## 2 Materials And Methods  
### Description of the INLAND Surface Model  
The Integrated Model of Land Surface Processes (INLAND) is part of the fifth-generation land surface model and is an integral part of the BESM. The development of the BESM has been a result of efforts of the Brazilian scientific community, which aims to represent atmospheric processes of the global climate system while focusing on biomes (the Amazon, Caatinga, and Cerrado) and activities characteristic of Brazil (fires, flooding, silviculture, and agriculture).  
The INLAND is a version of the IBIS surface model initially developed by [17; 29]. The model is capable of representing the interaction processes of the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system through the representation of exchanges of energy, water, carbon, and momentum. In addition, the INLAND simulates physiological processes of vegetation (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and respiration) and terrestrial carbon balance (net primary productivity, soil respiration, and organic matter decomposition) at time scales varying from one hour to one year. These processes are organized within a hierarchical framework and atmospheric forcing variables required to run the model include wind speed (_ws_, m s\({}^{-1}\)), air temperature (_Tair_, \({}^{\circ}\)C), precipitation (_Prec_, mm), incident short wave radiation (_SWin_, W m\({}^{-2}\)), incident long wave radiation (_LWin_, W m\({}^{-2}\)), and relative humidity (_RH_, %).  
The INLAND is structured from three main modules covering surface processes (canopy physics modeling, soil physics, and plant physiology), vegetation dynamics (growth and mortality rates and carbon allocation), and soil biogeochemistry (carbon and nitrogen cycling) (Figure 1). The surface module simulates the exchange of energy, water, carbon, and momentum within the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system based on two canopy layers (upper and lower) and six layers of soil. Processes of transpiration and photosynthesis are represented in the model in an integrated way following [PERSON]'s equations [30]. Physiological processes that occur in plants control these exchanges of water vapor and carbon dioxide. These processes are empirically parameterized from atmospheric conditions, light availability levels, temperature, and water vapor pressure levels [17].  
In the INLAND, a sub-model of conductance-photosynthesis based on photosynthesis models of C3 and C4 plants developed by [31; 32] is responsible for estimating water and CO\({}_{2}\) fluxes on an hourly scale. The differentiation in relation to the mode of carbon fixation and water loss by plants categorizes the plants in C3 and C4. In short, the process of fixing carbon dioxide in plants of type C3 is carried out through the Calvin Cycle by the enzyme RuBisCo, and forms a compound of 3-carbon (3 PGA). Type C4 plants receive this name because they form, in the process of initial fixation of atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) in cells, an organic acid of 4-carbon molecules (oxaloacetate). This initial process is carried out by the enzyme PEP-carboxylate. Subsequently, the molecule is broken, releasing a CO\({}_{2}\) molecule, which is fixed by the enzyme rubisco and transformed into sugars through the Calvin Cycle, similar to the photosynthesis of C3 plants [30; 33].  
Figure 1: Schematic of Integrated Model of Land Surface Processes (INLAND). Source: adapted from [17; 29].