# Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management
## 3 Mine Planning Using GISs
### Mine Infrastructure Design  
In the mine infrastructure design phase, the optimal positioning of facilities (e.g., crusher, storage, waste dump), power lines, and road design features must be carried out. Because GIS includes functions pertaining to the processing and targeting of spatial data and path analysis, it can be useful at this stage. [PERSON] et al. [21] suggested how to optimally design linear infrastructure, such as roads in mines, by considering environmental and social factors. First, environmental and social factors were identified through structured interviews with stakeholders, and the weightings of spatial data inputs  
Figure 5: Blocks representing ore reserves above the optimal pit boundary. (**a**) Case 1: probability \(\geq\) 90%. (**b**) Case 1: probability \(\geq\) 80%. (**c**) Case 1: probability \(\geq\) 70% [17]. were calculated using these factors. These spatial layers were then used to construct a cost surface for the least-cost path analysis (LCPA). In addition, they conducted a case study with the South Konawe Regency, located in southeastern Sulawesi Province. Figure 6 shows a cost surface map for each subfactor based on GIS spatial data. Figure 7 shows the results of the least-cost path and corridor analysis for national and local groups. This figure also shows the differences in the paths identified by different groups. This study demonstrates the capability of GIS with LCPA and social survey methods to identify the infrastructure corridors that have the least impact on social and environmental values. This tool has the potential for use and refinement in more effective multiple-criteria decision-making by communities and government planning authorities [21]. [PERSON] [22] assessed the following aspects of the mining and transport of rock minerals (aggregates) in the context of regional development: the spatial and temporal changes in the distribution and intensity of mining, availability of economic reserves in active mines, magnitude and distribution of road transport flows of aggregates, potential of railways as an alternative means of transport, and vaporization of undeveloped aggregate deposits to assess their suitability for future use. In this investigation, a case study was conducted in Lower Silesia, Poland, and cartographic models were developed using GIS to facilitate the analysis of the mining and transport of mineral resources. This model could be used to comprehensively aid with advising on the current state of mineral resources, mining, and transport in the region and to provide insight into future extraction activities. Figure 6: Example of the cost surface produced through (**a**) combining all the weighted GIS layers representing each of the subfactors where spatial data was available for local regions and (**b**) using only topography where high-resistance areas have higher slope values [21]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] proposed a new method for designing roads to efficiently carry out truck haulage operations in open-pit mines that are in the planning or design phase. In this study, terrain data, including the final designs of the pit and bench, obtained using the LCPA method were processed to analyze the haul road layout (Figure 8a). The zigzag haul road layout was determined through an initial analysis simplified by the application of the Douglas-Peucker algorithm (Figure 8b). In addition, the haul road layout was modified according to the radius of curvature constraints presented in the existing guides (Figure 8c). The terrain data and haul road layouts of the mines were then entered into AutoCAD Civil 3D to visualize the haul road of the open-pit mine in three dimensions. These processes are shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 shows the design result of the haul road of the open-pit mine and the 3D visualization that was obtained by combining the mine terrain model designed with benches and the result of the 3D haul road layout design.