###### Abstract
[23] studied the ultrasonic vibration laser cladding technique to enhance the cladding layer's mechanical properties. The cellular automata approach is used to establish the model. A study was conducted on Stellite6 to investigate the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the cladding track's mechanical properties, temperature field, and profile. The relative error of the model in determining the cladding track's profile is not greater than 10%. [PERSON] et al. [24] carried out laser cladding experiments on ASTM 1045 steel substrate with 316L powders. The results show that ultrasonic vibration can effectively change the microstructure of the cladding layer. Ultrasonic vibration changed the direction of heat flow inside the melt, resulting in a change of crystal orientation from (220) crystal orientation to (111) crystal orientation. [PERSON] et al. [25] investigated the distribution characteristics and evolution mechanism of grains and the Laves phase in laser cladding process. The effects of high-intensity ultrasonic vibration on the change of grain properties and the reduction in the Laves phase were analyzed and discussed. The results show that ultrasonic vibration promotes the transformation from columnar to equiaxed and reduces the grain size from 75.6 \(\upmu\)m to 48.8 \(\upmu\)m. The volume fraction of the Laves phase is reduced by 47.1% and transformed from elongated to folded. This results in a more homogeneous distribution of elements in the Laves phase. The significant advantages of applying high-intensity ultrasonic vibration in laser cladding are demonstrated and provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the basic evolutionary mechanism of laser cladding. [PERSON] et al. [26] conducted a study on the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure and properties of 316L laser cladding coatings, which provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the application of ultrasonic-assisted laser cladding process. The results show that ultrasonic vibration with different amplitudes can effectively improve the macroscopic quality of the 316L coatings, as well as the microscopic quality, such as homogenizing the structure, refining the grains, and reducing the porosity. [PERSON] et al. [27] prepared iron-based crystalline/amorphous composite coatings. The effects of ultrasonic vibration on microstructure evolution and microhardness were investigated by scanning electron microscopy observation and microhardness testing. The results showed that the content of the amorphous phase increased by 1.4%. The growth of columnar crystals at the interface was inhibited. The average length was reduced by 35.8%, and the microhardness of the coating, compared with the coating without ultrasonic vibration, increased by 27.9%. [PERSON] et al. [28] investigated the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure evolution. Compared with the amorphous coating, the crystalline zone at the bottom of the coating increased from 46 \(\upmu\)m to 81 \(\upmu\)m. The crystalline zone has a wave-like distribution, which is produced by thermal effects and high-frequency vibration. Due to the stirring caused by the ultrasonic vibrations, the formed columnar dendritic crystals break and recrystallize to form equiaxial crystals. However, the amorphous phase still dominates the top region of the coating and is less affected by ultrasonic vibrations. The entire coating has a four-layer gradient microstructure from crystalline to amorphous phases, which helps to reduce stresses in the bonding region between the coating and the substrate. [PERSON] et al. [29] proposed the use of ultrasonic vibration-assisted technology to improve the quality of the cladding layer. The ultrasonic cavitation effect leads to the formation and decomposition of cavitation bubbles in the molten metal, generating high-temperature, high-pressure, and high-speed microjets. This leads to the remelting of the grains and the dissolution of the crystalline grains. The cavitation effect of ultrasonic vibrations enhances the wettability of the molten medium.