## 2 Related Work
However, the simulated temperature values included 2% of errors. Additional temperature profiles were obtained without any prior information on the tumor's thermophysical characteristics or the exception of the average values of thermal conductivity and perfusion of layers of healthy breast tissue. The results showed that the error rate of tumor location was 0.32 cm. In [21], the realistic female torso model is used. In addition, the thermal simulation of a realistic torso was carried out using COMSOL software and a bioheat transfer equation. This Bennis bioheat equation is used to calculate the temperature distribution over the breast surface. Moreover, the first simulation without a tumor or cyst was performed to compare the results of the thermal simulation with the real thermal properties of a healthy woman. This distinctive thermal pattern consists of a warmer area in the upper part of the breast and torso, and a colder area in the lower breast. The nipple is the coldest area of the breast; the ability to model this thermal pattern will allow for a more accurate prediction. The results indicate simulations of benign breast tumors and masses resulted in a 20% deviation from the thermal simulation using a hemispherical model of the breast. Finally, simulations can be useful to better understand thermal processes that occur in the breast and can be useful in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast lumps from refractory patterns. Studies conducted in [22] utilized the Pennes equation and the COMSOL program to simulate a three-dimensional model of the natural breast. The simulation consisted of three stages of thermal procedure: stationary, hypothermia, and thermal recovery. The surface temperature of the breast was adjusted to four different values: 0, 5, 10, and 15 degrees Celsius to reflect the changes in temperature that occur when the body temperature drops. Additionally, refrigeration was applied for a duration of 20 min to observe the thermal recovery after the refrigeration was removed. The findings indicate that cooling the breast to 0 degrees Celsius can increase the thermal contrast percentage by 136% when utilizing a thermal camera to detect a tumor with a diameter of 1 cm. If the same tumor is positioned in a deeper area, the thermal contrast percentage reached 37%. The researchers in [14] proposed a highly simplified numerical 2D FEM model constructed based on the clinical ultrasound data of breasts, which is inexpensive and available in real-time, unlike MRI data. Moreover, the database used for ultrasound was derived from 14 women. The results indicated the potential for classifying healthy breast types in accordance with clinical classification and thermal results. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the numerical simulation successfully monitored the temperature difference on the surface of the breast, ranging from 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C. A comprehensive literature review study on the application of thermography in conjunction with artificial inelegance to facilitate early breast cancer detection is presented in [4], while the thermal and physiological properties of human breast tissue are reviewed in [23].