###### Abstract
Metal NP that can be used as fertilisers or plant growth stimulants were described, among others, silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and also gold (Au) nanoparticles [4]. This enables nanoparticles, including AuNP, to be present in the soil and therefore has an impact on the interaction with plants, especially cultivated plants. AuNP have become the subject of our interest because they have the potential to stimulate plant growth, and they can also be accumulated or have a toxic effect on plants. Moreover, AuNP also have many other commercial applications [18; 19; 20; 21; 22] that inevitably cause them to be increasingly released and accumulated in the environment, including soil, water, air, etc. This makes the need to study the interaction of the AuNP with plants. _Arabidopsis thaliana_ seeds and seedlings that were exposed to 80 \(\mu\)g/mL AuNP increased their germination capacity and seed yield, thus accelerating plant growth. Moreover, enhanced flowering and an increase in the length of the pods in the treated plants were also observed [23]. AuNP at a concentration of 0.013% (\(w/w\)) in the soil increased the shoot length ratio to the root length of _Lactuca sativa_ but did not disturb the community of soil microorganisms or the germination of seeds [24]. A foliar spray of AuNP on _Brassica juncea_ indicated that at a concentration of 10 ppm, germination and growth were accelerated, and the chlorophyll content, seed oil content, seed yield and the number of pods per plant was increased. However, higher doses (50-100 ppm) caused oxidative stress in plants [25]. This indicates that AuNP can positively affect the development and yield of plants. However, it is important to remember that the interaction of NP with plants depends on their physico-chemical properties (such as their shape, size, coating properties), their concentration as well as the plant species. Experiments on four plant species (_Raphanus raphanistrum_ subsp. sativvusr, _Cucurbita pepo, Oryza sativa, Lolium perenne_) that was treated with AuNP at different surface charges indicated that positively charged AuNP had a greater ability to enter the plant roots while negatively charged AuNP were most efficiently transferred from the roots to plant shoots. Moreover, the radish (_Raphanus raphanistrum_ subsp. Sativusr) and ryegrass (_Lolium perenne_) roots accumulated higher amounts of AuNP than the rice (_Oryza sativa_) and pumpkin (_Cucurbita pepo_) roots [26]. Another study showed that AuNP did not penetrate into the roots of Arabidopsis; however, it had an influence on root development and ultra-structure that was dependent on the NP surface charge [27]. Similarly, it was demonstrated that positively charged AuNP influenced the development of _Hordeum vulgare_ roots without penetrating into the plant body. A high concentration of AuNP (50 \(\mu\)g/mL) caused changes in the rhizodermis differentiation and formation of the hairless phenotype [27]. [PERSON] et al. [28] showed that AuNP might penetrate and translocate within the plant body in a size-dependent manner as 3.5 nm of AuNP enteredinto the roots of _Nicotiana xinthi_ and moved into the vasculature, while 18 nm of AuNP were retained on the root surface. Moreover, after 14 days of exposure to 3.5 nm of AuNP, leaf necrosis was observed, which indicates their toxicity. The presented data showed that many parameters affect the interaction of NP with plants, and our knowledge in this area is still insufficient. There is no doubt that the rapid development of nanotechnology requires just as much research into their potential toxicity, especially in relation to crops. Knowledge about the response of plants to NP at the morphological, histological and ultrastructural levels enables the effect of NP on plant growth and development to be predicted and thus to effectively minimise the toxicity of the NP that are a component of nanofertilisers and nanopesticides that are used to increase yields.