# Future Internet Architectures on an Emerging Scale--A Systematic Review
## 3 Evolutionary and Clean Slate Approaches
### The Clean-Slate Approach
#### 3.2.1 Named Data Networking (NDN)  
The primary objective of NDN is to simplify network communication and enhance the data transmission efficiency by considering named data instead of their location ([PERSON] et al., 2010). The NDN architecture [36] is based on six principles, with the first three being focused on the \"thin waist\" named data, which is a significant difference between NDN and IP. The other three principles are focused on network stability and the separation of the routing and forwarding planes, leading to extensive research into developing a new routing system in parallel, and facilitating the evolution of the internet. In an NDN architecture, communication occurs by initiating a packet from the consumer (receiving end) that contains a name for identifying the desired data (see Figure 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Type** & **Purpose** & **Example** \\ \hline Peer to Peer (P2P) & File Sharing & Napster, Gneutella \\ \hline Content Delivery Networks (CDN) & \begin{tabular}{c} Content caching to reduce \\ access delays and \\ transport costs \\ \end{tabular} & Digital Island \\ \hline Routing & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduce routing delays, \\ resilient routing overlays \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Resilient Overlay Networks \\ (RON) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Security & \begin{tabular}{c} Enhance end user security \\ and privacy \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Virtual private network (VPN), \\ onion routing, anonymous \\ content storage \\ (Freenet, Entropy) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \begin{tabular}{c} Experimental \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Facilitate innovation, \\ implementation of new \\ technologies, experimentation \\ \end{tabular} & General Purpose (PlanetLab 13) \\ \hline Others & Various &
\begin{tabular}{c} Email, VOIP(Skype), Tolerant \\ Networks, etc. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Examples of overlay networks [34]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Projects Undertaken** & **Selected Clusters** \\ \hline Future Internet Architecture (FIA) & NDN, Mobility First, NEBULA, XIA, SDN, etc. \\ \hline Future Internet Design (FIND) & CABO, Maestro, DAMS, NetSerV, etc. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Projects undertaken with clusters by U.S.  
At the router, the name is searched in the forwarding information base (FIB) using a name-based routing protocol. When the data request arrives at a node, a data packet is returned, including the (name data) content with a producer's key signature. The names inside the interest/data packets are then routed towards the data producers containing the state information (see Figure 4) [36]. The NDN architecture utilizes a name-based approach for routing that is different from IP's address-based routing. This name-based approach provides more flexibility for content-based addressing, leading to a simplified and more efficient data transmission. NDN modifies the problem design and makes use of an IP as the narrow waist and named data for its architecture (see Figure 5). This named method resembles the URL structure and seems to exhibit several characteristics of IPs. The vision of NDN is centered around the concept of information-centric networking (ICN), which aims to improve data communication at the network layer. By integrating network services with the application requirements, NDN provides numerous benefits, such as enhanced security, scalability, and resilience in communication. Additionally, NDN has numerous applications, including mobile edge computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and low-latency applications [37]. Figure 4: Forwarding process at an NDN node [36]. Figure 3: Packets in an NDN architecture [36]. Idea behind the NDN  
In NDN, the packet forwarding model is used, where each packet is assigned a unique name and forwarding decisions can be made based on this name. Achieving a scalable design of the NDN forwarding plane requires addressing various issues that are related to its essential function, such as fast name lookup.