esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Effect of Incident Angle of the Light on the Measurement Sensitivity
### Discussion Associated with Enhancement of Sensitivity  
As a factor of the sensitivity enhancement, the relationship between the stylus shaft diameter and the coordinate of irradiation position on the dual-element photodiode is examined when the stylus shaft is displaced in the Y-direction. Here, the stylus shaft diameter is considered the curvature radius of the elliptical shape of the oblique cross-section of stylus at the laser beam oblique irradiation position of stylus surface (Figure 7). Figure 8 shows the simulation result of coordinate \(y_{3}\) of the three rays passing through each focal point of the stylus shaft as a rod lens for \(\theta_{\text{0X}}=-7.47^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\) and \(7.47^{\circ}\) (Corresponding to both sides and the center of the expanding laser beam) on the dual-element photodiode, while the stylus shaft was displaced 0.03 \(\upmu\)m in the Y-direction. The horizontal and vertical axes show the diameter of the stylus shaft and the coordinate \(y_{3}\), respectively. In this simulation, the shape of the cross-section of the stylus shaft is a perfect circle. As shown in Figure 8, the center of the laser beam spot is shifted to 0 (the center of the dual-element photodiode) as the diameter of the stylus shaft increases. This means that the sensitivity decreases as the diameter of the stylus shaft increases.  
Figure 9 shows the ray-tracing result of tilt angle \(\theta_{\text{1X}}\) of the three rays for \(\theta_{\text{0X}}=-7.47^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\) and \(7.47^{\circ}\) when the stylus shaft was displaced 0.03 \(\upmu\)m in the Y-direction. The tilt angle \(\theta_{\text{1X}}\) decreases as the diameter \(D\) of the stylus shaft increases. Figure 10 shows the ray-tracing result of tilt angle \(\theta_{\text{2X}}\) of the three rays for \(\theta_{\text{0X}}=-7.47^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\) and \(7.47^{\circ}\) when the stylus shaft was displaced 0.03 \(\upmu\)m in the Y-direction. The tilt angle \(\theta_{\text{2X}}\) also decreases as the diameter \(D\) of the stylus shaft increases. Similarly, the refraction angle of the laser beam decreases with increasing the radius of curvature of the stylus surface. If the refraction angle decreases, the sensitivity also decreases because the laser spot shifts to the center of the dual-element photodiode as indicated in Figure 8. In other words, when  
Figure 8: Simulated values of \(y_{3}\) for \(\theta_{\text{0X}}=-7.47^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\) and \(7.47^{\circ}\) (displacement of the stylus shaft along Y-axis = 0.03 \(\upmu\)m).  
Figure 7: Schematic diagram of the stylus shaft diameter considered the curvature radius of elliptical shape of oblique cross-section of stylus at the laser beam oblique irradiation position of stylus surface.  
the stylus shaft is irradiated obliquely by the laser beam, the stylus cross-section, in the direction of the beam passage, changes to the elliptical shape and the radius of curvature of the stylus surface decreases, as shown in Figure 7. This effect leads to the enhancement of the sensitivity.
# Ten Years of TerraSAR-X Operations
###### Abstract  
The satellite of the TerraSAR-X mission, called TSX, was launched on 15 June 2007 and its identically constructed twin satellite TDX, which is required by the mission TanDEM-X, launched on 21 June 2010. Together they supply high-quality radar data in order to serve two mission goals: Scientific observation of Earth and the provisioning of remote sensing data for the commercial market (TerraSAR-X mission) and the generation of a global digital elevation model (DEM) of Earth's surface (TanDEM-X mission). On the occasion of the 10 th anniversary of the mission, the focus will be on the development of the TerraSAR-X system during this period, including the extension of the ground segment, the evolution of the product portfolio, dedicated mission campaigns, radar experiments, refinement of the satellite operations and orbit control, and the results of the performance monitoring. Despite numerous interventions in the overall system, we managed to incorporate new scientific and commercial requirements and to improve and enhance the overall system in order to fulfill the increasing demand for Earth observation data without noticeable interruptions to ongoing operations.  
radar; satellite; remote sensing; SAR; TerraSAR-X; operations; ground segment; orbit; mission +
Footnote †: journal:  
1  
DLR, Microwaves and Radar Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany; [PERSON]J.M.); [PERSON] (J.B.); [PERSON] (M.B.); [PERSON]S.)  
DLR, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany; [PERSON](B.S.); [PERSON]SS] (T.F.); [PERSON]ESS] (H.B.)  
DLR, German Space Operations Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany; [PERSON]ESS] (R.K.); [PERSON]SS] (E.M.); [PERSON]ESS] (F.M.)  
DLR, German Remote Sensing Data Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany; [PERSON]]  
Correspondence: [PERSON] Tel.: +49-81-5328-2344
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
Additionally, the theoretical calculation of including a PVC film on the thermal transmittance does not consider random variations in the thermal contact of the HFM with the surface of the wall tested. Moreover, extending the duration of the test did not seem to reduce the differences between the measured U-values. Therefore, it is highly recommended to avoid the use of a PVC film between the layer of thermal interface material and the wall surface in the in situ measurement of the thermal transmittance of existing buildings' facades when accurate results are required. This research could be useful for practitioners when they conduct energy audits. It was found that when HFMs were installed with a PVC film between the layer of thermal interface material and the wall surface, the measured thermal transmittance was around 19 to 27% lower than when HFMs were installed with a layer of thermal interface material directly on the wall surface. Therefore, depending on the installation of heat flow meter plates, technical staff could take into account these possible deviations in the in situ measurement of the facades' actual thermal transmittance during building's operational stage and, consequently, propose appropriate energy retrofitting strategies. Conceptualization, K.G., M.C. and M.G. ; methodology, K.G., M.C. and M.G. ; investigation, K.G., M.C. and M.G. ; data curation, K.G. ; writing--original draft preparation, K.G. ; writing--review and editing, K.G., M.C. and M.G. ; visualization, K.G. ; supervision, M.C. and M.G. ; project administration, M.C. ; funding acquisition, M.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was partially funded by the Government of Catalonia, Research Grant 2017 --SGR--227. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
## 3 Identification of Chinese Medicinal Materials
### Genuine and Counterfeit Identification  
Identification of genuine and counterfeit refers to the substitution of some similar plants for the target TCMs. Another scenario is that the TCMs are mixed with a portion of other substances to increase profitability.  
[PERSON] et al. [54] distinguished Notoginseng Radix et Rhiza (_Panax notogitiseng_) and its adulterants Atractylodis Rhiza (_Attractylodes lancea_ or _Attractylodes chinensis_) and Curcumae Longae Rhiza (_Curcuma longa_), Curcuminae Rhiza (_Curcuma phaeocalis_, _Curcuma kwangsiensis_, _Curcuma wenyujin_) and Curcumae Radix (_Curcuma wenyujin_, _Curcuma longa_, _Curcuma kwangsiensis_ or _Curcuma phaeocalis_) using the KBrO\({}_{3}\)-MnSO\({}_{4}\)-H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)-acetone system. The system also worked on Codonopsis Radix (_Codonopsis pilosula_, _Codonopsis pilosula_ var. _modesta_ or _Codonopsis tangshen_) and its adulterant Gentianae Radix et Rhiza (_Gentiana manshurica_, _Gentiana scabra_, _Gentiana triflora_ or _Gentiana rigescens_) [55], Panacis Quinquefolii Radix (_Panax quinquefolium_) and Ginseng Radix et Rhiza (_Panax ginseng_). Another report described a similar method for distinguishing Gastrodiae Rhiza (_Gastrodia elata_) with its counterfeits _Mirabilis jalapa_, _Dahlia pinnata_, _Canna edulis_ and _Solanum tuberosum_ [56]. In addition, Zanthoxyli Radix (_Zanthoxylum nitidium_) and its counterfeit _Toddalia asiatica_ can be identified as well [57]. In addition to identifying similar samples from different plants, electrochemical oscillations can be used to identify mixed samples. [PERSON] et al. [58] applied recorded electrochemical fingerprints of Acori Tatarinowii Rhiza (_Acorus tatarinowii_), Anemones Raddeanae Rhiza (_Anemone raddeana_) and their mixture. The similarity was calculated for identification. In addition, fingerprinting differences between different samples, the induction time and oscillation period can be used as index for determining the percentage of each component in the mixture. Table 1 summarizes the application of KBrO\({}_{3}\)-MnSO\({}_{4}\)-H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)-CH\({}_{3}\)COCH\({}_{3}\) system in electrochemical oscillation for genuine and counterfeit identification for TCMs.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Name of TCMs** & **References** \\ \hline Rhei Radix et Rhiza (_Rheum palmattum_, _Rheum tangticum_ or _Rheum officinal_) and _Rheum franzenbachii_ & [51] \\ \hline Coptidis Rhiza (_Coptis chinensis_, _Coptis deltoidea_ or _Coptis teeta_) and its counterfeit & [59] \\ \hline Carthami Flos (_Carthamus tinctrius_) and its counterfeit & [60] \\ \hline Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhiza (_Rliodia crenulat_) and its counterfeit & [61] \\ \hline Notoginseng Radix et Rhiza (_Panax notoginseng_) and its counterfeit & [54] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The application of KBrO\({}_{3}\)-MnSO\({}_{4}\)-H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)-CH\({}_{3}\)COCH\({}_{3}\) system in electrochemical oscillation for TCMs analysis.
## 3 Experiments and Results
### Experimental Results
#### 3.3.1 Experiment 1 Using the Wenchuan Dataset

Table 4: Experimental results for three sets of images. Figure 11: Matched tie points obtained from the Wenchuan dataset. **(a)** The proposed method; **(b)** Patch-scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT); and **(c)** SIFT. image (Figure 12a). In contrast, the registration results of the Patch-SIFT (Figure 12c) and the SIFT (Figure 12d) methods show more significant displacements than the original image. This is consistent with the higher \(RMSE_{T}\) values offered by the two methods. The main reason is that the number of matched tie points extracted by the two methods was small, and the spatial distribution of the tie points was uneven.
## 2 Problem Definition
### Constraints  
The hard constraints considered in current contribution are the following:  
1. Teachers' clash: each teacher can teach to only one class at a given time period.
2. Classes' clash: each class can be taught only one lesson at a given time period.
3. Teachers-classes-lessons assignment: each teacher can teach a limited number of hours and lessons to each class, which is predefined by input data.  
4 Teachers' availability: each teacher can teach only in periods he/she is available, which is predefined by input data.
5 Classes' idle timeslots: must be only at the last hour of a day.
6 Co-teaching restrictions: two or more teachers who teach the same lesson to the same class must be assigned to it at the same time period. For example, one class can be firstly joined with another class and then divided into two sub-classes, one for \"English language for beginners\" and one for \"English language for intermediates\" [22].
7 Sub-classes restrictions: two or more teachers who teach different lessons to the same class at the same time period must be simultaneously assigned to it. For example, one class can be divided into two sub-classes, one for \"Gymnastics\" and one for \"Economics\" [22].  
For a more detailed description of how both presented algorithms deal with co-teaching and sub-classes cases the interested reader can refer to [20].  
The soft constraints considered in current contribution are the following:  
1. Teachers' teaching hours' distribution: checks how evenly each teacher's hours are distributed among the days she/he is available at school.
2. Lessons' hours' distribution: checks how uniformly distributed are the hours of the same lesson for each class among its teaching days.
3. Teachers' gaps: checks whether there are idle hours between teaching hours of each teacher.
# Dynamic Observer Modeling and Minimum-Variance Self-Tuning Control of EDM Interelectrode Gap
## 6 Conclusions  
(1) Based on the EDM interelectrode structure characteristics, combined with the characteristics of the interelectrode voltage signal, a flat-plate capacitance model was introduced to quantitatively describe the mathematical relationship of the interelectrode gap \(d\) and the plate capacitor charging time constant \(\tau\). The reason for the increase of the proportional coefficient \(\beta\) of \(d\) and \(\tau\) was analyzed and the model was verified by the 3\(\sigma\)-test method. The results show that the established EDM interelectrode gap model can correctly reflect the true value of the interelectrode gap. When the actual gap is 80 \(\upmu\)m, the absolute error maximum value \(\delta_{\text{max}}\) of the calculated gap and the actual gap is only 2.31 \(\upmu\)m, The EDM interelectrode gap model established in this study is universal. When the model is applied to metal or alloy materials with good conductivity, only the equivalent resistance \(\text{R}_{\text{W}}\) of the single-crystal silicon needs to be removed from Equation (3). \(\beta\) can be redetermined by a single-pulse discharge test, and the EDM interelectrode gap model suitable for common metals and alloy materials can be further deduced.  
(2) Using the system identification method to obtain the transfer function of the electrode position and the interelectrode gap, the order and parameters of the model were determined by the determinant ratio method and the forgetting factor recursive least-squares algorithm. A minimum-variance self-tuning controller was designed to realize the adaptive control of the electrode position. The interelectrode gap can be steadily tracked by adjusting the electrode position in real time, which provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for precise control of the interelectrode gap.  
(3) The experimental verification results show that the minimum-variance self-tuning controller can effectively track various reference trajectories (straight lines, square waves, etc.). The minimum-variance self-correcting control was adopted to avoid the short-circuit phenomenon caused by the excessive feed rate of the electrodes. The smaller the interelectrode gap, the larger the discharge current, and the higher the machining efficiency, but the surface roughness will also increase.  
Conceptualization, B.X. and S.-J.L.; Methodology, B.X.; Software, X.-C.Y.; Validation, B.X., S.-J.L. and X.L.; Formal Analysis, B.X.; Investigation, B.X.; Resources, S.-J.L.; Data Curation, X.L.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, B.X.; Writing-Review & Editing, B.X.; Project Administration, S.-J.L.; Funding Acquisition, S.-J.L.  
The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51575442) and the Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 2016 JZ011).  
Thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation. Thanks to [PERSON] for guiding the article. Thanks to other authors for their help with the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Research on Performance Metrics and Augmentation Methods in Lung Nodule Classification
## 3 Methodology
### Augmentation Methods in Lung Nodule Detection
#### 3.4.1 Flipping the Images  
Flipping images is a straightforward yet effective geometric augmentation technique widely used in medical image processing. In medical imaging, especially in the context of nodules, the anatomical structure does not inherently possess a 'correct' orientation, allowing flipped images to remain clinically valid and representative of potential real-world variations a model might encounter. For instance, flipping a lung CT scan horizontally does not alter the significance of any nodules present, as these biological features do not exhibit directionality bias that affects diagnosis. This method enhances the model's ability to generalize from the training data by effectively increasing the dataset size with minimal computational overhead. It prepares the model for diverse orientations of input data, thereby reducing the model's sensitivity to image orientation. This is particularly crucial in scenarios where images may be captured or processed in varying alignments, due to different scanning protocols or operator preferences.
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, for the AN, comprised of gNodeBs (gNBs) densely overlaid with Small Cells (SCs), 5G-New Radio (5G-NR) proposes the use of multiple frequencies (including mmWave). Hence, a holistic network resource planning study should jointly consider: (1) all types of technologies, e.g., 5G-NR, mmWave, fiber, along with their benefits and constraints, and (2) the allocation of all different resource types (i.e., communication, computational, and storage). It is also crucial to consider the whole network path from the traffic source to the destined User Equipment (UE), so as to satisfy the service latency constraint and offer true E2E optimality, within the operator's network boundaries. Furthermore, achieving high energy efficiency is of utmost importance not only to limit the network operator's operational costs (thus, increasing its revenue) but also to decrease the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) carbon footprint, leading to eco-friendly B5G networks. Hence, we focus on energy-efficient network resource planning solutions to jointly solve the user association, VNF placement (SFC chaining), and traffic routing problem in the highly heterogeneous B5G networks. In addition, although the discussion so far has focused on (energy-optimal) establishment of the data plane to satisfy the requested services, there is a strong need for an accompanying flexible management and control plane that supports the actual dynamic provisioning and/or configuration of resources in B5G network infrastructures. Network Slicing is considered as a key enabling concept for achieving a high degree of automation in the provisioning of services in B5G networks, allowing, at the same time, resource sharing within the operator's network and the fulfilment of performance requirements depending on the service type (i.e., enhanced Mobile Broadband - eMBB, ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication - uRLLC, and massive Machine Type Communication - mMTC). NetworkSlicing improves the way network and computational resources are allocated and also offers the possibility of performing runtime optimization that targets Quality of Service (QoS) preservation as well as energy-efficient deployments and the reduction of operational cost. Combining Network Slicing, Software Defined Networking (SDN), and NFV/MEC orchestration techniques with advanced strategies for resource planning, VNFs of different types, potentially belonging to different network segments (radio, core, and transport network), can be placed and configured in an optimal manner, while the SFC connectivity is guaranteed through the establishment of optimized jointly computed network paths.
# Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on Taste and Flavor Quality of Japonic Rice
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Methodology
#### 2.4.6 Determination of Volatile Compounds Based on SPME-GC-MS  
Extraction Methods for Volatile Compounds  
After the cooked rice was evenly stirred, 5 g of the sample was transferred into a 20 mL SPME vial. Then, 1 \(\upmu\)L of 2-methyl-3-heptanone (0.816 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L) was added to the vial as an internal standard and sealed. The samples were equilibrated in a self-heating incubator at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 15 min with an oscillation speed of 450 rpm, while the SPME fibers were pretreated by heating them to 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min. Then, SPME fibers were subjected to headspace, and volatiles were absorbed at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 40 min. After the extraction, the fibers were placed into the injection port of a gas chromatograph (250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and desorbed for 5 min.  
GC-MS Analytical Methods  
Volatile chemicals were examined using a mass spectrometer fitted with a sniffer port. The volatiles were separated using a DB-WAX column (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm, 0.25 \(\upmu\)m, J&W Scientific, Inc., Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). High-purity helium (99.999%) was used at carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, and the injection was performed in non-split flow mode under the following GC conditions: The temperature was maintained at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min. Afterward, the temperature was increased to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min and further increased to 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min for 3 min. The mass spectrum was obtained over the scanning range of \(m/z\) 55-500 at a scanning interval of 0.5 s ([PERSON] et al., 2016). The retention index of each compound was calculated using n-alkanes (C7-C30) under the same analytical parameters as the samples (split ratio: 30:1). The solvent delay time was set to 6 min. Preliminary identification of the volatile components was achieved by comparing their actual mass spectral data with the reported mass spectral data and RI from the authentic NIST 14 mass spectral library. N-alkanes that were injected under the same chromatographic conditions used to calculate the RI. The internal standard semi-quantitative method was used for quantitative analyses. The content of volatile compounds in the cooked rice samples was calculated using the content of 2-methyl-3-heptanone as follows:  
\[C\left(\upmu\text{g/kg}\right)=PC/Pis\times Cis\times 1000/m_{0}\]where \(C\) is the content of volatile compounds, _Cis_ is the content of 2-methyl-3-heptanone, _PC_ is the peak area of volatile compounds, _Pis_ is the peak area of 2-methyl-3-heptanone, and \(m_{0}\) is the weight of the cooked rice sample.  
In addition, the relative odor activity value (rOAV) of each compound was calculated to assess the contribution of each ingredient to the aroma of cooked rice. The corresponding aroma thresholds recorded in the literature and the concentration of individual chemicals in the test samples were used to calculate aroma intensity.