# Advanced Applications of Industrial Robotics: New Trends and Possibilities
## 3 Recent Achievements in Industrial Robotics Classified according to Implementation Area
### Path Planning, Path Optimisation  
The process known as robotic navigation aims to achieve accurate positioning and avoiding obstacles in the pathway. It is essential to satisfy constraints such as limited operating space, distance, energy, and time [78]. The path trajectory formation process consists of these four separate modules: perception, when the robot receives the necessary information from the sensors; localisation, when the robot aims to control its position in the environment; path planning; and motion control [79]. The development of autonomous robot path planning and path optimisation algorithms is one of the most challenging current research areas. Nevertheless, any kind of path planning requires information about the initial robot position. In the stationary robot's case, such information is usually easily accessible, contrary to industrial manipulators mounted on mobile platforms. In mobile robots and automatically guided vehicles (AGV), accurate self-localisation in various environments [80, 81] is a basis for further trajectory planning and optimisation. According to the amount of available information, robot path planning can be categorised into two categories, namely, local and global path planning. Through a local path planning strategy, the robot has rather limited knowledge of the navigation environment. The robot has in-depth knowledge of the navigation environment when planning the global path to reach its destination by following a predetermined path. The robotic path planning method has been applied in many fields, such as reconstructive surgery, ocean and space exploration, and vehicle control. In the case of pure industrial robots, path planning refers to finding the best trajectory to transfer a tool or object to the destination in the robot workspace. It is essential to note that typical industrial robots are not feasible for real-time path planning. Usually, trajectories are prepared in advance using online or offline programming methods. One of the possible techniques is the implementation of specialised commercial computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software such as Mastercam/Robotmaster or Spruttcam. However, the functionality of such software is relatively constrained and does not go beyond the framework of classical tasks, such as welding or milling. The use of CAM software also requires highly qualified professionals. As a result, the application of this software to individual installations is economically disadvantageous. As an alternative to CAM software, methods based on the copying movements of highly skilled specialists using commercially available equipment, such as MIMIC from Nordbo Robotics (Antvorskov, Denmark), may be used. This platform allows using demonstrations to teach robots smooth, complex paths by recording required movements that are smoothed and optimised. To overcome the limitations caused by the lack of real-time path planning features in robot controllers, additional external controllers and real-time communication with the manipulator is required. In the area of path planning and optimisation, experiments have been conducted for automatic object and 3D position detection [82] quasi-static path optimisation [83], image analysis [84], path smoothing [85], BIM [86], and accurate \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Objective** & **Technology** & **Approach** & **Improvement** & **Ref.** \\ \hline An overview of existing applications and concepts of robotic systems and artificial intelligence in dentistry, for functional capacity evaluations, of the role of ML in surgery using surgical robotics, of deep learning vs-à-vis physical robotic systems, focused on contemporary research. & An overview & An overview & An overview & [64, 65, 67, 69] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._self-localisation in harsh industrial environments [80, 81]. More information about methods and approaches proposed by researchers is listed in Table 5.