## 5 Operational Descriptions of the Future Distribution Networks with the Sundom Smart Grid
### Energy Management Use Cases
#### 5.1.1 Energy Management Use Cases of the Self-Sufficient Phase
Instead, the market-based IBP aggregated load control programs via DR marketplaces are the feasible options, which could be AS market programs. Hence, the economic DR for load shifting by \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**HL-UC Name** & **Events in the LV and MV Distribution Networks** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Electricity generation} & LV: The micro-generation is PV generation at the consumers’ premises. The operation of the PV units can be separated, class 1 and class 2 equipment [77], from the LV distribution network, or the operation can be parallel with the LV distribution network, but the power flow to the distribution network is prevented by class 3a equipment [77]. In these cases, the purpose is to minimize the customers’ electricity bills, as in the traditional phase. PV units also exist, which can supply energy to the distribution grid either without fees, class 3b equipment [77], or with fees, class 4 equipment [77]. The SS-BESS could also offer recharging operation in the local ASs for the DSO’s congestion management. For example, in high demand time, the voltage can fall in the weak network parts. Alternatively, the SS-BESS could be obtained for gaining benefit by offering it as a resource for ASs via markets. \\ \cline{2-3}  & MV: PS-BESS (as a generation unit) can provide back-up power for the energy community’s consumers and the operations as a frequency control reserve. The CHP unit provides heat and electricity. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Generation control} & LV: The CEMS controls the electricity generation of the PS-BESS for self-sufficiency purposes. The CEMS monitors the generation from the WT and controls the CHP. The CHP unit is controlled so that heating energy is guaranteed (heat-led control/maximum heat output) for the connected residences. The electricity is treated via the PS-BESS and shared. The excess heat that is not used in the region/community is fed in the utility district heating system. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Volt/VA control} & LV: In the traditional and the self-sufficient phases, the LV distribution networks’ voltage control is passive; off-load-tap-changers exercise it in the secondary substations. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & MV: Generally, for managing the voltage within the permitted limits, reactive power is controlled via on-load-tap-changers (OLTC) of the primary transformer. Additionally, in this phase, the reactive power flow from the full-scale converter of the large-scale WT (3.6 MW) owned by a DG partner is controlled for the DSO’s ASs [78,79]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: \(Cont.\)load curtailment PUC was developed over the LV and MV distribution networks, and it includes the following UCs:  
* DR via TOU (electricity storage heating and other passive loads): The houses with an electric storage heating system use TOU pricing with two time-blocks per day, which is currently (the traditional phase) used as the primary case in the electricity storage-heated houses. The consumption can be changed from the peak load times to off-peak times. The off-peak is at night with a lower rate, and the peak is at daytime at a higher rate. * DR via RTP (passive loads): An option is RTP programs used in customers who want to be charged based on hourly fluctuation of electricity prices, reflecting the wholesale market's electricity cost. RTP customers are charged based on hourly fluctuating prices announced a day or an hour ahead (based on the base market, Elspot or Elbas, prices). * DR via AS markets (electricity storage heating and other passive loads): A demand aggregator collects the demand flexibility, carries out the DR optimization and scheduling, trades on the energy markets, calculates the consumers' price-volume signals, and finally sends the price signal to the customers. Customers exploit the retailer-aggregator's price signals to decide energy consumption (by the agreed option). Hence, the HEMS displays the electricity price and the consumed energy volume and controls the loads according to the approved option.