# A Simulation of Tire Hydroplaning Based on Laser Scanning of Road Surfaces
## 1 Introduction  
Wet and slippery roads are a significant cause of traffic accidents, especially under rainy conditions, where the risk of vehicle skidding increases markedly due to water accumulation. According to statistics, accidents related to wet and slippery roads account for 70% of weather-related incidents, causing numerous casualties and property damage each year [1]. The phenomenon of water accumulation originates from the formation of a water film between tires and the road surface, leading to a loss of traction [2]. Road texture, particularly macro-texture, plays a crucial role in anti-skid performance by facilitating the drainage of water [3], while macro-texture also affects anti-skid performance at high speeds [4]. For the study of tire water skimming on flooded road sections, there are generally three methods: deriving a water skimming model from theoretical formulas, conducting finite element simulations of the water skimming model, and summarizing rules through field tests. Regarding the derivation of theoretical formulas, most scholars both domestically and internationally have used hydrodynamic and dynamic theories to analyze the situation of tire water skimming. For example, [PERSON] et al. [5] applied momentum and mass conservation principles, combined with simplified tire tread information and hydrodynamic and dynamic analyses, to derive a water film thickness model related to tire tread depth andwater skimming speed; [PERSON] et al. [6] simplified the fluid-structure interaction model describing fluid motion around tires, calculated the effect of velocity on fluid lift, and predicted the water skimming trend of smooth tires to some extent; [PERSON] et al. [7], based on elastic fluid dynamic lubrication theory, treated the tire, the road surface water film, and the road surface as an elastic fluid dynamic lubrication system to study the dynamic water skimming of tires. However, the drawback of theoretical formulas lies in their inability to consider all factors, and overly simplified models may lead to distorted results. For on-site experiments, water slide scenarios are typically constructed, and sensor components for tires are installed to test pressure data during water slides. This helps in summarizing and analyzing the water slide model. For example, after conducting extensive water slide tests on aircraft tires, [PERSON] et al. [8] summarized the NASA water slide equation related to tire pressure; [PERSON] et al. [9] conducted water slide tests on Michelin's test track, examining factors such as tire tread patterns, tire pressure, and tread depth, and identified key influencing factors; [PERSON] et al. [10] performed on-site road surface dynamic water pressure tests and combined finite element simulations to analyze the risks of vehicle water sliding. However, on-site experiments are based on specific conditions and cannot consider all factors, making it difficult to generalize the formulas. Current experimental studies on vehicle skidding, along with their models, theoretical derivations, and empirical models, primarily focus on tire-related parameters as variables, such as tire tread patterns, tread depth, and tire pressure. However, less attention has been paid to road surface textures, especially macro-textures, in the research on vehicle skidding. This may be because it is difficult to control and modify texture parameters when using road surface textures as variables in field experiments. Additionally, theoretical studies often use simplified models and do not adequately consider the road surface as a variable in vehicle skidding research [7]. Considering the difficulties and limitations of experimental and theoretical analysis, in recent years, with the development of simulation technology, more scholars have chosen finite element simulation methods to model tire-road water skidding.