## 5 Discussion  
The implementation of a Shibuya-type crossing enhances both efficiency and safety at the signalized intersection by reducing delays for vehicles in the vehicle-pedestrian \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Phase 1** & **Phase 2** & **Phase 3** & **Cycle Time (s)** \\ \hline Green time (s) with 2-phase & & & & \\ signalized intersection & 80 & 30 & - & 115 \\ \hline Green time (s) with 3-phase & & & & \\ signalized intersection & 80 & 30 & 16 & 131 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Green time at the signalized intersection in the case study. conflict. This improvement occurs because vehicles making right turns can now move more freely without the need to wait for gaps in pedestrian traffic, leading to smoother and faster flow. The reduction in vehicle delays directly contributes to better overall intersection performance, minimizing the risk of congestion and potential accidents. However, while the Shibuya-type crossing brings notable benefits for vehicles, it also results in increased delays for pedestrians. To accommodate pedestrians crossing in all directions, including diagonally, a third exclusive pedestrian phase is introduced. This third phase requires pedestrians to wait for the signal to change before they can cross, which means that their overall waiting time increases compared to a traditional signal cycle. This trade-off between vehicle efficiency and pedestrian delay highlights a key consideration in intersection design. While vehicles benefit from reduced delays and enhanced safety, the added pedestrian phase can lead to frustration for pedestrians who must wait longer to cross. Consequently, careful planning and adjustments are necessary to strike a balance that ensures both vehicular and pedestrian needs are met efficiently, without compromising safety or convenience for either group. This change underscores a significant trade-off between improving vehicle flow and minimizing pedestrian delays. While the third pedestrian phase undoubtedly enhances safety by allowing pedestrians to cross without interference from vehicles, it also introduces a notable inconvenience for pedestrians, particularly during peak traffic hours. Increased waiting times could lead to frustration among pedestrians and potentially reduce the overall convenience of the intersection, especially for those who are in a hurry or need to cross quickly, such as students or workers. Moreover, the increase in pedestrian delays may have indirect consequences on pedestrian behavior. As waiting times increase, some pedestrians may be more likely to take risks, such as crossing during red lights or when the pedestrian phase is not active, which could compromise their safety. This situation highlights the complexity of intersection design, where the need to balance the safety and convenience of both vehicle and pedestrian users must be carefully considered. Therefore, any solution should prioritize not only the reduction in vehicle delays but also ensure that pedestrians are not unduly inconvenienced or placed at greater risk. In light of this, further refinements or adjustments to the signal timing might be needed to achieve a more balanced outcome. The main point is that implementing a Shibuya-style crossing can enhance the functionality of a typical intersection, particularly one that experiences a high volume of right-turning traffic and pedestrian crossings. In many intersections, the challenge arises when vehicles turning right have to share the space with pedestrians crossing the street, leading to conflicts and delays. This often results in a situation where traffic cannot flow smoothly, and vehicles are unable to clear the first lane effectively. By adopting a Shibuya-style crossing, where pedestrian phases are completely separated from vehicle turning phases, this issue can be mitigated. Pedestrians are allowed to cross the intersection during dedicated phases, without interference from vehicles making turns.