## 5 Summary and Conclusions  
Mexico is exposed to TC landings from the eastern Pacific and north Atlantic Ocean basins. Given the difference in landing frequency, we analyzed landfall events across the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) located between the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and the Caribbean Sea (CS); this region is characterizedby karstic geology where precipitation mostly infiltrates into the aquifers due to the lack of rivers. To identify vulnerable \"hotspots\" across the YP, we used a historical archive (1851-2019) of Atlantic TCs to evaluate the frequency, trajectory, and intensity of 151 landfall events. Most of the landings (60%) occurred along the YP eastern coast (state of Quintana Roo) between the months of August and September. Based on remote sensing datasets from operational satellites, we analyzed three major hurricanes (Emily and Wilma, 2005; Dean, 2007) and one tropical storm (Stan, 2005) to estimate impacts on vegetation (EVI) and coastal phytoplankton (Chl-\(a\)). Daily discharge records from a regional network were used to estimate rainfall accumulations. Similarly, the Canasayab gauge station located in the western peninsula (Campeche) was used to estimate the Champion River discharge associated to TC passage. Interestingly, the highest discharge rate was observed during a period of 5-15 days after the passage of Stan (2005), in contrast to a limited discharge rate caused by the most intense hurricane (i.e., Dean, 2007). Despite a short path through the landmass (Quintana Roo), hurricane Wilma caused more vegetation losses than any other TC; this damage occurred under strong winds, slow motion, and heavy precipitation. Unusually intense or persistent rainfall from TCs resulted in streamflow significantly exceeding the long-term (1956-2014) climatological mean. Most TCs caused a significant increase in Chl-\(a\); we hypothesize that such an increase, up to 4 times the annual average, was due to the interaction between hydrostatic pressure and storm-induced precipitation promoting water column mixing offshore, submarine discharge, and excess surface water run-off within hours after TC impact. When comparing the number of disaster areas associated to the total population impacted by the 10 top TCs, from 1988-2016, Wilma is at the forefront with more disaster areas than Emily and Dean. Although disaster areas after Stan were not recorded in the YP proper after passage, this storm caused heavy rainfall and population impact in southeastern Mexico. Disaster risk along the YP coast underscores the negative economic impacts and positive ecological benefits at the regional scale. The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5815/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5815/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5815/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5815/s1)), Table S1: Top ten tropical cyclones (TC) that impacted the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) and ranked according to the affected population across Mexico. N/A = Not available for events prior to 2000; intensity is assigned according to the Saffir-Simpson scale, Table S2: Cloud cover animation and storm trajectories using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) data, Table S3: Landfall general parameters for a selection of TCs that crossed the YP in the period 1955-2007. (*); accumulation in five days estimated by regional meteorological stations network; **R63 and R119 = maximum wind for speed > 63 and >119 km/h; bold font indicates the maximum value; N/A = no available, Table S4: Geophysical variables and population (1970-2015) in the Yucatan Peninsula (YP), Mexico and Belize, Figure S1: Frequency of TCs from 1851-2019. Only the year at the beginning of each 10-year period is listed in the X-axis. The number (blue) at the top is the total number of events per decade. Conceptualization, V.H.R.-M., L.M.F., L.B.-C., J.C.-R., J.C.-R., E.G.-R., E.J.D., J.I.E.-A; methodology, V.H.R.-M., L.M.F., L.B.-C., J.C.-R., E.G.-R., E.J.D.