## 1 Introduction  
The advancement of fuel cell hydrogen electric vehicles (FCHEVs) has brought attention to the development of energy-efficient fuel cell (FC) systems. These FC systems consist of various subsystems, including the hydrogen gas supply line (HGSL), oxygen gas supply line (OGSL), thermal management system (TMS), exhaust gas purge line, and others [1, 2]. One crucial aspect is the efficient supply of oxygen to the FC system, which is essential for its performance [3, 4]. Different FC architectures exist including a proton exchange membrane (PEM). PEMFCs stand out among fuel cells due to their high energy conversion efficiency, compact size, fast start-up, energy-saving capabilities, environmental friendliness, and simplified hydrothermal management, making them a promising solution for global green energy distribution challenges [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The choice between open-cathode (OCFC) and closed-cathode (CCFC) designs introduces various considerations for PEMFCs [5, 6]. OCFC stacks utilize ambient air for oxygen supply, making them suitable for weight-sensitive mobility applications. However, OCFC stacks come with challenges like intricate thermal management and relatively low oxygen pressure due to the use of ambient air [8, 9, 10]. Fan blades and blowers are commonly employed in OCFC stacks to control oxygen mass flow and ensure efficient thermal performance. These compressor types offer lightweight solutions, aligning with the weight-saving objectives of mobility applications. However, while they provide simplicity and energy efficiency, they might face limitations in generating higher oxygen pressures required for optimal FC performance, potentially affecting the overall efficiency of OCFC stacks in certain scenarios [11; 12; 13]. The study [14] optimizes air and hydrogen feed systems for open-cathode PEM fuel cells, demonstrating that a spoiler improves air velocity distribution and increases stack performance by 7.3%, a drawing air system enhances heat dissipation and boosts performance by 7.9%, and staggered H\({}_{2}\) inlet/outlet positioning with vertical air-hydrogen flow improves voltage uniformity and reduces resistances, contributing to the efficient design of open-cathode PEMFCs. Another study analyzes the self-regulation capability of open-cathode PEM fuel cells, showing that a fan suction mode at 8.5 V enhances self-regulation by optimizing activation and ohmic resistance, improving water and heat management, and ensuring more uniform heat dissipation, highlighting the critical role of fan operation in maintaining water-heat balance [15]. Air compressors are a feasible solution for providing oxygen to FC systems in mobility applications, particularly in CCFC stacks that require higher oxygen pressures. The choice between various compressor types depends on factors such as pressure requirements, flow rates, efficiency, weight constraints, and volume limitations. Reciprocating compressors may be more suitable for stationary applications due to their high-pressure capabilities and relatively lower flow rates. In contrast, rotary compressors could find applications in mobility solutions due to their balanced combination of pressure and flow rate. Dynamic compressors offer yet another avenue with their potential for higher flow rates, making them appropriate for certain mobility scenarios [16]. With respect to these goals, centrifugal air compressors can be an important solution for mobility. In the context of FCHEVs, the selection of appropriate air compressor technology holds paramount importance in achieving efficient and sustainable power generation within fuel cell systems. Centrifugal air compressors have garnered attention due to their potential to address several critical aspects for FCHEV applications, encompassing energy consumption, lightweight design, cost flexibility, and volume constraints [17; 18; 19].