## 3 Materials and Methods
### Study Area and Data Acquisition  
The study area in our research work is the forest- and non-forest-covered area of Javadi Hills with the geographic coordinates falling between 78.75 E 12.5 N and 79.0 E 12.75 N. Our study area is located across the Eastern Ghats of Vellore and Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India. The UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) GCS (geographic coordinate system)/WGS (World Geodetic System) 1984 (44 N) projection system was processed for the extracted satellite data. The location of the Javadi Hills map was extracted from Google Earth Engine ([[https://www.google.com/earth/](https://www.google.com/earth/)]([https://www.google.com/earth/](https://www.google.com/earth/)) (accessed on 10 November 2021)). The map view of our study area was prepared by using ArcGIS (Version 10.1 developed by ESRI ([[http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis](http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis)]([http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis](http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis)))) geospatial software, and it is shown in Figure 1.  
The multispectral LISS-III satellite images for the years 2012 and 2015 were collected from the Bhuvan Indian Geo-Platform of ISRO (www.bhuvan.com (accessed on 9 December 2019)). The extracted LISS-III multispectral data of Javadi Hills were used for the LU/LC classification process. The TIRS, RED, and NIR bands of Landsat 8 (Band 10) and Landsat 7 (Band 6) were collected from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), United States ([[https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov](https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov)]([https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov](https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov)) (accessed on 16 December 2019)) and were used for the estimation of LST. There was no TIRS Band in the LISS-III sensor, so we extracted the TIRS image from the Landsat Satellite data for our study area. The importance of the TIRS band used in our paper provides the impact of LST on Javadi Hills for the years 2012 and 2015. Table 1 shows the source and characteristics of the remotely sensed satellite images. In our research work, the atmospheric corrections were made to provide good visibility to the extracted LISS-III multispectral satellite image of Javadi Hills. The scan-line error correction was made for filling the gaps in the extracted Landsat TIRS image of Javadi Hills. The geometric correction was made to extract the Region of Interest (ROI) coordinates in the forest- and non-forest-covered area of Javadi Hills that falls between 78.80 E 12.56 N and 78.85 E 12.60 N. Figure 2 represents the preprocessed image of multispectral LISS-III data of Javadi Hills for the years 2012 and 2015. Figures 3-5 represent the preprocessed Landsat TIRS, RED, and NIR bands of the Javadi Hills for the years 2012 and 2015.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Satellite** & **Path** & **Sensor** & **Year** & **Source** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Resourcesat-1/2} & \multirow{3}{*}{101/064} & \multirow{3}{*}{LISS-III} & 18 February 2012 & \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & & 22 March 2015 & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & 22 March 2015 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Landsat 8 OLI/TI and Landsat 7 (ETM+)} & \multirow{3}{*}{143/51} & Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared (TI) Sensor & 27 March 2015 & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) & 26 March 2012 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Characteristics and sources of the satellite images.  
Figure 3: Preprocessed Landsat TIRS bands of Javadi Hill for the years (**a**) 2012 and (**b**) 2015.  
Figure 2: Preprocessed LISS-III multispectral image of Javadi Hill for the years (**a**) 2012 and (**b**) 2015.