## 3 Review Results
### Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) Framework and ChatGPT Adoption in Higher Education  
The Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1990) [40], provides a comprehensive model for understanding the factors that influence the adoption and implementation of technological innovations within organizations. The framework categorizes these factors into three contexts: Technology, Organization, and Environment. In the context of ChatGPT adoption in higher education, the TOE framework has been extended by integrating the concept of knowledge application, offering a perspective on the various determinants that impact the acceptance and use of this technology among students and educators [40]. The following paragraphs provide an in-depth discussion of the factors highlighted in previous research. **Network Quality and System Responsiveness:**  
Network quality, accessibility, and system responsiveness are crucial technological factors influencing user satisfaction with ChatGPT. Users are more likely to adopt ChatGPT when the technological infrastructure supports seamless and efficient use. High network quality ensures that users can access ChatGPT without interruptions, while accessibility guarantees that the platform is easy to reach for all users. System responsiveness, the ability of ChatGPT to quickly and accurately respond to user inputs, further enhances the overall user experience. These factors collectively ensure that the system is reliable and responsive, significantly boosting user satisfaction. Several studies have confirmed the importance of these technological factors in fostering the adoption of ChatGPT [2]. This highlights the need for a robust infrastructure to support the effective implementation and use of AI technologies in educational settings. **System Quality:**  
Perceived system quality, including reliability, efficiency, and user-friendliness, positively impacts both perceived usefulness and ease of use. High system quality ensures that ChatGPT functions reliably and efficiently, providing users a smooth and effective experience. When users perceive the system as user-friendly and dependable, they are more likely to find it useful and easy to use. This encourages them to integrate ChatGPT into their academic activities, enhancing their productivity and learning outcomes. The positive impact of high system quality on user perceptions highlights its importance in driving the adoption of ChatGPT in educational settings [2]. Ensuring that ChatGPT is reliable,efficient, and user-friendly is crucial for its successful integration and widespread use among students and educators. **Knowledge Application:**  
Integrating the concept of knowledge application within the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework highlights the importance of applying and utilizing the knowledge gained from ChatGPT. The ability to effectively apply ChatGPT-generated insights in educational contexts positively influences adoption intentions. This factor underscores the need for institutions to foster an environment where knowledge application is encouraged and supported. By promoting the practical use of ChatGPT's capabilities, institutions can enhance the educational experience and drive broader technology adoption. Ensuring that users can translate the information and insights provided by ChatGPT into meaningful academic and practical outcomes is crucial for its successful integration. This factor has been confirmed by several studies, emphasizing its role in influencing the adoption of ChatGPT in educational settings [2]. **Market and Competitive Pressure:**  
Environmental factors such as market trends and competitive pressure can influence the adoption of ChatGPT. Institutions may adopt ChatGPT to stay competitive and meet the evolving expectations of students and stakeholders. The need to innovate and remain relevant in a dynamic educational landscape can drive the adoption of new technologies.