esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Therapeutic Approaches of Dentin Hypersensitivity
### In-Office Therapeutic Treatments of Dentin Hypersensitivity  
Numerous products and methods have been suggested for addressing DH in dental practice, and these have been assessed through various studies, yielding divergent outcomes. While in-office treatments can provide immediate relief, long-term management of DH may require additional at-home measures. The agents employed within the dental practice for DH treatment are categorized based on their mode of action into two groups (Table 2):  
* Those that hinder nerve impulse transmission;
* Those that occlude dentin tubules (Figure 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**In-Office Treatments of Dentin Hypersensitivity**} \\ \hline
**Active Agents** & **Form** & **Mechanism of Action** & **Duration of Therapy** \\ \hline Potassium salts & Gel & \begin{tabular}{c} Impeding nerve impulse transmission \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 2–3 times during a two-week \\ period \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Low-level laser irradiation & & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Impeding nerve impulse transmission \\ \end{tabular} & Case-sensitive \\ (LLLT) & Irradiation &
\begin{tabular}{c} Occlusion of dentin tubules \\ \end{tabular} & Once \\ \hline Solium fluoride & Varnish or gel & Occlusion of dentin tubules & Once \\ \hline Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) & Solution & Occlusion of dentin tubules & Once \\ \hline Adhesive agents & Solution & Occlusion of dentin tubules & Once \\ \hline Bioactive glass powder & Air abrasion & Occlusion of dentin tubules & Once \\ \hline Portland cement & Paste & Occlusion of dentin tubules & Once \\ \hline Oxalate salts & Gel or solution & Occlusion of dentin tubules & Once \\ \hline Laser irradiation & Irradiation & Occlusion of dentin tubules & Once \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The in-office therapeutic treatments for dentin hypersensitivity.  
**a. Therapeuticic agents that hinder the transmission of the nerve impulses**  
Potassium salts (most common KNO\({}_{3}\)) and low-level laser therapies (LLLT) belong to this category.
# Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination with Heavy Metals from Municipal Sewage Sludge
###### Abstract  
Sewage sludge (SS) is a by-product of processes conducted during the treatment of wastewater. It can be used in many different ways. One of them is the use of SS in agriculture as an organic fertiliser, but the main criterion for such use is the heavy metals (HMs) content. Knowledge of the total content of HMs in SS does not translate into the danger it may pose. The toxicity of metals is largely dependent on their mobility. The mobility of SS from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWIT) of the Swietokrzyskie Voivodegship, which were characterised by an increased zinc content, was examined in this study. The aim of the study was to prove whether the high level of zinc in SS actually disqualifies the possibility of its natural use. Calculations were made for five environmental hazard indicators: the geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in soil (I\({}_{\text{geo}}\)), potential environmental risk indicator (PERI), risk assessment code (RAC), environmental risk factor (ERF), and the authors' own environmental risk determinant (ERD) indicator. The obtained results show how important mobility analysis is when assessing the possibility of natural use of SS.  
heavy metals; sewage sludge; soil; risk assessment; speciation Article
# Marine UAV-USV Marsupial Platform: System and Recovery Technic Verification
## 3 Main Method
### Accurate Measurement of High Dynamic Relative Motion of Heterogeneous Platforms  
Aiming at the problem of high-precision positioning and guidance during the recovery process, overcoming the sensitivity of traditional measurement technologies in complex environments (light, electromagnetic, etc.), accurately measuring relative motion state (position, attitude, speed, etc.) can ensure real-time and accurate relative motion measurement. Based on the principle of satellite GPS relative lateral positioning, a mobile platform recovery guidance system was developed. This system provides the UAV with accurate guidance position relative to the USV and sends the attitude and speed data of the moving USV to the UAV.
# IoT-Enabled Smart Sustainable Cities: Challenges and Approaches
## 3 Improving the Sustainability of a Smart City
### Green Urban Areas  
Within the smart city, another important aspect to be considered is the management of the green areas of the city itself. Motivated by the ecological movement and given the very high sensitivity of citizens towards the environmental theme, the management of green areas is of fundamental importance from a strategic point of view, as shown in Figure 9. The creation of management systems based on the IoT generates many advantages in energetic and economical terms. For example, a first tangible direct result obtained is the saving of water resources, as intelligent systems decide the quantities of water which are sufficient to irrigate the soil, taking into account soil humidity conditions, and weather conditions. Water used in urban irrigation, in fact, reaches 56% of water usage in cities [100].  
A second optimization element refers to time and travel savings, including the reduction of on-site activities by technicians who can remotely identify leaks or system breakdowns, based on the expected irrigation and the values of the sensors and actuators, and, therefore, only intervene on site if necessary. This, evidently, brings significant benefits towards the environment, in terms of water savings, economic savings, and reduction of unnecessary movements (which, in turn, also has a positive impact on air pollution). Finally, the quality of life of the citizens themselves improves, as they can benefit from well looked after care green areas and, therefore, from a cleaner and healthier environment. Even in the case of green areas management, the IoT can be a good aiding paradigm for municipalities in this field, thanks to the availability of a wide plethora of small-sized IoT-oriented solutions allowing to remotely monitor the environmental situation and react efficiently depending on the environmental conditions, for example, to automate the irrigation based on heterogeneous data coming from the sensors spread inside the city limits; to interact with traffic controllers in order to deny the access to some particular areas, in case of air pollution parameters exceeding some thresholds (possibly calibrated through AI-based algorithms).
# Backscatter Communications: Inception of the Battery-Free Era--A Comprehensive Survey
## 3 BackCom: An Effective Solution
### BackCom Architecture and Protocols
These configurations further lead to different types of BackCom, having their own advantages as well as shortcomings.
## 2 System Design and Method
### Design and Measurements
The voltage outputs produced by the sensor under the loading forces were set as a function of recording time, as shown in Figure 3a,b. The results indicate super elasticity characterized by a fast response of the sensor at 1 kHz frequency, while output peaks decreased with an increase in the frequency values (up to 10 kHz). The results obtained reveal a decline in the amplitudes produced by the sensor as the frequency values increased. This shows that the tactile sensor is capable of achieving a rapid response, while it can enhance loading/unloading forces with values of frequencies that are within the range that human skin can sense [34]. According to different application requirements, the current results prove the potential of the sensor for a wide range of application areas.
## 2 Incorporating OSI Layers in WSN Clustering
Techniques such as ECC and PNC are employed to enhance data integrity and reduce retransmissions. By ensuring that data packets are transmitted accurately and efficiently, these methods contribute to lower energy consumption and improved network performance. The use of full-duplex communication in the CEE model further highlights the potential of advanced physical layer techniques to enhance throughput and reduce delays. The incorporation of geographic and hierarchical routing strategies is another significant aspect observed. Protocols like GCRAD and TSLC utilize geographic information and layered topological structures to make routing decisions that optimize both energy efficiency and coverage. These strategies ensure that data packets follow the most efficient paths, reducing the number of hops and associated energy costs. Congestion management and collision avoidance are critical for maintaining network performance under varying traffic loads. Protocols such as CREC and CL-MAC address
###### Abstract  
Metabolic skeletal muscle (SM) dysfunction, triggered by increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment, is a pivotal contributor to obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR). Addressing obesity and SM IR demands substantial lifestyle changes including regular exercise and dietary adjustments that are difficult to follow over time. This prompted exploration of alternative approaches. Grape polyphenols (GPPs) have demonstrated a positive impact on metabolism, although few studies have focused on SM. Since grape polyphenic content and composition depend on tissue and ripening, we explored the antioxidant potential of GPPs from skin (Sk) and seeds (Sd) extracted before veraison (Bv) and at mature (M) stages, on palmitate-induced IR in primary human SM cells. Despite their important difference in polyphenol (PP) content: Sd-BvPP > Sd-MPP/Sk-BvPP > Sk-MPP, all extracts reduced lipid peroxidation by 44-60%, up-regulated the heme-oxygenase 1 protein level by 75-132% and mitochondrial activity by 47-68%. Contrary to the other extracts, which improved insulin response by 50%, Sd-BvPP did not. Our findings suggest that compounds other than stilbenoids or anthocyanin-type molecules, present only in grape Sk, could play an active role in regulating SM oxidative and metabolic stress and insulin sensitivity, paving the way for further exploration of novel bioactive compounds.  
Antioxidants; grape polyphenols; ripening stage; grape tissue; mitochondrial activity; insulin resistance; human skeletal muscle
## 3 Results
### Anti-Oxidant Activity  
The anti-oxidant activity of non-encapsulated and spray-dried samples was determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity as shown in Figure 2. The non-encapsulated samples revealed significantly higher anti-oxidant activity compared to the encapsulated samples. In addition, the data expressed a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) in the anti-oxidant activity of uncoated phenolic powder ranging from 24.63% (aqueous seed extract) to 75.65% (ethanolic leaf extract) and coated phenolic powder ranging from 7.58% (aqueous fruit extract) to 30.63% (ethanolic fruit extract). Our data were in agreement with Simon-Brown  
Figure 1: Encapsulation efficiency (EE) values of okra extracts. Data are shown as means and standard deviations (\(n=3\)). The different lower-case letters indicate significantly different values (\(p<0.05\)).  
et al. [51], who highlighted that microencapsulation of ginger extract by spray drying technology also reduced phenolic compounds and anti-oxidant activity.  
The radical scavenging activity of the different parts of the okra extract was reduced by 45.80% compared to that of the encapsulated powder. This is in agreement with the results of [PERSON] et al. [52], who reported a 65% reduction in anti-oxidant activity under heating between 65 and 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Thus, the increase in inlet temperature accelerated the loss of anti-oxidant activity in the microcapsules. Similarly, the anti-oxidant activities of spray-dried okra fruit, leaf and seed extracts were affected by the spray drying temperature, as during the encapsulation process, anti-oxidants are degraded by extrinsic factors such as temperature changes, light and oxygen [53]. Our results were also consistent with those of previous studies that reported a correlation between important anti-oxidant effects and the presence of phenolic compounds sensitive to high temperatures [54].
# On-Machine Precision Form Truing and In-Situ Measurement of Resin-Bonded Spherical Diamond Wheel
## 2 System and Methods
### In-situ Measurement System  
The system composition and working principle of the in-situ measurement of the grinding wheel form-truing error is illustrated in Figure 2. The operation parameters of the laser scan micrometer, such as the sampling frequency and data storage capacity, are set in the host computer and sent to the controller. The numerical control (NC) programs are coded by the host computer. The initial relative position between the laser scan micrometer and the diamond wheel is adjusted manually. Then, the computer numerical control (CNC) system controls the machine tool to move according to the NC programs to realize the laser scan micrometer to scan the grinding wheel surface and collect the profile information. Finally, the laser scan micrometer collected profile dates are transferred back to the host computer by the controller and analyzed to determine the form accuracy of the diamond wheel.  
Figure 1: Inclined axis grinding system with a spherical diamond wheel.  
Due to the random distribution of sharp diamond grains on the surface of the grinding wheel, the contact measurement probe is easily damaged, which affects the accuracy of the measurement results. The laser scan micrometer used in this research needs to meet the requirements of precision, range, and working distance. The model and working parameters are listed in Table 1.
## 3 Results  
In this section, the results obtained from three test blocks will be discussed:  
1. Thermal characterization of PCM (DSC/TGA).
2. Thermal stability of PCM in a container (thermal cycles).
3. Corrosion analysis of the container.  
1. Thermal characterization of PCM (DSC/TGA)  
Initially, a thermal characterization (DSC/TGA) of the PCM was carried out. Figures 5 and 6 show the melting and crystallization curves of the PCM, as well as the curve of mass loss as a function of temperature.  
In Figure 5, the heating stage of the PCM is presented up to 750 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The blue curve shows the melting point of the PCM as well as the fusion enthalpy corresponding to the area under the curve. The sample has a melting point at 717.14 \({}^{\circ}\)C and its enthalpy is 487.2 J/g, data like those observed in the product data sheet and in the bibliography [18]. Therefore, the values for melting enthalpy and melting temperature of lithium carbonate are confirmed. Nevertheless, the green curve, which represents the sample's weight variation with temperature, shows a slight material loss (around 1.98%) at the melting temperature. This means that the material has suffered a small degradation at a lower temperature than its decomposition temperature (1310 \({}^{\circ}\)C). This data should be corroborated with the crystallization curve by checking that the enthalpy in the two processes, melting and crystallization, presents similar values.  
The brown curve corresponds to the weight derivative. This curve represents the PCM's mass variation rate over time when it is subjected to a temperature sweep.  
Figure 4: Trial process. (**a**) Set up; (**b**) operation.  
Figure 6 shows the PCM crystallization during the cooling process. A crystallization of all the material is observed. Despite the small degradation observed, it is found that the PCM crystallization during the cooling process is complete, and there is no decrease in the value of the enthalpy. It shows that there has been no degradation of the PCM.  
When carrying out a second heating test (Figure 7) on the sample, it seems that it undergoes a degradation of 4.46% in its mass. The material decomposition temperature (lithium carbonate) is 1310 \({}^{\circ}\)C, but this effect seems to occur at lower temperatures, close to the melting point. As this effect does not correspond to the PCM data sheet, it is necessary to verify whether this degradation affects the PCM thermal properties after being subjected to several thermal cycles.  
Figure 5: Heating process in the DSC/TGA.  
Figure 6: Cooling process in the DSC/TGA.
## 4 Proposed Framework
### Federated Learning Strategy
#### 4.3.5 Communication Optimization  
To reduce communication overhead between edge servers and the central unit, the following two key optimization techniques are employed:  
1. **Gradient compression:** Gradients are quantized to minimize their size, enabling more efficient transmission as follows:  
\[\text{Quantized Gradient}=\frac{\text{round}(g\cdot Q)}{Q} \tag{19}\]  
where \(g\) represents the gradient, and \(Q\) is the quantization level.
2. **Sparse upgrades:** Only the top-\(k\) crucial gradients are transmitted, as follows:  
\[\text{Sparse Gradient}=\text{Top}_{k}(\Delta w^{t}_{j}) \tag{20}\]Wherein the gradient vector's \(k\) highest values are chosen by \(Top_{k}\).  
These techniques assure that federated learning retains effective in spite of environments with limited bandwidth.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sandwich ELISA  
The mouse EMMPRIN concentrations in cell supernatants were determined using the matched antibody pair kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Concentrations of secreted mouse TGF8, TNF\(\alpha\), IL-6, MMP-9 and VEGF were measured with DuoSet ELISA kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Concentrations of the phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38\(\alpha\) MAPKs were determined in cell lysates prepared in lysis buffer (1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Triton X-100, 5 mM NaF, 6M urea, 25 ug/mL leupeptin, 25 ug/mL pepstatin, 100 uM PMSE, 3 ug/mL aprotinin, 2.5 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM activated sodium orthovanadate  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Gene Amplified** & **Forward Primer** & **Reversed Primer** \\ \hline _EMMPRIN_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TGGCCTTCACGCCTTTG & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CAACGCCACTGCCTGTTCAA \\ \hline _Smail_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TGCTGCACGACCTGTGAAAG & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CTTCACATCCGAGTGGGTTTGG \\ \hline _Slug_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TCTGGCAAAGGCTTTTCTCCAG & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TGCAGATGCCCTCAGTTTG \\ \hline _Twist1_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-GATTCAGACCCTCAAACCTGCG & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-AGACGGAGAAGGCTGAGCTGAG \\ \hline _Zeb1_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-ATTCAGCTACTGTGACCCTGC & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CATCTGGTCCTCACAGTGGA \\ \hline _SOX2_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-AACGGGCACTACGCATG & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CGAGCTGGTCATGGAGTTGTAC \\ \hline _NR2F1_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CCAACGGAACTGACCCATCG & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CCGTTTTGAGTCTGT \\ \hline _p21_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TGCCTGCTTTGCACCTGGTGT & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CCAATCTGGCCTTGGAGTATG \\ \hline _p27_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-AGCAGGTCCAGGATGAGA & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TTCTTGGGGGCTGCTGCTCCACAG \\ \hline _Cyclin D1_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-GCAGAAGGATTGTCCCACT & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-AGGAGGTTCCAAGGTGTCAA \\ \hline _c-Myc_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TGCCTGCTGCTCTCCGAGTTCC & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-GGTTTGCCTCTTCTCACCAG \\ \hline _Ki-67_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-GAGGAAACGCCAACCAAAGAG & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TTTGCTCCGGTGGCGTTATCC \\ \hline _PBGD_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CAGTTTTGAAATCATTGTCTATGATGGCAGTAC \\ \hline _GAPDH_ & 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CATACCTCCCACCAGAAGACTG & 5\({}^{\prime}\)- ATGCCAGTGAGCTTCCGTTG \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: List of primers used for qPCR amplification.  
in PBS, pH 7.4) using the DuoSet ELISA kits (R&D Systems). All kits were carried out according to the instructions of the manufacturers.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Secondary Structure Analysis of AMP-SELP Films  
Maintenance of structural integrity is fundamental in the development of materials, especially for applications that require contact with aqueous environments such as culture media or body fluids. Due to the intrinsic thermal hysteresis behavior of A200, both Hep-A200 and Syn-A200 films were stable over a wide range of temperatures without the need of crosslinking agents to promote structure stabilization [12; 13]. However, as-cast SELP materials based on the SELP-59-A backbone are highly water soluble, limiting their potential application. Nonetheless, this limitation can be surpassed by treatment with methanol, leading to water insolubility by inducing a physical crosslinking through the formation of hydrogen-bonded \(\beta\)-sheets [5; 56]. In this study, the AMP-SELP films were exposed to a methanol-saturated atmosphere for 48 h, and structural changes were evaluated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Secondary structure analysis was performed based on the amide I region (1600 to 1700 cm\({}^{-1}\)), a sensitive spectral region used for protein studies, which occurs mostly from C=O stretching vibrations [61; 62; 63]. For all samples, the infrared spectrum of the non-treated films was characterized by a broad amide I absorption band centered at approximately 1628 cm\({}^{-1}\) with a pronounced shoulder around 1646 cm\({}^{-1}\) (Figure S2), indicating the presence of \(\beta\)-sheets and a relevant contribution from random coils, respectively [5]. After the methanol treatment, the amide I band was narrower and shifted to approximately 1623 cm\({}^{-1}\), indicating that major contributions arise from \(\beta\)-structures and less from other secondary structures [5; 58]. Since the broad amide I band collected from spectra collected results from the overlapping components arising from the various secondary structure elements [64], band-narrowing techniques such as second derivative analysis are pivotal for a more detailed characterization of protein conformation, thus providing the basis for the quantitative estimation of protein secondary structure [65; 66; 67]. Quantitative secondary structure analysis of AMP-SELPs was performed by second derivative analysis and curve fitting methods, with assignment of structural conformations by reference to literature [58; 63] (Table S3).  
After the methanol treatment, the \(\beta\)-sheet content of all films demonstrated an overall increase of more than 8% for films prepared with water and more than 3% for films prepared with formic acid in relation to the untreated samples (Table 1). These results indicate that methanol induced a molecular reorganization (Figure S2), leading to the formation of additional hydrogen-bonded \(\beta\)-sheets that resulted in water insolubility.
# Human Height Estimation by Color Deep Learning and Depth 3D Conversion
## 3 Proposed Method
### Extraction of Head Top and Foot Bottom Points  
The topmost point of the human head region is extracted as the head-top, \((x_{h},y_{h})\) and the bottommost point of the human body region as the foot-bottom, \((x_{f},y_{f})\). If horizontal continuous pixels  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Backbone** & **Learn Rate Schedules** & **Train Time (s/iter)** & **Inference Time (s/im)** & **Box AP (\%)** \\ \hline R50-C4 & 1x & 0.584 & 0.110 & 35.7 \\ R50-DC5 & 1x & 0.471 & 0.076 & 37.3 \\ ResNet-50 FPN & 1x & **0.261** & **0.043** & 37.9 \\ R50-C4 & 3x & 0.575 & 0.111 & 38.4 \\ R50-DC5 & 3x & 0.470 & 0.076 & 39.0 \\ ResNet-50 FPN & 3x & **0.261** & **0.043** & 40.2 \\ R101-C4 & 3x & 0.652 & 0.145 & 41.1 \\ R101-DC5 & 3x & 0.545 & 0.092 & 40.6 \\ ResNet-101 & 3x & 0.340 & 0.056 & 42.0 \\ FPN & 3x & 0.690 & 0.103 & **43.0** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Performance of backbones for mask R-CNN. Bold represents the best performance.  
exist as shown in Figure 5, then the head-top or the foot-bottom is extracted as a center point among these pixels. If human stands with legs apart as shown in Figure 6, then two separate regions may be found from the bottommost of the human body region. In this case, the center points of two regions are the candidates of the foot-bottom. One candidate which has a depth value closer to the depth pixel value of the head-top point is selected as the foot-bottom point.