esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# C Band 360\({}^{\circ}\) Triangular Phase Shift Detector for Precise Vertical Landing RF System
## 2 \(\pm\)90\({}^{\circ}\) Versus \(\pm\)180\({}^{\circ}\) Landing System  
### Basic Theory of Triangular Phase Shift Detector and Tracking Volume  
Assuming that the LP is perpendicular to the plane formed by the receiving points (Figure 1), the equations from which the tracking zones are derived are as follows:  
\[\overline{OP_{1}} = \frac{D}{2}\hat{x}-\frac{D}{2}\tan\frac{\pi}{6}\hat{y}\] \[\overline{OP_{2}} = \frac{-D}{2}\hat{x}-\frac{D}{2}\tan\frac{\pi}{6}\hat{y} \tag{1}\] \[\overline{OP_{3}} = 0\hat{x}+\frac{D}{2\cos(\pi/6)}\hat{y}\]  
\[\Delta d_{ij} = |\overline{OL}-\overline{OP_{i}}|-|\overline{OL}-\overline{OP_{ j}}|_{\ (ij=12,23,31)} \tag{2}\] \[\Delta\theta_{ij} = 2\cdot f\cdot\Delta d_{ij}\cdot 180/c\quad[deg] \tag{3}\]  
Equation (1) gives the coordinates at which the receivers are located when they are separated by a distance of \(D\) cm, and the incenter of the triangle is at point \(O\). The phase shifts between the received signals (Equation (3)) are determined by the distance differences between each receiving point and the LP (Equation (2)), where \(f\) is the frequency (Hz) and \(c\) is the wave travel speed (\(3\times 10^{10}\) cm/s).  
As the drone moves, the distances to each of the receivers will change and, therefore, the phase shifts between them. From these, the drone will perform flight maneuvers until it reaches the LP and descends in a maneuver in which it must continuously correct its trajectory. The maximum detector phase shift determines the volume over which the drone can move (tracking volume or tracking area for a given altitude). To simplify the calculation procedure, the volume is obtained by considering that the LP (point \(L\) in Figure 1) moves in a radius \(r_{L}\) and phase \(\phi_{L}\) when the drone varies its height \(z_{D}\) (Figure 2). For each phase \(\phi_{L}\), the value of \(r_{L}\) is increased until one of the phase shifts (Equation (3)) reaches the maximum value of the detector.  
Figure 1: Coordinate system of the drone reception points and LP.
# Piezoelectric Transformers: An Historical Review
## 4 Conclusions  
During the mid-1990s and through the first decade of 2000s, piezoelectric transformers spread widely to a diverse range of applications. The main area of application was high voltage piezoelectric inverters for CCFL backlighting used in laptop computers LCD panels. Other applications included ozone generators for medical, sanitary and beauty related applications and air cleaners. The non-magnetic characteristic of PTs, their compact size, their ability to generate high voltages, and their high power density was a perfect match for portable applications. During this period, it was estimated that the total sales per year exceeded 25-30 million with the main production located in Japan.  
Toward the end of the 2000s, the LCD backlighting technology transitioned from the use of CCFLs to LEDs. This has resulted in a progressive decline in sales of high voltage piezoelectric transformers. Most of the manufacturers of PTs for CCFL backlighting have now discontinued their production. Some production still remains for some ionizing products using single layer-type PTs.  
Significant research has been done on the applicability of PTs for other commercial uses, such as power converters for AC-DC and DC-DC applications. For these applications, the required PTs are typically the step-down type, isolated, and with higher power requirements. The cost and limitation of readily available products are one of the main challenges in extending the applicability of power transformers.  
Figure 23: Non-resonant piezoelectric transformer for measuring high voltages in power distribution networks. (**a**) Piezoelectric measuring transformer inside of a high voltage testing chamber; (**b**) Sketch illustrating the principle of operation of the high voltage measuring transformer.  
Figure 24: Piezoelectric-based isolated circuit for feedback or gate driver applications.  
Currently, the main area of interest of piezoelectric transformers is in medical, defense, security and sensitive measurement equipment, where the PT can offer a differential value added compared to magnetic transformers, even at a higher cost.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Implementation of Smart City Services
### Visual Analysis of Sensor Data  
The VR application has the capability to access data records from the IoT platform regarding specific variables of interest: e.g., dimming values, parking occupancy, garbage bin filling level, wind speed, soil moisture, or building energy consumption. These data are then visualized using interactive charts within the Grafana IoT platform (Home Assistant). Presented as line charts to depict time series data, each dot represents an average value for a given time range, aiding in trend analysis. Users can interact with the chart similarly to a regular browser, adjusting time ranges, accessing additional information via tooltips, or toggling between available variables. This service facilitates monitoring of sensor operational status across different time scales, identifying regular patterns like day-night alternations, and potential anomalies such as missing data due to communication errors or irregular conditions. Figure 9 exemplifies such monitoring, displaying a temperature sensor within the building facility from night to day, including automatic adjustments based on environmental conditions.  
Figure 8: Consulting status of urban elements: (**a**) garbage bin; (**b**) parking lot. The data visualization layer provides users with insights of the time-series data recorded by deployed IoT devices, helping them to enhance their operational understanding of the real environment as well as providing factual information for decision-making tasks.  
Figure 9: Interaction with a line chart showing the average of the temperature values recorded by an environmental sensor during a week. The interactive chart helps identify trends and possible anomalies for monitoring purposes.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Differentiation and Identification of Viable LAB  
After enumeration, 312 Gram positive and catalase negative colonies (putative LAB) were isolated from the agar media used for LAB counts. After microscopic inspection, the cultures were separated into 225 cocci and 89 rods. The combination of the morphological/physiological/biochemical traits, separated all LAB into 11 groups (Table 3). The highest number of groups (seven) was observed for cocci which presented three main cell arrangements: short chains (four groups), tetrads (two groups), and long chains (one group). Among these, two groups (5-6) were able to generate CO\({}_{2}\) from glucose, displaying an obligate hetero-fermentative metabolism. The community of rod isolates included four groups and all of them showed a homo-fermentative metabolism. About 50% of the isolates representing each phenotypic group was analyzed by RAPD-PCR, a genotypic approach commonly applied, to perform the strain typing of the LAB associated with food products [35]. With this approach, 27 distinct RAPD profiles representing 27 strains were recognized (Figure 4), indicating the validity of this technique for differentiating LAB associated with the wooden equipment as previously reported by [PERSON] et al. [12]. The sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that all 27 strains belonged to the LAB group and they were allotted into nine genera (_Enterococcus_, _Lactobacillus_, _Lacticaseibacillus_, _Lacticaseibacillus_, _Lecitatobacillus_, _Lactococcus_, _Leuconostoc_, _Pediococcus_ and _Streptococcus_). The 11 species identified were deposited to GenBank as follows: _Enterococcus casselfizuus_ (Ac. No. MZ669935); _Enterococcus gallinarum_ (Ac. No. MZ669936); _Lactobacillus delbrueckii_ (Ac. No. MZ669937); _Lactococcus lactis_ (Ac. No. MZ669938); _Lacticaseibacillus rhamnus_ (Ac. No. MZ669939-MZ669943); _Lactiantitabacillus plantarum_ (Ac. No. MZ669944-MZ669945) and _Levilactobacillus brevis_ (Ac. No. MZ669946); _Leuconostoc mesenteroides_ (Ac. No. MZ669947-MZ669953); _Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides_ (Ac. No. MZ669954-MZ669956); _Pediococcus acidilactici_ (Ac. No. MZ669957-MZ669958); _Septococcus thermophilus_ (Ac. No. MZ669959-MZ669961). All these species are generally associated to dairy environments such as raw milk [50], cheees [35,46], animal rennets [19] and wooden vats [11], considering that _Lcb. rhamnus_, _Lpb. plantarum_ and _Lvb. brevis_ were formerly _Lactobacillus rhamnus_, _Lactobacillus plantarum_ and _Lactobacillus brevis_, respectively [65]. In particular, _Lcb. rhamnus_ are typically associated to the ripening of PDO Provola dei Nebrodi cheese and have been recently object of selection for non starter LAB addition due to their desirable technological and enzymatic activities [66]. Pediococci are also generally isolated from semi-ripened PDO Provola dei Nebrodi cheees [67].
## 3 Materials and Methodology
### MODIS Data Analysis Approach  
For the current study, the MODIS data were obtained from NASA's EOS website ([[https://earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://earthdata.nasa.gov/)]([https://earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://earthdata.nasa.gov/)), accessed on 15 January 2023) with the HDF-EOS format (Hierarchical Data Format files converted to TIFF by M.R.T.) [55]. After that, by applying the MATLAB code, we have mosaicked and projected the 500 m Albers Equal Area Conic onto WGS84 data [56]. Data were averaged monthly for the spatial analysis of snow cover data. This was facilitated by a visual assessment of the snow cover in the Varzob River Basin. An NDSI pixel value > 0.4 indicates the presence of snow in the study area [57], and for further analysis, the snow pixels were converted into km\({}^{2}\). To generate NDSI, the snow mapping method [54] was used, which takes into account the reflectance values for the spectral bands in order to correctly classify pixels as snow [58].  
The daily snow cover product MOD10A1 and the weather station datasets were compared by [PERSON] et al. [59]. Using MOD10A2, the snow cover area in northern Xinjiang, Central Asia, showed a clear seasonal trend. The air temperature has a significant impact on how snow is distributed, and different parts of northern Xinjiang in Central Asia have quite diverse spatial patterns of snow cover [59]. The snow cover trend in the Amu Darya Basin was evaluated by [PERSON] et al. [60] using MODIS 8-day snow data. A seasonal analysis of snow cover from 1986 to 2008 showed patterns in snow distribution over space and time as well as a decline in snow cover duration because of earlier runoff periods. Moreover, [60]proposed that the MODIS data are suitable to be used for a study of seasonal snow cover in mountainous areas across Central Asia.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### The Experimental Results of Reinforcement Learning  
In order to assess our proposed hairpin filter design optimization method, we executed the design within a frequency band of 60 GHz to 125 GHz. During the design process for the frequency range of 85 GHz to 100 GHz, we stipulated that the return loss S11 should be below \(-11\) dB, and the insertion loss S21 should be above \(-4\) dB. For the frequency ranges of 60 GHz to 79 GHz and 105 GHz to 125 GHz, our objectives were for S11 to exceed \(-1\) dB and for S21 to be less than \(-25\) dB. Each episode consisted of 100 optimization steps.  
We implemented five training iterations on the reinforcement learning agent, tracking the trend of the average rewards the agent garnered throughout these design processes, as illustrated in Figure 6a. The shaded region represents the observed range of rewards (maximum and minimum values) during these five training iterations. In the actual 6000 episodes of training, we observed a continuous increase in reward, maintaining near a certain level. From the trend of reward changes, we can conclude that the agent gradually mastered the strategy of maximizing reward after a period of learning. This also indicates that the design results of the card filter are gradually approaching or reaching the design task indicators with the increase of completed episodes, optimizing the characteristics of the return loss and insertion loss of the design goal.  
Figure 6b records the number of tuning steps used by the agent to reach the design goal for the first time in the training process. If the design goal is not reached in the current episode, the tuning steps are recorded as 100. It can be seen that from the 2000 th episode, the agent begins to reach our design goal, and with the increase of episodes, it becomes more and more clear about its goal, completing our design goal with fewer and fewer operation steps.  
We demonstrate the fluctuations in the S-parameter curves during the testing experiment. In Figure 7, we validate the design proposals generated by the PPO algorithm using HFSS simulation software in the process of optimizing the filter. It can be observed from the figure that the initial design of the hairpin filter did not meet our performance requirements. However, the frequency response curves showed a clear optimization trend during the algorithm design process, improving the frequency response characteristics within the specified frequency range. In the experiment, the design proposals provided by the algorithm ultimately met the performance requirements and achieved the predetermined design goals for S11 and S21 parameters. In most cases, the trained agent was able to complete the design within approximately 10 steps. Additionally, to verify the actual effectiveness of the ANN in the design process, we provide the ANN evaluation results for the final design proposal in Figure 7.
Sensors_**2015**, _15_, 20373-20391; doi:10.3390/s150820373  
_Sensors_  
**ISSN 1424-8220**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors  
_Article_  
**Fuzzy Logic-Based Guaranteed Lifetime Protocol for Real-Time Wireless Sensor Networks**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 2,* \({}^{,}\)***  
\({}^{1}\) College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 19282, UAE;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.I.)  
\({}^{2}\) Department of Informatics, Research Center for Aerospace Parts Technology,  
Gyeongsang National University, GyeongNam 52828, Korea; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +82-55-772-1373; Fax: +82-55-772-1379.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 25 March 2015 / Accepted: 11 August 2015 / Published: 18 August 2015_  
**Abstract:** Few techniques for guaranteeing a network lifetime have been proposed despite its great impact on network management. Moreover, since the existing schemes are mostly dependent on the combination of disparate parameters, they do not provide additional services, such as real-time communications and balanced energy consumption among sensor nodes; thus, the adaptability problems remain unresolved among nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To solve these problems, we propose a novel fuzzy logic model to provide real-time communication in a guaranteed WSN lifetime. The proposed fuzzy logic controller accepts the input descriptors energy, time and velocity to determine each node's role for the next duration and the next hop relay node for real-time packets. Through the simulation results, we verified that both the guaranteed network's lifetime and real-time delivery are efficiently ensured by the new fuzzy logic model. In more detail, the above-mentioned two performance metrics are improved up to 8%, as compared to our previous work, and 14% compared to existing schemes, respectively.  
**Keywords:** wireless sensor networks; real-time; fuzzy logic; routing
# Evaluation of the Effects of Locally Applied Resveratrol and Cigarette Smoking on Bone Healing
###### Abstract  
Background: Bone healing is a complex process controlled by various mechanisms. It is known that cigarette smoking (CS) negatively affects bone healing by disrupting many of these mechanisms. In an effort to find ways to eliminate these negative effects caused by CS, studies have been conducted on various vitamins, antioxidants, and medications. Since high doses and repeated injections are required to increase the therapeutic effect of conventional drug applications, controlled drug delivery systems have been developed to avoid such problems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol (RES), which has been made into a controlled drug delivery system, on bone healing in rats that were experimentally exposed to cigarette smoke to create a chronic smoking model. Methods: After establishing a chronic CS model by exposing the subjects to cigarette smoke of six cigarettes/day for four weeks, monocortical critical size defects of 3 mm (SD \(\pm\) 0.02 mm) in diameter were created in the femur using a trephine bur. During the operation, the defects in RES groups were filled locally with a gel-formed solution of RES (50 uM) and Pluronic F-127 (14 uL). CS exposure was continued during the bone healing period after surgery. All groups were sacrificed one month after the operation, and femur samples were taken. Results: The obtained samples were examined by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical techniques; osteoblast count, new bone area, macroscopic filling score, vascularization, and proliferation were evaluated. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that CS negatively affects bone healing and that local application of RES reduces this effect.  
reservation; controlled drug delivery systems; cigarette smoking; bone healing Article
# Study on the Dynamic Generation of Subcooled Water Using a Compact Heat exchanger
## 2 Experimental Setup and Experimental Conditions
### Selection of Compact Heat Exchanger
pipe and the hydrothermal conditions, the dimensionless degree of subcooling \(\theta_{f}\) and the Graetz number \(Gz^{*}\) was introduced to judge whether, theoretically, the subcooled water could be dynamically generated:  
\[\theta_{f}=\left(T_{f}-T_{w1}\right)/(T_{b1}-T_{w1}) \tag{1}\]  
\[Gz^{*}=\left(l_{s}/d_{i}\right)/(RePr) \tag{2}\]  
where \(T_{f}\) represents the freezing temperature of the water and \(T_{w1}\) symbolizes the inner surface temperature of the subcooled tube. \(T_{b1}\) is the temperature of the water at the subcooled water outlet, and the \(d_{i}\) is the hydraulic diameter of the subcooled channel. The length \(l_{s}\) is the distance from the position where the average temperature of the test fluid reaches the freezing temperature to the cooling tube exit. \(Re\) and \(Pr\) are the Reynolds number and Prandtl number, respectively. When subcooled water is generated dynamically in laminar flow conditions,  
\[\theta_{f}=33.10 Gz^{*}+1 \tag{3}\]  
When subcooled water is generated dynamically in turbulent flow conditions,  
\[\theta_{f}=6.18(Gz^{*}/(C_{f}ReNu))^{0.37}+1 \tag{4}\]  
where \(C_{f}\) and \(Nu_{l}\) are the friction coefficient and Nusselt number, respectively. The relationship between \(\theta_{f}\) and \(Gz^{*}\) shows that \(Gz^{*}\) directly affects the size of \(\theta_{f}\), and \(l_{s}\) and \(d_{i}\) determine the value of \(Gz^{*}\). Therefore, an increase in \(\theta_{f}\) can be achieved by increasing \(l_{s}\) or decreasing \(d_{i}\). Comparing Equations (3) and (4) shows that laminar flow conditions are more likely to generate subcooled water, while turbulent flow conditions can increase the heat transfer intensity, but the wall friction \(C_{f}\), Reynolds number \(Re\), and Nusselt number \(Nu\) all cause \(\theta_{f}\) to decrease. Therefore, retaining minor disturbances during laminar flow is more beneficial for improving the heat transfer efficiency. Considering the effect of uncertainties on the duration time, such as the fact the longer the length of the heat transfer channel is, the longer the water will stay in the heat exchanger, and the greater its chance of being affected by uncertainties, such as impurities, will be, it is preferable to reduce \(d_{i}\) while proportionally reducing \(l_{s}\). The design of the compact heat exchanger for the dynamic generation of subcooled water includes a very small hydraulic diameter (\(d_{i}\)) and multi-pass structures, as well as short channels, with a much higher average convective heat transfer coefficient than that of conventional heat exchangers. The heat transfer channels' length can ensure that heat transfer requirements are met, even when they are shorter (less than 25 mm).
## 2 Methodology  
### Description of the Application  
The latent heat TES investigated in this study is part of an innovative concept of two hybrid electrical and thermal energy storage systems developed and tested in the framework of HYBUILD, a research project funded by the H2020 program [17]. The main aim of the systems is to provide heating or cooling to stand-alone and district connected residential buildings by using a considerable contribution from solar energy to reduce the energy consumption of the buildings [18]. One of the concepts is mainly intended to cover the cooling demand in buildings located in Mediterranean climate regions, while the other concept is mainly designed to provide heating and DHW for buildings located in Continental climate regions. Both systems contain an electrical and thermal energy storage system to increase the use of solar energy.  
In the Mediterranean concept (MED), a latent heat TES using PCM is located in the low-pressure side of a compression heat pump that is connected, by means of a DC bus, to a field of PV panels. In this way, the surplus of cold produced by the heat pump during periods of high solar radiation availability can be stored inside the TES tank, and it can be used in subsequent periods when no or insufficient solar energy is available. Since the latent heat TES is connected to both the building cooling loop and the chiller, the ideal phase change temperature of the PCM should be around 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C to allow a sufficient temperature difference between the PCM and the cooling water, and also an efficient charging of the PCM by the refrigerant of the chiller that evaporates inside the TES tank.  
In the Continental concept (CON), the latent heat TES is located at the compressor discharge of a compression heat pump to store the sensible heat of the hot refrigerant gas before it condenses inside the condenser. Similar to the MED concept, in this case, the compression heat pump is also connected to a field of PV panels by means of a DC bus. The TES tank can be charged during both heating and cooling operation modes, and the heat stored in the PCM is used to heat the DHW up to the desired temperature. Since, in this case, the latent heat TES is used to support DHW generation, a PCM phase change temperature around 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C is expected in this case.