esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Proposed Techniques  
Based on the literature, modeling the relation between external and internal states is required for battery state estimation. Consequently, a battery model is needed for accurate estimation. Moreover, batteries are complicated electrochemical devices with non-linear behavior, affected by various internal and external states. This behavior can be described by a model whose formulation comprised of both uncertain and unknown parameters, but structurally known. In addition, describing the relationship between the battery terminal voltage property and battery SOH is an arduous task. As known from the literature, the charging process of an EV battery system includes two sub-processes, constant-voltage (CV) charge and constant-current (CC) charge. Charging or discharging of a certain amount of capacity (Ah) leads to a lower voltage change in fresh battery cells, while the same amount of Ah creates a higher voltage change in an aged cell for the same type of battery. This principle, the determination of the differential voltage responses to the ampere-hours discharged or charged from the battery before and after discharging or charging, is almost employed as the capacity estimation method. So, in this method, after a certain amount of energy throughput, the variation of voltage response is calculated and compared to the experimental data. This method is a practical solution for battery capacity monitoring [29; 30; 31]. The advantage of this method could reside in low inputs.  
As can be seen in Figure 1, the terminal voltage curves are plotted at three different SOH levels while the batteries were charged using constant-current charging profile. The terminal voltage curves considerably vary from cycle to cycle. For instance, the terminal voltage curve of the battery at the beginning of life (BOL) has a lower slope than the voltage curves at 71% SOH. In addition, the initial, mean, and final voltages are not equal in the voltage property curves at different SOH levels. Hence, it can be concluded that the SOH can be reflected by the terminal voltage curve in a specific charging/discharging process. In other words, the battery's terminal voltage generally decreases and increases when being discharged and charged, respectively. The charging and discharging processes of a fixed number of ampere-hours lead to a lower voltage change for a battery with a higher SOH (fresh battery). On the other hand, a higher voltage change takes place when the battery's SOH is lower (aged battery). Figure 1 shows the battery charging profile based Lithium-ion battery (LIB) at different SOH from 97% to 71%, aged at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. For instance, the blue line represents 97% SOH, has a lower slope than the red line, and corresponded to 95% of the nominal capacity. In addition, the line with 71% SOH has a bigger slope than the line with 95% SOH.  
Figure 1: Terminal battery voltage at constant-current charging protocol (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C). SOH—state of health.
## 2 Vibration Signal Data Processing and Feature Enhancement
### Data Expansion
Due to the boundary effect of the window function, this processing method will lead to the appearance of spectral leakage and sub-flap, which will affect the accuracy of the analysis results. To solve this problem, in this paper, the signal segmentation is performed by sliding window panning. By panning between each window, the overlap between windows can be reduced, thus minimizing the effects of spectral leakage and sub-flap, as shown in Figure 2. Assuming that the length of the original signal is \(N\), the length of the window is \(M\), and the step length (overlap rate) of the panning is \(L\), after the panning, then, the length \(H\) of the signal obtained by window panning can be calculated as follows:  
Figure 1: Time-domain signal. Figure 2: Bilateral as well as unilateral spectra of the bearing after FFT. When the overlap is less than the window length:  
\[H=L+(K-1)\times L \tag{5}\]  
When the overlap is greater than the window length:  
\[\text{H}=\text{M}+(\text{K}-1)\times\text{L} \tag{6}\]  
\(K\) is the smallest integer that makes the right end of the equation greater than or equal to \(N\). In order to ensure the coherence of the time series vibration signals and maximize the number of samples, the signal overlap rate is set to be 512, and the window step size is 1024. Each signal is classified into 200 sample sets; the training and 12 kHz and 1772 r/min drive end bearing failure signal are divided according to the ratio of 30%. As shown in Figure 3, The specific description of the sample set is shown in Table 3.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
While water quantity and quality control groundwater supply demand, almost all aquifers are within the freshwater distribution area, making them attractive water resources. The Zhem Artesian Basin groundwater chemical content of the Lower Cretaceous-Cenomanian aquifer complex's main exploitable segments is illustrated in Figures 9 and 10. The chemical data depicted in the Piper diagram [38] reveal various groundwater types, including Na-K-Cl, Ca-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO3, mixite Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, and mixite Ca-Na-Cl (Figure 9). [PERSON]'s diagram [39] reflects the correlation between different anions and cation concentrations, pH values, and TDS (Figure 10). As noted in other arid regions [40], fresh and ultra-fresh groundwater has a hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium composition, as found at the Kundaktayrskoye, Kandagachskoye, Sarybulakskoye, and other reservoirs mostly around the Zhem Artesian Basin's northeastern area. Towards the southwest, more saline groundwaters have a chloride-sulphate and sulphate-chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium and sodium-calcium composition. Groundwater chemical analysis results of samples taken from exploration and production wells in various areas of the artesian basin are given in Appendix A and the Republic of Kazakhstan SP-26 drinking water requirements are given in Appendix B, indicating their potential use for the domestic and drinking water supply. Brackish waters with TDS values from 1000 to 3000 mg/L are mainly intended for irrigation. Salty and hard waters exceeding the Kazakh drinking water quality standards can be used only after preliminary quality improvement.  
Figure 10: Durov diagram depicting groundwater chemical compositions of the Lower Cretaceous-Cenomanian exploitable sites of the Zhem Artesian Basin.  
Figure 9: Piper plot depicting groundwater chemical compositions of the Lower Cretaceous-Cenomanian exploitable sites of the Zhem Artesian Basin for the main macro-components.
## 3 Experimental Measurements
### Equilibrium Points Obtained by Convection1 Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Density**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Samples Set**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Mass**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Desiccators**} \\ \cline{4-10}  & & & & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Desiccators**} \\ \cline{4-10}  & & & & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Sorption**} \\ \cline{4-10}  & & & **53.5** & **75.4** & **84.7** & **94** & **84.7** & **75.4** & **53.5** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{430} & 1 & 20.589 & 1.282 & 1.681 & 1.982 & 3.002 & 2.53 & 2.312 & 2.03 \\  & 2 & 21.524 & 1.375 & 1.77 & 2.035 & 2.978 & 2.527 & 2.281 & 2.016 \\  & a\({}^{1}\) & & 1.329 & 1.725 & 2.008 & 2.99 & 2.529 & 2.297 & 2.023 \\  & d\({}^{2}\) & & 0.046 & 0.045 & 0.027 & 0.012 & 0.002 & 0.015 & 0.007 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{520} & 1 & 20.406 & 1.073 & 1.387 & 1.71 & 2.612 & 2.215 & 2.004 & 1.725 \\  & 2 & 28.594 & 1.182 & 1.542 & 1.826 & 2.71 & 2.336 & 2.137 & 1.882 \\  & a\({}^{1}\) & & 1.128 & 1.465 & 1.768 & 2.661 & 2.276 & 2.071 & 1.803 \\  & d\({}^{2}\) & & 0.054 & 0.078 & 0.058 & 0.049 & 0.061 & 0.066 & 0.078 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{630} & 1 & 28.903 & 1.384 & 1.751 & 2.027 & 2.906 & 2.398 & 2.083 & 1.775 \\  & 2 & 29.535 & 1.364 & 1.737 & 2.011 & 2.854 & 2.36 & 2.116 & 1.815 \\  & a\({}^{1}\) & & 1.374 & 1.744 & 2.019 & 2.88 & 2.379 & 2.099 & 1.795 \\  & d\({}^{2}\) & & 0.01 & 0.007 & 0.008 & 0.026 & 0.019 & 0.017 & 0.02 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{duration (days)} & 12 & 10 & 11 & 24 & 7 & 7 & 6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) Average;\({}^{2}\) standard deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Results of the salt solution tests. Figure 5: Moisture content of the samples in the desiccators with saturated salt solutions. chamber. The short operation time of the required conditions were compensated for by rotating the samples between the two chambers.
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, a synthetic route to fabricate submicron-grained polycrystalline bulks of half-Heusler alloys was provided. From the SEM and XRD analysis, we confirmed that a complete single-phase of Sb-doped Hf\({}_{0.35}\)Zr\({}_{0.35}\)Ti\({}_{0.3}\)NiSn can be prepared by using combined techniques of temperature-regulated melt spinning and spark plasma sintering. The lattice thermal conductivity of HfNiSn was significantly reduced both by the substitution of Zr and Ti at Hf-site and the generation of submicron (\(\sim\)300 nm) grain structure, which intensify the phonon scattering from point-defects and grain boundaries. Unexpectedly low lattice thermal conductivity (\(\sim\)2.4 W m\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\) at 300 K) was obtained in all the samples, and a peak \(zT\) of 0.5 was obtained at 800 K. Submicron-grain structuring based on temperature-regulated melt spinning would be a promising way to develop high-performance half-Heusler-based thermoelectric materials.  
[PERSON]-S.K. and K.H.L. conceived of and led the research. [PERSON] and J.Y.H. prepared samples and measured thermoelectric properties. S.-i.K., H.M.J., S.K., and J.-H.L. performed XRD and SEM analyses. All authors wrote and contributed to the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (20000149, Development of non rare half-Heusler thermoelectric alloys for mid to high temperature waste heat recovery) funded By the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea). This research was also supported by the Global Frontier Program through the Global Frontier Hybrid Interface Materials (GFHIM) project (Grant 2013M3A6B10/8870) and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2019R1A6A1A11055660).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Setting up DOE 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 Using Results of DOE 1, 2 and 3  
As mentioned in Section 2.3, the setup of DOEs 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 is completely dependent upon the results of DOE 1, 2 and 3. As we have discussed the results of the first three DOEs already, we can now explain how the DOE 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are created. Let's consider Table 7. It contains the optimally selected top results of DOE 1, 2 and 3. In the first row, it shows the top three design cases for DOE-1, which are case 1.1, 1.3, and 1.9. If we go back to Table 2 to understand what the channel design in case 1.1 actually is, we can see that the channel cross-section is 3.8 mm \(\times\) 2.5 mm, P is 8 mm, and L is 6 mm. Now, to prepare DOE-4, we would like to keep the values of P (pitch) and L exactly the same, and change the shape of the channel cross-section. We will keep the perimeter (circumference) the same and convert the channel design into circular and square-shaped cross-sections. The resulting channels are a circular section with a diameter of four mm and a square section channel of 3.1 mm \(\times\) 3.1 mm. The values of P and L are the same in all three cases. In this manner, one design case selected in Table 7 provides three different configurations (circular, rectangular, square cross-section) of conformal cooling channel designs. Thus, the nine design cases mentioned in Table 7 provide 9 \(\times\) 3 = 27 types of channel designs.  
These 27 design configurations of conformal cooling channels are incorporated for cylindrical and conical shapes of plastic parts, as earlier mentioned in Section 2.3. Thus, we will have nine design cases the of DOE-4, nine for DOE-5, and so on. DOE 4, 5 and 6 will have a cylindrical plastic part, and DOE 7, 8 and 9 will have a conical plastic part.  
Table 8 shows the channel dimensions of these 27 conformal channel designs for cylindrical-shaped plastic parts. These 27 designs can be repeated in injection molds for conical shape plastic parts, which are assigned in DOE 7, 8 and 9. The only difference between the DOE 4, 5 and 6 and DOE 7, 8 and 9 cases is the profile of the channels. For the first case (cylindrical), the channel spiral shape is cylindrical, while the conical-shaped plastic part will have conical-shaped spirals. Hence, the channel dimensions for DOE-4 (Table 8, columns 2, 3, and 4) are exactly the same as those for DOE-7. Similarly, DOE-5 matches with DOE-8, and DOE-6 matches with DOE-9. Figure 6 illustrates the shapes of the conformal channels for cylindrical and conical parts.  
Applying the above-mentioned channel design techniques, six design of experiment sets (DOE 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) are created and analyzed for their thermal performance. Structural analysis is not conducted for the cases of DOE 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, as the structural stability has already been checked through simulation.
# NOx Formation Mechanism and Emission Prediction in Turbulent Combustion: A Review
## 2 NOx Formation Mechanism
### Fuel-N Route  
The nitrogen in fuel could decompose with the combustion process, producing \(\mathrm{NH_{3}}\) and HCN-. These would continue to be oxidated, finally producing NO. The fuel-N pathway usually occurs in coal combustion. However, for aviation fuel, because of the purification technology, the contents of jet fuel contained little nitrogen.  
In summary, the formation process of NOx is a complex process coupled with different routes based on different equivalence ratios, temperatures, pressures, and residence times. The concentration of radicals changed with the residence time and directly affected the strength of elementary reactions about the NOx generation. Hence, to predict the NOx correctly, it is necessary to calculate the temperature and concentration fields accurately.
# Current Promising Strategies against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections
## 3 Improved Efficacy of Existing Antibiotics  
### Metabolism Stimulation of Bacterial Pathogens  
The emergence of antibiotic resistance predominantly results from mutations in antibiotic-target genes or the transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes between bacterial pathogens [62]. The past decade of research has revealed that bacterial metabolism can contribute to antibiotic resistance [63]. Antibiotic treatment dramatically changes the metabolic state of bacteria, which, in turn, affects their intrinsic susceptibility to the harmful effects of antibiotics. Moreover, plentiful studies have demonstrated that modulating bacterial metabolism is an extremely valid approach to boosting antibiotic effectiveness [64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70]. To this end, the following two metabolism-based regulatory strategies are available: (i) the enhancement of metabolic pathways that increase antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria and (ii) the inhibition of metabolic pathways that increase antibiotic resistance. [PERSON] et al. observed that a kanamycin-resistant _Edwardsiella tarda_ strain was deficient in L-alanine and glucose compared to the wild-type strain [64]. These metabolites markedly improved kanamycin uptake and toxicity through a TCA cycle activation and proton-motive force enhancement mechanism (Figure 3). The elevated intracellular concentration of kanamycin probably exceeded the resistance level caused by spontaneous suppressor mutations. Similar potentiation strategies were implemented in different studies and consistently concluded that ARB could be controlled by antibiotics in combination with a variety of metabolites from glycolysis, TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism [65; 66; 67]. Combining phenotypic screening, metabolic network modeling, and white-box machine learning, research was shown that the limitation of intracellular adenine enhanced the activity of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin,and gentamicin [68]. The limitation of adenine by antibiotic treatment stimulates purine biosynthesis, thereby increasing ATP demand and eliciting an accelerated metabolic rate that contributes to cell death. Although the close inter-relationship between bacterial cell metabolism and antibiotic resistance has been frequently utilized to alter the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria, understanding bacterial metabolism in terms of antibiotic efficacy is still in its infancy. The [PERSON] laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology has claimed that a complete understanding of the relationship between bacterial metabolism and antibiotic function can soon be leveraged into highly potent and precise antibacterial therapies that can counter numerous defense mechanisms used by bacteria to escape inhibition by current antibiotics [63].
###### Abstract  
For the dust control of barren mine soils, protein and polysaccharide biopolymers have recently shown potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional dust suppressants (e.g., salt brines or petroleum-based products). However, laboratory studies that determine suitable application parameters are required for large-scale field trials. This study performed wind tunnel and pocket penetrometer tests to investigate the wind erosion and penetration resistance of treatments with different biopolymer types, concentrations (wt%), and application rates (L/m\({}^{2}\)) on two mine soils. The results demonstrate that all treatments significantly enhanced the wind erosion resistance of both tested soil types, with the biopolymer type, concentration, and application rate having a significant effect. Depending on the biopolymer type and application parameter, the wind-induced soil loss ranged from 0.86 to 423.9 g/m\({}^{2}\) (Control = 2645.0 g/m\({}^{2}\)) for medium-grained sand and from 0.3 to 225 g/m\({}^{2}\) (Control = 26,177.0 g/m\({}^{2}\)) for fine-grained silica sand, with the soil loss reducing as concentrations increase, until it reached a plateau concentration. For a similar performance, the tested proteins (wheat and fava bean protein) must be applied at higher concentrations than those of the polysaccharides (xanthan gum, corn starch, and carboxymethylcellulose). Spearman rank correlation revealed a moderate-to-strong negative correlation between soil loss (g/m\({}^{2}\)) and penetration resistance (N), rendering the pocket penetrometer a rapid, low-cost, and indirect method for evaluating potential dust suppressants. This research contributes to evaluating biopolymers as alternatives to traditional dust suppressants for controlling dust emissions on barren surfaces. Biopolymers are biodegradable and can be sourced regionally at a relatively low cost, reducing the environmental impact and expenses associated with dust suppression.  
dust suppressant; dust control; biopolymer; wind tunnel; penetration resistance; mine soil; protein; polysaccharide Article
## 2 Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
### Multipoint Relaying  
OLSR disseminates topology information through packet flooding. In its basic form, flooding means each node retransmits all received packets to its neighbors. To prevent loops, these packets usually carry a sequence number. Thus, destination nodes register this sequence number to ensure that a packet is transmitted only once. If a node receives a packet with a sequence number lower or equal to the last registered retransmitted packet from the sender, the packet is not retransmitted. Figure 5 illustrates a node with neighbors and 2-hop neighbors. To achieve a network-wide broadcast, it is sufficient that a broadcast transmission be done by a subset of neighbors.  
Figure 4: TC Message Format.
## 1 Introduction  
The microgravity experienced during space flights causes skeletal muscle atrophy, i.e., loss of muscle mass and strength, affecting extensor muscles more than flexor muscles, particularly during the first few weeks [1]. Muscle atrophy occurs when the protein degradation rate exceeds protein synthesis, and is induced in adult skeletal muscles by a variety of conditions, including malnutrition, denervation, cancer cachexia, heart failure and aging [2]. In microgravity conditions, the reduced protein synthesis is presumably triggered by the dramatically reduced load. Contractile proteins are lost out of proportion to other cellular proteins [1].  
Besides affecting the protein turnover, microgravity may induce muscle atrophy by negatively affecting the biology and functionality of satellite cells (SCs) [3,4], a special cell type with a role in pre- and post-natal muscle growth. In adult skeletal muscles, SCs are quiescent and undifferentiated cells residing beneath the basal lamina and the sarcolemma [5], and they can undergo a rapid conversion from a quiescent to an activated state (myoblasts) in response to specific stimuli, including oxidative stress and muscle traumas. After activation, myoblasts proliferate extensively, and finally differentiate and fuse with each other to form myotubes, or with damaged myofibers and thus contribute to muscle regeneration following damage.  
To further investigate the effects of microgravity on muscle stem cell biology, we planned to culture human muscle precursor cells (huMPCs) on board the International Space Station (ISS) with the use of specifically designed experiment units (EUs). EUs are electromechanical devices developed by Kayser Italia (Livorno, Italy; [[http://www.kayser.it/](http://www.kayser.it/)]([http://www.kayser.it/](http://www.kayser.it/)), accessed on 7 July 2022) allowing the autonomous execution of a scientific protocol in microgravity conditions. They are biocompatible devices providing the optimal conditions for the cells, including the possibility of supplying fresh mediums or specific reagents to culture, collect and preserve the samples at the end of the experiments. In particular, the experiment unit KEU-ST (also known as SPHINX or STROMA bioreactor) has been used over the past 10 years to cultivate a vast array of different cell cultures grown in a 2D environment on board the ISS [6, 7, 8]. However, very few studies exist regarding adherent human stem cells performed in space, and for the first time, thanks to the MyoGravity project funded by ASI, huMPCs have been sent on board the ISS.  
The MyoGravity project was aimed at studying the effects of space flight on huMPC biology. Here we report on the preliminary tests performed to optimize several parameters to obtain the best culture conditions for huMPCs inside the EUs in order to grow, differentiate and store them on board the ISS.