esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
White Sharks are the species most implicated in shark bites in Australia, and their seasonal occurrence in nearshore areas of NSW has implications for human-wildlife conflict management. By using satellite and acoustic tagging technologies to monitor the post-release movements of White Sharks caught on SMART drumlines, we have shown that most White Sharks move away from the capture site, thereby reducing the likelihood of shark-human interactions at that site. Furthermore, the survival of White Sharks highlights the efficacy of SMART drumlines as a potential non-lethal shark bite mitigation tool for a Threatened, Endangered, or Protected species.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biology12101329/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biology12101329/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biology12101329/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biology12101329/s1)), Figure S1: Standard residual plot showing the results of model adequacy.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, P.A.B.; methodology, P.A.B., A.F.S. and V.M.P.; validation, P.A.B., K.A.L., A.F.S. and V.M.P.; formal analysis, K.A.L. and P.A.B.; investigation, K.A.L. and P.A.B.; resources, P.A.B. and M.G.; data curation, P.A.B., K.A.L., C.R.G. and C.P.B.; writing--original draft preparation, P.A.B., A.F.S., K.A.L., M.G. and V.M.P.; writing--review and editing, P.A.B., K.A.L., M.G., A.F.S. and V.M.P.; project administration, P.A.B.; funding acquisition, M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** Primary project funding and support were provided by the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Australia through the Shark Management Strategy.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** This study was done under New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Scientific Research Section 37 (Ref. P01/0059A-2.0), Marine Parks (Ref. P16/0145-1.1), and Animal Care and Ethics (ACEC Ref. 07/08) permits.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data for this project are maintained by the New South Wales Government. The data is available upon request.  
**Acknowledgments:** This project would not have been possible without the continued support of our research, management, and SMART drumline teams.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Background
### Complex Networks  
Complex networks are known as sets of interconnected nodes. The nodes of a network can be called vertices or elements and are represented by the symbols \(v_{1},v_{2},\dots,v_{N}\), where \(N\) is the total number of nodes in the network. If a node \(v_{i}\) is connected to another node \(v_{j}\), this connection is represented by an ordered pair \((v_{i},v_{j})\). The mathematical definition of a network (also called a graph) is as follows: Formally, a network \(R\) consists of a set of nodes \(V\ =\ v_{1},v_{2},\dots V_{N}\) and a set of ordered pairs \(E\ =\ (v_{i},v_{j})\subset VxV\). Each ordered pair \((v_{i},v_{j})\) is a directed connection from node \(v_{i}\) to node \(v_{j}\). A non-directed type network consists of that for each pair \((v_{i},v_{j})\in\varepsilon\) there also exists the pair \((v_{j},v_{i})\in\varepsilon\), as shown in Figure 1a. If the above is not fulfilled, the network directed, as Figure 1b. Illustrates. Nodes that are directly connected to a \(v_{i}\) node are called \(v_{i}\)'s neighbors [20].  
Figure 1: (**a**) Undirected network. (**b**) Directed network.
# Determination of the Operating Temperature of the Gas-Insulated Transmission Line +
## 1 Introduction
In Asia, especially in China and Indonesia, interconnections between the mainland and islands are under investigation [7; 8; 18; 19; 20]. Today, overhead lines are the most economical means of high-voltage transmission, but in the near future, due to environmental protection requirements, GIL technology could replace conventional cables and overhead lines and will be widely used in long distance transmission lines [7; 8; 18]. The design of GILs for high-current and voltage use requires precise analysis of electromagnetic, dynamic and thermal effects. The knowledge of the relationship between electrodynamics and constructional parameters is crucial during the design and optimization process of high-current busducts [3; 7; 8; 16; 24; 25]. The temperature rise of a gas-insulated line is a vital factor that has an adverse effect on its performance. Exceeding the permissible temperature level leads to damage of the transmission line and, often, to the loss of all the components connected to it. One of the most important parameters of a high-current busduct is its ampacity, i.e., the maximum current that can be carried without exceeding its temperature rating [16; 17]. Power losses and the temperature depend on the value of the currents, and, for the large cross-sectional dimensions of phase conductors and screens, even at an industrial frequency, the skin effect as well as the external and internal proximity effects should be taken into account [24; 25; 29]. In the last three decades, the prediction of the operating temperature of high-current busducts has been the subject of a number of investigations [7; 8]. Most of them deal with specific busduct configurations [4; 5; 10; 12; 13; 14; 15; 17; 27; 28; 31]. The heating of busducts has been studied both numerically and experimentally. In many cases, the problem has been formulated as a magneto-thermal one, linking the busduct ampacity with the operating temperature [5; 9; 10; 11; 21; 22; 28]. In this contribution, an analytical method to determine the temperature of a tubular high-current busduct with isolated phases was proposed. First, the power losses in the phase conductors and screens were determined. In the next step, the temperature rise of the phase conductors and screens were calculated by solving the thermal equilibrium equations. In the calculation of power losses, the skin and proximity effects were taken into account.
# Musculoskeletaleltal Symptoms and Assessment of Ergonomic Risk Factors on a Coffee Farm
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Body Region** & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Exposure Factor**} \\ \hline
**Musuloskeletal** & **Back** & **Shoulder/Arm** & **Wrist/Hand** & **Neck** & **Driving** & **Vibration** & **Work Pace** & **Stress** \\
**Symptions** & **Back** & **Shoulder/Arm** & **Wrist/Hand** & **Neck** & **Driving** & **Vibration** & **Work Pace** & **Stress** \\ \hline Neck & 4.841 & 1.387 & 12.954 & 10.609 & 4.794 & 1.903 & 2.084 & 5.925 \\  & (0.304) & (0.846) & (0.044) \({}^{\star}\) & (0.101) & (0.309) & (0.754) & (0.720) & (0.432) \\ \hline Right shoulder & 3.499 & 6.470 & 21.741 & 11.549 & 2.229 & 1.272 & 7.098 & 5.550 \\  & (0.751) & (0.373) & (0.010) \({}^{\star}\) & (0.240) & (0.898) & (0.973) & (0.312) & (0.784) \\ \hline Left shoulder & 3.449 & 6.470 & 21.741 & 11.549 & 2.229 & 1.272 & 7.098 & 5.550 \\  & (0.751) & (0.373) & (0.010) \({}^{\star}\) & (0.240) & (0.898) & (0.973) & (0.312) & (0.784) \\ \hline Upper back & 1.972 & 3.659 & 7.162 & 9.425 & 1.973 & 1.258 & 2.662 & 2.513 \\  & (0.922) & (0.723) & (0.620) & (0.399) & (0.922) & (0.974) & (0.850) & (0.981) \\ \hline Lower back & 2.459 & 4.673 & 7.026 & 10.757 & 3.372 & 1.618 & 2.586 & 4.074 \\  & (0.873) & (0.586) & (0.634) & (0.293) & (0.761) & (0.951) & (0.859) & (0.906) \\ \hline Right wrist & 4.748 & 2.313 & 16.225 & 19.045 & 3.603 & 2.045 & 1.065 & 4.365 \\  & (0.314) & (0.678) & (0.013) \({}^{\star}\) & (0.004) \({}^{\star}\) & (0.462) & (0.727) & (0.900) & (0.627) \\ \hline Left wrist & 5.794 & 3.375 & 18.733 & 19.809 & 5.554 & 2.127 & 1.752 & 4.472 \\  & (0.215) & (0.497) & (0.005) \({}^{\star}\) & (0.003) \({}^{\star}\) & (0.235) & (0.712) & (0.781) & (0.613) \\ \hline Right knee & 9.267 & 6.455 & 8.682 & 13.542 & 3.096 & 1.764 & 2.148 & 3.583 \\  & (0.159) & (0.374) & (0.467) & (0.140) & (0.797) & (0.940) & (0.906) & (0.937) \\ \hline Left knee & 6.612 & 4.171 & 9.252 & 15.278 & 3.529 & 1.828 & 2.575 & 8.850 \\  & (0.358) & (0.654) & (0.414) & (0.084) & (0.740) & (0.935) & (0.860) & (0.477) \\ \hline Right foot & 3.639 & 1.463 & 6.243 & 12.513 & 1.863 & 1.322 & 1.388 & 3.178 \\  & (0.457) & (0.833) & (0.397) & (0.051) \({}^{\star}\) & (0.761) & (0.858) & (0.846) & (0.786) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (): Asymptotic significance (2-sided). \({}^{\star}\) Significant relationship between variables (\(p\)-value \(\leq\) 0.05).  
\end{table} 
Table 13: Pearson chi-square test musculoskeletal symptoms by QEC method exposure level. Figure 2: Crossover between musculoskeletal symptoms by QEC method exposure level. Exposure factor—wrist/hand: (**a**) neck, (**b**) right shoulder, (**c**) left shoulder, (**d**) right wrist, (**e**) left wrist, and Exposure factor—neck: (**f**) right wrist, (**g**) left wrist, (**h**) right foot, (**i**) left foot.
###### Abstract  
Frequency-hopping binary offset carrier modulation improves the anti-interference performance and mitigates the autocorrelation function (ACF) ambiguity problem of binary offset carrier modulation. To save payload resources and make high-power amplifiers on satellites operate at the nonlinear saturation region, there is further demand for finding an efficient constant-envelope frequency-hopping binary offset carrier multiplexing technique to combine several signal components. Thus, we propose a dual-sideband constant-envelope multiplexing modulation, named asymmetric constant-envelope frequency-hopping binary offset carrier multiplexing (ACE-FHBOC), which is also a multicarrier constant-envelope multiplexing modulation. ACE-FHBOC provides higher design flexibility in the number of subcarrier frequencies than ACE-BOC while maintaining the same flexibility of signal design as ACE-BOC in the number of signal components and power ratio among components. We first establish the theory and give implementation methods of ACE-FHBOC. Then, we develop a software-defined receiver to simulate and analyze the performance for several specific ACE-FHBOC and ACE-BOC signals. The results show that the recommended ACE-FHBOC signals have lower ACF ambiguity, better anti-narrowband interference, and multipath performance than ACE-BOC under the same conditions. With these advantages, ACE-FHBOC is a promising solution for the signal design of new generation global navigation satellite systems.  
ACE-FHBOC; constant envelope; anti-interference; low ambiguity; navigation Article
# Publish/Subscribe-Middleware-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems: Applications and Challenges
###### Abstract  
Countries are embracing intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), the application of information and communication technologies to transportation, to address growing challenges in urban mobility, congestion, safety, and sustainability. Architecture Reference for Cooperative and Intelligent Transportation (ARC-IT) is a notable ITS framework comprising Enterprise, Functional, Physical, and Communications Views (or layers). This review focuses on the Communications View, examining how publish/subscribe middleware enhances ITS through the communication layer. It identified application areas across ITS infrastructure, transportation modes, and communication technologies, and highlights key challenges. In the infrastructure domain, publish/subscribe middleware enhances responsiveness and real-time processing in systems such as traffic surveillance, VANETs, and road sensor networks, especially when replacing legacy infrastructure is cost-prohibitive. Moreover, the middleware supports scalable, low-latency communication in land, air, and marine modes, enabling public transport coordination, cooperative driving, and UAV integration. At the communications layer, publish/subscribe systems facilitate interoperable, delay-tolerant data dissemination over heterogeneous platforms, including 4G/5G, ICN, and peer-to-peer networks. However, integrating publish/subscribe middleware in ITS has several challenges, including privacy risks, real-time data constraints, fault tolerance, bandwidth limitations, and security vulnerabilities. This paper provides a domain-informed foundation for researchers and practitioners developing resilient, scalable, and interoperable communication systems in next-generation ITSs.  
transportation; middleware; publish/subscribe; smart cities; traffic management
# Prediction of Belt Drive Faults in Case of Predictive Maintenance in Industry 4.0 Platform
## 4 Conclusions  
Providing service information about the upcoming repair of a given device, determined based on data analytics, improves the planning process and reduces the cost-of-service actions, which are performed periodically to service the device, when it is actually required. In this paper, the application of the system for detecting anomalies was presented on the example of vibration analysis of a belt drive. However, the same algorithm can be used for different types of data, regardless of the sampling rate. Tests conducted on a diagnostic test bench allowed to implement an algorithm that can be used for any type of data. The adaptive nature of the approach allows the model to be trained for both a brand-new device and one that has been in production for a long time and after a service action has been determined to be compliant. The advantage of the proposed solution is the ease of monitoring machine parameters both online and in batch mode. The presented approach makes it possible to indicate deviations from correct operation that have been registered on the ball bearing, which is important information for the service section talking about a potential occurrence of a damage or a progressive degradation process of the element. Early detection of anomalies can prevent unplanned production line stoppages that can occur by ignoring deviations in the operation of a given device.  
The approach presented in this article, as well as others that are carried out in the APA Group, allow to implement tools that are designed to support the process of inference, by extracting information from data, which are valuable from the point of view of management and production quality.  
Conceptualization, A.P. and S.T.; methodology, S.T.; software, W.P.; validation, A.P., W.P. and S.T.; formal analysis, J.K.; investigation, A.P.; resources, W.P.; data curation, A.P.; writing--original draft preparation, S.T.; writing--review and editing, J.K. and A.P.; visualization, S.T., W.P.; supervision, J.K.; project administration, D.G.; funding acquisition, D.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research and the APC were funded by the Silesian University of Technology.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 8: Distribution of autoencoder mapping errors for each damage-related class for vertically positioned sensor.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **F1** & **R2 for Good** & **R2 for Faulty** & **MSE** \\ \hline Horizontal sensor & 98.9 & 95.8 & 100 & 0.0021 \\ \hline Vertical sensor & 99.3 & 99.6 & 99.8 & 0.0027 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Summarization for results reached during research.  
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are not available due to the sensitive nature of the data, to protect participant's privacy.  
This work was supported by the European Union under the ROP WSL for 2014-2020 \"Development of the Nazca 4.0 production optimization platform through R&D\".  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 7 Current Challenges and Problems
### Suitable Carrier Frequency  
The carrier frequency is very important in designing implanted devices and biotelemetry systems. Most of the implantable devices are powered by low frequency, less than 1 MHz, however, the standard safety levels with respect to human body exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields is 3 kHz-30 GHz [4]. The standards frequencies according to the MICS are specified between the frequencies of 402-405 MHz, which involves a number of allowable frequencies such as 27 MHz. The second standard is the ISM standard dealing with 13.56 MHz band. The RFID standard deals with 125-135 kHz for low frequency bands. The low and high frequencies between 3 kHz-30 MHz are widely used in transcutaneous wireless due to its ability penetrate water and skin over a short range.
# A Sensor Drift Compensation Method with a Masked Autoencoder Module
## 3 Experiment and Results
### Results

Table 3: The mean of RMSE and the standard deviation of RMSE for each model. SD denotes for standard deviation. \(n\) for latent space dimension. Figure 6: (a) Mean of RMSE of 6 gases for each model (b) Standard deviation of RMSE of 6 gases for each model. These results indicate that, despite the presence of a decoder part during training of the encoder module, our proposed method outperforms other methods, including the fine-tuning method, in terms of time complexity.
# Impact of Ar/CF4 Mixed Gas Flow Rate on Silicon Etching Using Surface Discharge Plasma
###### Abstract  
This study examines the effects of varying argon (Ar) and carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) gas flow rates on the etching of monocrystalline silicon substrates using surface discharge plasma. While previous research has primarily focused on the fundamental characteristics and applications of surface discharge plasma in silicon etching, the influence of the gas flow rate on etching efficacy remains insufficiently explored. The aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship between mixed gas flow rates and the rate and quality of silicon etching, both of which are critical for optimizing manufacturing processes in the semiconductor industry. Utilizing a setup equipped with a USB4000 spectrometer for emission spectroscopy, we varied the Ar/CF4 flow rates from 0 to 6000 sccm while maintaining a fixed discharge-sustaining voltage of 9.4 kV. We observed and analyzed the discharge power, plasma emission intensities, and resulting etch profiles of the silicon substrates. Particularly, we analyzed the emission spectra for peaks corresponding to active species such as F, F2, and CFn, indicative of the plasma's etching capabilities. The findings revealed that higher flow rates significantly enhanced the generation of key active species, leading to increased etching rates in both depth and width directions of the silicon substrates. Importantly, an increase in flow rate also facilitated the diffusion of these species across a broader area, thereby advancing the etching process and inhibiting the deposition of etching byproducts. These results underscore the importance of optimizing gas flow rates to enhance etching efficiency and quality. In conclusion, this study confirms that adjusting the flow rates of Ar and CF4 in surface discharge plasma etching can significantly influence the effectiveness of the silicon etching process. This outcome will contribute to the realization and development of semiconductor etching technology, such as solar cell manufacturing, as well as the further advancement of atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasma surface treatment technology.  
surface discharge plasma; etching; Ar/CF4 mixed gas; gas flow rate; silicon +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
18 April 2024  
11 May 2024  
15 May 2024  
17 May 2024
# Overview of Tool Wear Monitoring Methods Based on Convolutional Neural Network
## 3 Common Methods of Tool Wear Monitoring  
Tool wear monitoring is divided into two methods of offline direct monitoring and online indirect monitoring [23].  
Offline direct monitoring mainly evaluates the tool wear condition via the offline measuring of changes in the tool dimension by visual and optical methods [38]. Before CNC machining, the cutter aligner is used for tool presetting. The tool presetting data difference is comparatively obtained after machining, and the difference is the tool wear amount. However, this method is susceptible to thermal deformation, and its accuracy is low. An improved method is to measure the data after the machine tool is fully heated to thermal equilibrium. For a machine tool equipped with a tool changer, the tool holder and tool are removed together and measured by an external tool detector. The comparison can reduce the thermal deformation impact of the machine tool. There are two shortcomings in the offline direct measurement: (1) Monitoring after shutdown is required. (2) The sudden tool damage during machining cannot be monitored [24]. Therefore, offline monitoring cannot predict the tool wear condition in real time. With the development of the manufacturing industry, especially intelligent manufacturing, the online monitoring of tool wear conditions is increasingly essential.  
Online indirect monitoring evaluates the tool wear condition in real-time by monitoring the change of the data related to tool wear. These data can be collected by one kind of sensor or the fusion of information collected by multiple sensors. It implements monitoring when the tool is cutting without affecting the cutting process. It is a nondestructive, simple, sustainable and non-interference monitoring method [17]. Its disadvantage is that the monitored process features contain a lot of interference information. Compared with the offline direct monitoring method, the indirect online monitoring method is more flexible. It combines the technologies of feature analysis, processing, and pattern recognition to predict the online tool wear condition for achieving intelligent control. Therefore, the research on tool wear monitoring in academia and industry focuses on the indirect online monitoring method [39].
# Computational Analysis of a 200 GHz Phased Array Using Lens-Coupled Annular-Slot Antennas
###### Abstract  
We report the design, simulation, and analysis of a THz phased array, using lens-coupled annular-slot antennas (ASAs) for potential beyond 5G or 6G wireless communications. For a prototype demonstration, the ASA employed was designed on a high resistivity Si substrate with a radius of 106 \(\upmu\)m, and a gap width of 6 \(\upmu\)m for operation at 200 GHz. In order to achieve higher antenna gain and efficiency, an extended hemispherical silicon lens was also used. To investigate the effect of the silicon lens on the ASA phased array, a 1 \(\times\) 3 array and 1 \(\times\) 5 array (the element distance is 0.55A) were implemented with a silicon lens using different extension lengths. The simulation shows that for a 1 \(\times\) 3 array, a \(\pm\)17\({}^{\circ}\) scanning angle with an about \(-\)10 dB sidelobe level and 11.82 dB gain improvement (compared to the array without lens) can be achieved using a lens radius of 5000 \(\upmu\)m and an extension length of 1000 \(\upmu\)m. A larger scanning angle of \(\pm\)31\({}^{\circ}\) can also be realized by a 1 \(\times\) 5 array (using a shorter extension length of 250 \(\upmu\)m). The approach of designing a 200 GHz lens-coupled phased array reported here is informative and valuable for the future development of wireless communication technologies.  
THz phased array; annular-slot antenna; lens-coupled antenna; beyond 5G communication +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences