esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Impossibility Results
### Distributed Graph Problems
#### 4.2.2 Minimum Spanning Tree Construction (MST)  
The MST problem is specified as follows.  
* **Safety specification of MST** states that a spanning tree (having \(n-1\) edges and an acyclic sub-graph) having the minimum possible sum of edge weights is selected.
* **Liveness specification of MST** states that some process should eventually be able to detect that the minimum spanning tree construction is completed.  
Theorem 9: _In a system with even one Byzantine process, the distributed MST construction problem is subject to the same limitations (exposure to false positives and false negatives) as the CD problem, resulting in safety and liveness violations._  
Proof: Solving MST requires satisfying  
\[\Phi_{MST}(e_{i}^{\hat{y}})\stackrel{{ def}}{{=}}\bigwedge_{h}(e_{h}^{x_{h}} \to e_{i}^{y_{h}}|_{E}=e_{h}^{x_{h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}|_{F}=1),\]where \(e_{h}^{x_{h}}\) is an event where \(p_{h}\) has selected its incident spanning tree edges (of an actual minimum spanning tree), \((\forall h)\,y_{h}\leq\hat{y}\), \(e_{i}^{\hat{y}}\) is an event where \(p_{i}\) determines that the distributed determination of the minimum spanning tree is complete, and \(\rightarrow\) is defined on minimum spanning tree algorithm messages.  
As \(e_{h}^{x_{h}}\) is an internal event, from Theorem 1 for the CD problem, detecting \(e_{h}^{x_{h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}\) is susceptible to false positives and false negatives. Thus, it cannot be guaranteed that the predicate \(e_{h}^{x_{h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}|_{E}=e_{h}^{x_{h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}|_{F}\) in the formula \(\Phi_{MST}\) can be satisfied. Hence, MST cannot be solved.  
A false positive of the CD problem is a safety violation--a cyclic sub-graph or a non-tree sub-graph or a non-minimal spanning tree is identified as a minimum spanning tree--in the MST problem. A false negative of the CD problem is a liveness violation--completion of the minimum spanning tree construction is not detectable by any \(p_{i}\)--in the MST problem.
# InGaN Resonant-Cavity Light-Emitting Diodes with Porous and Dielectric Reflectors
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, InGaN RC-LED structures with bottom porous DBR and top dielectric DBR structures were fabricated. The directional PL emission phenomenon at normal direction was observed by tuning the Ta\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) spacer layer to match the 1\(\lambda\) cavity length in the resonant cavity structure. The short cavity and single mode emission of the InGaN resonant cavity structure can be realized by using the embedded EC-treated porous-GaN/n-GaN DBR structure. A small divergent angle and a narrow linewidth of the PL spectra were observed in the InGaN RC-LEDs which have the potential for the projective light source and the VCSEL applications.  
**Author Contributions:** Formal experiment and analysis, C.-J.W., Y.K., G.-Y.S., Y.-Y.C.; data curation, Y.-S.L., H.C.; writing--review and editing, C.-F.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan under grant No. 108-2221-E-005 -064 and 108-2221-E-005 -035-MY2.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Please refer to suggested Data Availability Statements in section \"MDPI Research Data Policies\" at [[https://www.mdpi.com/ethics](https://www.mdpi.com/ethics)]([https://www.mdpi.com/ethics](https://www.mdpi.com/ethics)).  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture's Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of Taiwan's Ministry of Education's Higher Education Sprout Project.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 4: (**a**) The PL intensities and the linewidth of the optical pumping spectra were measured as a function of the laser excited power. (**b**) The emission spectra of the RC-LED structure were observed under 0.95 Pt, 1.02 Pt, and 1.05 Pt laser pumping power.
# Demonstration of Triband Multi-Focal Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography
## 6 Conclusions  
We have demonstrated a system that leverages chromatic aberration to extend the DoF of OCT. In comparison to alternative methods, this approach does not require multiple laterally displaced beams, non-Gaussian beam optics, or complex distal microscopes. The shift in focal planes was confirmed by measurement of the transverse PSFs, and its use to extend DoF was presented in a sponge phantom, an angiographic imaging of human skin, and a cleared murine brain tissue.  
The proposed method has several characteristics that should be considered when evaluating this method for a particular application. As noted previously, the sweeping bandwidth of each spectrum do not scale with a square of the center wavelength, which resulted in a mismatch in the axial resolution. We also note that this approach is suited to moderate extensions of the DoF but becomes impractical if larger extensions are required. In biological samples, including skin, the achieved transverse resolution depends both on beam focusing and on multiple-scattering, only the former of which is addressed by this technique. However, we note that this technique used the longer wavelengths, which see reduced scattering, for imaging the deeper depths. As such, it may also provide some benefit for addressing multiple-scattering degradations. Finally, it can be appreciated that the triband source constructed for this study in combination with a non-chromatically aberrating microscope can also be used to perform spectroscopic imaging.  
[PERSON] configured the imaging system, planned and executed experiments, developed the image processing methods, analyzed the data, and prepared the manuscript. [PERSON] and [PERSON] prepared the lipid-cleared murine brain sample and assisted in the imaging experiments of these samples. [PERSON] directed the project and participated in manuscript preparation.  
Figure 4: Dual-band imaging results of cleared murine brain. **(a,b)** Sectional MIP of two horizontal planes that are 0.75 mm apart. Comparison of a coronal section taken from **(c)** the 1060 nm band, **(d)** the 1310 nm band, and **(e)** the merged stack. Tomograms in **(c-e)** are taken at the line marked in **(b1)**. The magenta arrows mark the corpus callosum, which is better captured by the 1060 nm system and therefore displayed with increased contrast in the merged tomogram.  
**Funding:** This project was supported in part by the Center for Biomedical OCT Research and Translation through Grant Number P41 EB015903, awarded by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support provided by NIH grant R01 CA163528 and DOD FA9550-11-1-0331.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors thank [PERSON] for his contribution in the development of acquisition software platform. We also thank reviewers for their constructive comments.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
Mobile anchor path planning techniques have provided as an alternative option for node localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In such context, path planning is a movement pattern where a mobile anchor node's movement is designed in order to achieve a maximum localization ratio possible with a minimum error rate. Typically, the mobility path planning is designed in advance, which is applicable when the mobile anchor has sufficient sources of energy and time. However, when the mobility movement is restricted or limited, a dynamic path planning design is needed. This paper proposes a novel distributed range-free movement mechanism for mobility-assisted localization in WSNs when the mobile anchor's movement is limited. The designed movement is formed in real-time pattern using a fuzzy-logic approach based on the information received from the network and the nodes' deployment. Our proposed model, Fuzzy-Logic based Path Planning for mobile anchor-assisted Localization in WSNs (FLPPL), offers superior results in several metrics including both localization accuracy and localization ratio in comparison to other similar works.  
Keywords:wireless sensor networks; path planning; mobility models; localization models; fuzzy-logic; optimization; Fuzzy-Logic based Path Planning for mobile anchor-assisted Localization +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 1 Introduction
Consider a scenario where two different calculation areas differ only by the exchange of two grid points, leading to changes in terrain. In the calculation of elevation-based terrain entropy, this change only affects the values at the two ends of the addition, and the final terrain entropy value remains unaffected. Terrain-factor-based methods, such as using slope, can capture such variations to some extent but also have limitations. For example, when calculating terrain entropy for flat terrain and a simple slope, the slope values across both grid DEMs are identical, resulting in the same terrain entropy value. The same issue occurs when comparing symmetric and asymmetric slopes. To address the abnormal calculation results for special terrains with the above methods, this study introduces Euclidean distance calculations and proposes a new probability operator. This effectively distinguishes areas that should have different terrain characteristics, eliminating the issue of terrain entropy values increasing abnormally due to spatial feature repetition. And the effectiveness of Euclidean distance as an operator for calculating terrain entropy was experimentally verified.
# Random Vibration Fatigue Life Analysis of Airborne Electrical Control Box
## 5 Fatigue Life Analysis
### Fatigue Life Analysis of the Electrical Control Box  
The equivalent stress of the dangerous point of the electric control box as determined through random vibration response analysis is shown in Figure 13; the confidence interval and confidence level of the stress are presented in Table 6.  
Based on the GJB150.16A-2009 [18] standard, simulation was carried out of long-life random vibration fatigue test. The total fatigue damage of the structure under random excitation load of 1.5 h (0.5 h in each direction) in X, Y, and Z directions was investigated. By using the Miner linear cumulative damage criterion and fatigue life Steinberg method, the fatigue life of the electric control box was estimated by substituting the stress of the dangerous point into Equation (15). The data [19] for the working environment of the electrical control box revealed that the average frequency of random vibration \(V_{a}^{+}\) = 18 Hz and vibration time T = 1.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) s. The cumulative damage was calculated using Equation (13).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Confidence Interval** & **Confidence Level** \\ \hline \((-\sigma,+\sigma)\) & 68.269\% \\ \((-2\sigma,+2\sigma)\) & 95.46\% \\ \((-3\sigma,+3\sigma)\) & 99.73\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Confidence interval and confidence level of stress.  
Figure 12: Fatigue life curve of 7075 aviation aluminum alloy.  
The results of the random vibration fatigue life analysis of the electrical control box are shown in Table 7. Its structural fatigue life is much higher than the 1.5 h required by GJB150.16A-2009 standard, and the total damage of the electrical control box is less than 1,  
Figure 13: Stress in the X, Y, and Z directions and local hazard points: (**a**) stress and local hazard point in the X direction; (**b**) stress and local hazard point in the Y direction; (**c**) stress and local hazard point in the Z direction.  
indicating that the structural fatigue resistance of the electrical control box meets the design requirements. The vibration in the Y direction has the greatest influence on the fatigue life of the electric control box, followed by that in the Z and X directions. In the product design stage, attention must be paid to the strength of the maximum stress position of the electrical control box, such as the rear floor and the upper floor fixed bolts, to improve the fatigue strength of the electrical control box.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Single-Phase Flow Characteristics and Internal Flow Characteristics
#### 4.1.2 Hydrodynamic Bearing Performance with R134a Refrigerant  
As shown in Figure 14, the results indicate that the radial capacity increases with the enhancement in rotating speed. Moreover, a larger eccentricity corresponds to a greater radial capacity at the same rotating speed.  
Figure 12: The relative velocity on the midsection of the impeller and vaned diffuser.  
Figure 13: The relative velocity on the cross-section of the flow guide channel.  
Figure 15 displays the thrust bearings's capacity distribution at 7500 rpm. The results show that under the designed condition, the one-side thrust bearing can provide a capacity of approximately 265 N with a liquid film thickness of 15 \(\upmu\)m. Meanwhile, the load capacity on the other side decreases almost to zero. Figure 15b demonstrates that the axial force of the pump decreases with the increase in the thickness of the thrust liquid film and the flow rates. Combined with the thrust bearings' capacity curve, there is the intersection point on different flow rates. It is indicated that the hydrodynamic thrust bearing can be applied in the prototype under different conditions.
## 4 Research Opportunities in O-RAN
### Data Privacy and Security  
As ML relies heavily on data, ensuring the privacy and security of sensitive network data are paramount. O-RAN handles vast amount of data, including user information and network configurations. It is crucial to manage ML algorithms to access and utilize these data without compromising user privacy. In addition, O-RAN often involves in collaborations between different operators and vendors. Then, secure data sharing protocols must be established to ensure that sensitive network information is shared only with authorized parties. ML models requiring data from multiple sources should adhere to strict data sharing policies. As O-RAN becomes more software-centric and dynamic, it can be vulnerable to cyberattacks. While ML can be used to detect and respond to threats, it is crucial to secure ML models themselves against adversarial attacks [16]. In this case, what measures can be implemented to protect against potential data breaches or cyberattacks targeting ML models is worth investigating. Striking the right balance between data accessibility for ML and maintaining robust data security would be critical for network operators and developers. Successfully addressing the data privacy and security challenge will be essential to foster trust in ML applications with O-RAN and ensure compliance with evolving data protection regulations.
## 4 Engineering Example
### Stability Analysis of the Algorithm  
During the parameter inversion process, the parameter values for the improved modular vector method (IMVM), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm algorithm (PSA), and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & \(q\) & \(tg\beta\) & \(\theta(^{\circ})\) & \(S_{1}\)/m & \(S_{2}\)/m & \(S_{3}\)/m & \(S_{4}\)/m \\ \hline \hline Lower limit of value & 0.50 & 1.00 & 60 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Upper limit of value & 1.00 & 3.00 & 90 & 40 & 40 & 40 \\ Max flight speed & 0.1 & 0.1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Parameter values and maximum flight speed of the particle swarm algorithm.  
Figure 8: Fitting results of four algorithms.  
simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) remain consistent with those outlined in Section 4.3. Each algorithm is executed 20 times, and the fluctuations in the inversion results for each parameter across different algorithms--along with the average value of the root mean square error between the measured and predicted values in these 20 parameter inversions--are depicted in Figure 9.  
Figure 9 analysis reveals that the parameter inversion results maintain stability when using the same initial exploration values for the modular vector method. Conversely, the parameter inversion values for the other three algorithms exhibit fluctuations across the 20 experiments. This suggests that while the genetic algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, and simulated annealing algorithm can ensure the accuracy of inversion results to some extent, they do not guarantee parameter inversion value stability. The improved modular vector method, with its determinate initial exploration values, ensures parameter inversion value stability. Among the 20 experiments, the improved modular vector method exhibits the lowest average root mean square error between the measured and predicted values at 64.31 mm, demonstrating that the method remains stable while achieving a high level of accuracy. In contrast, the simulated annealing algorithm records the highest average root mean square error at 84.06 mm, signifying the lowest stability.
# End-Effectors Developed for Citrus and Other Spherical Crops
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Clamping Mechanism Design
#### 2.2.6 Control System Design  
The stepper motor controller uses STM32F103C816, adding a 12 V power supply module to provide the required power for the stepper motor. The power of the motor is relatively large in order to protect the control circuit and drive circuit; so that the stepper motor does not burn the other components in the event of a short circuit and other faults; the circuit is added to the optocoupler isolation. We add an A4988 compiler to the circuit to adjust the motor's steering and motor steps, a serial communication module to realize data transmission between the control board and the upper computer, and key control in the circuit: KEY0 controls the rotation and stop of robot arm 1; KEY1 controls the positive rotation of robot arm 1; KEY2 controls the reverse rotation of robot arm 2; KEY4 controls the positive rotation of robot arm 2; KEY5 controls the rotation and stop of robot arm 2; SW1 is the reset button. When the picking operation starts, the switch is opened to provide 12 V current for the stepper motor, and  
Figure 4: Sketch of clamping fingers holding fruit. (**a**) Force analysis before clamping citrus fruits (**b**) Force analysis when clamping citrus fruits.  
the current is shunted to the microcontroller for power supply when it passes through A4988 so that the microcontroller starts the stepper motor; the optocoupler isolates and uploads the signal to the stepper motor to control the lateral movement of the stepper motor. When the stepper motor moves up, it pushes the linkage mechanism to control the gripping finger for the opening movement; when the stepper motor moves down, it pushes the linkage mechanism to control the gripping finger for the closing movement. The schematic diagram of the control system is shown in Figure 5.  
The gripping process of this end-effector system consists of two parts: finger bending and overall rotation of the end-effector, as shown in Figure 2. The actuator finger bending has good shape adaptiveness; when grasping larger size citrus fruit, each joint finger surface can fit; when grasping smaller size citrus fruit, it can complete the parallel pinching of fingertips. The end-effector's overall rotation is based on feedback from the active soft control when grasping different elliptical citrus according to the motor current feedback drive joint rotation, the axial rotation force coupling is eliminated, and the finger surface perpendicular to the cross-section tangent. The end-effector's picking operation flow is shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the control system structure.
## 1 Introduction
### Objectives  
The general objective of this work was to evaluate the suitability and accuracy of detecting structural cracks in brick masonry by exploiting the breakage of ordinary silica optical fibers bonded to its surface. Of particular interest were the behavior of optical signals upon the deformation and cracking of the test specimen and the relationship between fiber breakage and the crack width that caused the breakage.  
The specific objectives included the choice of the most suitable optical fiber for this application, the fabrication of a brick masonry test specimen, the instrumentation of the specimen with an array of optical fibers, the design and implementation of the monitoring system, and the load testing of the sample. Moreover, the specific objectives included analyses of the results: deformations of the specimen under load, the behavior of the optical signals under the deformation and cracking of the test specimen, and a statistical and probabilistic evaluation of the results.
## 6 Baseline Statement and AAMO Approach Results  
The aims of this section are: (i) To establish a baseline on the main figure of merits that will be defined to asses the benefits of different approaches; (ii) To assess and analyse the performance of different instances of the _Auto-Adaptive Multi-Objective (AAMO)_ approach (different instances--from now on--refer to different _HO-Threshold_ setup values) under non-ideal communication conditions; (iii) To compare _AAMO_ instances against other approaches under non-ideal communication conditions.  
Regarding the first purpose, the baseline is established regarding two state-of-art approaches so that the simulation runnings concern the comparison between a _Yamauchi_-based algorithm [5] and the _minPos_ algorithm [17] under ideal communication conditions. These algorithms were chosen since they are decentralised, as are the author's proposal; while _Yamauchi_ is a reference on exploration and typically serves itself as a comparison baseline, the _minPos_ proposal has demonstrated very good performance, outperforming other important reference algorithms.  
On the contrary, regarding the _AAMO_ assessment and the comparison with other approaches, the simulation runnings concern exploration missions subject to non-ideal communication conditions. In this case, the primary purpose is to understand how compromised could be the exploration time performance when the connectivity level is prioritised and to reveal possible improvements concerning previous techniques. In consequence, there are experiments which compare only the performance achieved by different instances of _AAMO_, while in other experiments, where relevant, comparison with state-of-art performance is taken into account too.
## 2 Theoretical Foundation
### Analysis Method  
The solution models of fluid-structure interaction theory mainly include 4-equation, 8-equation, 12-equation and 14-equation models, among which 4-equation and 8-equation models are mainly used to solve simple straight pipe and curved pipe calculations. At present, the 4-equation model and 8-equation model are widely used in practical applications. Nowadays, the theoretical calculation method of fluid-structure interactions has been fully verified in the project, which has the advantages of clear mathematical equations, small calculation amount and high calculation efficiency. However, for complex models and boundary conditions in the project, the theoretical calculation method inevitably ignores some details. Also, the theoretical calculation method will be less efficient in establishing a model equivalent to the actual project.  
Based on the corresponding theoretical calculation model, the finite element method, which discretizes the model, has become the mainstream calculation method of fluid-structure interactions. In the finite element method of fluid-structure interaction calculation, the governing equation is the core part, which mainly consists of a fluid governing equation, structure governing equation and fluid-structure interaction governing equation.