esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Optical Flow Odometry with Panoramic Image Based on Spherical Congruence Projection
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Spherical Congruence Projection  
The pixels of \(\tilde{\mathcal{S}}_{L}\) are arranged within the 3D space, which presents challenges for storage and memory management, as well as incurs higher computational load. To optimize pixel storage in the computer, we propose a strategy to project spherical pixels onto the 2D plane, referred to as the spherical congruence projection, while preserving topological consistency. The procedure of SCP includes two stages, spherical pixel segmentation and pixel storage, with the corresponding flowchart shown in Figure 4.
# Research Progress in the Construction and Application of In Vitro Vascular Models
## 2 Construction of In Vitro Vascular Models
### Construction of In Vitro Vascular Model Based on Non-Microfluidics-Based Methods
#### 2.2.3 Construction of Vascular Model In Vitro by Laser Degradation or Laser Cavitation Molding
There are several methods for building in vitro vessel models that are not based on microfluidic technology, including the template method, 3D bioprinting method, laser degradation method, and laser cavitation molding method. The template method is inexpensive, easy to use, and produces a blood vessel model with a cross-section similar to the physiological structure. However, it is limited to constructing a single blood vessel structure and is prone to pipeline collapse, requiring high mechanical strength biomaterials. Three-dimensional bioprinting, on the other hand, allows for the direct production of more accurate vessel models. Extrusion bioprinting, in particular, stands out as a cost-effective and user-friendly technique that is compatible with various high-viscosity bioprinting technologies. It is the most widely used bioprinting technology for constructing blood vessels. However, there is a risk of the bioprinting ink clogging and reduced cell viability. Selecting biomaterials with high biocompatibility can help improve cell viability. Lastly, the laser degradation cavitation method offers higher resolution, simple operation, and is not limited by complex three-dimensional shapes. It also maintains a sterile environment and can create a more physiological capillary network by controlling the basic parameters of blood vessels while preserving cell vitality. However, this method can be expensive and has limitations in terms of biomaterial selection.
## 5 Simulation Result and Discussion
### Simulation Based on User Device Computing Capacity
The Load Balancing scheme results in an average total cost per device of 0.0395, 0.0307, 0.0279, 0.0265, 0.0258, 0.0254, 0.0252, 0.0252, and 0.0254 based on device computing capacity ranking from 10 MHz to 100 MHz, respectively. Finally, Random Scheme can obtain a total cost of 0.0420, 0.0341, 0.0315, 0.0303, 0.0296, 0.0292, 0.0291, 0.0290, 0.0291, and 0.0292 based on device computing capacities ranging from 10 MHz to 100 MHz, respectively. Random Access Scheme's total cost decreases slightly as the device computing capacity increases, ranging from 0.0420 to 0.0292. If we compare the performance of total cost on average in terms of the user device computing capacity, when the computing capacity of the user device increases from 10 MHz to 100 MHz, the total cost of our proposed approach is 105.84% better than that of Greedy Latency, 121.44% better than that of Load Balancing, and 150.48% better than that of Random Offloading. Overall, the proposed approach is shown to be the most energy-efficient approach for offloading and executing tasks on user devices, with lower total costs than the other three schemes.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Comparison of Positioning Deviations according to the Current State of the System  
The comparison of the whole deviation dataset of each RTK receiver between its three possible states (\"FIX\", \"FLOAT\" and \"GNSS\") was performed, using the median values from these datasets, as well as the presentation in Boxplot. The expression of the error using the median value Me was not burdened by the error of outliers as much as the expression of the error by \(RMS_{\sigma\tau}\). This presentation depicted the distribution of the deviations in four quartiles, where the median of the deviations was located between the boundaries of the two inner quartiles. From both boundary quartiles, the outliers were removed per the recommended value \(k=1.5\) per study [47], which corresponded to the designation of 0.7% total as the potential outliers where a normal distribution was assumed. The Boxplot function was used from the matplotlib library in Python.
## 3 System Architecture
### Assumptions
#### 3.2.2 DiftoS-Server  
The vehicles situated in the VVS area (typically busy intersections), collaboratively elect a vehicle that will play the role of the server, the DIFTOS-Server procedure will be executed in that vehicle. The server vehicle maintains the road reservations matrix (RRM), which contains the weight of all the road segments situated in the coverage of current VVS in different time slots.
# Space Efficiency in European High-Rise Timber Buildings
## 3 Results
### Space Efficiency
#### 3.3.5 Inter-Relationship of Space Efficiency and Structural System  
In Figure 10, the observed information regarding the connection between spatial effectiveness and load-carrying frameworks is displayed. The vertical column to the right illustrates the overall occurrence of instances by their individual structural frameworks. Each yellow spot corresponds to the spatial effectiveness of constructions within the examination, linked with particular structural frameworks. Additionally, a grey pole demonstrates the predominance of towers sharing identical structural frameworks.  
Figure 9: Inter-relationship between space efficiency and structural material.  
In the investigation of structural frameworks utilized in European towers, shear walled frame systems have emerged as the dominant choice, evident in 32 analyzed instances. These systems exhibit substantial spatial efficiency, with recorded levels ranging from 76% to 90%, and averaging at 83%. In contrast, shear walls represent the second most preferred framework, employed in 20 cases, demonstrating spatial efficiencies spanning from 70% to 90%, and averaging 81%. This 2% disparity in average spatial efficiency between the two prevalent structural systems highlights nuanced differences crucial in high-rise timber tower construction. The prominence of shear walled frame systems underscores their efficacy in optimizing spatial utilization, reflecting advancements in design and construction methodologies tailored to modern architectural demands and environmental sustainability imperatives.
# Full Three-Dimensional Inverse Design Method for S-Ducts Using a New Dimensionless Flow Parameter
## 2 Numerical Procedure
### Inverse Design Method  
The BSA inverse design method was upgraded for the 3-D design of an S-shaped duct. All the previous developments of the BSA were limited to 2-D and quasi-3-D ducts in which only the upper and lower lines of the symmetry plane were modified based on the target pressure distribution. The BSA method is described here in brief, but it has been previously described by details [26; 27; 28; 29]. In the BSA, the wall surface is composed of imaginary balls that can freely move along the specified directions called spines. Due to the difference between the current and target pressure distribution, a force is applied to each ball along the corresponding spine. As the difference between the current and target pressure reaches zero, the balls stop moving, and the target shape is achieved. Figure 2 shows the whole procedure of the inverse design solution. The displacement of balls in each shape modification step is calculated using Equation (1) as follows:  
\[\Delta y_{i}=C\cdot\Delta P_{i} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Delta y\) is the displacement of each point along its spine, \(\Delta P\) is the difference between the current and target pressure, and \(C\) is the geometry correction factor. It is important to find the optimum value for the geometry correction factor, which should be determined by trial and error.  
In 3-D inverse design, the difference between the current and target pressure is not the correct criterion for moving the balls due to the effects of area on the pressure contour. Thus, a new dimensionless pressure parameter was defined based on the streamline curvature. Similar to the 2-D inverse design, the axial length of the S-shaped duct was fixed as a specific length to achieve a unique answer. Another characteristic that is required for the inverse design of a 3-D duct is constant cross-sectional width along the duct. Another constraint is that the outlet area of the duct should remain fixed to consider an unchanged mass flow rate during the shape-modification process. As shown in Figure 3, the 3-D diffuser can be considered as several 2-D planar ducts, and the control points are placed on the upper and lower walls of these 2-D ducts. If the widths of all cross-sections are considered to be fixed, all the spines should be vertical on the cross-section plane.
# Efficient Massive MIMO Detection for M-QAM Symbols
## 3 Detector Based on Iterated BOXDCD with Negative Diagonal Loading Regularization  
### Box-Constrained Minimization  
A promising detection method referred to as box-constrained optimization constrains the estimated symbol vector to be within a closed convex set and has been shown to outperform linear detection methods [18]. An additional tightening of the solution can further improve the performance. The box-constrained method relaxes the constraint \(\mathbf{s}\in\mathcal{A}^{K_{t}}\) in (2) to the convex polytope \(\mathbf{s}\in\mathcal{U}_{\mathcal{A}}\), which is defined as follows:  
\[\mathcal{U}_{\mathcal{A}}=\left\{s_{R}+js_{I}:s_{R},s_{I}\in[-\zeta,+\zeta] \right\}, \tag{7}\]  
where \(s_{R}^{2},s_{I}^{2}\leq E_{\text{MQAM}}/2\), and \(\zeta\) is the radius of the tightest box around the square constellation. For 4 QAM, \(\zeta=1\). For higher-order QAM constellations, such as 16 QAM or 64 QAM, \(\zeta=3\) or 7.  
When applying the box-constrained method to solve the ML problem in a MIMO system, problem (2) is reformulated as  
\[\mathbf{\mathrm{\hat{s}}}=\arg\min_{\mathbf{s}\in\mathcal{U}_{\mathcal{A}}}\Bigl{\{}\bm {s}^{H}\mathbf{\mathrm{R}}\mathbf{s}-2\Re\{\mathbf{\mathrm{y}}^{H}\mathbf{\mathrm{s}}\}\Bigr{\}}. \tag{8}\]  
The condition number of the channel matrix can be altered by changing the relationship between \(K_{t}\) and \(K_{r}\). Typically, when \(K_{t}\) is closer to \(K_{r}\), the matrix condition number is larger. Matrices with high condition numbers may decrease the robustness of the detection. Regularization with negative diagonal loading maximizes the solution's energy. When regularization is used with box constraints, the solution is forced to be close to the boundary. For example, the QAM constellation signal input \(\mathbf{s}\) satisfies \(\mathbf{s}^{\intercal}\mathbf{s}=\kappa\) and hence solves the inequality \((\kappa-\mathbf{s}^{H}\mathbf{\mathrm{s}})\geq 0\). To further tighten the solution, we can rearrange Equation (8) as  
\[\mathbf{\mathrm{\hat{s}}} = \arg\min_{\mathbf{s}\in\mathcal{U}_{\mathcal{A}}}\Bigl{\{}\mathbf{s}^{H} \mathbf{\mathrm{R}}\mathbf{s}-2\Re\{\mathbf{\mathrm{y}}^{H}\mathbf{\mathrm{s}}\}+\mu(\kappa- \mathbf{s}^{H}\mathbf{\mathrm{s}})\Bigr{\}}\] \[= \arg\min_{\mathbf{s}\in\mathcal{U}_{\mathcal{A}}}\Bigl{\{}\mathbf{s}^{H} (\mathbf{\mathrm{R}}-\mu\mathbf{\mathrm{I}})\mathbf{s}-2\Re\{\mathbf{\mathrm{y}}^{H}\mathbf{ \mathrm{s}}\}\Bigr{\}}\]  
The matrix \((\mathbf{\mathrm{R}}-\mu\mathbf{\mathrm{I}})\) implies that regularization with negative diagonal loading is used. The regularization parameter \(\mu\) is chosen to be the same as in the MMSE detector. The DCD algorithm has shown excellent efficiency in implementing box-constrained detectors [21].
## 4 Prototype Implementation
### Healthcare Services Prototype
#### 4.2.2 SOS-SMS Service  
This service provides emergency situation notifications via short message service (SMS) to specific recipients, enabling the patient to inform selected persons (e.g., relatives, friends, nurses) that he/she needs immediate help. The ideal interface to the patient would be a physical alarm button that can be easily pushed in case of emergency. For simplification, an Android application that mimics an alarm button is used in the current prototype. An SOS information channel is registered in the IIP, and a server-side application, based on Java servlet technology, is implemented to subscribe and to handle HTTP POST notifications from the IIP whenever the patient sends SOS messages. A simple web page is  
Figure 11: Remote health monitoring service user interface.  
provided to the patient to administer which mobile numbers should be notified in case of emergency and also to enable or disable this service. Figure 12a shows a web page for the patient to enable emergency notifications via SMS to a list of mobile numbers, and Figure 12b shows a web page confirming that the service is enabled. When the patient enables this service, the web application subscribes to SOS information channel in the IIP for notifications of emergency events. In reverse, the web application unsubscribes from SOS information channel when this service is disabled by the patient.
# Overview of Predictive Control Technology for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Systems
## 4 Future Directions
### Improvement of Steady-State Performance  
DPC and MPC control strategies have been applied to permanent magnet synchronous motor systems. However, limited by the degree of freedom of control, the steady-state control performance of finite set model predictive control is still not good enough, and the sensitivity to motor parameters is high [73; 141]. Existing steady-state error suppression strategies mostly use disturbance observation [83] and parameter identification [75; 151], and the complexity of the system is high. The disturbance observation is based on the system model, and the observer type needs to be selected according to the controlled system and the observation bandwidth needs to be designed. Hence, there is still a lot of research space for the improvement of robustness and stability.
## 2 Ground Motions Considered
### SRB Models  
As summarized in Table 2, four SRB models were designed with sloping angles of 3, 4, 6, and 8 degrees, hereafter denoted as SRB-3, SRB-4, SRB-6, and SRB-8, respectively. To keep an approximately constant horizontal acceleration response of 0.08 \(g\) for these four models at the slope rolling stage, which is different from the comparison basis of [PERSON] et al.'s previous study [34], the friction damping forces were accordingly designed as 550 N, 460 N, 300 N, and 120 N for SRB-3, SRB-4, SRB-6, and SRB-8, respectively. In addition, to coordinate different sloping angles of 3, 4, 6, and 8 degrees at the slope rolling stage with a fixed curvature radius of 100 mm at the arc rolling stage, the arc rolling ranges (or horizontal displacement ranges) at this stage for SRB-3, SRB-4, SRB-6, and SRB-8 were designed to be 10.5 mm, 14 mm, 21 mm, and 28 mm, respectively. The friction damping force designed at the arc rolling stage, certainly, was the same as that at the slope rolling stage. The hysteresis loops of SRB-3, SRB-4, SRB-6, and SRB-8 are illustrated in Figure 4 for better comparison.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Arc Rolling Stage**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Slope Rolling Stage**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Model** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Range / Design** \\ **Displacement** \\ **(\(D_{\text{D}}\))\({}_{i}\) **(mm)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Curvature** \\ **Radius (mm)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Friction** \\ **Damping** \\ **Force (N)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sloping Angle (\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ **Upper Bearing** \\ **Plate** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Lower Bearing** \\ **Plate** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline SRB-3 & 10.5 & 100 & 550 & 0 & 3 & 550 \\ SRB-4 & 14 & 100 & 460 & 0 & 4 & 460 \\ SRB-6 & 21 & 100 & 300 & 0 & 6 & 300 \\ SRB-8 & 28 & 100 & 120 & 0 & 8 & 120 \\ FFB-32M & 63.78 & 2550 & 550 & - & - & - \\ FFB-33M & 494.70 & 19,800 & 550 & - & - & - \\ FFB-6-2M & 90.64 & 1810 & 300 & - & - & - \\ FFB-6-3M & 704.30 & 14,100 & 300 & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Design parameters of SRBs and FPBs.  
Figure 3: Idealized composition of analytical models for SRBs.
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Ablation Study
#### 5.1.2 How Many Hidden Layers in Multi-Branch Block  
We conducted a study on how many deep layers we needed for our model. The table below shows the model's performance for a multi-branch block in a fusion model with different numbers of hidden layers. In this study, we examined up to five layers. Table 3 shows that the highest F1-score, mAP, and EM were achieved with two fully connected layers, with scores of 94.72% and 91.33 for F1-score, mAP, and EM, respectively.  
This study recommends using two hidden layers to provide a good balance and trade-off between the model's performance and complexity, as it achieved the best performance among all evaluated metrics.
## 2 LMMSE Estimator within GNSS Augmentation Systems
### Estimating True Total DC
In fact, in this case, the parametric analysis involves six modeling error parameters, _i.e._, the three error sources ephemeris, ionosphere, troposphere, each of which modeled by two parameters, the variance and the correlation distance. This case will be further discussed in the following section. Figure 4: Spatial correlation as a function of correlation distance with a fixed distance separation.
## 1 Introduction  
Hydrocarbon is a major energy source for human civilization, and it is predicted to remain the primary source of energy in the coming decades. However, most oil fields have already reached or will soon reach the declining stage of production, even though a large fraction of the original oil in place (OOIP) has not yet been recovered. Based on the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE, Washington, DC, USA) data, 67% of the total oil in the U.S. will remain in the reservoirs because of the limitations of the technology used to extract residual hydrocarbon [1]. As cheap and reliable renewable energy sources are not yet available, fundamental studies on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are critical to develop technologies enabling a high recovery factor from oil reservoirs. Various EOR technologies have been applied and proven to significantly increase hydrocarbon recovery. These include thermal, miscible, and chemical methods, as well as some new technologies (microbial, low salinity flooding). More recently, nanoparticles and nanotechnology have been proposed as a promising EOR method since nanoparticles can penetrate the pore throat and change the reservoir properties considerably to increase oil recovery [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6].  
Over the past years, numerous studies have shown promising results of nanomaterials application for improving hydrocarbon recovery. Laboratory studies have shown that surface-coated silica nanoparticles can stabilize emulsions and improve mobility control in the EOR process [7; 8]. Nanoparticles (NPs) have also been reported to alter rock wettability and reduce interfacial tension when used as EOR agents [3; 9; 10]. Different parameters of nanoparticles such as size, concentration, ionic composition, and type have been studied in relation to their effect on EOR [11; 12].  
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent applications of nanoparticles and nanotechnology in the petroleum industry in general and EOR in particular, and aims to provide insights for researchers to work in the nano-EOR field. Some earlier reviews on nanomaterials on EOR have been published elsewhere, which are mainly from either a mechanistic or an experimental perspective [13; 14; 15]. This review is based on a material approach for nano-EOR and will focus on the effect of NP type and parameters on EOR. Furthermore, the nanoparticle application in different fields such as exploration, drilling, production, and refining is briefly summarized at the start of the review. Experimental studies that have been done with different types of nanoparticles are discussed along with their proposed mechanisms and driving parameters.
## 2 System Model
### Scenarios Based on 5G New Radio 3D Scenarios
#### 2.1.1 Smart City  
The smart city scenario that we consider is based on a modified section of the urban micro cell with high IoT device densities but with low traffic load per IoT device in city centers and dense urban areas. This scenario is coverage-limited because of the small transmission power of IoT devices. It has transmission and reception points (TRPs), with UPA antennas at a height of 10 m. There are four sites with three TRPs, meaning one per sector. The inter-site distance (ISD) in this scenario is 400 m. The carrier frequency is 3.6 GHz and/or 28 GHz. The bandwidth for both carrier frequencies is 50 MHz. A full buffer model is assumed. At least a total of 2250 active IoT devices are distributed per sector of each cell, with 50% of IoT devices being indoor and the remaining 50% IoT devices being outdoor in the streets, either static or moving at a speed of 3 km/h. The layout of this scenario is illustrated in Figure 3.  
Figure 2: C-RAN illustration.
## 4 Biological Applications  
Metallic, bimetallic, and metal oxide nanoparticles have seen extensive use in biomedical applications [154]. The use of bimetallic nanoparticles for biological applications is focused on exploiting their optical or magnetic properties. For the following discussion, we have classified the selected biomedical applications based on their purpose: (1) diagnostic and/or (2) therapeutic. The applications categorized as diagnostic applications involve sensing and imaging. Applications categorized as therapeutic applications involve thermal treatments and drug-delivery systems.
# Brillouin Frequency Shift Sensing Technology Used in Railway Strain and Temperature Measurement
## 3 Methods of Test and Verification  
### Outline of the Test Field  
For this test, we chose a portion of railway that is an operational line in Pingtung, Taiwan, as the test field. The outline is shown as Figure 2. The adhesion locations (D, E, and F) of the measuring optical cable are shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 shows the cable after adhesion. The set-up of the reference rail is shown in Figure 5. A schematic of the data collection and internet communication structure is shown in Figure 6.
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, we plan to explore a solution for transmitting small data packets (up to 192 bytes per message) between two SWARM Technologies' Eval Kits systems, integrating Amazon Web Services (AWS) to facilitate data storage and notification capabilities. Our approach involves leveraging low Earth orbit satellites to enable communication between devices without relying on an Internet connection, which we aim to evaluate for its suitability in remote areas. We intend to store all messages in the AWS cloud and investigate  
Figure 1: Limited coverage of Starlink satellites (satellitemap.space) in the Arctic region compared with other parts of North America, as observed on 24 November 2024 [19]. the use of AWS notifications, such as emails or text messages, to confirm successful data transfer. By utilizing cost-effective equipment, we aim to determine whether this approach can effectively address small-scale data transmission challenges in remote regions. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the SWARM satellite network, detailing its structure, capabilities, and role in the IoT ecosystem. Section 3 examines the SWARM system's data transmission processes, including its integration with platforms like AWS for data management. Section 4 outlines the hardware setup and experimental performance, focusing on metrics such as transmission delay and data throughput. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the findings and explores future directions, including potential scalability and broader applications.