## 1 Introduction  
There were about 4.9 billion active Internet users in 2023 and 5.45 billion up to July 2024 worldwide, i.e., 62% and 67.1% of the world's total population, respectively [1; 2]. The usage trend of data volume is increasing rapidly in the world. The total volume of data created, copied, and consumed in 2010 and 2020 was about 2 and 64.2 zettabytes, respectively. It is estimated that it will be 181 zettabytes in 2025. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the surge increase in data usage is due to online work, learning, and entertainment work carried out by people from home [3]. The demand for higher data rates is also increasing in the world due to the usage of Over-the-Top (OTT) applications, the connectivity of the Internet of Things (IoT), and the usage of innovative applications such as intelligent transportation [4], innovative medical treatment [5], and smart metering [6]. 4G LTE wireless technology is insufficient to provide the current demand for data rate and low-latency reliable services [7]. Critical applications such as e-health and other emergency services need reliable random access techniques [8]. As the demand for higher data rates in dense areas and the connectivity of IoT devices is increasing day by day, the 4G network is not sufficient due to its higher latency and lack of intelligent processing despite 4G technology having better features as compared to previous generations [9]. 5G wireless communication is designed to address the limitations of previous generations. It has key features such as a data speed of gigabit per second (Gbps), massive connectivity, ultra-low latency of 1 ms [10], massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. 5G enables a new kind of network to connect virtually everyone and everything together, including machines, objects, and devices. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connect new industries [11]. In 5G, these diverse requirements are fulfilled by allowing flexible frame structure and multiple numerologies or different Sub-Carrier Spacing (SCS) based on the nature of services, with a wide range of frequencies compared to previous generations, from 0.5 GHz to 100 GHz [12; 13]. Cognitive Radio (CR) is used in 5G and offers channel assignment by intelligently detecting ideal and busy channels for the optimum usage of spectrum resources using efficient spectrum sensing methods [14; 15]. 5G network utilizing Software-Defined Networking (SDN) allows dynamic bandwidth allocation, improves latency, and ensures optimal data flow [16]. Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (mMIMO) and beam-forming technology are keys to enhancing throughput, coverage, and connectivity density of IoT devices in 5G networks [17; 18]. 5G has numerous advantages and diversified features. However, planning appropriately to exploit these features at a lower cost is essential. Capacity and coverage contrast with each other as operating frequency increases. Capacity in this paper refers to the total throughput of Remote Radio Units (RRUs), and capacity dimensioning refers to allocating data speed of at least 50 Mbps to each user connected. Capacity increases with an increase in frequency but decreases in the coverage area. We need to plan an adaptive approach to balance both the constraints [19]. Transitioning to 5G at once is challenging and costly [20], and thus, it requires a huge amount of investment due to more resource requirements such as more BTS due to small area coverage using millimeter wave [21]. In 5G New Radio (NR), different frequency spectrum bands are categorized into two groups: (a) Frequency Range 1 (FR1) (410 MHz-7.125 GHz), which includes sub-6 GHz mid-band frequencies), and (b) Frequency Range 2 (FR2), which includes higher-frequency bands, i.e., millimeter bands (24 GHz-100 GHz). FR1 frequency bands have more comprehensive coverage but limited data rate capabilities and are suitable for rural areas.