# LoRaWAN Path Loss Measurements in an Urban Scenario Including Environmental Effects
## 3 Data Description  
The given dataset contains a comma-separated values file with the measurements of four ENs and one GW in Medellin, Colombia. The database includes 930,753 observations from October 2021 to March 2022, with a mean sample time of 60 s. According to the regulations of the ISM bands for US915, the maximum transmission time is 400 ms [38]. In that way, we transmitted up to 242 bytes with SF = 7,125 bytes with SF = 8, 53 bytes with SF = 9, and 11 bytes with SF = 10. These frame sizes and SFs guarantee that the transmission time is less than 400 ms ([[https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/airtime-calculator](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/airtime-calculator)]([https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/airtime-calculator](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/airtime-calculator)), accessed on 14 December 2020) Furthermore, because each node transmitted data each 60 s and the maximum transmission time was 400 ms, we obtained that a duty cycle of \(\frac{0.4}{0.41}*100=0.662\%\), which is recommended to have a fair use of the spectrum (obtained with SF = 7 and frame size of 242 bytes). The fields in the dataset are described as follows. 1. **index**: Sequential number that identifies the corresponding observation. 2. **timestamp**: Date and time mark of the current observation. It is in format yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss. 3. **device_id**: String that identifies the EN's name of the current measurement. The corresponding names can be EN1, EN2, EN4, and EN4. 4. **distance**: Distance between the GW and the corresponding EN, in meters. 5. **ht**: Antenna height of the corresponding EN, in meters. 6. **hr**: Antenna height of the GW, in meters. Because the GW was installed in a static position, this height is fixed. 7. **ptc**: Transmitter (EN) radiated power in dBm. It was fixed to 20 dBm. 8. **ltc**: Transmitter (EN) losses associated with cables and connectors, in dB. 9. **gtc**: Transmitter (EN) antenna gain (characterized with a vector network analyzer), in dBi. 10. **lrc**: Receiver (GW) losses associated with cables and connectors, in dB. The measured attenuation was 4.25 dB. 11. **grc**: Receiver (GW) antenna gain (characterized with a vector network analyzer), in dBi. The measured gain was 4.161 dBi. 12. **frequency**: Carrier frequency, in Hz. The experiments were performed in the US902-928 ISM band. 13. **frame_length**: Number of bytes of the current transmission's payload. * **temperature**: Temperature of the environment, in \({}^{\circ}\)C.
* **rh**: Relative humidity of the environment, in %. * **bp**: Barotmetric pressure of the environment, in hPa. * **pm2_5**: Particulate matter PM2.5 of the environment, in \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\). * **rssi**: Received signal strength indicator at the GW, in dBm. * **snr**: Signal-to-noise ratio in dB. * **toa**: Time on air, in seconds. * **experimental_pl**: Experimental path loss (in dB) calculated by \(ptx+gtx+grx-lrx-rssi\). * **energy**: Consumed energy of the current transmission, in Joules. * **esp**: Effective signal power of the current transmission, in dBm. * **pn**: Noise power, in dBm. A statistical description of the numerical dataset fields is shown in Table 3. In addition, the empirical distributions of the most representative variables are depicted in Figure 2. These descriptions help us understand how data is distributed. For instance, it can be noticed from Figure 2a that the SFs are uniformly distributed from 7 to 10 for ENs 1, 2, and 4; however, EN3 used only SF = 10 beause the distribution of the SNR exhibited a mean of \(-15\,\)dB (Figure 2j), which means that SFs of 7 to 9 are not large enough to demodulate the received signals (Table 2). To guarantee uniform distribution of SF, we disabled the ADR scheme and controlled it manually. It also can be noticed that the carrier frequencies used are uniformly distributed overall (Figure 2c). Regarding the environmental variables, it can be noticed that the weather conditions describe tropical weather.