# Single EX-CCCII-Based First-Order Versatile Active Filter
## 3 Simulation Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Factor** & **Proposed** & [32] & [33] & [42] & [43] & [47] \\ \hline Number of active devices & 1-EX-CCCII & 2-ICCII & 1-DXCCTA & 1-EXCCTA & 1-VDGA & 1-EX-CCCII \\ \hline Realization & CMOS structure and commercial IC & CMOS structure & CMOS structure and commercial IC & CMOS structure and commercial IC & CMOS structure and commercial IC & CMOS structure \\ \hline Number of capacitors & 1-C & 1-C & 1-C & 1-C & 1-C & 1-C \\ \hline Passive/active resistor & - & 1-MOST & - & 4-MOST & 1-R & - \\ \hline Type of filter & SIMO & SIMO & SIMO & SIMO & MIMO & SSO \\ \hline Operation mode & CM & CM & CM & MM & MM & VM \\ \hline Number of offered responses & 6 & 6 & 3 & 12-MM & 12-MM & 3-CM & 3 \\ \hline All grounded capacitors & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & Yes (CM) & Yes \\ \hline Low-input and high-output impedances & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & No & - \\ \hline Electronic control of \(\omega_{\omega}\) & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ \hline Simulated power supply (V) & \(\pm 0.9\) & \(\pm 0.75\) & \(\pm 1.25\) & \(\pm 1.25\) & \(\pm 0.9\) & \(\pm 0.5\) \\ \hline Pole frequency (MHz) & 2.85 & 2.6 & 10 & 16.23 & 1.59 & 4.5 \\ \hline Simulated power dissipation (mW) & 0.558 & 4.08 & 1.75 & - & 1.31 & - \\ \hline Total harmonic distortion (\%) & 1.090120 \(\mu\)A & \(<\)150\(\theta\)00 \(\mu\)A\({}_{\text{PP}}\) & - & - & 0.38020 \(\mu\)A (Exp.) & - \\ \hline Dynamic range & 75.99 & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline Verification of result & Sim./Exp. * & Sim. & Sim./Exp. * & Sim./Exp. * & Sim. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: MOST = MOS Transistor, MM = Mixed-Mode, MIMO = Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, SISO = Single-Input Single-Output, * = it was verified with COTS components.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Properties comparison of this work with those of some first-order universal filters. The application of the proposed current-mode active filter to the TIM, TAM, and VM filters in Figure 4 was simulated. Resistors of 10 k\(\Omega\) were selected for \(R_{in}\) and \(R_{out}\). Figure 11 shows the simulated frequency responses of the TIM HPF, LPF, and APF. Figure 12 shows the simulated frequency responses of the TAM HPF, LPF, and APF, and Figure 13 shows the simulated frequency responses of the VM HPF, LPF, and APF. From Figures 11-13, it can be confirmed that the proposed first-order CM filter can operate as a mixed-mode universal first-order filter using external resistors without changing the existing CM filter. Figure 12: Simulated frequency responses of the TAM filter: (**a**) HPF, LPF, and (**b**) APF. Figure 13: Simulated frequency responses of the VM filter: (**a**) HPF, LPF, and (**b**) APF. In the case of the TAM and VM (\(R_{in}\) is used for converting the input voltage \(V_{in}\) to the input current \(I_{in}\)), the magnitude at the passband frequency of the HPF is slightly lower than a unity gain (0 dB). The effect of the intrinsic resistance \(R_{x2}\) should be considered for applications, i.e., \(R_{out}=R_{in}+R_{x2}\). The lower unity gain of magnitude at the passband frequency of the HPF will also slightly affect the magnitude of the APF at a higher frequency than the pole frequency.