## 5 Conclusions  
This research was motivated by the need to demonstrate the effectiveness of training, particularly the current training methods. When the era comes for remote operators to be trained and navigate the actual MASS, the training effect will be important for navigation safety. The study objectively identified the navigation skills that could be improved through onboard training in this study. A comparative analysis was conducted to demonstrate the value of onboard training. The participants in the experiment were divided into two groups based on whether or not they were trained onboard. The results of the analysis efficiently explain the difference between the groups in the specific features related to the use of the rudder. To emphasize the meaning of features in actual navigation, this study interpreted the difference in terms of the navigation skills. Although this research used a simple navigation scenario for the experiment and that participant recruitment was not systemic, the effect of onboard training was appropriately revealed. In the future, the training simulator designed explicitly for MASS remote control will be developed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Descriptive Statistics** & **Group A** & **Group B** \\ \hline Mean of “Mean ROT” & 29.5155 & 17.0955 \\ Median of “Mean ROT” & 29.1357 & 16.9824 \\ S.D of “Mean ROT” & 5.8821 & 2.8930 \\ \hline Mean of “Mean rudder” & 13.0642 & 5.7998 \\ Median of “Mean rudder” & 12.3258 & 5.3612 \\ S.D of “Mean rudder” & 4.7802 & 1.4568 \\ \hline Mean of “Hard rudder” & 0.1476 & 0.0143 \\ Median of “Hard rudder” & 0.1164 & 0 \\ S.D of “Hard rudder” & 0.1280 & 0.0252 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Descriptive statistics for comparative analysis.  
The authors expect that the remote operator training simulator will have better effects on improving operator navigation skills. Accordingly, the selected navigation performance features; \"Mean ROT\", \"Mean rudder\" and \"Hard rudder\" derived from this research are expected to be applied for the development of simulation performance-based navigation proficiency evaluation methods during the SRCO training period.  
Conceptualization, H.H., T.H. and I.-H.Y. Data curation, I.-H.Y. Formal analysis, H.H. and T.H. Funding acquisition, I.-H.Y. Methodology, H.H. and T.H. Project administration, I.-H.Y. Supervision, I.-H.Y. Visualization, H.H. and T.H. Writing--original draft, H.H. and T.H. Writing--review and editing, I.-H.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research and APC were funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea, through grant number 202106314.  
The internal institutional review board determined to exempt the ethical review and approval for this study due to the ship handling simulator used in the experiment being a simulator used for education and training generally on the maritime institute. Also, the experiment was conducted in an environment without any physical restrictions on the subject's body.  
Not applicable.  
This research was a part of a project titled \"Development of Smart Port-Autonomous Ships Linkage Technology,\" supported by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.