# Application of Waste Tire Carbon for Iron-Containing Dust Reduction in Industrial Processes
## 3 Results  
### Characteristics of Raw Materials  
Through TG-DTG experiments, both types of IBD are relatively stable at high temperatures, showing two-stage weight loss, with only 3-4% total weight loss at 1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. As shown in Figure 3a, for SMTD, the main phase is \(\alpha\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), which can stably exist below 1200 \({}^{\circ}\)C [25]. Stage I (50-196.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C), with a weight loss of 0.83%, occurs primarily due to the volatilization of SO\({}_{3}\) and free water. The S in SMTD can be incorporated into liquid-phase or solid-phase particles, forming stable substances, partly in the form of SO\({}_{3}\)[26], and the MgFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) it contains can adsorb some moisture from the environment, with both substances volatilizing at low temperatures. Stage II (569.5-750.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C), peaking at 733.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a weight loss of 1.81%, is consistent with the decomposition of CaCO\({}_{3}\)[27, 28]. The peak may not appear in the spectrum due to its content being below the XRD detection limit [29]. For SGD, Stage I (357.9-461.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C), with a weight loss of 1.78%, corresponds to the decomposition of a small amount of Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) formed by the absorption of water by CaO [21]. Stage II (571.4-722.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C) is essentially consistent with SMTD, with the peak weight loss rate temperature at 672.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a weight loss of 1.02%. As for the reductant in Figure 3b, WT starts to lose weight at the lowest temperature, beginning at 170.46 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This process can be divided into two types: the volatilization of oil content and the subsequent decomposition of the elastomer [30]. This weight loss occurs in three stages: Stage I (170.46-298.60 \({}^{\circ}\)C), peaking at 265.39 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a total weight loss of 6.58%, corresponds to the volatilization of moisture and light volatile substances [31]. Stage II (298.60-474.92 \({}^{\circ}\)C), peaking at 415.94 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a cumulative weight loss of 56.72%, corresponds to the decomposition of natural rubber and partial synthetic rubber (SBR cracking and dehydrogenation to form styrene and butadiene monomers) [32, 33]. Stage III (474.92-603.49 \({}^{\circ}\)C), characterized by two smaller peaks, resulting in a cumulative weight loss of 88.11%, corresponds to the decomposition of synthetic rubbers such as styrene-butadiene rubber and butyl rubber [32]. Due to the incorporation of additives (such as Zn, Fe, Si, S, etc.) during the tire manufacturing process, a residual ash content of approximately 10% is typically observed [34]. Since the yield of carbon and gases from waste tires remains relatively constant at temperatures above 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the carbon conversion rate peaks at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C [35], WTC is produced by calcining WT at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min. During the formation process of WTC, some pyrolytic tar adheres to the surface, leading to secondary reactions such as tar conversion to carbon during thermal degradation [36, 37]. As a result, a 10.0% weight loss is observed between 600 and 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The C/H ratio for CC is 79.04, significantly higher than WTC's 41.90, indicating a greater degree of unsaturation and more complete reactions with a cumulative weight loss of 86.47% [38]. As shown in Figure 4, neglecting the volatilization of simple components below 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the correlation coefficients between the fitted curves and the actual calculated values for each reaction stage are generally above 0.96. The R\({}^{2}\) value for WTC is above 0.632, which also satisfies the condition that the confidence level for the univariate linear regression is greater than 95% when the number of data points N = 10 [39]. Therefore, assuming a reaction order of n = 1 is feasible.