esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
The results show that the processing difficulty of additive manufacturing alloys is greater than that of forged alloys, and the surface roughness value is higher, which causes more serious tool wear. The time to reach the tool wear standard is more than 100% higher than that of forged alloys [19]. [PERSON] et al., studied and compared the mechanical properties and workability of additive titanium manufacturing alloy Ti6 Al4V and wrought titanium manufacturing alloy Ti6 Al4V. The results showed that additive titanium alloy, due to its unique acicular structure, has a strength and hardness higher than forged Ti6 Al4V, but its ductility is poor [20]. [PERSON] et al., studied the surface integrity of Ti6 Al4V parts in three forming directions under finishing conditions. The results show that, compared with traditional alloys, the additively manufactured samples have higher work hardening performance, and larger residual stresses are generated during the milling process [21]. [PERSON] et al., found that, because of selective laser melting, Ti6 Al4V has higher yield strength and hardness. The cutting force of selective laser melting is larger than forging, and the cutting force increases with the cutting speed, which is opposite to that of forging; this may be affected by the thermal softening characteristics of Ti6 Al4V titanium alloy [22]. In general, most research focuses on experimentation; there is little research on the methods, principles and numerical simulation of additive/subtractive composite manufacturing. Based on the simulation results of the additive manufacturing process, this study coupled additive manufacturing and the milling process of titanium alloy and considered the influence of initial residual stress and temperature factors on the milling performance of additive manufacturing parts. Milling materials and processes were used as specified in the Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model, and the physical chip separation criteria and modified Coulomb friction model theory were used to guide the coupled model. The influence of initial temperature and milling speed on residual stress was also analyzed. The results can provide a theoretical basis and reference for the milling of titanium alloy laser fuse additive parts.
# A Review of Plant Disease Detection Systems for Farming Applications
## 2 Literature Review: Precision Agriculture Research Developments  
Monitoring and early identification of diseases, pests, and weeds are imperative in an effective farming operation [1]. In conventional agricultural practices, farmers rely upon visual observations of specimens to identify diseased leaves, fruits, roots, and other parts of crops [4; 6]. However, this method is faced with several challenges that include the need for continuous checking and observation of specimens, which is tedious and expensive for large farms but most importantly, much less accurate [1; 2; 11]. [PERSON] [1] asserted that agriculturals often consult experts for the identification of infections of their crops, which incurs even more costs and results in longer turnaround times. The earlier-stated limitations of classical farming methods coupled with the pressure to keep up with an exponentially growing demand for food both in quantity and quality have served as the push factors for researchers to devise new strategies and tools to digitize the agricultural field with the prime objective of increasing the farm yields and produce [13]. The following subsection discusses the general plant disease detection system; one should note that the same general topology can be used to monitor pests, weeds, morphological features, and similar factors.
# An Extended Functional Design Approach Based on Working Principle and Property and Its Application
## 4 The Extended Functional Design Approach
If the selected working principle does not lead to a good structure, the designers could return to Process 2 and select other candidate working principles, continuing until a feasible structure is generated. The extended functional design approach provides a new way of thinking about the transformation from function to structure, which has no conflict with the existing functional design approach. For a design task, when the function tree is finished, it is available for designers to choose a strategy to realize one function. The proposed approach aims to generate a feasible structure for the desired function, based on the working principle and property. It provides another choice for designers if they cannot obtain suitable design solutions from the existing approaches. Some closely related issues in functional design, i.e., the transformation from customer to function, function decomposition, the coupling and decoupling issues between functions, etc., are not considered in this work; they will be investigated in future research. Additionally, when compared with the FBS model of [PERSON] (1990) [4,7], one of the most obvious differences is that the _'Formulation (F to Be)'_ and the _'Evaluation (between Be and Bs)'_ are not involved in Figure 5. In the proposed functional design approach, there is no expected behavior (_Be_) or actual behavior (_Bs_) in the transformation process from function to structure. When reasonable working principles are selected and the corresponding properties are identified, the so-called behavior of a structure will be determined accordingly. Therefore, a one-way transformation process (_F to WP to P to S_) is proposed, and a reformulation process from S to WP is regarded as the start of an iterative design process if a good structure could not be generated from the former working principle. Meanwhile, there is no direct conflict between the FBS model and the proposed model. The goal of this proposed model is to provide a new understanding of the transformation from function to structure by employing the working principle and property as immediate transformation variables. They do not challenge the role of behavior in the FBS model; instead, they provide a supplementary explanation of that behavior. Figure 6 illustrates the analytical process in the functional domain, the synthesis process in the structural domain, and the mapping relationships between functions and structures. This is an improvement to the zigzag mapping model [6]. The function-structure mapping step is divided into direct mapping and indirect mapping. Direct mapping refers  
to Strategy 1, by which the existing structures can be directly retrieved through a function without any major modifications. Indirect mapping refers to Strategy 2, which needs to undergo the transformation process of function-working principle-property-structure, to generate new and appropriate structures. In conceptual design, the two mapping relationships are complementary.
## 3 Databases and Results
### Quantitative Results
#### 3.3.2 Quantitative Results on CHB-MIT Database  
We also present the algorithms' performances on CHB-MIT database in Table 3. Unlike DWT, the results of DTDWT and RR-DWT are almost the same (even slightly lower). This demonstrates that by simply extending DWT to DTDWT, the redundancy introduced limits the learning efficiency of model. Also, by directly applying AGRM to DWT-based features, some useful information may be lost. However, if we first employ DTDWT to complement the missing information of DWT, and then apply AGRM to reduce information redundancy, RR-DTDWT can achieve significantly higher results for all evaluation metrics. Similarly, we also employed Fisher score to reduce feature dimensionality (the same dimensionality as RR-DTDWT). RR-DTDWT still outperforms all other methods, as shown in Table 3.
## 5 Parameters Influencing Impedance Frequency Response
### Temperature  
To investigate the effect of temperature on the HF impedance frequency response of the machine, we carried out two characterizations at different temperatures. The first at room temperature (\(T=25\)\({}^{\circ}\)C), after a few moments of operation, and the second after a few tens of minutes of circulating a current in the windings, so that the thermal regime is established. The second test was performed at a temperature of 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The results are shown in Figure 26. From the characterization plot after cleaning, as well as its interpolation, we can see that the HF impedance behavior remains identical, regardless of the operating temperature.  
Figure 26: Comparison of the impact of the operating temperature on the cleaned impedance characteristic (**a**) and its interpolation (**b**).  
Figure 25: Measurement cable effect on the frequency response measured by the impedance analyzer.
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes the GD (Geometric Distribution) algorithm, a novel approach to enhance the default Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) mechanism in the Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). By leveraging the Probability Mass Function (PMF) of the GD model, the algorithm effectively addresses biased node distributions encountered in real-world scenarios. Its ability to finely adjust the weight factor (\(w\)) or the probability of success in allocating SFs enables the optimization of spreading factor (SF) allocation, thereby achieving the optimal Data Extraction Rate (DER). To evaluate the algorithm's performance, simulations were conducted using the fixed node pattern derived from actual dairy farm locations in Ratchaburi province, Thailand. Comparative analyses were performed against the uniform random node pattern and existing algorithms, including the ADR, EXPLoRa, QCVM, and SD. The GD algorithm significantly outperformed existing methodologies for both fixed and uniform random node patterns, achieving a 14.3% and 4.8% improvement in DER over the ADR, respectively. While the GD algorithm consistently demonstrated superior DER values across varying coverage areas and payload sizes, it incurred a slight increase in energy consumption due to node allocations to higher SFs. Therefore, the trade-off between DER and energy consumption must be carefully weighed against the specific application.  
LoRaWAN; internet of things; adaptive data rate; smart dairy farm 20245941-960[[https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom5040047](https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom5040047)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom5040047](https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom5040047))
## 3 Test Results
### The Attenuation of Surface Wave
#### 3.2.2 The Attenuation of Surface Wave in Piles with Fixed-Length Soil Plugs  
The variation of surface waves VPGA with different pile distances and various fixed-length soil plugs is shown in Figure 10. Each point on the curve reflected a peak value of vibration-induced acceleration. The following was discovered from the figure:  
1. The acceleration varied most intensively at a horizontal distance of 40 mm from the pile (at X = 1D). The weakening of the vibration wave between X = 1D and X = 4D was not evident. However, the fluctuations in VPGA rapidly became smooth at X = 5D, indicating that the strike-induced vibration was significant and did not show any signs of attenuation within the 4D range.
2. There was a distinct pattern in the value of VPGA at various distances from the pile. While the VPGA at X = 1D and 4D were predominantly positive, those at X = 2D and 3D were primarily negative. It might be due to the wavelength of the principal frequency, where X = 2D and 3D were on the upper half of the wavelength of the principal frequency and the main vibration was in the opposite direction to the direction of gravity acceleration, resulting in a negative value. Whereas, at X = 1D and X = 4D, the direction of the main vibration was consistent with gravity acceleration, resulting in a positive value.  
As the penetration depth increased, the pile with a fixed-length soil plug had higher acceleration values and denser crests in comparison to the open-ended pipe pile. Despite the fact that the measured length of the soil plugs in the open-ended pile reached 280 mm after pile driving, the acceleration crests seen during the later stage of pile driving were still less frequent compared to the model piles with fixed-length soil plugs of 50 mm and 100 mm. There was speculation that the open-ended pipe pile had a low degree of soil plug closure, which led to a notable dissipation of energy throughout the propagation phase. Simultaneously, it was observed that model piles with a greater fixed-length soil plug had higher values and denser crests of measured acceleration compared to piles with a smaller fixed-length soil plug.  
Figure 9: Variation of increment filling ratio (IFR).  
Figure 10: Variation of VPGA along penetration depth for different soil plug lengths.
## 2 Related Work
To overcome the sparsity problem, Geo-SAGE exploits the geographical correlation by smoothing the crowd's preferences over a well-designed spatial index structure called spatial pyramid. The authors have conducted extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of the Geo-SAGE model on two real large-scale datasets. The experimental results have demonstrated that the Geo-SAGE model outperforms other state-of-the-art recommender algorithms in the two tasks of both out-of-town and home-town recommendations. [PERSON] et al. [14] proposed a trust-based matrix factorization technique (TrustSVD) to resolve data sparsity and cold start problems. From the analysis of the social trust data from four real-world data sets, they incorporate the implicit influence of both ratings and trust into a recommendation model. [PERSON] et al. [7] proposed an author topic model-based collaborative filtering (ATCF) method for accommodating comprehensive points of interest (POIs) recommendations for social users. Their method extracts user preference topics, such as cultural, cityscape, or landmark, from the geo-tag constrained textual description of photos via the author topic model. They demonstrated their approach by extensive experiments on a large collection of data. [PERSON] et al. [15] introduced a novel method that works to improve the performance of collaborative filtering recommendations by integrating sparse rating data given by users and sparse social trust network among these same users. Their method adopts matrix factorization technique that maps users into low-dimensional latent feature spaces in terms of their trust relationship. From this adoption, their proposed method accurately reflect the users reciprocal influence on the formation of their own opinions to learn better preferential patterns of users for high-quality recommendations. Again, our algorithm is different from their approach in that it considers not only the user's social influence but also the natives' or local experts' knowledge. Summarizing the above related work, we present the following Table 1.
## 1 Introduction
Vehicles with intelligent lane change controllers can avoid human error to the greatest extent possible, lowering the risk of collision with vehicle \(A1\) and vehicle \(A2\) on the road. The lane-changing time and trajectory can also be strictly tracked by using mathematical calculations rather than the driver's experience judgement. Based on this process, we can conclude that the use of lane-changing technology will significantly improve CAV's safety, lane-changing efficiency, and passenger comfort. Aiming at the demand of lane-changing technology, this study proposes a novel lane-changing control strategy based on the NNTSMC method. The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) The lane-changing control system oriented to the desired lane-changing trajectory is designed based on the vehicle dynamics model and road condition information. (2) A modified sliding mode control method for lane-changing is designed, which can avoid the shortcomings of traditional sliding mode control. (3) The constructed Lyapunov function demonstrates the stability of the control system. The lane-changing controller is constructed in MATLAB/Simulink-CarSim co-simulation environments. The effectiveness and superiority are confirmed by several experiments. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the vehicle lane-changing scenario. The remainder of this paper is logically organized as follows: Section 2 primarily analyzes the related work of lane-changing through the literature across the world. The mathematical derivation of the vehicle dynamics model is given in Section 3. The vehicle lane-changing controller description and problem formulation are covered in Section 4. Section 5 contains the analysis of the performances of the verification experiments and the effectiveness of the control mechanism. Section 6 presents a brief conclusion.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Neighborhood Search and Feature Extraction  
#### 2.3.1 K-Neighborhood Search Based on Geodesic Distances  
An effective neighborhood search is the key to feature extraction from a continuous space. For a given 3D point set, defining neighborhoods typically includes the following three processes [30]: the spherical [31], cylindrical [18], and k-neighborhood methods [32]. The selection of suitable k values for spherical and cylindrical neighborhoods depends on the empirical judgment of different datasets. Neighborhood k exhibits better flexibility when the point cloud density changes and is more suitable for the 3D urban environment, in which point cloud density varies significantly. As a result, we utilized the k-neighborhood method to determine the vertex neighborhood of each triangular facet.  
The basic principle of this method is to calculate the Euclidean distances between a given point and other points, then sort them in ascending order. The so-called \"k points\" located closest to the examined point are the k-neighborhood points. However, such a direct use of Euclidean distances would abandon the plane topology constraint, and it is more reasonable to identify the similarity of samples in a manifold space. Therefore, we used the geodesic distances based on the surface model to quantify distances in the k-neighborhood.  
The key to calculating the geodesic distance between two points on the surface of a triangular grid model is to identify the geodesic. In this study, the geodesic refers to the shortest path between two points on the surface of a 3D model and is, therefore, limited to its surface. Geodesic distance calculations can be divided into accurate and approximate. The precise method poses high requirements regarding model topology, which often requires many calculations and can be extremely time-consuming. In this study, we selected the Dijkstra shortest path geodesic distance algorithm to calculate the surface distance between two vertices, considering the time cost, computational accuracy, and model topology involved. The vertices of the triangles represent the points of the Dijkstra diagram, and the lengths of the edges connecting the points are the weights of the edges of the Dijkstra diagram, as illustrated by the numbers in Figure 3. The shortest route between the source point S and target point E was the line segment set {SP2, P2P6, P6E}, as shown by the blue lines in Figure 3, and the shortest path was 15.
# Supply Systems of Non-Thermal Plasma Reactors. Construction Review with Examples of Applications
## 4 Power Electronics Supply Systems for NTPR
### RF Power Supply System of APPJ  
APPJ belongs to a group of discharge plasma reactors whose demands for power supply system are very special, mainly because of the strong sensitivity of the V-I characteristics of power supply to changes of the receiver electrical parameters and necessity to limit value of current, to ensure a non-thermal plasma generation in the working space of APPJ [60; 61; 62; 63; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75].  
The RF power supply should provide the appropriate voltage and power necessary for sustaining stable process parameters. Output characteristic of the sine wave generator is similar to the characteristics of the real current source with the characteristic impedance equal to 50 ohms and to maintain the relevant plasma process parameters the impedance of the receiver should be matched.  
The inner rod electrode was powered by a regulated RF supply via impedance matching network (Figure 13). RF-frequency power supply of APPJ has been represented with a resonant sub-circuit depicted in Figure 22a. The most stable operation, which resulted in the lowest ratio of reflected power, depending on the feed gas type, was achieved at frequency range 12-15 MHz [60; 61; 73; 74].  
RF atmospheric pressure plasma jet has been used to enhance wettability of cellulose-based paper as a perspective platform for antibiotic sensitivity tests [69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77]. Helium and argon were the carrier gases for oxygen and nitrogen. Gonimetric tests were performed for pure water and rape seed oil droplets. RF plasma jet allowed to decrease surface contact angle without changes in other features of tested material. Figure 23 presents results of contact angle measurements in function of treatment time for rapeseed oil 1 s after contact of a droplet with the paper surface [66; 71; 73].  
Figure 21: DBD reactor construction for diesel engine exhaust treatment (**b**) results of efficiency measurements of power electronic diagonal bridge resonant converter [36; 56].  
Figure 22: (**a**) APPJ power supply system with separated resonant sub-circuit. (**b**) Picture of the reactor.
# Fractal Metasurfaces and Antennas: An Overview for Advanced Applications in Wireless Communications
## 2 Fractal Antenna Elements
Similarly, ref. [32] showed that a patch antenna with a fractal boundary, such as the [PERSON] patch antenna depicted in Figure 5c, exhibits localized modes and behaves similarly to an antenna array, resulting in a microstrip patch antenna with high directivity. This technique has the advantage of increasing the directivity of a single element without the need for an array. Finally, Figure 6 shows different fractal arrangements of array elements, including the Sierpinski carpet planar array, the Cantor ring array, the Cantor linear array, and the fractal tree. These arrangements are useful for producing thinned arrays and/or achieving multiband performance [8].
# An Optimal Authentication Scheme through Dual Signature for the Internet of Medical Things
## 2 Preliminaries
### Syntax  
The following steps will be an explanation of the construction steps of our proposed scheme.  
Setup: The central authority (CA) will be responsible for executing this step, in which he/she can select a hash function and hyperelliptic curve. Then, CA makes and publishes public parameters set to the network publicly.  
Key generation: This step will be executed by a user with an identity (ID) that generates his public and private key (\(\text{PB}_{\text{ID}}\), \(\varphi_{\text{ID}}\)).  
Dual signature: The IoMT Devices can execute this phase, in which they can generate a ciphertext and dual signature on medical data. Then, the tuple \((\text{DS},\chi,\mathcal{Q},C,\theta)\) of the dual signature is sent to the PDA.  
Personal digital assistant (PDA). Verification: The personal digital assistant can execute this phase and accept the tuple \((\text{DS},\chi,\mathcal{Q},C,\theta)\) only if \(h=\varphi_{\text{PDA}}.\text{DS}.(\chi+\text{PB}_{\text{IoMT}})\) is qualified.  
AP decryption and verification: When \((\text{DS},\chi,\mathcal{Q},C,\theta)\) is received by the AP, then it can perform the decryption process to recover \(m\) and then perform the process for verifying the dual signature, if the process is successful then it will be able to accept the message, otherwise it will generate an error message.