# Characterization of Freisa Wines from Piedmont (Italy) by Aroma and Element Profile
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Compound (ug/L)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Odor**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Concentration**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Threshold**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**OAV**} \\ \hline  & & **Asti** & **Chieri** & **Colli Tortonesi** & **Langhe** & **Monferrato** \\  & & **(FA)** & **(FC)** & **(CTF)** & **(LF)** & **(MF)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{l}{**Fermentative compounds**} \\ _Esters_ & & & & & & \\
1-Butanol, & 30 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 87.2 \(\pm\) 81.8 & 96.5 \(\pm\) 64.1 & 45.3 \(\pm\) 17.5 & 55.7 \(\pm\) 31.1 & 35.2 \(\pm\) 16.4 \\
3-methyl-, acetate & & 2.91 & 3.22 & 1.51 & 1.86 & 1.17 \\ Acetic acid, & 250 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 37.6 \(\pm\) 55.7 & 24.2 \(\pm\) 17.1 & 21.3 \(\pm\) 6.73 & 19.5 \(\pm\) 8.33 & 24.8 \(\pm\) 5.20 \\
2-phenylethyl ester & & 0.15 & 0.0968 & 0.0852 & 0.078 & 0.0992 \\ Acetic acid, hexyl & 1500 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 7.33 \(\pm\) 14.1 & 3.67 \(\pm\) 8.01 & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.55 & 0.52 \(\pm\) 1.02 & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.82 \\ ester & & 0.00489 & 0.00245 & 0.000147 & 0.000347 & 0.00018 \\ Benzenacetic acid, & 73 \({}^{\rm f}\) & 7.88 \(\pm\) 6.28 & 7.95 \(\pm\) 8.97 & 7.52 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 7.95 \(\pm\) 2.39 & 7.92 \(\pm\) 2.41 \\ ethyl ester & & 0.108 & 0.109 & 0.103 & 0.109 & 0.108 \\ Butanedio acid, & & 518 \(\pm\) 321 & 639 \(\pm\) 322 & 513 \(\pm\) 238 & 591 \(\pm\) 194 & 584 \(\pm\) 211 \\ diethyl ester & & 0.00259 & 0.00320 & 0.00256 & 0.00296 & 0.00292 \\ Butanoic acid, ethyl & & 0.80 \(\pm\) 0.99 & 1.35 \(\pm\) 1.84 & 1.42 \(\pm\) 1.30 & 0.97 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.50 \\ ester & & 0.0005 & 0.000844 & 0.000888 & 0.000606 & 0.000206 \\ Decanoic acid, & 200 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 47.3 \(\pm\) 37.7 & 76.3 \(\pm\) 65.1 & 73.0 \(\pm\) 46.4 & 36.7 \(\pm\) 23.4 & 64.3 \(\pm\) 32.3 \\ ethyl ester & & 0.236 & 0.382 & 0.365 & 0.184 & 0.322 \\ Dodecanoic acid, & 1500 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 3.02 \(\pm\) 2.04 & 4.36 \(\pm\) 3.90 & 3.92 \(\pm\) 3.29 & 2.92 \(\pm\) 1.97 & 8.74 \(\pm\) 10.1 \\ ethyl ester & & 0.00201 & 0.00291 & 0.00261 & 0.00195 & 0.00583 \\ Ethyl 9-decanoate & 100 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 0 & 0.099 \(\pm\) 1.99 & 2.36 \(\pm\) 2.89 & 1.17 \(\pm\) 2.85 & 1.16 \(\pm\) 3.48 \\  & & 0.0099 & 0.0236 & 0.0117 & 0.0116 \\ Ethyl acetate & 7500 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 39.4 \(\pm\) 24.2 & 23.2 \(\pm\) 34.2 & 46.3 \(\pm\) 16 & 52.3 \(\pm\) 17.7 & 42.2 \(\pm\) 13.3 \\  & & 0.00525 & 0.00309 & 0.00617 & 0.00697 & 0.00563 \\ Hexadecanoic acid, & & 1.91 \(\pm\) 1.36 & 2.07 \(\pm\) 1.70 & 1.44 \(\pm\) 0.81 & 2.65 \(\pm\) 2.03 & 4.25 \(\pm\) 3.41 \\ ethyl ester (ethyl & 1500 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 0.00127 & 0.00138 & 0.00096 & 0.00177 & 0.00283 \\ palmitate) & & & & & & \\ Nonanoic acid, & N/A & 1.19 \(\pm\) 2.03 & 1.82 \(\pm\) 2.42 & 6.09 \(\pm\) 4.50 & 2.20 \(\pm\) 2.68 & 7.67 \(\pm\) 4.08 \\ ethyl ester & & & & & & \\ Octanoic acid, & & & & & & \\
3-methylbutyl ester & N/A & 2.8 \(\pm\) 10.6 & 0.54 \(\pm\) 1.79 & 0.72 \(\pm\) 1.75 & 1.06 \(\pm\) 2.14 & 0.59 \(\pm\) 1.77 \\ (isoamyl octanoate) & & & & & & \\ Octanoic acid, ethyl & 5 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 313 \(\pm\) 194 & 400 \(\pm\) 278 & 292 \(\pm\) 162 & 220 \(\pm\) 101 & 310 \(\pm\) 114 \\ ester & & 62.6 & 80 & 58.4 & 44 & 62 \\ Pentadecanoic acid, & & & & & & \\
3-methylbutyl ester & N/A & 0 & 0.044 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0 & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.30 & 0.37 \(\pm\) 1.11 \\ (isoamyl & & & & & & \\ pentadecanoate) & & & & & & \\ Tetradecanoic acid, & & & & & & \\ ethyl ester (ethyl & 2000 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 1.39 \(\pm\) 1.25 & 1.56 \(\pm\) 1.90 & 1.04 \(\pm\) 0.96 & 1.42 \(\pm\) 1.15 & 5.03 \(\pm\) 8.10 \\ myristate) & & 0.000695 & 0.00078 & 0.00052 & 0.00071 & 0.00252 \\
**Total** & & 1068 & 1283 & 1015 & 996 & 1097 \\
**concentration** & & & & & & \\ _Fused and higher alcohol_ & & & & & & \\
1-Dodecanol & 1000 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 5.00 \(\pm\) 5.14 & 3.35 \(\pm\) 4.16 & 2.70 \(\pm\) 1.41 & 4.86 \(\pm\) 3.69 & 9.10 \(\pm\) 9.16 \\  & & _0.005_ & _0.00335_ & _0.0027_ & _0.00486_ & _0.0091_ \\
1-Heptanol & 300 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 1.08 \(\pm\) 2.36 & 3.04 \(\pm\) 2.44 & 2.40 \(\pm\) 2.15 & 1.48 \(\pm\) 0.97 & 1.70 \(\pm\) 0.92 \\  & & _0.0036_ & _0.0101_ & _0.008_ & _0.00493_ & _0.00567_ \\
1-Octanol & N/A & 9.56 \(\pm\) 5.83 & 17 \(\pm\) 6.73 & 13.7 \(\pm\) 4.97 & 14.6 \(\pm\) 6.6 & 14.1 \(\pm\) 9.05 \\
3-Heptanol, & N/A & 4.28 \(\pm\) 4.11 & 2.31 \(\pm\) 4.18 & 4.86 \(\pm\) 3.98 & 3.84 \(\pm\) 3.79 & 7.16 \(\pm\) 5.80 \\
2,6-dimethyl- & & & 2.97 \(\pm\) 4.37 & 6.49 \(\pm\) 6.72