esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 The Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing (TANVEER)  
To ensure reliable data delivery between source and sonobuoys, TANVEER considers three basic parameters for forwarding the data among the nodes such as angle, energy, and number of nodes. These three parameters play a part and parcel role to implement the said idea. These parameters improve the performance of the algorithm and make it energy efficient. The occurrence of empty regions is usually found around the sink neighboring nodes. Three types of formats are present for nodes communication as horizontal, vertical, and diagonal according to the availability of the next node. Firstly, all the nodes are assigned in a layer-based adjustment in which each corresponding upward and downward layer have equal distance. Data are delivered through the angle base approach. Basically, every node computes the angle three times in all possible directions and moves forward for the next node. The data delivery and recovery are only performed on the decided routing path; furthermore, for the recovery process, the binary inter-nodes are introduced where the angle does not make it possible to compute. In order to minimize collision and loss of data packet, one node transmits a one data packet at a time. The detail of each phase is described in the following subsections.  
Figure 2: Proposed model of Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing (TANVEER).
###### Abstract  
Due to concerns over the resistance development to existing pesticides, chemical poisoning among farmers, and chemical residue on crops, sprung up a growing need to develop new pest control strategies for utilization in protected houses in Korea. A series of experiments tested a new technology using a fumigant, ethyl formate, in growing crops in the protected houses. It was revealed that the glasshouse was inadequate for the fumigation system using the fumigant since ethyl formate gas sharply decreased due to gas leaking through the gaps between the glass frames. On the other hand, the gas concentration was stable during the fumigation process. Experiments were also conducted to evaluate its phytotoxicity on cucurbits crops (yellow melon). The crops were fumigated at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C in three fumigation schedules (2, 4, and 12 h). The results revealed that the developmental stages of yellow melon showed no sign of phytotoxicity in all conditions. However, the fumigation damaged the shoots of red pepper in higher humidity and at a longer duration. Interestingly, _Bemisia tabaci_ were (100%) completely killed in all these conditions. Based on the results of the above experiments on the high efficacy on the control of _Bemisia tabaci_ and zero phytotoxic effects of the ethyl formate fumigation on yellow melon, verification experiments for the effectiveness were conducted thrice in farmer's yellow melon vinyl houses and once in a farmer's cucumber vinyl house. Results demonstrated that ethyl formate fumigation for 2 h at 2 g m\({}^{-3}\) concentration could 100% kill the adults of _Bemisia tabaci_ with no phytotoxic effect on the crops. Therefore, we could conclude that the 2-h fumigation system with 2 g m\({}^{-3}\) ethyl formate would be a new alternative to the existing chemical spraying methods.  
Bemisia tabaci; cucurbits; ethyl formate; fumigation; vinyl house +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Life Science  
0000-0001-9900-0001-9900][PERSON]  
1 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.H.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.G.P) 12 Institute of Evaluation of Safety and Quality of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 2
# Research on Path Planning Multiple Mobile Robots Based on the LAPGWO Algorithm
## 1 Introduction  
With the continuous development of artificial intelligence, mobile robots have gradually become prevalent across various fields. Single-mobile robots are struggling to cope with an increasing number of complex environments. As a result, multi-mobile robots have steadily emerged as a current research hotspot [1, 2, 3, 4]. Path planning for multi-mobile robots is one of the primary prerequisites for the system's successful operation. Reasonable and effective path planning aims to construct a collision-free and shortest (optimal or suboptimal) route between the starting and task points. An optimal path can not only enhance the overall operational efficiency of the system [5, 6] but also extend the battery life of robots by reducing costs. Moreover, it reserves decision-making space for responding to sudden tasks.  
Path planning methods for multi-robot systems can be classified into centralized and distributed categories [7; 8; 9; 10]. Centralized methods generate allocation plans through optimization models based on global information. However, they face high replanning latency and strong communication dependence in dynamic scenarios. Distributed methods achieve autonomous decision making, relying on local interactions, yet they are prone to local-optimum traps and task-conflict risks. Regarding the degree of information mastery of the surrounding environment, path planning can also be divided into global and local path planning [11; 12; 13]. Most research is dominated by distributed approaches, especially in dynamic large-scale scenarios. This paper will also conduct research using a distributed strategy that combines global and local planning.
## 4 Discussion  
### Aipical Root Resorption  
Apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment is one of the most common complications occurring in 20-100% of patients, with 1-5% of cases being such advanced conditions that the resorption is \(>\)5 mm and may lead to tooth loss. Apical root resorption in periodontal patients is additionally unfavorable, because it may impair tooth stabilization and increase the sensitivity of the tooth to balancing forces by changing the proportion of the tooth part supported by bone in relation to the unsupported part [2]. Research on this topic was only conducted among people with healthy periodontitis. It is believed that the lower incidence of root resorption in the CA groups treated is because with aligners, less complicated malocclusions are treated, requiring shorter treatment time, smaller rangesof motion and lower forces [32]. Within the review studies included, the apical root resorption of teeth treated with CA was significantly lower than in FA groups [18; 19; 20; 21]. This is in line with results of a meta-analysis by [PERSON] et al. [33], where no extraction treatment cases without gross crowding were analyzed. Less resorption in the case of CA ([SMD] = \(-\)0.65 mm, 95% [CI]: \(-\)0.74 to \(-\)0.55, \(p\) < 0.01) is explained by the occurrence of intermittent forces that occur when removing the aligners for eating or brushing teeth. This enables cement to heal [19]. Another reason for the occurrence of comparably smaller resorption in the CA group is the introduction of precisely planned movements into the treatment, intentionally moving the teeth to a designated point, avoiding repeated alternating sequences of movements that promote resorption. Another factor that protects roots against resorption when using CA is slow tooth movement of about 0.2 mm per 10-14 days. In the case of FAs, it is 1 mm per month. In periodontal patients, tooth movements in CA can be divided in half by dividing the forces of a single aligner into two. In turn, in a meta-analysis by [PERSON] et al. [34], the extent of root resorption in patients treated with CAs and FAs was comparable, except in the case of maxillary incisors, where root resorption in the FA group was greater. However, as emphasized by the authors, the results of the meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution, as the analyzed studies used different methods of measuring root length (panoramic, periapical, cephalometric radiographs and microscopic examination).
# Adaptive Navigation in Collaborative Robots: A Reinforcement Learning and Sensor Fusion Approach
## 7 Conclusions  
This research explores the integration of reinforcement learning (RL) and sensor fusion to enhance autonomous vehicle navigation and obstacle avoidance. By combining multiple sensors, the system leverages their unique capabilities to improve navigation precision and reliability. The approach integrates GPS for positioning, a magnetometer for directional guidance, and ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection.  
The experimental setup demonstrated the vehicle's ability to dynamically adapt to its environment through a lightweight flexible learning algorithm. By processing data from GPS, a three-axis magnetometer, and ultrasonic sensors, the test vehicle successfully navigated to its destination while effectively avoiding obstacles in its path. Furthermore, the vehicle's decision-making and sensor data can be processed further to obtain a normalized map of the Cobot's path.  
This solution is particularly promising for environments where human operations are challenging or dangerous. The collaborative robot (Cobot) used in this study offers significant advantages, including adaptability, cost-effectiveness, and minimal computational requirements. The research highlights the potential of RL and sensor fusion in developing intelligent, autonomous navigation systems.  
Conceptualization, Formal Analysis--R.T.; Investigation, Writing--Original Draft Preparation--A.S.; Supervision, Project Administration--R.K.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
All data relevant to this study are included within the article itself. Any additional data and materials can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Discussion
### Learned Word Representations  
One of the key factors contributing to the performance of the DLCTC model is its ability to learn rich word representations through the integration of character, word, and concept embeddings. By employing FastText for character embeddings, the model captures morphological and orthographic features, enabling it to understand variations in word forms and handle out-of-vocabulary words. The word embeddings provide semantic understanding based on the context in which words appear, while the concept embeddings derived from the Probase knowledge base allow the model to disambiguate words with multiple meanings by associating them with relevant concepts.  
For instance, the word \"crash\" can refer to a computer malfunction or a traffic accident. Through concept embeddings, the model associates \"crash\" with the concept of \"traffic incident\" when it appears alongside words like \"I-95 South\" and \"Exit 24\", enhancing its ability to accurately classify the tweet as traffic-related.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of using Hardware-in-the-Loop combined with DT (HIL-DT) to design and validate nonlinear control solutions for mobile robots with portable and low-cost hardware platforms. The proposed methodology shows that high-cost instrumentation is not required for developing and testing advanced control strategies. By leveraging widely available tools and open-source platforms, such as the Raspberry Pi (RBP) 4, both the controller and the process model (as a digital twin) can be deployed on the same embedded system.  
The integration of Simulink support packages for RBP greatly simplifies the code generation process and enhances the portability of control solutions from simulation to embedded deployment. This feature enhances fast prototyping and reduces the complexity of the design workflow. The same electronic board allows the designer to implement the process model working as a virtual process. This way, the electronic resources are optimized and the methodology of design simplified. Once the global control solution is validated by simulation, an alternative to design onboard control and model code is to take advantage of the add-ons offered by some Computer-Aided Control System Design tools, that is the case of the support packages for RBP hardware available on Simulink. The use of a Lyapunov-based controller for nonlinear trajectory tracking was successfully implemented and tested on a P3-DX mobile robot. The control solution demonstrated robust performance despite system uncertainties and variable communication delays.  
Overall, the presented case study validates the proposed methodology and highlights the potential of DT applications using RBP platforms in both academic and industrial contexts. Considering that the real process and the RBP-DT are nodes of the same wireless network, they could bidirectionally and periodically interchange data flow allowing the parameters self-adaptation of the Digital Twin model. This way a new research line is open for future work. Besides, scalability to multi-agent systems, real-time diagnostics, or adaptive control strategies based on DT may be explored as future research lines.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, F.E.; methodology, C.L.-G.; formal analysis, F.E. and B.P.A.; experiment C.L.-G. and C.C.; writing; review, C.C. and B.P.A.; and supervision F.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the University of Alcala through the projects: Development of digital twin for test bench in control engineering formation (Ref UAH/EV-1545, UAH/EV1633) and Integration of Demand Response in Prosumer Energy Management (Ref PIUAH24/IA-020).  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Affordable Thin Lens Using Single Polarized Disparate Filter Arrays for Beyond 5G toward 6G
## 1 Introduction  
A backhaul system is defined as a system that delivers collected voice data to other base station backhaul systems or the backbone network of a mobile carrier. Recently, with the unexpected increase in smartphone usage, the importance of a backhaul system has increased. Thus far, a backhaul network is mainly established through wire connections at optical frequencies or wireless connections at the microwave band. Recently, the millimeter wave band backhaul system is attracting a considerable amount of attention because of advantages such as low construction, low maintenance costs, and the capability of being reconfigured when cooperating with massive wireless networks. A backhaul system with a frequency band of 60 GHz has been studied in 3 GPP [1; 2]. A millimeter wave band backhaul system requires a high antenna gain [3; 4; 5] and several studies have been proposed to realize a high antenna gain for backhaul systems [6; 7; 8; 9]. Among the various methods of increasing antenna gain, a planar configuration of a millimeter wave thin lens is gaining popularity because of its simple design, system integration, and its practical geometrical advantages. Furthermore, as the backhaul system uses point-to-point communication between fixed backhaul antennas, it is appropriate to use a millimeter wave thin lens in areas where only fine steering is required rather than wide beam coverage.  
Such a millimeter wave thin lens consists of spatially filtering unit cells providing various levels of phase shift. A conventional thin lens is implemented by combining frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) realized by metallo-dielectric structures such as patch unit cells or grid unit cells. Because the FSS correlates with the electrical length of the frequency, the size of a single unit cell tends to decrease as the frequency increases. Notably, the mass production of 60 GHz lenses is problematic because of manufacturing process conditions. While commercial PCB etching is the most realistic for such thin lens, the minimum gap and width of the metallic traces are just 100 \(\upmu\)m when etching metal layers on the substrate with a tolerance of approximately 10%. Therefore, a patch or grid pattern smaller than the minimum limit is difficult to be manufactured by commercially available millimeter wave processes.  
This study presents a novel design method to realize larger in-plane reactance values than those obtained by existing unit cell structure. This is realized by partially eliminating the gap (or strip) among patches (or grid) along one axial direction. It is found that the tunable range of the in-plane reactance values can be improved significantly when the thin lens is designed only for single-polarized incident waves. Finally, the detailed design procedure is described for a wireless backhaul lens antenna operating at 60 GHz, employing the proposed unit cell topologies.
# Novel Fuzzy Logic Scheme for Push-Based Critical Data Broadcast Mitigation in VNDN
## 4 Proposed Push-Based Data Forwarding Scheme with Fuzzy Logic
### Proposed Data Packet Format
#### 4.3.1 Alert Type  
This is an important field of the data packet that can be used to understand the nature of the data packet. In critical scenarios, the alert will be highlighted as critical. Therefore,understanding the nature of the alert, the consumer vehicles will forward it without having an interest request in their PIT tables.
# Communication-Efficient Vertical Federated Learning
## 2 Background  
### Vertical Federated Learning  
Vertical federated learning (VFL) is the collaborative training of a model on a dataset in which the features of the dataset are distributed across multiple organizations, but the label information is owned by a single organization. Here, the organization which has the label information is referred to as the guest client and those without label as host client [4]. A collaboration between general and specialized hospitals is an example of VFL. They may have the same patient's data, but the general hospital owns the patient's generic information (i.e., features), whereas the specialized hospital owns the patient's specific testing results (i.e., labels/ground truth). As a result, they can use VFL to jointly train a model that predicts a specific disease examined by the specialized hospital based on the general hospital's features [5]. For vertically partitioned data, privacy-preserving machine-learning algorithms have been proposed, such as the secure linear regression algorithm on vertically distributed data [6], privacy-preserving logistic regression [7] and verifiable privacy-preserving scheme (VPRF) based on vertical federated random forest [8]. Figure 1[4] illustrates the basic protocol of the vertical federated learning approach, which involves the following major steps: (1) exchanging intermediate results, (2) computing gradients or loss, and (3) updating models on each of the clients. When naively following the protocol, every participating client has to communicate the intermediate results or updated gradients during every training iteration. The total communication for each client can easily grow significantly over the course of hundreds of thousands of training iterationson large data sets. As a result, if communication bandwidth is limited or communication is expensive, FL can become ineffective [9].
## 3 Preliminary Results
Figure 3 shows that the average time consumption for calculation was 2.02 h; from Figures 4-7, compared to the final MGEX orbit products of GFZ in the radial, along-track, and cross-track directions orbit components, for the six-hour predicted orbits of GPS satellites, the average RMSs were 0.027, 0.064, and 0.052 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of GLONASS satellites, the average RMSs were 0.033, 0.098, and 0.054 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of BDS IGSO satellites, the average RMSs were 0.106, 0.234, and 0.184 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of BDS MEO satellites, the average RMSs were 0.074, 0.180, and 0.114 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of Galileo satellites, the average RMSs were 0.049, 0.093, and 0.102 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of QZSS satellites, the average RMSs were 0.594, 1.338, and 0.804 m, respectively; from Figures 8-11, analysis of the orbit discontinuities at day boundaries in the radial, along-track, and cross-track directions orbit components, for the six-hour predicted orbits of GPS satellites, the average SDs were 0.010, 0.015, and 0.013 m respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of GLONASS satellites, the average SDs were 0.014, 0.023, and 0.016 m respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of BDS IGSO satellites, the average SDs were 0.070, 0.108, and 0.053 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of BDS MEO satellites, the average SDs were 0.032, 0.047, and 0.030 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of Galileo satellites, the average SDs were 0.014, 0.020, and 0.015 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of QZSS satellites, the average SDs were 0.014, 0.020, and 0.015 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of QZSS satellites, the average SDs were 0.024, 0.034, and 0.190 m, respectively; from Figures 12-15, comparison between IGGAC and the final MGEX orbit products of GFZ in the radial, along-track, and cross-track directions orbit components, for the six-hour predicted orbits of GPS satellites, the average RMSs were 0.034, 0.080, and 0.056 m respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of GLONASS satellites, the average RMSs were 0.040, 0.113, and 0.067 m, respectively; for the six-hour predicted orbits of Galileo satellites, the average RMSs were 0.062, 0.170, and 0.090 m, respectively.
## 3 HGV Tracking with Multiple Model Algorithms
### IMM Tracking Algorithm
#### 3.1.2 Model Updating  
We set \(\widehat{X}_{k-1/k-1}^{oj}\) and \(P_{k-1/k-1}^{oj}\) as the input of Cubature Kalman filter \(j\) and after once recurrence the output of Cubature Kalman filter \(j\) can be \(\widehat{X}_{k/k}^{j}\) and \(P_{k/k}^{j}\).
# Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Optical Wireless Communication in NEOM Smart City
## 6 Study Area: NEOM Smart City  
### Geographical Location  
The geographical area under investigation is NEOM city. This city is located in the Tabuk region, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, close to the Jordan and Egypt borders and centered at 28\({}^{\circ}\)13.2\({}^{\prime}\) N, 34\({}^{\circ}\)53.3\({}^{\prime}\) E, as shown in Figure 2[7]. The town's beaches extend more than 460 km over the Red Sea coast, are met by many islands, and the area contains mountains overlooking the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea [7]. This location is climatically different from the remaining desert area. One of the critical characteristics of NEOM city is its geographical diversity, including both mountain ranges and sandy beaches. Thus, the city has both mountain and coastal environments.