## 1 Introduction
They can be used to gather real-time data and give emergency responders situational awareness, which can aid in improved decision-making and more efficient responses. Drones with cameras and sensors can survey disaster regions swiftly and safely, collecting precise imagery and data that can be used to assess damage, spot areas that require immediate attention, and organize rescue and recovery efforts [55]. Drones can also be used to transport people in hazardous or hard-to-reach locations necessary goods such as food and medical supplies [56]. Drones are an important tool in emergency management because they have the potential to greatly speed up and enhance the efficiency of disaster response efforts. 5G and B5G networks offer several advantages for emergency communication, including faster data transmission speeds, lower latency, and improved reliability [57; 58; 59]. These networks can enable real-time communication between emergency responders and affected individuals, as well as the seamless transfer of data and video feeds from IoT devices, such as sensors and drones [60; 61; 62]. In particular, D2D communication can play a crucial role in emergency situations, as it allows devices to communicate directly with each other without relying on a centralized network [63; 64]. This can be especially useful in scenarios where network infrastructure may be damaged or overloaded, as D2D communication can operate on a peer-to-peer basis and bypass the need for a central network [65; 66]. In an earthquake early warning system, D2D communication could allow sensors to share data with each other and trigger alerts in real-time without relying on a centralized system [67; 68]. Edge computing can also be leveraged to enhance the performance of earthquake early warning systems [69; 70]. By processing data closer to the source, edge computing can reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted to centralized servers and enable faster response times [71; 72]. For example, in an earthquake early warning system that uses drones to collect data, edge computing could be used to process the data on the drones themselves, rather than transmitting it back to a central server for processing [73; 74]. This would not only reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted but also enable faster response times in the event of an earthquake [75]. Cloud computing helps manage disasters. Disaster management firms can swiftly deploy vital apps and services to assist emergency response activities using cloud platforms' scalability, flexibility, and accessibility. Cloud-based technologies can monitor and analyze disaster data in real time, helping emergency responders manage resources. Cloud systems can store and handle enormous volumes of data, such as maps, satellite imaging, and social media feeds, to help businesses better analyze disasters. Cloud-based communication and collaboration solutions can also help rescuers communicate, coordinate, and stay linked during the pandemonium. Cloud computing may make disaster management businesses more agile, responsive, and effective in saving lives and minimizing damage. Fog and edge computing are distributed computing methods that provide computing resources near data sources. Fog computing is a dispersed computing infrastructure that processes data near its source. Edge computing brings computing resources to the end-user or device. Fog and edge computing are important in natural disaster detection and control. Natural disasters damage communication networks, making data collection and transmission difficult. Fog and edge computing provide local data processing and analysis without data centers or clouds. In the aftermath of a disaster, time is of the essence because communication infrastructure may be compromised [76; 77; 78; 79]. For example, sensors deployed in an area prone to flooding can collect data on water levels, flow rates, and other factors that can help predict and manage the impact of a flood.