# _Cannabis sativa_ L. as a Natural Drug Meeting the Criteria of a Multitarget Approach to Treatment
## 3 Chemical Composition
### Phytocannabinoids
#### 3.1.1 Cannabidiol-Type Compounds  
Cannabidiol was first isolated in 1940, while its structure was described in the 1960s [51]. It is the main phytocannabinoid component of hemp. It does not have a psychoactive effect; it does not affect the locomotor activity, body temperature, memory, or sedation in the user and does not cause abuse but may have antipsychotic effects [29; 51].  
Some research groups have reported a lack of affinity of CBD for the CB\({}_{1}\) and CB\({}_{2}\) cannabinoid receptors. However, a weak antagonism of these receptors has been confirmed in vitro. CBD also inhibits anandamide reuptake and can increase anandamide levels according to the inhibition of FAAH. CBD also is an allosteric modulator of \(\mu\) and \(\delta\) opioid receptors [51]. In addition to the endocannabinoid system, it shows activity against serotonin receptors. Its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects may arise from the ability to stimulate A\({}_{1A}\) adenosine receptors [52]. The exact influence of CBD on the receptors is described in Table 1. CBD can also reduce THC's side effects, giving it a better safety profile. In its presence, at low concentrations, it can antagonize CB\({}_{1}\), preventing tachycardia and anxiety and reducing sedation and hunger [53].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Receptor** & **CBD Activity** & **Receptor** & **CBD Activity** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{CB\({}_{1}\)} & Noncompetitive antagonist, & \multirow{2}{*}{5-HT\({}_{1A}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Agonist} \\  & negative allosteric modulator & & \\ \hline CB\({}_{2}\) & Antagonist, inverse agonist & 5-HT\({}_{2A}\) & Partial agonist \\ \hline GPR\({}_{35}\) & Antagonist & 5-HT\({}_{3A}\) & Antagonist \\ \hline GPR\({}_{18}\) & Antagonist & A\({}_{1A}\) & Agonist \\ \hline PPAR-\(\gamma\) & Agonist & channel TRPV1, TRPV2 & Agonist \\ \hline TRPM8 & Antagonist & TRPA1 & Antagonist \\ \hline \(\alpha\)1, \(\alpha\)3 glycine receptors & Agonist & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Postulated effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the receptors [52; 54; 55]. Abbrev.: A—adenosine, TRPA1—transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, TRPV—transient potential vanilloid receptor, CB—cannabinoid, GPR—G protein-coupled receptor, and PPAR—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, 5-HT – serotonin receptor, TRPM – transient receptor potential melastatin.  
CBD has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anxiolytic, antitumor activity, anticonvulsant, antiemetic, immunomododulatory, and neuroprotective effects [52,56]. The antiepileptic effects of CBD have been studied in the treatment of some types of epilepsy. The results showed possible efficacy in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. In June 2018, the oral solution of Epidiolex(r) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. It has been approved for epileptic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Dravet syndrome (DS) from the age of two [29]. The anxiolytic properties of CBD have been shown in both humans and animals. It is also under consideration for use in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has no harmful effects. CBD, being a component of nabiximabols, has been used in the treatment of cancer pain in opioid nonresponders [53].