## 2 Results and Discussion
### Nephroprotective Effect of APTM
#### 2.4.4 Effect of APTM on Creatinine Clearance  
The effect of APTM on glomerular filtration was measured using creatinine clearance in all of the research animals, as shown in Figure 4. Indeed, treatment with GM during 14 days of treatment resulted in a very significant reduction in clearance of creatinine (\(p<0.001\)) compared with the normal controlled group (NCG). A helpful indicator of the glomerular filtration rate is creatinine clearance. Reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate due to increased renal blood vessel constriction or injury to the glomerular capillary endothelium are indicated by a decline in creatinine clearance [30]. The treatment of GM-intoxicated rats with aqueous APTM extract at dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg enhanced creatinine clearance in a dose-dependent manner (\(p<0.05\) and \(p<0.01\), respectively, for doses 200 and 400 mg/kg). This finding points to a significant rise in glomerular filtration rate, resulting in improved blood flow and kidney function. According to earlier investigations, reactive oxygen species may have a role in the development of GM nephrotoxicity. In addition, reactive oxygen species are also involved in proximal tubular necrosis and acute renal failure caused by GM [29]. For this reason, the suggested nephprotective effect of our extract on creatinine clearance could be attributed to its antioxidant potential, as oxygen-reactive species are involved in the alteration of glomerular filtration rate [36].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**In Serum**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**In Urine**} \\ \hline
**Groups** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Creatinine** \\ **(mg/L)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Uric Acid (mg/L)** & **Urea (g/L)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Creatinine** \\ **(mg/L)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Uric Acid** \\ \hline
**NCG** & \(3.75\pm 0.96\) & 22.2 \(\pm\) 1.92 & 0.268 \(\pm\) 0.061 & 551.76 \(\pm\) 48.40 & 76.7 \(\pm\) 12.18 & 22.79 \(\pm\) 2.46 \\ \hline
**GGM (80 mg/kg)** & \(10.05\pm 1.73\)\({}^{\text{eff}}\) & 29.50 \(\pm\) 3.70 \({}^{\text{*}}\) & 0.454 \(\pm\) 0.068 \({}^{\text{*}}\) & 206.71 \(\pm\) 15.13 \({}^{\text{*}}\) & 49.76 \(\pm\) 4.11 \({}^{\text{#}}\) & 10.81 \(\pm\) 3.66 \({}^{\text{#}}\) \\ \hline
**GGM+TM (200 mg/kg)** & 7.00 \(\pm\) 0.81 \({}^{\text{**}}\) & 27.20 \(\pm\) 5.17 \({}^{\text{Ns}}\) & 0.336 \(\pm\) 0.058 \({}^{\text{*}}\) & 383.96 \(\pm\) 41.19 \({}^{\text{**}}\) & 66.33 \(\pm\) 5.50 \({}^{\text{*}}\) & 20.07 \(\pm\) 3.90 \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\ \hline
**GGM+TM (400 mg/kg)** & 4.66 \(\pm\) 1.13 \({}^{\text{***}}\) & 22.60 \(\pm\) 1.95 \({}^{\text{*}}\) & 0.314 \(\pm\) 0.065 \({}^{\text{*}}\) & 469.35 \(\pm\) 56.27 \({}^{\text{***}}\) & 70.17 \(\pm\) 2.47 \({}^{\text{**}}\) & 22.21 \(\pm\) 2.59 \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The data are shown as mean \(\pm\) SEM; (\(n=6\)): \({}^{\text{eff}}\)\(p<0.001\), \({}^{\text{ss}}\)\(p<0.01\), \({}^{\text{s}}\)\(p<0.05\) with relation to NCG. \({}^{\text{***}}\)\(p<0.001\), \({}^{\text{s}}\)\(p<0.01\), \({}^{\text{s}}\)\(p<0.05\) related to GGM (80 mg/kg). Ns: not significant.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Toxicity biomarkers in the kidneys of control and experimental rats.