esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Fake Base Station Detection and Link Routing Defense +
## 5 Our Scheme
### Our Link Routing Scheme for Active Defense
#### 5.2.1 Link Routing Concept  
We introduce the concept of _link routing_, which switches to another base station in mobile cellular networking. Link routing involves a trigger/condition for link routing (e.g., bad channel condition in SNR or payload experience), the selection of the base station (e.g., the core network's assignment, local algorithm based selection), and the communication protocol interactions with that base station (starting from the RRC protocol to establish the wireless channel). While this section focuses on these functionality concepts, which can be implemented in many ways, the following Section 5.2.2 provides the concrete implementation instances of our link routing prototype; more specifically, link routing is triggered by fake base station detection, and the base station selection is based on reputation, which is based on the user's previous connectivity experiences. Link routing is conceptually different from networking packet routing and cellular handover in triggering conditions, route selection, and protocol interactions. In the following paragraphs, we describe these differences, which make them incompatible with an active defense after fake base station detection. The packet routing and cellular handover are orthogonal to our scheme, e.g., we can use our scheme with or without them, and they occur at different stages of the cellular connectivity provision.
## 3 Determination of Coupling Damage Variable
### Load Damage Variable  
The load-induced damage evolution process of rock was characterized and quantified using the concept of \"equivalent plastic strain\" in this study [31]:  
\[\overline{\epsilon}^{p}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}\sqrt{(\overline{\epsilon}_{p1}- \overline{\epsilon}_{p2})^{2}+(\overline{\epsilon}_{p1}-\overline{\epsilon}_ {p3})^{2}+(\overline{\epsilon}_{p2}-\overline{\epsilon}_{p3})^{2}} \tag{6}\]  
\[D_{m}=(1-\beta)\left[1-\exp(-\frac{\overline{\epsilon}^{p}-\overline{\epsilon }_{0}^{p}}{\alpha})\right] \tag{7}\]  
The principal plastic strains in three directions are denoted as \(\overline{\epsilon}_{pi}\) (i = 1, 2, and 3), with \(\overline{\epsilon}_{0}^{p}=0\) indicating the threshold strain for load damage evolution; the value range of \(\alpha\) is  
Figure 1: Yield curve (surface) on \(\pi\) plane, \(\mathrm{p}-\mathrm{q}\) meridian plane, and principal stress space of \(\mathrm{Z}-\mathrm{P}\) constitutive model: (**a**) \(\pi\) plane; (**b**) \(\mathrm{p}-\mathrm{q}\) meridian plane; (**c**) principal stress space.  
(0, \(\infty\)), which determines the initial slope of the rock's softening curve after damage, and the value range of \(\beta\) is [0, 1], which determines the maximum damage value of the rock.  
To further clarify the physical meanings of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\), referring to the research of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32], the parameter \(e=1-D_{m}\) was introduced. Then, the expression of \(e\) can be obtained from Equation (7):  
\[e=1-D_{m}=\beta+(1-\beta)\exp\biggl{(}-\frac{\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}}{ \alpha}\biggr{)} \tag{8}\]  
The slope of \(e\) is the same as the slope of the softening section of the rock (softening rate), and the derivative of \(e\) can be obtained:  
\[\frac{\partial e}{\partial\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}}=-\frac{1-\beta}{\alpha }\exp\biggl{(}-\frac{\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}}{\alpha}\biggr{)} \tag{9}\]  
When \(\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}=0\), there are  
\[\frac{\partial e}{\partial\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}}|_{\overline{\varepsilon }^{p}=0}\,=\,-\frac{1-\beta}{\alpha} \tag{10}\]  
Therefore, in the (\(\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}\), \(e\)) coordinate system, the equation of the straight line passing through the (0, 1) point (at \(\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}=0\), the damage value is 0, and the parameter \(e=1\)) can be written as  
\[e=-\frac{1-\beta}{\alpha}\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}+1 \tag{11}\]  
The point where this line intersects the \(\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}\) axis is  
\[\overline{\varepsilon}^{p}=\frac{\alpha}{1-\beta} \tag{12}\]  
when \(\beta=1\), the damage value is always 0.  
By selecting several representative values of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\), the curve of damage evolution law was drawn as shown in Figure 2. It is evident that as \(\alpha\) increased, the rate of damage evolution in the rock mass decreased. Similarly, as \(\beta\) increased, the final damage value of the rock mass decreased.  
Figure 2: Influence of damage parameters on damage evolution law: (a) Influence of \(\beta\) on damage evolution law (\(\alpha=0.001\)); (b) Influence of \(\alpha\) on damage evolution law (\(\beta=0.3\)).
# A Survey on Deep Learning in 3D CAD Reconstruction
## 2 Reconstruction from Point Cloud to CAD Model
BIM (Building Information Modeling) is a three-dimensional digital modeling method that integrates building geometry, physics, and functional information to support the management and collaboration of the entire life cycle of buildings [58; 59]. In the task of reconstruction from a point cloud to a CAD model, although existing methods have made progress in parametric modeling, geometric structure expression, and reconstruction from low-quality point clouds in specific scenarios, they are still limited by factors such as high noise and uneven point cloud distribution, and the reconstruction accuracy is difficult to guarantee [60; 61]. At the same time, the expressive power for complex structures and industrial parts is limited, and the integration of geometric constraint modeling with actual CAD systems is not yet mature [62; 63]. In the future, it will be possible to integrate geometric priors, topological constraints, and multimodal information to build a more unified and interpretable reconstruction model to improve the robustness and industrial adaptability of the system.
# Experimental Investigation and Mechanism of Fly Ash/Slag-Based Geopolymer-Stabilized Soft Soil+
###### Abstract
It has been shown [16; 17] that pure fly-ash-based geopolymer-reinforced soft soils require a longer maintenance time than cement to achieve the target strength, and fly ash is much less effective than cement when used alone or with slag for soft soil reinforcement. In engineering, due to environmental factors such as extreme weather and changes in the groundwater level, application of a curing agent often leads to changes in the strength characteristics of the stabilized soil. In-depth and systematic studies of the durability of stabilized soils such as cement have been carried out by domestic and foreign scholars [18; 19]. The abovementioned research has focused on studying the UCS of geopolymer-stabilized soil, but few studies have been conducted on the water stability and resistance to wet-dry cycles of stabilized soil [20]. In our previous studies, we investigated the properties of a geopolymer and the application of the geopolymer to pavement repair and soft soil reinforcement [21; 22; 23]. Our research revealed that slag can promote the curing of a geopolymer at room temperature. Due to the presence of more calcium in slag, the early strength of a low-calcium activation has not been studied in-depth in relation to geopolymer-stabilized soils. Therefore, in this study, the effects of the slag replacement ratio and the alkalinity of the activator on the UCS of fly-ash-based geopolymer-stabilized soils were investigated by a single factor test and orthogonal test in addition to the water stability and resistance to wet-dry cycles of the geopolymer-stabilized soils. We also investigated its strength development pattern and effect on the stabilized soft soils and explored its microstructure and mechanism in order to explore the application of a fly-ash-based geopolymer, i.e., a low-carbon sustainable material, to replace cement in improving the properties of soft soil.
# Hydraulic Fracture Propagation near the Cavity in a Poroelastic Media
## 4 Conclusions  
This article describes a study that was conducted to determine the propagation of a hydraulic fracture near a circular cavity in a poroelastic medium. Numerical method XFEM implemented in the ABAQUS software package was used for research. It was shown that the presence of a cavity affects the path of a crack. The path of a crack depends strongly on the state of the stress in the medium and the distance between the crack and the cavity. The closer the initial crack is to the cavity and the higher the stress is in the medium, the more curved the crack will become. It was shown that the values of the Biot coefficient and the permeability of the medium also affect the paths of hydraulic fractures. The crack curved less for a high value of Biot's coefficient and low permeability. It was shown that the fluid pressure in the crack during injection has a minimum value, and this value depends on the poroelastic parameters, the stress state of the medium, and the position of the initial crack. The higher the stress is in the medium and the smaller the distance is between the initial crack and the cavity, the more pronounced the minimum becomes. It also was shown that the opening in the mouth of the crack increases both with an increase in the stress and a decrease in the distance between the crack and the cavity.  
In this work, we considered the 2D problem in order to understand the main features of the development of hydraulic fractures near cavities, depending on the parameters of the model used. This simplification is clearly not always correct. Therefore, further efforts will be aimed at solving a similar 2D problem. Despite the importance of studying the process of crack propagation near the cavity in a 3D setting, few studies, to the best of our knowledge, cover this issue. One of the reasons for this is the high computational complexity of existing modeling algorithms. However, we hope that the XFEM method with its advantages remains a suitable tool for solving the problem.  
We also note that, in this study, much attention is paid to the behavior of the fluid pressure in the fracture depending on the parameters and geometry of the problem, which complements the existing work in the literature. One of the reasons why this was considered in such detail is the possibility of creating a new method for determining the stress state of a rock mass by analyzing the pressure of fracturing fluid carried out near a mine working. The development of this method is the goal of future research.  
Conceptualization, methodology and formal analysis, A.A. and A.P.; software, validation, A.A.; investigation and writing, A.A., A.P. and S.S.; supervision, S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project number 20-17-00087.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### Neural Net Fitting Results  
Figure 9 shows the neural net fitting results and Table 2 shows the regression coefficients and RMSEs of the four neural networks. In the first network, the input was GNSS LHCP reflectivity for 10 different incidence angles, from 20\({}^{\circ}\) to 65\({}^{\circ}\) in 5\({}^{\circ}\) intervals. The regression was 0.90 for the test samples, and 0.88 for all the samples. The root mean squared error (RMSE) between GNSS-R measurements and in situ soil moisture was 0.02 m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{3}\) (Figure 9a). Then Rrr was set as input, the regression and RMSE were about 0.78 and 0.027 m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{3}\), respectively, under the same conditions (Figure 9b). When Rrr was added together with Rrl as input, the regression improved to 0.92 and the RMSE was reduced to 0.016 m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{3}\) (Figure 9c). Finally, EVI from MODIS was added as input together with Rrl and Rrr, and the regression improved to 0.94 and the RMSE was reduced to 0.014 m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{3}\) (Figure 9d).  
Figure 8: Correlation between GNSS LHCP reflectivity, Rrl, and ELBARA-II horizontal/vertical reflectivity, Rhh/Rvv, for three different incidence angles, namely 35\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), and 55\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, from top to bottom.  
Figure 9: _Cont._  
Figure 9: Regression of GNSS-R Neural Net Fitting.
Polymers_**2014**, \(6\), 1914-1928; doi:10.3390/polym6071914  
_[[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers_](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers_)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers_](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers_))  
Sulfonation Process and Desalination Effect of Polystyrene/PVDF Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Cation Exchange Membrane  
**[PERSON] *, [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]**  
School of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology,  
Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.L.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.M.)  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel./Fax: +86-574-8813-0239.  
_Received: 12 March 2014; in revised form: 3 June 2014 / Accepted: 25 June 2014 / Published: 7 July 2014_  
**Abstract:** With the classical sulfonation method of polystyrene-based strongly acidic cation exchange resins, polystyrene/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) alloy particles were sulfonated to obtain a cation exchange resin, which was then directly thermoformed to prepare a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) cation exchange membrane. The effects of the swelling agent, sulfonation time and temperature and the relative contents of polystyrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) in the alloy particles on the feasibility of the membrane formation are discussed. The results indicate that a favorable sulfonation degree above 80% and a suitable ion exchange capacity of 1.5-2.4 mmol/g can be gained, with concentrated sulfuric acid as the sulfonation agent and 1,2-dichloroethane as the swelling agent. The running electrical resistance and desalination effect of the prepared cation exchange membrane were measured in a pilot-scale electrodialyser and not only obviously exceeded a commercial heterogeneous cation exchange membrane, but was also very close to a commercial homogenous membrane. In this way, the authors have combined the classical sulfonation method of polystyrene-based cation exchange resins with the traditional thermoforming manufacturing process of heterogeneous cation exchange membranes, to successfully develop a novel, low-price, but relatively high-performance polystyrene/PVDF cation exchange membrane with the semi-IPN structure.  
**Keywords:** semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN); cation exchange membrane; polystyrene; sulfonation; desalination
###### Abstract  
There will be great damage in the process of harvesting, transporting, and storing after grain matures. The injury rate is as high as 8% to 12%. After damage, the germination rate of the grain becomes lower, the quality decreases, and it is easily infected with pests and molds. This study of the grain-crushing characteristics is of great significance to ensure grain quality, and an accurate crushing model is a prerequisite for effectively simulating crushing characteristics. This paper studies the shattering characteristics of wheat grains. Two-dimensional slices of wheat grain were obtained using X-ray tomography technology. Then, an accurate three-dimensional outer contour model of the wheat particle was constructed using image filtering and segmentation algorithms. The particle filling process was conducted using EDEM 2018 software to establish a wheat particle simulation model based on the Hertz-Mindlin with a Bonding contact model. Using the DOE experimental design method, single-factor experiments, Plackett-Burman experiments, steepest-climb experiments, and Box-Behnken were designed to study the fragmentation characteristics of wheat particles combined with parameter calibration and physical experiments. The test results show that the normal stiffness per unit area is \(7.392\times 10^{10}\) N/m\({}^{3}\), critical normal stress is \(5.293\times 10^{6}\) Pa, critical tangential stress is \(5.001\times 10^{6}\) Pa, and the relative error about 3%, which verifies the reliability of the simulation parameters in the discrete-element crushing model of wheat grain. This study focuses on two essential aspects: 1. establishing an accurate wheat-grain contour model; and 2. calibrating the bonding parameters of the discrete-element simulation model of wheat grain. The wheat grain discrete-element crushing model and the calibration of its bonding parameters are constructed to provide a foundation for the study of wheat-grain crushing characteristics. It is of great significance to study the situation of wheat grains and where cracks are produced. In this paper, an accurate model of the wheat-grain contour is established, and the bonding parameters of the discrete-element simulation model of the wheat grain are calibrated. The calibration of the model of the discrete elements of wheat-grain fragmentation and its bonding parameters will provide a basis for studying the crushing characteristics of wheat grain. Understanding the condition of wheat grains and the causes of cracks carries significant academic significance.  
Keywords:wheat-grain crushing; image reconstruction; simulation model for discrete-element fragmentation; bonding parameters; response surface experiment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Chemical Characterization of Cider Produced in Hardanger--From Juice to Finished Cider
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Composition of Apple Jices and End Fermented Cider of Different Apple Fruit Cultivars
#### 3.1.1 Acids, Sugars, Ethanol, and YAN
The main sugars in the juices were fructose, glucose, and sucrose, as expected for apple juice and fruit [9]. In juices of four different apple cultivars ('Aroma', 'Discovery', 'Gravenstein', and 'Summerred'), the content of glucose, fructose, and sucrose ranged on average, respectively, as follows: 9.8-26.3, 38.8-90.2, and 9.9-38.7 g L\({}^{-1}\). Juice of 'Gravenstein' and 'Aroma' cultivars had the highest level of total sugar, and that of 'Discovery' was the lowest (Table 2). The sugar content decreases during fermentation, mainly due to yeast assimilation and translation into ethanol, but also to other metabolites [17]. The yeasts are mainly glucophilic [17], so it is no surprise that end products have more fructose than glucose, regardless of the cultivar or the amount of total residual sugar. Residual sugars (sum of glucose and fructose) ranged on average from 7.9 ('Summerred' ciders) to 25.8 g L\({}^{-1}\) ('Aroma' ciders) in finished cider. Technologies and decisions regarding the target of residual sugars in end-fermented ciders differ among producers. Chaptalization with sucrose is a traditional technique used in cider production in the Hardanger area to increase the alcohol content to reach 6-7% vol. [6]. Some producers add sucrose before the onset of fermentation, and some during fermentation. This explains the variation of sucrose in juices. In all the final products, the sucrose content was zero (or near zero). Ethanol ranged in final ciders on average from 7 to 8.5% vol. Naturally present sugars in apple juices from Hardanger that undergo fermentation enable up to 5% natural ethanol, which is in agreement with the theoretical yield of alcoholic fermentation [17]. This is why most of the cider producers, as already mentioned, add sucrose to increase the start density of apple juice and final ethanol contents from 6 to 7% vol. [3; 6]. Our study is a case study, focusing on the chemical composition of apple juices and ciders like they are produced in different seasons by real producers. We are, of course, aware that the level of chaptalization was not monitored particularly, and that could have influenced the chemical properties of ciders. However, the study's findings on the natural compositional variations of Cider from Hardanger remain valid and significant part of the established database.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Bread Characterization
#### 3.2.6 Microbial Counts  
The major problem associated with the microbial contamination in bakery products is the economic losses mainly due mould spoilage, another concern is the possibility of mycotoxins production that may pose serious health risks to humans [42]. As shown in Table 6, the mean bacteria count of the bread samples tested ranged from 2.6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{2}\) to 2.4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) Cfu/g on day 2. International microbiological standards recommended units of bacterial counts for dry and ready to eat foods are \(<\)10\({}^{4}\) Cfu/g for total viable bacteria, in our study our counts indicate a good hygienic status of the bread [43].  
Concentrations of total yeast and mould counts also showed similar pattern comparing B50 and Control. Higher concentrations were verified in B100 with greater impact if storage is done in a paper bag (6.24 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) Cfu/g). Several factors condition the development of deteriorating microorganisms, having the greatest impact, water activity, concentration of salts and other compounds that can act as preservatives [44]. In this sense the greater amount of fibre and the hygroscopic nature of _S. perennial_ powder allowed a greater water retention promoting the development of microorganisms in B100. However, in B50 the impact of water activity is minor, and it is still compensated by the prevalence of some minerals such as sodium, potassium and magnesium and phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity [45]. Some studies showed different salts as sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl\({}_{2}\)) acts as preservative in bread, led to the slowest colony growth rates and delayed lag phase of the microorganisms like coliforms as _Escherichia coli_ or moulds as _Penicillium_ sp. and _Aspergillus_ sp. [46]. Antioxidant compounds used in bakery products have a high antimicrobial activity against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Salmonella typhimurium_ and inhibited growth and toxin production of _Aspergillus_ sp. and _Bacillus_ species.
## 4 Case Study: The Kimberley Climate Adaptation Project (KCAP)
### Evaluation of Visualization Rankings and Responses to Virtual Globes in KCAP
#### 4.6.1 Responses to Virtual Globes  
The results of the following content analysis are based on the coding of the video recordings, qualitative, open questions in the post questionnaire (\(n=25\); 25 out of 38 respondents added comments in the open question sections), and qualitative in-depth interviews directly after the public open house (\(n=17\)).  
Stakeholder interviews confirmed the quantitative questionnaire findings from the process feedback that the visualizations raised awareness and facilitated understanding of climate change impacts and  
Figure 10: Graph showing the bimodal results from the ranking of virtual globes as compared to posters, presentation and 2D maps (\(n=36\)).  
mitigation/adaptation options. \"I thought the benefits were wonderful because you could really see it and it was exciting. The ones that were of Kimberly, because Google Earth is quite new to me. I haven't played with it very much. So, I was just amazed with the technology and how, to be able to see Kimberly as a whole and put in the different scenarios and, and... [see] different consequences with different scenarios\" (local politician).