## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds
#### 3.4.8 Other Esters
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Differences in Concentration**} \\ \cline{6-11}
**Co.** & **Volatile Compounds** & **ID** & **LRI\({}_{\text{e}}\)**LRI\({}_{\text{l}}\)** & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**One-Way ANOVA**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Two-Way ANOVA**} \\ \cline{6-11}  & & & & **2021** & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**2022**} & \\ \cline{6-11}  & & & & **SCE** & **SPA** & **SCE** & **SPA** & & & & \\ \hline OE01 & Propyl formate & B, C & \textless{}1100916 & 0.63 & 0.95 & n.d. & n.d. & - & - & - \\ OE02 & Methyl hexanoate & A, B, C & 1179 1188 & 15.59 & 9.56 & **37.59 a** & **22.52 b** & **SCE** & **21** & n.s. \\ OE03 & Isoamyl isobutyrate & B, C & 1188 1183 & 0.40 & 0.37 & **3.32 a** & **1.27 b** & **SCE** & **22** & ***** \\ OE04 & Isoamyl acrylate & B & 1215 & - & n.d. & n.d. & **0.39 a** & **0.03 b** & - & - & - \\ OE05 & Isoamyl butyrate & B, C & 1266 1266 & **11.84 a** & **5.34 b** & **7.83 a** & **5.56 b** & **SCE** & **21** & ***** \\ OE06 & Isoamyl isovalerate & B, C & 1298 1294 & **0.41 a** & **0.23 b** & 0.44 & 0.43 c** & **SCE** & **22** & ***** \\ OE07 & Propyl hexanoate & B, C & 1324 1319 & **3.04 a** & **1.27 b** & **4.84 a** & **2.03 b** & **SCE** & **22** & n.s. \\ OE08 & Ethyl lactate (mg/L) \(\ddagger\) & A, B, C & 1341 1341 & 11.99 & 13.02 & 26.58 & 32.69 & n.s. & **22** & n.s. \\ OE09 & Hexyl propanoate & C & 1345 1342 & **0.40 a** & **0.20 b** & n.d. & n.d. & - & - & - \\ OE10 & Isobutyl hexanoate & B, C & 1356 1357 & **2.29 a** & **1.15 b** & 1.55 & 1.70 & **SCE** & n.s. & * \\ OE11 & Methyl octanoate & B, C & 1397 1399 & **79.69 a** & **45.06 b** & 84.16 & 68.84 & **SCE** & **22** & n.s. \\ OE12 & Butyl hexanoate & B, C & 1419 1416 & **0.08 b** & **0.14 a** & n.d. & n.d. & - & - & - \\ OE13 & 2-Ethyl-1-hexyl propanoate & B & 1452 & - & **1.40 a** & **1.01 b** & 3.38 & 3.22 & n.s. & **22** & n.s. \\ OE14 & Isoamyl hexanoate & A, B, C & 1461 1458 & **27.12 a** & **12.86 b** & 8.18 & 8.48 & **SCE** & **21** & ***** \\ OE15 & Methyl 2-hydroxy-4- methylpentanoate & B, C & 1477 1470 & 0.86 & 0.83 & n.d. & n.d. & - & - & - \\ OE16 & Isoamyl pyruvate & B & 1478 & - & n.d. & n.d. & **0.72 b** & **1.17 a** & - & - & - \\ OE17 & Propyl octanoate & B, C & 1520 1530 & **1.64 a** & **0.80 b** & **1.27 a** & **0.69 b** & **SCE** & **21** & n.s. \\ OE18 & 2-Ethlyhexyl butyrate & B & 1521 & - & n.d. & n.d. & 0.29 & 0.30 & - & - & - \\ OE19 & Hexyl propyl oxalate & B & 1525 & - & **1.01 b** & **2.08 a** & n.d. & n.d. & - & - & - \\ OE20 & Isobutyl octanoate & B, C & 1553 1551 & **0.53 a** & **0.33 b** & 0.96 & 1.11 & n.s. & **22** & n.s. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Concentrations (mg/L, if not otherwise indicated) of other esters found in Malvazija istarska white wines produced by fermentation with _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ (SCE) and _Saccharomyces paradoxus_ (SPA) yeasts in two harvest years determined by targeted one-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) \(\ddagger\) and untargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC \(\times\) GC/TOF-MS). Significant differences were noted for a range of other esters, with most showing higher concentrations in control SCE wines. These included isoamyl isovalerate, hexyl propanoate, isobutyl hexanoate, methyl octanoate, 2-ethyl-1-hexyl propanoate, isoamyl hexanoate, isobutyl octanoate, diethyl malonate, isoamyl octanoate, hexyl octanoate, and phenylethyl isobutyrate in 2021, and methyl hexanoate, isoamyl isobutyrate, isoamyl acrylate, propyl decanoate, vinyl decanoate, ethyl propyl succinate, and phenethyl isovalerate in 2022. The concentrations of isoamyl butyrate, propyl hexanoate, propyl octanoate, and 1-phenylethyl isobutyrate were consistently higher in SCE wines in both years. The concen  
tration differences in many of these esters aligned with variations in their alcohol and acid precursors in the wines studied (Tables 8 and 9).