# Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration on the Surface Adhesive Characteristic of Iced Aluminum Alloy Plate
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the adhesive characteristic of ice, covering the whole aluminum alloy plate surface, was researched by simulation and experiment. Some conclusions are summarized and listed as follows:  
1. The effects of excitation frequency and the side length of the PZT patch on the maximum shear stresses at the adhesive interface between ice and aluminum alloy plate were investigated by harmonic simulations. The results reveal that there is an optimum side length of the PZT patch for a constant size of plate substrate. In this case, the shear stress is largest at the adhesive interface, and the deicing area ratio is high. For an aluminum alloy plate with a size of 60 mm \(\times\) 60 mm \(\times\) 2 mm, when the side lengths of the PZT patches are 14 mm and 16 mm, the maximum shear stress and deicing area ratio are both high.  
2. The effects of the thickness of the PZT patch on maximum shear stresses at the adhesive interface and the deicing area ratio were explored by simulations. When the thickness of the PZT patch is thin, the maximum shear stress and the deicing area ratio are both high. With the increase in the thickness of the PZT patch, both of them decrease dramatically.  
3. An experimental system for measuring the adhesive torque of ice was designed and set up, and an analytical model for calculating the adhesive torsional shear stress of ice was established. Based on the measuring system and analytical model, the adhesive torque and torsional shear stresses of ice under the different excitation frequencies were measured and calculated. When the excitation frequency is 79 kHz, the adhesive torsional shear stress of ice is 0.014 MPa, only 7% of the one without ultrasonic vibration. When the side length of the PZT patch is 16 mm, the adhesive torsional shear stresses under the different frequencies are lower than those in the PZT patch with a side length of 14 mm in general.  
To summarize, in the present study, although the ultrasonic microvibration did not fully remove the ice from the aluminum alloy plate surface, it dramatically decreased the adhesive strength of ice. This indicates that the ultrasonic vibration has a deicing effect and reduces the difficulty in deicing. Meanwhile, these research findings lay theoretical and experimental foundations for exploring the ultrasonic deicing method in depth in future studies.  
Conceptualization, Y.L. and W.G.; methodology, Y.L.; software, H.S. and W.G.; validation, H.S.; formal analysis, H.S. and W.G. investigation, H.S., Y.L. and W.G.; resources, Y.L. and W.G.; data curation, H.S.; writing--original draft preparation, H.S.; writing--review and editing, Y.L. and W.G.; visualization, H.S.; supervision, Y.L. and W.G.; project administration, Y.L. and W.G.; funding acquisition, Y.L. and W.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is supported by the Key Laboratory of Wind Energy and Solar Energy Technology Open Fund (Inner Mongolia University of Technology), Ministry of Education, grant number 2020 ZD03; the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), grant number 51976029.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.