## 8 Conclusions  
The present study aimed to test the newly proposed 'deconcentrated tourism concentration' hypothesis, described with the 'Galaxy structure' in Figure 1. The empirical experiment for the outer-inner city complementarity (or substitution) relation between \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**R** & **R Sq.** & **Adj. R Sq.** & **Std. Error of the Estimate** & **Durbin-Watson** \\ \hline
0.964 & 0.929 & 0.923 & 0.128103872 & 1.644 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Analysis of Variance. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Sum of Squares** & **df** & **Mean Square** & **F** & **Sig.** \\ \hline Regression & 24.782 & 9 & 2.752 & 167.788 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Residual & 3.092 & 116 & 0.016 & & \\ Total & 26.685 & 125 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Model Summary. \"Outdoor Activities\" in the 11 national parks and \"Gaming Industry\" in Las Vegas confirms that pre-pandemic complementarity relations became weakened in the COVID-19 pandemic period and transformed into substitution relations. Findings in our study support this evolving tourism trend influenced by the real or perceived health risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, our empirical model corroborates that the COVID-19 pandemic is substantially and structurally influencing tourism decisions with different forms of preferred tourism behaviors ranging from avoiding crowded urban agglomerations or mass tourism in crowded resorts to substituting shared accommodation facilities (e.g., hotels) for individualized accommodation types (e.g., individual apartments) or to more subtle forms of nature tourism. For an urban (metro) tourism destination such as Las Vegas, this can be challenging, at least in the short run, due to centrifugal forces during its post-COVID recovery period. However, as the empirical model estimation results indicate, both centripetal and centrifugal forces do exist and have interacted, especially in the pre-pandemic period. The outer-inner city complementary relation between \"Outdoor Activities\" in the 11 national parks and the \"Gaming Industry\" in Las Vegas provides an opportunity for Las Vegas, an excellent example of a tourism destination with well-developed geographic connectivity (or accessibility) to surrounding extra-urban destinations. Moreover, the substitution effect found during the COVID-19 pandemic can provide critical guidelines about how the tourism industry should be restructured or reshaped to enhance resilience against unexpected and unprepared events. Facing another unexpected and unprepared event such as COVID-19, the tourism industry in a given urban (metro) destination should be ready to accommodate the shifting trend in tourism demand. Our paper shows how tourism infrastructure in Las Vegas acts as an attraction force for visitors who wish to enjoy social capital and urban ambiance in the city. In the light of COVID-19, a dichotomy has arisen between dense tourism concentrations in the city and the need for a healthy relaxed environment. As a consequence, a mixed pattern of partly a tourism concentration and partly a tourism dispersion to natural parks has arisen. As a final result, Las Vegas has still kept its attraction force on a resilience trajectory, but in a different form compared to the pre-COVID times. The evidence in this study supports that a new form of tourist behavior is gaining importance, viz. the emergence of the new 'post-COVID reality' mixed types of tourism in the form of a spatial spread of tourists around major accessible tourist destinations showing a galaxy structure. However, the findings in this study need further investigation since this newly emerging trend can last for a relatively short period as a temporary trend only in the middle of a crisis. On the contrary, the new trend can also become a permanent game-changer in the long run.