## 1 Introduction
Through these methods, additional information about capturing mechanisms and the motion of charge carriers during thermoluminescence may be obtained; such results would supplement the findings obtained via the VHR and PS procedures [10; 13; 14]. Like that in borates, the luminescence emission in zinc zirconate can also be influenced by various defects in its crystal lattice. Oxygen vacancies are common in ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) and act as luminescence centers [10]. These defects create localized energy states within the bandgap, which can trap charge carriers (electrons or holes). Upon thermal or optical excitation, the recombination of these carriers can result in luminescent emission. Vacancies at the zinc or zirconium lattice sites may also affect the luminescence properties by altering the local electronic environment [15; 16]. These vacancies could contribute to the creation of donor or acceptor levels, impacting the emission spectra. The TL behaviors of the Eu-activated ZnB\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) host lattice have been explored at beta doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 Gy, according to a study by [PERSON] et al. [17]. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] stated that the CaB\({}_{4}\)O\({}_{7}\):Eu\({}^{3+}\) phosphors host lattice has been investigated at beta doses ranging from 77.1 to 185.04 Gy [18]. These studies followed up on the results obtained in previous work. Other studies have examined how the TL behavior of Eu-activated ZnB\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) changes with different heating speeds. To assess the dose\(-\)response relationship, specimens were exposed to beta-radiation doses ranging from 10 to 1000 Gy, as stated by [PERSON] et al. [19]. At 1000 Gy, the thermoluminescence (TL) intensity peaked, although it never reached saturation [20]. A thorough examination of the thermoluminescence glow curve was performed on Eu-doped Li\({}_{2}\)MoO\({}_{4}\) utilizing various techniques, including the Hoogenstraaten method, the initial rise method (IR), a T\({}_{\text{M}}\)-T\({}_{\text{stop}}\) experiment, and varying heating rates (VHR), to ascertain the parameters of the peaks. Another study by [PERSON] et al. revealed an abnormal effect on heating rate with a beta dose of 5 Gy in the region of 0.5-20 \({}^{\circ}\)C s\({}^{-1}\)[21, 22]. Mn-doped CaSO\({}_{4}\) phosphors have gained significant attention due to their unique structural and thermoluminescence properties [23]. These phosphors are widely used in various applications such as radiation dosimetry, luminescent devices, and optoelectronic devices [24]. Zinc zirconate (ZnZrO\({}_{3}\)) phosphors have drawn a great deal of interest because of their special thermoluminescence and structural characteristics. Numerous applications, including radiation dosimetry, luminous devices, and optoelectronic devices, use these phosphors extensively [25]. Due to their intriguing qualities, such as being non-toxic, having good sensing behavior, and having increased photocatalytic efficacy, zinc zirconium oxide (ZnZrO\({}_{3}\)) nanocomposites were chosen for this research [26, 27]. Due to their notable qualities and potential uses in transparent conducting, zinc zirconium oxide nanocomposites are appealing to materials researchers [28]. However, research on nanocomposites of zinc and zirconium oxide is lacking in this area. Physical, chemical, and biosynthetic approaches have been used to synthesize bimetallic oxide nanocomposites and transition metal nanocomposites in the past few years. Both physical and chemical approaches have traditionally relied on environmentally hazardous, expensive, time-consuming, and intricate processes involving toxic reagents, high temperatures, and specialized equipment. Both physical and chemical methods have involved the incorporation of external additives during the reactions [8, 29, 30]. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of manganese (Mn) doping on the crystalline structure of zinc zirconate (ZnZrO\({}_{3}\):Mn) phosphors.