## 3 Results  
### Zonation of Hazard-Inducing Environments  
Landslides, collapses, and debris flows (CLD), as typical slope-related geological hazards, are collectively governed by a range of factors--primarily topography and geomorphology, stratigraphy and lithology, geological structures, and atmospheric precipitation [38]. Based on a systematic analysis of the geological background and developmental characteristics of hazard-inducing environments across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau--and incorporating relevant regional research findings [39; 40]--this study selects key factors, including geomorphology, tectonics, climate, and engineering geological conditions, for comprehensive analysis. Given that each factor exerts varying degrees of influence, assigning rational weights is essential for integrated evaluation. To this end, a Random Forest model was applied to quantitatively assess the contribution of each factor. As shown in Figure 2a, RMSE decreased to 2.901 when the number of trees reached 490, significantly below 35% of the true mean value of \(f(m)_{ij}\). This indicates high predictive accuracy and supports the reliability of the calculated factor contributions. The model results yielded weights of 0.276, 0.306, 0.248, and 0.169 for geomorphology, geological structures, precipitation, and engineering geology, respectively, reflecting their relative importance in shaping hazard-inducing environments. Based on these weights, a comprehensive evaluation map was generated through weighted overlay operations using the GIS raster calculator. Following established zoning principles [41,42], the hazard-inducing environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was divided into eight distinct zones (Figure 2b), described as follows:  
Zone I: Alpine Valley Freeze-Thaw Tectonic Zone. Located along the Yarlung Tsangpo River Valley and adjacent highlands, this zone is characterized by dense infrastructure (roads and settlements) and high anthropogenic activity. Significant inter-factor variability and a high hazard density (1.1 events/100 km\({}^{2}\)) designate it as a primary concentration area for geological hazards. Zone II: Alpine Canyon Tectonic-Erosional Zone. Primarily distributed across the Hengduan Mountains and parts of western Sichuan, this zone exhibits steep canyon topography, complex lithologies, active tectonic movements, and intense runoff. It shows high factor variability and the highest hazard density (1.21 events/100 km\({}^{2}\)), highlighting its spatial heterogeneity. Zone III: Alpine Freeze-Thaw Tectionally Active Zone. Centered in the Qilian Mountains, this zone features pronounced freeze-thaw weathering and active tectonics. While factor differences are somewhat less prominent, the zone maintains a high hazard density (1.04 events/100 km\({}^{2}\)) and notable spatial variability. Zone IV: Fauulted Basin Weathered Fragmentation Zone. Located in the Qaidam-Gonghe-Huangshui Basin region on the northeastern margin of the Plateau, this zone is characterized by fault-controlled basins with highly weathered and fragmented rock masses. Despite moderate inter-factor variability, it shows a hazard density of 0.3 events/100 km\({}^{2}\), with events primarily clustered in the eastern subzones, where human activity is greater. Zone V: Permafrost-Weathered Rock Belt. This zone spans the East-West Kunlun Mountains and experiences intense freeze-thaw cycles along with loosely consolidated surficial materials. It exhibits moderate hazard density (0.2 events/100 km\({}^{2}\)) and substantial inter-factor variability. Zone VI: Permafrost-Nival Erosion Zone. Distributed across the Qiangtang Plateau and Tanggula Mountains, this high-altitude zone is dominated by freeze-thaw and aeolian  
Figure 2: Environmental zoning and accuracy evaluation of geo-hazard-inducing environments on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: (**a**) model accuracy evaluation based on RMSE, with the red curve indicating the fitting curve that stabilizes as feature numbers increase; (**b**) spatial distribution of disaster-inducing zones and geo-hazard events.