## 7 Discussion and Recommendations  
Dairy cattle represent a significant sector which is responsible for milk production all over the world. The rise in population growth demands the production of milk for health and well-being. To meet this demand, farmers adopted different methods to produce milk in a larger amount. However, the methods followed by the farmers minimize milk productivity and rise in methane gases in the environment. Correspondingly, the UN SDG goal is towards sustainability in all aspects to achieve a clean and green environment. To support SDG, the dairy cattle must undergo a transition to establish an intelligent ecosystem with emerging technologies such as IoT, AI, ML, robotics, drones, edge computing, and blockchain. With this motivation, this study explored the different studies on different aspects of dairy cattle such as animal health monitoring, animal location tracking, milk quality monitoring, feed planning, and the safety of animals in the shelter. From our exploration, the following findings and suggestions are addressed below:  
* Wearable technology has recently attracted widespread attention for its application in the field of human health monitoring, and it is now being used in animals to monitor their health status in real-time [88]. It has been determined that the wearable devices for dairy cattle must be enhanced with advanced wireless connectivity, and the controller in the wearable devices must be capable of doing intelligent analytics using real-time series sensor data. Intelligent analytics is achieved by designing a computing unit for the wearable device that is powered by ML, and results obtained from the analytics can be useful for the researchers to further process the research [89]. Deep learning models can also be embedded for the identification of real-time emotional behavior of animals precisely [90]. * Milk quality and quantity monitoring are critical in the dairy industry, as tiny flaws cause supply chain losses. The embedded devices used to assess milk quality must be precisely calibrated to provide accurate findings. From the exploration, it is identified that the blockchain implementation in the milk supply chain for dairy cattle is limited. Moreover, the IoT-enabled hardware with blockchain implementation is necessary for the milk supply chain to obtain real-time tracking data for all the entities connected on the respective blockchain network [91]. * In dairy cattle, robots play a significant and intelligent role in executing tasks intelligently and precisely [92]. In small dairy cattle, mobile robots can be deployed to study the behavior and eating patterns of the cattle precisely. In addition to this, the mobile robot needs to be equipped with different sensors on it for monitoring the environmental conditions inside the cattle [93]. Data on environmental conditions, as well as data on cattle feeding and eating analyses, must be analyzed collaboratively in order to generate valuable insights for improving the inner ecosystem with a cattle-friendly atmosphere. In addition to this, the mobile robot needs to customize with a reliable, fast, and secure communication protocol in it [94]. * Drones that track cattle are used to locate and count the animals on a farm. Drones must be equipped with high computing power in order to detect any abnormal activity in real-time, such as a ferocious animal approaching the farm or an unknown human [95]. Drones must also be equipped with an energy-efficient communication protocol as well as a computing unit for analyzing real-time visual data using deep learning models [96]. * In the study, it is also observed that the real-time empowered IoT devices with low cost, energy-efficient, fast transmission, and intelligent computing are to be customized for dairy cattle for enhancing with intelligent ecosystem [97]. The customization of IoT devices allows the farmers/users to design the device according to their farming requirements [98].