## 3 Results
### Results and Evaluation of FTIR Spectra
A prominent absorption signal was detected between 1750-1700 cm\({}^{-1}\), likely attributed to the vibration of carbon-oxygen (C=O) double bonds in carboxyl ester functional groups. These are present in the carboxyl groups of phenolic acids like gallic acid and in the esterified fatty acids of polar lipids in the TAC extracts. Additionally, carbonyl functional groups in phenolic ketones or aldehydes, including those in flavonoids like quercetin--a highly bioactive flavonoid--contribute to this absorption. Similar patterns were observed in reference standards, including soy-derived polar lipids, gallic acid, and quercetin, under identical experimental conditions. In the spectral region spanning 1700-1550 cm\({}^{-1}\), distinct peaks, particularly at 1650-1600 cm\({}^{-1}\), correspond to C=C and C-C vibrations in conjugated systems, such as those found in the phenolic rings of bioactive compounds. These include flavonoids detected in the apple TAC extracts, as well as reference standards like flavan-3-ol catechin, flavonoid quercetin, and gallic acid. The C=C and C-C vibrations also indicate the existence of carotenoid bioactives, as confirmed by the analysis of \(\beta\)-carotene. Between 1500-1000 cm\({}^{-1}\), strong absorption signals are linked to C-O vibrations characteristic of ether and alcohol groups, commonly found in the ester bonds of esterified fatty acids in PL. Previous studies have identified esterified unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in polar lipids from both apple juice and pomace [10; 11]. The C-O functional group is also present in ether and ester structures of phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and flavan-3-ols like catechin. Furthermore, within this spectral range, C-O-C vibrations are observed, similar to those found in alkyl PL and flavan-3-ols like catechin. These bioactive molecules exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and cardioprotective effects and have previously been detected in apple juice and by-products samples. Finally, absorption around 900 cm\({}^{-1}\) is associated with C-H or ring vibrations, indicative of aromatic compounds. Therefore, the analyzed samples are confirmed to contain numerous functional groups and chemical structures similar to those found in carotenoids, phenolics, polar lipids, phenolic acids, flavonols and flavan-3-ols, suggesting that they would exhibit similar properties when combined. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Platelet Properties of TAC and TLC Extracts of Apple juice and By-Products  
The study of thrombo-inflammatory factors, such as PAF (Platelet Activating Factor), as well as thrombotic factors such as ADP (adenosine diphosphate), is particularly important due to the role they play in thrombo-inflammatory pathological conditions like cancer [24]. These factors interact with receptors on cells including platelets, activating specific thrombo-inflammatory pathways that promote inflammation and thrombosis. More specifically, as one of the most potent inflammatory mediators, PAF can promote inflammatory procedures that subsequently induce thrombo-inflammation and oxidative stress, not only in platelets, but mainly by acting as a potent chemotactic agent for other human cells that display its receptor on their membranes, such as monocyte and granulocytic leukocytes of the innate and adaptive immune systems, endothelial cells. Bioactive compounds that can limit or inhibit the action of these factors could reduce the risk of developing related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis,renal disorders, cancer, and even milder conditions such as allergies and asthma [24]. The platelet model used in the current study is particularly suitable for evaluating the activity of these components, because it allows the determination of the concentrations required to inhibit thrombo-inflammatory factors and reduce the associated risk for chronic disorders, including cancer [24].