## 3 Model Validation and Engineering Examples
### Overview of the Subway Tunnel Project
After the data of the entire Jinmo interval were sieved, the monitoring points were arranged according to the \"urban rail transit specification GB/T50308-2017\" [38]. They were divided into different monitoring sections along the tunnel boring direction. After the data of the entire Jinmo interval were sieved, the monitoring points were arranged according to the \"urban rail transit specification GB/T50308-2017\" [38]. They were divided into different monitoring sections along the tunnel boring direction. After the data of the entire Jinmo interval were sieved, the monitoring points were arranged according to the \"urban rail transit specification GB/T50308-2017\" [38]. They were divided into different monitoring sections along the tunnel boring direction. After the data of the entire Jinmo interval were sieved, the monitoring points were arranged according to the \"urban rail transit specification GB/T50308-2017\" [38]. They were divided into different monitoring sections along the tunnel boring direction. After the data of the entire Jinmo interval were sieved, the monitoring points were arranged according to the \"urban rail transit specification GB/T50308-2017\" [38]. They were divided into different monitoring sections along the tunnel boring direction. After the data of the entire Jinmo interval were sieved, the monitoring points were arranged according to the \"urban rail transit specification GB/T50308-2017\" [38]. They were divided into different monitoring sections along the tunnel boring direction. After the data of the entire Jinmo interval were sieved, the monitoring points were divided into different monitoring sections along the tunnel boring monitoring points 1-17, which represent locations with a large amount of surface settlement and a greater number of risky situations, were selected. The observation frequency of the surface settlement of the subway was as follows: (a) when the horizontal distance before and after the excavation of the palm surface from the monitoring section was less than or equal to twice the diameter of the tunnel, it was monitored one to two times a day. (b) When the horizontal distance from the excavation palm surface before and after the monitoring section was greater than twice the diameter of the tunnel or less than or equal to five times the diameter of the tunnel, monitoring was conducted once every 2 days. (c) When the horizontal distance from the excavation palm surface before and after the monitoring section was greater than five times the diameter of the tunnel, monitoring was conducted once a week. (d) When the horizontal distance between the monitoring section and the excavation face, both before and after, exceeded five times the tunnel diameter and surface settlement stabilized, monitoring was reduced to once per month. As shown in Figure 7b,c below, the bench method refers to the construction method of excavating the upper section of the tunnel (upper step) first and then beginning the excavation of the lower section (lower step) after the upper step has overrun a certain distance, after which the upper and lower steps advance simultaneously. The construction excavation process requires timely action, the construction processes have greater complexity and interfere with each other, and there is greater soil disturbance. Earth excavation causes surface settlement, but measures such as grouting raise the surface; in addition, the monitoring data include measurement errors. Therefore, it can be expressed as Equation (16). \[F(t_{0})=\sum_{t=0}^{t_{0}}\left[f_{1}(t)+f_{2}(t)+\ldots+f_{i}(t)+err(t)\right] \tag{16}\]  
According to the onsite monitoring arrangement, we selected three monitoring points for the elevation arch (YG1-17G), surface monitoring point (DB1-17G), and right line monitoring point (RL1-17G) in monitoring sections no. 1-17, respectively, as the engineering data, and the final surface settlement curves of the three monitoring points on the selected section are shown in Figure 8.  
[PERSON] et al.