# A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Predictive Techniques, and Control Strategies of Rockburst
## 6 Rockburst Prevention and Control
### Rock Support in Burst-Prone Ground  
Stress-induced rock failure and fracturing are inevitable as mining and underground structures move deeper, and in rare cases, they can cause rockbursts. Rockbursts can occur in hard rock mines and civil tunnels worldwide and are linked to stress changes after excavation. The occurrence of rockbursts is categorized as either a strainburst or a fault-slip burst depending on the triggering mechanism. The typical damage from rockbursts in underground excavations includes stress-induced rock fracturing, roof and sidewall bulging, floor heaving, rock shearing, block ejection, and seismically induced ground fall. Designing ground support for dynamic conditions involves considering uncertainties in loading circumstances, rock mass variations, rock mass behavior, and ground support performance [189]. There are various methods for selecting adequate dynamic ground support, including deterministic methods such as in the _Canadian Rockburst Support Handbook_ and the kinetic and potential energy calculation method [7; 30; 190; 191; 192], which are based on the assessment of energy absorption capacity and make assumptions about dynamic mechanisms. Table 9 lists the principal rockburst prevention and control strategies used in several mines and tunnels. Figure 14: Control measures for rockbursts [11]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{85.4 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Rock Types** & **Location** & **Buried Depth/m** & **Main Prevention and Control Measures** \\ \hline Skarn & Dongguashan Copper Mine [193] & 800–1150 & Optimize mining method, sequence and parameters, monitoring, flexible support \\ \hline Diorite & Erdaogou Gold Mine [194] & 1050 & Improve mining technology and methods, optimize mining sequence and support \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Rockburst prevention and control in different locations and rock types. [PERSON] (2010) conducted numerical studies to examine the impact of neighboring weak geological formations on rockbursts in tunnels subjected to static and dynamic loads. The presence of discontinuities around tunnels led to increased velocity and kinetic energy released during rock failure, making it more violent. Rock support in rockburst-prone areas should ideally balance the stiffness and yielding properties of support elements to provide stiffness when necessary and yielding when required (202). As shown in Figure 15, [PERSON] (203) outlined four crucial elements to provide a reliable support system in burst-prone areas:  
* To control the bulking process and prevent crack spreading, reinforce the marginally stable rock mass to strengthen it. * To prevent critical block failure and unraveling, maintain damaged and fractured rock. * By using deformation-compliant support components, return the reinforced rock and retaining system to a stable state. * To ensure system stability, connect holding and retaining components. To build an effective support system in rockburst-prone areas, understanding the four key functions of each support component is essential. Though some components may play multiple roles, it is crucial to identify their strengths and weaknesses (204). The weakest link in a support system under dynamic loading is often the surface support or the connection between the surface support and reinforcement. The ideal surface support should have high initial stiffness to reduce rock fracturing and bulking, and then shift to yielding as deformation progresses. Fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) has been shown to have this capability under static conditions in high-stress environments.