# The Future of Autonomous Vehicles in the Opinion of Automotive Market Users
## 1 Introduction
* Level 3 (conditional automation): on-board systems are already able to take over all driving functions, but only in certain cases; however, the driver must be alert at all times and ready to take over--their car can therefore monitor the driving environment and accelerate, turn or brake, but still awaits human intervention upon notification. * Level 4 (high automation): fully autonomous driving, vehicles communicate with each other and inform each other about, e.g., change of lane, and the driver does not have to constantly observe the surrounding traffic on the road; the car can control all aspects of driving and operate without human intervention, but only under certain conditions. * Level 5 (full automation): the car is fully autonomous in all driving conditions and does not require human intervention--the technology system can perform all driving tasks in all circumstances, and the passengers are only passive passengers and never have to participate in driving and perform any driving tasks. The latest car communication is designed to allow continuous, reliable and fast interaction between moving vehicles. They are usually divided into four use cases: vehicles to other vehicles (V2V), vehicles to the road-side infrastructure (V2I), vehicles to pedestrians (V2P), vehicles to devices (V2D) and vehicles to the cellular network (V2N). Together, these use cases are known as V2X--vehicles to everything [8]. It is anticipated that the wide-scale application of V2X technology can greatly improve transport safety and particularly significantly reduce vehicle collisions, especially in light vehicle accidents, by improving situational awareness. There are two types of V2X communication technology depending on the underlying technology being used: WLAN-based and cellular-based (C-V2X) technologies based on LTE [9; 10; 11; 12; 13]. Technology based on Wi-Fi is based on the standard IEEE802.11p for vehicular communication. It is also known as ITS-G5--Wireless short range to Intelligent Transport System, or DSRC--Dedicated Short-Range Communications (American or European protocol, respectively) [12]. C-V2X uses 3 GPP--The Third Generation Partnership Project, 4G--The fourth generation, LTE--long-term evolution, or 5G--the fifth generation new radio (NR) connectivity to transmit and receive signals [13]. It uses two complementary transmission modes. The first is V2V, V2I and V2P. In this mode, C-V2X works independently of the cellular networks and it uses a PC5 interface for communication. The second mode is cellular network communications, in which C-V2X employs the mobile telephony network to enable vehicles to receive information about road and traffic conditions in the area. It uses LTE-Uu interface for communication, particularly for V2N [12; 13]. Figure 1: Level of driving automation proposed by SAE [7]. AVs, despite the fact that they are still at an early stage of development and implementation, could mean a huge revolution not only in transport and the automotive industry, generating significant benefits in the long run in terms of transport accessibility, safety, traffic flow, emissions, fuel consumption and comfort. Many scientists believe that the large-scale deployment of AVs will bring about transformational changes in mobility and accessibility, travel patterns, safety and security, energy efficiency, emissions, employment, data availability, management and business models [14; 15; 16]. In the publications [17; 18; 19; 20], the authors note the benefits for logistics and technical tasks in the workplace. Another aspect of the use of AVs is the management of urban space and the change in the demand for parking spaces depending on the change of ownership and shared use of autonomous vehicles (SAVs) [21; 22]. SAVs represent an emerging alternative for driverless and no-demand transport [23], offering a compromise between private ownership and public transport [24].