## 3 Architectures in the 5G and LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities
### LPWAN Architecture
It has a data rate of 167 Kbps, low latency with nodes mobility of 2 km, range, and uses a low power wake-up system to reduce energy consumption, extending the battery life up to 5 or more years [46; 47]. DASH7 architecture consists of endpoint devices, sub-controllers, gateways, and servers. The endpoint devices/nodes follow a strict duty cycle schedule, while sub-controllers collect the data packets from the endpoint nodes with some sleep cycles and low power restrictions. Gateways are always active to collect packets from sub-controllers and endpoints and then send them to the network server [25];
* Nwave  
Nwave is a solution developed by Nwave incorporation for smart parking systems [48]. It is a UNB technology and operates in the sub-1 GHz licensed-free ISM band. It advocates long-range and high node density compared with Sigfox and LoRa at the expense of higher energy consumption [49]. Nwave supports data rates of up to 100 bps with a range of up to 7 km and 8 years of battery life. It has an appropriately real-time data collection and management software system for monitoring and control;
* Weightless  
Weightless belongs to the Special Interest Group (SIG). SIG introduced an open standard for three LPWANs connectivity such as Weightless-W, Weightless-N, and Weightless-P [50]. Weightless-W operates in the frequency band of TV whitespaces (TVWS). It uses quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and differential binary phase-shift keying (DBPSK) modulation with spreading techniques. The data rate is up to 10 Mbps. Data transmission to the base station is carried out in a narrow band, which reduces energy consumption. Weightless-N also operates in the sub-GHz band and uses DBPSK modulation. It supports one-way communication from the end devices to a base station, hence it is the most energy-efficient Weightless-SIG standard. Though, one-way communication poses some limitations on the Weightless-N operation. Weightless-P also operates in the sub-GHz band. It supports two-way communications with a data rate of 100 kbps and uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GMSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation techniques for different applications;Ingenus (RPMA)  
Ingenu is a proprietary LPWAN solution and uses a random phase multiple access (RPMA) scheme with flexible spectrum regulations. This flexibility makes RPMA a potential for higher throughput, capacity, scalable, and wider coverage [51]. Ingenu operates in the 2.4 GHz band, though with a high penetration rate, which makes it possible to strive underground and for environmental sensing [51]. It was designed for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications to serve IoT applications in utilities, oil and gas sectors, agriculture, asset tracking, fleet management, smart grids, and smart cities;  
* Cat 1/Cat M1(LTE-M)  
LTE Category 1 (Cat 1) is a standard that was introduced in the third-generation partnership project (3 GPP) Release 8 as an introduction to M2M communications [52]. It is the first LTE IoT-specific variant. Compared to its predecessor like LTE Cat 2 or Cat 3, it provides better power efficiency, extended idle and sleep modes, lower complexity, and longer coverage, which makes it easier for massive IoT deployments. Based on these features, it falls under LPWAN technologies and operates on a licensed frequency (LTE cellular) band. It has up to 10 Mbps download and 5 Mbps upload data rate with a channel bandwidth of 20 Mhz. Hence, it is suitable for IoT applications that require higher throughput. However, the newer variant like the Cat M1 or LTE-M in the 3 GPP Release 13 LPWAN technology has lower complexity, lower data rate, and longer range. The LTE-M also operates in the licensed LTE spectrum and provides connections for M2M communications. It provides extended coverage than LTE Cat 1 and offers a reliable path towards a 5G enabled M2M IoT solution [12]. It has a low latency of a few seconds, and data rate of up to 1 Mbps as well as low energy consumption with longer battery life.