# Internet of Vehicles for Sustainable Smart Cities: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges
## 1 Introduction
### Motivation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Survey** & **Scope** & **Key Focus** & **Main Outcome** & **Application Areas** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [27] & Requisite data acquisition system & Data acquisition system design & Introduction of a system for gathering vehicle data via controller area network (CAN) through the on-board diagnostics II (OBD2) interface. & Data collection in IoV \\ [PERSON] et al., & D2D communications & Direct D2D communication & Architecture model to facilitate various functionalities within the IoV ecosystem. & Communication efficiency in IoV \\ [PERSON] et al. [30] & Challenges of D2D-assisted cellular networks & Issues and solutions in D2D-assisted networks & Exploration of direct D2D communication models and challenges, particularly in healthcare applications. & Network interference in IoV \\ [PERSON] et al. [31] & Applications of V2V communications & Improving vehicle tracking and anti-collision systems & Identification of V2V communication applications for vehicle tracking and anti-collision systems. & Vehicle tracking and anti-collision and safety \\ [PERSON] et al. [32] & SD-IoV framework integration of SDN & Integration of SDN with IoV to improve resource utilization and QoS in IoV & Resource utilization and QoS in IoV \\ [PERSON] et al. [33] & Safety considerations in V2I communications & Considerations in vehicle-to- infrastructure communications & Emphasis on safety and efficiency goals in V2I communications for roadway infrastructure. & Safety measures in IoV \\ [PERSON] et al. [34] & Cyber–physical architecture for SloV & Integration of social IoT with IoV & Proposal of a cyber–physical architecture for the SloV to enhance communication. & Integration of social aspects into IoV \\ [PERSON] et al. & Resource allocation in V2I networks & Resource allocation strategies in V2I networks & Investigation of proportional fairness for resource allocation in multi-rate multi-lane V2I networks. & Resource optimization in IoV \\ [PERSON] et al. [36] & Network technologies for vehicle communication & Analysis of network technologies in IoV & Exploration of various network technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and LTE for V2V and V2I communications. & Network technologies for IoV communications \\ [PERSON] et al. [37] & Performance evaluation of network heterogeneous wireless networks & Evaluation of network allocation in heterogeneous wireless networks to improve connectivity. & Network performance connectivity. & Network optimization in IoV \\ [PERSON] et al. [38] & Traffic signal optimization for safety & Analysis of traffic signals’ role and impact & Highlighting the importance of traffic signals for safe operations at intersections, with consideration for travel delays. & Traffic management in urban settings for travel delays. & Traffic management in urban settings \\  & Provides comprehensive knowledge and development insights into IoV and its role in smart city & Examines IoV applications, architectural design, and challenges involved in implementing IoV & Highlighting the significant benefits IoV brings to smart cities and emphasizing the need to address deployment challenges for optimal effectiveness. & Smart transportation, traffic management, autonomous vehicle \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._limited focus on explainability and standardization, suggesting opportunities for future research. This comparison helps in identifying underexplored areas and gaps in practical deployment. The reviewed studies demonstrate significant advantages, such as improved accuracy, real-time decision-making, and adaptability through advanced AI techniques like DL and reinforcement learning. These approaches enhance performance in diverse urban applications. The drawbacks include limited model interpretability, inconsistent use of datasets, and a lack of standardization, which restrict transparency and cross-comparison of results.