data rates in real time. Furthermore, seawater has a noticeably low attenuation window between 450 and 550 nm (blue/green area), adding another practical reason for UOWC to be a viable high-speed and high-bandwidth communication engineering solution for marine communication [1]. Since the first reported UOWC system demonstration in 1992, 50 Megabits per second (Mbps) over a 5.1 m clear water channel and achieving less than \(10^{-9}\) Bit-Error-Rate (BER) [2], this technology has recorded promising advancements in terms of gigabits per second (Gbps) vs. linkspan between 2012 and 2018, ranging between 2 Gbps vs. 2 m to 25 Gbps vs. 5 m and 2.5 Gbps vs. 35 m [3]. Nevertheless, UOWC systems' performance has significant limits, including attenuation, scattering, and turbulence effects, which restrict the maximum attainable linkspan [4]. The light propagation in seawater is typically modelled using an integral-differential equation called the RTE [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11], the complete analytical solution of which is challenging and forces many researchers to assume different boundary and status conditions to conclude satisfactory solutions. Hence, a wide array of published analytical and numerical mathematical solutions provide approximate solutions. These solutions often exclude critical factors influencing channel characteristics, transmitter-receiver pointing accuracy, light source characteristics, receiver aperture, and field of view (FOV) [12; 13]. The MCS approach stands out among the numerical methods from the point of view of flexibility for simulating the media shape and the distribution of optical characteristics. Ray tracing is used to conclude computationally the channel impulse response (CIR) of the corresponding UOWC under consideration. The MCS technique can be configured as a rapid and concise methodology for calculating the CIR of seawater channels. The MCS, in its essence, is an effective ray-tracing method [14]. Many versions of the MCS provide numerical solutions for the RTE for photon migration in a turbid medium use case. We looked at four distinct MC (Monte Carlo) approaches frequently applied in optics for constructing photon paths [15]. To understand the scope of validity of any RTE solution, and the MCS option in particular, we need to comprehend the general framework of modelling the light propagation in seawater and the limits of the use case instance. The RTE solution framework definition is based on the physics and engineering element set of the underlying UOWC system, which we want to describe, and eventually construct an optimum working and practical representation. Specifying the interaction of probabilistic dynamics and energy exchanges between the elements in the form of a probability density function (PDF) or the corresponding cumulative distribution function (CDF) also supports the completeness of the mathematical representation. Hence, we started this study by providing the synopsis of modelling the seawater channel. As a result, numerous researchers utilised the MCS approaches to reach a more precise RTE solution. Most elements impacting underwater channel performance parameters, in particular temporal dispersion and power budget, have been covered in these approaches, including types of water, transmitter and receiver parameters, and link distance. However, the optical parameters and the scattering models used by the researchers had varying levels of inaccuracy, which might result in an incorrect assessment of channel characteristics, particularly in turbid waters. Furthermore, many scientists used a divergent beam rather than a collimated one to model channel parameters because they are inherently related to the angular scattering properties of marine particles, which are quantified through the channel scattering phase function (SPF) [16]. The precision of most available empirical simulations of underwater visible light communication (UVLC) channels relies on how to model the optical characteristics of water and SPF through the simulation's techniques.