esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Method to Produce vsiRNAs in Plants with Cross-Kingdom Gene Silencing Capacity
## 3 Results
### Induction of Gene Silencing in Macrophages of Mus musculus  
To evaluate whether the sRNAs of plants infected with pEuMV-YP:Krt18 can induce gene silencing in mammalian cells, three mouse macrophage cultures were used: the first one was only treated with the transfecting agent; a mouse macrophage culture was transfected with 10 \(\upmu\)g of sRNA from plants infected with pEuMV-YP:Krt18 and, as a negative control, 10 \(\upmu\)g of sRNA from plants infected with pEuMV-YP:AAV1:chII were used. After 24 h of incubation, the relative expression of the krt18 gene was more than  
Figure 2: (**a**) _Nicotiana benthamiana_ plant uninfected; (**b**) plant infected with pEuMV-YP: AAV1:chII, the white regions are a consequence of the gene silencing of Magnesium-chelatase subunit I (ChII); (**c**) plant infected with pEuMV-YP:Krt18 that shows deformations on the edges and slight yellow mosaics; (**d**) percentage of sRNA corresponding to VIGS vector (pEuMV-YP:Krt18) and the plant genes; (**e**) percentage of vsiRNAs derived from genes in pEuMV-YP:Krt18; (**f**) distribution by size of the vsiRNAs of plant infected with pEuMV-YP:Krt18; (**g**) heatmap of the pEuMV-YP:Krt18 genome, the red color represents a greater accumulation of vsiRNA, the gold color represents those of medium accumulation, while the green color represents less accumulation; (**h**) average GC content in VIGS vector regions with highest and lowest of vsiRNA accumulation (hotspots and nonhotspots, respectively); \(t\)-test * \(p\)-value < 0.01; (**i**) vsiRNA-induced silencing of the Krt18 gene in macrophages of _Mus musculus_, being Nc sRNA from plants 28 days postinoculation (dpi) with pEuMV-YP: AAV1:chII, and Krt18 is sRNA from plants 28 dpi with pEuMV-YP: Krt18; \(t\)-test ****\(p\)-value < 0.00001.  
eightfold lower than when transfected with the sRNAs derived from pEuMV-YP:\(\Delta\)AV1:chII (\(p\)-value \(<\) 0.0001) (Figure 2i).
## 5 Conclusions  
This research presents a comprehensive framework for digital twin-enabled Vehicle-to-Grid systems through the development and validation of a high-fidelity multi-physics electric vehicle model that serves as a fundamental building block for AI-driven energy management applications in novel power systems.  
The developed multi-physics electric vehicle model demonstrates exceptional accuracy with an RMSE between 1.28% (outbound path) and 1.50% (return path) for state of charge prediction, validated through experimental data from real-world urban driving conditions in Naples, Italy. This precision provides the data quality necessary for training machine learning algorithms that can optimize V2G operations in real-time. The model's transferability across different vehicle platforms (Citroen Ami and Nissan Leaf) establishes its versatility for fleet-scale AI implementations.  
The validated digital twin framework addresses critical challenges in applying artificial intelligence to novel power systems by providing high-fidelity training data for machine learning algorithms, real-time simulation capabilities for testing AI optimization strategies, and scalable architecture supporting both individual vehicle and fleet-level AI applications.
# EAIA: An Efficient and Anonymous Identity-Authentication Scheme in 5G-V2V
## 6 Security Evaluation
### Formal Verification by Scyther Tool  
Scyther was first introduced and utilized by [PERSON] in [29]. It is a powerful formal verification tool used for falsification, verification, and detecting potential attacks, playing a critical role in the analysis of security protocols. The major outstanding feature of Scyther is automatic verification. Scyther can automatically generate and verify all possible execution paths of security protocols, identifying potential security vulnerabilities. Scyther is efficient to complete the verification of complex protocols within a short time. And, Scyther uses formal methods to describe protocols, ensuring a high level of precision and rigor in the analysis process. Scyther includes various assertions, such as Non-injective Synchronization (Nisynch), Non-injective Agreement (Niagree), aliveness (Alive), and weak agreement (Weakagree). Specifically, the term \"Niagree\" ensures the consistency of message content between sending and receiving, thus guaranteeing message integrity. \"Nisynch\" refers to the overall mirroring of protocol events, enhancing protocol reliability.  
Our study focuses on the key security attributes of mutual identity authentication and secure session key negotiation. In the proposed protocol model, there are two roles: vehicle and vehiclej. As shown in Figure 4, both roles achieve synchronization (Nisynch), agreement (Niagree), aliveness (Alive), and weak agreement (Weakagree). Additionally, we verified the security of random numbers a, b, and d. Throughout the entire process, the confidentiality of all encryption keys is maintained. These findings collectively demonstrate the strong security of the proposed protocol. Moreover, the protocol ensures the accessibility of the involved parties during communication and maintains the security of session keys within the established security framework.  
In conclusion, the results of the formal verification indicate that the proposed group handover authentication protocol is secure.  
Figure 4: Scyther verification result of the EAIA.
# Effects of Table Grape Cultivars on Fruit Quality and Aroma Components
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sensory Evaluation of Different Table Grape Varieties  
Sensory analysis is a series of observations, analyses, and descriptions of grapes performed through human senses [35]. To examine aroma characteristics and evaluate the comprehensive quality of the grape, 15 wine professionals scored the appearance according to the shape, size, color, and weight of the grape. The texture parameters were scored according to the degree of softness and hardness of grape pulp, the abundance of juice and water, and the brittleness of grape pulp. The flavor parameters were scored according to the coordination of sweet and sour, characteristic aroma, and pure flavor. The sensory evaluation scores and comprehensive scores of different table grape varieties are shown in Figure 2. In appearance, the score of _Shine-Muscat_ (28.36 points) was higher than that of other varieties. The appearance scores of the other varieties had no significant difference. In terms of texture, the experts preferred the crispy grape varieties. _Ruby Seedless_, _Shine-Muscat_, _Italia_, _black beet_, and _Heibaladuo_ had higher texture scores than other varieties, among which _Ruby Seedless_ scored the highest (29.62), while _Summer Black_, with its soft fruit, scored the lowest (20.17). Varieties with a score of more than 35 on the flavor level were _Heibaladuo_, _Summer Black_, _Ruby Seedless_, _Shaxing 1 hao_, \(A\), _Jumeigui_, _Hutai 8 hao_, and _Shine-Muscat_. The flavor scores of _Meixiangbao_, _Zhengyanwuhe_, and _Ruiduuwheyi_ were below 30 points, and the varieties had bad flavor and no considerable aroma. _Ruby Seedless_ and _Shine-Muscat_ scored a combined score of more than 90, higher than the other varieties, and are popular for their rich aroma, crispy texture, and sweet and sour taste. _Sweet Sapphire_ tasted sour after ripening, was crisp but stringent, and had a comprehensive score of only 74.81 points.  
Figure 2: Sensory evaluation scores of different table grape varieties on appearance, texture and flavor (**a**). The comprehensive score of sensory evaluation of different table grape varieties (**b**).
# Coverage and Rate Analysis for Location-Aware Cross-Tier Cooperation in Two-Tier HetNets
###### Abstract  
Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are regarded as a promising approach to handle the deluge of mobile data traffic. With the co-channel deployment of small cells, the coverage and capacity of the network will be improved. However, the conventional maximum-received-power (MRP) user association scheme and cross-tier interference issue significantly diminish the performance gain provided by small cells. In this paper, we propose a novel location-aware cross-tier cooperation (LA-CTC) scheme for jointly achieving load balancing and interference mitigation in two-tier HetNets. In detail, we define an inner region for each macro base station (MBS) where the femto base stations (FBSs) will be deactivated, and thereby the users within the inner region will only be served by the MBS. Subsequently, for the users located in the outer region, the proposed scheme only uses coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission by two tiers of BSs to eliminate the excessive cross-tier interference suffered by offloaded users, whereas users with good locations are served directly by either a MBS or a FBS. Using tools of stochastic geometry, we derived the analytical expressions for the coverage probability and average rate of a randomly chosen user. Meanwhile, the analytical results were validated through Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show that the proposed scheme can improve the performance of networks significantly. Moreover, we compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of the conventional MRP scheme, the cell range expansion (CRE) scheme and the location-aware cross-tier CoMP transmission (LA-CTCT) scheme in the literature. Numerical comparisons revealed that the proposed LA-CTC scheme outperforms the other three schemes.  
heterogeneous networks; location aware; CoMP; coverage probability; average rate; stochastic geometry +
Footnote †: journal: Computer Science  
08 June 2017; Accepted: 09 August 2017; Published: 15 August 2017
## 4 Discussion
_cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium digitatum_, and _Penicillium italicum_) [43]. All these alcohols were produced by \(A\). _pullulans_ SB-18-2, \(M\). _pulcherrima_ SB-18-34, \(C\). _wieringae_ SB-18-25, and \(H\). _uvarum_ SB-18-31 but in different amounts, suggesting the potential biocontrol capabilities of these strains. 2-Phenylethanol is one of the main VOCs produced by various yeast species (e.g. _Cyberlindnera jadinii, Lachancea thermotolerans, Candida intermedia, Candida friedrichii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Wickerhamomyces anomalus_) affecting numerous pathogens (e.g. Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochracuseus, Penicillium digitatum, Phylostic citricarpa) (see [40] and references therein). Among tested strains, \(H\). _uvarum_ SB-18-31 and \(M\). _pulcherrima_ SB-18-34 produced the highest amount of 2-phenylethanol, whereas \(A\). _pullulans_ SB-18-2 excelled at ethanol generation, while volatilome of \(C\). _wieringae_ SB-18-25 was dominated by 3-methylbutanol. Ethyl acetate was the dominating volatile of \(H\). _uvarum_ SB-18-31 and \(M\). _pulcherrima_ SB-18-34. 2-Phenylethyl acetate was produced in significant amounts (comparing to other tested yeast strains) by \(H\). _uvarum_ SB-18-31 and had been previously reported to contribute to growth inhibition of \(A\). _odracous_ growth and ochratoxin A production during processing of coffee [47]. Due to the extremely sensitive olfaction system, insects are capable to use microbial volatiles to search for suitable feeding and oviposition sites [18; 72]. Emissions from microorganisms associated with different development stages of fruits and berries contribute to the information about habitat suitability [73] and it was demonstrated that insects recognized yeast communities based on their specific volatile profiles [74; 75; 76]. Most of the volatile compounds (2-phenyl ethanol, 2-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol, ethyl acetate, 2-phenylethyll acetate, ethyl propionate, and others) produced by yeast in our study had been suggested to play a role in modulating behavior of _Rhagoletis batava_ flies [67]. Examples of microbial VOC application for pest control already demonstrated their high potential for use in integrated pest management programs [77]. Identification of attractive and repellent odors from the yeasts associated with berries at preferred and unsuitable stages for pest insect feeding and oviposition would provide a base for the development of environment-friendly pull-push pest control for _Rhagoletis batava_ flies, a major pest of the sea buckthorn.
# Applying ANN and TM to Build a Prediction Model for the Site Selection of a Convenience Store
###### Abstract  
This article builds a systematic and reliable site selection prediction model for a chain of convenience stores (CVSs) to improve the existing decision method of using experienced managers to select sites. Specifically, this study used an artificial neural network (ANN) technique--backpropagation neural network (BPN)--to build the prediction model. To achieve optimization in executing the BPN, the Taguchi method (TM) was adopted to find the optimal parameters for the BPN. The actual data from a chain of CVSs was employed to validate the model. The results indicated that the prediction accuracy rate and decision quality of the proposed model were higher than those of the existing manager-directed decision method. With intense retail competition, the accurate determination of the location of a new convenience store (CVS) is vital to its success. This study asserts that with systematic and scientific assessment, the site selection decision for new chain CVSs will be less human-biased in nature if the prediction model is used as an auxiliary decision-making tool.  
artificial neural network; back-propagation neural network; Taguchi method; chain convenience store; site selection +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Experimental
### Spark Plasma Sintering and Thermoelectric Properties  
High-temperature TE properties were determined in the temperature range of 298-610 K. Samples for TE measurements were manually ground in an agate mortar and compacted using the spark plasma sintering apparatus placed in an argon-filled glove-box (515 ET Sinter Lab, Fuji Electronic Industrial Co., Ltd., Tsurugashima Saitama, Japan, 753 K, 5 min, 40 MPa, graphite dies [30]). Obtained cylindrical pellets (\(\varphi\) = 10 mm) were used for studies of thermal properties. Thermal diffusivity \(\alpha_{\mathrm{d}}\) was measured by laser flash analysis (LFA 457 MicroFlash, HgCdTe detector, Netzsch GmbH & Co., Selb, Germany) under helium flow. Densities \(\rho\) of the samples (higher than 95% of theoretical density) were determined using an immersion technique with ethanol as a medium. Specific heat capacity \(c_{\mathrm{p}}\) was evaluated from Dulong-Petit law and the thermal conductivity \(\lambda\) was calculated as  
\[\lambda=\alpha_{\mathrm{d}}\cdot\rho\cdot c_{\mathrm{p}} \tag{1}\]  
Samples, after LFA measurements, were cut into bars (\(\sim\)8 \(\times\) 2 \(\times\) 2 mm) for electronic-transport measurements and low temperature tests. The Seebeck coefficient \(\alpha\) and electrical conductivity \(\sigma\) were determined simultaneously using differential method and the DC four-point probe method, respectively (ZEM-3, Ulvac-Riko, Munich, Germany). The Hall effect in single- or near-single-phase samples (\(x\) = 0.17 and 0.19) was measured with a six-point AC method in a physical property measurement system (PPMS, 2-350 K, Quantum Design Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), with magnetic fields up to 9 T. Carrier concentration \(p\) and mobility \(\mu\) were calculated as  
\[p =(e\cdot R_{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}, \tag{2}\] \[\mu =\sigma\cdot(p\cdot e)^{-1}, \tag{3}\]  
where \(R_{\mathrm{H}}\) is the Hall coefficient (cm\({}^{-3}\)) and \(e\) is the electron charge equals 1.602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-19}\) C. Thermoelectric figure of merit \(ZT\) was calculated as  
\[ZT=\alpha^{2}\cdot\sigma\cdot\lambda^{-1}\cdot T \tag{4}\]  
where \(T\) is absolute temperature (K). According to manufacturer's data, we estimated measurement errors \(s(\lambda)\), \(s(\sigma)\), \(s(\alpha)\), and \(s(ZT)\) equal 5%, 10%, 10% and 20% respectively.
# Retrofit Fatigue Cracked Diaphrag Cutouts Using Improved Geometry in Orthotropic Steel Decks
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Fatigue Life Assessment of Diaphragm Cutouts
In the above equations, \(t\) is the fatigue life in years, \(j\) is the total number of traffic lanes, \(N_{y}\) is the daily traffic volume on one box girder, and \(p\) is the ratio of heavy traffic to total traffic, which is assumed to be 40% for highways in case of a lack of statistical data. When the modified nominal stress ranges of the detail No. 4 are greater than 103.1 MPa, the \(x\) is 3; otherwise the \(x\) is 5 in the above equations. Substituting Equations (1), (2), (4) and (5) into Equation (3), we obtain Equation (6) as follows. \[\frac{t}{100}=\frac{0.5\times 10^{6}\times j}{0.95\times 365\times p\times N_{y} }\left(\frac{\Delta\sigma_{\text{C}}}{\gamma_{\text{Mf}}\gamma_{\text{FI}} \lambda_{1}\lambda_{4}\Delta\sigma_{P}}\right)^{x} \tag{6}\]  
According to the statistics of WIM for this suspension bridge, the average daily traffic of a steel box girder was 45,900 in 2016. The fatigue life \(t\) (in units of year) can be obtained, and the calculation process and results are presented in Table 2.  
The evaluated fatigue life of diaphragm cutouts in this bridge is 1.7 years from FEA and 4.9 years from test stress data before the cutouts were retrofitted, based on the daily traffic in the year 2016. However, the predicted fatigue life increases to 78.1 years from FEA and 155.5 years from test stress data after the diaphragm cutouts were retrofitted. The fatigue life increased by 46.0 and 31.4 times based on the FEA and test stress data, respectively. These evaluated results indicate that proposed retrofitting technology is suitable for fatigue damage rehabilitation in zone A at diaphragm cutouts and the optimized geometry used to increase fatigue life has a beneficial effect on diaphragm cutouts.
## 4 Evaluation Study
### Procedure  
Before the experiment, participants were required to complete a questionnaire on a scale that included basic information, personality, collaboration ability, and VR experience. The participants were then randomly divided into 19 groups of five participants and informed of the accurate time and location of the formal experiment by message. The experimental site chosen was in the school's indoor gymnasium, which provided a spacious, safe environment.  
The formal experiment was divided into three phases. The first phase was for observing and generating a collaboration strategy. Before a group entered the IVR collaboration space to complete the collaborative task, the researcher introduced the task scenario, game mechanism, role functions, and individual responsibilities. All members of the group observed the performance of the group before them that was playing on a laptop and then chose an assignment strategy for the three roles through face-to-face negotiation. The second phase was the formal IVR experience phase. Five research assistants assisted participants in wearing the HMD to ensure that they could clearly see the objects in the IVR environment, guided them on how to use the VR equipment, and explained the rules of the game. Then, under the guidance of the research assistants, the participants chose their roles according to what they had discussed, and then they were moved to the specific location to realize an exact match between the physical and virtual locations. During the experience phase, participants could communicate and exchange information by shouting aloud. Finally, participants played the VR games under the supervision of three research assistants, who ensured their safety in the physical tracking space. Figure 5 illustrates a game screenshot and the corresponding physical space as the students collaborated to complete the game task.  
After the VR game, each participant was required to complete a questionnaire on a scale related to their VR experience. Additionally, seven groups were selected to participate in semi-structured interviews to express understanding of the collaboration experience through the following questions: Can you briefly describe your gaming experience this time? What designs and experiences impressed you? Did anything interesting or difficult happen during the game? The interview duration for each group ranged from 13 to 25 min, and the recorded interviews were later partially transcribed, generating a text content of 11,244 Chinese words for qualitative analysis.
# Traffic Offloading in Unlicensed Spectrum for 5G Cellular Network: A Two-Layer Game Approach
## 4 Coalition Game  
In this section, we mainly consider a communication system with multiple APs on the \"off\" state period, because the CSAT method was adopted in the heterogeneous network. For the sake of simplicity, we only consider APs which access to different channels.  
As mentioned above, because the light-loaded APs and heavy-loaded APs exist simultaneously, the maximum system throughput cannot be obtained. To solve this problem, the first layer of the two-layer CAGT is proposed. In the first layer, a coalition game is performed to balance the load among APs. The light-loaded APs and heavy-loaded APs have motivations to form a coalition such that the data of the heavy-loaded APs can be transferred to the light-loaded APs. To realize this mechanism, the APs periodically report the statistics regarding the station numbers and channel information to the centralized controller. In addition, the centralized controller periodically executes the proposed coalition forming algorithm using the reported information and notifies the results to all stations and APs. Depending on the association result, some stations may be required to perform handover to other APs and some APs may be turned on/off. Take the example in Figure 1, AP2 and AP6 are overloaded while AP1, AP4 and AP5 have only few users (stations), so none of them could gain the maximal throughput. If the coalition between AP1 and AP2 is formed, and another coalition among AP4, AP5 and AP6 is also formed, the user balance among APs could bring benefits to all of them. Next, we will describe the coalition game that heavy-loaded APs can transfer some stations to light-loaded APs to balance the stations.