# Production Improvement Rate with Time Series Data on Standard Time at Manufacturing Sites
## 2 Related Work
### Productivity Improvement Activities
* Development management focuses on minimizing problems during the installation of new equipment, leveraging experience in repairing existing equipment and systems, and enhancing equipment maintenance systems. TPM enhancement should be a company-wide goal because activities to increase equipment availability require a change in the organizational culture and existing behavior of all employees and operators [26]. Maximizing the results of a company's productivity improvement activities and achieving the desired level of performance in the shortest time possible are key objectives for any competitive organization [27]. To attain these core goals, objectives have been established using an imperative hypothesis concept methodology [28]. * A decision of what should be changed. * A decision of what it ought to be changed to. * A decision with respect to how to bring about that change. To decide what needs to be changed, a thorough process analysis of the production floor must be conducted to identify waste [29]. Goals are set by determining what needs  
Figure 2: Overall equipment effectiveness and the six main losses. improvement, how waste can be reduced, and which methods should be employed. The TPS is widely recognized for its effectiveness in identifying waste in manufacturing companies and is utilized by many manufacturing organizations. Waste does not add value to the processes or products. From a TPS perspective, it is crucial to identify the sources of waste and reduce or eliminate them to enhance the overall process or system. Eliminating waste directly contributes to a company's profitability [30]. The seven largest sources of waste on the production floor, as organized by Toyota Motor Corporation, can be applied to any manufacturing organization. Manufacturing companies are relentless in their efforts to reduce waste. The seven waste factors are defined as follows [31]. * Overproduction: This lean principle involves producing according to the pull system or products ordered by customers. Anything produced in excess (e.g., buffer or safety stock and work-in-process inventory) wastes valuable labor, ties up resources, and can mask other organizational problems. * Inventory: Excessive inventory beyond customer demand negatively affects cash flow and consumes valuable floor space. Implementing lean principles often leads to the elimination or postponement of warehouse expansions. * Transportation: Materials must be shipped to the place of use. The lean approach involves shipping materials directly from the supplier to the assembly line, avoiding unnecessary transportation steps. * Waiting: Waiting waste occurs when products or materials are not transported or processed, interrupting the process flow. * Overprocessing: The most common example is reworking (the product or service should have been done correctly the first time), deburring (parts should have been produced burr-free using appropriately designed and maintained tooling), and inspection (parts should have been produced using statistical process control techniques to eliminate or minimize the amount of inspection required). A technique called value stream mapping is often used to identify non-value-added steps in the process. This applies to manufacturers and service organizations. * Defects: Production defects and service errors waste resources in four ways. First, materials are consumed. Second, the labor used to produce (or service) the part in the first place is lost. The labor used to produce the part (or provide the service) in the first place cannot be recovered. Third, the product must be reworked (or the service redone). Fourth, labor is needed to address customer complaints that may arise in the future. * Behavior: This waste encompasses ergonomic and health issues related to workers and their work. Activities causing stress to workers and equipment, such as excessive walking, bending, stretching, and lifting, should be carefully reviewed and redesigned to reduce the burden on workers.