## 4 Conclusions  
The results show that the production of briquettes from metallurgical residues with the stamp press is feasible. Furthermore, these briquettes have sufficient physical properties, i.e., good abrasion resistance and compression strength over 25 MPa. The combination of different residues leads to briquettes that include only secondary raw materials, binders and fibers.  
The thermal behavior of the investigated briquettes shows that a reduction of iron could take place during the heating of the briquettes and no abrupt release of gases takes place that could destroy the briquettes.  
The pilot trials were a success because the briquettes influenced the steel and slag as expected. The mass of iron increased in the test with MA604B briquettes, thus indicating that an unwanted oxidation of the carbon had not taken place and the carbon reduced the iron oxides. The dissolving behavior of the lime-rich briquettes was good; a substitution of primary lime or limestone in the EAF-process could be possible.  
The next step will focus on the industrial scale-up. This will include the production of 100 t of briquettes in total for industrial tests. These tests will be performed at steelmaking plants in three different types of electric arc furnaces.  
Conceptualization, T.W., M.A., D.M. and S.S.; validation, T.E. and M.A.; investigation, T.W., S.P., M.A., S.S. and A.A.; writing--original draft preparation, T.W., T.E., M.A. and S.S.; writing--review and editing, T.W., M.A., D.M. and S.P.; visualization, T.W., S.S., M.A., D.M. and S.P.; supervision, T.E., C.M. and T.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This project has received funding by the European Commission from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement No 754197. This paper reflects only the author's view and the Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Recipe** & **in wt-\%** & **Fe** & **C** & **Si** & **Mn** & **P** & **S** & **Cr** & **Ni** & **Mo** & **Cu** & **V** & **Sn** & **N** \\ \hline MH51 & Steel sample before & 95.3 & \(>\)1.68 & 0.04 & 1.21 & 0.12 & 0.02 & 0.98 & 0.13 & 0.03 & 0.34 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.006 \\  & Steel sample after & 95.1 & \(>\)1.68 & 0.03 & 1.39 & 0.13 & 0.02 & 0.95 & 0.14 & 0.03 & 0.35 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.009 \\ \hline MA604B & Steel sample before & 94.17 & \(>\)1.68 & 0.004 & 1.18 & 0.06 & 0.02 & 0.4 & 0.09 & 0.02 & 0.17 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 \\  & Steel sample after & 93.62 & \(>\)1.68 & 0.002 & 1.11 & 0.07 & 0.03 & 0.54 & 0.109 & 0.03 & 0.2 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Composition of the steel before and after adding the briquettes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Recipe** & **in wt-\%** & **CaO** & **SiO\({}_{2}\)** & **MgO** & **Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **MnO** & **Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **TiO\({}_{2}\)** & **S** \\ \hline MH51 & Slag sample before & 42.5 & 16.4 & 5.7 & 7.2 & 3.7 & 11.6 & 0.5 & 0.8 & 0.23 \\  & Slag sample after & 40.1 & 19.2 & 9.9 & 7.1 & 3.2 & 5.2 & 0.2 & 0.7 & 0.15 \\ \hline MA604B & Slag sample before & 40.6 & 18.2 & 8.0 & 13.4 & 4.4 & 3.5 & 0.4 & 0.8 & 0.54 \\  & Slag sample after & 39.9 & 17.6 & 7.8 & 11.7 & 3.7 & 3.0 & 0.4 & 0.7 & 0.23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Composition of the slag before and after adding the briquettes.