# A Lifestyle-Based Perspective on the Mobility Choices and Preferences of Urban Travelers
## 2 Lifestyle in Travel Behavior Research
The identification of population segments based on attitudinal characteristics and segmentation analysis to identify diversities in travel behavior was also conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16]. Their factor analysis included variables related to travelers' specific attitudes toward the mode used for their commute (i.e., feeling of freedom and comfort with the mode used): general attitudes toward the trip itself (i.e., I travel to visit new places/to think/to relax); the importance of a specific trip's characteristics (i.e., speed, cost, comfort); personality traits (i.e., I prefer to stay at home); specific attitudes toward time saving in the most frequent trips and general attitudes toward the willingness to pay (i.e., to reduce air pollution and noise). Based on six factors generated, they identified four distinct travelers' profiles, namely: \"travel pleasure addicts\", \"paying ecologists\", \"time addicts\" and \"timeservers\". Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics and other attitudes across the segments enabled the authors to assess willingness for modal shift and inform sustainable policy making. The term \"mobility style\" was also widely used in relation to lifestyle. According to [PERSON] [17], lifestyle represents habitual practices that manifest in various moments of everyday life (i.e., consumption habits, leisure preferences), but it is \"mobility style\" (a subset of lifestyle) that captures the patterns and preferences related to an individual's travel behavior. [PERSON] applied factor and cluster analysis to identify seven mobility styles, which were found to significantly correlate with various sociodemographic variables (i.e., car ownership and household characteristics), urban form elements and leisure travel behavior (number of leisure trips, mode choice and distances travelled by car). Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] examined mobility styles to understand how behavior can change toward sustainable travel. Their segmentation analysis was two-fold: the first focused on actual daily travel behavior, while the second examined attitudes toward sustainability and transport modes. They found that in many cases, clusters based on behavior corresponded to those based on attitudes. In more recent research on mobility styles and affinity for public transport, [PERSON] et al. considered factors such as environmental consciousness and love for personal motorized mobility for investigating the adoption of public transport under different fare strategies [19]. Although their analysis goes beyond traditional determinants of public transport ridership, they ultimately segmented their sample population into more typical clusters of PT users and Car lovers while also considering traditional socioeconomic factors (i.e., gender, education, income, type of household) within each cluster. The segmentation studies mentioned above share some of the objectives of our work, particularly in moving beyond the traditional sociodemographic characteristics to understand how individual's lifestyles, attitudes and values shape their travel behavior and mode preferences. However, their clustering approach differs from ours. For example, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] focused more on attitudes toward the mode or the trip itself; [PERSON] emphasized leisure activities and their objective, frequency, and attributes of mode use [17], while [PERSON] [15] relied primarily on behavioral (modal-based) clustering. This distinction enabled us to develop a unique, to our knowledge, segmentation approach, which is based on attitudinal statements not directly related to travel or travel modes.