## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mechanisms of Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer  
The superior boiling heat transfer performance of the Large Lattice and the Small Lattice stems from their ability to primarily alter the bubble dynamics and liquid supply, and this is achieved through:  
* Enhanced nucleation site density: At lower heat fluxes, the porous structures, i.e., Large Lattice, Small Lattice, and Staggered, provide a significantly higher density of active nucleation sites compared to the Sintered Plain. This promotes earlier vapor (bubble) incipience, leading to more frequent and improved vapor (bubble) departure with less resistance. This mechanism is critical for efficient heat dissipation in the low heat flux region;
* Capillary wicking and lattice structure: As shown in Figure 3, thess unique and highly interconnected 3D pore networks within the Large Lattice and Small Lattice  
Figure 12: Comparative analysis of the relationship heat transfer coefficient (\(h\)) and heat flux (\(q\)): This study vs. [PERSON] et al. [29], [PERSON] et al. [52], [PERSON] et al. [53], [PERSON] et al. [54], and [PERSON] et al. [55].  
structures with specific design dimensions, i.e., 0.65 mm \(\times\) 0.65 mm for the Large Lattice and 0.5 mm \(\times\) 0.5 mm for the Small Lattice, enables exceptionally efficient and continuous liquid supply to the heat transfer surface through robust capillary wicking. This capillary action maintains wetting and efficient vapor generation and departure rates. The observed difference in HTC trends between the Small Lattice and the Large Lattice with changing heat flux is attributable to the pore size of the lattice. The smaller pore size provides stronger capillary forces and a more interconnected cavity structure, potentially resulting in more controlled vapor escape and improved localized rewetting;
* Effective liquid-vapor pathways: Simultaneously, these structures provide highly effective and direct pathways for vapor escape, preventing vapor accumulation and the formation of an insulating film that typically triggers CHF. The continuous rewetting and efficient vapor removal basically alter the boiling crisis pathway, allowing these surfaces to sustain heat transfer rates without entering film boiling, even at elevated wall superheats, representing a significant advancement in enhancing boiling stability for high heat flux thermal management.  
The distinction in CHF behaviors between the Staggered surface, which showed a clear CHF characteristic, and the Large Lattice and Small Lattice lies in the details of their internal geometry and pore interconnectivity. While the Staggered design is highly effective in increasing the CHF due to its specific arrangement of alternating plain and porous surfaces, it lacks full interconnectivity, leading to localized vapor blockage or liquid supply limitation at its CHF, which eventually overwhelms its rewetting capacity, resulting in a distinct CHF transition. The uniform and optimized interconnectivity of the Large Lattice and the Small Lattice structures provides an even higher degree of robustness against these instabilities, allowing for stable operation beyond the traditional CHF point.