# Forest Dynamic in the Italian Apennines
## 5 Conclusions
In this perspective, it is necessary not only to identify the phenomenon, but also to carry out an accurate monitoring of the territory; the present study can provide a contribution to understand and map the dynamics that are occurring and to improve the management and planning in these areas which are widely replicable to similar contexts. Conceptualization, M.N.R. and L.B. ; methodology, C.M.R. ; investigation, E.P. ; data curation, C.M.R. and E.P. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.N.R. and L.B. ; writing--review and editing, M.N.R. and L.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. Data Pavailability Statement: Data produced in this study are is contained within the same article or within the Appendix A. Historical photographs was obtained by IGMI (Italian Geographic Military Institute). Their use is subject to restrictions and the authors are not enabled to share them. 2016 Images are extracted from Google Earth. The research was carried out in the frame of the MIUR (Ministry for Education, University and Research) initiative \"Department of excellence\" (Law 232/2016). The authors declare no conflict of interest. Figure A2: Evolution of naturalness in the period 1954-2016. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**CLC** & **LAND COVER** & **AREA 1984 (ha)** & **AREA 2016** & **AREA 1984 (\%)** & **AREA 2016 (\%)** & **Variation (ha)** & **Variation (\%)** & **Rate** \\ \hline
1 & Artificial surface & 13.56 & 24.86 & 0.16 & 0.30 & 11.30 & 83.33 & 0.18 \\ \hline
21 & Arabic lands & 215.99 & 0.00 & 2.61 & 0.00 & \(-\)215.99 & \(-\)100.00 & \(-\)3.48 \\ \hline
311-a & Structured deciduous forests & 186.44 & 983.56 & 2.25 & 11.33 & 751.92 & 403.30 & 12.13 \\ \hline
311-b & Compact deciduous forests with fine texture & 778.17 & 20150.50 & 9.39 & 24.33 & 1256.83 & 1584.94 & 19.95 \\ \hline
311-c & Open deciduous forests with fine or more undergroundwith & 1802.82 & 924.91 & 21.76 & 11.17 & \(-\)87.92 & \(-\)48.70 & \(-\)14.16 \\ \hline
312-a & Coniferous plantations & 15.41 & 1.53 & 0.19 & 0.02 & \(-\)13.88 & \(-\)90.09 & \(-\)0.22 \\ \hline
312-b & Closed continuous forests & 0.00 & 41.15 & 0.00 & 0.50 & 41.15 & – & 0.66 \\ \hline
312-c & Open continuous forests & 0.00 & 47.44 & 0.00 & 0.57 & 47.44 & – & 0.77 \\ \hline
321-a & Meadows of the synthesis on earth and martous grasslands & 203.85 & 213.89 & 2.46 & 2.58 & 10.04 & 4.92 & 0.16 \\ \hline
321-b & Mesophila; and serepabilis grasslands & 3000.70 & 2467.48 & 36.59 & 29.79 & \(-\)563.22 & \(-\)18.58 & \(-\)9.08 \\ \hline
321-c & Graslands with posturate shrubs and scattered trees & 378.83 & 440.15 & 4.57 & 5.31 & 61.62 & 16.28 & 0.99 \\ \hline
321-d & Graslands with tall shrubs and scattered trees & 84.75 & 161.21 & 1.02 & 1.95 & 76.45 & 90.21 & 1.23 \\ \hline
322-a & Postrate shrubs & 152.27 & 279.70 & 1.84 & 3.38 & 127.43 & 83.68 & 2.06 \\ \hline
322-b & Tall shrubs, arboreal-altrub colonization formations & 81.16 & 61.79 & 0.98 & 0.75 & \(-\)19.37 & \(-\)23.87 & \(-\)0.31 \\ \hline
324-a & Sparse deciduous forests & 605.32 & 187.11 & 7.31 & 2.26 & \(-\)418.21 & \(-\)69.09 & \(-\)6.75 \\ \hline
324-b & Very sparse broad-leaved forests with mainly herbaceous formations & 227.34 & 82.93 & 2.74 & 1.00 & \(-\)144.41 & \(-\)63.52 & \(-\)23.3 \\ \hline
324-c & Very sparse broad-leaved forests with mainly shrubs formations & 149.21 & 35.71 & 1.80 & 0.43 & \(-\)113.50 & \(-\)78.07 & \(-\)1.83 \\ \hline
324-d & Sparse continuous forests & 0.00 & 12.76 & 0.00 & 0.15 & 12.76 & – & 0.21 \\ \hline
332 & Bure rock & 183.02 & 181.59 & 2.21 & 2.19 & \(-\)14.43 & \(-\)0.78 & \(-\)0.02 \\ \hline
333 & Sparely vegetated areas & 174.60 & 165.59 & 2.11 & 2.00 & \(-\)0.01 & \(-\)5.16 & – \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Surfaces, variations and rate of variation for the identified classes of land use in the period 1954–2016.