## 3 Results
### Part 1: Academic Literature Review Findings
#### 3.1.1 Environment  
Biodiversity  
Drones are revolutionising the study of ecosystems and wildlife. For example, drones equipped with multispectral sensors have been effectively deployed over coral reefs, providing high-resolution data that can be significantly improved through optimised distortion correction methods [33]. Drones have been found to complement biodiversity studies by providing unique aerial perspectives, enabling more accurate and comprehensive observations of humpback whales and other cetacean species [30]. Even when equipped with basic consumer-level digital cameras, drones can play a crucial role in facilitating large-scale wildlife censuses by enabling the efficient and safe estimation of animal populations in large reserves, significantly enhancing the effectiveness in detecting animals while reducing false positives and manual verification workload [29]. Furthermore, drones played a critical role in monitoring bird populations, offering a more effective and often less invasive method compared to traditional human observation [35]. Biosecurity  
In biosecurity, drones are making significant strides in agricultural monitoring. Researchers assessed the accuracy of mapping maize-weed infestations using drone and satellite imagery [36]. The results showed that there is a higher accuracy of detection of weeds during the mid-to-late stages of maize crop growth. Furthermore, the images captured by drone reveal higher accuracy than satellite imagery. Climate Change  
To mitigate climate change, drones have been used for evidence-based environmental monitoring. Researchers combined in situ water temperature observations with thermal infrared imagery collected via drones to measure the stream temperature that is relevant to water quality [37]. Furthermore, in regions with low forest cover, elevated river temperature associated with climatic warming is often related to low bankside vegetation cover. To analyse the river temperature, researchers use drones to capture images of canopy cover \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline
**Major Responsibilities** & **Detailed Aspects** & **Sources** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Environment} & Biodiversity & [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Biosecurity & [36] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Climate Change & [37; 38; 39; 40; 41] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Sustainable Solutions & [33; 39; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 62; 64; 63; 67; 68; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Disaster Management & [78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Health and Safety} & Emergency Management & [89] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Crime Prevention and Safety & [90] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Public health & [91; 92] \\ \hline Infrastructure & Roads and Transport & [40; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97; 98; 99; 100; 101; 102; 103; 104; 105; 106; 107; 108; 109; 100; 101; 102; 103; 104; 105; 106; 107; 108] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Planning} & Building and Construction & [109; 110] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Heritage & [109; 110] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Social and Community} & Arts and Culture & [111] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Children and Youth & [90; 112] \\ \hline Waste and Recycling & Waste Management & [113; 114; 115; 116] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: A summary of literature review findings: academic literature. and tree height data [38]. Also, the use of a low-cost drone enhances stream monitoring and management, offering high-resolution imagery and comprehensive data that effectively parallel traditional methods. With drone assistance, geographical measurements of stream attributes such as width, course, physical variation, water flow, and gravel coverage, present a viable, more efficient alternative or supplementary tool for mapping open stream types [41]. [PERSON] et al. [39] adopted drones with thermal sensors to understand microclimate dynamics for a vineyard.