# Building Energy Retrofit Measures in Hot-Summer-Cold-Winter Climates: A Case Study in Shanghai
## 4 Building Retrofit Measures and Major Affecting Elements in Shanghai
### Building Retrofit Measures in Shanghai  
Based on the sensitivity of retrofit measures to geographical location, adopted retrofit measures tend to differ with location. Among other conditional factors, climate trend can be considered to be the primary cause of such variation. Hence, design meteorological parameters are considered in the development of adequate retrofit measures. For a city like Shanghai, characterised by hot summers and cold winters, specific retrofit measures should address this rapid climate variation based on building types. Besides that, adopted retrofit measures should also mitigate the impact of population increase on building energy consumption, as witnessed. Nonetheless, there is little or no research that portrays a definitive relationship between building retrofit measures and the population of the city. Building retrofit measures are most likely defined based on the elements that constitute energy consumption, including climate variation and building characteristics. Hence, this research will confine its assessment of retrofit measures to studies based in Shanghai, which is characterised by high and still increasing population density. Table 4 presents a summary of retrofit measures for different building types in Shanghai and their outcome. The summary was based on a total of 19 reviewed papers with the keywords: Climate change, energy consumption, Shanghai, development, and hot-summer-cold-winter. A breakdown of these papers is shown in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**S/N** & **Building Type** & **Major Retrofit Measures** & **Performance Assessment Method** & **Major Results** & **Ref** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Residential**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & Residential buildings in & Insulation (wall, roof and window), solar gains & \multirow{4}{*}{Modelling with TRNSYS} & \multirow{4}{*}{Integrated PV-systems contributes effectively to attaining sustainability. Occupant activities} & \\  & 26 cities in China & (glazing and shading), better air-tightness, improved ventilation, heat and moisture recovery system, PV systems & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & \\ \cline{1  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**S/N** & **Building Type** & **Major Retrofit Measures** & **Performance Assessment Method** & **Major Results** & **Ref** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Hotel**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & & Upgrade: Building envelope (insulating walls, roofs and windows; replacement of single glass windows to low-E ones); lighting systems (LEDs); domestic hot water system (with heat recovery and card-operated) efficient coolers, HVAC upgrade (placement of heat pumps, motors and exhaust fans), water-saving cooling towers and solar water heater. & EnergyPlus Simulation tool and actual measurement tools & Energy savings: 26\% and 38\%, respectively, with energy user intensity (EUI) savings of 66.68 and 54.06 kWh/m\({}^{2}\) respectively. Actual measurement was 10.4\% more than simulated benefits. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Forty-five hotels (15 3  
A summary of the reviewed retrofit studies in Table 4 is presented in Figure 8. Figure 8 shows a mix of suitable retrofit technologies for each building type in Shanghai. The classification of these technologies is based on the general retrofit technologies defined in [16] and presented in Table 3. The significance of each retrofit technology (henceforth, known as the degree of application) was computed from the normalised average impact of each retrofit technology on the building energy performance using collated data from the reviewed papers. The equation was presented in previous studies [52; 71] and is shown as Equation (1).