## 2 Related Works
Since today's challenges of green logistics require combining different modes of transport, supply chain management depends on demand [33]. Logistics service providers (3 PL) must effectively use real-time information and integrate new technologies into their activities. As a result, synchronous logistics has evolved to improve supply chain resilience, cooperation with stakeholders, and optimal use of resources [34]. Customers, freight forwarders, 3 PL, 4 PL, and terminal operators are involved in the transportation of goods. The following key elements and groups of technologies with a significant impact have been identified in such multimodal transportation [35]:  
* Networking groups: cooperation and trust; developed design; information and communication technologies;
* Physical infrastructure;
* Legal and political system;
* Consciousness and thought in price/service;
* Technology groups: traceability; advanced systems; data analysis; optimization; models; integration platforms. Forwarding systems with contextual data have better forecast accuracy, reach, and customer satisfaction. However, using the traditional contextual system has its drawbacks in some areas. For example, in logistics distribution, a traditional contextual framework cannot adapt to the multifaceted, complex, and dynamic context of supply chain logistics, and there is a lack of contextual risk management and traceability [36]. This research has made significant progress in multimodal freight transport to better understand various aspects, such as vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2S), intelligent transport systems (ITS), and vehicle transition networks (VANET). However, in order to improve the efficiency, sustainability, and integration of multimodal freight transport systems, fundamental shortcomings and challenges need to be addressed. 1. _Limited contextual data integration_. Much of this research has focused on communication protocols and improving traffic compliance in certain modes of transport, such as roads and railways. For example, the readiness of V2V communications is emphasized in [1], and the operation of communication technologies such as IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2V for connected vehicles are studied in [3]. While this study provides valuable insights, to the importance of integrating contextual data between different modes of transportation is often overlooked. The lack of a coherent system that provides basic information on different modes of transport, such as weather conditions and congestion, limits the effectiveness of these technologies in the real world. 2. _Focus on each mode_. Studies provided by [2] have made progress in monitoring traffic and identifying incidents via VANET in certain modes of transport. However, this study focuses on single-method systems and does not take into account the complex interactions between different modes of transport in multimodal logistics. The full use of multimodal networks is hampered by the lack of a comprehensive approach that takes into account interdependencies and modal shifts (e.g., from rail to road). 3. _Disadvantages of sustainable multimodal integration_. Although to some extent the focus is on sustainable development, such as the sustainable development of the European Union. The aim to integrate the function of a multi-criteria decision support system with advanced service infrastructure for sustainable intermodal freight transport is stated in [4], and these efforts are often fragmented. The integration of sustainable practices into different practices is not always sufficiently taken into account, especially in terms of real-time governance and coordination. Studies [6] and [36] highlighted best practices in sustainable logistics, but there is no comprehensive framework for implementing these practices in all types of multimodal transport systems. 2. _Untapped new technologies_. Despite technological developments such as the Internet of Things, wireless sensor networks, and contextual systems, their use for multimodal freight transport is limited.