# Robust JND-Guided Video Watermarking via Adaptive Block Selection and Temporal Redundancy
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper presented a novel video watermarking framework that combines perceptual modeling, spatial-domain coefficient estimation, adaptive quantization, and multiframe redundancy to achieve robust and imperceptible watermark embedding. The method introduces a computationally efficient pipeline that leverages multiscale saliency, semantic masking, and JND-based modulation to localize watermark insertion in visually tolerant regions, while distributing watermark bits temporally to improve resilience against common video impairments. Through extensive simulations across 21 benchmark videos at CIF, 4 CIF, and HD resolutions, the proposed method demonstrated strong performance across all evaluation metrics. It achieved an average BER of 1.03%, a PSNR of 50.1 dB, SSIM of 0.996, and VMAF of 97.3 under realistic conditions, significantly outperforming several state-of-the-art techniques in both robustness and perceptual quality. The method also proved to be computationally efficient, with embedding and extraction times compatible with low complexity constraints and adaptable to parallel hardware execution. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c} \hline \hline
**Video** & **Metric** & **Average** & **Standard Deviation (\(\sigma\))** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON]} & BER (\%) & 0.11 & 0.04 \\ \cline{2-4}  & PSNR (dB) & 51.2 & 0.18 \\ \cline{2-4}  & SSIM & 0.991 & 0.006 \\ \cline{2-4}  & VMAF & 96.7 & 0.90 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Foreman} & BER (\%) & 0.15 & 0.05 \\ \cline{2-4}  & PSNR (dB) & 50.8 & 0.22 \\ \cline{2-4}  & SSIM & 0.992 & 0.009 \\ \cline{2-4}  & VMAF & 97.8 & 1.20 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Suzie} & BER (\%) & 0.09 & 0.03 \\ \cline{2-4}  & PSNR (dB) & 49.6 & 0.16 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & SSIM & 0.989 & 0.004 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & VMAF & 97.1 & 0.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Statistical analysis across 10 independent runs using different watermark sequences. A key strength of the framework lies in the interaction between its components. Adaptive modulation allows the system to preserve visual quality, while redundancy and multiframe embedding ensure that the watermark remains recoverable even under compression, noise, cropping, and temporal desynchronization. This balance between imperceptibility, robustness, and efficiency makes the method suitable for use in streaming platforms, secure content distribution, and digital rights management. In future work, the method could be extended by incorporating learning-based perceptual models or dynamic redundancy allocation based on scene complexity. Additionally, optimizing the pipeline for embedded GPUs or mobile devices could facilitate deployment in edge computing scenarios. Finally, exploring hybrid frequency-spatial domain modulation may further enhance robustness against advanced video tampering and re-encoding strategies. Conceptualization, A.C.-H. and L.V.-G.; methodology, I.D.-J. and D.C.-G.; software, I.D.-J. ; validation, A.C.-H. and M.C.-H.; formal analysis, D.C.-G.; investigation, L.V.-G.; writing--original draft preparation, A.C.-H. and L.V.-G.; writing--review and editing, A.C.-H. and M.C.-H.; funding acquisition, A.C.-H. and M.C.-H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Secretaria de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SECIHTI) under scholarship numbers 161591 and 205834, and by the Secretaria de Investigacion y Posgrado del Instituto Politecnico Nacional (SIP-IPN) through project SIP No. 20250064. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. The authors wish to thank the Tecnologico de Monterrey, the Instituto Politecnico Nacional, and the Secretaria de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SECIHTI) for their support during this research. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.