## 3 Results
### Relation of VQ with VOT, fo, and SPL  
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Spearman's rho) was applied to explore possible correlations between VOT, _f_o, SPL, and CV_f_o and the examined VQ parameters. Figure 2 shows bivariate combinations of the dependent variables and VQ characteristics by scatterplot matrix graphs. As expected, there was a clear correlation of OS with roughness, breathiness, and strain, which was corroborated by a Spearman's Rho of \(r\) = 0.94 (\(p\leq\) 0.001), \(r\) = 0.66 (\(p\leq\) 0.001), and \(r\) = 0.87 (\(p\leq\) 0.001), respectively. The results revealed weakly positive and highly significant correlations between VOT and OS (\(r\) = 0.34, \(p\leq\) 0.001), roughness \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Effect** & **Dependent Variable** & **F** & **\(p\)-Value** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Partial** \\ **Eta-Square (n\({}^{2}\)p)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Interpretation** \\ **Effect Size** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Gender & VOT & 2.45 & 0.12 & 0.02 & \\  & \(F\)o & 48.90 & 0.00 & 0.30 & Moderate \\  & SPL & 6.80 & 0.01 & 0.05 & Small \\  & CV\_f\_o & 2.05 & 0.15 & 0.02 & \\ VH & VOT & 0.01 & 0.90 & 0.00 & \\  & \(F\)o & 3.20 & 0.07 & 0.03 & \\  & SPL & 0.26 & 0.60 & 0.00 & \\  & CV\_f\_o & 5.04 & 0.02 & 0.04 & Small \\ OS & VOT & 6.24 & 0.00 & 0.09 & Small \\  & \(F\)o & 0.00 & 0.99 & 0.00 & \\  & SPL & 1.36 & 0.26 & 0.02 & \\  & CV\_f\_o & 0.36 & 0.69 & 0.00 & \\ VH \(\times\) OS & VOT & 1.28 & 0.28 & 0.22 & \\  & \(F\)o & 4.40 & 0.01 & 0.07 & Small \\  & SPL & 0.10 & 0.90 & 0.00 & \\  & CV\_f\_o & 0.14 & 0.87 & 0.00 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. Significant values are shown in bold. Abbreviation: \(\eta^{2}\) p - partial eta squared, indicating effect size; VH = vocal hyperfunction; OS = overall severity of dysphonia; VOT = Voice Onset Time (ms); fo = fundamental frequency (Hz); SPL = sound pressure level (dB(A)) and CV\_f\_o = coefficient of variation of fundamental frequency (%).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Multivariate ANOVA results for vocal hyperfunction and overall severity of dysphonia as independent variables, with VOT, _f_o, SPL, and CV_f_o as dependent variables, including gender as a co-variable. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dependent Variable** & **(I) OS** & **(J) OS** & **Mean Difference (I-J)** & **Std. Error** & **Sig** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% CI**} \\ \hline VOT & mild & moderate & \(-\)4.81 & 1.57 & 0.00 & \(-\)8.62 & \(-\)0.99 \\  & severe & \(-\)7.84 & 2.02 & 0.00 & \(-\)12.76 & \(-\)2.92 \\  & moderate & severe & \(-\)3.03 & 2.26 & 0.55 & \(-\)8.53 & 2.47 \\ _f_o & mild & moderate & \(-\)15.11 & 7.25 & 0.12 & \(-\)32.75 & 2.53 \\  & severe & 1.37 & 9.35 & 1.00 & \(-\)21.38 & 24.11 \\  & moderate & severe & 16.48 & 10.46 & 0.35 & \(-\)8.95 & 41.90 \\ SPL & mild & moderate & \(-\)1.99 & 0.95 & 0.12 & \(-\)4.29 & 0.32 \\  & severe & \(-\)2.84 & 1.22 & 0.06 & \(-\)5.82 & 0.13 \\  & moderate & severe & \(-\)0.86 & 1.37 & 1.00 & \(-\)4.20 & 2.46 \\ CV\_f_o & mild & moderate & 0.06 & 0.06 & 0.89 & \(-\)0.09 & 0.23 \\  & severe & 0.00 & 0.08 & 1.00 & \(-\)0.20 & 0.21 \\  & moderate & severe & \(-\)0.06 & 0.09 & 1.00 & \(-\)0.29 & 0.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. Significant values are shown in bold.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Bonferroni multivariate comparisons result for overall severity of dysphonia and VOT, _f_o, SPL, and CV_f_o. (\(r=0.29\), \(p\leq 0.001\)), breathiness (\(r=0.22\), \(p\leq 0.001\)), and strain (\(r=0.29\), \(p\leq 0.001\)). These results indicate longer VOT with more severe OS. Fundamental frequency showed a weak negative correlation with all perceptual VQ parameters, although the results were not significant: OS (\(r=-0.11\), \(p=0.20\)); roughness (\(r=-0.08\), \(p=0.37\)); breathiness (\(r=0.13\), \(p=0.15\)); strain (\(r=-0.02\), \(p=0.76\)). In addition, \(fo\) showed a weak and non-significant correlation with SPL (\(r=0.15\), \(p=0.11\)) and CV_fo (\(r=-0.08\), \(p=0.34\)).