# Efficient Cluster Tree Topology Operation and Routing for IEEE 802.15.4-Based Smart Grid Networks
## 3 Related Works
In [40], the authors incorporated MAC and routing layer features to route packets from one hop to the next based on weighted progress, considering energy efficiency. A cross-layer optimization solution for power control in the physical layer and congestion control in the transport layer was proposed in [41; 42]. In [43], the authors incorporated routing, MAC, and link layer optimization for an efficient design of WSN frameworks. In [44], a scheduling and cross-layer congestion control algorithm for WSNs was proposed. However, this study focused only on two layers: the data link and transport layer. The QoS is generally defined as an objective measure of the services provided by a network in terms of the bandwidth, delay, reliability, and jitter. That is, the QoS aims to deliver high-priority packets to their destinations with high reliability and low latency. Several QoS-enabled MAC and routing protocols have been proposed. This paper focuses only on a few QoS parameters such as delay [45] and reliability [46]. The authors of [47] proposed a mechanism to reduce the number of CCAs required to forward high-priority packets to the destination of an event monitoring network. Certain studies focused on reducing the duration of CCAs (rather than the number of CCAs) to reduce the end-to-end delay and add priority to certain packets on WSNs, such as the figures proposed in [48]. The effect of CCAs on the performance of energy-constrained wireless networks was discussed in [49; 50; 51]. One of the most well-known routing algorithms in WSNs is Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol [52]. The LEACH protocol suffers from the issue of uneven distribution of cluster heads (CHs) due to their random selection, resulting in link failures and orphan node problems. To address this problem, the authors proposed a waiting time-based CH selection scheme in [53]. This scheme extends the network lifetime by balancing the load and evenly distributing energy consumption. In [54], the authors proposed an efficient distributed clustering and gradient-based routing protocol (EDC-GRP). In [55], the CHs were selected based on their distance to the base station, distance to local neighbors, and remaining energy. In [56], the authors proposed a fuzzy logic-based clustering protocol. This scheme predicts the residual energy to evenly distribute the workload of sensor nodes and improve the network lifetime. In [57], the authors proposed a method for optimal selection of CHs in the grid. In [57], the sensing area was divided into cluster grids, and the CHs were selected based on their distance from the base station and remaining energy. Cluster-based routing protocols have the advantage of low cost for establishing routing paths. However, in ad-hoc communication, the routing paths are limited to the parent node and its child nodes, making the routing path unique and non-optimized. Advanced power grid systems require strong communication technologies for data exchange between grid devices [58]. The primary purpose of deploying these networks is to enable utilities to facilitate automatic meter reading and obtain highly granular periodic data. These data can be used to provide demand response programs. These systems require highly reliable communication between the head end and metering units [58]. Therefore, in [59], the authors proposed an algorithm to form a multi-hop wireless sensor mesh network for extensive coverage data communication. In [59], the authors proposed an IEEE 802.15.4-based multi-hop mesh network for wide coverage, improved power efficiency, and improved scalability and robust conflict-free networks to ensure the QoS and real-time control of smart grid components. However, these mesh networks have the problem of increased energy consumption to maintain the links. However, these shortcomings may be offset by other advantages. Meanwhile, because mesh networks use ISM bands, these are vulnerable to interference from various devices that use the surrounding ISM bands.