# A Multi-Objective Hybrid BESSA Optimization Scheme for Parameter Extraction from PV Modules
## 8 Results and Discussion  
_Simulation Results_  
The efficacy as well as the applicability of the Hybrid BESSA-based PV parameter extraction technique was tested on the PV module AS-M3607-S. The PV AS-M3607-S module was experimented on at different operating temperatures (i.e., \(-\)30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C) when keeping irradiance constant at 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) and was compared at different irradiances (i.e., at 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\), 800 W/m\({}^{2}\), 600 W/m\({}^{2}\), and 400 W/m\({}^{2}\)) at a constant temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The bounds of the gains of the excavated parameters are listed in Table 7.  
Table 8 provides the values of the parameters extracted by the Hybrid BESSA and BES scheme for the PV Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) when keeping irradiance fixed at 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) and varying temperature from \(-\)30 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Table 9 shows the reference values and percentage error obtained for Module AS-M3607-S with G fixed at 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) and T varying from \(-\)30 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline PV Module & \(\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{S}\_\_\_\_\_\_}\) & \(\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{S}\_\_\_\_}\) & \(\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{B}\_\_\_\_}\) & \(\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{B}\_\_\_}\) & \(\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{B}\_\_}\) \\ \hline AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) & 0.00 & 1 & 30 & 4000 & 1 & 2 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Lower and upper bounds of the parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\boldsymbol{T}\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Hybrid BESSA-Based Parameter Extraction Technique**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{S}}\) & \(\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{S}}\) & \(\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{S}}\) & \(\delta\) & \(\boldsymbol{Y}\) \\ \hline \(-\)30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0.29012 & 3999.6 & 1.99 & 3.6199 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) \\ \hline
0 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0.29379 & 3998.4 & 1.8896 & 2.73 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) \\ \hline
25 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0.2341 & 3999.94 & 2 & 2.12 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) \\ \hline
30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0.3426 & 2702.553 & 1.6299 & 2.01 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) \\ \hline
50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0.1967 & 4000 & 2 & 1.61 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) \\ \hline
70 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0.4229 & 3709.568 & 1.3032 & 1.26 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Parameters of the Photovoltaic Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) obtained using the Hybrid BESSA- and BES-based parameter extraction technique with G fixed at 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) and T varying from \(-\)30 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
In Table 11, the reference values and error values are obtained at different irradiances and while keeping temperature fixed at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 10 shows the simulated IV curve of Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) at different irradiances at a fixed temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C using the Hybrid BESSA technique. Figure 11 shows the simulated PV curve using the BES technique for Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) at varying irradiances at a fixed temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 12 shows the IV curve obtained via simulation for Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) at various temperatures at a fixed irradiance of 1000 W / m\({}^{2}\) by utilizing the Hybrid BESSA technique. Figure 13 shows the PV curve obtained via simulation for Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) at various temperature ranging from \(-\)30 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a fixed irradiance of 1000 W / m\({}^{2}\) using the Hybrid BESSA technique.