## 3 Discussion  
The need for an atmospheric based pathogen air sampling system is urgent. Whether an approach such as described in this manuscript using pathogen edge detection of key morphological characteristics to help narrow species identification or another technique, near real time identification of airborne antagonists is imperative for future world health predictive analysis.  
Improvements are needed in collecting viable pathogenic material so that live agent assessment can be made in the laboratory. When a new pathogen begins to spread, having a means to collect living samples for culture in the laboratory under controlled circumstances and for genetic sequencing, is imperative if remediation to the pathogen is to be developed. Up until the present, the authors do not believe the idea of the use of aptamers has been combined with electrospray ionization for bacterial or viral capture and identification.  
Figure 8: Graphic representation of gold nanoparticles binding to the surface of a target cell.  
Most human or animal airborne pathogens will be contained in aerosol droplets consisting of principally aqueous fluid, glycoproteins, and mucins. Mucin has been shown to dissolve in phosphate buffered saline solution or PBS [27]. However, phosphate buffers used in electrospray can accumulate on the spray tip owing to their nonvolatility and clog over time. However, \"polar solvents such as methanol, water and acetonitrile are commonly used for ESI-MS analysis, while nonpolar solvents such as hexane were usually considered as non-ESI-friendly solvents\". In order to have an electrospray that can attract and capture pathogen-containing droplets and dissolve the droplet matrix to free single bacterial and viral agents, a coaxial electrospray is one potential solution. As the name implies, in a coaxial electrospray, two sprays are produced concentric to one another, which allow polar and non-polar fluids to be used in the same spray source. Carrying this configuration a step further, the addition of aptamers to the spray source solvent allows the newly liberated pathogens an opportunity to bind with the aptamers, which in turn provide an improved contrast ratio to allow edge detection to define the morphology of the target pathogen species.  
The use of aptamers described herein can help improve morphological identification of captured pathogens and/or positively identify specific agents such as COVID-19 and other known SARS species, but are of little help with unknown and emerging pathogens. Addressing such challenges necessitates more advanced analytical techniques, such as genetic sequencing. For this objective, solid-state nanopores may prove helpful. A nanopore genetic sequencer is designed to unzip DNA so that a single strand nucleotide sequence can pass through, with an electrolyte fluid, a small hole in a substrate such as silicon, whereby a change in electrical conductivity create minute perturbations that can be matched to yield a nucleotide sequence. For use in a partial pressure region, a low volatility electrolyte may be useful, such as an ionic liquid (IL) or IL bearing mixture.  
Nanopore devices are small and robust and are currently tested on board the International Space Station. Nanopore sequencers were pioneered by a company team at what is now known as Oxford Nanopore [28].  
Genetic sequence data from ambient pathogens uploaded to a Cloud computer network, can be combined with other big data from the World Health Organization, and domestic medical facilities in every country to help identify infectious agent matches or to alert world healthcare facilities about emerging infectious species. In 2015, [PERSON] during a TED Talk warned that a pandemic would be a significant threat to the world, more so than the threat of nuclear war [29]. In 2016, the lead author of this manuscript secured the conceptual support of the then U.S. Congressional chair of health and human services, now chair of appropriations, for the development of a pandemic early warning system.