# Machine Learning for Early Outcome Prediction in Septic Patients in the Emergency Department
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Total** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Outcome**} \\ \hline
**Characteristic** & **N = 4251** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Alive** \\ **N = 3601** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Dead** \\ **N = 65** \\ \end{tabular} & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Male Gender & 249 (58.6\%) & 209 (58.1\%) & 40 (61.5\%) & \\ Female Gender & 176 (41.4\%) & 151 (41.9\%) & 25 (38.5\%) & 0.6 \\ Age & 77 (69, 83) & 76 (67, 83) & 83 (75, 89) & \textless{}0.001 \\ Provenience & & & & \\ Home & 333.0 (78.4\%) & 298.0 (89.5\%) & 35.0 (10.5\%) & \\ Long-term care & 39.0 (9.2\%) & 20.0 (51.3\%) & 19.0 (48.7\%) & \textless{}0.001 \\ Readmission after hospital discharge & 53.0 (12.5\%) & 42.0 (79.2\%) & 11.0 (20.8\%) & \\ Comorbidities & & & & \\ Cancer & 98.0 (23.1\%) & 78.0 (21.7\%) & 20.0 (30.8\%) & 0.11 \\ Hypertension & 173.0 (40.7\%) & 136.0 (37.8\%) & 37.0 (56.9\%) & 0.004 \\ COPD & 48.0 (11.3\%) & 40.0 (11.1\%) & 8.0 (12.3\%) & 0.8 \\ Diabetes & 105.0 (24.7\%) & 89.0 (24.7\%) & 16.0 (24.6\%) & \textgreater{}0.9 \\ CKD & 69.0 (16.2\%) & 57.0 (15.8\%) & 12.0 (18.5\%) & 0.6 \\ Nutritional status & & & & \\ Underweight & 53.0 (12.5\%) & 36.0 (10.0\%) & 17.0 (26.2\%) & \\ Normal & 320.0 (75.3\%) & 281.0 (78.1\%) & 39.0 (60.0\%) & \\ Obese & 43.0 (10.1\%) & 37.0 (10.3\%) & 6.0 (9.2\%) & 0.002 \\ Overweight & 9.0 (2.1\%) & 6.0 (1.7\%) & 3.0 (4.6\%) & \\ Recent use of antibiotic therapy & 35.0 (8.2\%) & 23.0 (6.4\%) & 12.0 (18.5\%) & 0.001 \\ Immunosuppressants as home & & & & \\ medication & 28.0 (6.6\%) & 23.0 (6.4\%) & 5.0 (7.7\%) & 0.8 \\ Delay to ED presentation & & & & \\ \textless{}12 h & 278.0 (65.4\%) & 239.0 (66.4\%) & 39.0 (60.0\%) & \\ \textless{}2-24 h & 32.0 (7.5\%) & 25.0 (6.9\%) & 7.0 (10.8\%) & \\ \textless{}24-48 h & 18.0 (4.2\%) & 16.0 (4.4\%) & 2.0 (3.1\%) & 0.5 \\ \textgreater{}48 h & 97.0 (22.8\%) & 80.0 (22.2\%) & 17.0 (26.2\%) & \\ Site of infection & & & & \\ Other & 36.0 (8.5\%) & 24.0 (6.7\%) & 12.0 (18.5\%) & \\ Abdomen & 141.0 (33.2\%) & 126.0 (35.0\%) & 15.0 (23.1\%) & \\ Lung & 117.0 (27.5\%) & 97.0 (26.9\%) & 20.0 (30.8\%) & 0.008 \\ Urinary tract & 131.0 (30.8\%) & 113.0 (31.4\%) & 18.0 (27.7\%) & \\ Clinical data at ED presentation & & & & \\ Systolic BP & 125 (100, 141) & 128 (105, 148) & 110 (90, 130) & \textless{}0.001 \\ Diastolic BP & 70 (55, 85) & 71 (59, 85) & 64 (50, 80) & 0.001 \\ MAP & 90 (72, 103) & 92 (75, 105) & 81 (63, 94) & \textless{}0.001 \\ Heart Rate & 94 (78, 108) & 92 (78, 105) & 105 (88, 121) & \textless{}0.001 \\ Peripheral saturation & 94 (89, 97) & 94 (90, 97) & 91 (85, 95) & 0.003 \\ Respiratory Rate & 18.0 (14.0, 22.0) & 18.0 (14.0, 21.0) & 20.0 (16.0, 25.0) & 0.003 \\ Temperature & 37.80 (36.40, 38.20) & 38.00 (36.58, 38.20) & 36.80 (36.00, 38.00) & \textless{}0.001 \\ Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) & 15.00 (15.00, 15.00) & 15.00 (15.00, 15.00) & 15.00 (13.00, 15.00) & \textless{}0.001 \\ Septic shock & 52.0 (12.2\%) & 35.0 (9.7\%) & 17.0 (26.2\%) & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Data are presented as frequency (percent) or median (IQR), CKD = chronic kidney disease, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ED = emergency department. BP = blood pressure, MAP = mean arterial pressure.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Baseline data and source of sepsis. Figure 1: Study flow chart. _E. coli_ was the most frequently identified pathogen for urinary cultures (21.7%), followed by _K. pneumoniae_ (5.7%). The predictive performance of random forest, balanced logistic regression, unbalanced logistic regression, and dummy classifier (reference model) is reported in Table 4.