## 3 Results and Discussion
### Management Practices
Also, intensive harvesting can induce significant soil disturbance, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and hence lowering long-term net carbon sinks [43; 76]. Annual selective harvesting is an effective and unique method to store additional carbon (harvested bamboo products) without affecting the total carbon sink in a bamboo forest ecosystem [36]. Taking Moso bamboo as an example, biennial selective harvesting can contribute to a higher level of carbon sequestration than observed for other fast-growing species [39]. Additionally, the carbon stored in harvested bamboo can be transferred to durable harvest bamboo products (HBPs), implying that products with a longer lifespan can store the carbon for a longer time [39]. On the other hand, abandonment management (i.e., with no management activities) can also play a role in the SOC pool. [PERSON] et al. [77] measured the SOC content in a Moso bamboo forest under different abandonment periods. They discovered that the SOC content increased in the topsoil (0-20 cm) with the extent of abandonment duration, but for the subsoil (20-40 cm), only a short abandonment duration (1-6 years) resulted in a noticeable increase in the SOC content compared with the control group (intensive management). Furthermore, the bamboo forest standing structure, including the transplanting scheme and age, is also an essential factor influencing bamboo forest carbon sinks. [PERSON] et al. [78] reported that transplanting mother bamboo with rhizomes significantly facilitates carbon sequestration as the rhizome, especially in Moso bamboo, is a channel that absorbs nutrients in the early stage of reforested bamboo. The 3-PG transplanting approach (7.39 Mg C/ha), which means transplanting in groups of three plants, resulted in a larger amount of aboveground carbon accumulation than the individual-transplanting approach (3.98 Mg C/ha) in a ten-year Moso bamboo reforestation site [62]. Age also matters as different age structures within a forest may result in varying bamboo forest carbon stock levels. [PERSON] et al. [79] assessed the carbon content factor (CCF) of four bamboo species in Taiwan: Moso, Ma, Makino, and thorny bamboo. They found that, except for thorny bamboo, the species presented a similar pattern: the CCF increased from 1 to 4 years with a slight decrease at 5 years. Also, the CCF of the four species showed a decreasing trend from the top to the bottom part of the bamboo culm [79]. Similarly, three bamboo species in India, Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa vulgaris, and Bambusa cacharensis, exhibited an increasing aboveground biomass pattern from one to three years but slowed down as the plants aged to four years, and the annual increment of aboveground biomass declined during the aging process [40]. This is partly because bamboo's photosynthetic function weakens as it ages, especially for Moso bamboo [67]. A recent study also explored the change in belowground bamboo biomass with the growth of culm in the sub-Himalayan region of eastern India. The study documented that the belowground carbon sink increased with the aging of culm via the increase in belowground biomass in two species: _Bambusa nutans_ and _Dendrocalamus giganteus_[56]. Although the existing literature provides comprehensive insights into a variety of abiotic factors and management practices that influence a bamboo forest's carbon sequestration capabilities at various scales, the study of biotic factors, such as species interactions, mutualism, and ecological relationships, remains underrepresented. This gap in the literature partially stems from the absence of dedicated research that holistically considers both biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [34] only focused on how different fertilization rates and harvesting intensities affected the SOC pool, while [PERSON] et al. [49] compared how different climate variables, including precipitation, temperature, and radiation, affected NPP. Also, whether abiotic factors or anthropogenic techniques have a more significant impact remains unknown.