# BIM-GIS-Based Approach for Quality Management Aligned with ISO 9001
## 6 Discussion  
Quality assurance during the construction phase presents several challenges when establishing and implementing a QMS [83]. Among these challenges are the fragmentation of quality information among stakeholders, reliance on paper-based records, and the inefficiency of 2D drawings for on-site inspections [49]. Various solutions have been proposed to address these issues, including the use of programming tools to automate the entry of quality defect data into virtual BIM models [59]. Some approaches also incorporate APIs to build user-friendly environments for efficient data handling [62]. However, these solutions often lack alignment with international quality standards. This study presents QualiSite, a digital tool that integrates widely adopted construction technologies to define a workflow aligned with the organizational and process-based requirements of ISO 9001:2015. Its implementation leverages BIM as a central platform for quality data management [81], offering a practical solution for organizations pursuing QMS certification and already using the tools adopted in this study [84]. Beyond the lack of previous studies aligning BIM and GIS with ISO 9001:2015, it is essential to compare this method with established quality frameworks, including Lean Construction, Six Sigma, and SPC. These methodologies promote continuous improvement, process control, and efficiency. However, they generally lack integration with real-time georeferenced data and depend on manual or siloed information management. The proposed method enhances these traditional approaches by incorporating spatial and visual data through a BIM-GIS workflow, improving traceability, responsiveness, and decision-making. This innovation aligns with the CPS paradigm, promoting automation and interoperability in construction quality management. Several recent studies have explored digital quality management using BIM or GIS independently. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6] employed BIM-based 4D modeling to address preconstruction quality issues, while [PERSON] et al. [85] proposed a GIS platform to optimize material layout in renovation projects. Despite their benefits, these approaches did not achieve full integration between spatial inspection data and BIM models. Our method advances this integration by enabling a bidirectional flow between GIS-based inspection records and BIM elements, in full compliance with ISO 9001:2015. Still, challenges remain. As noted by [PERSON] et al. [86], BIM-GIS integration often lacks vertical (Z-axis) detail, limiting its applicability to multi-level buildings. This limitation  
Figure 13: Visualization of quality inspection results on Revit: (**a**) wall quantity table showing parameters imported from the inspection form; (**b**) visualization of wall status in the model. was observed in our case study, particularly in distinguishing overlapping components like beams or facades. Additional manual processes, such as file synchronization and georeferencing, also introduce operational complexity. Furthermore, interoperability with open formats such as IFC is currently limited, which restricts the tool's broader applicability. The digitization of inspection forms demonstrated the feasibility of adapting existing quality records into structured, cloud-based formats. These forms, configured with text, numeric, date, and coordinate fields, allow real-time multi-user access and facilitate customization for different inspection phases [87]. While QGIS enables detailed form configuration, the mobile application QField does not enforce consistency checks or data validation during field use. Future development could address this limitation by implementing automatic input validation. Examples include expected value ranges, format restrictions, or mandatory fields to ensure complete and accurate form submissions. Such enhancements would reduce errors and reinforce traceability in quality records.