# Common Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers in Breast, Colon and Ovarian Cancer  
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include advanced age, not having children, or having children at an older age. Additionally, mutations in specific genes and the use of hormone replacement therapy are also associated with increased risk [2]. There is evidence of a genetic predisposition to develop cancer in the same location or organ in postmenopausal women with family histories of colon, breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers [3]. In this way, patients with breast cancer have a higher risk of developing colorectal neoplasia [4]. As individuals age, the incidence of breast and ovarian cancer tends to rise [5]. Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome are the most common genetic causes of cancer within families, due to mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes [6]. Approximately 15-20% of cancer patients have a family-related incidence, yet only about 10% inherit mutations in genes that significantly increase their cancer risk. In some instances, malignant pathogenic variants may occur without a discernible family history of cancer [2,6]. The term \"synchronous tumors\" refers to the simultaneous appearance of multiple primary malignant tumors in the same patient. These tumors occur in different organs, have distinct pathological characteristics, and do not show metastasis between them. There has been a notable increase in the incidence of synchronous tumors, which were previously considered rare [3,4]. These tumors have been associated with various types of cancer, including breast, melanoma, gastrointestinal, colorectal, gynecological, and ovarian cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations between different cancers have not yet been clearly understood [7]. Research shows that ovarian cancer tends to occur alongside other common cancers in families. As a result, having first-degree relatives (such as a father or mother) who have had breast, ovarian, colorectal, or prostate cancer is associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer in female offspring (daughters) [8]. Family medical history should be reviewed to identify susceptibility to gynecological cancer, especially in premenopausal women, due to previously reported genetic predisposition [9]. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [10] reported the case of a woman with a family history of pancreatic and colon cancer who developed synchronous ovarian cancer (bilateral ovarian adenocarcinoma) and breast cancer (triple-negative medullary breast carcinoma), which was associated with a novel mutation in the BRCA2 gene. Some studies examined the incidence of second malignancies in women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. The findings revealed a statistically significant increase in the risk of developing breast cancer after a diagnosis of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma [8,10]. Furthermore, there was an association between ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma and subsequent rectal cancer. This increased risk may be related to genetic predispositions and underlying susceptibilities associated with ovarian cancer, which may also increase the likelihood of breast and colorectal cancer, thus complicating subsequent medical treatments [11]. The most common primary sites for ovarian metastases include the colon (15-32%), breast (8-28%), stomach (6-22%), and appendix (2-20%) [12]. The prognosis for patients with colon cancer who have ovarian metastases, especially if the metastases are bilateral, is poor. Optimal surgical cytoreduction--removing as much of the cancerous tumor as possible, along with affected organs and tissues in the pelvis and abdomen--significantly improves the survival rate of these patients compared to suboptimal cytoreduction, where not all tumors are removed [12]. Colorectal cancer typically metastasesizes to the liver and lungs. However, it sometimes spreads to the ovary and, rarely, to the breast.