## 4 Dental Biomaterials for VPT
### Recent Advancements in the Vital Pulp Therapy (Table 2)  
Recent research has highlighted the potential of biocompatible materials such as Collagen, Chitosan, Alginate, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and fibrin (PRF), and decellularized human teeth, for pulp preservation. These materials offer improved sealing, biocompatibility, and dentin regeneration capabilities. Additionally, emerging techniques like laser therapy and nitric oxide-releasing nanomatrix show promise in maintaining pulp vitality and promoting dentin formation [58]. These advancements represent a shift towards biologically driven approaches in VPT, aiming to optimize outcomes by harnessing the natural healing potential of the pulp-dentin complex.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{85.4 pt} p{85.4 pt} p{85.4 pt} p{85.4 pt} p{85.4 pt} p{85.4 pt} p{85.4 pt}} \hline \hline
**Biomaterial** & **Type of Study** & **Composition** & **Mechanism of Action** & **Advantages** & **Limitation** \\ \hline Collagen, Gelatin, and Gelatin-Methacrylate [59, 60] & In Vitro & Collagen-sourced from animal sources & Influences cellular morphology, differentiation and delatin-collagen & Exhibits low immunogenicity, propensity, propensity, and delabison & Inadequate mechanical strength and structural stability upon hydration \\  & & Gelatin-collagen deformation Modified & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & groups & & & & \\ \hline Chitosan [15, 61] & In Vitro and RCT & Natural protein derived from animals & Mimics dentin matrix protein 1 (DMPI) & Restores the structural integrity of demineralized dentin & Requires extended treatment duration (7-14 days) \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline Alginate [16] & In Vivo & Alginate reinforced Laponite & Promodes extracellular matrix & Supports HDPSC & Requires precise control over microsphere size and collagen type D and vascularized pulp-like tissue formation through & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) & Clinical trial & Autologous blood-derived & Delivers growth factors, and platelet-Rich Fibr (PRF) & Natural, promotes pulp healing fibrin clot & Patient availability, patient-specific \\  & & & & & \\ \hline Demineralized Dentin Matrix(DDM) & In Vivo and RCT & Fresh dentin & Promotes denitinal bridge formation & Stimulates the formation of ordered odont lysates and a homogeneous tubular structure & May have variable performance depending on the quality of the dentin matrix source \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: An overview of regenerative approaches for VFT.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline
**Biomaterial** & **Type of Study** & **Composition** & **Mechanism of Action** & **Advantages** & **Limitation** \\ \hline Laser-Assisted VPT & RCT & Laser technology (e.g., & Laser application sterillas & Minimally invasive, enhances & Requires specialized \\
[51, 66] & Fotonica-Erbium-doped & Ebium, Needymium & pulp and promotes wound & philostetion, promotes healing & equipment, technique-sensitive, \\  & Yttrium Aluminium & & healing: may stimulate & & high initial cost \\  & Garnet, & & demtongenesis & & \\  & Bolosse–Erbium & & & & \\  & Chromium laser & & & & \\ \hline Nanophydrosyapatite & In Vitro & Nanoscale hydroxyapatite & Mimics dentin, promotes & Biocompatible, low & Limited studies may require \\ (nHAp)/NaonMatrix & In Vivo & particles, often in paste or gel & mineralization, and dentin & inflammatory, and & longer-term evaluations \\
[17, 58] & & Reinforced with Nitric-Oude & bridge formation & & prom angiogenic response \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._