## 1 Introduction  
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver condition defined by the accumulation of more than 5% fat in the liver weight [1]. This condition is primarily associated with metabolic dysfunctions, such as insulin resistance, increased de novo lipogenesis, and reduced fatty acid oxidation [2]. The prevalence of NAFLD has been rapidly increasing in recent years, with significant variations across regions [3]. Studies report that the prevalence of NAFLD is highest in the Middle East (32%) and South America (31%), followed by Asia (27%), North America (24%), and Europe (23%) [4]. The rising prevalence among humans is largely driven by increasing rates of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and sedentary lifestyles worldwide. In contrast to alcohol-induced fatty liver disease, NAFLD develops in individuals with little to no alcohol consumption, and its development is often linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders [1, 2]. NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple hepatic fat accumulation to non-alcoholic steatohepatitisitis and hepatocellular carcinoma [5]. It is crucial to manage NAFLD effectively in its early stages to prevent disease progression. However, because of the unclear etiology of NAFLD and its association with various other conditions, there is no established approach for the treatment of NAFLD with proven long-term efficacy [6]. Typically, NAFLD arises due to excessive intracellular lipid accumulation resulting from over-nutrition due to a high-calorie diet [7, 8]. As the accumulation of intracellular lipids continues, insulin resistance is induced, leading to inadequate fat breakdown and elevated delivery of fatty acids to the liver, resulting in the synthesis of new fats. This disruption in normal lipid metabolism initiates cellular stress, inflammasome activation, and eventual cell death [9; 10]. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is primarily attributed to liver damage caused by the accumulation of triglycerides (TG) and fatty acids within the liver, and if the condition persists, it may progress to liver fibrosis, eventually contributing to chronic inflammatory processes in other tissue [11]. However, the full etiology of NAFLD remains unclear, and there is currently no established treatment. As dietary control and exercise are considered the best approaches, research on natural substances and drugs that may improve NAFLD is underway [12]. Accumulated TG in liver cells can activate inflammatory pathways such as the nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-kB), contributing to chronic inflammation [13]. Therefore, active suppression of transcription factors for lipid synthesis is a key target in the treatment of NAFLD [14]. Recent studies have revealed that the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways are important regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism in hepatic cells, functioning as a vital energy modulator [14; 15]. The histone/protein deacetylase SIRT1 is a key factor in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, while AMPK plays a role in various cellular processes, such as lipid metabolism, by inhibiting hepatic fat synthesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation [16; 17]. Phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) upregulates the expression of SIRT1, regulates metabolic stress, and contributes to the maintenance of energy homeostasis, especially under conditions of stress or energy depletion [18]. On the other hand, since SIRT1 regulates AMPK activation in the context of NAFLD, a deficiency in SIRT1 leads to a deficiency in AMPK [19]. Thus, targeting the SIRT1/AMPK pathway provides a novel approach to addressing NAFLD and its associated metabolic complications. Kiwifruit is a crop of high nutritional value, known for its rich content of antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and folic acid, along with various biologically active compounds [20]. Historically, the green kiwifruit, primarily known as _Actinidia deliciosa_ cv Hayward, has been widely cultivated and was introduced to the market in 1991.