# Improved Temporal Fuzzy Reasoning Spiking Neural P Systems for Power System Fault Diagnosis
## 2 ITFRSNP System
### Comparison Analysis with Other Methods  
#### 4.3.1 Case Result Comparisons  
The proposed method and other existing methods are used for fault diagnosis in Cases 1-16, and the diagnosis results are shown in Table 3. The methods in [13; 17; 18; 23] do not consider the temporal features of alarm messages, whereas the methods in [20; 21; 22] consider temporal features. Existing methods must identify the outage area to reduce suspected faulty components and improve the efficiency of the fault diagnosis. Outage and active areas are separated using tripped CBs. Once the alarm message of boundary CB is lost (Cases 3 and 4), the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No. **} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Suspected Faulty**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Fault Diagnosis Results**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Fault**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Components**} & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-13}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**[**16; 21; 22**]**} & **This Study** & [13] & [23] & [17] & [18] & [20] & [21] & [22] & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**This Study**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Components**} \\ \hline
1 & B\({}_{18}\) & B\({}_{18}\) & B\({}_{18}\) & B\  
outage area cannot be determined. Existing methods must diagnose all the components in the power system. In complex faults (Cases 13 and 15), the existing methods only search for the outage area with complete CB alarm messages. They failed to identify the faulty components (L\({}_{0318}\) in Case 13 and B\({}_{03}\) in Case 15) in the outage area without an alarm message regarding the boundary CBs. Therefore, this study proposes a search method for suspected faulty components by considering the missing alarm messages of boundary CBs. Suspected faulty components corresponding to tripped CBs are searched for to form subsets. These subsets complement and verify each other to avoid missing faulty components in case of missing CB alarms. Moreover, this method does not need to traverse the entire power system topology, reduce the scope of the topology search, or improve the fault diagnosis efficiency. In [13], the confidence degrees are corrected according to the quantitative relationship between PRs and CBs. The method in [13] can avoid the misdiagnosis problem when the key alarm message is missing (Cases 6 and 16). However, the adjacent components are misdiagnosed when the remote backup PR and its CBs operate. For example, Lp\({}_{1718}\)s and CB\({}_{1718}\) were operational in Case 2. Because they are also the remote backup PR and corresponding CB of B\({}_{18}\), the B\({}_{18}\) diagnosis result exceeded the threshold in [13], and B\({}_{18}\) was misdiagnosed as a faulty component. The method in [23] has a high diagnosis accuracy when the alarm message is complete. However, this method considers the minimum confidence degree in PRs and CBs as the diagnosis result for suspected faulty components. Therefore, when an alarm message is missing (Cases 10-12), this method cannot diagnose the fault component with the missing alarm message, and the fault tolerance is poor. The methods in [17, 18] can diagnose faulty components in most cases. However, misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis occur during remote backup PR operation (Cases 10 and 16) and missing alarm messages (Cases 6 and 16), respectively. The cause of the misdiagnosis is the same as that in [13], without considering the remote backup PR and CB of adjacent components. The main reason for the missed diagnosis is that the bus PR and transformer PR are associated with multiple CBs simultaneously, and the missing alarm message of the bus PR and transformer PR will seriously affect the fault diagnosis results of the faulty bus and transformer. The accuracy of fault diagnosis is improved using temporal features and reasoning in [20, 21]. However, only the PR and CB confidence degrees that do not satisfy the temporal constraints are punished, and there are no corresponding compensation measures.