employed to address the nonlinearity of parameters, and an effective identification model with a high dimensional and sparse parameter vector is derived due to the unknown time-delays. In addition, a different identification method is applied here. The methods proposed in [20; 21] are modifications of a greedy algorithm. In this paper, a convex optimization approach, the BPDN approach, is modified for identification due to its robustness. By converting the BPDN approach to a quadratic programming form, the parameters are calculated from the optimal solutions, and the unmeasurable terms in the information vector are updated iteratively. The unknown time-delays can be read from the estimated parameter vector. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is tested by simulation examples.
# A Survey of Target Detection and Recognition Methods in Underwater Turbid Areas
## 2 Research Field Analysis  
In recent years, the emergence of deep learning has provided a new direction for target detection and recognition in turbid waters. The combination of this field with image processing, polarization imaging technology, and other areas has also obtained excellent experimental results as presented in the latest papers. However, little scientific research has been conducted on this aspect at present. In this field, scholars engaged in underwater vision have presented some research attempting to improve the scattering and enhancement of image contrast. In the exploration of new methods, researchers who were inspired by biology, such as marine organisms [5], have used electronic communication and sonar to broaden their understanding of solutions and promote the development of target detection and recognition in turbid waters.  
Based on the Web of Science [6] database and the keyword turbid zone target recognition, the fields involved in research results presented over the last five years were identified. It was found that the application fields of these studies are very comprehensive, with strong generality and crossover. According to the identified applications of target detection and recognition in turbid waters, it can be concluded that this research field covers a wide range of disciplines. Moreover, it can be applied in, but not limited to, engineering, optics, instruments instrumentation, communication, computer science, oceanography, telecommunications, physics, chemistry and environmental ecology, chemical analysis, and biomedical engineering, such as the detection of targets in turbid solution samples. Figure 1 shows the general statistical results of the application of this study in various areas.  
Due to the unique environmental impacts of turbid waters, research on target detection in clear waters has progressed more significantly than target detection in turbid waters. At present, most advanced target detection and recognition approaches in water use deep learning, polarization imaging, and other techniques, and researchers have used these methods in turbid water to develop new improved methods, which is significant for promoting the development of underwater target detection technology.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodology of the Analysis of Results  
A comparative analysis is presented in the Section 3 for the HNR and Autocorrelation values between the values obtained by the algorithm and Praat software to know the best window length and the best window shape to use.  
We also present an estimation of how HNR and Autocorrelation vary with the sampling frequency.  
The comparison was made using the 9 files with recorded speech for 10 control subjects and 10 patient subjects, in a total of 180 measurements for each analysis. It was decided not to use all the subjects in the database because, in several cases, there is at least one of the 9 sound files with poor acoustic quality. This lousy quality consists of having silent parts, or the voice does not present voicing characteristics, and therefore does not contain harmonic content. The measurement of the parameters in these cases results in meaningless values, which are statistically considered outliers. Thus, it was decided to select 10 control and 10 pathological subjects, in which all recordings are without defects.  
Hamming, Hanning, and Blackman windows were tested. For each window shape, 4 window lengths were used, corresponding to 3, 6, 12, and 24 glottal cycles. Using the Autocorrelation method, the glottal cycle is pre-determined in the middle of the speech signal record and adjusted in each cycle. These window lengths were based on the values experimented with in [27], which used the same window lengths. [PERSON] 2015 [43] tested 5, 10, 20, and 50 glottal cycles, and selected the 10 glottal cycles length.  
The overlapping of windows was also tested. The Autocorrelation and HNR values were similar to those that did not have a window overlap. Therefore, to reduce the computational weight of the algorithm, it was decided to use the algorithm with zero overlapping over windows. This option is acceptable because the signals used are mainly stationary. For non-stationary signals, the use of overlapping should be considered. In this case (zero overlapping), the number of frame windows is proportional to the signal length. Otherwise, it depends on the degree of overlap.  
Concerning the Praat software used as the reference, the default parameters were used [49], namely:  
* Time step over windows of 10 ms (overlapping). This value corresponds to the interval between successive frame values.  
* Minimum \(f_{\rm o}\) = 75 Hz. This value is used to limit the length of admissible fundamental periods and the analysis window length.
* Silence threshold: standard value, 0.1. Frames that do not contain amplitudes above this threshold (relative to the global maximum amplitude) are considered silent.
* Number of cycles per window: standard value, 4.5.
* Window used: [PERSON].  
[PERSON] (1993) [27] argues that 4.5 cycles of speech are best for speech HNR values up to 37 dB because it is guaranteed to be detected reliably, and 6 cycles per window raise this figure to more than 60 dB, but the algorithm becomes more sensitive to dynamic changes in the signal.
# Catalytic Advanced Oxidation Processes for Sulfamethoxazole Degradation
## 4 Conclusions  
The combination of advanced oxidation processes and catalysts was advantageous for sulfamethoxazole degradation, and the most promising catalysts are CNT and Fe/CNT. Photocatalytic ozonation in the presence of CNT removed all SMX in 15 min and presented high mineralization, removing 93% of TOC after 3 h of reaction. Photocatalytic ozonation with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) in the presence of Fe/CNT totally degraded SMX after 30 min of reaction and showed significant improvements in terms of TOC and toxicity removal, reaching total mineralization and almost complete toxicity removal after 3 h of reaction.  
The presence of Fe/CNT in photocatalysis, catalytic ozonation with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), and photocatalytic ozonation with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) reduced the toxicity of the initial solution, probably due to the formation of less toxic intermediates and a high mineralization degree. The reutilization of CNT, Fe/CNT, and TiO\({}_{2}\)/CNT samples did not change SMX degradation kinetics, but, concerning TOC removal, a significant decrease was observed between the first and second cycle with the CNT catalyst probably due to the introduction of oxygenated groups on the catalyst surface.  
The photocatalytic ozonation with CNT quickly degraded SMX and had high mineralization, but the treated solution presented toxic compounds. On the other hand, the photocatalytic ozonation with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) and Fe/CNT achieved full mineralization and low toxicity, which makes additional treatments unnecessary. However, considering economic terms, photocatalytic ozonation with CNT is more advantageous since it is not necessary to add H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) and prepare the supported catalyst.  
Conceptualization and supervision, O.S.G.P.S. and C.A.O.; investigation, J.M.; resources, discussion of the results, and review of the final manuscript, M.F.R.P. and J.L.F.; writing--original draft preparation, J.M.; writing--review and editing, O.S.G.P.S. and C.A.O.  
This work is a result of: Project \"AlProcMat@N2020--Advanced Industrial Processes and Materials for a Sustainable Northern Region of Portugal 2020\", with the reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000006, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM--UID/EQU/50020/2019 and project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031337--funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC).  
[PERSON] acknowledges Professor [PERSON] from Departamento de Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM/CT).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## Result and Discussion
### Differential Scanning Calorimetry  
The thermal behaviors of pure PS and PS-OMMT nanocomposites were further investigated with DSC (Figure 7).  
As shown in Figure 7, the glass transition temperature (\(T_{\text{g}}\)) of all the nanocomposites increased relative to the pure PS. This fact indicated that the clay layers can improve the \(T_{\text{g}}\) of the PS matrix by limiting the segmental motion of the polymer chains. PS-OMMT-3 showed the optimal increase in \(T_{\text{g}}\), increasing by 3.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C compared to pure PS (124.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C). This was due to the higher degree of exfoliation and better dispersion of the clay layers, which could effectively confine the thermal motion of the polymer chains [44]. However, at a 5 wt % OMMT loading, the \(T_{\text{g}}\) values of the samples would decrease slightly, probably due to the formation of more clay agglomerates that could not effectively impede the movement of the PS chains.  
Figure 6: TGA and DTG curves of PS, PS-OMMT-1, PS-OMMT-3 and PS-OMMT-5.  
Figure 7: DSC curves of (**A**) PS, (**B**) PS-OMMT-1, (**C**) PS-OMMT-3 and (**D**) PS-OMMT-5.
# Analysis of Lightweight Structure Mesh Topology of Geodesic Domes
## 6 Comparative Analysis of the Obtained Results  
### Geometric Parameters  
First, the number of elements of the analyzed structures was summarized, including panels, nodes, struts, and supports (Figure 11).  
Figure 11: Geometric parameters of the modeled domes generated from 4608-hedron and 4704-hedron.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & **Dome Created according to** & **Dome Created according to** \\  & **the First Method** & **the Second Method** \\  & **4608-Hedron** & **4704-Hedron** \\ \hline
1 & from \(-100\) to \(-50\) & from \(-100\) to \(-50\) \\
2 & from \(-50\) to \(0\) & from \(-50\) to \(0\) \\
3 & from \(0\) to \(50\) & from \(0\) to \(50\) \\
4 & from \(50\) to \(100\) & from \(50\) to \(120\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Division of struts into groups.  
The developed domes are characterized by a similar number of nodes, struts and panels. The difference in the number of struts and nodes does not exceed 1%. For panels, the difference does not exceed 5%. However, a significant difference was obtained in the number of support nodes, which is approximately 70% larger in the dome created according to the first method than in the case of the dome generated according to the second method.
# Usability Test for an Over-Ground Walking Assistance Robotic Device Based on the Mecanum Wheel
## 2 Methods
### Over-Ground Walking Assistance Robotic Device Based on Macanum Wheel (OWAR-MW)  
The OWAR-MW is a Korean-developed over-ground walking assistance robot designed to support gait rehabilitation in individuals with neurological impairments, such as stroke (Figure 2B). The device features a motorized body weight support system integrated with a  
Figure 2: Patient with stroke undergoing a usability test of COWAR (**A**) and OWAR-MW (**B**) during over-ground walking. All participants were instructed to walk freely for a total distance of 100 m using both COWAR and OWAR-MW.  
mobile base driven by mecanum wheels. The body weight support system uses a motorized harness to provide a quantified level of support, reduce the risk of falls, and promote psychological stability during gait training. The movement intention and direction were detected using cable sensors connected to the upper portion of the harness, allowing the robot to track the user's motion and provide responsive assistance. The key differentiating feature of the OWAR-MW is its omnidirectional mobility enabled by a mecanum wheel drive system, which allows forward, lateral, diagonal, and in-place rotational movements, enhancing the robot's ability to assist users in narrow or irregular spaces. The system was designed to closely follow user-initiated motions with improved flexibility and spatial adaptability.