# A Survey of Big Data Archives in Time-Domain Astronomy
## 5 Scientific Archives Services  
The archives listed below are examples of time-domain astronomy. They map a large portion of the sky from a variety of observatories. Transient occurrences from more than a century of observations can be detected, owing to their extensive data library and more current images. 1. **SIMBAD (Set of Identification, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical Data):** SIMBAD [53; 54] is the principal database for astronomical object identification and bibliography. e Centre de Donn'ees astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS) developed and maintained the SIMBAD. Many astronomical objects are included in the database, bibliography, and selected observational measurements. Priority is given to catalogs and tables that span a wide range of wavelengths and serve large-scale research efforts. Meanwhile, systematic scanning of the bibliography provides an overview of current astronomical studies, including their diversity and broader trends. The World Wide Web (WWW) interface for Simbad is available at: [[http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad](http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad)]([http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad](http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad)) (accessed on 1 June 2022). 2. **SMOKA (Subaru-Mitaka-Okayama-Kiso-Archive):** Multiple telescope data can be found in the SMOKA [55] science archive system. More than 20 million astronomical images are currently stored on the server, totaling more than 150 gigabytes. Additionally, the search interface can be used to perform searches based on various search restrictions and flexible image transport system (FITS)-Header keyword values for specific data sets. Data from telescopes and observatories from Subaru (Subaru), OAO (Okayama), Kiso (Kiso) and MITSuME (MITSuME) instruments and reduction tools can be accessed via the search interface. 3. **IRSA (NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive):** Several National Aeronautics and Space Act (NASA) [56] programs are supported by the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) [57], including Spitzer, the (NEO)WISE and 2 MASS satellites, and the IRAS. IPAC also manages NASA's data archives. The IRSA also provides access to data from ESA missions, including Herschel and Planck, in col laboration with NASA. IRTF and SOFIA data will soon be archived at IRSA. IPAC's non-NASA or non-infrared initiatives, such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), and Vera C. Rubin Observatory (VCRO), benefit from IPAC's archiving technology (formerly known as LSST) [58]. One petabyte of data from more than 15 projects can be found at IRSA. More than 100 billion astronomical measurements can be accessed through IRSA, including all-sky coverage. An important aspect of astronomical research is the design, implementation, and archiving of large-scale surveys. Projects such as the LSST and PTF are expected to yield huge catalogs of stars and galaxies in the future. By integrating and cross-correlating data across these various survey dimensions in a virtual collection, these catalogs will dramatically boost science returns and enable new discoveries. A new paradigm for informatics is required to mine the riches of this data loop, which will require distributed database queries and data mining across virtual tables of decentralized, linked, and integrated sky survey catalogs. The problems that this subject presents are challenging, as they are in the majority of today's fields that produce large amounts of data at rapid rates [45]. Data from numerous celestial bodies can only be accessed by astronomers using query tools. Images and image-related information are the most frequently researched topics on the internet. Depending on these conditions, the user may have a wide range of requirements. Querying a single or group of items may be desired by users to retrieve information. To obtain precise information in the astronomical domain, users must develop extensive programs or formulate intricate queries.