esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Steady-State Response Analysis of an Uncertain Rotor Based on Chebyshev Orthogonal Polynomials
## 4 Numerical Results
### Comparison and Validation  
To validate the correctness of the proposed method, a comparison is made using the MCS method. Since the comparison processes for different uncertainties are consistent, due to space constraints, only one scenario is analyzed here, specifically, the one in which the uncertainties in support stiffness and mass imbalance are set at 10%, while the phase angles in Discs 2 and 3 fluctuate within a range of \(\pm 5^{\circ}\). The comparison's results are illustrated in Figures 12 and 13.  
Figure 11: Steady\(-\)state response variation of Disc 1 under multiple uncertain parameters.  
Figure 12: Comparison between the proposed method and the MCS method.  
In Figure 12, the random sample size used for the MCS is 1000, and \(L\) in Figure 13 is the accuracy level of the sparse-grid integration used for establishing the Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial. The results indicate that the envelope intervals obtained by the two methods coincide, except at the anti-resonance point near 6500 rpm. Additionally, the statistical means and standard deviations of the steady-state responses obtained by both methods are nearly identical, which verifies the accuracy of the method proposed in this paper under conditions of multiple uncertainties. Table 4 presents a comparison of the computational efficiency of the MCS and FTG methods and the method proposed in this paper.  
In Table 4, the computational cost refers to the number of times the finite element model of the rotor system is invoked during the uncertainty analysis process. For example, the FTG method, which employs a full tensor product mesh with four integration points in each dimension, requires a total of 16,384 integration nodes, necessitating 16,384 invocations of the source model. In contrast, sparse-grid numerical integration requires only 680 invocations. Furthermore, when looking at the percentage reduction in computational cost, sparse-grid integration requires only 68% of the computational cost associated with the MCS. Compared to the FTG method, sparse-grid integration reduces the computational cost by approximately 95.87%, highlighting its superiority in high-dimensional cases. Therefore, employing sparse-grid integration in high-dimensional cases can significantly enhance computational efficiency.
# Dynamic-RPL: Enhancing RPL-Based IoT Networks with Effective Support of Dynamic Topology Management
## 2 RPL Overview
If there is a network inconsistency such as updates to a preferred parent or version number, it is reset to the minimum interval value and the procedure then starts over. To effectively address node or link failures, two procedures were defined using RPL. One is the local repair, which allows for performing an immediate switch to an alternative parent node to address any failure with the current one. The other procedure is the global repair, which is based on a wider action that needs to be taken by all the nodes in the failed DODAG. This is initiated using the sink node upon the detection of a DODAG failure such as routing loops and inconsistency. It increments the current version number of the DODAG to commence full topology reformation. Although it results in resetting the Trickle timer and incurring additional overhead, this procedure guarantees a simple approach for immediate failure recovery.
# Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Metaheuristics: Review, Challenges, Design, and Development
## 3 Challenges, Research Gaps, and Issues
### Support Structure to Not Start from Scratch  
This issue highlights the necessity of a software framework to solve COP by using metaheuristics without building algorithms from scratch [9; 20] and reusing a set of built-in components and functions [4; 15; 20]. Because of this, a software framework must also provide facilities that support its functioning and help its users achieve their objectives.  
Generally speaking, the foundational premise to support a software framework is defined by the common behavior of its components and their API (Application Interface Programming). These elements define how the components can communicate with each other and keep their independence and generalization aspects to potentialize their reuse.  
Considering a COP and MH framework, the definition of two levels of standards is required. The first level is related to the core components, which define the standard to design and implement COP and MH (a necessity explained in the previous section). The second level is concerned with defining the standard of the auxiliary components that supports MH in the search activities and other required supplemental tasks. The challenge is to identify these auxiliary components and implement them as stand-alone software structures which can be reused by any other components. The other challenge is to keep the framework capacity for extensibility of existing algorithms or add new ones.  
Again, to complete the view of this issue, an analogy also needs to be provided. In this case, a comparison with a more mature machine learning framework is necessary. For instance, Scikit Learn provides several machine learning algorithms and many auxiliary functions required to build and evaluate the machine learning models. Additionally, it does not require any changes in the structure of the algorithms. Only the data and the algorithm configuration must be provided. Furthermore, Scikit Learn is open source and is widely used by academics and industry. Therefore, we argue that the same maturity level should be required of a metaheuristic framework.  
Therefore, this issue aims to emphasize the necessity of a COP and MH Methodological and Software Framework to consolidate and promote the progress of this field. A framework with these characteristics must be an open-source project supported by the community. Moreover, it also should promote more cooperation of different metaheuristics approaches than only in competition or hybridization. It also opens space for metaheuristics ensembles, for instance.
# How Environmental Factors Affect Forest Fire Occurrence in Yunnan Forest Region
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Environmental Factors  
The terrain data were obtained from SRTM 90 m digital elevation model (DEM) digital altitude database ([[https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/](https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/)]([https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/](https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/)) (accessed on 12 September 2021)), which was mainly mapped by NASA and the National Mapping Agency of the US Department of Defense through the Shuttle radar terrain [36]. The DEM image of Yunnan was obtained by cropping the data in ArcGIS 10.7. The fire points were marked into DEM images according to longitude and latitude, and the corresponding altitude, slope, and aspect of each point  
Figure 1: Geographical location of Yunnan and locations of major meteorological stations in Yunnan.  
were extracted. The slope aspect was divided into NS-aspect and EW-aspect. The NS-aspect and EW-aspect covered a range of 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 180\({}^{\circ}\), and the direction was from north to south and from east to west. The meteorological data used were maximum temperature (T\({}_{\rm max}\)), precipitation (Preci), minimum relative humidity (RH\({}_{\rm min}\)), maximum wind speed (WSmax), and sunshine duration (SSD), which were obtained from the website of the China National Meteorological Information Center ([[http://data.cma.cn/en](http://data.cma.cn/en)]([http://data.cma.cn/en](http://data.cma.cn/en)) (accessed on 8 June 2020)), which has 25 basic stations (Figure 1). Meanwhile, considering the combustion properties of local combustible substances, the annual cumulative gross primary productivity (GPP) of each fire point [37] was calculated and extracted, starting from the year corresponding to the date of the fire points. These data were obtained from NASA's MO/YD17A2 product ([[https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/)]([https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/)) (accessed on 15 September 2021)).  
Considering the difference in combustible substance types, 30 m global ground cover type data ([[https://www.webmap.cn/](https://www.webmap.cn/)]([https://www.webmap.cn/](https://www.webmap.cn/)) (accessed on 15 September 2021)) was used to extract the combustible substance type corresponding to each fire point. The intensity of human activity was estimated by using the distances from fire points to residences and road networks, so the 1:250,000 National Basic Geographic Information Database ([[https://www.webmap.cn/](https://www.webmap.cn/)]([https://www.webmap.cn/](https://www.webmap.cn/)) (accessed on 15 September 2021)) was imported into Arcgis 10.7 to extract the distances to residences and roads. Table 1 lists the 12 factors used in this study.
## 1 Introduction
### Problems in the Application of DE-XRT
#### 1.4.2. Measurement Noise  
DE-XRT detection noise may arise from the following aspects: (i) random normal distribution noise, including random distribution of ray number (intensity), random noise of detector circuit, random noise of environmental background, etc.; (ii) X-ray source noise from power fluctuation and environmental influence; (iii) cross-talk noise of low and high energy caused by the processing and transmitting data of the interconnection system from the circuits of the fixed detector position [38]. All of those will affect identification accuracy and so should be improved.
## 2 Related Work  
### Clinical DR Grading Application  
Diagnostic tools and therapies have been developed for DR, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA), and laser treatment. These techniques allow the early detection and treatment of the DR, preventing or delaying vision loss in diabetic patients. [PERSON] et al. [34] proposed that the OCT produces reliable, reproducible [35], and objective retinal images, especially in diabetic macular oedema, and provides information about vitreoretial relationships that can clearly only be detected with OCT. It enhances our ability to exactly diagnose diabetic macular oedema, epiretinal membranes, vitreomacular, and vitreoretial traction. [PERSON] et al. [35] reviewed that FA is useful in the examination of patients suffering from DR. To expand the field of view, wide-field and ultra-wide-field imaging have been developed, allowing us to view up to the retinal surface at 200 degrees in one single shot, as visualization of the peripheral retina is fundamental in order to assess nonperfused areas, vascular leakage, microvascular abnormalities, and neovascularisations. [PERSON] [36] introduced laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy as the first intraocular treatment to provide a highly effective means for preventing visual loss in patients with diabetes. Despite these advancements, DR remains a significant public health concern, particularly in countries with low- and middle-income levels. Thus, there is a continued need for research to develop cost-effective, scalable and accessible solutions for DR detection and management.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Orthogonal Coded Excitations  
On this probe, two types of orthogonal coded excitations, i.e., one set of orthogonal Golay codes and one set of orthogonal linear frequency (FM) modulated chirps were tested since they have already been proposed for other purposes in ultrasound imaging [12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19] and are relatively simple to implement. In particular, the following Golay codes were used to obtain good orthogonal property without largely elongating the excitation duration:  
G1: [1, 1, 1, \(-\)1]; G1c: [1, 1, \(-\)1, 1]; G2: [1, \(-\)1, 1, 1]; and G2c: [1, \(-\)1, \(-\)1, \(-\)1].  
where G1 is complementary to G1c, G2 is complementary to G2c, the pair of G1 and G1c are orthogonal to the pair of G2 and G2c. The excitations were obtained by convolving every Golay codes with a burst of 1.45 cycles square wave at the central frequency of the transducer, respectively, that resulted in a duration of 2.91 \(\upmu\)s.  
A linear FM chirp coded excitation can be defined as:  
\[c(t)\ =\ a(t)\cdot exp\left[j2\pi\left(f_{0}t+\frac{B}{2T}t^{2}\right)\right],\ -\frac{T}{2}\leq t\leq\frac{T}{2}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(a(t)\) is the tapering function, \(f_{0}\) is the central frequency, \(B\) is the bandwidth of the chirp signal, and \(T\) is the signal duration. In our case to have better orthogonality, \(a(t)\) was a Tukey window (\(\alpha\) = 0.2), \(T\) was 10 \(\upmu\)s, and \(B\) was 3.8 MHz centered around 2 MHz. Two orthogonal chirps, \(c_{up}\) and \(c_{down}\), were obtained by sweeping \(B\) with the opposite directions. The different excitation signals are sketched in Figure 3. Note that the large sweeping bandwidth of the chips codes were chosen to minimize the Fresnel ripples around the pass-band of the probe for a better response, as indicated in Figure 4. Moreover, to decode, matched filters were used for the Golay codes, whereas Chebyshev-apodized mis-matched filters were adopted for the chirps.  
Figure 3: Plots of different excitation signals.
###### Abstract  
Plate or nail fixations have been applied to the repair of clavicle fractures. However, it is quite difficult to fairly evaluate the different clavicle fixation techniques owing to variations in the bone anatomy, bone quality, and fracture pattern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical performances of different fixation techniques applied to a clavicle fracture using the finite element method. A simplified single-clavicle model and a complete human upper-body skeleton model were developed in this study. Three types of plate fixations, namely, superior clavicle plate, anterior clavicle plate, and clavicle anatomic spiral fixations, and one nail fixation, a titanium elastic nail fixation, were investigated and compared. The plate fixation techniques have a better fixation stability compared to the nail fixation technique. However, the nail fixation technique shows lower bone stress and can reduce the risk of a peri-implant fracture compared to the plate fixation techniques. Increasing the number of locking screws for the clavicle plate system can reduce the implant stress. Insertion of the bone plate into the anterior site of the clavicle or a multi-plane fixation is recommended to achieve the required biomechanical performance. A plate fixation revealed a relatively better fixation stability, and a nail fixation showed a lower risk of a peri-implant fracture.  
**Keywords:** clavicle fracture; finite element analysis; plate fixation; nail fixation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft  
been applied in studies on clavicle biomechanics. [PERSON] et al. [21] developed finite element models of the superior and anteroinferior reconstructions and compared them with those of an intact clavicle when loaded during axial compression and cantilever bending. [PERSON] et al. [22] conducted a finite element simulation on a fracture fixated clavicle. Torsion verification and bending simulations have been investigated. [PERSON] et al. [23] developed finite element models of a superior clavicle plate (SCP), an anterior clavicle plate (ACP), and a clavicle anatomic spiral (CAS). The cantilever bending, axial compression, inferior bending, and axial torsion were applied. Although the above studies investigated the biomechanical performances of clavicle fractures treated with different fixation techniques, a clavicle bone with simplified loading and boundary conditions was considered in their finite element simulations. Additionally, forces generated by arm motion or activity can not be considered in a single-clavicle bone. In the present study, three-dimensional finite element models of a simplified single-clavicle bone and a human upper-body skeleton system were developed to evaluate the biomechanical performances of intact and treated clavicles. Four types of clavicle fixation devices were evaluated, namely, SCP, ACP, CAS, and a titanium elastic nail (TEN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical outcomes of various clavicle fixation techniques for the treatment of a clavicle fracture using a finite element method.
## 3 Results
### The Effect of DE on the Hydration Process of Cement Mortar
#### 3.5.3 Effect of DE on the Micromorphology of Hydration Products of Cement Mortar  
The micromorphologies of cement mortar at different ages after the addition of DE is shown in Figure 10. The micromorphologies of cement mortar without DE and with DE at 28 d age is shown in Figure 11.  
As shown in Figure 10, during the 3-7 d age period, a significant increase in C-S-H gel can be observed. At the 28 d age, a small amount of C-S-H gel was found on the surface of DE, which confirmed that DE participates in secondary hydration. Compared to the original scanning electron microscope image of DE, it can be found that the pores on the surface of DE transform into pore channels, leading to an increase in paste porosity, consistent with the mercury intrusion test results.  
Figure 11: The microstructures of 28 d age hardened slurry without DE and with DE: (**a**) Microscopic morphology of undoped DE; (**b**) micromorphology diagram with DE incorporation.  
Figure 10: Microscopic morphologies of diatomic hardened paste at different ages. (**a**) 3 d microstructure diagram; (**b**) 7 d microstructure diagram; (**c**) 28 d microstructure diagram.  
Figure 11 demonstrates a significant difference in the morphologies of C-S-H gel formed with and without the addition of DE. Without DE, the C-S-H gel is mainly in the form of flakes. However, with the addition of DE, the C-S-H gel appears as fibrous structures that intertwine and overlap. This difference is primarily due to the change in the calcium-to-silicon ratio of the paste after the addition of DE. As the calcium-to-silicon ratio increases, the particles transform from dense clumps on the surface to elongated fibrous structures [37]. Additionally, it can be observed that the microstructure without DE is denser with fewer pores visible, whereas the microstructure with DE exhibits a significant number of small pores and channels.
## 3 Results
### Compilation and Evaluation of Packages
The cost difference is larger for the two heat pumps scenarios, in which case package 9 is also cheaper than package 8. Finally, all renovation packages are combined with each of the studied renewable energy systems. Figure 7 presents the resulting energy demand and NPV, where for clarity, only the best and worst performing packages with 20% target savings are shown. The tendencies observed in Figure 4 for the addition of renewable systems alone remain unchanged when they are further combined with renovation packages. Namely, PV and DWT lower both the global cost and energy demand. The present analysis excludes the potential reduction of system capacity, resulting from achieved energy savings by a given renovation package. Further considerations in this regard may lower the global cost of energy-producing systems as a consequence of lower investment, replacement, and possibly operation and maintenance cost. For district heating as the main supply option, only package 2 achieves renovation class two when combined with the largest sizes of PV and DWT. It is noticed that global costs for the largest DWT are also lower than the reference. Neither of the cases incorporating package 6 result in renovation class classification. Packages 7 and 8 in combination with two of the DWT or PV solutions satisfy renovation class two, where the larger system sizes reach the limit for renovation class one. The offset in global cost between packages 7 and 8 appears to remain unchanged. Despite the relatively large savings obtained from packages 9 and 10, reaching NZEB with district heating is still not possible, even with the addition of renewable secondary supply. As explained previously, natural gas and district heating have equal heating demand; however, due to the higher primary energy factor for gas, these scenarios observe higher primary energy demand. Hence, the only solutions satisfying any of the denoted building renovation classes are also the ones with the highest savings. In fact, only a few solutions combining gas and large DWT or PV systems surpass requirements for renovation class one. The results in Figure 7 confirm that natural gas would likely not be the favored solution for cases in Denmark where the target is NZEB, even with the addition of renewable energy production. However, natural gas could be applicable if the target is global cost reduction. and 10 kWh/m\({}^{2}\) per year are needed for W/W and A/W heat pumps to reach the limit value, respectively. Most solutions involving packages 9 and 10 in combination with heat pumps and secondary renewables lay in the region between 27 and 52 kWh/m\({}^{2}\) year. The solutions satisfying the NZEB requirement consist of A/W heat pumps combined with packages 9 and 110, 150 kWp PVs, or 25 kW DWT. In the case of W/W heat pumps, both packages 9 and 10 combined with the aforementioned renewables fit with the NZEB limit.
## 3 The Main Sources of Bacterial Stress in the Intestinal Microbiota
### Bile Stress  
Bile is stored in the gallbladder and flows into the duodenum by the common bile duct. Taurocholate, glycocholate, and glycochenodeoxycholate are the main bile salts, acting on bacterial membranes of several microorganisms and resulting in potent antimicrobial activity, mostly derived from the highly lipophilic steroid ring. Bile salts contribute to the host's resistance to upper intestinal bacterial colonization. In the intestine, primary bile acids are susceptible to microbial-mediated oxidation, dihydroxylation, and epimerization, giving rise to the secondary bile acids deoxycholic and lithocholic acid. Bacterial stress derives from cell envelope stress, dissociation of integral membrane proteins, action on membrane lipids, alteration of nutrient uptake, reactive oxygen species-derived nucleic acid damage, and protein misfolding, eventually leading to a bactericidal effect [28; 29]. In general, Bacillota, which include the opportunistic pathogen _Enterococcus faecalis_[30], are more sensitive to the deleterious effects of bile than Enterobacterates, given that the outer membrane's lipopolysaccharide acts as a protection shield. However, there is also severe bacterial stress in this enteric group, inducing DNA damage, SOS gene stress, and hypermutation [31]. General stress proteins are expressed during _E. faecalis_ bile salt treatment, including molecular chaperones and protectors of DNA-damaging peroxides [29]. Lastly, bilirubin excreted by the bile can have an antibacterial effect on Gram-negative bacteria [32].  
Antibiotic-susceptible bacteria respond to the challenge of stress using bile efflux pumps for overexpression of MdtEF-TolC, particularly in acid medium, but at the expense of a fitness cost [33], bile salt hydrolase enzyme, and rewiring the intracellular metabolismand the cell membrane composition [34]. In _E. coli_, some mutations are bile-hypersensitive such as in AcrAB, EmrAB, and MdtABCD efflux pumps; in OmpF/OmpC outer membrane porin; in HupAB DNA-binding protein (involved in DNA supercoiling); and in genes biosynthesizing the core lipopolysaccharide, showing their effect on bile-resistance. The _E. coli_ SOS gene, _dinF_, which protects against oxidative stress, also protects from the effect of bile salts [35]. The membrane damage sensors, Cpx and RcsCb, regulate and induce the expression of genes involved in bile stress responses [29].