## 1 Introduction  
For the last decades, the efficient management of supply chains has become a critical task for surviving worldwide competition, considering various customer's behaviors and preferences and diverse national regulations. In addition, due to the continuous advancement in technology and the Internet, the number and the size of companies based on an online platform's business model continue to increase [1], expending their revenues by offering a variety of products and shifting customers' shopping habits. For example, online shopping is estimated to represent 13.6% of the retail market worldwide in 2019, 34.1% and 21.8% in China and the UK, respectively [2]. Nowadays, multinational companies tend to expand their market reach by employing a variety of distribution channels offering customers the choice of buying products from several available sellers [3]. Thus, enhancing the performance of dual-channel and multi-channel supply chains represent a major interest for managers and researchers. Furthermore, in the worldwide competition, implementing an appropriate pricing strategy is considered a primordial activity for businesses in order to expand their market by attracting new clients [4]. For instance, the influence of making more suitable pricing decisions on the demands and the profitability of real-life industries was examined in the case of Amazon [5], used cars [6], Netflix [7], the telecommunications industry [8], pharmaceuticals [9; 10], etc. Hence, investigating pricing decisions represents an indispensable task and a huge axis of interest not only for researchers, but also for small, medium and multinational firms. Moreover, designing and managing sustainable systems focus on enhancing the effectiveness of the environmental and economic challenges of supply chains [11] and the economic stability related to a sustainable infrastructure and energy projects [12]. As a matter of fact, the shift in customers' environmental concerns encouraged researchers and supply chain managers to adopt an efficient remanufacturing process, reducing the waste and costs related to manufacturing activities and enhancing competitiveness. For the last decades, environmental legislation has become more stringent, emphasizing the need for sustainable and circular supply chains. Therefore, numerous studies have explored the impact of remanufacturing activities on supply chains, addressing various configurations [13] and considering factors such as competition [14; 15]. Also, the collection mode of used products [16] and the environmental awareness related to remanufactured products [17] have been investigated. Hence, studying remanufacturing decisions constitute a major interest for researchers and managers of supply chains, encouraging the shift towards more sustainable systems. Also, several studies [18; 19; 20] have investigated the impact of remanufacturing activities on the pricing strategy and established a correlation between both decisions. Therefore, simultaneously examining the pricing and remanufacturing problem has attracted the attention of several researchers since it arises from the needs of real-life businesses of this era. Due to the high competition, proposing suitable prices is considered essential for increasing one's market share, since wisely managing pricing decisions represents the best strategy to attract new consumers [4]. As a consequence, the pricing problem is fairly well studied in the literature. For example, several studies have examined the remanufacturing and pricing problem for single-channel supply chains under linear pricing constraints [21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. A variety of assumptions are considered in these studies such as a short life cycle [21], after-sales services [22], different centralized and decentralized configurations [23; 24; 25; 26], sales and marketing efforts [23; 24], fuzzy demand [26] and customers' acceptance towards remanufactured products [27].