# A Review on the Thermal Hazards of the Lithium-Ion Battery and the Corresponding Countermeasures
## 2 Safety-Related Incidents Involving Lithium-Ion Batteries  
Table 1 lists several representative incidents of LIB failure in recent years which can be divided into three main types including mobile telephone, EV and airplane [42; 43; 44; 13]. With regard to safety-related battery incidents in mobile telephones, it is apparent that nearly all mainstream mobile telephones have experienced such incidents, e.g., Apple, Samsung and Huawei. Take the Samsung Note 7 as an example, it was released on 3 August 2016, and then its first reported explosion was on August 24, 2016. In the end, quantities of incidents forced Samsung to recall all Note 7 devices around the world on 2 September 2016. This greatly damaged consumer confidence in Samsung, and ultimately resulted in a sharp decrease in its market share and a loss of 17 billion dollars. The root reason of Note 7 incidents was attributed to the battery fault, i.e., Samsung adopted an excessively thin separator to increase the energy density of battery that substantially increased the possibility of the battery short-circuiting. Similar faults also occurred in the other failed batteries. For EVs, most safety-related battery incidents appeared under the conditions of crashing, charging, discharging and self-ignition, which subsequently led to the short-circuit of batteries. Although the failure rate of EV is approximately 1/10,000, which is much lower than that of traditional vehicles (7.6/10,000 [45]), this issue still significantly hinders the development of EVs. In the case of incidents on airplanes, these usually resulted from the failure of passengers' electronic equipment where the battery caught fire, filled the cabin with smoke and led to catastrophic results. These accidents forced civil aviation bureaus around the world to take strict administration regarding portable electronics. Research revealed that battery failures in airplanes  
were generally the results of battery fault, aircraft vibration, pressure change and temperature change, which subsequently induced short-circuiting of the batteries.  
As known, it is essential for LIB to pass several compulsory test standards, e.g., UN R100, SAE-J2464, IEC-62133 and GB/T 31485 etc. before its application. Therefore, it must be queried, why do incidents involving batteries still occur sporadically, even if these batteries have passed the test standards? The answers can be attributed to two factors: (1) the inherent possibility of battery failure and (2) the abusive conditions associated with their practical use. Similar to certain other equipment, an inherent possibility of self-induced failure exists for LIBs even if the probability of this is very low. It some cases, the working circumstances of LIBs are very complex and certain abusive conditions such as external forces, high temperature, low temperature, overcharging, over-discharging, etc. are typically experienced. Under the effects of abusive conditions, the manifestation of the battery failure will be more severe. Furthermore, the abusive conditions associated with batteries can typically be categorized into physical, electrical, and thermal factors even manufacturing defect and battery aging, which are reviewed in the next section.