## 2 Related Work  
In this section, we summarize some previous works related to our proposal. Some authors have studied and presented works on the application of NOMA technology to 6G networks. The authors of [28] explore the future vision and research opportunities for next-generation multiple access, focusing on the promising NOMA technology. According to these authors, NOMA's main benefits to 6G networks are improved spectral efficiency, enhanced connectivity, low latency and reliability, flexibility in design, and improved user experience. Other authors, such as those of [29], explore the challenges faced by next-generation wireless networks and the development of advanced multiple access schemes to address them, focusing on the transition from NOMA to next-generation multiple access (NGMA). According to the work presented, NOMA's ability to support non-orthogonal transmission, increase spectral efficiency, facilitate massive connectivity, ensure user fairness, and serve as a basis for further research makes it a key player in the evolution of NGMA for next-generation wireless networks. The authors of [30] explore how non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and cognitive radio (CR) can improve spectrum-sharing performance in integrated satellite-terrestrial communication networks (ISTCNs), enabling high-speed and pervasive network access. In the work presented, they announce that the fusion of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and cognitive radio (CR) in CR-NOMA enhances the spectrum access of integrated satellite-terrestrial communication networks (ISTCNs) in the following ways: full spectrum access, interference suppression, efficient resource allocation, and improved decoding performance. In [22], the authors present an overview and outlook on how SCMA can enable massive connectivity in future 6G networks, paving the way for a ubiquitous intelligent mobile world. According to the work presented, in a massively distributed access system with NOMA, the key components are as follows: a multiple access scheme that allows multiple users to share the same time-frequency resource, enhances spectral efficiency and connectivity by serving multiple users  
Figure 1: Advancement in multiple access techniques [8; 12; 18; 19]. simultaneously, and that can be integrated into the architecture of massively distributed access systems to support massive connectivity. Other authors have studied the relationship of 6G and NOMA with energy consumption. Authors such as those of [31] propose the EPA scheme that optimizes power allocation, improves system capacity, enhances error performance, ensures fairness, and introduces a novel metric for evaluating energy efficiency in NOMA-based VLC systems, making it a promising approach for green IoT in 6G networks. [PERSON] et al. [32] presents a cutting-edge framework for optimizing energy efficiency in wireless networks using intelligent reflective surfaces and non-orthogonal multiple access beamforming. Their optimization process involves two stages: optimization of active beamforming and power allocation at the transmitter (BS), and optimization of passive beamforming at the intelligent reflective surface (IRS). Authors such as [PERSON] et al. [33] provide an overview of channel models' importance in theoretical analysis, performance evaluation, and system deployment. It also discusses the advancements and challenges in modeling 6G wireless channels. They report that high-mobility and multiple mobilities in next-generation communication systems necessitate channel modeling that accounts for the non-stationary nature of channels in space, time, and frequency domains. Understanding these dynamic characteristics is crucial for designing accurate and efficient wireless communication systems for 6G networks. In addition, some authors have studied and presented works related to progressive pattern interleavers.