# VANET Clustering Based Routing Protocol Suitable for Deserts
## 2 Related Work  
Due to the reliability of its information transmission and wide range of applications, vehicle dynamic organizing networks have emerged with a high degree of concern for both the industrial and research aspects. Considerable research has explored communication algorithms to satisfy the special features of VANETs. For instance, [PERSON] _et al._[1] used a distributed learning algorithm to dynamically change the transmission rate between adjacent vehicles. By this algorithm, each vehicle learns from local observations and selects a delay based on learning results, so that data can be received efficiently and aggregated. [PERSON] _et al._[2] designed and implemented two types of routing protocols and compared them to protocols representing MANETs and VANETs. Many other reports stated an overview of highway cooperative collision avoidance (CCA), which is an emerging vehicular safety application using the IEEE-802.11 and DSRC standards [7; 16]. Vehicles' movement direction is quite important in determining the quality of the communication system in VANETs and has a great significance in restricting the routing protocols' capabilities and performance. Therefore, many researchers have given considerable attention to the vehicle movement trends. In this context, [PERSON] _et al._[3] considered the effect of the driving behaviors and vehicle classification in the movement direction and consequently incorporated these effects into the route-finding process. Their proposed protocol, as an energy-efficient routing protocol, classifies the vehicles into several categories and then examines the effect of the vehicle movement trends to aid in making a routing decision. It predicts the movement direction using the current directions and the next directions after going through the road intersections. Although it demonstrated reasonable results in terms of energy consumption in urban scenarios, it greatly relies on the road intersection while performing the routing process. [PERSON] _et al._ proposed a vehicular mobility model that reflects real-world vehicle movement while studying the performance of packet-routing protocols in small-scale and large-scale VANETs. Furthermore, the connection-based restricted forwarding (CBRF) and connection-less geographic forwarding (CLGF) algorithms were presented according to the environment, quantity and speed of the vehicles. These algorithms were employed to determine the shortest communication distance \(r_{i}\) subsequently, \(r\) was used to determine the shortest route [8]. [PERSON] _et al._[9] proposed an analytical model to predict both up-link and down-link connectivity probabilities along with deriving the urban environment route by means of roadside auxiliary facilities. Others proposed a broadcasting routing protocol, addressing both the broadcast storm and connected network problems in urban VANETs where both direct and indirect packet routing protocols were utilized [10]. In addition to safety concerns, VANETs can also support other applications, which require guaranteed quality of service (QoS), particularly in the case of multimedia and data transfer applications. In this context, a routing protocol for VANETs called the intersection-based geographical routing protocol (IGRP) was proposed [4]. IGRP is based on an effective selection of road intersections through which a packet must pass to reach the gateway to the network. The selection is made in such way that it can guarantee high probability, bandwidth utilization, error rate optimization and network connectivity among the road intersections, while satisfying QoS. Geographical forwarding is used to transfer packets between any two intersections on the path, reducing the route's sensitivity to the individual node movements [4]. Other methods use urban roadside infrastructure instead of road intersections. In this methods, vehicles regularly send messages to the roadside infrastructure, which is responsible for the routing process [5; 14; 17].