## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Collection  
#### 2.3.1 Ground Reference Data  
The ground truth data, including the type of crop grown in the farms, were provided directly by field campaigns, while the 2020 crop map of the Grosseto site was extracted from the last published research by [PERSON] et al. (2016). MKK site crop maps for 2021-2023 were provided by Mirza Koochak-Khan farming and industrial company. The common species of this site among the other sites were wheat and sunflower. Some field photos of field campaigns in the Macarese and Jolanda di Savoia farms of wheat and maize at different phenological stages from leaf development to ripening are shown in Figure 3.  
The crop calendar of the investigated crops in the three sites located in Italy (Macarese, Jolanda, and Grosseto) and in the MKK site is shown in Table 1 to briefly provide an outlook of the development stage of each crop in correspondence with the PRISMA and Sentinel-2 acquisitions. Figure 3: Field photos for maize and wheat at different phenological stages in the Macarese and Jolanda di Savoia farms of Italy. Figure 2: Flowchart of crop mapping by Sentinel-2 and PRISMA satellite images via ML/DL method. In Italy, durum (_Tritcium durum_ Desf.) and winter wheat (_Tritcium aestivum_ L.), herbage, barley (_Hordeum vulgare_ L.), pea (_Pisum sativum_ L.), triticale (x _Triticoscale Wittmack_), and fava bean (_Vicia faba_ var. equina L.) are sown in October/November and grow during winter and spring with harvest between May and July depending on the species. These species were considered here as winter crops. Maize (_Zea mays_ L.), rice (_Oryza sativa_ L.), tomato (_Solanum lycopersicum_ L.), soybean (_Glycine max_ L.), sunflower (_Helianthus annus_ L.), and sorghum (_Sorghum bicolor_ Moench) are planted from March to June and harvested from August to October depending on the species. These species were considered as summer crops. Apple, almond, and pear are perennial trees actively vegetating from March until November or December, while olive is an evergreen species. Cardoon (_Cynara cardunculus_ L. var. _Altilis_) is a perennial crop, starting to grow in October, and is harvested in August. Alfalfa (_Medicago sativa_ L.) starts to grow in March, and it is harvested approximately every 45 days (4 times per each growing season). These species are considered perennial crops. Table 2 reports the list of the ground truth crop data for Maccarese, Grosseto, Jolanda di Savoia, and MKK sites for 2020-2023 winter, summer, and perennial cultivations that are available along the time frame covered by PRISMA and Sentinel-2 acquisitions. Different test sites and different crops have been used within two training and validation scenarios: (i) same-farm TR/ACC and (ii) cross-farms TR/ACC. For the cross-farm TR/ACC, the dataset was divided into two groups: Group A (MKK, Grosseto, and Maccarese farms, shown with green color bar) and Group B (Jolanda di Savoia farm, shown with red color bar). For the cross-farm TR/ACC scenario, in order to cover all relevant species, the 2021 peas, sorghum, pear, and apple species growing in Jolanda di Savoia (Group A) and the 2022 triticale, olive, almond, and cardoon species growing on the farms in Maccarese (Group B), not being cultivated annually in the other group, were assumed to be cultivated in the other group. These data are shown by diagonal borders (\(\times\)) in Table 2.