# Geological Influences on Wine Quality: Analyzing Nebbiolo Grapes from Northern Italy
## 3 Results
### Grapes Analyses  
Selecting a treatment for the grape sample proved particularly challenging due to its complex organic matrix (skins, seeds, pulp) and the extensive information required from the analysis. The two mineralization methods tested yielded comparable results for all the elements analyzed, allowing us to accurately determine the concentration of each element in every sample. Table 4 reports data obtained by treatment with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The analysis of the data from the 17 grape samples revealed a high concentration of Ca, K, and Mg in the berries, which can be directly linked to their physiological development. The variations in concentration observed for these three elements are not significant enough to be correlated with the soil in which the vineyard was grown, as they are directly influenced by multiple environmental and physiological factors. Meso elements exhibited greater variability among the different samples. Among these are Ba and Sr, which are recognized as significant for tracing the provenance of wines [22], due to their potential accumulation in the berries through fixation processes in the form of insoluble oxalates [4]. Analyzing the concentration variation of these elements, we observe that Sr shows comparable values among samples NG3, NG4, NG6, and NG8, all from the Canavese area (Piedmont), as well as with samples NG13, NG14, NG15, and NG16, which come from the Langhe and Valtellina regions (Lombardy). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Ca** & \(\pm\)**SD** & **K** & \(\pm\)**SD** & **Mg** & \(\pm\)**SD** & **Al** & \(\pm\)**SD** & **Ba** & \(\pm\)**SD** & **Cu** & \(\pm\)**SD** & **Fe** & \(\pm\)**SD** \\ \hline NG1 & 1111 & 49 & 12,308 & 654 & 558.4 & 8.4 & 3.24 & 0.34 & 3.21 & 0.16 & 48.95 & 1.47 & 18.03 & 1.23 \\ \hline NG2 & 1352 & 237 & 10,785 & 246 & 567.0 & 41.1 & 10.60 & 0.99 & 2.01 & 0.16 & 18.51 & 2.30 & 24.95 & 5.10 \\ \hline NG3 & 1262 & 66 & 12,626 & 228 & 666.7 & 30.5 & 6.31 & 0.40 & 3.67 & 0.24 & 41.92 & 7.19 & 26.16 & 4.84 \\ \hline NG4 & 1248 & 37 & 15,028 & 771 & 651.8 & 22.4 & 16.01 & 1.57 & 3.20 & 0.57 & 37.98 & 3.84 & 28.95 & 3.04 \\ \hline NG5 & 1086 & 97 & 9718 & 258 & 621.3 & 12.4 & 9.74 & 0.21 & 6.58 & 0.54 & 21.71 & 0.84 & 17.37 & 2.44 \\ \hline NG6 & 1803 & 239 & 11,047 & 24 & 635.8 & 53.6 & 27.21 & 0.03 & 1.61 & 0.01 & 40.29 & 5.67 & 17.83 & 1.74 \\ \hline NG7 & 1811 & 83 & 12,386 & 2307 & 597.5 & 8.5 & 17.03 & 3.02 & 1.84 & 0.07 & 31.63 & 3.41 & 18.18 & 5.97 \\ \hline NG8 & 1475 & 204 & 16,243 & 1025 & 619.0 & 44.7 & 10.83 & 0.57 & 2.95 & 0.31 & 37.94 & 9.05 & 26.60 & 3.47 \\ \hline NG9 & 1577 & 100 & 13,846 & 819 & 611.8 & 29.0 & 6.97 & 2.67 & 1.86 & 0.37 & 47.98 & 5.63 & 25.99 & 0.19 \\ \hline NG10 & 1489 & 103 & 13,359 & 2244 & 632.4 & 12.5 & 7.90 & 1.75 & 2.89 & 0.41 & 44.55 & 0.68 & 25.04 & 3.17 \\ \hline NG11 & 1311 & 77 & 10,289 & 435 & 527.7 & 59.6 & 6.08 & 0.82 & 1.27 & 0.07 & 44.28 & 2.15 & 17.85 & 1.37 \\ \hline NG12 & 1534 & 197 & 14,605 & 2151 & 568.0 & 48.0 & 15.53 & 1.42 & 2.75 & 0.32 & 75.92 & 7.44 & 28.51 & 1.94 \\ \hline NG13 & 1207 & 70 & 8813 & 991 & 441.7 & 13.9 & 11.21 & 0.89 & 0.78 & 0.10 & 9.95 & 0.35 & 26.49 & 6.50 \\ \hline NG14 & 1232 & 5 & 14,533 & 1797 & 472.3 & 43.7 & 12.50 & 2.47 & 1.22 & 0.21 & 9.28 & 1.85 & 21.05 & 1.65 \\ \hline NG15 & 1268 & 96 & 9694 & 1296 & 446.0 & 24.9 & 8.37 & 2.10 & 1.22 & 0.29 & 9.29 & 2.48 & 14.69 & 1.45 \\ \hline NG16 & 1188 & 88 & 8653 & 1120 & 422.5 & 23.9 & 13.78 & 1.55 & 1.10 & 0.21 & 8.96 & 1.74 & 25.16 & 2.73 \\ \hline NG17 & 1666 & 278 & 10,627 & 811 & 508.2 & 65.3 & 12.83 & 4.39 & 1.44 & 0.33 & 11.19 & 1.17 & 17.53 & 3.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Concentrations of elements in grapes expressed as mg element/Kg grapes. Standard deviation was calculated on values obtained from replicated samples.