## 1 Introduction
Maintaining a balance between a building's energy needs and IEQ is crucial, leading to a significant increase in recent experimental and numerical studies on this subject [17]; nevertheless, the impact of comfort parameters on energy consumption has not yet been thoroughly explored. Beyond health concerns, detrimental effects of inadequate environmental conditions on students' learning and performance have been established. These observations have revealed that IEQ issues are prevalent in schools and significantly impact children's attendance, particularly due to symptoms associated with sick building syndrome and pollutants present in the indoor environments of these facilities [3; 14; 18]. For instance, lecture rooms play a vital role as the primary setting of formal education, profoundly affecting students' learning experiences. To create healthy classroom environments, it is imperative to maintain a high IEQ. Research has consistently shown that IEQ significantly impacts various factors, including the comfort, productivity, effectiveness, health, and overall satisfaction of students and educators. Studies on the environment of educational buildings [19; 20; 21] have highlighted specific elements of IEQ, such as lighting, indoor air quality (IAQ), acoustics, and thermal comfort, all of which contribute to an optimal learning atmosphere, overlooking the potential for combined effects of these environmental parameters on overall satisfaction and the influence of seasonal variations. Improving all of these environmental factors can not only enhance academic performance but also promote the well-being of individuals within these educational spaces. When designing buildings, researchers and designers need to consider aspects like thermal, acoustic, and visual comfort, as well as sick building syndrome. Although green building designs encourage sustainability and efficiency, tenant comfort and well-being are not always guaranteed by them. To achieve this, greater focus must be placed on user-centric aspects and energy efficiency, while monitoring building systems and occupants' experiences during their use to ensure long-term comfort and well-being. Indoor environments often allow pollutants from outside to accumulate [7]. Beyond external pollutants, indoor environments can also accumulate viruses, and mitigating this risk through measures like enhanced ventilation can significantly influence buildings' energy consumption and efficiency [22; 23]. In addition to supporting the global construction industry, buildings that prioritize lowering emissions and water consumption while increasing the energy performance to obtain green building certifications during the material selection and construction stages also have an improved IEQ, providing their occupants with more comfortable and functional spaces. The diversity of studies regarding IEQ underscores its multifaceted impact on learning environments and occupant well-being. The research spans various disciplines, including architecture, psychology, and environmental science, with each contributing unique insights into how different aspects of IEQ affect occupants. For instance, one study compared natural ventilation with air cleaners and mechanical ventilation with fresh air systems in 33 classrooms across twenty-one schools to examine the IAQ in Beijing's educational buildings [18]. They measured indoor carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)), air temperature, humidity, and the efficiency of the mechanical ventilation systems in cleaning the air in real time, but severe ambient PM\({}_{2.5}\) pollution overwhelmed both the natural and mechanical ventilation systems, rendering them unable to improve the indoor air quality, and the instability of indoor temperatures during seasonal transitions, particularly around central heating adjustments, highlighted the shortcomings of both ventilation systems.