esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Reliability Modeling of NLG EmergencyExtension
### Working Principle of Emergency Extension  
Landing gear generally consists of a retractable actuator, lock mechanism, shock absorber strut, cabin door driving mechanism, and so forth. The doors and retraction mechanism of landing gear are mechanically linked. In the case of an emergency, the emergency extension crank is rotated by the emergency extension cable mechanism to overcome the spring force of the lock and to realize the unlocking. Subsequently, under gravity and other external forces, the shock absorber strut of the landing gear is lowered to a specific position to lock the lower-lock, so that the emergency extension process is completed. In line with the function and geometrical analyses of emergency extension, the normal operation of the NLG mechanism is correlated with landing gear gravity, door gravity, aerodynamic force, damping force, unlocking force, and locking spring force. Figure 1 shows the structure diagram of NLG emergency extension.  
Figure 1: Structure diagram of emergency extension.  
In respect to Figure 1, the process of emergence extension is described as follows. The landing gear is lowered and rotated around the strut rotation axis. When the landing gear is lowered, the shock absorber strut rotates around the strut rotation axis. The rocker arm 2-3 is driven by the connecting rod 1-2. The rocker arms 2-3 and 3-4 are rigid structures and move together. Then the connecting rod 5-6 isdriven by the connecting rod 4-5. The rocker arm 6-7 moves with the rocker 5-6, and the rocking arm 7-8 is carried by the connecting rod 6-7. In this time, the NLG is lowered and the forward door of the landing gear is opened. Obviously, the parts 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 together constitute the driving mechanism of the forward door. For the complex driving mechanism analysis of the forward door, the driving mechanism was reduced as a planar four-link mechanism [21] and spatial four-link mechanism [22] for movement reliability analyses with acceptable accuracy. The two simplifications models will be applied to the reliability of movement precision in the next work.
## 5 Construction of a Simulation Environment and Evaluation Conditions
### Calculation of Battery Consumption  
Following a disaster, there will be a power outage, and the batteries of mobile terminals cannot be recharged. Therefore, the proposed protocol minimizes the number of bundles a victim terminal sends to only one. As a result, battery consumption of a victim terminal is much lower than that needed in _Epidemic Routing_. Our calculation of battery consumption is based on a model given in [19]. It is  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Item** & **Value** & **Item** & **Value** \\ \hline Simulator & _Scenargie 1.8_ & Moving speed & Victim: 0 m/s \\ Execution time & 1 hour & Moving speed & Carrier: 0–3 m/s \\  & Around Shinjuku station & Mobility of victims & Standing still \\ Environment & Around Shinjuku station & & Random \\  & (\(1.8\times 2.2\) km\({}^{2}\)) & Mobility of carriers & waypoint \\ Number of victim terminals & 100 & Maximum communication distance & About 80 m \\ Number of carrier terminals & 30 & Number of simulation attempts & 10 \\ Number of shelters & 15 & Storage capacity of a carrier terminal & 10 MB \\ Wireless communication method & IEEE802.11a & Message size & 100 Bytes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Simulation conditions.  
assumed that batteries of carrier terminals can be recharged. Therefore, we focus on battery consumption of victim terminals only.  
While the power consumption model in a MANET proposed in [19] includes the consumption of power needed for routing control, in our proposed protocol, a victim terminal, which does not need to relay bundles, consumes power only when it receives Sm and Am and sends Rm. The power consumed when a victim terminal sends a bundle can be expressed as:  
\[P_{\text{send}}=b_{\text{controlrecv}}+m_{\text{send}}\times(\text{length of bundle})+b_{\text{send}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(b_{\text{controlrecv}}\) is power consumed when a victim terminal receives an Sm and Am from a carrier terminal, \(m_{\text{send}}\) is the power consumed when a victim terminal sends one Byte of bundle, and \(b_{\text{send}}\) is the basic power consumption needed when a victim terminal sends a bundle. The constants used in the calculation of power consumption are shown in Table 4.  
The constants shown in Table 4 are based on the measured values presented in [19]. Power consumption was calculated by applying data obtained in the simulation to Equation (1).
# Enhanced Collaborative Filtering for Personalized E-Government Recommendation
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this paper, the aim is to capture more latent features to model users' preferences. We presented an efficient NMCF method for e-government services recommendations. Different from evaluating the similarity of users or items (such as neighborhood-based CF), NMCF uses the implicit characteristics (e.g., interaction timestamp) and users' ages to evaluate the distance between the user and the item interaction. In this study, NMCF not only learns the interaction information but also capture feature from negative items based on the similarity of interaction pairs. The proposed model is closely related to real e-government problem settings and can be rapidly reused in practice without feature engineering. It can effectively solve the problems encountered in the e-government platforms, such as lower willingness to use because of bad user experience. For example, users may be unable to transform spoken language (such as 'baby') into written language (such as 'neonates'), let alone find the items regard neonates. Thus, our method can effectively solve the problem by generating personalized recommendations for users. Two potential limitations need to be considered. Firstly, the similarity measure constructed in this paper may consume more time, when the number of users and items is huge. Secondly, the randomly selected items based on a similarity metric might not adequately capture users' preferences. In future work, we will put more effort into mining users' fine-grained preferences based on attribute information with the help of an attention mechanism. In this way, we can not only capture users' fine-grained preferences for items but also improve the performance of the model.  
Conceptualization, T.C.; Methodology, N.S.; Validation, T.C., N.S. and W.G.; Resources, T.C.; Data curation, N.S.; Writing--original draft preparation, N.S.; Writing--review and editing, T.C. and L.R.; Project administration, W.G. and L.R.; Funding acquisition, T.C. and N.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The APC was funded by (1) Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China No. HUST: 2020 JYCXJ036; (2) Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China No.19 YJA630010; (3) National Natural Science Foundation of China No.71734002, 72042016; and (4) Chinese National Funding of Social Sciences No.18 ZDA109, 17 ZDA102.  
Not applicable.  
We would like to thank the Administrative Examination and Approval Bureau of Wuhou District, Chengdu (Wuhou District Government Affairs Service Center) for providing us with the dataset.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 6: Selection of threshold \(\varepsilon\) in our model.
## 3 Results
### RQ1: Which Electrophysiological Signals May Index Emotional Processing?
#### 3.1.1. Eeg
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Electrode Montage**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sampling**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Recording Systems**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Computer Software**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Signal Conditioning**} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{EEG} & Bipolar Ag/AgCl or dry-nickel & \multirow{2}{*}{Fs = 500–2000} & Empatica & Acqknowledge & Amplifier gain: 5 \\  & plated electrodes in any or & & BIOPAC MP150 & & \\  & combinations of the following areas: & & (CSR100C) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & • index finger & \multirow{2}{*}{BW = 0.159–10} & BOPAC MP35 & \multirow{2}{*}{Mindware EDA} & \multirow{2}{*}{High-pass filter: DC} \\  & • ring finger & & (EDA100C) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & • middle finger & \multirow{2}{*}{BW = 0.159–10} & Biograph & \multirow{2}{*}{PsPM} & \multirow{2}{*}{Low-pass filter: 10 Hz} \\  & • big toe & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & • second toe & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Dominant or non-dominant hand & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{EEG} & Two Ag/AgCl electrodes, placed & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & Amplifier Gain: 2000 \\  & on the outer canth of both eyes & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._reactions after eliciting negative stimuli [49]. This strategy was also used as a marker to differentiate ethnicities. Suppressing emotions was used more often in interdependent self-construal East Asian descendants than European American descendants [34]. As it was previously mentioned, this potential was a marker that assesses the effectiveness of ER strategies. [PERSON] et al. observed a decrease in LPP amplitude for reappraisal, whereas, for acceptance, the LPP amplitude increased [25]. Moreover, the increased LPP amplitude determined electrophysiological markers of mental disorders, such as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) [41] and schizophrenia [55], and was also a marker for empathy (i.e., the higher the LPP, the lower the empathy level [63; 65]).
## 3 Models and Design Goals
### Multicast Subsystem
#### 3.2.3 Application Process  
With the multicast tree having been constructed, the process can be described as follows. When an OLD starts driving, firstly it will request a path to the controller. Commonly, it tends to store all the forwarding entries in the control plane to program the routing process. However, given \(m\) OLDs and \(n\) LCs, the worst condition is that the spatial complexity will reach \(O(n^{m})\). Even the lowest will reach \(O(n^{2})\). So, we propose to only maintain a subscriber table in each LC. For example, an \(OLD_{i}\) gained a path passing through \(x\) consecutive LCs. Let \(C\) denote the set of \(x\) LCs, \(|C|=x\). Then each LC will add \(OLD_{i}\) into its subscriber table \(ST\). Every time \(OLD_{i}\) leaves an area, it will send a leaving packet to the control plane. After that, \(OLD_{i}\) and LCs will perform \(C=C-\{LC_{k}\}\),\(1<k\leq n\) and \(ST=ST-\{OLD_{i}\}\), \(0\leq|ST|\leq m\), respectively. This step is designed to prevent OLDs that have passed through the area from being rearranged. By only maintaining subscribertables, the spatial complexity can be decreased to \(O(m^{n})\), where \(n\ll m\). The process of subscribing is shown in Figure 2.
# Compression of Next-Generation Sequencing Data and of DNA Digital Files +
## 2 Ngs
### Workflow  
The sequencing process is not an easy process. It starts from the raw readings of DNA sequences and then digitally maps the genomes.  
Its complexity is mainly due to possible errors in the reading or in the alignment phase, and the new NGS instruments have a higher probability of errors with respect to the pre-NGS sequencers.  
FASTQ is the textual format that is widely used to represent the output of the NGS platforms. There is not a single version of FASTQ: Sanger FASTQ is the commonly acknowledged standard because it is the format accepted by the American National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive for sending genomic data.  
The _alignment_ process is the first bioinformatics step in DNA sequence analysis--this is the mapping between the sequences read and the sequence of a reference genome.  
The next step is the _assembly_ phase in which the sequences that have been read and aligned are now composed together to form the original genetic sequence of the input samples.  
The aligned sequence is stored in SAM (Sequence Alignment/Map) format. At the end of the alignment pipeline, the SAM data is converted into BAM (binary SAM), which is a much more compressed format.  
The step that follows the alignment phase is the trimming of the obtained sequence. In this phase, we proceed to the extraction of the exon sequences that represent a small fraction of the entire genome and that are believed to code most of the information.
## 1 Introduction  
Thermoelectric generation is a well-known way of converting waste heat into electrical energy by the Seebeck effect. Thermoelectric generation has many advantages, mainly because thermoelectric systems have no moving parts and also are compact in size and easy to apply anywhere. However, thermoelectric materials are relatively lower in efficiency than other waste heat recovery methods such as organic rankine cycle (ORC) or alkali-metal thermal to electric converter (AMTEC). Recently, thermoelectric materials have shown great advances in the figure of merit (ZT), especially for intermediate-temperature (600-1000 K) thermoelectric materials, through nano-structured material, band structure engineering, and grain boundary engineering. Skutterudite, a well-known intermediate-temperature thermoelectric material, shows a relatively high ZT of 1.6 at 800 K for n-type case, and 1.3 at 775 K for p-type case by nano-structuring [1]. PbTe also shows peak ZT of 2.5 at 923 K, and average ZT 1.67 between 300 and 900 K which is due largely to its band structure engineering and nano-structuring [2]. SnSe also stands out for the record-high ZT of 2.6 at 923 K which is attributed to the ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity caused by a layered structure [3]. Many studies have been conducted to further investigate the thermoelectric properties of SnSe and also to develop the n-type SnSe, polycrystalline SnSe, and so on. Nonetheless, few studies have been reported on the SnSe thermoelectric devices or modules and their fabrication processing.  
The fabrication processes of thermoelectric devices or modules are typically composed of material sintering, metallization, slicing, cutting, and bonding to electrodes and substrates. The metallization of thermoelectric materials is regarded as one of the most important processes because the high electrical and thermal contact resistances at the interface can significantly degrade the power output. The formation of the metallization layer should be made to lower the contact resistance as well as prevent inter-diffusion of composed elements. The [PERSON] group investigated SnSe and metal contacts using the first-principle calculation which discovered that Ag, Au, and Ta contacts would make stable contact with SnSe due to its small lattice mismatch [4]. Our group reported that the metallization of SnSe with an Ag and Ni bi-layer could lead to the formation of the thick intermetallic compounds, which act as a diffusion barrier, but it could be a reason for increasing the electrical contact resistance [5].  
In this work, the implementation of the single-layer metallization on the p-type polycrystalline SnSe thermoelectric material resulted in some drawbacks such as undesirable interfacial cracks and elemental diffusion. To overcome its drawbacks, we proposed a new metallization technique to form the multi-layer structure composed of Ag/Co/Ti layers. This Ag/Co/Ti multi-layered structure was demonstrated a relatively lower specific contact resistance and also acted as a good diffusion barrier for the SnSe thermoelectric material.
# An Approach for a Spatial Data Attribute Similarity Measure Based on Granular Computing Closeness
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes a spatial data attribute similarity measure method based on granular computing closeness. This method uses the distance and membership degree of different index levels of spatial entities to measure the similarity of attributes. It not only reflects the degree of similarity of spatial entity types at different index levels but also reflects the integration similarity between spatial entity types under a comprehensive index. This method embodies the layered idea of granular computing and can provide a basis for spatial problem decision making and for spatial entity classification. Finally, the feasibility and applicability of the method are verified by taking the similarity measure of the land-use type attribute in Guangxi as an example.  
Keywords:closeness; granular computing; similarity measure; spatial data; land use +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds  
The analysis of volatile components in the optimized Huaniu cider revealed a total of 72 main aroma compounds, including 41 esters, 16 alcohols, 6 acids, and 9 other substances (Table 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Compound** & **Content (\(\mu\)g/L)** & **Compound** & **Content (\(\mu\)g/L)** \\ \hline  & Esters & & 2-Ethylhexyl acetate & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline Ethyl Acetate & & 4198.21 \(\pm\) 43.56 & Ethyl 3-nonenoate & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline Ethyl octanoate & 991.21 \(\pm\) 18.27 & Ethyl 4-decenoate & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline Ethyl decanoate & 695.52 \(\pm\) 12.33 & Alcohols & \\ \hline Ethyl caproate & 131.65 \(\pm\) 8.71 & Ethanol & 3023.72 \(\pm\) 28.90 \\ \hline Isoamyl acetate & 114.67 \(\pm\) 8.33 & 3-Methyl-1-butanol & 1156.91 \(\pm\) 19.86 \\ \hline Acetic acid—2-phenyl ethyl ester & 94.66 \(\pm\) 5.15 & Phenethyl ethanol & 390.82 \(\pm\) 15.21 \\ \hline Ethyl 9-decenoate & 71.20 \(\pm\) 5.28 & 2-Methyl-1-propanol & 233.78 \(\pm\) 9.98 \\ \hline Ethyl nonanoate & 61.47 \(\pm\) 4.94 & 1-Hexanol & 208.89 \(\pm\) 10.37 \\ \hline Ethyl lactate & 45.27 \(\pm\) 1.08 & 3,4,5-Trimethyl-4-heptanol & 61.46 \(\pm\) 3.11 \\ \hline Isobutyl acetate & 44.99 \(\pm\) 2.96 & 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol & 51.28 \(\pm\) 3.96 \\ \hline Ethyl dodecanoate & 42.01 \(\pm\) 1.54 & 1-Butanol & 15.56 \(\pm\) 0.91 \\ \hline Ethyl phenylacetate & 29.05 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 1-Propanol & 11.62 \(\pm\) 0.52 \\ \hline n-propyl acetate & 25.29 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 1-Decanol & 8.38 \(\pm\) 0.33 \\ \hline Isobutyl noctanoate & 15.19 \(\pm\) 0.33 & (R)-3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol & 5.61 \(\pm\) 0.29 \\ \hline Hexyl acetate & 11.76 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 2-Heptanol & 5.22 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ \hline
2-Methylhexyl butyrate & 11.65 \(\pm\) 0.23 & (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol & 3.12 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ \hline
2-Hydroxy-4-methyl-ethyl valerate & 11.37 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 2-Pentanol & 2.27 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ \hline Isoamyl octanoate & 10.95 \(\pm\) 0.18 & Pentyl alcohol & 1.97 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ \hline Ethyl butyrate & 7.59 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 2-Methyl-4-penten-1-ol & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.06 \\ \hline
2-Methylbutyl phenylacetate & 5.55 \(\pm\) 0.15 & Acid & \\ \hline
3-Methylbutyl methoxyacetate & 5.04 \(\pm\) 0.20 & Acetic acid & 515.86 \(\pm\) 11.67 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Concentrations of volatiles (\(\mu\)g/L) in Huaniu apple cider.
###### Abstract  
The design of biosensors and artificial organs using biocompatible materials with a low affinity for amyloid \(\beta\) peptide (A\(\beta\)) would contribute to the inhibition of fibril growth causing Alzheimer's disease. We systematically studied the amyloidogenicity of A\(\beta\) on various planar membranes. The planar membranes were prepared using biocompatible polymers, viz., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polysulfone (PSf), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Phospholipids from biomembranes, viz., 1,2-dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and polyethylene glycol-graft-phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEG-PE) were used as controls. Phospholipid- and polymer-based membranes were prepared to determine the kinetics of A\(\beta\) fibril formation. Rates of A\(\beta\) nucleation on the PSf- and DPPC-based membranes were significantly higher than those on the other membranes. A\(\beta\) accumulation, calculated by the change in frequency of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), followed the order: PSF \(>\) PLLA \(>\) DOPC \(>\) PMMA, PVP, DPPC, and PEG-PE. Nucleation rates exhibited a positive correlation with the corresponding accumulation (except for the DPPC-based membrane) and a negative correlation with the molecular weight of the polymers. Strong hydration along the polymer backbone and polymer-A\(\beta\) entanglement might contribute to the accumulation of A\(\beta\) and subsequent fibrillation.  
biocompatible polymer; amyloid fibril; amyloid \(\beta\); nucleation; quartz crystal microbalance; hydration; entanglement; hydration Article
# Evaluation of Clumping Effects on the Estimation of Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration
## 2 Modeling Methodology  
The BEPS model was used for simulating global terrestrial ET in this research. Although it was a process-based ecosystem model initially developed for estimating the carbon fluxes and ET over the terrestrial ecosystems in Canada [28; 29; 30; 31], it has been applied over ecosystems in East Asia [32], China [33], and over global terrestrial ecosystems [23]. BEPS uses the sunlit-shaded leaf separation method for simulating canopy GPP and ET [18; 31] and it was proved that this two-leaf model can remove the uncertainties propagated from the artificial leaf-to-canopy upscaling using the big-leaf and two-big-leaf models [11]. The biases in estimated GPP and ET using the two-leaf model are not affected by LAI while the biases in big-leaf and two-big-leaf models increase with LAI [11] (Table 1).