## 1 Introduction  
An antenna is a prime component in all kinds of wireless communication. We are converting most wired technology to wireless, to ease equipment usage and to cover long-range communications, due to the heavy demand for multiple applications, such as mobile communication, wireless local area networks, global positioning system (GPSs), radio frequency identification (RFID) and many more. RF engineers always face challenges, such as multi-bands, wide bandwidths, high gains, and power-efficient antennas [1]. There is a need to target multiple applications with the same device. To achieve the same multiband and broadband antenna, it is helpful to cover the broader spectrum. An antenna with a low profile, a small size and broadband should be located in the front of the system to target multiple wireless communication applications [2]. One of the significant challenging parts is to design a smaller antenna, as a microstrip patch antenna is more suitable. A microstrip patch antenna is also called a printed antenna or patch antenna [3]. The advantages of patch antennas are their low cost, better reconfigurability and ease of fabrication [4]. However, due to certain drawbacks of microstrip patch antennas, such as their low gain, low bandwidth and low directivity, some improvement is required [5, 6]. Multiband antennas have tremendous applications in mobile communication [7, 8]. There is always controversy in bandwidths and antenna sizes. The rise of one parameter will degrade another parameter. There are many ways available to achieve a multiband operation, such as engraving slots on a patch [9], loading shorted slots with outers [10], etching unit-cells of metamaterial on/around the patch and loading it on a substrate, ground layer [11]. The explosion in cutting-edge wireless communication methods has led to a steady rise in the demand for compact mobile devices. Therefore, new approaches to the design of wireless components are needed to meet many performance requirements at once. Every wireless mobile component's design and performance improvement currently faces significant hurdles, including the need for a compact size, lightweight, low profile and cheap cost. The antenna is one of the wireless components that will need to be improved, to keep up with the demands of modern communication networks. Many methods are available for enhancing the bandwidth and the gain of an antenna. It can be accomplished by raising the thickness of the substrate [12], but the surface radiation is affected by changing substrate's thickness [13]. The solution is achieved by using a substrate with a low profile [14], a different impedance matching network and a slot antenna geometry [8; 15]. A novel meandered high-impedance patch antenna provides the desired multiband behavior by inserting narrow slits in the patch [16]. A broadband folded patch antenna is used for wireless local area network applications [17]. Multiple patches and ground plane slots are used to achieve the multiband operation [18]. Different shapes in the patch also enrich the antenna's bandwidth [19; 20]. There are some approaches available for the antenna's gain improvement, such as the partial ground method, the diffractive ground [21], an artificially soft surface [22], micromachining technology and a substrate with a high dielectric constant, such as liquid (water-sea), rather than copper. However, there is a high fabrication cost for anElectronic Band Gap ( EBG), including the artificially soft surfaces and micromachining technology. The substrate multilayer provides a better bandwidth but degrades the antenna's gain, as well as the efficiency of antenna's structure [23]. The high gain antenna using the hexagon-shaped metamaterial elements, is presented in the article [6]. The shape variation of the metamaterial elements affects the band response [24; 25]. The metamaterial concept-inspired wearable fractal antenna helps to target different IoT applications [26].