# Meander Line Super-Wideband Radiator for Fifth-Generation (5G) Vehicles
## 1 Introduction
It is important to note that millimeter-wave signals have limitations in terms of propagation distance and penetration through obstacles and thus require more extensive infrastructure deployment to ensure seamless coverage. Despite these challenges, the advantages of millimeter-wave antennas make them a crucial component of the 5G landscape and drive the realization of high-speed, low-latency, and data-intensive applications. Meander line antennas are sometimes considered for 5G networks due to their compact size, ease of integration, and ability to operate across a wide frequency range. The meander line antenna stands out as an excellent choice for vehicular communication owing to its compact design, versatile functionality, and performance attributes. Its unique serpentine or zigzag conductive trace enables it to fit seamlessly within the constrained spaces typical of vehicular environments. This compactness is crucial for integrating the antenna into vehicles without compromising available space. Meander line antennas can be designed to operate over a wide frequency range, ensuring adaptability for diverse communication requirements in vehicular systems. Their omni-directional radiation pattern, low profile, and resilience to environmental conditions make them well-suited for maintaining reliable communication in dynamic and challenging vehicular scenarios. The ease of integration further enhances their appeal as it allows for simple installation without significant modifications to the vehicle's design. The meander line antenna emerges as a practical and efficient solution for meeting the communication needs of vehicles when taking into consideration applications such as telematics, navigation, and in-vehicle connectivity. These antennas can be suitable for certain applications and deployment scenarios in 5G networks, especially when space constraints or specific design requirements are factors. A meander line antenna's bandwidth can be increased using a partial ground plane instead of a complete ground [28]. Changing the width of the meander lines along the length of the antenna is another way to improve the antenna's performance over a wide frequency range [29]. Thus, the antenna's performance is affected by the meander line's length, spacing, and width and variations to the substrate's bottom; these factors allow for better high-bandwidth, high-efficiency conformal designs. In [30], a meander line antenna is reported for millimeter-wave applications. To enhance its versatility, a meandered radiating structure is coupled with the microstrip patch radiator via a compact microstrip resonant cell (CMRC) low-pass filter (LPF), which facilitates operation at 3.5 GHz. By judiciously combining the radiator slot, LPF, truncated ground, and meandered line structure, the authors achieved a remarkably compact form factor. Similarly, in [31], miniaturization is realized using the meander line structure. The miniaturization techniques of meandered slot-line and reactive loading are implemented to operate the antenna in sub-1 GHz bands with a compact structure that results in an antenna size of 0.08\(\Lambda\) corresponding to its lowest operating band. In this work, we present a novel microstrip-fed monopole meander line antenna for super wideband at a 28 GHz operating frequency of 5G millimeter-wave by adjusting the length and width of the meander line and mounting it on a complete ground plane according to a super-wideband-derived formula (Figure 1). The meander line antenna formula and the antenna design are covered in Sections 2 and 3. The results and discussion are presented in Section 4, while the formal conclusion is contained in Section 5.