# Advancing BIM and Sustainability with Coopetition: Evidence from the Portuguese Stone Industry
## 11 Conclusions  
The findings reveal that coopetition networks have a significant positive impact on OS-PT companies in terms of their labour productivity, on-time delivery performance, and environmental performance, showing that coopetition networks facilitate the alignment of ornamental stone companies with BIM requirements:  
On-time delivery: Coopetition network practices improved on-time delivery rates from 67.1% to 77.5%, reflecting enhanced operational efficiency and response times, which are critical for the 4D BIM dimension. The \(t\)-test yielded a \(p\)-value of 223.92 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-15}\), indicating a highly significant improvement and reinforcing the role of coopetition networks in enhancing project execution. However, the regression analysis under CB.P shows a statistically significant relationship between on-time delivery and KPI\({}_{\text{OLD}}\), highlighting that on-time delivery directly influences project performance. In contrast, under CN.P, the regression model is not statistically significant, suggesting that despite the improvement in delivery rates, the relationship between on-time delivery and KPI\({}_{\text{OLD}}\) under coopetition practices could be stronger and more meaningful. This indicates that to fully realize the potential benefits of coopetition, it may be necessary to revisit and refine network practices by enhancing communication, setting more precise goals, and offering better incentives for cooperation. Labor Productivity: The transition to coopetition network practices increased labour productivity from 6.84 to 8.72, demonstrating enhanced manufacturing efficiency. This potentially leads to reduced costs as required by 5D BIM. The \(p\)-value of 1.77297 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) confirms that this improvement is statistically significant, with a very low probability that the observed difference is due to random chance. However, the correlation analysis presents a more nuanced view. Under CB.P, the ANOVA Significance F value of 7.4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-23}\) indicates that the relationship between labour productivity and KPI\({}_{\text{LP}}\) is highly statistically significant, meaning that labour productivity under current best practices has a solid and meaningful impact on KPI\({}_{\text{LP}}\). In contrast, under CN.P, the Significance F value of 0.700662 shows that the relationship between labour productivity and KPI\({}_{\text{LP}}\) is not statistically significant, suggesting that despite the observed improvement in labour productivity, it does not translate into a meaningful  
Figure 4: Daily CO2_eq emissions across 54 observation days. impact on KPILP under coopetition practices. Given these findings, while the transition to coopetition practices has led to an increase in labour productivity, the performance of KPILP under coopetition practices should be continuously monitored, and adjustments should be made as necessary to ensure that the transition from current best practices results in actual performance improvements. Environmental Performance: Regarding sustainability, adopting coopetition practices reduced energy consumption from 4692 kWh to 4071 kWh daily. This led to a decrease in the KPICO2-Eq from 3.41 kg CO2 to 2.68 kg CO2 per part produced, representing a 21.8% reduction in carbon emissions, aligning with 6D BIM requirements. The \(p\)-value of 7.96775 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) confirms that this reduction in carbon emissions is statistically significant. Under CB.P, the ANOVA Significance F indicates that the relationship between CO2 equivalent and KPICO2-Eq is highly statistically significant, meaning that CO2 equivalent under current best practices has a strong and meaningful impact on KPICO2-Eq. In contrast, under CN.P, the relationship between CO2 equivalent and KPICO2-Eq is not statistically significant, indicating that despite the observed reduction in carbon emissions, the impact on KPICO2-Eq under coopetition practices is not as meaningful.