## 4 Discussion
Identification of the chemical constituents was conducted in the negative ionisation mode because polyphenolic compounds were of interest in this study, and based on their structures, the negative mode is more suitable [43; 84]. LC-MS analysis identified numerous valuable chemical compounds in ethanol extracts and freeze-dried leaves and aerial parts (VM and VV). The leaf and aerial parts extracts from these plants are especially due to their bioactive polyphenic substances (cinchonine, isoorientin, hydroquinone, epicatechin, kaempfer, quercetin, epigallocatechin, etc.) that can change the way glucose is used and have possible effects. For example, cinchonine increases the level of insulin in the plasma, while hydroquinone is a sugar-phosphatase inhibitor, and isoorientin lowers the blood glucose level and protects against cell damage; furthermore, epicatechin has several mechanisms of action, such as antioxidant (reduces oxidation with the help of free radicals), antidiabetic (stimulating insulin secretion), and cardiovascular disease (mitochondria-mediated protection), but epigallocatechin, with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, etc. [6, 7, 36, 85, 86]. It has also been confirmed that tannic acid helps glucose move into fat cells by activating the insulin signalling pathway [87]. It can lower blood sugar levels after meals and prevent or delay glucose absorption by blocking alpha-glucosidase [6]. VM and VV samples contained phenolic compounds known for their biological activities, such as chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, n-caffeoylquinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, kaempfer, catechchin, malic acid, citric acid, and quercetin. A review article published by [PERSON] [88] indicated that chlorogenic acid has fewer adverse effects compared to the current hypoglycaemic drugs available. In addition, epicatechin has activity against diabetic nephropathy. Consuming epicatechin contributes to various cellular mechanisms, including improved insulin sensitivity. Studies have shown that epicatechin, present in green tea and chocolate, can reduce insulin resistance and lower blood pressure. By decreasing both insulin resistance and blood pressure, the incorporation of epicatechin-rich foods into the diet can aid in preventing the development of T2 DM and numerous cardiovascular diseases [89]. The findings suggest that epicatechin could act as an anti-ageing compound. This is supported by improved survival rates in mice with T2 DM and positive alterations in several age-related biomarkers [90]. In hyperlipidemia-amic rat models, citric acid significantly reduced blood glucose and insulin resistance while enhancing insulin sensitivity [91]. Neochlorogenic acid has an anti-inflammatory effect [92], which can be helpful in the treatment of T2 DM complications. In a study involving mice with T2 DM, neochlorogenic acid was found to regulate abnormalities in lipid metabolism. It also effectively reduced the accumulation of sugary substances in the kidneys' filtering units and affected key signalling pathways linked to diabetic kidney disease [93]. The kaempfer glycosides found can help combat obesity by reducing the accumulation of fat tissue and lipid levels. Furthermore, they have positive effects on diabetes by enhancing insulin and leptin resistance in mice [94]. Additionally, catechins could offer potential benefits in preventing obesity and vascular disorders in individuals with T2 DM who are not treated with insulin. Patients treated with insulinotropic agents showed an increase in insulin levels and a slight decrease in haemoglobin. These results suggest that the consumption of catechin-rich beverages could improve insulin secretion and help maintain lower haemoglobin levels in individuals treated with insulinotropic agents [95]. According to [PERSON] et al. [96], the inhibition mechanism of malic acid on alpha-glucosidase was identified through ligand binding, and the malic acid binding sites for inhibition were investigated by incorporating computational simulations.