# Physical and Microbiological Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Honey Bee Pollen
## 3 Results
### Microbiological Characteristics of Bee Pollen and Antibiotic Resistance of Isolated microorganisms  
The collection site, environmental pollution, treatment and storage conditions, excessive moisture content, and increased water activity may have adverse effects on bee pollen microbial quality. Therefore, it is important to monitor microorganism content to ensure pollen suitability for human consumption. In monofloral bee pollen samples, the highest _Enterobacteriaceae_ count (82 cfu/g) was found in phacelia pollen, while the lowest count was in willow pollen (14 cfu/g). In multifocal samples, the highest _Enterobacteriaceae_ count (81 cfu/g) was found in MF2 pollen, while the lowest count was in MF5 pollen (21 cfu/g). There were no differences (\(p\) \(>\) 0.05) in the average _Enterobacteriaceae_ bacteria count between the tested monofloral (48 cfu/g) and multifocal pollen (50.2 cfu/g). Among analysed monofloral samples, the highest total bacterial count (7.35 \(\times\) 10\({}^{2}\) cfu/g) was found in autumn raspberry bee pollen, while the lowest was found in willowbee pollen (0.55 \(\times\) 10\({}^{2}\) cfu/g). In multifocal samples, the highest total bacterial count (3.25 \(\times\) 10\({}^{2}\) cfu/g) was found in MF2 pollen, while the lowest count was in MF5 pollen (0.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{2}\) cfu/g). Overall, there were differences (\(p\) \(<\) 0.05) in the total average bacter \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples** & & **Moisture Content (\%)** & **Water Activity** & **pH** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Monofloral} & AR & 9.99 \(\pm\) 0.43 a,b & 0.363 \(\pm\) 0.001 b & 5.827 \(\pm\) 0.013 a \\  & CL & 6.62 \(\pm\) 1.24 c,d & 0.322 \(\pm\) 0.001 c & 4.756 \(\pm\) 0.014 g \\  & DA & 7.45 \(\pm\) 0.25 c & 0.298 \(\pm\) 0.002 e & 4.927 \(\pm\) 0.025 f \\  & FB & 9.47 \(\pm\) 0.44 b & 0.294 \(\pm\) 0.005 e & 5.607 \(\pm\) 0.008 c \\  & PHA & 10.89 \(\pm\) 0.43 a & 0.383 \(\pm\) 0.003 a & 4.738 \(\pm\) 0.006 g \\  & RF & 9.93 \(\pm\) 0.71 a,b & 0.389 \(\pm\) 0.000 a & 4.751 \(\pm\) 0.016 g \\  & RS & 7.32 \(\pm\) 1.00 c,d & 0.228 \(\pm\) 0.001 h & 5.018 \(\pm\) 0.016 e \\  & WI & 6.80 \(\pm\) 0.68 c,d & 0.310 \(\pm\) 0.002 d & 5.822 \(\pm\) 0.016 a,b \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Multifloral} & MF1 & 7.35 \(\pm\) 1.17 c,d & 0.187 \(\pm\) 0.002 i & 5.037 \(\pm\) 0.005 e \\  & MF2 & 6.67 \(\pm\) 0.22 d & 0.258 \(\pm\) 0.002 g & 5.735 \(\pm\) 0.025 b \\ \cline{1-1}  & MF3 & 8.61 \(\pm\) 0.96 b,c & 0.324 \(\pm\) 0.001 c & 5.296 \(\pm\) 0.014 d \\ \cline{1-1}  & MF4 & 7.69 \(\pm\) 0.46 c & 0.286 \(\pm\) 0.004 f & 5.783 \(\pm\) 0.018 a,b \\ \cline{1-1}  & MF5 & 7.82 \(\pm\) 0.15 c & 0.251 \(\pm\) 0.001 g & 4.872 \(\pm\) 0.020 f \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Moisture content, water activity, and pH of honey bee-collected monofloral and multifocal pollen. rial count between tested monofloral and multiloral pollen samples, with values of \(2.71\times 10^{2}\) and \(2.02\times 10^{2}\) cfu/g, respectively. The further identification of microorganisms revealed a variety of species present in the honey bee-collected samples (Figure 2). Among all bacteria (\(n=34\)) isolated from pollen, the highest prevalence was found in _Bacillus_ spp. (20/34) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (6/34). The most often identified species were _Bacillus altitudinis/pumilus (7/13)_, Lysinibacillus fusiformis_ (5/13)_, Bacillus cereus_ (4/13), and _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ (4/13). The distribution of microorganisms in the samples studied is presented in the supplementary data (Supplementary Table S2). The resistance of _Lysinibacillus fusiformis_, _Staphylococcus vamneri_, _Staphylococcus epidermidis_, _Staphylococcus capitis_, _Staphylococcus caltii_ spp.