# Web Mapping for Farm Management Information Systems: A Review and Australian Orchard Case Study
## 4 Case Study Results
### Historical Imagery Misfit Vectors  
The misfit vector of one prominent CP per farm was calculated using historical GE imagery (2003 to 2022) for a given farm. Misfit vectors at a given site varied in both magnitude and direction (Table 4 and Figure 5), with a minimum of 0.56 m and a maximum of 10.6 m. Old imagery generally had greater errors than more recent imagery, but the highest error for the FNQ-3 site (5.9 m) was associated with the most recent image (2021). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Farm/CP**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Imagery Date**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GEI Coordinates**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Misfit Vectors**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Latitude (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Longitude (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Magnitude (m)** & **Bearing (\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(\text{CQ-1}/\text{G1}\)} & 2 August 2012 & \(-\)23.019245 & 150.635429 & 6.178747 & 303.3369 \\  & 5 August 2013 & \(-\)23.019274 & 150.635485 & 0.784156 & 65.3325 \\  & 13 May 2016 & \(-\)23.019266 & 150.635492 & 1.767559 & 49.5702 \\  & 19 January 2018 & \(-\)23.019271 & 150.635478 & 0.569779 & 354.9467 \\  & 11 February 2022 & \(-\)23.019292 & 150.635474 & 1.733135 & 193.8136 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mean misfit vector**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**1.036**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**316.4531**} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{FNQ-1} & 15 July 2003 & \(-\)17.131577 & 145.303660 & 10.633708 & 237.1640 \\  & 10 July 2009 & \(-\)17.131623 & 145.303595 & 2.089216 & 253.0876 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 18 June 2011 & \(-\)17.131617 & 145.303585 & 1.603096 & 215.3983 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 28 June 2013 & \(-\)17.131619 & 145.303574 & 1.057875 & 165.7280 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 25 September 2016 & \(-\)17.131622 & 145.303578 & 0.806052 & 199.0387 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 14 July 2019 & \(-\)17.131616 & 145.303579 & 1.408654 & 190.9744 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 10 April 2021 & \(-\)17.131615 & 145.303587 & 1.909719 & 217.0331 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mean misfit vector**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2.593**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**227.0259**} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: GE coordinates (WGS84@ imagery date) of farm checkpoints (CPs) and their misfit vectors relative to GNSS measurements. Checkpoint (CP) codes relate to those in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Farm**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CP**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GNSS Coordinates**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GEI Coordinates**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Misfit Vectors**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Latitude (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Longitude (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Latitude (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Longitude (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Magnitude (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Bearing (\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(\text{CQ-1}\)} & G1 & \(-\)23.019277 & 150.635479 & \(-\)23.019268 & 150.635491 & 1.768 & 49.5702 \\  & G2 & \(-\)23.019747 & 150.635811 & \(-\)23.019739 & 150.635825 & 1.628 & 57.9389 \\  & G3 & \(-\)2  
Figure 4: Representation of horizontal positional misfit vectors (in WGS84 UTM) between GNSS (coordinate epoch 1/2023 displayed in a GDA2020 epoch) and GE (2016 in CQ-1 and 2021 in FNQs) coordinates of ground control points on four farms: (**(A)**) CQ-1, (**B**) FNQ-1, (**C**) FNQ-2, and (**D**) FNQ-3). Blue and red arrows are individual and mean misfit vectors, respectively.