esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Toxic Metals Migration from Plastic Food Contact Materials in Romania: A Health Risk Assessment
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Exposure and Human Health Risk Assessment
#### 2.5.2 Non-Carcinogenic Analysis  
Risk assessment is usually expressed as a hazard quotient (HQ), which compares the estimated intake of a contaminant by a consumer with an acceptable daily intake [PERSON] et al. (2022). It is calculated by dividing the average daily dose (ADD) of released toxic metals by the corresponding reference threshold, such as reference dose (RfD) or tolerable daily intake (TDI) (Equation (3)). The HQ helps assess potential risks to human health. According to the U.S. EPA, if the HQ value is higher than or equal to 1, there may be potential health risks from chemicals and elements in food packaging. If the HQ value is less than 1, there is no apparent risk to human health [20].  
\[HQ=\frac{ADD}{TDI\text{ or }RfD} \tag{3}\]  
where \(ADD\) is average daily dose (mg/kg bw/day), \(TDI\) is tolerable daily intake of each element (mg/kg bw/day), and \(RfD\) is the reference dose of each element (mg/kg bw/day) [PERSON] et al. (2022). The values of reference dose and tolerable daily intake are presented in Table 4.  
Based on the individual HQ values, the hazard index (HI) was estimated to assess the cumulative risk of exposure to all heavy metals analyzed in this study. This parameter was estimated using Equation (4).  
\[HI=HQ_{Ba}+HQ_{Co}+HQ_{Cu}+HQ_{Zn}+HQ_{Mn}+HQ_{Ni}+HQ_{Li}+HQ_{Fe}+HQ_{Pb}+ HQ_{Cd}+HQ_{Cr}+HQ_{Sb} \tag{4}\]  
An HI value below 1 suggests no significant non-carcinogenic health risks. However, HI values higher than or equal to 1 indicate a potential non-carcinogenic risk for consumers' health [PERSON] et al. (2022).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Element** & **TDI (mg/kg bw/day)** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **RfD Ingestion** \\ **(mg/kg bw/day)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **CSF Ingestion** \\ **(mg/kg bw/day)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Ba & \(2.0\times 10^{-1\,\text{a}}\) & - & - \\ Co & \(1.40\times 10^{-3\,\text{b}}\) & - & \(2.7\times 10^{1\,\text{h}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Reference dose (RfD), tolerable daily intake (TDI), and cancer slope factor (CSF) values of tested metals.
## 3 Simulation Results
### Effective Pole Head Structure  
In a magnetorheological brake, the pole head alignment plays a critical role that determines the ability of its optimal performance. Correct pole head alignment facilitates a clear and direct path for the efficient magnetic flux between the pole heads, maximizing the strength of the magnetic field within the working area of the brake. In this study, the distance between the pole heads and coil current was changed in order to optimize the intensity of the magnetic field. The brake torque relation with the pole head structure is shown in Figure 5, and to assess improved output for circular sector design, the distance between the pole heads was changed. Increasing the gap between the pole heads from 8 mm to 10 mm and adjusting the input coil currents from 1 Ampere to 2 Ampere, the braking torque increases to its maximum and then slightly decreased due to the impact of coil saturation in the core region. The effective magnetic core area is the cross-sectional region, where a path for the magnetic field lines appears, indicating the passage of magnetic flux. If the gap between the pole heads is high and the current is high, the uniformity in the distribution of the magnetic field across the braking surface is not consistent. If the pole head gap is too close there may be chances of magnetic flux leakage or dispersion, resulting in the reduced efficiency of the brake. According to the findings, the torque value increases from 8 mm to 8.5 mm as the current in Ampere's increases, and later on the braking torque reduces as the gap increases. Thus, for the proposed sector pole head shape at an optimal distance of 8.5 mm pole head gap and at a maximum of 2 amps of current, the efficient torque is obtained without current carrying coil becoming saturated.
## 2 Design of Distance-Rendering Methods
### Energy Differences between the Methods  
The differences between the BRIRs generated with the two models and the measurements taken in the reference room are analyzed under the scope of the energy contained in different temporal segments of the impulse responses. Figure 1 depicts the energy contained in the early part of the impulse response, \(E_{s}\), preceding the considered mixing time, as well as in the reverberation, \(E_{rev}\), of each impulse response. When compared to the measured impulse responses, the envelope-based model mainly underestimates the early energy \(E_{s}\), a difference that increases for longer distances. This behavior comes from the attenuation law, which is proportional to the square of the distance and is applied uniformly to the whole early energy segment and not only to the direct sound. Contrarily, the late energy tends to be slightly overestimated, as distance increases with a maximum difference of 1 dB. As a summary, the envelope-based model correctly reproduces the energy contained in the late reverberation but strongly underestimates a part of the energy of early reflections.  
For the intensity model, the attenuation law used to tune the global gain of the impulse responses produces opposite differences in terms of energy contained in the early and late time segments of the generated BRIRs. Early energy tends to be slightly overestimated as distance increases, with a maximum difference of 1 dB. Late energy is highly underestimated as distance increases.  
Compared to the measurements, both models show a slight underestimation of the total energy as the distance increases, however not exceeding 1 dB for the intensity-based model and 2 dB for the envelope-based model, a value slightly above the just-noticeable difference threshold of intensity perception [27]. The attenuation law used for the intensity-based model is based on a loudness criterion (EBU R128) on the resulting stimuli. Hence, a difference in terms of total energy of the BRIRs is observed.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
This study, which was conducted by taking various parameters into account, resulted in the creation of 186 different designs: injection (36 specimens) and mixing (150 specimens). The experimental program was carried out on specimens prepared with three different types of additives: only SA, a combination of SA and MICP, and only MICP. However, during the injection-based improvement process, the use of standard peristaltic pumps and associated equipment limited the application of SA to a maximum of 1.0% for S1 soil and 2.0% for S2 soil; higher concentrations could not be successfully injected. To evaluate the effects of these soil improvement techniques on the geotechnical properties of the soils, UCS tests, falling head hydraulic conductivity tests, and calcite content determinations were conducted. SEM was performed to examine the morphological characteristics of the precipitates, and EDS analysis was conducted to evaluate their chemical composition.
## 4 Parameter Solutions
### Feedforward Control Law Design  
Since \(K_{mi}=H_{i}-K_{i}G_{i}\), and \(K_{i}\) can be obtained by Section 4.1. The key to solving the feedforward compensator is to find matrices \(G_{i}\) and \(H_{i}\) satisfied (23). According to the generalized Sylvester equation, the matrix in the form of (23) has a complete parametric solution, which can be solved by the following Lemmas.  
**Lemma 3** ([45]).: _If the matrix pair \(\big{[}(sI-A_{i})\big{(}I-C_{i}^{-}C_{i}\big{)},B_{i}\big{]}\) is controllable, there exists a unimodular matrix \(V_{i}(s)\in\mathbb{R}^{(n+r)\times(n+r)}\), satisfying_  
\[\big{[}(sI-A_{i})\big{(}I-C_{i}^{-}C_{i}\big{)}\quad B_{i}\big{]}V_{i}(s)=[ \Delta\quad\mathbf{0}]. \tag{40}\]  
_where \(C_{i}^{-}\) is the generalized inverse matrix of matrix \(C_{i}\), such that \(C_{i}C_{i}^{-}C_{m}=C_{m}\). \(\Delta\) is a diagonal matrix and satisfies \(\det(\Delta)\
eq 0\). We partition the unimodular matrix \(V_{i}(s)\) as:_  
\[V_{i}(s)=\begin{bmatrix}U_{i}(s)&L_{i}(s)\\ Q_{i}(s)&D_{i}(s)\end{bmatrix}. \tag{41}\]  
\(U_{i}(s)\)_,\(L_{i}(s)\),\(Q_{i}(s)\),\(D_{i}(s)\) can be written in the following form:_  
\[\begin{cases}U_{i}(s)=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\alpha}U_{j}s^{j},&U_{j}\in\mathbb{R }^{n\times n},\\ L_{i}(s)=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\alpha}L_{j}s^{j},&L_{j}\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times r}, \\ Q_{i}(s)=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\alpha}Q_{j}s^{j},&Q_{j}\in\mathbb{R}^{r\times n}, \\ D_{i}(s)=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\alpha}D_{j}s^{j},&D_{j}\in\mathbb{R}^{r\times r}. \end{cases} \tag{42}\]  
**Lemma 4** ([19]).: _Four polynomial matrices \(U_{j}\), \(L_{j}\), \(Q_{j}\), and \(D_{j}\) are as above. If the matrix pair \(\big{[}(sI-A_{i})\big{(}I-C_{i}^{-}C_{i}\big{)},B_{i}\big{]}\) is controllable, the parameter solutions of \(G_{i}\), \(H_{i}\) can be obtained as follows:_  
\[G_{i}=\big{(}I-C_{i}^{-}C_{i}\big{)}\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\alpha}\big{[}L_{ij}Z_{ i}+U_{ij}\big{(}A_{i}C^{-}C_{m}-C^{-}C_{m}A_{m}\big{)}\big{]}\,A_{m}^{j}+C^{-}C_{m}. \tag{43}\]  
\[H_{i}=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\alpha}\big{[}D_{ij}Z_{i}+Q_{ij}\big{(}A_{i}C^{-}C_{m }-C^{-1}C_{m}A_{m}\big{)}\big{]}\,A_{m}^{j}. \tag{44}\]_where \(Z_{i}\) is an arbitrary parameter matrix, which represents the degree of freedom with appropriate dimensions in the solution. In the calculation, we judge whether the matrix pair \(\left[\left(sI-A_{i}\right)\left(I-C_{i}^{-}C_{i}\right),B_{i}\right]\) is controllable. If it is controllable, we decompose the matrix according to Lemma 3, and then solve \(G_{i}\) and \(H_{i}\) through Lemma 4._
# Toward Scalable Video Analytics Using Compressed-Domain Features at the Edge
## 2 Background
### Compressed-Domain-Based Moving Object Detection
The primary limitation of this approach is that it may lead to a noisy MV field that does not necessarily correspond with the actual object movement of the object in the scene, as shown in Figure 3. The noisy MVs fail to provide useful information such as attributed to illumination changes and background movement. The amount of noise MVs is relatively reduced compared to the correctly estimated MVs because noisy vectors are continuous and similar for MVs from real moving objects. Another challenge of this approach is the lack of information about the object's appearance such as color, edges, and texture, because these features would require complete decoding of the compressed bitstream. In this study, our aim is to work in the \"compressed-domain\" and use only the MVs from the compressed bitstream to detect and track moving objects in video frames. Figure 2: Reference motion vectors in video coding.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Paramylon Production  
We used two methods to measure the accumulation of paramylon in _Euglena_ cells: gravimetry and aniline blue staining (Figure 7) [4]. The paramylon content of WT was 20% using gravimetry and 18% using aniline blue staining. The paramylon content of Mutant 333 was approximately 15% using gravimetry and 12% using aniline blue staining, lower values than WT. Notably, Mutant 335 had about 1.72-fold more paramylon than WT: approximately 30% by gravimetry and 35% by aniline blue staining. The lower paramylon content in Mutant 333 would be likely a consequence of its enhanced motility. A previous study described a _Euglena_ mutant with flagella defects generated by Fe-ion irradiation that accumulated approximately 1.6 times more paramylon than its WT. This study explains the increase in paramylon accumulation as being caused by the energy conservation by not swimming [31]. As in another study, in _Chlamydomonas reinhardtii_ flagellar-deficient mutants, starch accumulation increased due to the absence of energy-intensive processes like flagellar regeneration [32]. Through reverse results caused by a completely opposite factor, the greater energy consumption used for motility may have reduced the accumulation of paramylon, a carbohydrate storage compound. However, the possibility of changes in the paramylon content caused by other genetic defects resulting from EMS treatment cannot be ignored, and further research is needed.  
In the present study, the pigment-deficient Mutant 335 accumulated approximately 1.72 times more paramylon than WT. The deficiency in pigments such as chlorophyll reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis, potentially redirecting the carbon flux towards storage compounds like paramylon as a compensatory mechanism [18]. Pigment-deficient mutant exhibits increased carbon storage as paramylon, likely as an adaptive response to reduced light energy capture. Under pigment-deficient conditions, cells might prioritize the accumulation of paramylon to cope with metabolic stress and maintain cellular homeostasis [29]. In other words, the reduced pigment content may minimize the energy demand required for light harvesting, resulting in the promotion of the synthesis and accumulation of storage carbohydrates such as paramylon. Another study examined a naturally occurring mutant of _Euglena gracilis_ (WZSL) that lacked chloroplasts and cannot perform photosynthesis. Under dark conditions and using glucose as a carbon source, this mutant accumulated approximately three times more paramylon than the WT [33]. A similar study conducted under the same conditions reported the WZSL strain accumulated approximately 1.8 times more paramylon than WT [34].  
Figure 6: Growth of _Euglena_ WT and Mutant 333 in glucose-free liquid medium.
# Extended Reality Application Framework for a Digital-Twin-Based Smart Crane
## 3 Results
### Use Case
#### 3.2.2 Remote Monitor/Control Application  
The remote monitor prototyping application based on the developed XR environment is shown in Figure 10. The XR application development framework enables the minimization of repeated modeling development work across multiple platforms. We can easily develop a 3D environment by removing the relevant XR components from the XR environment in Unity. For the remote monitor app, through the OPC UA-MQTT wrapper, the predefined status and control data shown in Table 3 could be transmitted to the MQTT client in Unity via OPC UA-MQTT wrapper. In our research, the MQTT broker in the network layer was deployed in the public network, which allows the user to monitor the operation status of the crane on their device remotely. For the prototyping application, only the basic features were implemented. The Unity-based crane model synchronizes the movement trajectory from the OPC UA server. Furthermore, the operating data can be visualized on the dashboard. On the other hand, given the fact that PC, smartphones, or tablets would be commonly used as terminal devices, the scene roaming via screen touch and mouse control was developed.  
Figure 11 displays the shortcut of the remote control app. To guarantee the quality and safety of the data transmission, we applied the OPC UA-GraphQL wrapper and OPC UA-Unity client as the communication chains. The next section discussed the difference between two kinds of communication middleware. Given the data flow, the remote control app contains bidirectional data transmissions, one is the same as above from the OPC UA server to the Unity client, while the other one is from Unity to the OPC UA server for the movement data of the crane's subsystems defined in the class control in Table 3. In addition, a 2D controller panel was developed for user interaction.  
Figure 9: VR training app: (**a**) Be familiar with the fundamental features of the VR environment. (**b**) Interact with the large-scale remote controller to learn the smart features of the crane via the video stream. (**c**) Learn how to interact with the gradable same-scale remote controller. (**d**) Complete the realistic-looking training task.
# Real-Time Control System for Model Railway Based on SIMIS W Interlocking System
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Real-Time Data Processing  
REST [20] is the de facto standard for designing, developing, and deploying IoT-based applications in cloud environments [21]. The REST API-based server is the core component of the communication process. It is tasked with cyclically collecting new data from the S7-1200 PLC, formatting it into JSON, and creating a real-time (RT) representation of the model railway [11]. This RT image is then sent to the ILTIS-N graphical applications. During development, several data acquisition methods were tested. Ultimately, we chose the open-source \"Snap7\" v. 1.3\" Python library to establish communication with the SIMATIC S7-1200 PLC. This library contains a set of functions that allow reading and writing data in the PLC as well as controlling the PLC remotely. The \"Snap 7\" library's communication method is similar to creating a web server for the S7-1200 PLC. We have used only the essential functions from this library to write and read data from the PLC memory bits.  
In small-scale tests, reading individual bits appeared relatively fast and required less processing than reading bytes. However, as data volume increased, retrieval speeds slowed significantly. Processing intervals grew on average to 3 s, resulting in a loss of synchronization between the actual railway model state and the ILTIS-N graphical visualizations. During this time window, the train could travel through several track segments. Without relevant data, the system could not react to the change. This delay arose from \"Snap7\" handling bit-wise data acquisition: the PLC transmits whole bytes, which the library then dissects into individual bits. This approach proved to be an inefficient way of processing many requests.  
To address this, we revised the data processing and distribution method. The REST API now processes relevant data from the PLC into binary fields, stores them in JSON format, and sends them to the ILTIS-N applications in bulk.
# Impact of Arch Dam Cracking on Monitoring Data
## 2 Methods
### Case Study  
In this article, a concrete arch dam is analyzed. It is the La Baells dam, on the Llobregat River, located in the province of Barcelona (Spain). The reservoir has a capacity of 109.5 km\({}^{3}\). This dam was built in 1976 with a height of 102.3 m and a crest length of 302.4 m.  
The physical properties of the materials (bedrock and concrete) were established following the findings of previous studies carried out in La Baells [44] (Table 2). The bedrock is formed by a multitude of narrow and almost vertical strata, allowing for a simplification to average values of the rock properties; therefore, it is considered that the foundation materials are homogeneous. Following the reports of the Concrete MasonryHandbook [46] and the PCI Design Handbook [47], a concrete-to-concrete coefficient of friction for dry conditions of 0.8 is adopted.  
Thermal stresses are not relevant for the purpose of this research and were omitted in part to additionally achieve a manageable computational time, as were seismic stresses, chemical effects, and constructional failures. It became necessary to consider cracks that would open wide enough to modify the dam response; however, dams are designed to operate under the expected loading conditions without developing significant cracks. Therefore, to open cracks that would open significantly in the dam studied under hydraulic loads alone, it was required to impose extraordinary loads. The reservoir level for the base simulations studied was set at 645 m above sea level, which corresponds to an unrealistic overtopping of 17 m. However, the loads do not affect the objective of the paper, which is to analyze the effect of open cracks on monitoring. It should be noted that the aim of the analysis is not to obtain a realistic stress distribution but to be able to analyze at which point a monitoring device may or may not detect a crack in the dam. The virtual hydraulic load instead of an imposed deformation has the advantage that it would produce more realistic movements within the body of the dam.
# Research on Real-Time Control Strategy for HVAC Systems in University Libraries
###### Abstract  
The energy consumption of library facilities in college buildings is significant, with the HVAC system accounting for 40-60% of the total energy use. Many university libraries, particularly those constructed in earlier years, rely on manual control methods, making the real-time control of HVAC systems crucial. This study explored the optimization of a building's HVAC system control using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm combined with the universal global optimization algorithm to reduce energy consumption. A university library building was used as a case study to model the overall energy consumption of the HVAC equipment. The proposed strategy was then applied to optimize the energy-saving control of the building's HVAC system. The results, based on real operational data, demonstrate that this method achieves an energy-saving rate of over 30% while also significantly improving the comfort of library users. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the energy-saving control of HVAC systems in libraries, which can help advance building energy efficiency and sustainability in the future.  
building maintenance; HVAC; sustainable development; energy savings; optimized controls 26 January 2025 26 February 2025 3 March 2025 3 March 202  
and air pollutants, and if they are in an environment with an unsuitable temperature and high air pollution for a long period, users will be exposed to health hazards. Therefore, improving the temperature and air quality of university library buildings is directly related to protecting people's health and educational resources [10]. It is necessary to design a type of HVAC control strategy suitable for university library buildings to comprehensively improve the indoor environment of library buildings and save energy.