## 4 Materials and Methods
### Berry Titrable Acidity, Malic Acid, Anthocyanins, and Volatile Measurements  
Replicate frozen berry samples (25 g) of frozen whole berries were destemmed and macerated for one min using a chilled 250 mL blender (Waring Laboratory Science, Stanford, CT, USA). Two 10 g portions transferred to 15 mL tubes and frozen at \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for further use. TA at an endpoint of pH = 8.2 was determined by autotirator (Titrino Plus 848 with a 869 autosampler, Metrohm, Riverview, FL, USA.). TA and malic acid were quantified for 2013, 2016 and 2018. Malic acid was quantified using a 10 g frozen berry macerate aliquot, which was thawed and centrifuged (5 min, 10,000\(\times\) g) by a previously reported method. Briefly, a 10 g frozen berry macerate aliquot was thawed and centrifuged (5 min, 10,000\(\times\) g). Juice samples were then injected onto an HPLC system (Agilent 1260; Santa Clara, CA, USA) consisting of a Bio-Rad micro-guard cation-H refill cartridge followed by a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H ion exclusion column (Hercules, CA, USA). Malate was quantified by UV/VIS diode array detector at 210 nm. Calibrations were performed with malate acid standards, and repeatability (%RSD) was \(<\)3%. The 2013 malic acid phenotype was used previously in GBS map testing [43]; however, the 2013 malic acid results were incorporated in this manuscript to expand malic acid analyses by modeling the malic acid in three separate years (2013, 2016, and 2018). Anthocyanin extraction and quantitation for 2013 and 2018 samples were based on a method described by [PERSON] [69]. A 10 g frozen berry macerate aliquot was thawed and centrifuged (5 min, 10,000\(\times\) g), and the anthocyanin fraction isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) as described elsewhere [69]. HPLC analyses were performed on Agilent Model 1260 Infinity series on a Kinetex C18 column (100 mm \(\times\) 4.6 mm, 2.6 \(\upmu\)m particle size) fitted with a KrudKatcher guard filter (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). Mobile phase A was 0.5% _w/v_ phosphoric acid in H\({}_{2}\)O, and mobile phase B was 0.5% phosphoric acid in methanol. The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min, and the gradient program was initially 15% B. Then, the flow rate increased linearly to 30% B at 15 min, then increased linearly to 60% B at 25 min, held at 60% B until 27 min, and then decreased linearly to 15% B at 30 min, after which the column was equilibrated for 10 min prior to the next injection. The column temperature was 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C. From the full UV/VIS spectrum (190-640 nm), absorbance data at 520 nm were used for anthocyanin quantitation. Anthocyanin identification was based on authentic standards for malvidin-3,5-diglucoside and malvidin-3-glucose (Extrasynthese; Genay, France). For other anthocyanins (delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-glucose, petunidin-3-glucose, petunidin-3,5-diglucoside, petunidin-3-glucose, peonidin-3,5-diglucoside, peonidin-3-glucose), tentative identification was based on comparison of retention times to previously analyzed samples on the same instrument and using the same method, as described in an earlier report [69]. Previous work had established that this method achieved baseline resolution (R\({}_{\text{f}}\) > 1.5) for all anthocyanins except for delphinidin-3-glucose and petunidin-3,5-diglucoside (R\({}_{\text{f}}\) -0.8), with no evidence of other interferences in real samples. The method repeatability was evaluated by running valididin-3-glucose and malvidin-3,5-diglucoside standards at the start of run sets, and typical precisions were \(<\)1% RSD. Quantification of herbaceous volatiles (hexanal, (E)-2-hexanal, and 3-isopropyl-2-methoxyPrazine (IPMP), in 2013 and 2018 berry samples was carried out by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME; LEAP CombiPALAutosampler Carbro, NC. USA) coupled to a Shimadzu gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) (GC2010 Plus w/TQ8040 MS; Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan) by adapting a method described by [PERSON] et al. 2018 [70].