## 4 Results from the Literature Review
### The Use of Blockchain
#### 4.2.4 Integration and Management of Transport Systems
Research also suggests that Mobility as a Service can be effective in health crises, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key benefits include reduced interpersonal contact and the ability to maintain social distancing by using rented, individual transport options. Booking and contactless payment options further enhance safety for users [37; 187]. Companies that operate vehicle fleets--such as trucks, delivery vehicles, taxis, and buses--must prioritize efficient use and management of their transport assets to maintain competitiveness. Intelligent fleet management systems provide critical support by employing advanced technologies, such as IoT, cloud computing, and Big Data, to optimize vehicle operations, track usage, and enable real-time decision-making [188; 189]. These systems enhance transport service control by ensuring adherence to routes and schedules and monitoring traffic violations, thereby improving both passenger service quality and road safety. Additionally, they monitor driver speed and driving behavior, contributing to lower fuel consumption and reduced operational costs [190; 191; 192]. During health crises, intelligent fleet management systems are invaluable for tracking vehicle movement and monitoring drivers' compliance with sanitation protocols, ensuring safe and timely transport of essential goods, such as medicines and medical supplies. The system also allows for route optimization and real-time vehicle updates, taking into account obstacles and traffic density [193; 194], which helps minimize interpersonal contact--a critical factor in pandemics. Furthermore, these systems can be adapted to manage emergency vehicles, offering benefits such as route planning, access to patient information, accident detection, driver distraction recognition, and additional support tools [195]. In environmental crises, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Solution** & & **Role in Case of Potential Crises** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Smart parking systems} & \(\bullet\) & Reduction of costs and time associated with vehicle parking (economic crisis) \\  & \(\bullet\) & Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality in cities \\  & (environmental crisis and health crisis) \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Reducing human interaction through cashless payments and remote parking \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Possibility of using parking lots as vaccine distribution centers (health crisis) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: _Cont._intelligent fleet management reduces emissions through route optimization and fuel-saving measures [190]. When integrated with electric vehicle fleets, these systems are particularly eco-friendly, especially when optimal energy management and advanced charging strategies are used [196; 197]. The development and deployment of intelligent, real-time public transport management systems are rapidly advancing in urban areas, particularly those with complex transport networks. These systems utilize a suite of interconnected technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and edge computing. This integration provides real-time insights into public transport operations by enabling data collection, integration, and processing across intelligent traffic infrastructures and VANET [38; 198]. Research highlights the benefits of such systems, particularly for bus transport, where optimized route selection and scheduling can lower operational costs, reduce travel times for passengers, generate economic benefits for operators, cut CO2 emissions, and promote environmental sustainability [199]. Buses serve as a vital component of sustainable urban mobility; however, their travel times are significantly affected by street congestion [39]. Real-time passenger information systems address this challenge by providing travelers with updated arrival times, potential delays, and schedule modifications, enabling more efficient journey planning and reducing wait times at stops [200].