# Building Information Modelling Facility Management (BIM-FM)
## 6 Barriers Affecting the Implementation of BIM-FM  
### The Academic View  
The academic interpretations of BIM-FM agree on a number of key barriers, which apparently explain the lack of BIM-FM case studies. These can be summarised as follows:  
* [noitemsep,topsep=0 pt]
* Insufficient data exchange formats [5; 10; 54];
* A lack of standards including defined information requirements and required level of development [8; 11; 24; 41; 44; 49; 51; 52; 55];
* High costs for both the software and staff training [14; 46; 47; 50; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59].  
Consequently, attempts have been made within the research community to reduce the cost of model creation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [56] attempted to reduce costs associated with the laser scanning equipment by utilising the LiDAR scanner incorporated into the iPhone 12 Pro. However, if this was carried out as a handheld procedure, it would not be unreasonable to assume that inaccuracies may have occurred due to the intrinsic operator movement during the scans. Although [PERSON] and [PERSON] [56] successfully built a model, neither the level of accuracy obtained, nor how, or if, these potential inaccuracies were accounted for is discussed. Solutions to training barriers have been considered less within the literature, with [PERSON] et al. [24], who were researching the integration of BIM-FM in the public domain, further commenting on the barrier of training, asking \"how can training be achieved at such a large sector and who receives training first?\". Whilst [PERSON] et al. [24] were specifically referring to public sector entities such as hospitals and schools, the issue of scale is arguably considered true for many organisations that manage multiple assets. Further perceived barriers include the time taken to make models [40; 60], the need to consistently update them so they remain relevant [12; 16; 59] and the need to make data accessible to those without BIM ability or access to BIM tools [16].  
[PERSON] et al. [21] carried out a literature review on the issues surrounding BIM-FM integration. Similar to this research, they identified an initial set of four key areas:  
* [noitemsep,topsep=0 pt]
* Technological issues;
* Cost issues;
* Legal issues;
* BIM information management issues.  
However, when they attempted to validate their findings by interviewing FM professionals, the participants, unexpectedly, disputed the majority of their suggestions. However, the participants did agree that a lack of FM involvement at early stages of BIM planning and a lack of interoperability between stages negatively affect BIM adoption.  
This disparity in views between the perception of academics and FM practitioners (discussed further in Section 6.2) could be explained by the mere fact that many of the issues perceived by academics could be easily overcome by developing a justifiable business case for BIM-FM implementation--incorporating the cost of the technology and training. Whilst organisational implementation of BIM-FM would likely require some change in working practices and upskilling of staff members, this requirement is not unprecedented for any new approach. However, it is understandable that researchers carrying out pilot studieswould not have the authority to implement organisational change and thus would perceive these barriers as greater than they are.