# Lossless and High-Throughput Congestion Control in Satellite-Based Cloud Platforms +
###### Abstract  
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are promising for satellite-based cloud platforms. Due to frequent link switching and long transmission distances in LEO satellite networks, applying the TCP/IP architecture introduces challenges such as packet loss and significant transmission delays. These issues can trigger excessive retransmissions, leading to link congestion and increased data acquisition delay. Deploying Named Data Networking (NDN) with connectionless communication and link-switching tolerance can help address these problems. However, the existing congestion control methods in NDN lack support for congestion avoidance, lossless forwarding, and tiered traffic scheduling, which are crucial for achieving low-delay operations in satellite-based cloud platforms. In this paper, we propose a Congestion Control method with Lossless Forwarding (CCLF). Addressing the time-varying nature of satellite networks, CCLF implements zero packet loss forwarding by monitoring output queues, aggregating packets, and prioritizing packet scheduling. This approach overcomes traditional end-to-end bottleneck bandwidth limitations, enhances network throughput, and achieves low-delay forwarding for critical Data packets. Compared with the Practical Congestion Control Scheme (PCON), the CCLF method achieves lossless forwarding at the network layer, reduces the average flow completion time by up to 41%, and increases bandwidth utilization by up to 57%. L 2025 14 14 February 2025 12 March 2025 12 March 2025 14 March 2025 14 March 2025 14 February 2025 12 March 2025 12 March 2025 14 February 2025 14 February 2025 14 February 2025 12 March 2025 12 March 2025 14 February 2025 14 February 2025 14 February 2025 14 March 202 these factors render efficient and stable communication more challenging compared to traditional terrestrial systems. The characteristics of satellite networks, such as high-speed movement, long transmission distances, and highly dynamic topologies, give rise to challenges like short contact windows, significant transmission delays, and diverse transmission channels [5]. Applying the traditional TCP/IP-based network architecture to the satellite-based cloud platform can lead to several issues: 1. Link switching can cause transmission interruptions, leading to temporary loss of data or service outages. 2. Changes in the IP addresses of access satellites and variations in transmission paths can cause end-to-end connection disruptions and packet loss. 3. The instability of the end-to-end transmission path causes Round-Trip Time (RTT) fluctuations, which challenge the accuracy of TCP timeout estimation. As a result, frequent packet timeouts and retransmissions occur, exacerbating link congestion and delays. 4. Significant variability in data acquisition delay in cloud services impacts the stability of service quality on the satellite-based cloud platform. Given the above challenges, it is imperative to develop a novel network architecture for the time-varying satellite-based cloud platform [6], characterized by the following: 1. Decoupling cloud services from satellite servers and implementing a connectionless data transmission mechanism from endpoint to the cloud platform, thereby tolerating link interruptions. 2. Preventing congestion caused by substantial packet retransmissions through traffic scheduling at the network layer [7], thereby reducing data acquisition delays. 3. Supporting efficient data distribution, minimizing redundant data transmission, and conserving bandwidth through collaborative storage and data synchronization. 4. Integrating inherent reliable transmission and robust security mechanisms into the system to ensure data acquisition reliability and safeguard against malicious network attacks. As a candidate for future network architecture, Named Data Networking (NDN) [8] offers several key features: connectionless communication, secure and reliable transmission [9], robust tolerance for delay and interruption [10; 11], and efficient data transmission from endpoints to cloud platforms.