## 2 Results
### Liquid Phase Chemical Composition of EOs  
By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, the liquid phase profile of EOs was described. A total of 69 compounds were identified, with 30 in _A. alba_, 45 in _P. abies_, 32 in _P. cembra_ and 27 in _P. mugo_ (Table 2). In all samples, the monoterpene fraction prevailed over the sesquiterpene fraction. Among the monoterpenes, limonene was the most abundant compound in _A. alba_ (30.4%), _P. abies_ (20.3%) and _P. mugo_ (78.5%), while \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline N\({}^{\circ}\) & **Component 1** & **Symbol 2 Class** & **LR1 3** & **LR1 4** & _A. alba (\%) 5  & _P. cembra (\%) 7_ & _P. mugo (\%) 8_  \\ \hline
13 & terpindene & m & 1083 & 1080 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 1.8 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
14 & \(p\)-cymenene & m & 1092 & 1091 & - & - & tr & - \\
15 & fenchol & m & 1094 & 1098 & - & tr & - & - \\
16 & L-pincarveol & m & 1121 & 1119 & - & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.02 & - \\
17 & \(\alpha\)-ampholanal & m & 1124 & 1125 & - & - & tr & - \\
18 & camphor & m & 1130 & 1126 & - & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.02 & - \\
19 & sabina-ketone & m & 1133 & 1132 & - & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - \\
20 & _cis_-sabinol & m & 1135 & 1133 & - & - & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
21 & pinocamphone & m & 1146 & 1141 & - & - & tr & - \\
22 & hyphaetra & m & 1154 & 1149 & - & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - & - \\
23 & endo-borneol & m & 1160 & 1155 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & tr \\
24 & terpine-4-ol & m & 1162 & 1160 & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
25 & a-terpineol & m & 1188 & 1183 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
26 & leoverweenbene & m & 1184 & 1191 & - & tr & - & - \\
27 & 2-pinene-10-ol & m & 1199 & 1194 & - & - & tr & - \\
28 & myrtenol & m & 1200 & 1202 & - & tr & - & - \\
29 & methyl thymyl & & & & & & & \\  & ether & m & 1238 & 1234 & - & tr & tr & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
30 & piperitone & m & 1260 & 1254 & - & tr & tr & - \\
31 & myrol acetate & m & 1297 & 1290 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
32 & \(a\)-terpiny1 acetate & m & 1350 & 1344 & tr & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & tr \\
33 & citronello acetate & m & 1355 & 1348 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - & - & - \\
34 & nerol acetate & m & 1367 & 1363 & tr & - & - & - \\
35 & a-copene & s & 1377 & 1368 & tr & - & tr & - \\
36 & \(a\)-cubebe & s & 1386 & 1381 & tr & - & - & - \\
37 & longjcylene & s & 1400 & 1392 & - & tr & - & - \\
38 & \(\alpha\)-longjpinene & s & 1406 & 1400 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & tr & - & - \\
39 & longjidene & s & 1413 & 1408 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - & - \\
40 & \(\beta\)-caryophyllene & s & 1429 & 1424 & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
41 & aromadendrene & s & 1458 & 1460 & - & - & tr & - \\ cis-muvola- & & & & & & & & \\
42 & 4(15), & s & 1465 & 1461 & - & tr & tr & tr \\  & 5-diene & & & & & & & \\
44 & 4(14), & s & 1483 & 1478 & - & tr & - & tr \\  & 5-diene & & & & & & & \\
45 & \(\gamma\)-muvorpene & s & 1494 & 1487 & - & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - \\
46 & \(a\)-franesene & s & 1501 & 1496 & tr & - & - & - \\
47 & \(\beta\)-himachalene & s & 1505 & 1495 & tr & - & - & - \\
48 & germacence D & s & 1509 & 1500 & - & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - \\
49 & \(\beta\)-bisabole & s & 1512 & 1501 & - & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - \\
50 & \(\delta\)-cadinene & s & 1524 & 1530 & - & - & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.02 & tr \\
51 & \(a\)-muvorpene & s & 1530 & 1534 & - & - & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - \\
52 & spathulenol & s & 1612 & 1601 & - & - & tr & - \\
53 & \(\alpha\)-bisabolol & s & 1672 & 1668 & - & - & tr & - \\
54 & \(\alpha\)-cadinol & s & 1680 & 1676 & - & - & tr & - \\  & SUM & & & & & & & \\ \hline Monoterpenes & & & & 96.3 & 95.5 & 98.6 & 99.5 \\ Sesquiterpenenes & & & & 0.7 & 0.2 & 0.8 & 0.3 \\ Other & & & & 2.9 & 1.0 & - & - \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._\(\alpha\)-pinene in _P. cembra_ (36.2%); however, significant differences in composition were found.