## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Activity  
The data on antioxidant activity is presented in Table 6. The total polyphenol content was highest in JK (508.12 \(\pm\) 12.04 \(\upmu\)g GAE/mg) and JS (523.10 \(\pm\) 5.72 \(\upmu\)g GAE/mg), while the lowest values were observed in BY (451.94 \(\pm\) 14.18 \(\upmu\)g GAE/mg), PK (451.94 \(\pm\) 4.32b \(\upmu\)g GAE/mg) and PS (451.94 \(\pm\) 11.44 \(\upmu\)g GAE/mg). JK exhibited the highest activity (302.98 \(\pm\) 84.98 \(\upmu\)g AAE/mg) in the DPPH radical-scavenging activity assay, consistent with the total polyphenol content. PS showed the lowest DPPH activity (72.32 \(\pm\) 17.86 \(\upmu\)AAE/mg), suggesting a potential loss of antioxidant compounds during the freeze-drying process. All samples showed similar ABTS radical-scavenging activity, with no statistically significant differences observed. Overall, the antioxidant activities, including total polyphenol content and DPPH and ABTS scavenging abilities, were higher in Yanggaeng prepared with grape juice (JY) than in those prepared with freeze-dried grape powder (PY). Of the three antioxidant indicators tested, JS exhibited the highest activity. This effect has been attributed to hydrolysis reactions during the drying process. Additionally, freezing disrupts cell walls through ice crystal formation, facilitating the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample (1)** & **Total Polyphenol Content** & **DPPH Radical-Scavenging** & **ABTS Radical-Scavenging** \\  & **(ug GAE/mg (3))** & **Activity (ug AAE/mg)** & **activity (ug AAE/mg)** \\ \hline BY & 451.94 \(\pm\) 14.18 (2)c & 249.40 \(\pm\) 22.91 a & 629.33 \(\pm\) 121.10 \\ PG & 465.67 \(\pm\) 9.43 b & 213.69 \(\pm\) 49.17 a & 635.05 \(\pm\) 87.47 \\ PK & 451.94 \(\pm\) 4.32 b & 210.71 \(\pm\) 27.88 a & 665.52 \(\pm\) 159.63 \\ PS & 451.94 \(\pm\) 11.44 c & 72.32 \(\pm\) 17.86 b & 642.67 \(\pm\) 150.14 \\ JG & 480.65 \(\pm\) 2.16 b & 222.62 \(\pm\) 9.29 a & 650.29 \(\pm\) 97.48 \\ JK & 508.12 \(\pm\) 12.04 a & 302.98 \(\pm\) 84.98 a & 644.57 \(\pm\) 155.55 \\ JS & 523.10 \(\pm\) 5.72 a & 189.88 \(\pm\) 42.43 ab & 880.76 \(\pm\) 180.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* (1) BY: control, PG: Powder Campbell Early, PK: Powder Kyobo, PS: Powder Shine Muscat, JG: Juice Campbell Early, JK: Juice Kyoho, JS: Juice Shine Muscat. All samples contained 8% grape powder or juice. (2)a+ Different superscripts within the same column differed significantly using [PERSON]’s honest significant difference (HSD) test at \(p<\) 0.05. All values are mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n=3\)). (3) GAE: gallic acid equivalent, AAE: ascorbic acid equivalent.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Total phenol content and DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities of Yanggaeng containing grape powder or juice. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample (1)** & **pH** & **TTA** \\ \hline JG 2\% & 6.7 \(\pm\) 0.2 ab & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.00 deg \\ JG 4\% & 6.05 \(\pm\) 0.2 cd & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.04 bcd \\ JG 8\% & 5.12 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.04 bcd \\ JK 2\% & 6.38 \(\pm\) 0.03 b & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.00 deg \\ JK 4\% & 6.04 \(\pm\) 0.05 cd & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.00 bcd \\ JK 8\% & 5.36 \(\pm\) 0.11 e & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.04 a \\ JS 2\% & 6.55 \(\pm\) 0.03 ab & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.00 def \\ JS 4\% & 6.52 \(\pm\) 0.07 ab & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.04 bcd \\ JS 8\% & 6.52 \(\pm\) 0.09 ab & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.04 ab \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* (1) BY: control, PG: Powder Campbell Early, PK: Powder Kyobo, PS: Powder Shine Muscat, JG: Juice Campbell Early, JK: Juice Kyoho, JS: Juice Shine Muscat. All samples contained either 2, 4, or 8% grape powder or juice. (2)a+ Different superscripts within the same column differed significantly using [PERSON]’s honest significant difference (HSD) test at \(p<\) 0.05. All values are mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n=3\)). (3) GAE: gallic acid equivalent, AAE: ascorbic acid equivalent.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._extraction of intracellular polyphenols. Consequently, freeze-dried materials exhibit higher polyphenol content than fresh fruit due to enhanced extraction efficiency.