## 3 Results
### Assessment Results of ERS  
The NDVI within the study area has a range of \(-\)0.0032 to 0.88 with a mean of 0.45. The runoff curve index has a distribution of 8 to 33.67 with a mean of 20.38. The carbon storage capacity has a distribution of 2.48 to 60.42 tC/ha with a mean of 15.17 tC/ha, and in the case of evapotranspiration it is 0 to 1.09 with a mean of 0.21 (Table 3). For the entire study area, the difference between the maximum and minimum values is large for the regulating service assessment results, and the mean value is close to the minimum value. Hence, the large difference between maximum and minimum values indices means that there are various urban ecological spaces within the study area, and that the ERS are spatially imbalanced. In addition, the mean value is closer to the minimum value than the maximum value, and it can be inferred that the number of distributed artificial environments is larger than the number of natural ecological spaces. Such characteristics can also be confirmed from the map. While showing ample regulating services for the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Type A** & **Type B** & **Type C** & **Type D** & **Type E** & **Type F** \\  & **(n = 8378)** & **(n = 3525)** & **(n = 4530)** & **(n = 4545)** & **(n = 4493)** & **(n = 2677)** \\ \hline impervious surface ratio (\%) & 9.43 & 27.87 & 86.9 & 72.25 & 70.12 & 63.99 \\ vegetation area ratio (\%) & 43.99 & 0.88 & 0.75 & 2.19 & 2.91 & 2.99 \\ building height (m) & 0.92 & 1.58 & 5.64 & 6.55 & 17.19 & 3.58 \\ building coverage ratio (\%) & 1.38 & 3.37 & 32.28 & 20.15 & 14.11 & 14.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Spatial characteristics for six types of urban space. Figure 4: Results of classification of the study area. four indices in the north and west sides of the study area, where urban forests are mainly distributed, the regulating service for the central part of the study area, which has been heavily urbanized, is low. In addition, it has been confirmed that parks and green spaces located sporadically inside the city perform excellently for the ERS (Figure 5). When the mean value of the regulating services for the six types, by type and grid (Table 4), are considered, type A is found to provide the most regulating services among all six types. Type A occupies 45% of the total area of the study area and provides 38% to 67% of total regulating services. Type B occupies 12.5% of the total area of the study area and provides 11% to 13% of the total ERS as well as the occupied area. Therefore, in order to prevent the deterioration of the ERS of the study area, it is necessary to restrain additional urban developments in type A and type B areas. Figure 5: ERS maps (**a**) vegetation vitality: NDVI; (**b**) flood reduction capacity: 100-CN; (**c**) carbon storage capacity: carbon storage capacity; (**d**) heat reduction capacity: evapotranspiration. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Vegetation Vitality** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Flood Reduction** \\ **Capacity** \\ **(100-CN)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Carbon Storage Capacity** \\ **(Carbon Storage (tC))** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Heat Reduction** \\ **Capacity** \\ **(Evapotranspiration (mm/day))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline min & \(-\)0.0032 & 8 & 2.48 & 0.00 \\ max & 0.88 & 33.67 & 60.42 & 1.09 \\ mean & 0.45 & 20.38 & 15.17 & 0.21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Descriptive statistics of ERS. Meanwhile, type C (low-rise residential areas) shows low numbers for all regulating services. Type C also occupies 16% of the total study area while it provides only 2-12% of the total amount of regulating services. Hence, it is apparent that this type reduces the regulating services of the entire ecosystem of the study area.