# Smart Roads for Autonomous Accident Detection and Warnings
###### Abstract
In this framework, drivers of oncoming vehicles are informed by blinking lights and a siren after detection of an accident. This blinking light is so bright that it can be seen easily in BWC. Wireless communications on these smart roads (SRs) is provided with the HC-12 serial communication module of the Arduino Uno board. These SRs act as live roads because of their sensing power. The communication protocols can be GSM or 5G technology in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems [3] to send messages about an accident. V2X can be realized from integration of cellular 5G and new radio (NR) access technology (i.e., 5G NR V2X). Mobile-phone-based applications use built-in sensor data to detect accidents. One of the major drawbacks of using mobile phone sensors for accident detection is false positives, i.e., incorrectly detecting an accident. The sensors used in mobile phones and Avs need calibration, which is difficult to achieve or may not be possible. When a car jerks due to an accident, mobile technology might turn off, or a battery might be displaced, preventing information about the accident from reaching an EOC in a timely manner. In this research, an AALS system is proposed to detect automobile accidents and send alerts to other vehicles. No changes are required to nEVs and EVs, because the whole system is installed on the roadside, leading to the new concept of smart roads. A smart road has the capability to detect an incident on the road and send this information to the EOC. In case of an accident, the AALS system uses the event-driven wireless sensor network (EDWSN) protocol [4] for communication between nodes. Otherwise, all the nodes are isolated from each other. Each node works independently to detect an accident. When an accident happens on part of an SR, the AALS system detects it through its sensing capabilities, and generates light and sound alerts. The purpose of these alerts is to inform drivers of approaching vehicles about the accident so they can take precautionary measures, e.g.,reduce speed or stop to avoid the accident. In this way, the risk of MVCs is reduced, leading to fewer fatalities and less vehicle damage. With the help of wireless communications, an accident event alert message is sent to a nearby node in a chain process using the EDWSN protocol until it reaches the EOC. The communication takes less than a minute or two to reach the EOC from the node detecting the accident. The message received by the EOC contains all the important information about the location of the node detecting the accident with the complete address, direction of the road, and a fire alert (if fire is also detected). The EOC sends a rescue team with an ambulance and fire brigade (whatever is required) to the accident's location to help save lives. The AALS system cannot reset itself; it is reset by the EOC rescue team after operations are performed and the road is clear. To reset the AALS system, a hard-reset button is pressed on the node detecting the accident. Then, the reset message is generated and sent to other nodes in a chain process until it reaches the EOC. After forwarding the message, each node resets itself and returns to the normal working state. Main contributions of this research are:  
1. A brief survey on the state of the art related to pre-accident as well as post-accident models, frameworks, and techniques;
2. Identification and reporting of limitations in previous studies related to accident detection;
3. The concept of a smart road with an event-sensing capability, plus implementation and testing through various experiments;
4. Demonstration of a new and modern way to quickly detect accidents and communicate with nearby vehicles and EOCs. The remainder of the paper is arranged as follows. Section 2 describes previous work related to the detection of accidents and MVCs on roads. It discusses previous studies and highlights their limitations. Section 3 discusses the problem background, and provides insight into the proposed AALS and its main components.