## 4 Application of IVT2F-TOPSIS for International Disputes Resolution
(8) With respect to jurisdiction, there are several important points regarding the peaceful resolution of disputes. Firstly, it is essential to respect the sovereignty of states in matters of jurisdiction, as states cannot interfere in the internal affairs of other states. At this juncture, the consent of the parties to the dispute is required to grant jurisdiction to international courts and arbitration institutions. The ICJ is the first that comes to mind in this context; therefore, the explanation will proceed with reference to it. The ICJ adjudicates disputes only between states that have accepted its jurisdiction, thereby upholding the principle of sovereign equality of states. The ICJ is the principal judicial organ for resolving international disputes and was established after World War II along with the United Nations. The ICJ delivers binding judgments in disputes between states, but its jurisdiction depends on the consent of the states involved. The Court consists of 15 judges elected by the UN Security Council and General Assembly. Judges are chosen from among individuals eligible for the highest judicial offices in their respective countries or recognized as experts in international law and are expected to act impartially. Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua [34]: The ICJ found that the United States had violated international law by supporting Contra forces in Nicaragua and mining Nicaraguan harbors. This case highlighted the ICJ's role in addressing state sovereignty and intervention. Other international judicial bodies include the European Court of Human Rights and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. These bodies deal with more specialized issues, while the ICJ remains the primary court for resolving disputes between states. The IVT2F-TOPSIS method offers significant advantages over traditional MCDM methods, particularly in handling uncertainty and imprecision inherent in complex decision scenarios. Traditional MCDM methods, such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and standard TOPSIS, often rely on precise input data, which may not adequately capture the uncertainty present in real-world situations. IVT2F-TOPSIS, however, utilizes interval-valued type-2 fuzzy sets, allowing for a more comprehensive representation of uncertainty by modeling the footprint of uncertainty. This capability enables decision-makers to account for both the primary membership function and the secondary membership function, providing a more robust framework for uncertain environments [35]. The interval-valued nature of IVT2F-TOPSIS allows it to handle data expressed as ranges rather than precise values, accommodating the inherent vagueness in expert judgments and criteria assessments. This flexibility is particularly beneficial in legal contexts, where qualitative assessments and subjective interpretations are common. In contrast, methods like VIKOR and PROMETHEE may require more precise data inputs, limiting their applicability in such uncertain environments [36]. This results in more accurate and reliable rankings compared to methods that do not account for such levels of uncertainty [35]. Therefore, the IVT2F-TOPSIS method offers a robust and flexible approach to multicriteria decision-making, particularly in contexts characterized by high uncertainty and imprecision, such as legal decision-making. The alternative international dispute resolution methodologies are evaluated under six criteria, which are determined by three experts as follows: (1) cost-efficiency (\(C_{1}\)), (2) duration (\(C_{2}\)), (3) result orientation (\(C_{3}\)), (4) impartiality (\(C_{4}\)), (5) binding nature (\(C_{5}\)), and (6) generalizability (\(C_{6}\)). The evaluations of each alternative are made by three experts (\(E_{p}\)) from international law, international relations, and political science departments, who have at least Ph.D. degrees and more than 10 years of experience in international dispute resolution.