# A Review of the Potential Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options for European Viticulture
Concerning the winemaking sector, global wine production was 292 million hl in 2018, remaining relatively stable over the last two decades [1]. The four most important wine producers, ranked by their production in volume, are Italy (54.8 million hl), France (48.6), Spain (44.4), and the USA (23.9), with the first three being the most important global exporters. Wine consumption increased from 2000 to 2007, but remained nearly constant thereafter, with a current value of 246 million hl [1]. The five major wine consumers are the USA (13% of world wine consumption), France (11%), Italy (9%), Germany (8%), and China (8%) [1]. Although wine trade, in volume, has been stable since 2011, wine trade in monetary value has been growing continuously to reach a record-breaking value of approximately EUR 30,000 million in 2018 [1]. Geographically, grapevines are historically cultivated on six out of seven continents, between latitudes 4\({}^{\circ}\) and 51\({}^{\circ}\) in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and between 6\({}^{\circ}\) and 45\({}^{\circ}\) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and across a large diversity of climates (oceanic, warm oceanic, transition temperate, continental, cold continental, Mediterranean, subtropical, attenuated tropical, arid, and hyperarid climates), but with the majority occurring in temperate climate regions [2]. The most important viticultural regions in the world are shown in Figure 1a, whereas the vineyard land cover in Europe is displayed in Figure 1b. Large areas in Europe, equatorward of the 51\({}^{\circ}\) N parallel, are devoted to viticulture. Many viticultural regions also underlay strict regulations concerning typicity and quality of the product, sometimes several centuries old [3], also, in some cases, with wine region delimitation systems (e.g., denominations or appellations of origin, among many others). Along the previous lines, it is clear that viticulture is a key socioeconomic and cultural sector in many countries and regions worldwide, with a high economic impact in the network of all relevant industry branches of the supply and distribution chains. Besides the direct income from wine sales, which benefit the whole production chain (wine and subsidiary companies, their employees, viticulturists, and property owners), there are other indirect benefits provided, spreading from landscape and ecosystem services to tourism. Therefore, an assessment of the sustainability of viticulture under future conditions, both environmentally and economically, is of utmost importance. This paper will treat the subject in seven sections. First, a brief description of the _terroir_ concept, which is the interplay between soil, climate, and human activity, in many ways fundamental to wine production (Section 2), and the interplay between weather/climate and grapevines (Section 3) will be given. Second, the potential climate change impacts (Section 4) and the adaptation options (Section 5) on these interrelationships will be discussed on the basis of state-of-the-art scientific knowledge. Finally, some existing knowledge gaps and research challenges will be explored (Section 6), followed by the conclusions (Section 7). Taking into account the wide-ranging scope of the present review, an exhaustive compilation of all previous studies in the field is not feasible, not even of the most recent studies. The main goal is to provide an updated overview of this topic on the basis of the results of relevant and illustrative research, which may be useful not only for researchers and academics, but also for stakeholders and decision-makers. Although the focus is largely on European viticulture, most of the discussion can be easily extrapolated to other wine regions outside Europe that share similar environmental conditions. Figure 1: (**a**) World distribution of the viticultural regions (black circles) [4]. (**b**) Political map of Europe with the vineyard land cover (shading).