## 3 Results
### Characteristics of Study Participants in Normal and Incident Metabolic Syndrome According to Gender
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **WC** & **HDL** & **TG** & **HTN** & **DM** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **HR (95\% CI) \(p\)\({}^{\star}\)** & **HR (95\% CI) \(p\)\({}^{\star}\)** & **HR (95\% CI) \(p\)\({}^{\star}\)** & **HR (95\% CI) \(p\)\({}^{\star}\)** & **HR (95\% CI) \(p\)\({}^{\star}\)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Women**} \\ \hline HGS (kg) & 1.040 (0.913–1.185) & 0.902 (0.796–1.021) & 0.924 (0.835–1.022) & 1.046 (0.940–1.163) & 0.818 (0.702–0.953) \\  & 0.554 & 0.103 & 0.124 & 0.409 & 0.010 \\ BMI-relative HGS & 0.579 (0.503–0.667) & 0.875 (0.773–0.990) & 0.829 (0.747–0.919) & 0.826 (0.739–0.923) & 0.650 (0.552–0.765) \\  & \textless{}0.001 & 0.034 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Weight-relative HGS & 0.530 (0.462–0.608) & 0.880 (0.778–0.995) & 0.846 (0.765–0.937) & 0.833 (0.748–0.928) & 0.693 (0.952–0.811) \\  & \textless{}0.001 & 0.042 & 0.001 & 0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ WC-relative HGS & 0.647 (0.562–0.745) & 0.861 (0.759–0.976) & 0.833 (0.748–0.927) & 0.841 (0.751–0.942) & 0.655 (0.556–0.772) \\  & -0.001 & 0.020 & 0.001 & 0.003 & \textless{}0.001 \\ BMS (kg) & 1.088 (0.962–1.231) & 0.924 (0.819–1.043) & 0.957 (0.869–1.054) & 1.028 (0.932–1.134) & 0.916 (0.792–1.059) \\  & 0.180 & 0.202 & 0.373 & 0.579 & 0.235 \\ BMI-relative BMS & 0.740 (0.646–0.849) & 0.901 (0.798–1.018) & 0.879 (0.797–0.970) & 0.893 (0.804–0.991) & 0.772 (0.660–0.904) \\  & \textless{}0.001 & 0.094 & 0.010 & 0.003 & 0.033 & 0.001 \\ Weight-relative BMS & 0.711 (0.621–0.813) & 0.907 (0.804–1.024) & 0.900 (0.817–0.993) & 0.905 (0.817–1.003) & 0.820 (0.705–0.955) \\  & \textless{}0.001 & 0.114 & 0.035 & 0.056 & 0.011 \\ WC-relative BMS & 0.820 (0.717–0.938) & 0.900 (0.796–1.018) & 0.892 (0.808–0.986) & 0.911 (0.820–1.012) & 0.800 (0.684–0.935) \\  & 0.004 & 0.094 & 0.026 & 0.082 & 0.005 \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Men**} \\ \hline HGS (kg) & 1.073 (0.805–1.430) & 0.963 (0.875–1.060) & 1.007 (0.907–1.119) & 0.927 (0.843–1.018) & 0.925 (0.824–1.037) \\  & 0.632 & 0.441 & 0.891 & 0.114 & 0.182 \\ BMI-relative HGS & 0.416 (0.302–0.572) & 0.813 (0.739–0.894) & 0.870 (0.787–0.962) & 0.793 (0.723–0.869) & 0.689 (0.612–0.775) \\  & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.007 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Weight-relative HGS & 0.322 (0.237–0.437) & 0.826 (0.754–0.905) & 0.861 (0.781–0.949) & 0.780 (0.712–0.854) & 0.691 (0.617–0.774) \\  & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.003 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ WC-relative HGS & 0.448 (0.329–0.610) & 0.826 (0.751–0.909) & 0.863 (0.780–0.954) & 0.812 (0.740–0.891) & 0.700 (0.622–0.787) \\  & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.004 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ BMS (kg) & 1.268 (0.967–1.663) & 1.054 (0.963–1.153) & 1.015 (0.919–1.120) & 0.942 (0.861–1.031) & 1.093 (0.982–1.216) \\  & 0.086 & 0.251 & 0.772 & 0.196 & 0.103 \\ BMI-relative BMS & 0.665 (0.502–0.882) & 0.941 (0.862–1.027) & 0.924 (0.840–1.015) & 0.847 (0.776–0.923) & 0.890 (0.802–0.988) \\  & 0.005 & 0.174 & 0.100 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.028 \\ Weight-relative BMS & 0.560 (0.421–0.745) & 0.954 (0.876–1.040) & 0.917 (0.836–1.005) & 0.841 (0.771–0.917) & 0.894 (0.807–0.991) \\  & \textless{}0.001 & 0.290 & 0.065 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.033 \\ WC-relative BMS & 0.698 (0.527–0.925) & 0.953 (0.872–1.041) & 0.916 (0.832–1.008) & 0.859 (0.787–0.938) & 0.904 (0.813–1.004) \\  & 0.012 & 0.027 & 0.071 & 0.001 & 0.059 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident metabolic syndrome components associated with one standard deviation increase in mean hand grip strength, back muscle strength, and relative muscle strength according to gender.