esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Application of the Optimization Techniques: Routing Protocols
### Attribute-based or Data-centric Routing Protocols
#### 6.1.4 Cougar  
Under this approach, the network is foreseen as a distributed database where some nodes containing the information are temporary unreachable [12]. Since node stores historic values, the network behaves as a data warehouse. Additionally, it is worth noting that poor propagation conditions may lead to the storage of erroneous information in the nodes. Taking into account this circumstance, COUGAR provides a SQL-like interface extended to incorporate some clauses to model the probability distribution. The sink is responsible for generating a query plan which provides the hints to select a special node called the leader. The network leaders perform aggregation and transmit the results to the sink.
## 6 Conclusions  
This work proposes an INAC waveform named DDBDM. By modulating navigation PRN codes and communication data on orthogonal DD blocks, MI between the two signal components is limited, which helps to improve ranging accuracy in scenarios with a large number of LEO satellites. The independent transformation of DD blocks allows users to receive only the navigation signals within the frequency band, thereby mitigating the signal processing burden. In addition, the reliable data transmission capability of DDBDM in LEO high-mobility channels helps to shorten the TTFF and provide information augmentation services for navigation receivers. Finally, we propose a navigation receiver architecture for DDBDM to achieve accurate delay and Doppler measurements. Evaluation results indicate that the ranging accuracy of DDBDM is higher than that of ZC-NOMA, PN-OTFS, and RP-OTFSM under the same bandwidth condition. Even with an 80% reduction in bandwidth, the ranging accuracy of DDBDM remains higher than that of PN-OTFS and RP-OTFSM, and it also surpasses that of ZC-NOMA when SNR > 10 dB and CNPR = 30 dB. This condition becomes easier to achieve with an increasing number of visible satellites and by allocating more power to the navigation signals. Meanwhile, DDBDM exhibits the lowest BER level, and the decrease in CNPR does not lead to a significant degradation in BER. It significantly improves the reliability of data transmission, although it has a similar ranging accuracy to TFBDM. Compared to existing INAC waveforms, DDBDM offers superior comprehensive performance, enhancing the PNT service capabilities of LEO constellations.  
Conceptualization, D.F., G.O. and Y.M.; methodology, D.F. and H.L.; software, D.F. and S.W.; validation, J.P. and G.O.; formal analysis, D.F. and H.L.; investigation, D.F. and S.W.;  
Figure 15: Tracking results of DDBDM signal: discrete-time scatter plot (**top-left**), bits of navigation message (**top-right**), filtered PLL discriminator (**bottom-left**), and correlation results (**bottom-right**).  
resources, H.L.; data curation, D.F.; writing--original draft preparation, D.F. and H.L.; writing--review and editing, J.P. and G.O.; visualization, D.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, grant number 2023 YFC2205400, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number U20A20193.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
# Efficient Resource Allocation for Beam-Hopping-Based Multi-Satellite Communication Systems
## 4 Online Resource Allocation Scheme
### Bellman Equation  
After giving the initial states \(B_{1}^{j}\) of all satellites \(j\), we can recursively solve the optimal value of the first time-slot online problem through the Bellman equation. Recursive computation starts from the last time-slot \(K\) and maximizes the current throughput by designing the optimal resource allocation scheme \(\mathbf{A}_{K}\) and \(\mathbf{P}_{K}\):  
\[\mathcal{F}_{K}(B_{K})=\max_{\mathbf{A}_{K},\mathbf{P}_{K}}\mathbb{E}\left[\sum_ {l,m,n}B_{sc}\log_{2}\Bigl{(}1+\gamma^{j}_{m,nK}\Bigr{)}\right] \tag{23}\]  
where \(B_{K}\) represents the available power set of all satellites at the time-slot \(K\) and \(\mathcal{F}_{K}(B_{K})\) represents the maximum expected throughput at the time-slot \(K\). The maximum expected throughput at the time-slots \(K-1\) to \(1\) can be recursively solved using the Bellman equation:  
\[\mathcal{F}_{k}(B_{k})=\max_{\mathbf{A}_{k},\mathbf{P}_{k}}\mathbb{E}\left[ \sum_{l,m,n}B_{sc}\log_{2}\Bigl{(}1+\gamma^{j}_{m,nk}\Bigr{)}+\mathcal{F}_{k+ 1}(B_{k+1})\right] \tag{24}\]  
\[k=K-1,\ldots 1\]  
where \(B_{k}\) represents the available power set of all satellites at the time-slot \(k\) and \(\mathcal{F}_{k}(B_{k})\) represents the maximum expected throughput at the time-slot \(k\).
# Edible Oils as Practical Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage
###### Abstract  
Edible oils could provide more accessible alternatives to other phase change materials (PCMs) for consumers who wish to build a thermal energy storage (TES) system with sustainable materials. Edible oils have good shelf life, can be acquired easily from local stores and can be less expensive than other PCMs. In this work, we explore whether margarine, vegetable shortening, and coconut oil are feasible PCMs, by investigations of their thermal properties and thermal stability. We found that margarine and vegetable shortening are not useful for TES due to their low latent heat of fusion, \(\Delta_{\text{fus}}H\), and poor thermal stability. In contrast, coconut oil remained thermally stable after 200 melt-freeze cycles, and has a large \(\Delta_{\text{fus}}H\) of \(105\pm 11\) J g\({}^{-1}\), a low degree of supercooling and a transition temperature, \(T_{\text{mpt}}=24.5\pm 1.5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, that makes it very useful for TES in buildings. We also determined coconut oil's heat capacity and thermal conductivity as functions of temperature and used the measured properties to evaluate the feasibility of coconut oil for thermal buffering and passive heating of a residential-scale greenhouse.  
Keywords:phase change material (PCM); passive thermal management; thermal properties; coconut oil; margarine +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Household Energy Management
## 4 Simulation Studies of the EEM Algorithm for a Single Household
### Results of Evaluation Studies
The power generated by RES (\(P_{RES}\)--Figure 11), between 7:05 and 15:30, first supplied the appliances, and its surplus was sent to the NPS. This allowed reduction of the power consumed from NPS and, at the same time, led to lower energy costs. In the second case (Figure 11) the EEM1 algorithm, for \(t\_z=2\) lasting from 7:00 to 10:00, proposed to postpone the start of the washing machine and dryer from 7:15 to 11:18 (\(t\_z=3\)). This was due to the sufficient power generation by the RES at that time. This proposal was accepted by the user. Furthermore, for \(t\_z=2\), the boiler was turned off from 9:15 to 9:19 due to the dishwasher already working and the activation of the air conditioner at 9:15. Switching off the boiler resulted from the priority value (\(pr=1\)) and exceeding the adopted value of \(P_{hmax}=5\) kW (the sum of the power of these appliances is 5.98 kW). For \(t\_z=3\) at 10:00 a dishwasher was reported to work with the air conditioner and boiler already switched on. Switching on the dishwasher would result in exceeding the assumed  
Figure 11: An example of the course of power consumed by appliances in the household with RES and with the ToU price program, using the EEM algorithm. value of \(P_{hmax}\) = 3 kW for this time zone. Due to sufficient RES power generation, the EEM1 algorithm delayed the start of the dishwasher to 10:40. At 16:16, with the air conditioner working and the EEM1 kettle on, the boiler was turned off for a period of 1 min. As a result, the value of \(P_{hmax}\) = 5 kW was not exceeded during this time. However, the shift of the air conditioner to being on from 8:05 p.m.to 8:10 p.m. was due to the kettle and microwave already being on. On the other hand, the EEM2 algorithm for the assumed value \(P_{h\_DSO}\) = 1 kW turned off the boiler from 5:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. and during this period it blocked the activation of the microwave. During this period, two appliances (TV and fridge) were switched on.
For Europe, regional climate projections are available from the Euro-Cordex initiative [21], which downscaled the global climate projections from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). CMIP5 uses greenhouse gas concentration trajectories provided by the representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. In RCP2.6, radiative forcing peaks at approximately 3 Wm\({}^{-2}\) before 2100 and then declines; in RCP4.5 and RCP6.0, radiative forcing is stabilized at approximately 4.5 Wm\({}^{-2}\) and 6.0 Wm\({}^{-2}\), and in RCP8.5, radiative forcing reaches greater than 8.5 Wm\({}^{-2}\) by 2100 and continues to rise [22]. CMIP5 based climate change studies come for different indicators to the result that southern Europe will become drier with a scenario (RCP)--dependent intensity, while in northern Europe, moisture will change less or increase [21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. For the region of northeast Germany, distinct drought indicators as a whole show no clear trend. Precipitation and the frequency of heavy rain events increase in central Europe under RCP4.5 and under RCP8.5 [21]. Soil moisture data of 26 general circulation models indicate a decrease in soil moisture when comparing the period 1971-2000 with 2071-2100 under RCP8.5 [24]. However, the results were robust only for soil moisture in autumn. The decrease of soil moisture was related to an increase in evapotranspiration, which exceeded changes in precipitation. The results of hydrological modeling based on data from five general circulation models indicate an increase in soil moisture drought events by 11% under the RCP2.6 and 19% under RCP6.0 [25]. The analysis of low flows in European rivers with distinct hydrological models and CMIP5 forcing yielded no clear change signal for northeast Germany under different warming levels [26]. A case study in the southwestern located region \"Thuringer Becken\" simulated an increasing, but non-robust, the tendency of groundwater levels and -recharges [27]. Because the resolution of European wide studies is too coarse to extract detailed information for forests in northeast Germany, a fine-scale study in that region is needed, that accounts for site-specific conditions. The aim of our study is (a) to evaluate and to optimize the performance of the LWF-BROOK90 hydrological model (LWF, Freising, Germany) with measured soil moisture data, (b) to evaluate the changes in water budgets within the time period 1961-2019, and (c) to assess the future changes in water budgets under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 with two regionalized CMIP5 models.
## 4 Results
### EASY Concept Design Details: System Functionality for Different Users
#### 4.4.2.1. Security and Access Control  
EASY would support both direct access by landholders and, where required, extension-officer-facilitated access to information through highly configurable levels of security and access control. Though the base information packages are envisioned to be available to all users, access protocols would facilitate targeting of individual topic packages to user groups that are participating in specific targeted extension programs or activities.
# Characterizing the Impact of Data-Damaged Models on Generalization Strength in Intrusion Detection
## 1 Introduction
### Related Work
#### 1.4.3 Theoretical and Fundamental Critiques of ML-NIDS  
Applying machine learning altogether as a potential solution to intrusion detection has been questioned in the past, most succinctly by the proponents of rule-based systems. The best phrasing of the issue can be read in a landmark article by [PERSON] et al. [20] stating that: \"It is crucial to acknowledge that the nature of the domain is such that one can _always_ find schemes that yield marginally better ROC curves than anything else has for a specific given setting. Such results however do not contribute to the progress of the field without any semantic understanding of the gain.\" Foregoing the operational perspective in favor of slight increases in classification scores on purely academic datasets without insight into what drives the increase is of little utility. Throughout the text, the authors point at the disjoint between the academic community that envisions models that exhibit generality and the functional but highly specialized tooling that is used in real-world settings.  
A well-founded but opinionated piece by [PERSON] et al. [21] challenged the paradigm in network anomaly detection by critically examining the underlying assumptions that have been (and still are) relied on. The authors questioned the copying of the requirements and methods put forth by [PERSON] et al. [1], intended for host-based intrusion detection, to network intrusion detection. Three categories covering nine assumptions are discussed. These include issues with the problem domain (network attacks are anomalous, rare and anomalous activity is malicious), the training data (attack-free data are available, simulated data are representative and network traffic is static) and with operational usability (choice of false alarm rate, the definitions of malicious are universal and administrators can interpret anomalies). Based on their challenges to the assumptions, the authors recommend moving away from equating anomalous traffic with malicious traffic, employing hybrid methods(classification and anomaly detection), community-based sourcing and the labeling of real samples and periodic redefinition of malicious behavior. Some of these points have since been addressed, but the data aspect remains an active issue, which is why recent critiques of the lack of modern, high-quality data are readily available (2015 [22], 2016 [23] 2019 [24]).
## 3 Results and Discussions
### VCD and IR Spectroscopy  
VCD is sensitive a technique used to detect and characterize chiral molecules [46; 47; 48]. To investigate chiral effects of the Phe2 residue on the peptide structure, a comparison of VCD/IR spectra between L-Phes and D-Phes in the KBr pellets was performed as shown in Figure 2a,b. The bands of amide I and amide II vibrations appeared mainly at around 1650 and 1525 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively. It has been shown that typical VCD signal of \(\alpha\)-helix exhibits a couplet at 1660 (negative)/1640 (positive) cm\({}^{-1}\)[46]. In the VCD spectra of L-Phes and D-Phes (Figure 2a), the couplet of amide I bands was observed at 1667 (negative sign) and 1648 (positive sign) cm\({}^{-1}\). Amide II band was observed at 1514 cm\({}^{-1}\) (negative sign). This showed that both Phes peptides take helical structure. However, the intensity of the amide I couplet and amide II of D-Phes was significantly decreased, indicating that the conformation of N-terminal part is different between the two peptides; while the N-terminus of L-Phes adopts a helical conformation, the same region in D-Phes is disordered. Previously, we have reported the differences in the VCD spectra of bombinin H4, containing D-_allo_-isoleucine at the second residue, and its diastereomer H2, and showed differences in the structure of the N-terminal region [21]. Thus, our CD and VCD experiments of the phenylseptin showed that both peptides form similar \(\alpha\)-helical structures, however in the N-terminal region, the conformation is quite different for the two peptides.  
Figure 1: Far-UV CD spectra of L-Phes (black line) and D-Phes (red line) into DMPC/1,2-dihexanoic-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) bicelles.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and (**b**) IR spectra of L-Phes (black) and D-Phes (red) in KBr pellets.
# Optimal Meshing Degree Performance Analysis in a mmWave FWA 5G Network Deployment
###### Abstract  
Fifth-generation technologies have reached a stage where it is now feasible to consider deployments that extend beyond traditional public networks. Central to this process is the application of Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) in 5G Non-public Networks (NPNs) that can utilise a novel combination of radio technologies to deploy an infrastructure on top of 5G NR or entirely from scratch. However, the use of FWA backhaul faces many challenges in relation to the trade-offs for reduced costs and a relatively simple deployment. Specifically, the use of meshed deployments is critical as it provides resilience against a temporary loss of connectivity due to link errors. In this paper, we examine the use of meshing in a FWA backhaul to determine if an optimal trade-off exists between the deployment of more nodes/links to provide multiple paths to the nearest Point of Presence (POP) and the performance of the network. Using a real 5G NPN deployment as a basis, we have conducted a simulated analysis of increasing network densities to determine the optimal configuration. Our results show a clear advantage for meshing in general, but there is also a performance trade-off to consider between overall network throughput and stability.  
fixed wireless access; 5G non-public networks; wireless mesh network optimisation +
Footnote †: journal:  
00 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
## 1 Introduction
### Transbuccal Drug Delivery Systems: Mechanism of Action and Nanosystems  
The oral mucosa is a 200 cm\({}^{2}\) tissue with a protective function against pathogenic microorganisms, enzymes, carcinogenic factors, and mechanical insults. It consists of a stratified squamous epithelium and a vascular layer, which drains directly into the jugular veins. Loose intracellular connections (i.e., gap junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes) make the oral mucosa more permeable than epidermis even with regional differences. The degree of absorption, indeed, varies according to the presence of a horny layer in the squamous epithelium, being maximum at the sublingual level and lower in the gums, hard palate, and lingual dorsum [49]. TDDSs allow the administering of drugs through the oral mucosa. In detail, sublingual mucosa is the preferred route for a rapid onset effect of drugs; conversely, absorption via the genial mucosa is more suitable for long-release administration, limiting the fluctuation of the drug concentration. The main advantages of TDDSs include higher patient compliance, noninvasive administration, a reduced amount of drug administered with fewer side effects, higher bioavailability, and the elimination of hepatic first-pass metabolism. The disadvantages, instead, mostly depend on the high cost of some devices [50; 51]. All the advantages of TDDSs are found with the use of innovative nanosystems. A nanosystem can consist of organic and/or inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) assembled from lipids, metal polymers, and metal oxides. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics (particle size, surface charge, and hydrophobicity), the system (drug + nanosystem) can interact efficiently with the biological targets, increasing the efficacy of the drug to which they are joined [52]. Moreover, nanosystems enable a reduction in the frequency of drug administrations and prevent dose fluctuations, thanks to the capability to bind reversibly with mucins within the oral cavity. The effectiveness of NPs in dentistry has been exploited in caries processes and hypersensitivity, periodontal disease, endodontic infections, and even oral carcinoma. In the conservative field, an adhesive rich in zinc-filled NPs was introduced to counteract the activity of matrix metalloproteinases and to promote remineralization between resin and tooth substance. Then, calcium and doxycycline were added to the nanosystems with zinc to increase the mineralization effect and the antibacterial effect. In endodontics, nanoparticles can be incorporated into root canal filling material, sealer, irrigating solutions, and intracanal medicaments. PLGA (poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine or chitosan nanoparticles have been developed.  
To combat oral carcinoma, moreover, cisplatin has been exploited in combination with PEG-poly (glutamic acid) [53]. More clinical studies are required in the future in order to implement nanotechnology, a valuable aid in the delivery of various drugs [54; 55; 56; 57; 58].
# Algebraic Point Projection for Immersed Boundary Analysis on Low Degree NURBS Curves and Surfaces
## 4 Methodology of Algebraic Point Projection
### Extension to NURBS Surfaces
#### 4.2.2 Inversion to Parametric Space  
The point inversion for rational parametric surfaces can be carried out using Dixon matrix as well. Substituting the physical coordinates of the footpoint \(\mathbf{x}_{f}=(x_{f},y_{f},z_{f})\) in \(\mathbf{M}^{D}\), we get:  
\[\mathbf{M}^{D}(\mathbf{x}_{f})=\mathbf{M}^{D}_{x}x_{f}+\mathbf{M}^{D}_{y}y_{f} +\mathbf{M}^{D}_{z}z_{f}+\mathbf{M}^{D}_{w}=[m_{ij}]_{2 pq\times 2 pq} \tag{33}\]  
Figure 13: Point projection in 3D physical space using the proposed algebraic method and Newton–Raphson iterations.  
Thus, as before, the homogeneous system in Equation (16) can be converted into an over-constrained non-homogeneous system as follows:  
\[\begin{bmatrix}m_{12}&\cdots&m_{1(1+i+ip)}&\cdots&m_{1(2 pq)}\\ \vdots&\ddots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ m_{(2 pq)2}&\cdots&m_{(2 pq)(1+i+jp)}&\cdots&m_{(2 pq)(2 pq)}\end{bmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} u^{p-1}v^{2q-1}\\ \vdots\\ u^{i}v^{j}\\ \vdots\\ u\end{pmatrix}=-\begin{pmatrix}m_{11}\\ \vdots\\ m_{(2 pq)1}\end{pmatrix} \tag{34}\]  
Generally, the parameters \((u_{f},v_{f})\) of the footpoint \(\mathbf{x}_{f}\) can be computed by solving a least square problem or discarding any one row and then solving a linear system of equations as mentioned earlier. As before, the computation of parameters \((u_{f}^{N},v_{f}^{N})\) on a NURBS surface requires sub-division of the surface into a set of Bezier segments. One can apply algebraic point projection to the Bezier segment with smallest algebraic level set measure, and acquire \((u_{f}^{N},v_{f}^{N})\) from the Bezier parameters \((u_{f}^{B},v_{f}^{B})\) by simple linear scaling and offset. As illustrated in Figure 14, a second projection may be necessary when \(u_{f}^{B}\) or \(v_{f}^{B}\) is outside the range \([0,1]\).