# Home-Based Lower Limb Exercises for Individuals with Diabetes: A Scoping Review
## 3 Results
### Results of Retrieved Articles
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Study/ Country/ Type of Study** & **Measure Devices** & **Outcome Measures and Follow-Up/ Results** \\ \hline
1. & Podoscope (Nikon Coolpix 10 MegaPixels camera) on a leveled tripod, positioned 50.24 m from the subject with a camera height of 50.45 m. 2. & All individuals had monthly follow-up examinations for 10 consecutive months. \\
2. & Anatomical landmarks were marked with self-adhesive labels on the body: the heads of the first and fifth metatarsals; the calcaneal tuberosity (0.03 m above the ground); and additional markers at 0.07 m, 0.13 m, and 0.22 m above the ground to check Achilles tendon alignment. & Health factors analyzed included sensitivity, circulation, risk rating, neuropathy score, ankle and foot alignment (photogrammetry), plantar pressures, and postural stability (baropodometry) before and after the guidelines and home exercises. \\
3. & CorporisPro (Datalhominis Technology, Brazil analyzed angular measurements, and SAPo assessed linear plantar arch measurements. & Health factors analyzed included sensitivity, circulation, risk rating, neuropathy score, ankle and foot alignment (photogrammetry), plantar pressures, and postural stability (baropodometry) before and after the guidelines and home exercises. \\
3. & CorporisPro (Datalhominis Technology, Brazil) analyzed angular measurements, and SAPo assessed linear plantar arch measurements. & The self-care guidelines and exercises led to improvements in the following: \\
5. & For dynamic analysis, the volunteer walked a 5 m on an EVA catwalk with the baropodometer positioned at the center. & Forefoot alignment (right foot: initial vs. final, \(p\) = 0.04; left foot: \(p\) \(<\) 0.01) \\
5. & For dynamic analysis, the volunteer walked a 5 m on an EVA catwalk with the baropodometer positioned at the center. & No changes were seen in other parameters. Self-care and home exercises improved foot alignment, and mediolateral stability, and prevented complications in T2 DM patients. \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Both groups were evaluated after 12 weeks. The intervention group was also evaluated after 24 weeks. Primary outcomes included changes in foot rollover during gait: peak pressure (PP). Secondary outcomes focused on time-to-peak pressure (TPP), pressure-time integral (PTI) across six-foot areas, center of pressure (CoP) velocity, ankle kinematics and kinetics, muscle function, and functional foot and ankle tests.
* The intervention group showed no significant change in PP, but improved heel strike (delayed heel TPP, \(p\) = 0.03), eccentric control of forefoot contact (decreased ankle extensor moment, \(p\) \(<\) 0.01; increased dorsification, \(p\) \(<\) 0.05), earlier lateral forefoot contact (\(p\) \(<\) 0.01), and greater hallve (PP and PTI, \(p\) = 0.03) and toe participation (increased PTI, medium effect size). Slower CoP velocity (\(p\) = 0.05) and better foot and ankle function (\(p\) \(<\) 0.05) were also noted. Most values returned to baseline after follow-up (\(p\) \(<\) 0.05).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Overview of measurement devices, outcome measures, follow-up, and key results.