# EV Charging Behavior Analysis Using Hybrid Intelligence for 5G Smart Grid
## 2 Smart Grid Network Architecture with EV Access
### The Network Layer  
The network layer consists of a variety of communication devices and technologies that enable interaction between data in the user layer and computing resources in the service layer. In the network layer, 5G communication is the most widely used. The network layer also integrates other common  
Figure 2: Implementation diagram of electric vehicles (EV) grid integration.  
communication technologies such as 3G/4G, satellite, GPS, etc., to form a heterogeneous converged network [19].  
In smart grids, utilities may face bandwidth blocking caused by large amounts of data transmission, which may lead to communication barriers. This is because with the popularity of V2G services, the number of uploaded data has grown rapidly. However, in the context of 3G or 4G, the service layer could not fully meet the V2G service performance specifications. Fortunately, the 5G mobile network supports a variety of connectivity and transmission advantages and is expected to readily facilitate services provided by various clouds. 5G technology features high speed, high capacity, low power consumption, low delay, and high reliability [20]. It is the main development direction of mobile Internet and IoT, which can fully meet the bandwidth, delay, reliability, security, and mobility requirements of the V2G system [21].  
In the V2G communication of the auxiliary service system, we propose to apply 5G technology. Specifically, as V2G uses multicast to aggregate data about the remaining energy in EVs and release the energy requirements of the smart grid. It has shortcomings such as bandwidth, delay, reliability, safety, and mobility, which can be solved by 5G technology. First, we analyzed the communication requirements and communication technologies in the V2G system. Next, we designed an overall system architecture and information transmission process based on 5G technology. This process includes a V2G service connection process initiated by the EV, a V2G service connection process initiated by the V2G server, and an aggregator registration update process initiated by the EV. Our proposed 5G-based V2G system can meet the requirements of wireless communication networks, allowing it to improve the integration of renewable energy with the power grid. Together, this improves the economic and environmental efficiency of the power grid.  
EVs send V2G service data messages to the aggregator through the Internet interface, and then the aggregator updates the corresponding Internet ID in the main table of the EV information module and sets the network label of the data exchange. Therefore, the aggregator can receive IP packets from the EV [22]. When the electric vehicle uses a two-way charger for charging, the PLC and the aggregator are used for data interaction, and the aggregated data is transmitted to the cloud computing center via 5G communication. When the electric vehicle is traveling, the sensor real-time data and user requests are sent to the cloud computing center through the car-connected wireless network. When the power demand on the consumer side of the grid changes drastically, the charging point (CP) accesses these sensors through multicast technology to summarize the battery status of the EV, issue the power demand, and assign the state of charge (SOC) transition instructions in V2G [23].