## 4 Discussion  
### Evaluation of Extract Yields  
In previous studies, the methanolic extract of _R. communis_ leaves has presented different yields: [PERSON] et al. [22] obtained 9.82%, while [PERSON] et al. [37] observed a performance of 10.64%; in the same sense, [PERSON] et al. [38] achieved a performance of 18.45%. In the present work the yield obtained from the methanolic extraction of the aerial parts was 7.45%, which is similar to that reported by [PERSON] et al. [22] and [PERSON] et al. [37]. On the other hand, the performance obtained by [PERSON] et al. [38] was slightly more than double; according to [PERSON] et al. [39], this variation may be due to factors such as plant variety, collection location, and environmental factors. Evaluation of the Insecticidal Activity of the Methanolic and Hydrolyzed Methanolic Extracts of Ricinus communis against Spodoptera frugiperda  
[PERSON] et al. [22] observed that the methanolic extract of _R. communis_ leaves presented a biological activity that was significantly different from the control starting at 1600 ppm, with a larval mortality rate of 21%, which increased as the treatment concentration increased, reaching up to 100% with a concentration of 24,000 ppm. Likewise, pupal mortality presented a significant difference with respect to the control starting at 1600 ppm, with a value of 16.5%, which increased with the concentration of the treatment. Compared to the results obtained in the present work, where methanolic extracts of _R. communis_ were also used, a higher mortality was observed at a lower concentration of the extract. [PERSON] et al. [40] evaluated ethanolic extracts of the leaves of _Euphoria pulcherrima_ [PERSON]. [PERSON] (Euphoriaceae) both in the vegetative and reproductive stages on _S. frugiperda_ at concentrations of 5000 and 10,000 ppm, and they reported a larval mortality rate of 26% when using the extracts of the leaves in their reproductive stage; although a different alcohol and a plant from the same family but different genus were used for the extraction, minimal mortality was observed at very high concentrations, compared to those in this work. [PERSON] et al. [41] evaluated the biological activity of methanolic extracts of fresh and dried leaves of seven different accessions of _Jatropha curcas_ L. (Euphoriaceae) against _S. frugiperda_, finding maximum larval mortality rates of 60% and 56.67%, respectively, in one accession in particular. These results, when compared with the 1000 ppm treatment in this work, indicate that larval mortality was doubled. [PERSON] et al. [42] studied the phenolic compounds present in _Picea glauc_ Moench [PERSON] (Pinaceae), as they observed that there were susceptible individuals and others resistant to _Choristoneura funiferana_ (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). They observed that, in aqueous acetone extracts (70%), two compounds in particular varied, with those for susceptible individuals being picein and pungenin, while those for resistant individuals were their aglycone forms (i.e., picool and pungenol). Furthermore, they supplied these aglycones in artificial diets and found that the combination of 5400 ppm of pungenol and 6740 ppm of picool caused the highest larval mortality (66%). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treatment (ppm)** & **L larval Duration (d)** & **Pupal Duration (d)** & **Pupal Weight 24 h (mg)** \\ \hline
1000 & \(33\pm 1.4\) a & \(17\pm 0.5\) a & \(127.4\pm 10.7\) d \\ \hline
800 & \(29\pm 0.95\) b & \(16\pm 0.8\) a & \(167.14\pm 7.1\) c \\ \hline
500 & \(25\pm 0.4\) c & \(14\pm 0.3\) b & \(191.1\pm 4\) bc \\ \hline
300 & \(22\pm 0.4\) d & \(13\pm 0.3\) b & \(205\pm 5\) b \\ \hline
100 & \(21\pm 0.4\) de & \(11\pm 0.4\) c & \(210.2\pm 4.4\) ab \\ \hline
0 & \(20\pm 0.4\) e & \(11\pm 0.3\) c & \(230.6\pm 6.4\) a \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Data are the average of 20 measurements \(\pm\) standard error. Means with different letters imply a significant difference according to the Tukey test with \(p=0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Insecticstatic activity of kaempfer.