# Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges
## 4 Smart Mobility Services and Applications
### Autonomous Vehicles
#### 4.4.4 Ethical Issues
This is the case of a pedestrian who was killed in Arizona by an Uber self-driving car ([[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54175359](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54175359)]([https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54175359](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54175359)) accessed on 3 February 2021). Since this topic is very critical and it limits the development of AVs, recently, ethical guidelines for the automotive sectors have been released by detailing the fundamental requirements and practical recommendations for both industries and policymakers [99]. Particularly, in 2019 seven fundamental requirements were proposed by the High-level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, which included \"human agency and oversight\", \"technical robustness and safety\", \"privacy and data governance, transparency\", \"diversity, non-discrimination and fairness\", \"societal and environmental wellbeing\" and \"accountability\". Then, the guidelines have pointed out that five rights underlie these requirements, namely: the right to \"self-determination and liberty\", \"life and security\", \"protection of personal data\", \"equality and nondiscrimination\" and to \"explanation\". Table 6 summarizes the seven requirements by highlighting their key concerns and brief descriptions. Interested readers can refer to [99] for more details. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Requirements** & **Key Concerns** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Human agency and \\ oversight \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Human agency and \\ oversight \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Which level of autonomy should be \\ allowed? \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} AVs must allow a level of autonomy to the human drivers. They \\ should be allowed to override the decision of the \\ machine intelligence. \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & Is the state of the driver suitable for \\  & & obtaining control? \\  & & How can pedestrians and people outside \\  & & the AV exercise their autonomy? \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Autonomy requires drivers to be informed. On the other hand, AVs \\ should monitor the driver’s state and block the autonomy if their \\ state could cause risks (e.g., they are drunk, sleepy, etc.). Finally, \\ humans outside the vehicle should also be able to preserve \\ their autonomy. \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & How to protect AV by cyber-attacks that \\ \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Technical robustness and \\ safety \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} How to automatically manage \\ emergency situations? \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Autonomous vehicles continuously capture information to enhance \\ their artificial intelligence systems. These data contain information \\ related to user behavior and travel history. Sharing the personal \\ user data must comply with the GDPR. These personal data are \\ further vulnerable to thefts and misuse. \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & Is the driver correctly informed about \\ \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Privacy and data \\ governance \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} It s the driver correctly informed about \\ data storage? \\ Did they explicitly express their consent? \\ Are data laws respected? \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & Are data laws respected? \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Requirements for autonomous vehicles based on fundamental rights.