## 3 Holistic Approach Used for the Configuration of Multimodal Transportation E-Service System

Table 1: _Cont._Multimodal transportation processes;
* Sources used for collecting contextual data (e.g., weather, traffic, infrastructure);
* E-service provision components (e.g., managing tracking, routing, scheduling);
* Decision support mechanisms;
* User-specific interfaces. Incorporate decision support mechanisms (algorithms and decision-making rules) for:  
* Route optimization based on real-time data;
* Load balancing across modes;
* Dynamic adjustments for disruptions (e.g., accidents, delays);
* The extensive configuration ensures that these components work seamlessly together. User-specific interfaces:  
* Cargo drivers are supported with route guidance and real-time information. * Delivery managers are supported with enhanced visibility and decision-support mechanisms. * Customers get the overall visibility of their cargo during multimodal transportation. The holistic approach is used to configure a multimodal transportation e-service system that leverages contextual data to optimize multimodal transportation processes to support real-world scenarios, supporting cargo drivers, delivery managers, and customers who order multimodal transportation services. Infrastructure Development Requirements for Monitoring of Multimodal Transport Means and Provision of E-Services  
To describe the e-service system in more detail, one of the main components is the communication infrastructure, which enables the possibility of communicating with moving objects and the interchange of information. One part of this functionality is the possibility of monitoring multimodal transportation means. An important part of this is infrastructure, which enables the monitoring of transport means. Managers and drivers have know the coordinates and other conditions of transportation surroundings. This functionality enables the set of equipment and communication channels that provide the flow of needful information between RSUs, moving transportation objects and the applied server. Such monitoring infrastructure is based on wireless networking and embedded systems. In multimodal transportation, the set of connections and communication channels can vary, but this part is important for the realization of the e-service provision system. It should be noted that the communication infrastructure between the vehicle and the roadside units (RSU) can consist of three areas. One is the type of equipment in the vehicle (INV), i.e., the connection of the local zone of the vehicle, which includes embedded devices in the onboard equipment (OBE) and various application devices (AS). The improvised zone consists of vehicles equipped with car units that communicate directly with each other to form a MANET (mobile ad hoc network), i.e., an ad hoc cellular network that provides a fully decentralized and distributed connection. Regarding the infrastructure, the RSU can connect to the wireless network or communicate via the internet so that the vehicle's mobile device can reach any infrastructure facility. The onboard units, classified as WAVE (wireless access for vehicular environments), are usually located near the vehicle and are used for data exchange between the network unit (NU) and other vehicles. It has a resource command processor (RCP) and can search for read/write memory resources to store data in a certain data warehouse (DW). The onboard devices (OBE) can use interfaces for this type of communication, which can be connected to the set of embedded network devices and other embedded devices using radio technology compatible with communication protocols (like IEEE 802.11p). Otherdevices can be compatible with wireless technologies, such as IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad. Mobile protocols like 4G, 5G, upcoming 6G, LTE, etc. can also be used. The mobile device of the vehicle and the vehicle may be wirelessly connected to the mobile device of the RSU or other vehicle using the IEEE 802.11p radio frequency channel, which is responsible for communicating with other vehicles and RSU devices and providing communication services to the application.