# Advanced Applications of Industrial Robotics: New Trends and Possibilities
## 3 Recent Achievements in Industrial Robotics Classified according to Implementation Area
### Civil Engineering Industry  
In general, the construction industry is relatively inefficient from the perspective of automation. Robotics are seldom applied [107]. The main identified challenges for higher adoption of robotics in the construction industry were grouped into four categories: contractor-side economic factors; client-side economic factors; technical and work-culture factors; and weak business case factors. Technical and work-culture factors include an untrained workforce; unproven effectiveness and immature technology; and the current work culture and aversion to change [108].  
The perspective of robotics in civil engineering is significantly better. Here, robotics provides considerable opportunities to increase productivity, efficiency, and flexibility, from automated modular house production to robotic welding, material handling on construction sites, and 3D printing of houses or certain structures. Robots make the industry safer and more economical, increase sustainability, and reduce its environmental impact, while improving quality and reducing waste. The total global value of the construction industry is forecast to grow by 85% to USD 15.5 trillion by 2030 [109]. Robots can make construction safer by handling large and heavy loads, working in hazardous locations, and enabling new, safer construction methods. Transferring repetitive and dangerous tasks that humans are increasingly reluctant to perform to robots means that automation can help address the labour and skills crisis, and make the construction industry more attractive [110, 111]. Few classic robots are used in the construction process due to the dynamic and inaccurately described environment; however, work on 3D buildings and their environmental models reduces this limitation. A detailed overview of related references is provided in Table 8.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Objective** & **Technology** & **Approach** & **Improvement** & **Ref.** \\ \hline The potential applications in agriculture by presenting a variety of manipulators and various forms of sensors. & Parallel grippers, angular grippers, and biologically inspired grippers manufactured by Festo. Various sensors & Application methods. & State-of-the-art robotic grippers, grasping and control strategies, and their applications in agricultural robots. Applications of robotic grippers in food, agricultural, and bio-system engineering were summarised in detail. & [104] \\ A scheme that combines computer vision and multi-tasking processes to develop a small-scale smart architectural machine that can automatically weed and actuator, and the varied interface (GUI) field. & The frames of the machine, the weeding and watering mechanism, the image and soil moisture sensor, the actuator, and the graphical user interface (GUI) field. & Image processing methods such as HSV (hue (H), saturation (S), value (V)) colour conversion, estimation of thresholds during the image binary segmentation process, and morphology operator procedures. & The system can classify plants and weeds in real time with an average classification rate of 90\% or higher. This allows the machine to perform needing and watering while maintaining the moisture content of the deep soil at \(80\pm 10\%\) and an average needing rate of 90\%. \\ A systematic overview aiming to identify the applicability of computer vision in precision agriculture to produce the five most-produced grains in the world: maize, rice, wheat, soybean, and barley. Different approaches to treat disease detection, grain quality, and phenotyping. & & The system can classify plants and weeds in real time with an average classification rate of 90\% or higher. This allows the machine to perform needing and watering while maintaining the moisture content of the deep soil at \(80\pm 10\%\) and an average needing rate of 90\%. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Research focused on agricultural applications.