## 4 Discussion  
The nanoprecipitation technique, also known as solvent displacement, enables the formation of nanocapsules and nanospheres [23]. This method requires two miscible solvents, typically an organic solvent and an aqueous solution. The polymer and drug are usually soluble in only one of the solvents, typically the organic phase (OP), while they are insoluble in water or an aqueous medium (AP) [24]. When the organic polymer solution is added to the nonsolvent, typically by injecting it into the aqueous phase, the polymer undergoes rapid desolvation, causing its precipitation once the organic solvent diffuses into the dispersion medium, leading to immediate drug entrapment [25]. Despite the simple process for preparing PNPs using the nanoprecipitation technique, complex interfacial hydrodynamic phenomena are involved. The origin of the PNP formation mechanism can be attributed to interfacial turbulence or spontaneous agitation of the interface between two immiscible liquid phases, which involve flow, diffusion, and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mu\)g/mL} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Polymers**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Qr**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ANOVA \(p\)’**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & **EPO** & & & **E100** & & **L100-55** \\ \hline
100 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a,2}}\) & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & \textless{}0.05 \\
200 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\text{ab,2}}\) & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{ab,3}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b,2}}\) & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & \textless{}0.05 \\
400 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.001 \({}^{\text{ab,1}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{ab,2}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b,1}}\) & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\text{b,3}}\) & \textless{}0.01 \\
600 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\text{ab,1}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{ab,2}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{b,1}}\) & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\text{c,3}}\) & \textless{}0.001 \\
800 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.004 \({}^{\text{ab,1}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 \({}^{\text{a,1}}\) & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b,2}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b,1}}\) & 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\text{d,3}}\) & \textless{}0.001 \\
1000 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.003 \({}^{\text{b,1}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{ab,1}}\) & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b,2}}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b,1}}\) & 0.68 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\text{e,3}}\) & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline ANOVA \(p\) & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.05 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.01 & \textless{}0.001 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values are shown as the mean \(\pm\) SD (n = 3, \(p\) \(<\) 0.05) of the percentage red cell hemolysis. ANOVA \(p\): Differences between concentrations of the same polymer or Qr; different letters within the same column are significantly different as determined by [PERSON]’s test. ANOVA \(p\): Differences between the different polymers and Qr at the same concentration evaluated; different numbers within the same row are significantly different as determined by [PERSON]’s test.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Hemolytic activity of Eudragit® polymers and quercetin at different concentrations. Figure 4: Morphology of PNPs via SEM. Their spherical structures are shown: (**A**) EPO; (**B**) E100; (**C**) L100; (**D**) L100-55. surface processes [26]. The Marangoni effect is responsible for the rapid formation of PNPs. This effect establishes that the turbulences occurring at the interface between the solvent and the nonsolvent are due to various accumulated phenomena, including variations in diffusion, movement at the interface, and longitudinal variations in interfacial tension [27]. Although several factors have been identified to promote interfacial turbulence, they have yet to be widely described [28].