## 4 Our Findings
### Detection and Mitigation Strategies for Blockchain Attacks  
Our study comprehensively analyzed the diverse range of technologies and security measures available for detecting and mitigating blockchain attacks. These strategies encompass advanced consensus algorithms, such as Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), which enhance the network's resilience against consensus-based attacks like 51% attacks and Sybil attacks. Cryptographic techniques, including zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), multi-signature schemes, and lattice-based post-quantum cryptography, serve as robust safeguards against key management vulnerabilities, ensuring the integrity of transactions and the confidentiality of user identities.  
Additionally, smart contract auditing tools and methodologies, such as static and dynamic analysis, formal verification, and fuzz testing, play a pivotal role in identifying vulnerabilities like reentrancy attacks or logic flaws within smart contracts. Secure development practices, such as adhering to well-defined design patterns, conducting regular code reviews, and implementing access control mechanisms, further mitigate the risks associated with poorly designed systems. Industry-specific measures, such as secure oracles for blockchain-based supply chains or privacy-preserving encryption techniques for healthcare applications, highlight the necessity of tailoring security solutions to specific use cases.  
Given the dynamic nature of blockchain security, continuous research and cross-disciplinary collaboration are imperative. Emerging threats, such as quantum computing risks and cross-chain interoperability vulnerabilities, demand proactive development of quantum-resistant cryptography and secure protocols for decentralized applications. By staying informed about evolving attack vectors and integrating state-of-the-art technologies, the blockchain community can build robust security frameworks that ensure the resilience and trustworthiness of blockchain systems across diverse applications. This approach not only safeguards existing implementations but also fosters trust in and broad adoption of blockchain technology.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Attack Type** & **Target** & **Key Factors Influencing Likelihood** \\ \hline
51\% Attack & PoW (Bitcoin, Litecoin, Small Chains) & Hash rate concentration, mining cost, network difficulty \\ \hline Sybil Attack & PoS, Permissionless Chains & Node diversity, validator stake, network entry barriers \\ \hline Eclipse Attack & P2P Nodes & Network size, node connectivity, topology \\ \hline Smart Contract Vulnerabilities & Ethereum, BSC, DeFi Contracts & Code vulnerabilities, audit quality, formal verification \\ \hline Double-Spending Attack & PoW/ PoS Networks & Transaction finality, block confirmation time \\ \hline Routing Attack & All Blockchain Networks & ISP dependency, network propagation speed \\ \hline Replay Attack & Transaction Authentication & Weak authentication, transaction replay capability \\ \hline Man-in-the-Middle Attack & Blockchain Communication Layer & Unencrypted communication, weak key exchange \\ \hline Race Attack & PoW/ PoS Networks (Fast Transaction Confirmations) & Transaction propagation speed, network latency, low block confirmation requirements \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Blockchain attack targets and key factors influencing likelihood for different types of attacks.