3. Existing studies focus solely on the cooling system for the battery pack without considering how its thermal design may affect the overall thermal performance of the entire cooling system. Moreover, while these studies treat the battery, inverter, and motor as the thermal loads for the integrated cooling system, only one study [13] investigates the mutual influence between battery cooling and inverter and motor cooling, while other studies solely concentrate on battery thermal management and overlook the interaction with other high-voltage thermal loads. 4. Existing studies in [12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18] only consider the fixed coolant flow rate and ambient temperature conditions and do not explore the potential impact of varying these conditions on the cooling system's effectiveness and battery performance. Furthermore, there is no comparison of different battery module thermal designs in response to changes in these conditions. Targeting the above gaps, this paper contributes to the field of EM thermal management in the following ways:  
1. In response to the first two research gaps, this paper proposes a modelling approach for electric motorcycles with an integrated cooling system, with a focus on battery modelling. The battery modelling approach adopts a multi-scale modelling technique that spans across the pack-module-cell hierarchy. This approach allows for the prediction of temperature and other state parameters for each individual cell based on the pack-level power demand. By employing this modelling method, the temperature gradients across cells and the thermally dependent, cell-to-cell performance variations can be captured in terms of SOC, terminal voltage, OCV, power, and SOP, thereby enabling effective measures to address potential issues related to cell imbalances and ensuring overall battery safety and performance. Furthermore, the proposed model is based on universal thermodynamic and electrical principles, and the core equations are not overfitted to any specific battery chemistry but are parameterised and designed with general interfaces. Namely, the proposed model utilises a generalised modelling methodology, making it adaptable to EMs with other battery chemistries. With a reduced computational load, the proposed modelling approach presents an analytical advantage over computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The approach aims to strike a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency, and this is particularly beneficial when considering the rapid iteration of design prototypes and control development as well as real-time verification, where numerous simulations are required to ascertain the effects of varying conditions on pack-module-cell performances. 2. In response to the last two research gaps, this paper presents two representative thermal designs for battery modules, namely, serial and parallel designs [19]. The thermal performance of these two module designs is evaluated using various metrics, including the overall temperature of the battery pack, inverter, and motor; the overall heat dissipation efficiency of the integrated cooling system; and, most importantly, the performance variations among individual cells. Additionally, sensitivity analyses are conducted using the coolant flow rate and ambient temperature as independent variables to assess the impact of these factors on the thermal performances of the two module designs. Through these evaluations and sensitivity analyses, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of serial and parallel thermal designs as well as their performance response to different operating conditions, which extends to recommendations on the selection between the serial and parallel designs for particular applications. This paper is organised as follows. Section 2 introduces the EM powertrain and the forward-facing modelling approach for it, with a focus on the rider model and developed motor derating control.