esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# 5G NPN Performance Evaluation for I4.0 Environments
## 3 Hybrid 5G and I4.0 Concept Architecture
### Field-Level Communications  
In this framework, Field-Level Communications (FLCs) are regarded as a pivotal factor in intra- and inter-factory connectivity, as well as a vital aspect in the integration of 5G NPNs in the manufacturing ecosystem. The presented approach to FLCs aims to address the following open challenges: (i) OPC UA [31] application convergence, where multiple OPC UA automation devices from multiple vendors must share one network; (ii) OT convergence [32], where multiple systems and devices from multiple vendors using different OT protocols must share one network; (iii) IT/OT convergence, where multiple controllers, devices, applications, and systems from different vendors using a combination of IT and OT protocols must share one network; (iv) IT/OT organizational convergence, where the boundary between organizations is blurred, and management of IT and OT groups operates under common strategies and processes; and (v) the evolution to wireless communications, for which the most recent advances in 5G technologies (specificallythose related to URLLC and mMTC) are crucial. The implementation is to be based on two key technologies: TSNs, and Ethernet APL. TSNs, according to IEEE 802.1, support communications with bounded latency and jitter--a critical feature in manufacturing operations. Ethernet APL, on the other hand, delivers seamless Ethernet connectivity to sensors and actuators in process automation, including hazardous areas. This technology convergence focuses on delivering a solution for controller-to-device communications, according to the IEC 61784 profiles for interoperability in factory manufacturing and process control. Another important aspect in the industrial environment is safety; FLC capabilities can leverage an OPIC-10000-15-compliant framework, including the necessary processes and mechanisms for functional safety, as defined in the IEC 61508 and IEC 61784-3 series of standards. This includes the implementation of an application-independent component, where standard factory communications and additional safety functional entities can be integrated.
# Review of Recent Advances in QEPAS-Based Trace Gas Sensing
## 3 QEPAS Sensor with High-Power Excitation Source  
When a laser source with a higher optical power is used in the QEPAS sensor, more molecules are excited, which results in a stronger acoustic wave. Therefore, different from tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and other laser absorption spectroscopy, a distinct merit of the QEPAS sensor is that its performance can be improved when the excitation laser power is increased. As shown in Equation (1), QEPAS detection sensitivity is proportional to the excitation laser power \(P\).
## 4 Discussion
The amino acid residues interacting with orientin from residue 160 to 167 played a major role in coupled complex regulations (Table 1). Regarding the ZEB-2 interaction with orientin, it formed a sigma bond between ZEB-2 at the position of residue 166 and confirmed the formation of an overlapped covalent bond. The coupled complex formations demonstrated the involvement of orientin, with ZEB-2 downregulating the signaling process of protein and controlling the fibrotic formation in intracellular regulatory elements (Table 2). HSCs play major role in liver cirrhosis and lipid metabolism [48]. Previous studies evidenced that inhibition of HSC proliferation led to prevention of liver injury and fibrosis [49; 50; 51]. Therefore, natural molecules are focused on liver protection and host health. In this study, we first examined the effect of orientin on LPS-induced murine HSCs and estimated the ZEB-2 and PTEN fibrotic markers. The results indicated that orientin treatment caused cell protection from LPS-induced hepatotoxicity (Figures 5 and 6A). The inflammatory nitric oxide marker was potentially reduced (from 36 to 27 \(\upmu\)M) by orientin in LPS-induced HSCs (Figure 6B), indicating the negative progression of fibrosis in LPS-induced inflamed HSCs. The induced nitric oxide synthase is a key regulator of nitric oxide production and its signaling pathways [52]. The orientin treatment reduced the LPS-induced iNOS expression in HSCs and consequently confirmed the reduction of nitric oxide release (Figure 6C,D). Fibrotic markers such as ZEB-2, PTEN, and TNF-\(\alpha\) played a key role in hepatic fibrosis and mesenchymal transition of liver tissues [53; 54; 55]. In this study, transcripts and protein expressions of these markers were significantly reduced by orientin, which consequently control the transition of HSCs from mesenchymal to fibrobl architecture. Significant downregulation of ZEB-2, PTEN, and TNF-\(\alpha\) in the orientin treatment group confirmed that this phytochemical is able to inhibit the LPS-induced fibrotic process (Figure 7A-C).
## 2 Calculation of GDOP and WGDOP  
GDOP is commonly used to choose the appropriate subset of measurement units from all available ones by determining the geometric effect of their configurations. It assumes that each measurement  
\[W=\begin{bmatrix}1/\sigma_{1}^{2}&0&0&0&0\\ 0&1/\sigma_{2}^{2}&0&0&0\\ 0&0&1/\sigma_{3}^{2}&0&0\\ 0&0&0&\ddots&0\\ 0&0&0&0&1/\sigma_{n}^{2}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}k_{1}&0&0&0&0\\ 0&k_{2}&0&0&0\\ 0&0&k_{3}&0&0\\ 0&0&0&\ddots&0\\ 0&0&0&0&k_{n}\end{bmatrix} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\sigma_{i}^{2}=1/k_{i}\,,i=1,...n\) are variances of measurement errors. According to the formula above, WGDOP is given by the trace of the inverse of the \(H^{T}WH\) matrix:  
\[WGDOP=\sqrt{tr(H^{T}WH)^{-1}} \tag{3}\]  
with the minimum WGDOP, the subset is the optimal result we want. In this paper, we apply WGDOP, instead of GDOP for measurement units selection to improve the location accuracy. One of the tasks is to calculate the matrix inversion for all subsets in the conventional method for calculating WGDOP. When the number of dimensions increases, the computation time will increase rapidly. In this paper, we employ a novel scheme to only calculate the matrix multiplication rather than matrix inversion. It will simplify the requirements of hardware computing and be beneficial to the hardware design.
# Modeling and Control of an Underactuated System for Dynamic Body Weight Support
## 1 Introduction
Determining control system stability is a very difficult task that sometimes requires a non-standard mathematical description of the tested object to be formulated. Relevant experience in this field is invaluable. This paper presents the methodology used to verify a control system that can act as a dynamic body weight support system, where instead of the typical task of maintaining a constant body support force value, it maintains a set trajectory. The methodology applied for the analysis of stability provided a motive for verifying a new approach (not yet described in the literature) regarding the control system of a rehabilitation device for the re-education of human gait, where patient gait kinematics are forced by the body weight support system. The novelty of the presented control system is related to the possibility of using the function describing a patient's gait pattern. This approach is particularly interesting due to the results of previous studies, which despite their high effectiveness also suggest that an incorrect gait pattern can be consolidated while training on a treadmill under unloaded conditions when the active body weight support system works only in the constant force mode [30, 31, 32, 33]. Contrary to the control algorithms used previously, the novelty of this article is the use of the proportional-derivative (PD) controller with compensation related to the dynamic properties of the passive part in the body weight support system. The use of PD regulators with dynamic compensation is a well-known issue, but their use in devices intended to support gait re-education has not been presented in the literature so far. This publication shows the successive stages involved in designing such a control algorithm, starting from the formulation of the object equations of motion and moving on to the definition of the control law and the determination of the set motion trajectory of the active part of the system. Due to the use of an underactuated SEA drive, the proposed control system for the dynamic body weight support system performs better than the standard feedback loop provided with the PD controller. Chapter 2 describes the test bench, considering in particular the sensors and method used for the processing of measurement signals in real time. Next, a mathematical model for the system is presented and applied for the analysis of the control system on the basis of the Lyapunov theory of stability. Then, certain mathematical calculations that follow the design phase of the control system and stability tests are presented. The next part of the paper includes the results of simulation tests, empirical studies, and conclusions.
# Design of Typhoon Detection Downcast Device Based on Four-Arm Helical Antenna Structure
## 3 Preliminary Design and Simulation Verification
### HFSS Simulation Results  
The modeled four-arm helical antenna was set up for frequency sweeping and simulation tests, and the antenna simulation focused on several results, including the return loss (\(S_{11}\)), voltage standing-wave ratio, and the antenna directional map, as shown in Figures 8-10, respectively.  
Analyzing the simulation results and observing Figures 8-10, it can be seen that the resonant frequency point is near 403 MHz, and the return loss, voltage VSWR, and maximum gain of the antenna's directional map at 403 MHz can satisfy the requirements for use in terms of performance indices.  
The four-arm helical antenna is used as the inner wall of the droppable release device, which has a sounder inside, a plastic protective shell outside, and a receiver above. The modeling schematic of the whole droppable device is shown in Figure 11.  
Figure 7: HFSS modeling of the completed four-armed helical antenna.  
Figure 8: Return loss.  
Figure 10: Radiation pattern.  
Figure 9: Voltage VSWR.
# Elastic Modulus Prediction Model of Foamed Concrete Based on the Walsh Formula
## 5 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis
### Porosity of Foamed Concrete  
The elastic modulus results of foamed concrete with porosity 0.59, 0.62, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.71 are calculated. Figure 14 presents the relationship between the elastic modulus and porosity of foamed concrete. As shown in Figure 14, compared with foamed concrete with porosity 0.59, the elastic modulus of foamed concrete with porosity 0.62, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.71 decreased by 8.1%, 16%, 23.7%, and 31.1%, respectively. This shows that the calculation results of this model are negatively correlated with porosity; the higher the porosity of foamed concrete, the lower the elastic modulus. The main reason is that porosity is directly related to the overall stiffness of the test block, and an excessively high porosity greatly reduces the overall stiffness of foamed concrete.  
This law can also be obtained from the laboratory test data, but the difference is that the test data do not show a strict linear correlation with porosity. Accordingly, in practice, the relationship between the elastic modulus and the porosity of foamed concrete is nonlinear, but on the whole, the model is in good agreement with the experimental data in the porosity range 0.62-0.71. This model can be used to explore the effect of porosity on the elastic modulus of foamed concrete.  
Figure 13: Comprehensive comparison of calculation results of elastic modulus of foamed concrete ([PERSON] et al. [22], [PERSON] [31] and [PERSON] et al. [41]).
## 2 Risers' Geometries and Materials and FE Modeling
### Riser Geometries  
The internal diameter (\(I.D.\)) of the riser joints was fixed at 250 mm. The outer diameter (\(O.D.\)) varied from riser to riser depending on the wall thickness of segment determined by the design. To satisfy the same functional requirements, the thicknesses for Risers 1, 2 and 3 were 25 mm, 38 mm and 30 mm, respectively. The steel riser was monolithic, while the composite risers consisted of an inner liner, a composite structural body and an external sacrificial layer (Figure 1).  
The geometries of these three risers are from the previous studies [6; 10] and summarized in Table 1. Note that steel riser is monolithic while Riser 2 includes 22 layers [liner/90/(0/90)\({}_{10}\)] and Riser 3 includes 18 layers [liner/0\({}_{3}\)/(+52,\(-\)52)\({}_{5}\)/90\({}_{4}\)].
# Quantum Approximation for Wireless Scheduling
## 2 Preliminaries
### Basic Quantum Gates  
This section introduces several commonly used basic quantum gates (or operators) that represent the single-qubit or 2-qubit operations [19]. The Hadamard gate \(H\), [PERSON]-\(X\) gate \(X\), Pauli-\(Y\) gate \(Y\), and Pauli-\(Z\) gate \(Z\) are represented as follows:  
\[H=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{bmatrix}1&1\\ 1&-1\end{bmatrix},\ X=\begin{bmatrix}0&1\\ 1&0\end{bmatrix},\ Y=\begin{bmatrix}0&-i\\ i&0\end{bmatrix},\ \text{and}\ Z=\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\ 0&-1\end{bmatrix}. \tag{5}\]  
The rotation-\(X\) gate \(RX(\theta)\), rotation-\(Y\) gate \(RY(\theta)\), and rotation-\(Z\) gate \(RZ(\theta)\) are represented as follows:  
\[RX(\theta)=\begin{bmatrix}\cos\frac{\theta}{2}&-i\sin\frac{\theta}{2}\\ -i\sin\frac{\theta}{2}&\cos\frac{\theta}{2}\end{bmatrix},\ RY(\theta)= \begin{bmatrix}\cos\frac{\theta}{2}&-\sin\frac{\theta}{2}\\ \sin\frac{\theta}{2}&\cos\frac{\theta}{2}\end{bmatrix},\ \text{and}\ RZ(\theta)= \begin{bmatrix}e^{-i\frac{\theta}{2}}&0\\ 0&e^{i\frac{\theta}{2}}\end{bmatrix}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(\theta\) is the angle. The controlled-NOT gate \(CNOT\) and swap gate \(SWAP\) are represented as follows:  
\[CNOT=\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\ 0&1&0&0\\ 0&0&0&1\\ 0&0&1&0\end{bmatrix},\ \text{and}\ SWAP=\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\ 0&0&1&0\\ 0&1&0&0\\ 0&0&0&1\end{bmatrix}. \tag{7}\]  
In this paper, \(H\), \(X\), \(Z\), \(RX(\theta)\), \(RZ(\theta)\), and \(CNOT\) are used.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Information Sources and Search Strategy  
Two reviewers ([PERSON] and [PERSON]) independently conducted a comprehensive literature search utilizing a combination of MeSH terms and non-indexed keywords to identify pertinent systematic reviews. The electronic search included Medline (accessed via PubMed), the Cochrane Library, and Embase, encompassing studies published up to 25 February 2025. The search was limited to studies published in English. To ensure completeness, reference lists of all eligible full-text articles were manually screened to detect any additional relevant studies not captured in the initial search. All search results were organized and deduplicated using EndNote software (version 21, Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA). Search strategies were adapted to meet the indexing and formatting requirements of each individual database, with full search details available in Supplementary Table S1.
## 5 Conclusions  
We analyzed the LEO satellite downlink, considering antenna patterns and the space environment in interference situations. The actual radiation patterns of the receiving and transmitting antennas were applied to more accurately estimate the data link budget when interference was strong in the side lobe of the receiving antenna. The choke ring horn type antenna with a diameter of 77.4 mm was used as the transmitting antenna in the LEO  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(\theta_{gs}\) & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**10**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**60**} \\ \hline J/S (dB) & 0 & 5 & 10 & 15 & 0 & 5 & 10 & 15 \\ \(\beta\) (dB) & 3.53 & 2.56 & 2.16 & 1.63 & 0.02 & 0.37 & 0.62 & 0.14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: J/S results depending on the J/S and \(\theta_{gs}\).  
satellite, which had an HPBW of 103.2\({}^{\circ}\) and a maximum gain of 6.6 dBi at 8 GHz. The receiving antenna in the ground station was the parabolic type of antenna with a diameter of 11.3 m and an HPBW of 0.2\({}^{\circ}\), with a maximum gain of 59 dBi at 8 GHz. We applied the space environment by employing the ray tracing technique and geometrical optics to calculate EM wave propagation. To observe the effects of the space environment, we examined the regression model with and without the space environment. To quantify the difference between the two cases, we defined \(\beta\), which was the average difference between the two models. At \(\theta_{gs}=10^{\circ}\), \(\beta\) was from 1 dB to 4 dB, whereas \(\beta\) was from 0 dB to 1 dB at \(\theta_{gs}=60^{\circ}\). These results demonstrated that the bore-sight error and atmospheric attenuation increase due to the increased ray refraction, especially at low elevation angles, and thus it was important to consider the space environment for LEO satellite downlink analysis in interference situations.  
Conceptualization, H.C. and E.K.; methodology, E.K., J.K. and H.C.; software, E.K.; validation, E.K., J.K. and H.C.; formal analysis, E.K. and H.C.; investigation, E.K. and J.Y.; resources, E.K. and H.C.; data curation, E.K. and W.S.; writing--original draft preparation, E.K. and J.Y; writing--review and editing, Y.B.P., J.K., W.S., Y.P. and H.C.; visualization, E.K. and H.C.; supervision, H.C.; project administration, Y.P.; funding acquisition, H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding.  
This work was supported by Agency for Defense Development-Grant funded by Defense Acquisition Program Administration (UI210013 YD).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Numerical Model and Method
### Validation study  
The grid independent and time-independent validation are conducted to ensure that the mesh strategy adopted and the time step set in the simulation have no influence on the analysis accuracy. As shown in Figure 5, three kinds of grids are selected, which are 5.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells, 7.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells and 1.12 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) cells, respectively. At the same time, three kinds of time steps are adopted, which are 600, 1200 and 2400 time steps in one oscillation cycle, respectively. The variations of the transient power coefficient \(C_{P}\) in a cycle are obtained. The difference between the three kinds of mesh strategies is small enough to ignore. Additionally, the results among the tested time steps show little difference. Thus, the mesh strategy with 7.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells and 1200-time steps per cycle are adopted in all numerical simulations.
# 6G Goal-Oriented Communications: How to Coexist with Legacy Systems?
## 2 Definition of a Goal
### The Goal Cost  
Every goal should be accompanied by a cost spent to achieve it, i.e., a price to pay in terms of, e.g., radio and computation resources. We refer to this price as _goal cost_. Indeed, there are possibly several strategies achieving the goal with target goal effectiveness, i.e., a goal is possibly achievable via multiple strategies. However, different strategies have also different costs. The aim of GO communications is to find the strategy that achieves the target goal effectiveness with the lowest goal cost. We can differentiate between short-term (or even instantaneous) and long-term costs. In the case of the definition of a long-term cost, we can define an average or a cumulative cost, with the latter being the sum of all instantaneous costs spent to achieve the goal. Normally, the latter refers to a strategy to achieve a goal, where goal success is indicated by reaching a specific terminal state for the (physical) system, e.g., for a robot going from point A to point B, i.e., an _episodic task_, as defined in (Deep) Reinforcement Learning (DRL). On the other hand, the average cost can also be used for those goals that last virtually infinite time, e.g., continuous collection and classification of patterns. Denoting by \(C_{t}\) the instantaneous cost, we can define a long-term cost as follows (cf. (1)):\[\mathcal{C}=\lim_{T\to\infty}\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}\mathbb{E}\{C_{t}\}. \tag{4}\]  
In what follows, we aim to shed lights on how communication service requirements may impact goal effectiveness and propose formulating the overall GO communication problem involving selection of policies across communication, computation and control domains.
## 7 Conclusions and Future Work
### Supporting Point-to-Multipoint in D-MsR  
During the resource reservation in D-MSR, we focus on establishing a point-to-point connection between one sensor and one actuator node. In certain industrial closed-loop control applications involving a sensor and multiple actuators, raw sensor readings are streamed from the sensor to the actuators. In traditional Fieldbus technologies such as Foundation Fieldbus, WorldFIP, and ControlNet, certain sensor nodes (the publishers) produce information that they publish to the network. Other groups of sensors or actuators (the subscribers) that are interested in that information listen to the publishers and update their local copy. This scenario can also occur in the wireless approach. In this case we have to consider establishing a point-to-multipoint connection. A point-to-multipoint connection allows one end point to send its traffic to two or more endpoints. The endpoint which generates the traffic is referred to as the root of the connection, whereas an endpoint that receives this traffic is referred to as a leaf. This feature exists in ATM networks and we intend to use the same concepts to add this capability to D-MSR.
## 2 Overview of the Study Area and Data Validity  
### Hydrogeological Overview of the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land  
The Saemangeum reclaimed land area is located adjacent to Gunsan, Gimje, and Buan in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. It was formed during the course of a large-scale reclamation project involving the construction of a sea dike surrounding the coastlines of these three regions. The project aimed to expand national territory and promote the development of industrial and tourism zones. Saemangeum Lake is supplied by several rivers including seven regional rivers and three small rivers. Of these, two national rivers, the Mangyeong River and the Dongjin River, flow directly into Saemangeum Lake and have the greatest impact. Figure 1 shows a satellite image of the Saemangeum reclaimed land area, showing the Mangyeong River and the Dongjin River flowing into Saemangeum Lake. The topography of Saemangeum has been shaped by the continuous accumulation of sediments transported from the Mangyeong River and Dongjin River over time. Additionally, the construction of the Saemangeum Dike has altered the water flow and sedimentation patterns within the area [34; 35; 36].  
Figure 1: Satellite image of the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land [37].  
The Mangyeong River flows into the upper part of Saemangeum, while the Dongjin River drains into the West Sea through its lower part. As shown in Figure 2, the lower part of Mangyeong River is underlain by bedrock primarily composed of gneiss and granite, whereas Dongjin River is predominantly underlain by granite bedrock. Consequently, the sedimentary characteristics of the Saemangeum reclaimed land are likely to be influenced by the geological properties derived from the weathering of the bedrock in these two rivers.