esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 THz Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing and Devices Based on ATR
### SPR Devices Based on Kretschmann Configuration  
The SPR coupling in the Kretschmann configuration was designed and numerically investigated [46]. In this structure, the SPP was excited on the interface between dielectric layer and PVDF. The sensitivity of the sensor was determined by the thickness of the PVDF and the sample. Another Kretschmann configuration (Figure 3c) that support two SPP modes coupling was invested [29]. The highest sensitivity of 730 RIU\({}^{-1}\) in gas detection can be obtained through this structure. The SPP excitation in this structure was mainly determined by the fermi energy level of graphene, thickness of PVDF and air (or coupling layer), and the layer number of graphene determines the coupling effects of the two SPP modes and finally affected the sensitivity. Both the Kretschmann and Otto configuration need to meet the momentum match condition, thus the effect of these two configurations are similar, with only differences in structures and materials between each other. The sensing methods above all are based on inducing THz waves with various incident angles at a certain frequency, which could be a challenge for their applications due to the optical path needed to be adjusted accordingly. Fixing the incident angle while using continuous-wave seems a better way to solve this problem.
# On a Novel Approach to Correcting Temperature Dependencies in Magnetic Observatory Data
## 3 Temperature Dependence in Data from the Saint Petersburg Observatory
### Temperature Dependence in November 2021 during a Magnetic Storm  
On 4-5 November 2021, there was a fairly strong geomagnetic storm, which was reflected by the value of the planetary geomagnetic activity index Dst = \(-\)105 nT. Figure 4 shows the G and temperature plots of the variometer sensor of the SPG observatory during this storm. It is evident from the figure that the change in G values during the magnetic storm was caused by nothing other than an increase in temperature in the variation pavilion.  
The INTERMAGNET requirements allowed a brief excess of the G threshold deviation of 0.5 nT during the geomagnetic storms. However, in this case, a segment with a peak amplitude of \(\sim\)3 nT had a long duration (more than 4 days). It was caused by a local temperature change rather than by rapid magnetic field variations during a geomagnetic storm. Accordingly, such data without temperature correction were not reliable.  
Figure 3: Graphs of G (blue) and the variometer sensor temperature (orange) based on 1-min data in June 2021. Vertical lines indicate moments of absolute measurements.
# Solving Integer Linear Programs by Exploiting Variable-Constraint Interactions: A Survey
## 2 Preliminaries
### Graphs  
We use standard graph terminology, see for instance [PERSON]'s handbook [13]. A graph \(G\) is a tuple \((V,E)\), where \(V\) or \(V(G)\) is the vertex set and \(E\) or \(E(G)\) is the edge set. A graph \(H\) is a subgraph of a graph \(G\), denoted \(H\subseteq G\), if \(H\) can be obtained by deleting vertices and edges from \(G\). All our graphs are simple and loopless.  
A _path_ from vertex \(v\) to vertex \(w\) in \(G\) is a sequence of pairwise distinct vertices \(v_{1},\ldots,v_{j}\) of \(G\) such that \(v=v_{1}\) and \(w=v_{j}\) and \(\{v_{i},v_{i+1}\}\in E(G)\) for every \(i\) with \(1\leq i<j\); and we define the _length_ of a path to be equal the number of vertices it contains (i.e., \(j\)). A _tree_ is a graph in which, for any two vertices \(v,w\in G\), there is precisely one unique path from \(v\) to \(w\); a tree is _rooted_ if it contains a specially designated vertex \(r\), the _root_. Given a vertex \(v\) in a tree \(G\) with root \(r\), the _parent_ of \(v\) is the unique vertex \(w\) with the property that \(\{v,w\}\) is the first edge on the path from \(v\) to \(r\).
# Anomaly Detection of Remote Sensing Images Based on the Channel Attention Mechanism and LRX
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis  
### Dataset  
The effectiveness of the proposed hyperspectral anomaly detection algorithm based on the channel attention mechanism and LRX is verified on three hyperspectral image datasets. A brief description of the three datasets is provided below.  
1. HYDICE urban dataset: The HYDICE urban dataset is widely used in hyperspectral anomaly detection and is acquired by the hyperspectral digital image acquisition experiment sensor. The original image size is \(307\times 307\times 210\). After removing noise and bands affected by water absorption, 160 bands were retained. In this paper, the original images are cropped to obtain a dataset with the size of \(80\times 100\times 160\). Figure 2 shows the visualization of HYDICE urban data and their corresponding ground truth. 2. AVIRIS airplane dataset: the AVIRIS aircraft dataset is acquired from the Infrared Imaging Spectrometer in San Diego, CA, USA. The AVIRIS airplane dataset has a spatial resolution of 20 m and a spectral resolution of 10 nm, with a spectral wavelength range from 370 nm to 2510 nm. The AVIRIS aircraft dataset has a spatial size of \(100\times 100\), with 224 bands. Considering the absorption region, low signal-to-noise ratio and damaged bands, 189 bands are reserved for experiments. Figure 3 illustrates the visualization of the AVIRIS airplane dataset and its corresponding ground truth. 3. Salinas Valley dataset: The Salinas Valley dataset captures an image of the Salinas Valley in California, USA, taken by the AVIRIS imaging spectrometer. The original image size is \(512\times 217\times 224\), and the dataset is cropped to obtain dimensions of \(180\times 180\times 224\). Figure 4 presents a visual display of the Salinas Valley dataset and its corresponding ground truth.  
Figure 2: (**a**) The pseudo-color image of HYDICE urban dataset. (**b**) The ground truth.
# Smart Building Surveillance System as Shared Sensory System for Localization of AGVs
## 2 Test Benches and Methods
### Simulation with Single Robot  
The concept was simulated and tested in an environment similar to that described in the previous chapter and as shown in Figure 4a. The cameras were deployed above the doors in a corridor. In the simulation, an AGV position was represented as a box with a 3D gridboard on top of it. The robot was moving along a trajectory loop under the cameras. The results of this simulation are supposed to provide an idea about how accurate the detection can be if the environmental conditions (sun light, reflections, artificial lightning, etc.) are ideal, secondly what impact the cameras resolution has on the detection. The crucial outcome is the comparison between accuracy and processing time when resolution differs. As the processing time, we understand the period when the OpenCV algorithm is analyzing an image that was previously captured and stored in a buffer as the most recent. The average processing time depends on the number of pixels and stays the same no matter if an analyzed image was captured in the simulation or real test.  
In Figure 4b-d, the images captured by all three cameras at the same time can be seen. The images were already processed, so the coordinate frame of the detected tag is visible. The resolution has an impact on a tag detection--higher resolution may detect a smaller (more distant) marker. The simulated resolutions for the chosen tags with dimensions of 70 \(\times\) 70 mm were:  
* 1920 \(\times\) 1080 px
* 1280 \(\times\) 720 px
* 640 \(\times\) 480 px
## 5 Results and Discussion
### RQ3: What Emerging Technologies Address Cyber-Attacks in the MSCN?  
During the SLR, the authors identified various emerging technologies used by MSCN agents to mitigate or prevent cyber-attacks. This section is divided into two parts: the first covers Industry 4.0 technologies already in use within the MSCN, while the second part explores newer trends that show significant potential for future applications in the MSCN.
## 3 Experimental Setup  
The energy analysis of the influence of the secondary system longitudinal tilt angle focuses on the cooling system, as the primary reflector system and the solar tracking system are considered to be the same and are, therefore, outside the scope of this energy analysis.  
An experimental setup was designed and constructed to investigate the consequences of the longitudinal inclination of the secondary system on the efficiency of an \(LCPV\) system. The experimental data were obtained considering all relevant parameters influencing the overall efficiency of the \(SSLFR\) secondary system. These parameters are (i) the longitudinal tilt angle of the secondary system, (ii) the dissipated thermal power, (iii) the wind speed, and (iv) the ambient temperature. The width and length of the cooling system and the insulation of the secondary system remained constant throughout the study. Comprehensive experiments were carried out to analyse the behaviour of the secondary system.
## 1 Introduction
was developed and validated by [21], while a parametric study evaluating the effect of operating and design variables can be found in [22]. Another way to reduce the volume of absorption chillers is increasing the mass and heat transfer rates by adding nanoparticles to the solution. Some researchers have experimentally studied the enhancement of mass and heat transfer using nanoparticles, but most of them in the absorber, and very few using the H\({}_{2}\)O-LiBr solution [23; 24; 25]. Related to desorption processes and the H\({}_{2}\)O-LiBr solution, the authors of [25] measured the heat transfer coefficient during boiling and the critical heat flux obtained when Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles were added. They obtained a reduction in the heat transfer coefficient and a growth in the critical heat flux of the nanofluid with respect to the base fluid when the concentration of nanoparticles was increased. The authors of [26] added iron oxide nanoparticles to the H\({}_{2}\)O-LiBr solution. The experiments showed that sensible and latent heats transferred to the solution from a solar simulator were enhanced in the nanofluid. In addition to this, the increasing rate of sensible heat was lower than that of latent heat when the nanoparticles content was increased. The most recent work about desorption was developed by [27], using multiwall carbon nanotubes and carbon black (CB). The solar desorption experiment showed that the nanosolution containing up to 0.01% of CB nanoparticles increases the steam generation rate with respect to the pure H\({}_{2}\)O-LiBr solution, indicating its potential for use in direct solar absorption refrigeration systems. The previous literature review shows the increased interest in improving the performance of desorbers used in absorption cooling chiller in two ways: using membrane-based components and adding nanoparticles to the base solution. The review also shows that a limited number of works have been developed up to now on membrane-based desorbers and only three related to desorption processes using nanoparticles and the H\({}_{2}\)O-LiBr solution. The present research focuses on the use of a membrane desorber of rectangular microchannels and nanoparticles added to the H\({}_{2}\)O-LiBr solution. Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), CuO, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanoparticles are employed to enhance the desorption rates in the desorber. Nanofluids effect is assessed using concentration of nanoparticles up to 5% in volume. The performance of a single effect solar absorption cooling system incorporating the membrane-based desorber, H\({}_{2}\)O-LiBr nanoparticles in the absorption chiller, and a flat plate thermal collector is evaluated.
# A Survey on Shortest Unique Substring Queries
## 4 Interval-SUS Queries  
In this section, we discuss a generalization of position-\(\mathsf{SUS}\) problem which is defined as follows:  
Problem 2: Interval \(\mathsf{SUS}\) Queries  
Input: String \(\mathcal{S}[1,n]\) and a query interval \([s,t]\in[1,n]\).  
Output: All \(\mathsf{SUS}\)s of \(\mathcal{S}\) containing \([s,t]\)
```
1234567891012131451878189321
```  
Example 2: Given \(\mathcal{S}=\)\(\mathsf{caabaddaacaddaaaabac}\) and an interval query position \([14,16]\), we need to find a shortest substring \(\mathcal{S}[i,j]\), with exactly one occurrence in \(\mathcal{S}\) such that \(i\leq 14<16\leq j\). The output here is \(\mathcal{S}[14,17]=daa\) which includes \(\mathcal{S}[14,16]=daa\) and it does not have any other occurrence in \(\mathcal{S}\).
## 7 Conclusions  
Multi-band integrated design is currently one of the important means for space remote sensing cameras to expand the observation spectrum, improve observation capabilities and environmental adaptability. Based on the coaxial reflection system, this paper designs a compact visible light and long-wave infrared dual-band integrated space remote sensing camera. The camera can simultaneously obtain information in the visible and near-infrared bands of 450-900 nm and the long-wave infrared bands of 7700-10,500 nm. The two bands share the primary and secondary mirrors of the system, and the band separation is achieved through a separate field of view design. This design can make full use of the space on the back of the main lens, which greatly reduces the size of the camera. In this paper, the two-band subsystems are designed and simulated separately, and the imaging quality is good, and the MTF value of the system is close to the diffraction limit. In addition, this article further analyzes the error produced in the process of camera processing and adjustment, as well as the impact of environmental temperature changes on the image quality of the system. Finally, this article analyzes the reflective surface film of the system, and calculates the optical transmittance of each subsystem. After analysis, the integrated design of this article has good image quality and meets the expected requirements.  
Conceptualization, X.F. and R.L.; methodology, G.Z. and R.L.; software, G.Z. and R.L.; validation, X.F., L.F. and R.L.; formal analysis, G.Z. and R.L.; investigation, R.L.; resources, X.F.; data curation, R.L.; writing--original draft preparation, R.L.; writing--review and editing, X.F. and L.F.; visualization, R.L.; supervision, X.F. and G.Z.; project administration, X.F.; funding acquisition, X.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 7 Discussion and Open Questions
### Risk Analysis in Digital Twin-Based Validation Frameworks
#### 7.4.5 Risk Mitigation Strategies
This approach is particularly suited for hybrid SiL/HiL/DT validation environments, where conventional Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) may be either premature or computationally impractical due to dynamic model granularity, variable abstraction layers, and evolving requirement sets. The 1-5 scale corresponds to defined bins of probability and consequence thresholds adopted from ISO 31010 [53]-aligned risk matrices. As the DT validation process matures, this framework can be extended to integrate more formalized risk estimation models. Mitigation strategies outline targeted technical and organizational measures designed to reduce the occurrence or consequences of each risk. These mitigations represent best practices and industry standards tailored to the unique challenges posed by virtual and hybrid validation environments. High-risk areas such as model fidelity and cybersecurity require proactive management strategies, including rigorous model validation, continuous synchronization, and robust security protocols. Medium-risk categories underscore the need for integrated requirements management and operational safeguards. By quantitatively prioritizing risks, this approach supports the development of targeted mitigation plans, enhancing the safety, reliability, and regulatory compliance of automotive lighting systems validated via DT, SiL, and HiL technologies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Risk Category** & **Likelihood (I–5)** & **Impact (I–5)** & **Risk Score (L \(\times\) D)** & **Risk Level** & **Mitigation Strategies** \\ \hline Model fidelity and validation gaps & 3 & 5 & 15 & High & Rigorous model validation with empirical data; continuous model updates; extensive coverage of edge cases and scenarios \\ \hline Traceability and requirement coverage & 3 & 3 & 9 & Medium & Robust requirements management systems; maintain end-to-end traceability; automated test mapping \\ \hline Cybersecurity in connected DTs & 3 & 5 & 15 & high & Cybersecurity-by-design; encrypted communications; access control; intrusion detection aligned with ISO/SAE 1234 \\ \hline Operational and deployment risks & 4 & 3 & 12 & Medium-high & Validate telemetry data integrity; adaptive model updating; fail-safe procedures for anomaly detection \\ \hline Risk mitigation strategy effectiveness & 2 & 4 & 8 & Medium & Continuous process improvement; regular audits; integration of cross-functional teams to enforce mitigation adherence \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Categorization and management of risks in digital twin implementation.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Photoluminescence Properties
Then, we can assume that there is no nitridation effect or any radiative defect formation in the Si-NC/SiO\({}_{2}\) interface for embedded films. This is confirmed by the absence of emission bands related to Si-O defects [23]. It is possible that thermal annealing in nitrogen passivates the non-radiative centers around the Si-NCs, showing only the PL emission from Si-NCs [4; 19]. This passivation effect increases the PL intensity from the red Si-NCs, but reduces that from the blue ones. This is also corroborated by the shift of the IR stretching peak towards higher wavenumbers and the reduced intensity of the peak at 1200 cm\({}^{-1}\) after thermal annealing, forming a well-defined shoulder in the asymmetric stretching peak (Figure 6c,d). This behavior allows for arguing that the PL emission of the embedded films is mainly due to the contribution of Si-NCs. It is well known that the films with Si-NCs obtained externally to the dielectric film are highly dependent on the way they were mixed with the SOG solution. The experimental evidence presented here shows that when the Si-NCs are embedded in the dielectric matrix, the interfaces between the Si and the SiO\({}_{2}\) are well defined, and even after high temperature treatments, there are no chemical interactions between the silicon and its surroundings. This is corroborated by other authors who observed a quenching of PL after thermal annealing [27]. However, when the Si-NCs are coated (as opposed to embedded) by the SOG, and then annealed, the SiO\({}_{2}\) flows around the Si-NCs, promoting the formation of silicon-oxide bonds. Then, a sintered type of core elemental silicon surrounded by a shell of non-stoichiometric oxide is obtained. The off-stoichiometric oxide contains silicon defects, which are luminescent under excitation. In this paper, after 1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C annealing, the samples show an emission shift toward a range around 500 nm regardless of the Si-NC size. However, other emission ranges can be obtained when the same type of samples are subjected to different annealing conditions [29]. Therefore, in order to obtain efficient Si light emitters using nanocrystals externally acquired, the results indicate that it is better to cover them with the dielectric matrix and apply a thermal treatment.
## 5 Cost Analysis of Multi-Level Charging Station Infrastructure  
The cost estimation of the system depends on various factors for example the set-up city location, government norms in that area, the sizing of the system, etc. In the below table we have taken the location as Jaipur city and we have taken our base case as the minimum infrastructure (charger connectors) suggested by the government of India (Table 3).  
From Tables 3 and 4, the total cost of setting up the charging station can be divided into two parts. The first is the capital cost (CAPEX) as shown in Table 3 which is the one-time fixed cost and the second one is the operational cost (OPEX) as shown in Table 4. The CAPEX comes out to be around Rs. 2,955,000 and the OPEX comes out to be around Rs. 972,000.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Service** & **Cost in Indian Rupees** \\ \hline Technician’s charges & 150,000 for 6 months \\ \hline Site maintenance staff & 180,000 per year \\ \hline Land lease rental (50,000 per month) & 600,000 per year \\ \hline Advertising (3000 per month) & 36,000 per year \\ \hline Total cost & 972,000 + EVSE software fees for 1 st year. \\ \hline Total cost & 822,000 + EVSE software fees for 2 nd year \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: OPEX: Cost estimation of the proposed multi-level charging infrastructure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Charger** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Number of** \\ **Chargers in** \\ **PCS** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Power** \\ **Output** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Approx. Cost in** \\ **Indian Rupees** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Number of EVs That** \\ **Can Be Charged** \\ **Simulataneously** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum Power** \\ **Sold to EVs per Day** \\ **(24 h/day) kWh** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline CCS & 1 & 50 kW & 72,500 & 1 & 1200 \\ \hline CHAdeMO & 1 & 50 kW & 72,500 & 1 & 1200 \\ \hline Type 2 AC & 1 & 22 kW & 12,500 & 1 & 528 \\ \hline Bharat DC-001 & 1 & 15 kW & 24,000 & 1 & 360 \\ \hline Bharat AC-001 & 1 & 9.9 kW & 7000 & 3 & 237.6 \\ \hline Swap station & - & - & - & - & 360 \\ \hline New electricity & & & & & \\ connection (2 SO KVA), & & & & & \\ Transformer, Cabling, Panels, Breakers, and & & & & & \\ Energy meter & & & & & \\ \hline Civil works (Flooring, & & & & \\ painting, Boards, & - & - & 750,000 & - & - \\ Branding, & & & & & \\ Shed/covers, etc. & & & & & \\ \hline EVSE Management & & & & & \\ Software-integration & - & - & 40,000 & - & - \\ with chargers and & & & & & \\ payment gateway & & & & & \\ \hline CCTV Camera Setup & - & - & 30,000 & - & - \\ \hline Total CAPEX & - & - & 2,955,000 & - & 3885.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: CAPEX: Cost estimation of the proposed multi-level charging infrastructure.