## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Detection of DNA of Species in Beef Sausages  
After analyzing the samples for the detection of DNA and other species in local industrial and traditional sausage, it was found that 32 (47.05%) samples contained only beef DNA, 31 (45.55%) contained chicken DNA, 3 (4.41%) samples contained mutton, and 2 (2.9%) samples contained turkey DNA. None of the 68 samples contained the DNA of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline
**GC System** & **8890 GC** \\ \hline S/SL inlet & 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, split ration 50:1 \\ Liner & Split, ultra inert, glass wool, low-pressure drops (p/n 5190-295) \\ Oven ramp program & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C (0.5 min) \\  & 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 194 \({}^{\circ}\)C (3.5 min) \\  & 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C (3 min) \\ Carrier gas & Nitrogen, 13 psi, constant pressure mode \\ Column & DB-Fast FAME 30 m \(\times\) 0.250 mm \(\times\) 0.25 μm 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 250/260 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Detector-fid & 260 \({}^{\circ}\)C, \\  & H2: 40 mL/min \\  & Air: 400 mL/min \\  & Makeup gas: 25 mL/min \\ Injection volume & 1 \(\mu\)L \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The operational setup of GC-FID (GC System 8890 GC). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l} \hline
**Chiden** & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Beef**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C140**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C141**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C150**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C160**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C161**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C170**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C180**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C181**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C182**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C183**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**C200**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**SFA**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**MUTA**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**PUFA**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Total**} \\
**(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** & **(**c)** \\
100 & 0 & 0.08 & 0.23 & 0.06 & 18.28 & 3.44 & 0.13 & 6.57 & 29.18 & 37.59 & 4.28 & 0.05 & 25.17 & 32.45 & 41.87 & 99.99 \\
0 & 100 & 3.58 & 0.44 & 0.55 & 29.05 & 2.96 & 1.88 & 24.84 & 33.14 & 2.76 & 3.05 & 0.14 & 60.04 & 36.76 & 3.11 & 99.91 \\
99 & 1 & 0.46 & 0.16 & 0.08 & 19.4 & 3.37 & 0.17 & 8.31 & 29.37 & 35.33 & 3.29 & 0.06 & 28.48 & 29.3 & 36.82 & 100 \\
90 & 10 & 0.66 & 0.17 & 0.11 & 20.2 & 3.32 & 0.29 & 9.84 & 16.5 & 32.18 & 31.40 & 0.07 & 31.17 & 19.99 & 35.32 & 86.48 \\
80 & 20 & 1.23 & 0.27 & 0.19 & 22.23 & 3.02 & 0.58 & 14.18 & 31.26 & 24.64 & 2.29 & 0.08 & 38.49 & 34.55 & 26.93 & 99.97 \\
70 & 30 & 1.57 & 0.32 & 0.26 & 23.91 & 2.96 & 0.85 & 15.46 & 31.85 & 20.72 & 2.04 & 0.04 & 42.09 & 35.13 & 22.76 & 99.98 \\
60 & 40 & 2.05 & 0.43 & 0.31 & 25.5 & 2.53 & 3.05 & 17.5 & 32.12 & 16.66 & 1.59 & 0.41 & 35.58 & 12.85 & 99.94 \\
50 & 50 & 2.12 & 0.42 & 0.32 & 25.73 & 2.93 & 1.09 & 1.99 & 32.46 & 14.03 & 1.33 & 0.1 & 48.75 & 35.81 & 15.36 & 99.92 \\
40 & 60 & 2.28 & 0.43 & 0.34 & 26.43 & 3.06 & 1.11 & 18.37 & 32.76 & 13.84 & 1.37 & 0.85 & 48.32 & 36.52 & 15.91 & 99.98 \\
30 & 70 & 2.84 & 0.55 & 0.44 & 28.35 & 2.65 & 1.41 & 21.65 & 33.24 & 7.77 & 0.0 & 0.07 & 54.76 & 36.84 & 7.77 & 99.17 \\
20 & 80 & 2.77 & 0.37 & 0.44 & 28.85 & 2.79 & 1.6 & 22.78 & 34.25 & 5.55 & 0.67 & 56.51 & 37.41 & 60.69 & 99.98 \\
10 & 90 & 3.22 & 0.61 & 0.49 & 28.64 & 2.81 & 1.58 & 24.24 & 34.27 & 3.53 & 0.37 & 0.12 & 58.29 & 37.69 & 3.9 & 99.98 \\
7 & 93 & 3.04 & 0.27 & 0.46 & 29.55 & 2.68 & 1.59 & 23.85 & 34.9 & 3.11 & 0.32 & 0.11 & 58.6 & 37.85 & 3.43 & 99.98 \\
2 & 98 & 3.57 & 0.66 & 0.56 & 31.06 & 2.9 & 1.87 & 23.7 & 33.15 & 2.05 & 0.27 & 0.11 & 60.87 & 36.71 & 2.32 & 99.9 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Fatty acids profile (C \({}^{*}\)) in different proportions of beef and poultry for validation of GC-FID method. other mammalian species like horse, goat, camel, buffalo, pig, kangaroo, hare, rabbit, reindeer, roe deer, red deer, fallow deer, springbok, dog, or cat, or bird species like goose, ostrich, mallard duck, Muscovy duck, or pheasant (Table 3).