esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Review of Properties of Nanocellulose, Its Synthesis, and Potential in Biomedical Applications
## 5 Additive Manufacturing in Printing Nanocellulose Composites
### Electrowviting Based on Melt and Solution  
Smooth scaffold composites with a relatively small fiber size, identical to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural tissues, can be manufactured via melt and solution-based electrowriting techniques [146,147]. In the direct writing electrospinning process, a solution of polymers is electrospun on a collector or a moving platform with a specified X-Y translation. The fibers that have been collected can be bundled together to form a 3D structure. [PERSON] et al. were the first who described this technology and employed this method to make composites that resembled the articular cartilage's zonal pattern. When human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on a direct writing, electrospun-fabricated composite, they showed an increase in the chondogenic marker (Sox9) and Aggercan (ACAN), compared with the cultivation on typical electrospun constructs [146].  
Figure 3: (**a**) Cellulose nanocrystals discoveries milestone in the structural characterization and preparations. Adapted with permission from Ref. [143]. (**b**) Stereolithography (SLA) printing, (**c**) Extrusion bioprinting. Adapted with permission from Ref. [144]. (**d**) Solution and melt electrowriting technique. Adapted with permission from Ref. [145].  
Melt electrowriting, abbreviated as MEW, is a technique that integrates classical electrospinning with 3D printing. In this technique, the material is first melted and then spun to a collector under a voltage supply, which dictates the ultimate structure of the manufactured product. Melt electrowriting yields fiber with a larger diameter than the fibers obtained with direct writing electrospinning, typically within 5-15 \(\upmu\)m [147]. According to the studies, this technique has produced scaffolds for myocardial tissue, vascular tissue, and heart valves [148; 149; 150]. Table 1 summarizes the nanocellulose-based composite's outcome for the healing and regeneration of various tissues.
## 3 Electromagnetic Modeling of Balise for Underwater Debris
### Impedance Analysis of Transmission Circuits  
To obtain an effective circuit model, it is essential to analyze the impedance variations of the OAU and the balise for underwater debris. The conductive medium is equivalent to a circuit with specific impedance characteristics [32]. By turning the capacitors C8 and C9 in Figure 3, the OAU and the balise transmission circuit can achieve optimal matching for underwater debris. Figure 5 illustrates the two-port network of the BTS.  
In Figure 5, \(R_{2}\) and \(R_{3}\) represent the equivalent impedance of the antenna in free space, and changes in the underwater environment can be disregarded [33]. \(R_{water1}\) and \(R_{water2}\) denote the radiation resistance in the underwater debris [28; 34], which can be expressed as:  
\[R_{water}=\frac{\omega\mu_{1}}{4\pi}\iint\frac{e^{-\omega\mu_{1}\sigma_{1}r}}{r }\text{sin}(\omega\mu_{1}\sigma_{1})r\text{cos}\,\psi ds_{1}ds_{2} \tag{37}\]  
In the equation, \(r\) represents the distance from the balise to any point source on the OAU, while \(\psi\) denotes the vector angle between two point sources. As is evident from Equations (35) and (37), the radiation resistance \(R_{water}\) and mutual inductance \(M_{water}\) of the balise are related to the frequency and electrical conductivity of the transmission medium. Accordingly, the input impedance \(Z_{in\_water}\) for underwater debris can be calculated as:  
\[Z_{in\_water}=\frac{V_{water1}}{I_{water1}}=R_{2}+R_{water1}+\frac{(\omega M_{ water})^{2}}{R_{3}+R_{water2}} \tag{38}\]  
According to Equation (17), by substituting the expressions for input impedance \(Z_{in\_water}\) and mutual inductance \(M_{water}\), the S21 parameter of the BTS for underwater debris can be calculated. When the OAU and balise performance parameters remain constant, the insertion loss of the BTS for underwater debris is related to the input impedance \(Z_{in\_water}\) and mutual inductance \(M_{water}\). As the input impedance at different positions can be measured in real time using the circuit model [35], the evaluation of the BTS performance can be achieved through the mutual inductance \(M\).
# Quarantining Malicious IoT Devices in Intelligent Sliced Mobile Networks
###### Abstract  
The unstoppable adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) is driven by the deployment of new services that require continuous capture of information from huge populations of sensors, or actuating over a myriad of \"smart\" objects. Accordingly, next generation networks are being designed to support such massive numbers of devices and connections. For example, the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) is designing the different 5G releases specifically with IoT in mind. Nevertheless, from a security perspective this scenario is a potential nightmare: the attack surface becomes wider and many IoT nodes do not have enough resources to support advanced security protocols. In fact, security is rarely a priority in their design. Thus, including network-level mechanisms for preventing attacks from malware-infected IoT devices is mandatory to avert further damage. In this paper, we propose a novel Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-based architecture to identify suspicious nodes in 4G or 5G networks and redirect their traffic to a secondary network slice where traffic is analyzed in depth before allowing it reaching its destination. The architecture can be easily integrated in any existing deployment due to its interoperability. By following this approach, we can detect potential threats at an early stage and limit the damage by Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks originated in IoT devices.  
internet of things; 5G; network slicing; malware; denial of service Article
# Designing Parallel Adaptive Laplacian Smoothing for Improving Tetrahedral Mesh Quality on the GPU
## 5 Discussion
### Shortcomings and Advantages of Parallel Adaptive Laplacian Mesh Smoothing  
One of the essential ideas behind the Laplacian mesh smoothing is to update the new positions of vertices to the geometric center of neighboring nodes. However, in practical application scenarios, the influence proportion of each neighboring node is different. Thus it is unreasonable to simply select the geometric center as the new vertical coordinate. Moreover, in the proposed adaptive parallel Laplacian mesh smoothing algorithm, the aspect ratio was used as a metric to evaluate the quality of the tetrahedral meshes during the smoothing iteration process. Different metrics have different computing methods and criteria, which will have some impact on the computational efficiency of the mesh smoothing algorithm and the optimized results of the mesh model. Therefore, more metrics should be employed and evaluated for careful consideration.  
Overall, experimental results demonstrated that the proposed adaptive Laplacian mesh smoothing achieved better efficiency and accuracy compared with the baseline algorithm, and compared with the ordinary Laplacian algorithm, the adaptive algorithm is more applicable, which can effectively improve tetrahedrons with extremely poor quality.
## 6 Results and Comparison
### Performance Comparison
#### 6.3.2 Virtex 5 Comparison  
This subsection presents a comprehensive comparison of the presented cryptographic accelerator design with existing architectures on Virtex 5 [24; 26; 33]. When comparing with the first solution in [33], the proposed non-pipelined design achieves a clock frequency and throughput/area that are 3.78 and 1.23 times higher, respectively. Conversely, the proposed non-pipelined design uses 36.9% fewer hardware resources than the second solution in [33]. Furthermore, the achieved clock frequency and throughput/area are 2.56 and 1.2% times higher. Similarly, the proposed two-stage pipelined architecture utilizes 70.6% fewer resources and achieves a 1.48 times higher throughput/area, albeit with a clock frequency that is 1.37 times lower. The second solution in [33] achieves a clock frequency that is 1.35 times higher while using 67.5% fewer slices and 1.44 times lower throughput/area than our proposed two-stage pipelined architecture.  
When compared to [24], the proposed two-stage pipelined architecture requires 40.7% fewer resources and achieves 3.39 times higher throughput/area. On the other hand, the non-pipelined design achieves 2.81 times higher throughput/area, but requires 44.7% times lesser FPGA slices. Similarly, as compared to [26], the non-pipelined design achieves higher throughput/area, but requires 1.8 times more FPGA slices with a clock frequency that is 1.57 times faster. The two-stage pipelined architecture uses 1.94 times more resources and achieves a clock frequency that is 1.19 times higher, with a significantly higher throughput/area ratio.  
Overall, the proposed cryptographic accelerator design delivers significantly improved throughput/area and resource efficiency, particularly in low-resource environments such as IoT devices, compared to existing architectures. Furthermore, our solution outperforms the best available solutions on the Virtex 5 platform.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Research Framework  
This study employs a systematic experimental approach to evaluate the impact of wearable robotic exoskeleton assistive devices on construction productivity. As illustrated in Figure 1, the research framework consists of three phases: experiment setup and data collection, task execution with varying conditions, and performance analysis. The experiment utilizes IMU sensors positioned at participants' waist and ankle to capture movement data, with the WIR-WIM-KRA exoskeleton model serving as the assistive device under investigation.  
The experimental design incorporates three representative construction tasks: Sack Carrying Task (CT), Masonry Bricklaying Task (MT), and Scaffolding Installation Task (ST). Each task is performed under both low and high-intensity conditions, and every condition is tested both with and without the exoskeleton, creating a total of twelve experimental cases (six tasks with exoskeleton and six tasks without). This factorial design enables direct productivity comparison between equivalent tasks performed with and without robotic assistance. Standardized measurements based on task-specific outputs (transported sacks, completed masonry layers, and installed scaffolding components) provide quantifiable productivity metrics across all conditions.  
The analytical framework evaluates performance through three complementary perspectives to provide a comprehensive assessment of the exoskeleton's impact. First, direct productivity comparison quantifies work output differences between exoskeleton and non-exoskeleton conditions across all tasks. Second, movement stability analysis utilizing IMU sensor data examines changes in worker motion patterns, cycle consistency, and postural stability. Third, intensity-based performance analysis investigates how the exoskeleton's effectiveness varies between low and high-intensity tasks, identifying optimal application scenarios. This multi-dimensional approach enables both quantitative productivity assessment and qualitative movement quality evaluation, offering insights into the practical applications of wearable robotic assistance in construction environments.
# Tonic and Phase Amoremetric Monitoring of Dopamine Using Microelectrode Arrays in Rat Striatum
## 3 Results
### Proof-of-Concept for MEA-Based In Vivo Measures of Phasic and Tonic DA Levels
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Electrode Type** & **n** & **Sensitivity (pA/uM)** & **Sensitivity/Area (pA mM\({}^{-1}\) mm\({}^{-2}\))** & **LOD (mM)** & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **Selectivity** \\ \hline S2 & 23 & \(-\)42.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 & \(-\)8422 \(\pm\) 954 & 62.3 \(\pm\) 21.3 & 0.976 \(\pm\) 0.008 & 1487 \(\pm\) 194 \\ DSPR8 & 20 & \(-\)31.7 \(\pm\) 7.1 & \(-\)6349 \(\pm\) 1423 & 27.5 \(\pm\) 5.7 & 0.965 \(\pm\) 0.006 & 2664 \(\pm\) 358 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Recording properties of microelectrode arrays for the measurement of DA. which is void of DA, the electrochemical current in the dSTR and background electrochemical current of the brain could be distinguished. We next used these basic principles to measure tonic (i.e., resting) DA levels in the dSTR of rats with and without a 6-OHDA lesion. Following self-referencing, the cortical baseline signal was subtracted from the dSTR baseline signal to remove the background electrochemical current to enable resting DA levels to be quantified. The S2 MEA approach showed a significant 88% decrease of resting DA levels in the dSTR (in nM: non-lesioned, 19.4 \(\pm\) 2.1; 6-OHDA, 2.3 \(\pm\) 1.3 ***; paired \(t\)-test, *** \(p\) < 0.001). HPLC confirmed a 99% loss of DA tissue content in the denervated dSTR (in \(\upmu\)g/g of tissue: non-lesioned, 6.3 \(\pm\) 0.8; 6-OHDA, 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.002). These low nanomolar levels of resting DA are consistent with studies using no net flux microdialysis [6; 47; 48; 49; 50] and the recent square wave voltammetry study by [PERSON] et al. [51]. Figure 2: In vivo MEA-based measures of phasic DA neurotransmission. Representative traces of the DA signal measured on DA (solid line) and sentinel (dashed line) recording sites following the local application of KCl (100 nL; 120 mM, pH 7.4) in the dorsal striatum (dSTR) of anesthetized non-lesioned ((**A**)–Blue) or 6-hydroxyopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned ((**B**)—Red) rats.
## 5 Modern Technologies for Ascorbic Acid Biofortification in Tomatoes
### Biofortification through Improving Ascorbate Recycling or Repressing Oxidation  
Apart from enhancing biosynthesis, AsA biofortification can be achieved by manipulating genes responsible for the regeneration of AsA from its oxidized forms through the AsA-GSH cycle, that is, _MDHAR_, and _DHAR_, in order to preserve cellular AsA homeostasis [3; 39]. Several reports have demonstrated that this strategy can be a very efficient method to engineer AsA content in several crop species, as it can also provide improved tolerance under unfavorable growth [55; 154] or storage conditions [15]. The vital role of _MDHAR_ in governing tomato fruit AsA levels has been corroborated by analyzing both QTLs [55; 56; 50] and expression profiles during the ripening process [13; 14]. Nonetheless, overexpression of the cytosolic _MDHAR_ had a negative effect on AsA accumulation in tomato leaves, whilst lines with silencing _MDHAR_ displayed enhanced AsA levels in both leaves and orange fruits [48]. Similar results were obtained by [PERSON] and co-authors [120], while [PERSON] et al. [112] reported a moderate increase in the leaf AsA content. On the other hand, when overexpressing DHAR in tomato plants, a moderate increase in AsA levels was recorded in both leaves [118; 119], and fruits [118; 120].  
Within the cell, ROS scavenging and detoxification is predominantly carried out by APX, which detoxifies H2O2 and forms MDHA [155], whereas, in the apoplast, AO uses AsA to maintain an oxidizing environment generating DHA as a by-product [44; 46; 76; 78; 156]. Conceivably, the oxidation of the AsA pool by cellular APX or the apoplastic AO is unavoidable due to the pivotal role of AsA in ROS detoxification. Efforts to manipulate _APX_ expression in plant species are rather limited, as APX is encoded by a vast number of isoforms with different cellular localizations that are responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis [127]. On the other hand, blocking AsA catabolism via downregulating _AO_ expression has gained more attention [44; 79; 46], as this strategy can have a tremendous impact on plant oxidative responses to stress. In tomato, efforts to manipulate different AO isoforms yielded contradictory effects on AsA contents, that were found to be unaltered [44] or increased [121; 157] due to the prevention of AsA breakdown. Nonetheless, silencing _AO_ has led to improved oxidative stress tolerance in tobacco and _Arabidopsis_[158], whereas in tomatoes, it resulted in better plant growth features and fruit yield under salinity stress, and higher photosynthesis under drought stress [121]. In melon fruit, silencing _AO_ has led to a spectacular increase in the apoplastic AsA content with the simultaneous induction of key biosynthetic and recycling genes, as well as increased ethylene production and decreased fruit size [44]. These novel findings for melon support the role of _AO_ in fruit growth, at least in _Cucurbitaceae_, and further suggest the potential of AsA enhancement through this unexpected route.
# Effect of Mixture Design Parameters of Stone Mastic Asphalt Pavement on Its Skid Resistance
## 1 Introduction
However, few studies were carried out to analyze the influence of mixture design parameters on skid resistance of pavement with constant coarse aggregates and mixture type. For a certain project, material source and mixture type are constant. Therefore, the skid resistance of pavement mainly depends on design parameters, such as gradation, asphalt content, etc. Although it is well known that the SMA pavement has good skid resistance, the skid resistance is not satisfactory, or its durability is poor when the mixture design is unreasonable [20]. This paper seeks to analyze the influence of mixture design parameters on the skid resistance of SMA pavement. The mixtures were designed with an orthogonal experiment. There were five factors, namely the percentage of aggregates passing the maximum size (P\({}_{\text{NMSA}}\)), the percentage of aggregates passing the sieve size which is only one smaller than the maximum size (P\({}_{\text{NMSA-1}}\)), the percentage of aggregates passing the control sieve size (P\({}_{\text{CS}}\)), the percentage of aggregates passing the sieve size which is only one smaller than the control sieve size (P\({}_{\text{CS-1}}\)), and asphalt content (AC), and each factor had four levels. The skid-resistance index (SI) obtained by the 3D measurement was used to evaluate skid resistance.
# Inversion of a Thunderstorm Cloud Charging Model Based on a 3D Atmospheric Electric Field
###### Abstract  
The measurement of the atmospheric electric field is of great significance for the study of thunderstorm cloud charge models. Traditional electric field meters can only measure the vertical component of the atmospheric electric field, and thus it is difficult to invert the structure of the thunderstorm cloud. A three-dimensional atmospheric electric field meter was developed to simultaneously measure the horizontal and vertical components of the atmospheric electric field in this paper. The effective measurement linearly relates the measured electric field to the induced voltage, and the nonlinear equations of the three-dimensional atmospheric electric field and the thunderstorm cloud-charging model parameters were derived. The particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the three-dimensional atmospheric electric field were used to invert the thunderstorm clouds. Experimental observations of the three-dimensional electric field in a cloud during a thunderstorm were analyzed. Combined with the typical charged structure model, parameters such as the charge and relative distance of the thunderstorm cloud were determined. The results showed that the value of the inversion fitness function reached 0.7288, and the charge structure was even. The measurement of the three-dimensional atmospheric electric field provides a new means of observation for the study of atmospheric electricity.  
three-dimensional atmospheric electric field; charged structure; particle swarm optimization algorithm; dipole +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results and Discussions
### RAP Mortars with Virgin Soft Binder
#### 3.1.2 Low Temperature Determinations of RAP Mortars  
Figure 2 shows the minimum low temperatures at a stiffness value of 300 MPa in terms of various RAP mortars blended with virgin binder PG 58-22. It can be found that an increased test temperature reduces the stiffness value of RAP mortars. In addition, a higher involved aged binder significantly results in a greater stiffness value regardless of test temperature and RAP source. Meanwhile, it can be seen that, irrespectively of RAP source, the RAP mortars containing 5% aged binder have stiffness values less than 300 MPa at the lowest temperature of \(-18\)\({}^{\circ}\)C in this study. Therefore, these minimum low temperatures are definitely less than \(-18\)\({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 2: Low temperature determinations of RAP sources A–F with virgin binder PG 58-22 in terms of stiffness, (**a–**f**) RAP sources A–F.  
Additionally, Figure 2 indicates that, when the RAP mortars with 10% aged binder generally have a stiffness value of 300 MPa, their corresponding low temperatures are typically less than \(-12\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. However, when the used aged binder is greater than 15%, the minimum low temperature is usually greater than \(-12\)\({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The minimum low temperature determinations of the RAP mortars with PG 58-28 with respect to m-values are shown in Figure 3. It can be observed that the m-values are greater than 0.300 at a temperature greater than \(-18\)\({}^{\circ}\)C regardless of RAP source and aged binder content because the virgin binder PG 58-28 is generally quite soft. Therefore, the low temperatures of these RAP mortars were mainly determined by the stiffness values of these binders.  
In order to obtain the minimum low temperatures of various RAP mortars from various RAP sources and aged binder contents, Table 2 presents the minimum low temperatures based on those determined values from the stiffness values and m-values, derived from the conducted regression analysis. A higher temperature was selected as a minimum low temperature in this study because this would be able to satisfy the demand of the asphalt binder to resist the pavement cracking at a low performance temperature.  
Figure 3: Low temperature determinations of RAP sources A–F with virgin binder PG 58-28 in terms of m-value, (**a–f**) RAP sources A–F.  
As shown in Table 2, it can be seen that the minimum low temperatures are generally close to \(-12~{}^{\circ}\)C for all RAP mortars when using 5% aged binder. However, these minimum low temperatures rise to approximately \(-6~{}^{\circ}\)C when 15% aged binder was utilized to produce the BBR samples. Obviously, the increase of aged binder results in the remarkable increase of minimum low temperatures of these RAP mortars. Additionally, the RAP source only has a slight impact on the minimum low temperatures when using a higher aged binder content, but had a medium influence as lower aged binders were employed.