# Obstacle Crossing in Older Adults with Total Knee Arthroplasty at the Initial Swing Phase
## 3 Results
### Toe Clearance Height and Toe Trajectory of Crossing Obstacle with Different Heights
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**TKA Patients**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CG**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Group Comparisons (\(p\)-Value)**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-9}  & **T1 (\(n\) = 20)** & **T2 (\(n\) = 19)** & **T3 (\(n\) = 17)** & **(\(n\) = 20)** & **T1-CG** & **T3-CG** & **T1-T2-T3** \\ \hline KOOS (range 0–100) & & & & & & & \\ Symptoms & 75.35 (13.11) & 85.79 (10.31) & 91.18 (5.64) & - & - & - & T1-T3 = 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\  & & & & & & & T1-T2 = 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\ Pain & 71.20 (13.95) & 93.16 (6.92) & 96.18 (4.93) & - & - & - & T1-T3 = 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\  & & & & & & & T2-T3 = 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\ ADL & 66.60 (14.14) & 83.26 (10.25) & 87.82 (6.72) & - & - & - & T1-T2 = 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\ Sports/recreation & 21.00 (13.63) & 31.05 (11.62) & 25.59 (8.64) & - & - & - & 0.065 \\ Quality of life & 41.35 (16.33) & 83.31 (13.05) & 82.47 (12.11) & - & - & - & T1-T2 = 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\ Spatiotemporal-affected side & & & & & & & & T1-T3 = 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\ Gait speed (m/s) & 0.61 (0.13) & 0.61 (0.12) & 0.73 (0.12) & 1.03 (0.16) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & T2-T3 = 0.005 \({}^{*}\) \\ Stride width (m) & 0.13 (0.05) & 0.12 (0.03) & 0.16 (0.14) & 0.09 (0.02) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.028 \({}^{*}\) & 0.267 \\ Stride length (m) & 0.79 (0.23) & 0.82 (0.13) & 0.90 (0.10) & 1.11 (0.11) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.176 \\ Step length (m) & 0.40 (0.09) & 0.42 (0.08) & 0.44 (0.08) & 0.56 (0.06) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.495 \\ TC of the swing phase (cm) & 2.50 (0.71) & 2.77 (1.03) & 2.43 (0.72) & 2.22 (0.67) & 0.199 & 0.347 & 0.187 \\ Joint angle in sagittal plane & & & & & & & \\ at the time of TC (degree) & & & & & & & \\ Hip flexion & 18.81 (7.93) & 14.20 (8.27) & 13.21 (6.95) & 23.53 (7.07) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & T1-T2 = 0.030 \({}^{*}\) \\ Knee flexion & 39.10 (5.06) & 35.85 (4.62) & 38.37 (6.93) & 48.65 (7.30) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.464 \\ Ankle dorsiflexion & 4.01 (5.06) & 3.34 (4.62) & 2.25 (5.70) & 2.77 (3.74) & 0.682 & 0.692 & 0.386 \\ Knee active joint position & & & & & & & \\ sense (degree), affected side & & & & & & & \\ Absolute error at 15\({}^{\circ}\) & 6.49 (2.47) & 5.09 (2.41) & 5.24 (2.55) & 4.94 (3.15) & 0.093 & 0.756 & 0.267 \\ Lower limb strength & & & & & & & \\ (Kgf/BW), affected side & & & & & & & \\ Knee extensor strength & 0.26 (0.09) & 0.20 (0.07) & 0.23 (0.08) & 0.50 (0.13) & 0.000 \({}^{*}\) & 0.000 \({}^{*}\) & 0.50 \\ Knee flexor strength & 0.12 (0.04) & 0.11 (0.03) & 0.11 (0.03) & 0.20 (0.05) & 0.000 \({}^{*}\) & 0.000 \({}^{*}\) & 0.690 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values are reported as mean \(\pm\) SD \({}^{*}\) Significance value set at \(p\) < 0.05. T1—preoperative; T2—at 3 months; T3—at 6 months; CG—control group. Kgf/Bw = Kilogram-force/bodyweight.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Clinical and gait parameters obtained from TKA patients at the level walk. there were significant differences in the toe trajectory between preoperative and the TKA at three-month groups while crossing 5 cm obstacle (0.40 \(\pm\) 0.15 vs. 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.23, \(p\) = 0.034).