# Efficient Machine Learning Models for Early Stage Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder
## 4 Experimental Results
### Result Analysis of Non-Parametric Statistical Analysis  
In this study, the performance of different classifiers were investigated using non-parametric the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank (WSR) test. We observed pairwise WSR values for toddlers (i.e., Tables 9-12), children (i.e., Tables 13-16), adolescents (i.e., Tables 17-20), and adults (i.e., Tables 21-24). At almost all age levels, SVM is a stable classifier to provide better pairwise statistical significance with other classifiers in order to improve the accuracy, kappa statistics, and f1-measure. Besides, NB sometimes shows better statistical significance for these following metrics. However, this classifier showed better pairwise WSR results with others for AUROC. Some other pairwise outcomes such as C4.5-CART, KNN-CART, KS-BG, KS-CART, KS-KNN, KS-C4.5, KS-RT, CART-RT, KNN-RT, and C4.5-RT showed almost-good outcomes in this test. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **NB** & **BG** & **CART** & **KNN** & **C4.5** & **KS** & **SVM** & **RT** \\ \hline NB & & 0.0100 *** & 0.0179 ** & 0.5183 & 0.0310 ** & 0.8295 & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** \\ BG & 1.0000 & & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.6750 \\ CART & 1.0000 & 0.2817 & 0.2817 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.5294 \\ KNN & 1.0000 & 0.0179 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0592 ** & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.2945 \\ KNN & 1.0000 & 0.0179 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0424 & 0.0592 ** & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** \\ SVM & 0.0149 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** \\ RT & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: Significant at 5% = **, 10\% = *.  
\end{table} 
Table 14: Pairwise WSR Test for kappa statistics of children. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline  & **NB** & **BG** & **CART** & **KNN** & **C4.5** & **KS** & **SVM** & **RT** \\ \hline NB & & 0.0149 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** & 0.0211 ** & 0.0592 * & 0.0211 ** & 0.0211 ** \\ BG & 1.0000 & & 0.0179 ** & 0.0360 ** & 0.0179 ** & 1.0000 & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** \\ CART & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.3326 \\ KNN & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** & & 0.0211 ** & 1.0000 & 0.9143 & 0.0179 ** \\ C4.5 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0179 ** & 1.0000 & & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0672 * \\ KS & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** \\ SVM & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** & 0.9143 & 0.0179 ** & 1.0000 & & 0.0313 ** \\ RT & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: Significant at 5% = **, 10\% = *.  
\end{table} 
Table 12: Pairwise WSR test for AUROC of toddlers. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline  & **NB** & **BG** & **CART** & **KNN** & **C4.5** & **KS** & **SVM** & **RT** \\ \hline NB & & 0.0149 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** & 0.0211 ** & 0.0592 & 0.0211 ** & 0.0211 ** \\ BG & 1.0000 & & 0.0179 ** & 0.0360 ** & 0.0179 ** & 1.0000 & 0.01 \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **NB** & **BG** & **CART** & **KNN** & **C4.5** & **KS** & **SVM** & **RT** \\ \hline NB & & 0.0179 ** & 0.0100 *** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** & 0.8295 & 0.0850 * & 0.0211 ** \\ BG & 1.0000 & & 0.0179 ** & 1.0000 & 0.1617 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** \\ CART & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** \\ KNN & 1.0000 & 0.0527 * & 0.0179 ** & & 0.0360 ** & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** \\ C4.5 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** & 1.0000 & & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0211 ** \\ KS & 1.0000 & 0.0179 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0179 ** & 0.0211 ** & & 0.0464 ** & 0.0211 ** \\ SVM & 1.0000 & 0.1318 & 0.0179 ** & 0.1964 & 0.0360 ** & 1.0000 & & 0.0211 ** \\ RT & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0935 * & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: Significant at 1% = ***, 5% = **, 10% = *.  
\end{table} 
Table 16: Pairwise WSR Test for AUROC of Child.