esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Modeling
#### 2.2.1 Two-Step Kinetic Model  
To describe the mechanism of biomass decomposition during the isothermal pyrolysis and torrefaction process, a two-step kinetic model was developed [44]. This model is presented in Equation (1). The pseudo-components represent the raw biomass (\(m_{A}\)), the intermediate product (\(m_{B}\)), and the torrefied biomass (\(m_{C}\)). The volatile compounds are represented by the pseudo-components \(m_{VIA}\) and \(m_{VVB}\). At the beginning of the treatment process (at t = 0), \(m_{A}\) represents 100% of the solid yield, i.e., the raw biomass. As the temperature increases, the intermediate product \(m_{B}\) appears and the volatile component \(m_{V1}\) is released. Subsequently, the solid residue \(m_{C}\) is generated, and the volatile compound \(m_{V2}\) is released. The sum (\(m_{T}=m_{A}+m_{B}+m_{C}\)) of the pseudo-components \(m_{A}\), \(m_{B}\), and \(m_{C}\) describes the solid yield during the residence time of the pyrolysis and torrefaction process [42; 45; 46]. The scheme of the model is presented below:  
Figure 2: Torrefaction experiments: (**a**) raw wheat straw, (**b**) torrefaction process, and (**c**) numerical modeling.  
Where, the constants \(k_{1}\), \(k_{2}\), \(k_{V1}\), and \(k_{V2}\) (at min\({}^{-1}\)) obey the Arrhenius law of Equation (1) and are also called \"kinetic parameters\". Where the pre-exponential parameter is \(A_{0}\) (min\({}^{-1}\)), the activation energy is \(E_{a}\) (\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\)), the absolute temperature \(T\) (K), and the universal gas constant \(R\) = 8.314 J\(\cdot\)K\({}^{-1}\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\), respectively.  
\[k=A_{0}exp\left(\frac{-E_{a}}{RT}\right) \tag{1}\]  
Assuming that the reactions are first order, the Arrhenius constants for solid and volatile yields can be described as follows:  
\[Y_{A}^{(T)}(t)=\frac{dm_{A}}{dt}=-m_{A}\cdot(k_{1}+k_{V1}) \tag{2}\]  
\[Y_{B}^{(T)(t)\frac{dm_{B}}{dt}}{}_{1 AB}(k_{2}+k_{V2}) \tag{3}\]  
\[Y_{\mathrm{C}}^{(T)(t)\frac{dm_{C}}{dt}}{}_{2B} \tag{4}\]  
\[Y_{V1}^{(T)}(t)=\frac{dm_{V1}}{dt}=k_{V1}\cdot m_{A} \tag{5}\]  
\[Y_{V2}^{(T)}(t)=\frac{dm_{V2}}{dt}=k_{V2}\cdot m_{B} \tag{6}\]  
The kinetic parameters of Equation (2) are adjusted according to a range of 0 to \(-20\) to 0 dB [10]. This aspect will be discussed in greater detail below. The Arrhenius law in Equation (1) describes the thermal degradation of wheat straw during the heating process. The model considers two zones: the heating rate and the pyrolysis or torrefaction temperature. Four experimental weight loss points are obtained for each treatment temperature in order to adjust them to the two-step kinetic model and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in the case of individual parameters. Sixteen experimental data points were used for the global parameters.  
Solving the ordinary differential equation provides the evolution of the weight of each pseudo-component as a function of time. The instantaneous solid yield, \(Y^{(T)}(t)\) for any temperature \(T\), can be calculated according to Equation (7):  
\[Y^{(T)}(t)=\frac{m_{A}(t)+m_{B}(t)+m_{C}(t)}{m_{0}}\times 100 \tag{7}\]
###### Abstract  
In this work, the possibility of using planar droplet sizing (PDS) based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and Mie scattering was investigated within the framework of measuring the droplet Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) spray systems. For this purpose, LIF and Mie signals of monodisperse fuel droplets produced by a droplet generator were studied at engine relevant diameters (20-50 \(\upmu\)m). The surrogate gasoline fuel Toliso (consisting of 65 vol. % isootcane, 35 vol. % toluene) and the biofuel blend E20 (consisting of 80 vol. % Toliso, 20 vol. % ethanol) were used and which were doped with the fluorescence dye \"mile red\". The effects of ethanol admixture, dye concentration, laser power, and temperature variation on the LIF/Mie ratio were studied simultaneously at both macroscopic and microscopic scale. The deduced calibration curves of the LIF and Mie signals of both fuels showed volumetric and surface dependent behaviors, respectively, in accordance with the assumptions in the literature. The existence of glare points and morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) lead to slightly higher LIF and Mie exponents of E20 in comparison to Toliso. In principle, these calibration curves enable the determination of the SMD from LIF/Mie ratio images of transient fuel sprays.  
laser-induced fluorescence; mile red; Mie scattering; gasoline; model fuel; ethanol +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Associations of Fiber with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
### \(\beta\)-Glucan  
The representative dietary fiber present in the whole grain is \(\beta\)-glucan [(1\(\rightarrow\)3)(1\(\rightarrow\)4)-\(\beta\)-d-glucan] and \(\beta\)-Glucan is a water-soluble fiber. As a specific indicator compound with various activities in oats and barley, its effects and mechanisms on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases have been studied [91].  
First, oat and barley \(\beta\)-glucan effectively reduce blood lipid levels. Several human studies have reported that dietary fiber intake reduces blood TC and LDL-C levels [92; 93; 94]. As the cholesterol precursor industored and the phytosterol campesterol decrease, it could be hypothesized that dietary fiber inhibits cholesterol synthesis and absorption [94]. In addition, \(\beta\)-glucan effectively inhibits lipid accumulation and absorption by reducing the intestinal uptake of fatty acids and inhibiting fatty acid synthesis pathways, such as ACC and FAS, as well as the expression of transport proteins, such as intestinal fatty acid binding protein (i-FABP) and fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4), as determined by preclinical studies [13].  
Studies have also shown that \(\beta\)-glucan reduces blood glucose levels and improves insulin resistance. In animal studies, the administration of oat \(\beta\)-glucan reduced blood glucose, insulin, and fructosamine and improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance [95; 96]. Similarly, in clinical trials, in subjects with metabolic risk factors, oat \(\beta\)-glucan intake improved glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity [92; 97]. This is expected to be mainly due to the inhibition of glucose absorption by \(\beta\)-glucan. Specifically, in a diabetic animal model, the disaccharidase activity of the small intestinal mucosa is reduced, thereby delaying glucose digestion and, consequently, suppressing the rapid increase in blood glucose [95]. In addition, \(\beta\)-glucan, a representative soluble fiber, increases the viscosity of gastric contents, delaying the overall digestive process, including gastric emptying, thereby suppressing insulin secretion and increasing postprandial blood glucose [85; 98] (Table 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Biactive Compounds** & **Food Source** & **Study Subject or Model** & **Treatment or Intervention** & **Results** & **References** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{\(\beta\)-gluon} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(\beta\)-gluon} & \multirow{3}{*}{Whole grain outs} & Human study & - 4 weeks & - Decreased TC, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio & [94] \\  & & - Mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects & - \(\beta\)-gluon 5 g & - Decreased multisector and campesrel & [94] \\  & & - 18-6 years & Human study & - 4 weeks & - Decreased TC and LDL-C & [90] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(\beta\)-gluon} & \multirow{3}{*}{Ont grain (807\%-g-glucan)} & Human study & - 057\% high-purity-isocfused (HV) barley, & - Decreased influential uptake of long chain & \\  & & & (HV) & high-purity-isocfused (LV) barley, & fully acid & \\  & & - Rat tissue (small intestine) & HP/IV/IV, HP/IV/IV, oct. & -
## 3 Experiment and Analysis
### RUL Prediction Results
If new bearings are tested, the RUL can be predicted using the threshold of the cluster with a similar degradation pattern. Figure 13 shows the comparison of the actual RUL and the predicted RUL of the two samples of bearings. In Figure 13a, the predicted RUL of the initial and middle deterioration states is significantly different from the actual RUL. The estimated HI of bearing 1_3 is fluctuated at the beginning of the operation, and inconsistencies occur in the initial and middle states. However, the predicted RUL is very close to the actual RUL when the bearing operating time exceeds 3 h. Figure 13b shows a slight  
Figure 11: Dunn index for the testing datasets clustering. discrepancy in the initial state, but the overall trend of the estimated RUL follows the change in the actual RUL. In both bearings, the expected RUL of the final state closely matches the actual RUL, even though the operating times are different from each other.
# An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Dual Separation Zones on a Plate
## 4 Result and Discussion
### Effect of Expansion Waves
#### 4.2.2 Variation in Evolution
Since the variation pattern of the re-separation is similar to that of the mergence and can be regarded as the reverse process of mergence, our analysis will focus only on the variation trend during the merging process. As shown in Figure 10, the merging process of dual separation zones can be divided into two stages. During the first stage, the intensity of variations in the flow field continuously increases. When reaching its maximum value, the process meets the transitional point \(\mathrm{M_{t}}\) of mergence. Crossing this point, a further reduction in the distance between dual separation zones leads to a gradual attenuation in \(\mathrm{V_{S1}}\) until the complete merging process ends. When the length of the shock generator increases to \(l_{2}\), the merging termination point \(\mathrm{M_{e}}\) coincides with the re-separating initiation point \(\mathrm{R_{s}}\), though some discrepancies still exist during the stage transitioning process. In Figure 7b, compared to the re-separating curve, the first separation point in the merging process exhibits larger velocity fluctuation magnitudes. A gap measuring 0.3 mm occurs between the flow field transition points \(\mathrm{M_{t}}\) and \(\mathrm{R_{t}}\). When \(l\) increases to \(l_{3}\), the variation curves of the mergence and re-separation completely coincide with each other, and the hysteresis phenomenon is entirely eliminated. Observing the specific value of \(\mathrm{V_{S1}}\), it is revealed that across different models, the variation rates of the DSZ remain consistent in both fully merged and fully separated states, specifically 0 and \(-3\), respectively. This indicates that in the fully separated state, the evolution of the dual-separation-zone flow field is merely influenced by the translation of the shock generator. Conversely, in the fully merged state, the merged separation zone expands or shrinks steadily as the shock generator approaches or moves away. The merged characteristic lengths corresponding to different models remain essentially unvaried. Nevertheless, increasing the length of SG would amplify the variations in the flow field throughout the transitioning stages. Therefore, the scale of the merged separation zone associated with \(l_{3}\) represents the largest one in our study. Nevertheless, since the scales of separated zones remain identical under complete separation conditions, the flow field corresponding to \(l_{3}\) requires faster speeds to return the initial state.
## 1 Introduction  
Double filtration plasmapheresis, also called cascade double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), is a two-step filtration-based procedure that semi-selectively eliminates the immune-relevant elements from plasma using an advanced system of filters disposed in parallel [1]. From an amount of blood corresponding to 50 mL/kg, the method first separates the corpuscular part of the blood from the plasma and then from the pathogenetic soluble elements using a lower molecular weight than the primary filter cut-off [1]. The pathogenic soluble elements are believed to be the gamma immunoglobulins (IgG), the C3, C4 complement fractions (C3/C4), and gamma-fibrinogen (FGG) [2]. However, due to the molecular filter < 50,000 kDa, albumin also underwent clearance and needed replacement at the end of each procedure. In effect, a 250 mL aliquot of 5% human albumin solution is the unique supplementation required during each session of DFPP, as compared to plasma exchange (PEX) which requires total plasma replacement, and provides better safety, fewer side effects, and comparable results [1, 3].  
The DFPP mechanism of action also includes the cell-mediated arm of the immune system, and the action onto that humoral arm already suggested the potential applications of DFPP in many dysimmune neurological diseases. The induction of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T-cells and the cumulative reduction of serum C3/C4, IgG, IgA, IgM, and gamma-FG concentrations by 44.45%, 36%, 72%, 89%, 96%, and 88.5%, respectively, after DFPP are the common pathological targets in Myasthenia Gravis (MG) [4], Neuro Myelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) [5], Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) [6], and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) [7] treated by this cascade filtration method.  
Relapsed MS is thought to be a type II Luchinetti pathological pattern, expressing the main inflammation through antibodies/plasma cells and their complements. This could be the probable explanation for why relapsed MS and the retrobulbar optic neuritis (RBON) have a good response to PEX [8; 9; 10] and DFPP [3]. The same considerations also apply to steroid-refractory MS relapse during the wash-out period from Fingolimod (FTY). The discontinuation of the latter can induce in some individuals a disease rebound sustained by the cleanable humoral factors of the neuroinflammation [11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. However, despite the increasing exploitation of DFPP, there is no published evidence concerning the treatment of steroid-refractory MS relapse during the Fingolimod treatment and its physiopathology. Steroid-refractory relapsed MS is associated with the Fingolimod treatment, both with its discontinuation and a variable time after its starting [16; 17].  
This study seeks to clarify the physiopathological pattern of steroid-refractory MS relapse during Fingolimod treatment and the biological mechanisms involved in its sensitivity to DFPP.
## 6 Ablation Experiments
### Temporal Feature Pyramid  
The temporal feature pyramid is used to accommodate action instances with various durations. In our experiments, different numbers of levels were tried, and the performance are listed in Table 8. We can observe that the performance became progressively better as the levels increased, with the six-level pyramid achieving the best result on [EMAIL_ADDRESS] and the average mAP, while using more levels did not result in better performance; this is due to more redundant candidates being involved. In Table 8, we also show the effectiveness of different numbers of channels on the performance. The initial number of channels was set to 256, and increasing the number of channels to 1024 can help improve the performance (from 65.0% to 67.2%). However, when continuing to increase the number of channels to 4096, the performance dropped from 67.2% to 65.6%. The number of channels is directly related to the expressiveness of the network. On the one hand, the low feature dimension will have difficulty providing sufficient information, making it difficult for the network to distinguish instances with a high similarity. On the other hand, for high-dimensional features, performing linear projection operations on highly abstract features not only increases the computational complexity, but also causes network overfitting.
###### Abstract  
The seismic response behavior of fluid-saturated porous media (FSPM) has been a critical subject in the area of soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake engineering. In this paper, the numerical study of the seismic response of the FSPM is performed based on the _u-p_ dynamic formulation. A time-stepping explicit algorithm for the numerical solution to the _u-p_ dynamic formulation is developed. The precise time integration method is adopted in the algorithm to improve the computational accuracy. The transmitting artificial boundary is used to describe the energy radiative effect of the wave motion in the FSPM. The numerical results indicate that the time-stepping explicit algorithm developed in the current study is applicable and effective for the numerical solution of the dynamic problems of the FSPM based on the _u-p_ dynamic formulation. Furthermore, parametric studies are performed to investigate the effect of the permeability coefficient, elastic modulus of the solid skeleton and porosity on the dynamic response of the FSPM. The analyses show that the permeability coefficient value has a negligible effect on the solid skeleton displacement but has a noticeable impact on the pore fluid pressure. With the decrease of the permeability coefficient value, the peak pore pressure increases remarkably. The elastic modulus of the solid skeleton has an important effect on the solid skeleton displacement and pore fluid pressure. With the decrease of the magnitude of elastic modulus, the solid skeleton displacement and pore fluid pressure increase remarkably. The porosity value has an insignificant effect on the solid skeleton displacement but has a significant impact on the pore fluid pressure. With the increase of the porosity value, the peak pore pressure decreases significantly.  
fluid-saturated porous media; seismic response; _u-p_ dynamic formulation; precise time integration method; transmitting artificial boundary
# A New Flow Control Method of Slat-Grid Channel-Coupled Configuration on High-Lift Device
## 6 Conclusions  
In this article, a flow control method of grid-slat configuration was proposed, and its optimal design was configured using the DOE algorithm. The optimal configuration was obtained and verified through numerical simulation, and we analyzed the flow control mechanism and the influence of design parameters. Two main conclusions were drawn from this study.  
(1) By slitting the leading-edge slats, the lift-drag characteristics of the multi-element configuration can be effectively improved, which shows the feasibility and effectiveness of conducting flow control through the leading-edge slats. The simulation and optimization results show that the lift coefficient increases by 3.3%, the drag coefficient decreases by 12.7%, and the lift-drag ratio increases by 18.4% of the optimal configuration compared with the original airfoil at an angle of attack of 16.3\({}^{\circ}\). The grid-slat can effectively improve the flow field level, and the flow always remains attached.  
(2) The analysis of the correlation between the design parameters and the configuration of aerodynamic performance shows that the slot design parameters are highly sensitive to the final flow control effect, which also indicates that the flow control potential of the slats is very good.  
In this paper, a flow control model and design optimization method based on slat slitting have only been constructed for a single grid slot. In future work, we expect to build a more effective slot scheme with the possibility of three-dimensional applications.  
Conceptualization, B.M.; Methodology, J.Y.; Writing--original draft, J.Y.; Writing--review & editing, B.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by [National Natural Science Foundation of China] grant number [12202363] and [Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi] grant number [2021]Q-084.  
Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because this article does not involve human or animal research.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
The data is unavailable due to privacy.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12202363) and the support of Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2021)Q-084).  
The authors declared no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
## Materials and Methods
### Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis  
The extraction and analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was performed using SPME-GC/MS, according to [PERSON] et al. (2015), with some modifications. The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device (Supelco Co., Bellefonte, PA, USA) equipped with a 50/30-\(\upmu\)m thickness divinyl-benzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber coated with 2-cm length stationary phase was used. Twenty-five grams of frozen grated cheese was transferred into a 100 mL bottle, previously added with 25 mL of deionized water, 50 \(\upmu\)L of 2-methyl-3-heptanone as internal standard (408 mg L\({}^{-1}\)), and 12.5 g of sodium phosphate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Samples were homogenized and heated on a heating magnetic stirrer. Then the SPME device was hermetically put in the bottles containing the samples and left for 30 min at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The SPME was introduced directly into the GC injector where the thermal desorption of the analytes was performed at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min. A GC system 6890N equipped with a mass detector 5973 (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used. The VOCs were separated on a 30 m \(\times\) 0.250 mm capillary column coated with a 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film of 5% diphenyl l95% dimethylpolysiloxane (HP5 MS J&W Scientific, Folson, CA, USA). Splitless injection was used for the samples. The column oven temperature was programmed at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min from an initial temperature of 50 (held for 2 min) to 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C, then at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which was held for 10 min. The injection and ion source temperatures were 250 and 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. Helium (99.999%) was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The ionizing electron energy was 70 eV and the mass range scanned was 40-450 amu in full-scan acquisition mode. The compounds were identified using the NIST Atomic Spectra Database version1.6 and verified by the retention indices. The VOCs were calculated by the internal standard method and were expressed as \(\upmu\)g/kg of cheese.
# The BER Performance of the LDPC-Coded MPPM over Turbulence UWOC Channels
###### Abstract  
Turbulence-induced fading is a critical performance degrading factor for underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems. In this paper, we propose a quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) code with multiple-pulse-position modulation (MPPM) to overcome turbulence-induced fading. MPPM is adopted as a compromise between the low-power efficiency of on-off keying (OOK) and the low bandwidth efficiency of pulse position modulation (PPM). The bit error rate (BER) performance of LDPC-coded MPPM over turbulence UWOC channels is investigated. The log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of MPPM is derived, and a simplified approximation is used for iterative decoding. Subsequently, the closed-form expression of the BER, without forward error correction (FEC) code, is obtained for the generalized-gamma (GG) fading model. Finally, Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation results are provided to demonstrate the correctness of the derived closed-form expressions and the effectiveness of the LDPC code with simplified LLR to improve the BER performance for different MPPM formats over fading channels.  
UWOC; LDPC; MPPM; BER; fading +
Footnote †: journal: _Photonics_