# Earth Observation and Biodiversity Big Data for Forest Habitat Types Classification and Mapping
## 3 Results
### Classification
#### 3.2.2 Supervised Machine Learning Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Map Class**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Reference Class**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **T31** & **T32** & **T33** & **T34** & **T36** & **T37** & **T3A** & **T3C** & **Sum** & **UA (SE)** \\ \hline
**T31** & **44** & 17 & 0 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 65 & 67.7 (0.06) \\
**T32** & 9 & **46** & 0 & 2 & 6 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 63 & 65.7 (0.06) \\
**T33** & 0 & 0 & 21 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 25 & 84 (0.07) \\
**T34** & 8 & 3 & 0 & 25 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 37 & 73.5 (0.08) \\
**T36** & 3 & 4 & 0 & 3 & **34** & 0 & 0 & 0 & 44 & 75.6 (0.06) \\
**T37** & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & **10** & 0 & 1 & 12 & 90.9 (0.11) \\
**T3A** & 1 & 0 & 3 & 0 & 4 & 0 & 53 & 1 & 62 & 94.6 (0.05) \\
**T3C** & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 10 & 11 & 76.9 (0.09) \\ \hline
**Sum** & 65 & 70 & 25 & 34 & 45 & 11 & 56 & 13 & **OA (SE)** 76.2\% (5.86) \\ \hline
**PA (SE)** & 67.7 (0.04) & 73 (0.04) & 84 (0.04) & 67.6 (0.11) & 77.3 (0.09) & 83.3 (0.36) & 85.5 (0.31) & 90.9 (0.19) & **Kappa** 0.72 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Confusion matrix of RF result for the needleleaved forest habitat type EUNIS III level classification. T31: temperate mountain _Pica_ forest, T32: temperate mountain _Abies_ forest, T33: mediterranean mountain _Abies_ forest, T34: temperate subalpine _Larix_, _P. _cembra_ and _P. _unicinate_ forest, T36: temperate and sub-mediterranean montane _P. sylvestris–P. nigra_ forest, T37: mediterranean montane _P. sylvestris–P. nigra_ forest, T3A: mediterranean lowland to submontane _Pinus_ forest, T3C: T. _hucca_ forest. OA: Overall Accuracy, PA: Producer’s Accuracy, UA: User’s Accuracy, SE: Standard Error. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Map Class**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Reference Class**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **T11** & **T15** & **T17** & **T18** & **T19** & **T1A** & **T1B** & **T1C** & **T1D** & **T1E** & **T1F** & **T1G** & **Sum** & **UA (SE)** \\ \hline
**T19** & 13 & 6 & 20 & 0 & 206 & 54 & 2 & 0 & 3 & 17 & 8 & 6 & 335 & 73.3 (0.03) \\
**T1A** & 6 & 0 & 3 & 0 & 30 & 87 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 130 & 58.8 (0.04) \\
**T1B** & 3 & 1 & 2 & 0 & 2 & 0 & 9 & 0 & 2 & 2 & 0 & 21 & 39.1 (0.11) \\
**T1C** & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & **2** & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 6 & 33.3 (0.21) \\
**T1D** & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 3 & 40 (0.33) \\
**T1E** & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & **5** & 1 & 0 & 10 & 16.1 (0.10) \\
**T1F** & 0 & 3 & 6 & 2 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 3 & **11** & 0 & 30 & 23.4 (0.09) \\
**T1G** & 1 & 0 & 10 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 20 & 36 & 62.5 (0.08) \\ \hline
**Sum** & 71 & 40 & 417 & 45 & 281 & 148 & 23 & 6 & 5 & 31 & 47 & 32 & **OA (SE)** 67.6\% (1.50) \\ \hline
**PA** & 63.2 & 71 & 79.5 & 44.7 & 61.5 & 66.9 & 42.9 & 33.3 & 66.7 & 50 & 36.7 & 55.6 & \\
**(SE)** & (0.16) & (1.23) & (0.00) & (0.23) & (0.01) & (0.07) & (0.69) & (0.78) & (13.03) & (0.77) & (0.26) & (0.65) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._elevation; pH index; and, annual cumulated rainfall. The variables with high Gini index values were latitude and distance from river network for T1 and T2 forest habitat-types, respectively (see Figure 4). Even for the T3 habitat-type EUNIS III level classification, the most important variables were: distance from shoreline; soil organic carbon stock; annual cumulated rainfall and normalized annual average air temperature; Sentinel-2 MSI LAI value at yearly month 05; absolute depth to bedrock; annual standard deviation LAI; and, distance from river network (see Figure 4). The following figures show the results of the projected classified map of forest habitat for the entire of Italy (Figure 5) and at local resolution (Figure 6), within the forest mask at the EUNIS III level T1-3. Figure A1 also shows pictures of woodland landscapes according to: T1 Broadleaved Deciduous (Figure A1 panel a); T2 Broadleaved Evergreen (Figure A1 panel b); and, T3 needleleaved forest habitat type (Figure A1 panel c).