# Autonomous Mutual Authentication Protocol in the Edge Networks
## 8 Conclusions  
Autonomous authentication is crucial for secure communication in edge networks. Thus, competitive world-class research is presented that can prevent major attacks, independent of the server/third-party systems and no requirements for storing secret keys, and has better computational time on mobile workstations and resource-constrained IoT devices. The significant idea of the challenge-response system that uses a unique session key for every new authentication is highlighted in this work. The applications present in handheld devices, automobiles, drones, IoT devices work efficiently by applying this protocol. The authentication time on the mobile workstation for parallel 10,000 nodes is around 0.7 s. Furthermore, the time between mobile workstation authentication to IoT mode with the Turbo compiler is 0.094 s, as presented, which is similar to the authentication \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Performance Metric** & [43] & [44] & [45] & [46] & [47] & [48] &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Autonomous** \\ **Protocol** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Number of messages exchanged & 8 & 9 & 3 & 6 & 11 & 7 & 4 \\ \hline Security of message exchanged & Y & - & - & Y & N & Y & Y \\ \hline IoT Device computation efficiency & N & N & N & Y & N & N & Y \\ \hline Lightweight cryptography & N & Y & N & Y & N & N & Y \\ \hline Autonomous authentication & N & N & N & N & N & N & Y \\ \hline Automated key exchange & Y & – & Y & Y & - & N & Y \\ \hline High-range authentication statistics & N & N & N & N & N & Y & Y \\ \hline Infrastructure independent & N & N & N & N & N & N & Y \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Performance metric comparison of IoT security protocols. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **User Device** & **IoT Device** & **Gateway** & **Total Time (ms)** \\ \hline
[49] & \(8T_{H}+4T_{ECM}=70.96\) & \(10T_{H}+11T_{ECM}=191.3\) & \(5T_{H}+8T_{ICM}=141.6\) & 403.86 \\ \hline
[45] & \(1T_{fe}+5T_{H}+5T_{ECM}=104.2\) & \(3T_{H}+4T_{ECM}=70\) & \(4T_{H}+5T_{ICM}=86.78\) & 260.98 \\ \hline
[50] & \(9T_{H}+2T_{ICM}=37.08\) & \(5T_{H}+2T_{ICM}=35.8\) & \(7T_{H}=2.24\) & 75.12 \\ \hline
[51] & \(2T_{H}+1T_{ECM}+2T_{SFD}=28.94\). & \(1T_{H}+1T_{SM}+2T_{SFD}=28.62\) & \(2T_{H}+4T_{SED}=23.04\) & 80.6 \\ \hline Autonomous protocol & \(2T_{H}+3T_{SED}=4.15\) & \(2T_{H}+3T_{SED}=11.22\) & N.A. & 15.37 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Computational overhead in IoT schemes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Total Time (s)** \\ \hline Efficient mutual authentication scheme in IoT [46] & 2.01304 \\ \hline Two-phase authentication protocol in WSN [49] & 27.27 \\ \hline Autonomous protocol—mobile workstation to IoT device & 0.09400 \\ \hline Autonomous protocol—IoT device 1 to IoT device 2 & 0.092696905 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Total time for the protocol completion. time between IoT device 1 and IoT device 2. Various experiments prove the effectiveness of the autonomous protocol and its usage in a real-world scenario. In the future, GPU-based IoT device utilization for the parallelization of the exclusive challenge-response scheme will be utilized. Conceptualization, R.-K.S. and M.S.P. ; methodology, R.-K.S. and M.S.P. ; software, M.S.P. ; validation, R.-K.S., M.S.P. and L.-C.C. ; formal analysis, M.S.P. ; investigation, R.-K.S. and M.S.P. ; resources, R.-K.S., M.S.P. and L.-C.C. ; data curation, M.S.P. ; writing--original draft preparation, R.-K.S. and M.S.P. ; writing--review and editing, R.-K.S. and M.S.P. ; visualization, R.-K.S. and M.S.P. ; supervision, R.-K.S. and M.S.P. ; project administration, R.-K.S. ; funding acquisition, R.-K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The funding for this work is granted by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan with project code \"MOST 110-2221-E-029-001\". Not applicable.