# Recent Advances in Myoelectric Control for Finger Prostheses for Multiple Finger Loss
###### Abstract  
The loss of one or multiple fingers can lead to psychological problems as well as functional impairment. Various options exist for replacement and restoration after hand or finger loss. Prosthetic hand or finger prostheses improve esthetic outcomes and the quality of life for patients. Myogenetically controlled hand prostheses have been used to attempt to produce different movements. The available articles (original research articles and review articles) on myoelectrically controlled finger/hand prostheses from January 1922 to February 2021 in English were reviewed using MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect resources. The articles were searched using the keywords \"finger/hand loss\", \"finger prosthesis\", \"myoelectric control\", and \"prostheses\" and relevant articles were selected. Myoelectric or electromyography (EMG) signals are read by myoelectrodes and the signals are amplified, from which the muscle's naturally generated electricity can be measured. The control of the myoelectric (prosthetic) hands or fingers is important for artificial hand or finger movement; however, the precise control of prosthetic hands or fingers remains a problem. Rehabilitation after multiple finger loss is challenging. Implants in finger prostheses after multiple finger loss offer better finger prosthesis retention. This article presents an overview of myoelectric control regarding finger prosthesis for patients with finger implants following multiple finger loss.  
finger loss; hand loss; finger prosthesis; hand prostheses; prostheses; myoelectric control; dental implant +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
regarding movement. Such passive devices may be able to perform limited activities [4; 5]; however, a bionic hand substantially improves the functional outcome [6].  
There has been considerable development in the biomedical field due to the development of engineering and digital technologies [7; 8; 9; 10]. Nowadays, commercial prosthetic hands are becoming advanced and offer a range of individual hand/finger movements. The use of myoelectrical control in hand prostheses to produce different movements is common in the literature [11; 12; 13]; however, the precise control of prosthetic hands or fingers is still a problem. Although different methods have been proposed to control a prosthetic hand or finger, the expected function is difficult to achieve. Various methods to command a prosthetic hand include a joystick, push buttons, keyboard, vision, speech, electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), and electroneurography (ENG). Among all, electromyographical techniques are most commonly used in prosthetics. EMG is also sometimes called surface EMG (sEMG). This article presents an overview of myoelectric control for hand/finger prostheses in the context of multiple finger loss and the use of implants. In the market, various myoelectric hand prostheses are available but feature limited hand movement, control, and control speed. The motor cortex's output through corticospinal projection is important in producing individuated hand/finger movements. The use of an implant in a finger bone can aid the retention of a myoelectrically controlled finger or hand prosthesis in producing different movements.