## 3 Results
### TCs Impacts: Emily, Stan, Wilma, and Dean
#### 3.2.2 Rainfall and River Discharge  
During Emily's development over the YP, most rainfall accumulations (up to 300 mm) occurred near the landfall site in Tulum, Quintana Roo. Overall, totals ranged from 50-150 mm to the right (northeast) of Emily's track (Figure 1, Figure 7A). In contrast, a more uniform rainfall distribution characterized Stan's impact, with a 339-mm maximum in Cancun corresponding to a narrow area of  
Figure 6: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) imagery from tropical cyclones Emily, Stan, Wilma, and Dean. Left-side images show near landfall time while the right-side imagery show when each tropical cyclone moved into the Gulf of Mexico. Colors represent a calibrated scale of cloud-top temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C); the white dot is the Canasayab gauge station location in the Champion River watershed, Campeche (Figure 2). For GOES-12 images’ animation, see weblinks in Table S2.  
winds above 63 km/h located to the northeast from the TC center (Figure 7A). Similarly, as Wilma approached the northeastern YP, the total accumulation was over 200 mm. Using Cancun observations from a 1981-2010 baseline, the record maximum registered was 770 mm on 20-21 October 2005, one day after Wilma's landing. TC Dean arrived with the strongest winds, exceeding by 27 km/h the lower margin for an H5 hurricane, then moved quickly (31-34 km/h) while crossing the YP. This storm showed a different rainfall distribution, especially south of the storm track (Figure 7A).  
The relationship between precipitation and river discharge was complex and regulated, not only by the TC strength and landing location but also by the cloud cover footprint. The YP lacks large river watersheds, except in the western region where the small Champion River watershed (Campeche; Figure 2A) drains into the GOM (Figure 2B). A long-term mean daily discharge comparison (1956-2014) with river discharge registered after a TC landing showed not only an increase in discharge after landfall but some contrasts under different storm characteristics (Figure 8). For instance, although Emily crossed the YP farther away than Stan relative to the location of the Canasayab station (Figure 2B), the precipitation resulted in greater discharge a couple of days before landing (63 m\({}^{3}\)/s) and remained elevated (\(>\)50 m\({}^{3}\)/s for three days after its passage (18-21 June, 2005; Figure 8A); these values were much higher than the long-term mean (\(\sim\)11 m\({}^{3}\)/s).  
Stan's path through the YP and its emergence as a tropical depression north of the river catchment area strongly influenced streamflow discharge, which slowly increased and reached a peak (\(>\)300 m\({}^{3}\)/s) nine days after landfall (Figure 8C). Wilma, also an H4 hurricane, crossed the northeastern part of the YP, resulting in moderate discharge (140-180 m\({}^{3}\)/s, Figure 8D) after landfall. In contrast, Dean's path south of the Champion river showed little precipitation in its catchment area (Figure 7A), resulting in a steady discharge (20-40 m\({}^{3}\)/s) close to the long-term average following landfall (Figure 8B). Overall, the discharge was higher during Wilma (392%), Dean (229%), and Stan (150%) when compared with the long-term climatology. Although the GOES-12 imagery from Emily and Dean show similar dimensions at landfall (Figure 6), their precipitation patterns differed over the Champion River watershed, leading to observed differences in river discharge.  
Figure 7: **(A)** Total rainfall (mm) and forward speed (km/h) associated with the development of tropical cyclones Emily, Stan, Wilma, and Dean. Color shading is for values above 50 mm; **(B)** Change in the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI %) from two similar periods in consecutive years; red color represents loss while green is gains; **(C)** Outlined in blue are the disaster areas (municipalities) using Mexican government assessments discussed in the text; shading represents areas with tropical storm (light, 63–119 km/h) and hurricane (dark, \(>\)119 km/h) strength.