## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Sample  
The sample employed in the present study (Table 1) includes tooth scores generated by spotted (_Crocuta crocuta_) and brown hyenas (_Parahyena brunnea_), lions (_Panthera loo_), and leopards (_Panthera paradus_) (Figures S1-S4). The sample created by spotted hyenas [24] and lions [25] was collected from adult equid long bones consumed at the Cabarceno Nature Park in Cantabria (Spain), where carnivores live in captivity. The leopard and brown hyena sample stems from modern carnivore dens housed at the Ditsong Museum in Pretoria (see [26; 27]) that were previously studied by [PERSON] [2]. Preferably, tooth marks from ungulate long bone shafts were selected, although also a small amount of baboon long bones modified by leopards was included to increase sample size considering the lack of significant differences between the ungulate and baboon sample previously documented by [PERSON] et al. [26].  
Tooth marks, including scores, were re-examined by at least one of the co-authors of the present study--either [PERSON] or [PERSON]--with the aid of a 20\(\times\) hand lens. Then, conspicuous scores were selected for digitization according to their location on long bone shafts and their preservation. The 3D models were already generated for previous publications [19; 26; 27] using photogrammetric methods, as described in [PERSON] et al. [19], that are capable of extracting information on the geometric properties of an object based on the capture of several images. Between 13 and 16 pictures were taken with the aid of a Canon EOS 700D reflex camera, with 60 mm macro lenses for each score, depending on the geometry of the bone and the shape of the mark. For image data capture, specimens were placed on a photographic table with the lighting adjusted to keep the bone permanently well illuminated next to a millimetric scale; the focus and brightness parameters were adjusted at the beginning of the process to remain constant; and a tripod was used to stabilize the camera during the entire process.  
Once the photographs had been taken, they were processed using the photogrammetric reconstruction software GRAPHOS (inteGRAted PHOTogrammetric Suite) [28] to generate a 3D model for each mark. This software includes self-camera calibration, so it allows for the estimation of the internal camera parameters, including lens distortion. In particular, the Fraser calibration model [29] was used, which includes 12 parameters: focal length (f), principal point (x0, y0), principal point offsets (x1, y1), radial lens distortion (k1, k2, k3), and decentering distortion (p1, p2), scaling, and affinity factors. The generation of the precise metrical models of each score took 30-45 min depending on the final number of photos. Subsequently, the Global Mapper software was used to define and measure 2D cross-sectional mark profiles. Alongside cross-sections at the mid-length of each score, profiles at 65% and 35% were taken to assess the statements made by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. [19; 30] that sections between 30% and 70% of the mark length are equally representative and valid for morphometric studies. Additionally, cross-sectional profiles were also taken at the portion where the typical score U-shape was most conspicuous, as this section has been commonly selected for previous studies [19].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Carnivore** & **N** & **Prey** & **Area** & **Status** \\ \hline Leopard & 28 & Adult ungulates \& baboons & Kruger National Park (South Africa) & wild \\ Lion & 42 & Adult horses & Cabarceno (Spain) & captive \\ Brown hyena & 45 & Adult ungulates & Kalahari National Park (South Africa) & wild \\ Spotted hyena & 34 & Adult horses & Cabarceno (Spain) & captive \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Tooth score sample used in this study.