## 2 Literature Review  
The sensors intended to control the cultivation of agricultural crops can monitor environmental parameters such as air temperature, air humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture, chemicals in the soil, leaf wetness, air flow, insolation, luminosity, and solar radiation. The application of IoT solutions is increasingly common in precision agriculture in greenhouses, orchards, and vineyards [5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. In order to optimize the parameters of wireless communication, it is necessary to carry out analyses of various communication aspects. Therefore, the optimization of parameters should be carried out to achieve reliable communication with minimal energy consumption, which is the subject of research in this article. An important criterion in the selection of appropriate technologies is low energy consumption, so that the battery-powered nodes achieve a sufficiently long autonomy and multi-year life cycle expectancy. Therefore, technologies from the group of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, high-range low-power wireless technologies, are suitable for application in precision agriculture scenarios [10]. The specifics of LPWAN technologies are a long communication range for sending information over greater distances and low power consumption. These features make LPWAN technologies very practical for open-area IoT implementations. There are many LPWAN technologies and new ones are constantly emerging and improving, but currently, LoRa, Sigfox, and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) are leaders in the field [11; 12]. The advantage of the application of these technologies in networking relates to the fact that the end devices working with these technologies are designed to consume energy efficiently and minimally [13]. Low power and narrow bandwidth allow for very low power consumption used in operation [14]. Its low power associated with long-range communication makes LoRa the most prominent among LPWAN technologies [15]. Of all LPWAN technologies, LoRa has probably involved consideration of most scientific studies concerning problems, current solutions, and open issues [13; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38]. A significant number of surveys has been conducted with the aim of analyzing requirements, deployments, and challenges of LoRa technology [13; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37]. Therefore, available surveys [13; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37], from 2019-2023 are listed and briefly described hereafter. In [39], a systematic literature review of published studies on LoRa applications was conducted using articles from 2010-2019. The study [16] presents an overview of LoRa networking, covering the technological difficulties in setting up LoRa infrastructures, such as connection management, allocation of resources, consistent communications, and security. In [17], a comprehensive survey of LoRa from a systematic perspective is given. It includes analysis of LoRa communication processes, security, and its enabled applications. In [18], the landscape of available simulators for IoT and wireless sensor networks is explored and their performance is compared. Moreover, LoRa networking performance metrics, including range, throughput, energy usage, and security is studied in [13; 19]. In [20], the literature survey presented in the paper describes LoRa performance under different scenarios and a few implementation obstacles of this technology. Furthermore, in the papers [21; 22], a discussion of the advantages of LoRa over the existing technologies used in IoT is presented. Also, in [23; 24], a detailed description of the LoRa technology is given with regard to existing security and reliability mechanisms. Also, in [38], a survey of Machine Learning techniques for wireless sensor networks is presented.