## 2 Literature Review
However, the current body of literature identifies several pivotal areas that necessitate further enhancement. Firstly, it is a common understanding that the progression of land use shapes the variations in the economic value of ecosystem services. Numerous studies have examined the spatial and temporal trends of land-use changes (LUCs) through models like the land-use dynamic degree model, landscape pattern indices, etc. But these approaches often offer only a partial synthesis of the spatial and temporal dimensions. Although these research methodologies shed light on the characteristics of LUCs' spatial and temporal evolution, they frequently fall short of seamlessly merging the temporal sequence with spatial configurations. The characteristics derived from such analyses often lack a visual component, and non-spatial data are not fully represented in terms of their geographical placement. Thus, there is an essential requirement for a spatio-temporal composite analysis method that can visually and dynamically depict the processes of LUCs using mapped units. Fortunately, the geo-informatic Tupu model provides a spatio-temporal analysis technique that is capable of delineating the spatial structural traits and temporal shifts of events through advanced data mining and specific processing techniques. This method, by creating a series of intuitive graphs, images, and schematic information in the form of Tupu units, aids in the visualization of the processes of LUCs [59; 60; 61; 62; 63]. Essentially, the geo-informatic Tupu model allows for the recording of complex spatiotemporal land-use data using Tupu units, which enhances the precision, clarity, and realism of LUCs research. Secondly, the majority of prior research has concentrated on the impact of ESV within individual ecological units, neglecting the reality that different units possess distinct abilities to supply ecosystem services (ESs). These variations have direct and indirect effects on the emergence and provision of ESs. In summary, while current research on LUCs and ESV has yielded important findings, there is a need for more in-depth study in two principal areas: (1) Current studies predominantly concentrate on the temporal trends and spatial patterns of LUCs and ESV, with less attention given to the underlying mechanisms that dictate how specific land use affects ecosystems. (2) While some researchers have begun to explore spatial interaction as a factor influencing ESV, studies employing a grid-based approach are relatively limited [64]. The grid method utilizes grid cells as the primary data carriers and analytical units, ensuring uniform grid areas. This approach significantly enhances the accuracy of ESV analysis within the study area and facilitates more meaningful comparisons of ecosystem services values [65; 66; 67; 68]. Puitan City, a burgeoning coastal tourist hub in China, is celebrated for its rich biodiversity and is the national production base for longan, litchi, and olive. It's also a key region for subtropical crops such as loquat and Wendan pomelo and has been designated as \"China's premier loquat hometown\" by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Putian City, situated as a key element within the Economic Zone on the West Bank of the Strait, holds an essential position in the ecological security structure of Fujian Province in China. In recent years, the rapid expansion of highway and railway networks, along with the processes of industrialization and urbanization, have led to a substantial transformation of agricultural and ecological lands into urban and built-up areas. This development has sparked a conflict between the protection of arable land, ecological preservation, and the growth of urban spaces. These patterns of resource exploitation have given rise to challenges such as sensitive shifts in land use and suboptimal urban development [69]. Nonetheless, there has been a scarcity of research on LUCs and their ecological consequences within Putian City.