## 4 Case Studies
### Port of London  
The Port of London (www.pla.co.uk, accessed on 18 November 2023) is the largest port in the UK in terms of cargo tonnage, moving 54.88 million tonnes in 2022. The London Port can handle all types of cargo, with the most common goods including containers, bulk cargoes, and breakbulk cargoes. The port is located on the River Thames and operated by the Port of London Authority. The River Thames is home to the UK's largest fleet of inland vessels. The Port of London has invested heavily in infrastructure and facilities in recent years, including the development of new container terminals, the creation of new logistics parks and distribution centres, and the upgrading of existing facilities.  
The Port of London Authority (PLA) has committed to achieving net zero carbon emissions from its operations by 2040, with an interim target of halving its carbon emissions relative to the 2014 baseline by 2025. In the Port of London, the vast majority of carbon emissions are from vessels performing essential duties, including cargo transporting, pilot transfers, river patrols, and channel and mooring maintenance. Decarbonisation measures at the port of London are centred on the fleet of vessels, including the following:  
* **Operational measures**: Applied to all vessels for energy efficiency.
* **Vehicle replacement**: By 2021, deployed some electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles; by 2025, switching road vehicles to electric and all pilot taxis to be lower-emission vehicles.
* **Retrofitting existing vessels**: 2020-2030, trial stage of retrofitting low-carbon fuel or modified internal combustion engine with biofuel; 2030-2050, adoption stage.
* **Electrify frequent-stop passenger vessels**: 2020-2030, trial stage of battery electric or fuel cell electric; 2030-2050, adoption stage.
* **Non-frequent-stop passenger vessels**: 2020-2030, internal combustion engine stage V with diesel; 2030-2040, internal combustion engine stage V (or above) with low-carbon fuel; 2035-2050, fuel cell electric.
* **Tugs**: 2020-2030, internal combustion engine stage V with diesel; 2025-2040, diesel electric with low-carbon fuel; 2035-2050, fuel cell electric.
* **Freight vessels**: 2020-2030, internal combustion engine stage V with diesel; 2025-2050, battery electric; 2030-2050, fuel cell electric.
* **Service and workboats**: 2020-2030, internal combustion engine stage V with diesel; 2030-2050, internal combustion engine stage V (or above) with low-carbon fuel; battery electric; fuel cell electric.
* **Hydrogen highway**: In 2021, a three-year GBP 2.1 million programme was initiated to establish a national hydrogen highway network to support the development of clean maritime technology. The programme includes the demonstration of alternative power and fuel such as fuel cell technologies; offshore hydrogen generation; business case and economic model; and autonomous ship and mooring systems.  
* **Infrastructure**: By 2021, install solar PV panels on roofs at two sites, and used lower-energy lighting; by 2025, install biofuel tanks at PLA riverside locations to accommodate a phased switch; install a new sub-station at Denton Wharf base to cope with increased electrical demand from the vessels and vehicles.
* **Low-carbon fuel infrastructure**: 2020-2030, first refuelling to serve trials; 2030-2040, roll out refuelling infrastructure to serve existing vessel fleet.
* **Electric charging infrastructure**: 2020-2025, feasibility study for vessel charging; 2025-2040, roll out charging infrastructure.
* **Hydrogen infrastructure**: 2020-2030, feasibility study on hydrogen refuelling; 2025-2050, roll out hydrogen refuelling stations.