## 3 Research Methods
### Questionnaire Design  
For data collection, this study employed a Google online questionnaire format. Prior to the formal experiment, a pilot test was conducted involving five participants. The pilot test participants were guided through the experimental procedure, which took about an hour, while also providing feedback to optimize the process. They then completed the initial version of the questionnaire and group discussions were held to review and refine the questionnaire design. Finally, the questionnaire details and experimental design were revised accordingly. Subsequently, the final formal experiment was conducted with 33 participants. The data collected were compiled and then analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical software. The main statistical analyses comprised basic descriptive statistics and independent samples \(t\)-tests. The questionnaire comprised nine sections: (a) users' emotional responses, (b) QUIS, (c) flow experience, (d) technology acceptance, (e) self-assessed activity effectiveness, (f) preference, (g) overall satisfaction, (h) reasons for interface advantages and disadvantages, and (i) personal information. Table 2 details the components of the questionnaire. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Section** & **Questionnaire Item** & **Number of Items** & **Scale Type** & **Questionnaire Content and Objective** \\ \hline
**1. Users’ emotional responses** & Emotional valence & 1 & 9-point semantic differential scale & To assess the level of pleasure experienced \\ \cline{2-4}  & Emotional arousal & 1 & 9-point semantic differential scale & To evaluate the intensity of emotion felt \\ \hline  & 1. Overall response & 4 & 5-point semantic differential scale & To evaluate the overall response to the interface and the intensity of feeling \\ \cline{2-4}  & 2. Interface representation & 3 & 5-point semantic differential scale & To evaluate the readability, function framework, and continuity \\ \cline{2-4}
**2. QUIS** & 3. Interface information & 3 & 5-point semantic differential scale & To assess the presentation and clarity of information and system prompts \\ \cline{2-4}  & 4. Interface learnability & 3 & 5-point semantic differential scale & To determine the correct methods, remember names and functions, ease of task implementation \\ \hline  & 1. Concentration & 4 & 5-point Likert scale & To measure the concentration, engagement, and the ability to remain undistracted \\ \cline{2-4}
**3. Flow experience** & 2. Enjoyment & 4 & 5-point Likert scale & To evaluate enjoyment, entertainment value, stimulation, and novelty \\ \cline{2-4}  & 3. Sense of time distortion & 4 & 5-point Likert scale & To assess the sense of time passage and the ability to forget troubles and pending tasks \\ \hline
4. Control & 2 & 5-point Likert scale & To determine the sense of control and the ability to cope with sudden changes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Questionnaire framework and content. The questionnaire's first section assessed user emotions by using SAM to examine emotional valence and emotional arousal. Figure 5 provides an illustrative example, depicting question 1-1. Participants were instructed to follow the provided guidelines and select a checkbox item by item. Progression to subsequent questionnaire pages was permitted only after completion of the answers on the current page. The second section comprised the QUIS, a standard test for usability that was modified to align with the objectives of this study. The third section assessed the flow experience and comprised four indicators evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale: concentration, enjoyment, sense of time distortion, and control. These indicators, respectively, examined the following: 1. focus, engagement, and resistance to external influences; 2. enjoyment, playfulness, excitement, and novelty; 3. perception of time passing quickly, loss of the sense of time, and the forgetting of troubles and other concerns; and 4. ability to manage and adapt to changes.