# Space Efficiency of Tall Buildings in Singapore
## 6 Conclusions  
This study addresses a critical gap in the research on space efficiency in Singapore high-rise buildings by providing a detailed analysis of 63 towers. The findings reveal key factors that influence spatial utilization, including the design and layout of building cores, service areas, architectural forms, and the choice of structural systems and materials. A central focus of the analysis is on how these elements interact to optimize space, with particular attention to how architectural and structural decisions shape the overall efficiency of tall buildings. One of the primary insights from the study is the effectiveness of the central core design, which enhances space efficiency by minimizing the amount of floor space dedicated to non-functional elements such as elevators and mechanical systems. This design choice allows for more flexible layouts in the surrounding areas, thereby maximizing the NFA and improving the building's overall functionality. The analysis also highlights the advantages of prismatic building forms, which, when paired with shear-walled frame systems, offer both structural stability and the efficient use of space. Shear-walled frame systems, in particular, provide significant lateral strength, reducing the need for large, space-consuming columns or other structural reinforcements, which ultimately trees up any additional usable floor area. Furthermore, the widespread use of concrete in Singapore high-rise structures is discussed in relation to its durability and ability to support large, open floor plans without compromising the building's structural integrity. Concrete's balance of strength, sustainability, and cost-efficiency makes it a practical choice in Singapore's context, where both environmental sustainability and space optimization are paramount concerns. By establishing benchmarks--such as an average space efficiency ratio of 80% and a core area-to-GFA ratio of 17%--this study provides valuable data-driven insights that can guide architects in optimizing space use. These findings serve as a practical framework for designing high-rise buildings that prioritize both space efficiency and structural effectiveness. By explicitly linking the conclusions to the data collected, the study offers architects a more in-depth understanding of how specific design and structural choices, such as shear-walled systems and central cores, directly contribute to better space utilization in skyscrapers. This approach encourages the development of innovative and sustainable high-rise environments in Singapore and beyond. Conceptualization, O.N.A. ; methodology, O.N.A. and H.E.L; software, O.N.A. ; formal analysis, O.N.A. and H.E.L. ; investigation, O.N.A. and H.E.L; writing--original draft preparation, O.N.A. ; writing--review and editing, O.N.A. and H.E.L; supervision, H.E.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. The data presented in this study are available in this article. Appendix B Tall Buildings in Singapore by Form, Core Type, Structural System, and Structural Material