# Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review of Its Benefits and Challenges in E-learning Contexts
## Augmented Reality
### The Role of Robotics in AR-Based Learning  
As the field of robotics continues to grow tremendously, scholars have attempted to explore how robotics technology can combine with a number of other innovative technologies to improve usability and operational efficiency. In this study, [20] explored the use of robotics in the education of primary-school-age learners, aiming to shed light on planning applications about robotics in Turkey. The researchers also aimed to help these learners get close to robotics and AR technology. In this context, their exploration was supported by the AR robotics construction programming for both fourth and fifth-grade learners. The findings of this study demonstrate that robotics in AR-based learning can improve learning outcome, but it is vital to identify different application methods to enhance learners' motivation and enable the use of robotics that fits their creative skills. The scholars also suggest that there is a need for teacher training to enable the effective combination of AR with robotics. The researchers point out further exploration is necessitated, especially starting from elementary schools to students at the university level. Correspondingly, [21] consider robotics as a flexible medium for learning, offering opportunities for design and construction, particularly with limited time and funds. According to the researchers, the new versions of education robotics technologies allow learners to control the behavior of tangible models by means of other technologies such as VR and AR. This enables the possibility of new forms of science experiments, where learners, even in kindergarten, can investigate everyday phenomena [21]. Ref. [22] make a similar observation in their study involving 300 students in secondary school. In this study, the researchers explore the effectiveness of Vollstedt, a LEGO Robotics Learning program for high school students. Their findings suggest that, when utilizing this application in an AR learning environment, the interest of the students and knowledge of mathematics, engineering, technology, and science increased considerably. Similarly, [23] created a robotics education application called FASTBOT to allow students to make better decisions regarding their future careers. The tool allows students to program, find solutions to given tasks, and apply their knowledge in combination with programming. The results suggest that that the robotics systems can allow students to become more aware of their capabilities, enable effective problem solving, and enhance effectiveness in working towards the desired results in their robotic interactions. In addition, this research suggests that robotics applications such as FASTBOT can be effective in enabling students to understand better different aspects of mathematics, technology, and science. Based on the overview of these studies, it is apparent that both AR and robotics can benefit each other in terms of increasing usability and operational efficiency. Most of the studies presented here highlight the key roles and contributions of robotics in an AR-based education system. There are others, however, that explore and document the application of AR in robotics, where AR acts as a new medium for interaction and information exchange with the capability to enhance the effectiveness of the human-robot interaction (HRI) [24] The combination of robotics and AR can allow students to learn complicated academic aspects, especially in sciences such as biology, mathematics, and chemistry, and is particularly useful in medical procedures [25; 26] When applied to the field of education, robotics can change the way learners learn and, in turn, create a more motivated, knowledgeable, and well-adjusted student. Further, in the face of teacher shortage, educators and their institutions are turning to AR-powered robotics to provide instruction and educational support. This is especially fundamental in teaching students with disabilities, an area that is seen to have a personnel shortage.