## 4 Discussion
The absorbed water can cause the resin matrix to swell and degrade, further exacerbating discoloration [9; 18; 28; 29]. Additionally, these monomers have high absorption and solubility in alcohol, a component of wine. This can lead to matrix softening and degradation. This degradation process not only affects the structural integrity of the resin composite but also increases its susceptibility to discoloration [9; 28]. Our study observed that the U composite, which contains all three hydrophilic monomers (TEGDMA, UDMA, and Bis-GMA), showed higher color change compared to G and F composites. This is likely due to the combined effects of these monomers' high water absorption capacities and their tendency to degrade in the presenceof alcohol. In contrast, the F composite contains Procrylat, a hydrophobic monomer that reduces water absorption, and the G composite includes the more rigid and hydrophobic Bis-MEPP, which likely contributes to its lower discoloration rates [8; 30]. Several methods are available to remove surface discoloration from composite restorations, including tooth brushing, polishing techniques, and bleaching protocols. These approaches are commonly used to restore the appearance of the composites by eliminating stains from their surfaces. In this study, after using detintifices to remove red wine stains, no significant color difference was observed between G and F composites. Surface stains can be categorized into extrinsic stains, found on restoration surfaces, which can be mitigated by specific abrasives present in detintifices, and intrinsic stains, which require oxidants for effective removal [15]. Typically, whitening detintifices are designed with a specific focus on removing and preventing extrinsic stains. The primary components responsible for their whitening action are abrasive agents, along with chemical ingredients [12; 13]. The accepted benchmark for evaluating dendrimic abrasiveness is Relative Dentin Abrasivity (RDA). As per the standards set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), toothpaste ideally should not exceed an RDA of 250. Whitening toothpaste generally demonstrate an average RDA ranging between 60 and 100; however, some exceed this threshold [31]. Furthermore, in comparison to regular detintifices, whitening variants often feature higher concentrations of potent abrasive agents [32]. According to [PERSON] et al. (2017), low-abrasiveness denstifices have RDA values below 70-80, and if the RDA value is over 100, the detintifice is considered highly abrasive [33]. In our study, Colgate(r) Cavity Protection Toothpaste with an RDA value of approximately 68 and Colgate(r) Optic White(tm) Volcanic Mineral Whitening Toothpaste with an RDA value of around 106 were used [34]. While these values represent low and high abrasiveness, examining detintifices with a wider range of RDA values should be studied, including very low and very high, could provide more nuanced insights into the effects of abrasively on red wine staining and surface roughness of composite resins. This study found that the color difference between T1 and T3 was consistently lower in the whitening detintifice group compared to the daily detintifice group across all composites, indicating superior stain removal efficacy, though not statistically significant. The whitening detintifice, Colgate(r) Optic White(tm) Volcanic Mineral, contains volcanic minerals and hydrated silica, while the daily detintifice, Colgate(r) Cavity Protection, uses dicalcium phosphate. These ingredients exfoliate and polish the surface, effectively removing extrinsic stains such as those caused by red wine [32]. However, this toothpaste does not contain chemical whitening agents capable of removing intrinsic stains, particularly those located deeper than the polishing ability of the toothpaste. Our findings aligned with previous research showing that detintifices with higher RDA values, such as those containing hydrated silica, provide better cleaning performance [15].