esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Phase I : Proposed Precoding-Based Source to Relay Transmission
### Decoding at the Relay  
We aim to apply ML decoding on the received signal at the relay. According to Theorem 1, the received signal is given by \(\mathbf{y}_{R}=\mathbf{v}_{R}+\mathbf{z}_{R}\), where \(\mathbf{v}_{R}=\sum_{l=1}^{L}h_{l}^{z}\mathbf{s}_{l}\) and \(\mathbf{z}_{R}\sim\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma_{1}^{2}\mathbf{I}_{n})\). The linear combination of signals, \(\mathbf{v}_{R}\in\Lambda^{\prime}\), such that:  
\[\Lambda^{\prime}=\{\lambda^{\prime}\mid\lambda^{\prime}=h_{1}^{z}\lambda_{1}+ h_{2}^{z}\lambda_{2}+\ldots+h_{L}^{z}\lambda_{L},h_{i}^{z}\in\mathbb{Z}, \lambda_{i}\in\Lambda\} \tag{23}\]  
By the properties of lattices [13], a linear combination of lattice points gives another lattice point; therefore, \(\Lambda^{\prime}\subseteq\mathcal{L}\). The ML decoder, \(\mathcal{D}_{R}(.)\), in Equation (7) gives the estimate of \(\mathbf{v}_{R}\) as:  
\[\hat{\mathbf{v}}_{R}=\mathcal{D}_{R}(\mathbf{y}_{R})=\arg\,\min_{\mathbf{t}\in \Lambda^{\prime}}\,\parallel\mathbf{y}_{R}-\mathbf{t}\parallel^{2}\]  
A low complexity sphere decoder [12] can be used to perform ML decoding. Note that the decoder architecture reflects a point-to-point AWGN channel with input, \(\mathbf{v}_{R}\), and additive channel noise. This shows that the complexity of the decoder architecture is equivalent to the decoder complexity of the point-to-point channel.
## 1 Introduction  
History and cultural heritage are most often approached in an isolated and one-sided manner, which prevents from understanding the past as a shared and global experience [1]. However, the protection of cultural diversity and the promotion of intercultural dialog are among the most pressing contemporary challenges [2], and many scholars and policymakers have highlighted that the active usage of Internet-enabled mobile devices could be the key to realizing a shift to new models, that help people develop awareness of their own identities through an understanding of their own and others' histories and cultures [3; 4; 5].  
In this line, the consortium running the H2020 project CrossCult (www.crosscult.eu) has developed pilot applications aimed at highlighting historical and cultural associations between characters, locations, events, venues, or artworks. Different apps implemented different strategies to present those associations, and they were all evaluated for their potential to stimulate knowledge integration, reflection, and retention. Here, we present a pilot app that poses quiz games with graph-based visualizations of cross-border associations, arranged by Humanities experts in relation to several reflective topics, and glued together by narratives tailored to the points of interest for each venue. As illustrated in Figure 1, the app builds upon knowledge and content kept in a central repository (the CrossCult knowledge base, or CCKB), which is curated by the experts with the aid of a dedicated tool to ensure that only meaningful associations are delivered to the end users. In turn, the users can contribute new associations in the form of written text, which the experts can validate and turn into new annotations in the repository.  
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of the CrossCult project as a whole, plus specific details about the knowledge base that underpins our proposal. Then, the mobile app is presented in Section 3, looking at the key aspects of our approach to deliver stories, to visualize associations and to foster reflection. Section 4 describes the experts' tool, along with the technological aids in place to help them in (i) identifying the most relevant associations in relation to selected reflective topics, and (ii) developing quiz tests involving entities that appear in the associations. Section 5 presents results about the perceived value of these solutions among smartphone users and Humanities experts from different collaborating venues. Finally, Section 6 summarizes our conclusions and describes our ongoing work.
## 3 Results and Discussion
A statistically significantly higher bioaccessibility of \(\beta\)-carotene was observed when powders were produced using GA (92.51%) and \(\beta\)-CD (90.45%) compared to  
Figure 2: The bioaccessibility (weight percentage of \(\beta\)-carotene accessible for absorption) of \(\beta\)-carotene in powders obtained by spray drying using gum arabic, \(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrim, and their mixture. Results are expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard error. Values with different letters within a row are significantly different at \(p\leq 0.05\). SD-GA = powder produced by spray drying using gum arabic, SD-\(\beta\)-CD = powder produced by spray drying using \(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrim, SD-GA:\(\beta\)-CD (1:1) = powder produced by spray drying mixture of gum arabic and \(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrim. a mixture of GA and \(\beta\)-CD (83.58%). The bioaccessibility of \(\beta\)-carotene from encapsulated extracts of mango by-products with inulin as a carrier was also relatively stable, as total recoveries were above 68% [66]. Lower bioaccessibility of \(\beta\)-carotene was reported when alginate hydrogel beads were used (36-51%) [67,68]. Our results indicate the high potential of SBO powders for application in functional foods with provitamin A activity. In conclusion, the use of \(\beta\)-CD as carrier material and SD conditions with a drying temperature of 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a carrier-to-oil ratio of 4 was found to be the most suitable for the production of spray-dried SBO powders with the highest retention of BAMs in encapsulated oil and high \(\beta\)-carotene bioaccessibility.
# Predictive Model of Lyme Disease Epidemic Process Using Machine Learning Approach
## 2 Background
### Current Research Analysis
Such models are aimed at solving the following problems, taking into account the specific aspects of the transmission of Lyme disease:  
* Determination of the basic ecology of the tick's population [47; 48];
* Determination of the threshold morbidity for the epidemic development of infection [49; 50];
* The influence of different hosts on the preservation of tick-borne diseases [51; 52];
* The influence of host density on the spread of Lyme disease [53; 54];
* Modeling the seasonal dynamics of the tick population [55; 56];
* The influence of climatic conditions on the development of Lyme disease in certain areas [57; 58];
* Modeling the spread of various pathogens [59; 60];
* Predicting morbidity in certain areas [61; 62]. Such models can be divided into two classes:  
* Models aimed at the theoretical study of the epidemic process of Lyme disease;
* Simulation models aimed at modeling certain aspects of the epidemic process of Lyme disease. An analysis of the models of the epidemic process of Lyme disease is presented in Table 11. The analysis showed that when solving the problem of predicting the incidence dynamics of Lyme disease, which was set within the framework of this study, machine learning methods show the highest accuracy.
## 3 Model Concepts and Dynamic Routing Setup
### Evaluation of the Quality of the Solution  
There are three attributes to assess the quality of the dynamic routing problem:  
* How quickly the damaged area is identified;
* How quickly the extent of the damage is identified; and
* How quickly the UAV finishes assessing the area (confirms there is no more damage in the area).  
To calculate how quickly the damaged area is identified and how quickly the UAV finishes scanning the area, we define the metric \"Score of Finding Damage\" and \"Score of Completing route\". The former is the distance the UAV takes until the first damaged waypoint is uncovered divided by the number of waypoints initially in the SBW; the latter is the distance the UAV takes to complete its entire route divided by the number of waypoints initially in the SBW. This is to normalize the distance traveled to the number of waypoints, as there may be disparities between the initial number of waypoints initially in the SBW and may have grave effects on the length of the route. How quickly the extent of the damage is identified is defined as a \"Score of Identifying Damage\" and is computed by the distance the UAV took from identifying the first damaged waypoint to the last damaged waypoint divided by the minimum length that the Hamiltonian path would have taken to identify all the damaged waypoints. A score of 1.0 would be a perfect score and means that the path the program took matched the minimum Hamiltonian path; a score of 5.0 would mean the distance the program found was five times as long as the minimum Hamiltonian path.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Photocatalytic Efficiency
Figure 6: The photodegradation of RhB under UV-C light irradiation by using an AgNP/TiO\({}_{2}\) as a photocatalyst with different NP parameters. (**a**) the kinetics of the photodegradation process and (**b**) the degradation efficiency (\(D_{\mathit{eff}}\)) of RhB after 60 min of irradiation. The photodegradation of RhB using a photocatalyst consists of a series of chemical reactions (Figure 7): the oxidation reaction on the surface of TiO\({}_{2}\) with a photogenerated hole-H\({}_{2}\)O, OH\({}^{-}\)\(\rightarrow\) OH; the reduction reactions on the surface of AgNPs with a photogenerated electron-O\({}_{2}\)\(\rightarrow\) O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\); followed by the degradation of RhB solution itself-H\({}^{+}\)\(\rightarrow\)-HO\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\)/-OH and -HO\({}_{2}\)\(\rightarrow\) CO\({}_{2}\), H\({}_{2}\)O, NOx, etc. The oxidation and reduction reactions occur on the surface of TiO\({}_{2}\) (Figure 7a), considering the photodegradation of an aqueous solution of RhB using TiO\({}_{2}\) as a photocatalyst. To this matter, there is a higher probability of charge carrier recombination. AgNPs usually act as electron scavengers [46]. It means that the photogenerated electron is captured (trapped) in AgNPs, where a reduction reaction occurs, and photogenerated holes in TiO\({}_{2}\) take place in the oxidation reaction (Figure 7b) [47; 48; 49; 50]. Thus, small and densely packed AgNPs on the surface of TiO\({}_{2}\) should increase the probability of charge carrier separation resulting in higher photocatalytic efficiency. However, such behavior was not observed in the experiments. It can be explained by excessive AgNPs amount on the TiO\({}_{2}\) surface [46]. Very densely packed AgNPs (\(D_{A}\) = 27 nm, \(n\) = 398 um\({}^{-2}\)) might decrease the photocatalytic activity due to the blocking effect of incoming UV light to the TiO\({}_{2}\) surface, which leads to the decreased generation of electrons. Moreover, very densely packed AgNPs might serve as recombination sites. On the other hand, a low number of trapping sites could be created if the density of AgNPs is low (\(D_{A}\) = 82 nm, \(n\) = 42 um\({}^{-2}\)).
_Appl. Sci._**2012**, \(2\), 801-815; doi:10.3390/app2040801  
_Applied sciences_  
**ISSN 2076-3417**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci  
Power Management System for Load Banks Supplied by Pitch Controlled Wind Turbine System \({}^{\dagger}\)  
**[PERSON] \({}^{1,\star}\), [PERSON] \({}^{1}\), [PERSON] \({}^{1}\), [PERSON] \({}^{2}\), [PERSON] \({}^{3}\) and [PERSON] \({}^{2}\)**  
1 Division of Engineering, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3 Canada;  
E-Mails: [PERSON]S] (R.K.); [PERSON]2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4, Canada;  
E-Mails: [PERSON](R.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.S.T.)  
3 Techno-Centre Eolien, Gaspe, QC, G4X 1G2, Canada; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{\dagger}\) This paper is an extended version of paper published in The Annual IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC 2012), London, ON, Canada, 10-12 October 2012.  
\({}^{\star}\) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +1-902-420-5712; Fax: +1-902-420-5021.  
_Received: 28 September 2012; in revised form: 15 November 2012 / Accepted: 15 November 2012 / Published: 28 November 2012_  
**Abstract:** An automatic power management system, to monitor the distribution of power to a set of load banks, is presented in this paper. The required power is generated from a laboratory-size pitch-controlled wind turbine experimental workstation. The management system is a sequence of logic expressions, based on the generated power, a profile of the banks' states provided by the supervisor and the banks' priorities, to obtain an optimal behavior of the system and to ensure the load requirement. A modified PI pitch angle control is proposed to regulate the generated power for tracking the power reference in order to maintain a consistent brilliance of the load's LEDs, to reduce the activity of the pitch actuator and to deal with fluctuation problems. Experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed automatic power management system for load banks supplied by a pitch controlled wind turbine.  
**Keywords:** automatic switching; load banks; pitch angle control; power management; wind turbine
# Evaluating Machine Learning and Remote Sensing in Monitoring NO2 Emission of Power Plants
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Preprocessing & Post-Processing
#### 3.3.2 TROPOMI Data Preparation  
To achieve a precise observation of power plant NO\({}_{2}\) emissions observed in TROPOMI images, preprocessing considered the emission and wind movement speeds present in the imagery. Clipping the images based on the latitude and longitude of each power plant was applied, with the breeze wind speed (10-20 mph) and emission traveling speed (assumed 240-480 miles per day) as clipping bounds. If this was not done, the density of the emissions across the images would gradually disperse and become lower with longer distances. In order to obtain an accurate representation of TROPOMI NO\({}_{2}\) for each power plant, the spatial scope was essentially shrunk by 7 miles (0.1 degrees) as the height and width of the bounding box to be utilized for clipping. This created a bounding box containing the most affected region in each image while also reducing nearby power plants' impact (noise).  
TROPOMI NO\({}_{2}\) value was then extracted from the raster matrix and written to a CSV file - after rescaling the value by multiplying it by 1000 and labeling the feature \"TROPOMI*1000\" to be on the same scale as EPA NO\({}_{2}\) feature-along with the power plant ID, coordinates, EPA NO\({}_{2}\) (eGRID), and MERRA-2 data.
## 3 Aim, Materials, and Methods
### Scheduling Model of Emergency Supplies Based on Machine Learning
#### 4.3.1 Emergency Supplies Demand Forecast  
In the aftermath of a disaster, the availability of emergency materials is crucial for ensuring basic survival and sustaining the lives of victims. Therefore, it is imperative to establish an efficient emergency material management system in rural areas with limited information resources and inadequate material reserves. This system should encompass four key modules: forecasting emergency material demand, collecting emergency materials, distributing them effectively, and scheduling their delivery.  
The forecasted amount of required emergency materials refers to the quantity determined by decision makers using machine-learning techniques and various forecasting models to meet the basic life necessities of victims post-disaster. Accurate forecasting serves as a foundation for the effective collection, scheduling, and distribution of these essential supplies. Overestimating forecasts can lead to redundant allocation of scheduling resources and wastage of emergency materials; conversely, underestimating forecasts may result in insufficient distribution within disaster-stricken areas, thereby jeopardizing victim's lives. Leveraging advancements in new-generation information technology will provide more efficient support for accurate forecasting by utilizing big data mining techniques, artificial intelligence algorithms, satellite remote sensing technologies, etc., enabling real-time prediction and monitoring capabilities regarding material requirements during disasters [43; 44].
# Effects of Cement-Mineral Filler on Asphalt Mixture Performance under Different Aging Procedures
## 2 Test Materials and Methods
### Raw Materials and Mix Ratio
#### 2.1.2 Aggregate  
The aggregates were selected from the limestone specification aggregates and machine sand produced by the Da Ding Shan Stone Field in He Yuan, Guangdong Province. The performance indices of the coarse aggregates and mechanical sand can be seen in Tables 2 and 3. The screening results of the four single-grade aggregates are shown in Table 4. The evaluation method of adhesion with SBS-modified asphalt in Table 2 refers to the test method (T 0616) of \"Test Procedure for Highway Engineering Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture\" [32].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Material**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Test Item**} & **Test** & **Technical Requirement [10]** & **Test Method [32]** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{SBS-modified asphalt} & Penetration (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 100 g, 5 s) & \multirow{2}{*}{53} & \multirow{2}{*}{40–60} & \multirow{2}{*}{T 0604-2011} \\  & (0.1 mm) & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Penetration index (PI) & 0.06 & \(\geq\)0 & T 0604-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Softening Point (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 87.0 & \(\geq\)75 & T 0606-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Ductility at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C (cm) & 33.1 & \(\geq\)25 & T 0605-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Dynamic viscosity at 135 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Pa s) & 2.99 & \(\leq\)3 & T 0625-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Flashpoint (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 246 & \(\geq\)230 & T 0611-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Solubility in Trichlorethylene (\% wt) & 99.89 & \(\geq\)99.0 & T 0607-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Flexible recovery at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C (\%) & 95 & \(\geq\)85 & T 0603-2000 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Relative density at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C(g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 1.034 & T 0603-2011 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Residue after rolling thin-film oven test (163 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 h/180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 10 h)} & Retained penetration (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 100 g, 5 s) (0.1 mm) & 44/30 & T 0609-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Softening point (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 78/77.5 & T 0609-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Ductility at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, (cm) & 20.2/0.4 & T 0609-2011 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Residue after pressurized aged vessel (PAV) Test} & Penetration (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 100 g, 5 s) & \multirow{2}{*}{27} & \multirow{2}{*}{T 0630-2011} \\  & (0.1 mm) & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Softening point (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 73 & T 0630-2011 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Ductility at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cm/min (cm) & 4.9 & T 0630-2011 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Conventional properties of modified asphalt and test results of residues after aging.
## 2 Contribution of This Work
### Closed Loop Congestion Mitigation  
Closed loop congestion control solutions involve creating a feedback system between the input and output sides. The input and output variables in this particular control system are interdependent, which means that any change in one variable will have a corresponding effect on the other. Compared to an open loop system, a closed loop system has higher accuracy. Clearly, there is a tradeoff between accuracy and cost. The goal of this control mechanism in the wireless Internet of Things (IoT) is to reduce overloads. In a closed loop system, congestion reduction is achieved by completing three separate processes [16].
# Study on the Effectiveness of Multi-Dimensional Approaches to Urban Flood Risk Assessment
## 2 Methodology
### Exposure
#### 2.4.1 Flood Occurrence Frequency  
Flood occurrence frequency assesses how often floods have taken place in a particular area based on past records. By integrating statistical data and GIS analyses, one can determine the frequency of flood events in each region, thereby obtaining a more precise prediction of flood risk. In general, a higher frequency of flooding indicates an increased likelihood of severe damage during an urban flood. In this study, GIS analysis was performed using inundation trace data from Seoul between 2011 and 2022, alongside building data, to evaluate the flood occurrence frequency for each building.
## 2 Modeling
### Mathematical Models and Correlations
#### 2.2.3 Plate-Type Condenser Model  
The fluid on both sides of the plate-type condenser exhibits a countercurrent, single-pass flow.  
* Pressure drop for single-phase and two-phase refrigerant flow Considering the vertical alignment of the flow channels in the plate-type condenser and the phase change process experienced by the refrigerant, both gravitational and accelerated pressure drops should be accounted for. The frictional pressure drops, both for single-phase and two-phase, in the plate-type condenser are calculated using Equations (3)-(5) and (7), whereas the acceleration and gravitational pressure drops are derived from Equations (6) and (8)-(11).
* Heat transfer model  
Figure 5: _Cont._  
Figure 5: System-solving flowchart for the PCTCS: (**a**) sequential solution; (**b**) reverse sequence solution.  
In the distributed-parameter model of the PCTCS, each component is divided into different nodes according to respective accuracy requirements. In this study, the mini-channel evaporators (3-4, 5-6) and condenser (7-8) are divided into 500 nodes, and connecting pipes (2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-1) are divided into 100 nodes. Equations (1)-(23) are used to calculate the thermodynamic state at each node along the loop. REFPROP 9.1 is adopted to calculate the refrigerant thermodynamic properties.
# Study on the Effectiveness of Multi-Dimensional Approaches to Urban Flood Risk Assessment
## 2 Methodology
### Vulnerability
#### 2.2.1 Vulnerable Population  
Groups classified as vulnerable in urban flood contexts tend to experience more severe impacts than the general population. Statistical data and GIS (Geographic Information System) analyses are particularly useful for identifying the locations where these groups are concentrated. GIS data analysis was conducted using QGIS 3.22 (Quantum Geographic Information System), an open-source GIS software. When high densities of vulnerable individuals are present in specific regions, additional support and resources may be required both during and after the event. This information plays a pivotal role in assessing a community's overall susceptibility and in allocating essential resources ahead of time. In this study, the focus was on older adults and infants as representative vulnerable groups, and relevant GIS data were obtained from the National Land Information Platform [24].