# Applications of the Open-Source Hardware Arduino Platform in the Mining Industry: A Review
## 6 Conclusions  
In this review, we have presented numerous studies utilizing open-source hardware Arduino platforms in the mining industry. A total of 48 recently published articles were identified, and the detailed contents regarding the applications of Arduino were analyzed for the literature review. It was confirmed that many of the studies reviewed in this paper were conducted in developing countries rather than developed countries. This trend may be attributed to the cost-effectiveness of Arduino. In the mining industry, the utilization of microcontrollers, such as Arduino, has increased rapidly in recent years. These studies will serve as the basis for the development of smart mining and further advanced use of microcontrollers in the future. For systematic reviews, the articles were classified under three topics, considering the purpose of the applications: field monitoring, wearable systems, and autonomous systems. For field monitoring, a number of applications of fixed monitoring systems based on Arduino were reported. These studies can be divided into the monitoring of air quality information and geotechnical information. In underground mines, various gas, temperature, and humidity sensors are mainly used to acquire air quality data. Generally, the acquired data is transmitted outside the underground mine through a WSN and gateway. Some studies have been conducted to predict possible risks through the interpretation of the acquired monitoring data. In addition, studies have been conducted on ventilation networks and evacuation to help mineworkers respond appropriately to potential hazards. Some studies have been applied to real mines, but otherwise, most of the studies have been conducted in laboratory environments. There have been some Arduino-based articles \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Communication**} & **Field Monitoring** & **Wearable** & **Autonomous** & **Sum** \\  & **Systems** & **Systems** & **Mine Systems** & **(Percentage)** \\ \hline ZigBee & 10 (26.3\%) & 5 (13.2\%) & 3 (7.9\%) & 18 (47.4\%) \\ \hline GSM & 5 (13.2\%) & 1 (2.6\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 6 (15.8\%) \\ \hline Wi-Fi & 2 (5.3\%) & 2 (5.3\%) & 1 (2.6\%) & 5 (13.2\%) \\ \hline Bluetooth & 3 (7.9\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 1 (2.6\%) & 4 (10.5\%) \\ \hline RF & 1 (2.6\%) & 1 (2.6\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 2 (5.3\%) \\ \hline Etc. & 1 (2.6\%) & 1 (2.6\%) & 1 (2.6\%) & 3 (7.9\%) \\ \hline
**Sum** & 22 (57.9\%) & 10 (26.3\%) & 6 (15.8\%) & 38 (100.0\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Reviewed literature classified by communication. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Actuator or Other** \\ **Modules** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Field Monitoring** \\ **Systems** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Wearable** \\ **Systems** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Autonomous** \\ **Mine Systems** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sum** \\ **(Percentage)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Buzzer & 5 (11.6\%) & 8 (18.6\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 13 (30.2\%) \\ \hline LCD & 3 (7.0\%) & 3 (7.0\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 6 (14.0\%) \\ \hline Motors or motor driver & 1 (2.3\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 4 (9.3\%) & 5 (11.6\%) \\ \hline LED & 1 (2.3\%) & 2 (4.7\%) & 1 (2.3\%) & 4 (9.3\%) \\ \hline UAV & 0 (0.0\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 3 (7.0\%) & 3 (7.0\%) \\ \hline Vacuum pump & 1 (2.3\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 1 (2.3\%) \\ \hline Centrifugal fan & 1 (2.3\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 1 (2.3\%) \\ \hline Vibrotactile belt & 0 (0.0\%) & 1 (2.3\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 1 (2.3\%) \\ \hline RC truck & 0 (0.0\%) & 0 (0.0\%) & 1 (2.3\%) & 1 (2.3\%) \\ \hline Etc. & 3 (7.0\%) & 1 (2.3\%) & 4 (9.3\%) & 8 (18.6\%) \\ \hline
**Sum** & 15 (34.9\%) & 15 (34.9\%) & 13 (30.2\%) & 43 (100.0\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Reviewed literature classified by actuator or other modules. addressing slope stability and roof-falls in mines.