# An Overview of Fog Computing and Edge Computing Security and Privacy Issues
## 8 Conclusions  
In this paper, we discussed and surveyed the security and privacy aspects of two new paradigms of cloud computing which are fog computing and edge computing. Unlike cloud computing, fog and edge computing have special characteristic that lead to having some new security and privacy concerns. We showed different type of attacks that are shared between the two technologies such as shared resources and DDoS attacks as well as some of the unique attacks for each environment. We also provided in this paper \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Challenges in IoT** & **Solution Offered by Fog** \\ \hline Security Challenge & Fog network is able to scan malware and determine the security status of surrounding IoT devices. It is also able to act as proxy to update \\  & software and detect threats timely. \\ \hline Delay Constraints & Fog can perform various time-sensitive computation tasks. \\ \hline Network Bandwidth & Fog enables hierarchical data processing for transferring data from \\ Constraints & cloud to IoT devices. \\ \hline Uninterrupted Services & Fog promises uninterrupted services even if there is some \\  & connection issue. \\ \hline Resource Constrained & Fog is able to reduce device complexity, cost and consumption of \\ Devices & power when certain operations cannot be delivered to the cloud. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Summary of IoT challenges and fog solutions. some possible countermeasures that could mitigate some of the listed attacks. Through researching the vulnerability of these technologies we found that the security aspect of the two technologies are far from satisfied yet and there is a lot of potential research areas to be covered. In Table 7, we conclude a list of the main threats for the two technologies in addition to referring some work in the literature that discussed these threats and the attacks related to these threats. In [62], the authors suggested a pattern for fog computing that in our opinion could be enhanced and add security patterns to it to create a security reference architecture for fog computing. **Funding:** This research was funded by Sensor Networks and Cellular Systems Research Center in University of Tabuk grant number 002/1442 H.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of SNCS Research Center at the University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Threat** & **Related Description** & **Related Resources** \\ \hline Access control & This includes all attacks that give the attacker access to sensitive or private data in unauthorized manner. & In [63], the authors suggested a solution that could be applied to Fog computing where data get encrypted at the fog end using attribute-based encryption and multiple policies. \\  & This includes all attacks that give the attacker access to sensitive or private data in unauthorized manner. & Forg computing where data get encrypted at the fog end using attribute-based encryption and multiple policies. \\  & This includes all attacks that give the attacker access to sensitive or private data in unauthorized manner. & Forg computing where data get encrypted at the fog end using attribute-based encryption and multiple policies. \\  & This includes all attacks that give the attacker access to sensitive or private data in unauthorized manner. & Forg computing where data get encrypted at the fog end using attribute-based encryption and multiple policies. \\  & In unauthorized manner. & In [65], the authors proposed a policy based management of resources in fog computing to support secure collaboration between different users without interference. \\  & This includes all attacks related to virtual machine including shared resources attacks where attackers try to take over some of the resources in unauthorized manner as well as migration attacks where attacker try to compromise the virtual machine during migration process.