esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Targeted Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Lung Cancer Therapy
## 4 Surface Modification
### Surface Modification for Other Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems  
Other lipid-based drug delivery systems which have been modified to target lung cancer cells include chitosan nanoparticles [121] and microemulsion [146]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the delivery of temozolomide via folic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles in order to target the folate receptor which is overexpressed in lung cancer cells [121]. The results showed that a higher amount of the modified nanoparticles accumulated in the lung tissues compared to the free drug and the non-modified nanoparticles. The particle size remained small, i.e., 93.81 nm, and, during the animal studies, a 100% survival rate was achieved for the treated mice. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. investigated the dual delivery of \(\beta\)-elemene and celastrol via a transferrin-decorated microemulsion [146]. In the A549 cell line, the modified microemulsion showed increased cellular uptake and cell apoptosis was also increased. Another advantage was the avoidance of systemic toxicity that is normally encountered in celastrol treatments [146].
# Two-Dimensional Full-Waveform Joint Inversion of Surface Waves Using Phases and Z/H Ratios
## 4 Inversion Experiments
### Large-Scale Inversion Using Ambient Noise/Earthquake Surface Waves
These tests demonstrated that the joint inversion combined the complementary sensitivities of the surface wave phases and Z/H ratio, and was capable of building a more-unified vs. model, thus outperforming the inversions based on the individual data sets. Figure 7: The total misfit evolution for the (**a**) phase and (**b**) Z/H ratio along with iterations in the phase inversion (black stars), the Z/H-ratio inversion (black triangles), and the joint inversion (red stars). The seismic traces obtained using joint inversion (red solid line) and the source–receiver pairs at (750 km, 0 km) and (150 km, 0 km) are shown together with the seismic traces of the initial (blue dashed line) and target (black solid line) models for the (**c**) Z-component and (**d**) H-component.
# Low-Altitude Sensing Model: Analysis Leveraging ISAC in Real-World Environments
## 4 Performance Verification and Analysis
### Ideal OTA Test Environment  
To verify the capability range of the single base station model under ideal conditions, an OTA anechoic chamber environment was built based on the mmW frequency band for testing. As shown in Figure 8, the AAU was placed on a turntable, allowing it to rotate at a specific angle. The antenna of the target simulator was placed ten meters away from the AAU along the normal direction of the AAU antenna. The baseband unit (BBU) and target simulator were placed outside the anechoic chamber and managed uniformly, with wired connections to the AAU and the antenna of the target simulator. The control center was connected to the BBU, antenna turntable, target simulator, and anechoic chamber for integrated management, synchronizing control time, relative angles, and positions of all test equipment.  
The real environment is shown in Figure 9. To accurately present the sensing performance, the minimum size of the anechoic chamber should meet the conditions for a Fraunhofer environment as follows:  
\[d_{\mathrm{FF}}\;\geq\;\frac{2d_{\mathrm{AAU}}^{2}}{\lambda} \tag{12}\]  
where \(d_{\mathrm{FF}}\) is the distance from the AAU to the antenna, \(d_{\mathrm{AAU}}\) is the maximum dimension of the AAU, and \(\lambda\) is the wavelength of the test frequency. All units are in meters. This test was based on the 26 GHz mmW frequency band, and according to calculations, \(d_{\mathrm{FF}}\) should have been greater than 5.9 m. The actual environment was 10 m.  
The turntable used for the test was the HBTE, with the horizontal and vertical angle precision of 0.1\({}^{\circ}\). The radar target simulator WRTE-PRO-1 from RACO simulated the UAV-reflected echo signals. The test base station used a 5G-A mmW ISAC base station from one of the most mainstream equipment vendors. The AAU had a vertical FOV of 40\({}^{\circ}\) and a mechanical tilt angle of 0\({}^{\circ}\). The specific single base station 3D sensing model is shown in Figure 10. The sensing waveform combined a continuous wave and a pulse wave.  
Figure 8: OTA sensing test environment.  
The carrier configuration of the AAU is shown in Table 1. The system parameters are shown in Table 2.
# Survey of Dense Video Captioning: Techniques, Resources, and Future Perspectives
## 5 Evaluation Protocols and Metrics
### Key Metrics
#### 5.1.2 Meteor  
METEOR (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit Ordering) is another metric that combines _Precision (P)_ and _Recall (R)_, taking into account both exact word matches and paraphrases [9]. It uses a synonym dictionary and stems words to improve the evaluation of semantic similarity. METEOR is considered more robust than BLEU in handling synonyms and different word orderings. Moreover, it explicitly takes into account the word order in the translated sentence, which is vital for capturing the fluency and grammatical correctness of the translation.  
The computation of the METEOR score involves five steps:  
1. Word Alignment The initial step involves aligning words between the machine-generated and reference translations using exact matching, stemming (Porter stemmer), and synonymy matching (WordNet). This alignment is carried out in stages, each focusing on a different matching criterion.
2. Precision and Recall Calculation Once aligned METEOR calculates _Precision (P)_ as the ratio of correctly matched unigrams in the translation to the total unigrams, and _Recall (R)_ as the ratio of correctly matched unigrams to the total in the reference. \[P=\frac{\text{Number of matched unigrams in translation}}{\text{Total number of unigrams in translation}}.\] (3)\[R=\frac{\text{Number of matched unigrams in translation}}{\text{Total number of unigrams in reference}}. \tag{4}\]
3. \(F\)-measure Calculation METEOR then computes the harmonic mean (\(F\)-measure) of _Precision (P)_ and _Recall (R)_, with more weight given to _Recall (R)_. \[F_{\text{mean}}=\frac{10 PR}{R+9P}.\] (5)
4. _Penalty_ for Fragmentation To penalize translations with poor ordering or gaps, METEOR calculates a fragmentation _Penalty_ based on the number of chunks formed by adjacent matched unigrams in the translation and reference. \[Penalty=\gamma\bigg{(}\frac{\text{Number of chunks}}{\text{Number of matched unigrams}}\bigg{)}^{\alpha},\] (6) where \(\gamma\) and \(\alpha\) are parameters that control the _Penalty_.
5. Final METEOR Score \[METEOR\ Score=F_{\text{mean}}\cdot(1-Penalty).\] (7)
## 6 PSK Modulation and Demodulation
### PSK Modulation for Complex Implants  
Complex implants are very sensitive to data transmission problems. In this regard, a new fully digital BPSK demodulator and load shift keying (LSK) has been used in complex implanted devices to reduce the power consumption and increase the data transmission rate [83]. The back telemetry technique is used in this work and verified through simulation and measurement. The obtained results show that the system improves the data transmission rate compared to conventional bi-level back telemetry. Furthermore, [PERSON] _et al._[84] improved their previous work in [83] by using a fully digital BPSK demodulator based on digital PLL and a multi level LSK modulator to generate the incoming BPSK signal data for complex implants with higher data rate back telemetry.  
Retinal and cochlear complex implants require high speed data transfer. A novel BPSK data demodulator and clock recovery circuit based on noncoherence is developed in [85,86] in which the developed circuit works with the outstanding data-to-carrier-frequency ratio of 100%. The demodulator powered the implanted device with high data rate and low power consumption, as can be seen in Table 13. The demodulator is implemented in a 0.18 \(\upmu\)m CMOS process with 10-20 MHz carrier frequency. The power consumption is only 119-310 \(\upmu\)W with this 10-20 Mbps data rate, which are a lower power consumption and higher data rate compared to the previous work.  
The analysis, investigation and experimental measurements for high data rates have been developed using FPGA/CLPC programming [87]. The n-PSK demodulator was programmed with VHDL to generate digital binary quadrature and eight PSK signals. In this system the carrier frequency was chosen to be 135 kHz operated by inductively coupled RF power and a modified hybrid class E and F power amplifier was used to simulate the system. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [88] proposed his further designed modulator based on QPSK using FPGA/CPLD for implantable telemetry applications. The local clock oscillator is used at 25.175 MHZ with a carrier frequency of 12.5 MHZ. This proposed design has low power consumption and is small in size, which makes it suitable for biomedical applications. To improve the high data rate transmission and reduced the system complexity, [PERSON] [89] proposed a phase-silence-shift keying (PSSK) modulation. PSSK modulation needs double the bandwidth of PSK modulation.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Proposition of a Method of Developing Immersive Metaverses for Industrial Training
#### 3.2.3 Data Transfer Method  
The next step involves deciding how the 3D modeling will be exported to Unreal Engine 4. Currently, there are two ways to import files directly into UE4: the FBX transfer method, which is standard in most game engines, and the Datasmith method, which is exclusive to UE4 and allows for easier and faster transfer of 3D modeling to UE4.  
Regarding the FBX transfer method, before importing the 3D model into UE4, some modifications need to be made in the modeling software, such as changing the object's pivot and manually mapping the light (lightmap). The 3D model is saved in FBX format and transferred to the game engine. Additional configurations, such as positioning each object, applying lighting, and directly creating and applying materials, must be made within the engine.  
The Datasmith transfer method was created to address the issues faced by those outside of the gaming industry who wish to utilize UE4 for real-time rendering and visualization in fields such as architecture, engineering, building, manufacturing, and live training, to name a few [35]. Datasmith supports the widest range of 3D design applications and file formats, already working with a wide range of sources, including Autodesk 3 ds Max, Trimble Sketchup, and Dassault Systemes SolidWorks, among others, with each update [36].  
The Datasmith transfer method enables easy and simple import of 3D models into Unreal Engine 4. It runs the majority of the difficult work to ensure that the scene in the 3D tool appears as close as possible to the same within UE4. It also supports a variety of CAD file types. A plugin from the Epic Games website needs to be installed before using Datasmith (Figure 6).  
For virtual reality projects, Unreal Engine offers a specific template that comes with pre-configured resources, such as means of locomotion, hand animations, and other extras. By importing the modeling using Datasmith, the project already has a ready-made foundation to start development, with materials applied and lightmaps generated automatically (Figures 7 and 8).  
Figure 5: Hydraulic press modeled in 3 ds Max 2022 software.
# Provably Secure ECC-Based Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement for IoT
## 5 Security Analysis
### Performance Comparison  
The results of the comparison between the proposal and related schemes [22; 24; 25; 27; 28; 29] in terms of security are shown in Table 7. Compared to the existing schemes, the proposed protocol provides better security and functionality, e.g., it is resistant to attacks such as IM, MIM, and ESL while providing anonymity, mutual authentication, and PFS without key escrow issues.
## 2 Internet of Things: Network Architecture, Device Structure, and Applications  
Figure 1 provides a generic view of an IoT network architecture using different wireless technologies, in which diverse IoT components are being connected to the 3 GPP network components for proper operation and data transfer. Figure 1 shows the formation of IoT networks, also called M2M area networks, and also connectivity to IoT gateways and servers. The architecture presented in Figure 1 also represents a kind of a capillary network architecture, in which all devices are transferring their collected data to the IoT server through an intermediate entity that is an IoT gateway. Devices in an MTC domain typically transmit or receive a fixed amount of data in a fixed time interval. Inter-MTC device communication can be performed through wireless mobile networks or in an _ad hoc_ network fashion [4, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. In Figure 1, we can also notice particular application scenarios, where IoT devices and networks are being used for applications like structural health monitoring, environmental monitoring, human health monitoring [2, 27], traffic monitoring [27, 28], smart homes appliances [27], and so on.  
In this IoT network architecture, we look into the further details of the IoT device or gateway structure as shown in Figure 2, where the necessary in-device components for transmission and reception of sensing and actuation data are illustrated. Considering an increasing need to support multiple heterogeneous Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for enhanced coverage and flexibility, Figure 2 provides a generic structure of multi-radio IoT devices or gateways with diverse communication components and their interaction with each other. Basically, an IoT device consists of different energy consuming communication modules (baseband chipsets, Radio Frequency (RF) chipsets, RF front end modules, antenna) that are collectively responsible for data communication over diverse radio access technologies [29]. To deeply understand the energy consumption behavior of IoT devices and gateways, we will need to consider the chain of in-device communication modules. In Figure 2, an IoT device or gateway includes sensor modules used for different sensing purposes such as temperature, light, _etc._ and actuator modules.  
Figure 1: A generic Internet of Things (IoT) network architecture.  
Figure 2: A generic IoT device/gateway structure in which different types of wireless technologies may be included.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation
#### 4.2.2 Factory System as Cyber Attack Target  
The system was used during a cyber exercise. This demonstrates that it was at a mature enough level to provide cyber attack targets for the exercise scenario. The use of the system also shows that its functioning could be disturbed in a meaningful way, so that the participants could detect the attack, react, and defend the critical infrastructure. By leaving the system open to simulated cyber attacks, the red team could create threat scenarios during the exercise. The participants were able to detect the consequences and inconsistencies in the information. Figure 8 shows an interface to follow the production process. Interruptions in the graphs and logs could indicate cyber attacks. Either the organizing white team or the defending blue team could use such an interface to monitor the processes.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### UV-Assisted Direct Ink Writing (Uiv-diw)  
UV-assisted DIW consists of the 3D printing of a photo-curable viscous material, or 3D printable ink, that starts to harden after the extrusion by means of a UV source, i.e., UV LEDs. This process allows processing of new kinds of materials at room temperature, i.e., thermosetting composites, starting from a photo- and thermally-curable 3D printable ink. In this work, SR349 was mixed with 3% wt. of TPO-L and 0.3% wt. of dicumyl peroxide for 2 h at room temperature with a magnetic stirrer, then 55% wt. of shredded rGFRPs (<80 \(\upmu\)m) were added to the acrylic-based system by means of a double arm kneader Brabender mixer equipped with a rollerblade (Brabender Instruments Inc., South Hackensack, NJ, USA) for 45 min at 40 rpm. The glass fiber content of the ink formulation corresponds to 38.5% wt. [20; 21].  
A commercial low-cost desktop-size FFF 3D printer (Futura Group S.r.l., Gallarate, Italy) was modified to create a UV-DIW apparatus. A new syringe-based extruder equipped with three dimmable 3W UV LEDs (395 nm) on the extrusion head was developed and mounted on the 3D printer frame [20; 21]. The custom system was equipped with a 60 mL syringe for the ink formulation and a stainless-steel UV-shielded conic nozzle with a diameter of 1.04 mm (Technon Systems Inc, Cypress, CA, USA). The STEP files of the components were modified with Fusion 360, and the gcodes were created with PrusaSlicer. The 3D printer was controlled through the 3D printing host Repetier-Host (Hot-World GmbH & Co. KG, Willich, Germany). UV LEDs were switched on for the whole duration of the 3D printing process. The main parameters are summarized in Table 2. More details about the process and the conditions used can be found in a previous study focusing on the printability of this formulation [20].  
After the 3D printing process, an additional post-curing cycle was required to complete the crosslinking conversion of the resin. The parts underwent a UV post-curing step for 30 min in a UV chamber Polymer 500 W equipped with a UVA emittance mercury vapor lamp Zs of 950 W/m\({}^{2}\) (Helios Italquartz S.r.l., Cambiago, Italy). After this step, an additional thermal post-curing was performed in an oven for 2 h at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C. At least two prototypes of the selected part were fabricated for each set of parameters and material formulation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Formulation** & **Parameters** & **Units** & **Values** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{55\% wt. GFRP recyclate} & Perimeters & // & 2 \\  & Top/bottom layers & // & 2 \\  & Infill & \% & 100 \\  & Flow & \% & 100 \\  & Speed & mm/s & 10–15 \\  & Layer height & mm & 0.25 \\  & Nozzle diameter & mm & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: 3D Printing parameters (final part—UV-DIW).
## 2 Results
### Distorted Wave Born Approximation
In practice, we are anyway imposing a short-range cutoff to the interaction and use the full scattering solutions of the polarization potential which oscillate quickly at small distances giving no contribution there. In Figure 4, we show the dependence of the inelastic K-matrix element (assuming a dimensionless \(1/R^{4}\) potential) on the energy difference between the two channels for the initial state with kinetic energy of \(10^{-4}E^{*}\) and scattering length equal to \(R^{\star}\). The rapid decrease in magnitude and fast oscillations result from the properties of the outgoing state. At relatively low energy difference between the states (roughly below \(10^{4}E^{*}\)) one could in principle expect visible resonant effects provided that the reactants can be prepared in a single quantum state (although when the calculated matrix elements are large, DWBA cannot be trusted any more). However, the polarization potential anyway does not support a dense enough bound-state spectrum and apart from the coupling between the two most weakly bound levels one cannot expect any resonant enhancement. Moreover, in experiment the results would be further blurred by thermal averaging. More specifically, in order to calculate the rate constant at finite temperature one needs to take a convolution according to \(\mathcal{K}(T)=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}(k_{B}T)^{3/2}}\int dE\,\mathcal{K}(E)E^{1/2 }e^{-E/k_{B}T}\). Along with the coupling coefficients calculated above, the DWBA allows for a simple estimate of the product distribution. As an example, we focus again on the initial vibrational state \(v=5\) and \(v=1\) counting from the dissociation threshold. The obtained distribution is shown in Figure 5. The result of the collision is affected by the magnitude of the effective coupling coefficients as well as the difference in energy between the channels. We have averaged the results over the rapid oscillations of the Bessel functions involved in the integral (11). We find that in both cases the distribution of reaction products is rather broad and favors the nearby states, in agreement with the classical trajectory calculations [16]. Due to the large number of available product states, the total inelastic collision cross section follows the universal [PERSON] prediction \(\sigma_{\rm re}=2\pi\sqrt{\frac{C_{4}}{E}}\). We have checked that as long as the collision energy \(E\lesssim 10^{3}E^{\star}\) (\(\approx\)\(k_{B}\times 100\mu\)K for Rb) the product distribution does not change significantly.
# Multilayer Bolometric Structures for Efficient Wideband Communication Signal Reception
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, our investigation delved into the absorption of GHz signals in structures comprising a single conducting layer in conjunction with a dielectric plate or a pair of such layers, both theoretically and experimentally. Notably, we observed the presence of resonance absorption, characterized by broadening and the emergence of a split absorption peak in the double-layer structure.  
The proposed technique enables wideband signal reception. The proposed structure, with only four layers, covers the entire n77 band of 5G NR, from 3300 to 4200 MHz. Note that the signals received by quantum bits based on Josephson nanostructures tend to be in the same frequency range. The experimentally confirmed non-uniformity of the frequency response for this band is 1 dB, which is sufficient for communications applications. The inclusion of additional layers further extends the efficient frequency band. The proposed dielectric-semiconductor flip increases the overall efficiency enough to compensate for the electromagnetic energy loss in numerous layers.  
Thus, the proposed structure increases the frequency bandwidth while compensating for the loss in efficiency due to the absorption of the additional layers. The resulting sensor can have quite good bandwidth and efficiency, comparable to the resonant one.  
Conceptualization, N.V.K., M.V.T. and D.S.Y.; software, investigation, visualization, A.V.B. and A.E.S.; experiment, P.A.T.; formal analysis, A.M.P., A.V.B. and N.V.K.; writing--original draft preparation, M.V.T. and N.V.K.; writing--review and editing, A.M.P., N.V.K. and D.S.Y.; project administration, M.V.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
[PERSON] thanks the Foundation for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics \"BASIS\" (grant 22-1-3-16-1). [PERSON] thanks the Foundation for Scholarships of the RF President SP-3120.2022.3. The problem of \"stitching\" fields in multilayer heterostructures has been investigated with the support of the Russian Science Foundation project, No. 20-12-00130 [[https://rscf.ru/project/20-12-00130/](https://rscf.ru/project/20-12-00130/)]([https://rscf.ru/project/20-12-00130/](https://rscf.ru/project/20-12-00130/)) (accessed on 14 June 2023). The work of [PERSON] was supported by ANR JCJC (HECTOR 308 ANR-21-CE47-0002-01) and by Thales through a Co-fund PhD fellowship.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.