## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Method** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Empirical methods} & \(S_{\max}=V_{S}/2.5i\) & Well known \\  & \(S=S_{\max}\times e^{\left(-x^{2}/2i^{2}\right)}\) & [11] \\  & \(S_{\max}=f\left(A/2R\right)\) & [22] \\  & \(V_{S}=\sqrt{2\pi}S_{\max}\times i_{0}\) & [23] \\  & \(i_{1}=0.386A+2.84\) & [24] \\  & \(S_{\max}=0.313\left(\frac{VL_{\infty}D^{2}}{i}\right)\) & [25] \\  & \(S_{\max}=\frac{1}{i}\left(\frac{VL_{\infty}D^{2}}{i\times R}\right)\) & [26] \\  & \(0.785\left[\gamma_{n}\times\left(A+\sigma_{s}\right)\right]\cdot\left(\frac{D \varsigma}{1\times R}\right)\) & [27] \\  & \(S_{\max}=0.01875\left(\frac{R^{2}}{i^{2}}\right)\times\) & [28] \\  & \(\rho^{0.26\left[\gamma_{n}\times\left(Z+\sigma_{s}\right)-\sigma_{l}\right]/U_{ \alpha}}\) & [28] \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Analytical Methods} & The analytical solutions for & \multirow{2}{*}{[29]} \\  & ground settlement caused by & \\ \cline{1-1}  & tunnel construction in initially & \\ \cline{1-1}  & isotropic and homogeneous & \\ \cline{1-1}  & soils & \\ \cline{1-1}  & The analytical solution of the & \\ \cline{1-1}  & uniform elastic half-space & \\ \cline{1-1}  & tunnel is performed using the & \\ \cline{1-1}  & approximation method & \\ \cline{1-1}  & suggested by [PERSON] [28]. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Formal (PLAXIS 3D, ABAQUS) [30; 31; 32; 33; 34]
* Normal Methods FDM (FLAG3D) [35; 36; 37; 38]
* Normal Normal Methods FDM (3 DEC) [39; 40; 41; 42; 43]  
\end{table} 
Table 1: The empirical method, analytical method, and numerical method for ground settlement calculation. techniques have been implemented in a vast array of fields [46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51]. Table 2 displays the application of different artificial intelligence methods to ground settlement prediction. However, numerous shortcomings of some intelligent methods are gradually revealed in practical application. For example, it is difficult to determine the network structure of ANN models and have poor generalization performance [18]. SVM also has practical issues, such as high model complexity and significant limitations in kernel functions [18]. As a \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Target of Prediction** & **Database Capacity** & **Reference** \\ \hline ANN & Ground surface & - & [15] \\  & settlement & & \\ BPNN, SVM, GP & Ground surface & 230 & [16] \\  & settlement & 66 & [19] \\  & Ground surface & & \\  & settlement, & & \\ BPNN, LSTM, GRU, & Longitudinal & & \\ Conv1d & settlement curve, & & \\  & Shield operational & & \\  & parameters & & \\ ANN & Ground surface & - & [52] \\  & settlement & 49 & [53] \\ ANN & Ground surface & 142 & [54] \\  & settlement & 432 & [55] \\  & Ground surface & - & [56] \\ ANN, WNN & Ground surface & 49 & [57] \\ ANN & Ground surface & 143 & [58] \\  & settlement & - & [59] \\  & Ground surface & 49 & [60] \\  & settlement & 148 & [61] \\ SVM & Surrounding rock & - & [62] \\  & department & - & [63] \\ BPNN, RBF, GRNN & Ground surface & 30 & [63] \\ BPNN, WNN, GRNN, & Ground surface & 200 & [64] \\ ELM, SVM, RF & settlement & 236 & [65] \\ BPNN, GRNN, ELM, & Ground surface & 4249 & [66] \\ SVM, RF & settlement & & \\  & Ground surface & 143 & [67] \\ XGBoost, BPNN, & Ground surface & & \\ SVM, MARS & settlement & 148 & [68] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: ANN (Artificial Neural Network), ANFIS (Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System), BPNN (Back Propagation Neural Network), Conv1d (Convolutional Neural Network), ELM (Extreme Learning Machine), GP (Gaussian Process), GRNN (General Regression Neural Network), GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit), LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), MARS (Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines), OLS (Ordinary Least Squares), RBF (Radial Basis Function), RF (Random Forest), SVM (Support Vector Machine).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Intelligent method for ground settlement prediction. consequence, finding an appropriate prediction method for ground settlement brought on by tunnel excavation remains a critical issue.