esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Among them, considering the effects of irregular charging and discharging on the life of the energy storage battery during the operation of PV-ESS, a semi-empirical model based on the Arrhenius model was developed to quantify the battery life degradation. A dynamic programming algorithm was used to solve the optimal charging and discharging problem of the ESS with different sizing configurations in each scenario and obtain the minimum OCT. Finally, the minimum operating costs (MOCTs) of different sizing configurations were compared, and the effects of the various components were analyzed to obtain an optimal capacity configuration for the system. In summary, the main contributions of this study are as follows:  
* By modeling the components contained in the system and performing differential deformation on the Arrhenius model, the dynamic degradation of lithium-ion batteries was quantified. * Based on the related research, three typical algorithms were designed, their performance was compared, and a system size optimization framework was proposed. * The feasibility of applying various system components was analyzed based on the four proposed system configurations and system operating cost models. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Considered Characteristics in Previous Formulations**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Solution Technique**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **HESS** & \begin{tabular}{c} **BESS** \\ **Degradation** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **OCT** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Other** \\ **Indicators** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **Heuristics** \\ **Policy** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Exact Policy** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
[8] & & & & \(\surd\) & & & \(\surd\) \\
[9] & & & \(\surd\) & & & \(\surd\) \\
[12] & & & \(\surd\) & & & \(\surd\) \\
[13] & \(\surd\) & & \(\surd\) & & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\
[14] & \  
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the system configuration and working principles and models the system components. And in Section 3, a capacity size optimization framework is developed for planning the PV-ESS system. Section 4 designs and selects three algorithms. Finally, Section 5 introduces the data used in this article and provides simulation results and discussion, and this paper is concluded with Section 6.
# Long-Term Stability of Class II Malocclusion Treated with Maximly Molar Distalization
###### Abstract  
**Background**: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term stability of maxillary molar distalization in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. **Methods**: This study included 40 patients (31 males and 9 females) who received fixed orthodontic treatment after maxillary molar distalization. Orthodontic models and lateral cephalograms were evaluated at three time points: pre-treatment (T1), after orthodontic treatment (T2), and long-term follow-up (T3). The mean ages of the patients' ages at T1, T2, and T3 were 13.02, 15.97, and 22.05 years, respectively. The statistical analysis included paired \(t\)-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. The statistical significance was set at \(p<0.05\). **Results**: The statistical analysis indicated no gender-related differences. A significant distalization of maxillary first molars was observed at T2 compared to T1 (\(p<0.001\)). Despite a minor relapse, a statistically significant distalization was observed in T3-T1 (\(p<0.001\)). The vertical skeletal angles, which increased during the treatment period, decreased at T3-T2. The molar relationship was almost maintained after long-term follow-up (\(p<0.001\)). **Conclusions**: The maxillary molar distalization achieved in the Class II treatment was maintained in the long term. The vertical skeletal measurements decreased to their initial values in the long term. The Class I molar relationship did not change during the completion of the growth. This study hypothesized that the maxillary molar distalization achieved during fixed orthodontic treatment can be maintained in the long term without significant relapse.  
**Keywords: Class II malocclusion; fixed appliances; long-term stability; maxillary molar distalization; orthodontics; relapse**
## 4 Discussion
### Future Works  
We are currently working on expanding the present experimentation with other test datasets, focusing especially on real-world scenarios such as sounds from real instruments (as those employed for MIDI conversion) or vocal signals.  
Technically speaking, the most likely future implementations of OBP will definitely focus on hardware implementation, due to its bitwise nature and maximum speed. Its simple structure and the low usage of memory and computations make it perfectly suitable for a hardware-only implementation--for example, with a DSP--to exploit its speed capabilities and inherent characteristics suitable for digital electronics. A future FPGA implementation is foreseen, aimed to produce a stand-alone IpCore that, using just a small amount of logic, can provide ultra-low-latency pitch tracking [46; 47]. With the increasing trend and the low cost/low performance of System on a Chip (SoC) technologies, the OBP algorithm can be a perfect candidate for wearable electronic, embedded music processors for Autotune or real-time MIDI conversion [48], as well as IoT applications, surveillance or vocal recognition. We can thus summarize some of the future directions of OBP as follows:  
* Test on real-world datasets, especially within the professional audio/musical department;
* Full-hardware FPGA implementation;
* Addition of optional features such as posterior (heuristic) correction for added accuracy at the cost of speed, selectable N-bit expansion, etc.
# Research on Stagger Coupling Mode of Pulse Duration and Tool Vibration in Electrochemical Machining
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the coupling adjustment of pulse duration and tool vibration was analysed and a method was proposed to improve the machining accuracy of ECM with vibration. After analysing the results of a machining dynamics simulation and a comparison of the ratio \(\psi\) for the three coupling modes, the conclusions can be summarized as follows:  
1. As the inter-electrode gap narrows, the electrolyte pressure and gas void fraction differ from those as the gap widens. In the pre-position coupling mode, the fluid conditions are better than in the post-position coupling mode.
2. In each coupling mode, \(\psi\) decreases with increasing feed rate. A higher feed rate corresponds to a better machining localization.
3. At a given feed rate, the post-position coupling mode offers a better machining localization than either the pre-position coupling mode or the symmetry coupling mode.
4. The best machining localization and highest feed rate are obtained by the pre-position coupling mode, closely followed by the symmetry coupling mode and the post-position coupling mode.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analysed the data; [PERSON] wrote the paper with the help of [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON].  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51535006) and Key Research & Development Plan of Jiangsu Province (No. BE2015160).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 14: Corresponding workpieces for the three coupling modes. **(a)** Workpieces with different feed rates in the pre-position coupling mode. **(b)** Workpieces with different feed rates in the symmetry coupling mode. **(c)** Workpieces with different feed rates in the post-position coupling mode.
# Weigh-in-Motion Method Based on Modular Sensor System and Axle Recognition with Neural Networks
## 3 Results and Discussion in Axle Recognition
### Training Process
#### 3.1.3 Data Annotation  
We generated a label sequence that matched the length of the input sequence, where class 1 was assigned to the positions surrounding the axle key information, and class 0 was assigned to all the other positions. The consecutive segments of class 1 should begin when the axle starts entering or exiting the platform, until it has completely entered or exited the platform, to ensure that there is a sufficient segment length. The marked sequence represented the ideal output sequence of the model, and the axle signal corresponded to the class 1 segment with sufficient length, without generating noise from short class 1 segments, and ensured that no axle signals were missed. The ideal output signal is shown in Figure 4a.
## 1 Introduction
Previous studies [28; 29; 30; 31] which contained some problems requiring further investigation were the motivations which led to this study. In [28], the authors proposed a MIMO system consisting of a single transmitter which served a single receiver. The authors adopted the TS framework as in [28] (Figure 2), and the framework was split into two time slots. The first time slot was used for the transmission of wireless power [28] (Equation (3)), and the second time slot was used for the transmission of wireless information [28] (Equation (4)). However, the authors adopted PS frameworks for cooperative NOMA networks to assist the far device through a single relay equipped with a single antenna [29; 30; 31]. The authors deployed multiple relays to aid a single destination [31] (Figures 1a and 3a) by adopting TS and PS frameworks [31] (Figures 1b and 3b), respectively. This study was inspired by the major studies [29; 31]. The authors of [31] adopted a SWIPT protocol and depicted TS and PS frameworks fully. However, the system models in [31] were only designed to serve a single destination whereas the authors of [29] deployed a cooperative NOMA network to serve multiple devices (two devices). However, the author of [29] equipped a single antenna on each network node. The authors of the present study designed a network to serve a greater number of devices than the number of devices in [29; 31] and improved networking capacity by equipping a greater number of antennas on network nodes, i.e., BS, coupled relays, and devices. The study's main aims are also its major contributions:  
* We present a new design for a switchable coupled relay model to assist massive MIMO-NOMA wireless networks. Each relay in a coupled relay is selected and delivered into odd/even transmission blocks. The selected relay is used to forward signals to multiple devices while another relay maintains EH. * We present a new design for a diagram of two transmission blocks to calculate the propagation of wireless information and power (WIP). The present paper offers the potential for the practical application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), e.g., in a water environment where relays and devices are barely powered [32]. * We maximize system throughput in a massive MIMO-NOMA network. The study deploys a TAS protocol which selects the best received signals from the pre-coding channel matrices. * The study delivers novel expressions for OP, system throughput, and EE in closed-forms. We apply Monte Carlo simulation results to verify the analysis results. This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 introduces system modeling. Section 3 presents an analysis of the system model. We describe and discuss the analysis and simulation results in Section 4. Section 5 presents a summary of the paper.
## 5 Experimental Results
### Performance Validation  
Three important metrics--accuracy, precision, and latency--are used to assess the performance of the suggested framework in order to verify it. By comparing recommendations to user preferences, accuracy assesses how accurate they are, and precision shows how well the recommendations match user expectations. In order to guarantee system responsiveness, latency measures how long it takes mobile agents to analyze and respond to recommendations. When combined, these indicators show how well the framework works to provide timely, relevant, and accurate location-aware suggestions, as shown in Table 5.  
Figure 8 illustrates how well the recommendation system performed in three different scenarios: two using static user locations in Nabeul and Tunisia City, and one using dynamic user mobility. It shows the latency (ms) (red, secondary axis), accuracy (%) (blue), and precision (%) (green). While Scenario 3 exhibits a higher latency as a result of real-time processing, Scenario 1 attains the maximum accuracy and precision. The system's capacity to deliver precise, timely, and pertinent recommendations under a range of user circumstances is depicted in the figure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Store** & **Rating** & **Distance (km)** & **Weighted Score** \\ \hline Store DD & 4.3 & 2.5 & 3.05 \\ Store EE & 3.8 & 5.0 & 2.20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Store performance evaluation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scenario** & **User Location** & **Recommended Store** & **Score** & **Accuracy (\%)** & **Precision (\%)** & **Latency (ms)** \\ \hline
**Scenario 1** & Tunisia City & Store AA & 3.20 & 95\% & 92\% & 120 \\
**Scenario 2** & Nabeul & Store DD & 3.05 & 92\% & 90\% & 130 \\
**Scenario 3** & Dynamic Movement & Real-time Updates & – & 90\% & 88\% & 150 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Performance results of the recommendation framework.
###### Abstract  
A novel simplifying Volterra structure algorithm is proposed for an intensity modulation direct detection (IM-DD) optical fiber short distance communication system using the decision feedback equalization algorithm (DFE). Based on this algorithm, the signal damage for the four-level pulse amplitude modulation signal (PAM-4) is compensated, which is caused by device bandwidth limitation and dispersion during transmission. Experiments have been carried out using a 25 GHz Electro-absorption Modulated Laser (EML), showing that PAM-4 signals can transmit over 10 km in standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). The 112 Gbps and 128 Gbps signals can reach the error rate threshold of KP4-FEC (BER = 2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)) and HD-FEC (BER = 3.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\)), respectively. The simplified principle and process of the proposed Volterra-based equalization algorithm are presented. Experimental results show that the algorithm complexity is greatly reduced by 75%, which provides effective theoretical support for the commercial application of this algorithm.  
optical fiber data communication system; EML; PAM4; Volterra; DFE +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
00233 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/))).
# Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of Coaxial Counter-Rotating Planetary Transmission System
## 3 Dynamic Model of the Transmission System
### Calculation of Component Relative Displacements
#### 3.2.3 Relative Displacements between the Carrier and Planet Gears  
The relationship between the planet gear, \(p\), and the carrier, \(h\), in the differential PGT is shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: Relationship between the ring gear and planet gears in the differential PGT.  
Figure 6: Relationship between the planet gear and the planet carrier in the differential PGT.  
Neglecting the clearance of the bearings, the supporting bearingss are approximated by a simplified model using stiffness and damping. Therefore, the relative displacements between the carrier, \(h\), and the planet gear, \(pi\), projected onto the carrier's coordinate axes \(x_{h}\), \(y_{h}\), and \(z_{h}\) are as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\delta_{xpii}=x_{h}-x_{pi}\cos\psi_{pi}+y_{pi}\sin\psi_ {pi}-r_{h}\theta_{2h}\sin\psi_{pi}\\ \delta_{ypi}=y_{h}-x_{pi}\sin\psi_{pi}-y_{pi}\cos\psi_{pi}+r_{h}\theta_{2h}\cos \psi_{pi}\\ \delta_{zpi}=z_{h}-z_{pi}\\ \theta_{2 pi}=\theta_{2h}+\theta_{2 pi}\end{array}\right., \tag{6}\]  
where \(\psi_{pi}\) represents the angle between the \(x_{pi}\) axis of the planet gear \(p\) and the \(x_{h}\) axis of the carrier.  
The relative displacements between the carrier, \(h\), and the planet gear, \(pi\), projected onto the planet gear's coordinate axes \(x_{pi}\), \(y_{pi}\), and \(z_{pi}\) are as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\delta_{xpii}=x_{pi}-x_{h}\cos\psi_{pi}-y_{h}\sin\psi _{pi}\\ \delta_{ypi}=y_{pi}+x_{h}\sin\psi_{pi}-y_{h}\cos\psi_{pi}-r_{h}\theta_{2h}\\ \delta_{zpi}=z_{pi}-z_{h}\\ \theta_{2 pi}=\theta_{2 pi}+\theta_{2h}\end{array}\right., \tag{7}\]
## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we presented studies on the high-order harmonics generation in the plasmas generated from six carbon-contained materials (graphite, fullerenes, multiwalled nanotubes, nanofibers, diamond nanoparticles, and graphene). The contribution of different components in laser ablated plume from carbon nanostructure-containing targets in the range of 100 ns to 1 \(\upmu\)s delays between HP and DP was analyzed. We have shown the difference of delay dependence curves between bulk graphite and other samples containing nanoparticles while recognizing the similarity of the optimal values of delays for different species at which highest harmonic yield was achieved. By combining the analysis of delay dependences of integrated harmonics signals and of HHG spectra in the 30-100 nm wavelength range, the role of carbon monomers, small-sized carbon molecules, and large nanoparticles in the former process were revealed. We demonstrated that the presence of nanoparticles and its fragments leads to an enhanced harmonics signal in the wavelength range of 50-95 nm (i.e., harmonics from 9 th to 17 th orders), especially in C60, CNF and MW CNT. It was also shown that different carbon-containing species demonstrate sufficiently variable patterns of HHG spectra at comparable heating pulse energy. The important role of utilizing two digitally controlled laser sources for obtaining extensive delays between heating and driving pulses was underlined.  
The presented studies allow for a better understanding of the plasma spreading dynamics in the harmonics generation from ablated species comprising similar basic element (carbon). The approximately similar average arrival times were observed for carbon clusters of different sizes. The arrival times for the particles comprising single carbon atom, 60 atoms (fullerene), 10\({}^{6}\) atoms (diamond nanoparticles), 10\({}^{9}\) atoms (CNTs and CNFs), and even much larger species like parts of graphene sheets, were comparable (200-400 ns). We analyzed the HHG yield in the range of 10 \(\upmu\)s-1 ms delays and did not observe any harmonics. Our observations showed that, at the optimal ablation of atoms and clusters, the laser-induced plasmas produced on the surfaces of different carbon-contained species spread out from targets with the comparable velocities.  
Conceptualization, R.A.G., C.G.; methodology, R.A.G., V.V.K.; formal analysis, V.V.K., K.S.R.; investigation, V.V.K., K.S.R.; writing--original draft preparation, V.V.K., R.A.G.; writing--review and editing, R.A.G., C.G.; visualization, V.V.K.; supervision, C.G.; funding acquisition, R.A.G., C.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Jilin Provincial Science & Technology Development Project (20200802001 GH), K. C. Wong Education Foundation (JTD-2018-08), ERDF project (1.1.1.5/19/A/003), State Assignment to Higher Educational Institutions of Russian Federation (FZGU-2020-0035).  
Not applicable.  
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Best-Suited Communication Technology for Maritime Signaling Facilities: A Literature Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrical Power Consumption
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **AIS** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**LoRa WAN**} \\ \hline
**El. Power Consumption** & & **El. Power Consumption** & \\ (H/L) & **Ref.** & **(H/L)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline n/a & [36] & L & [40] \\ \hline n/a & [26] & L & [56] \\ \hline n/a & [37] & L & [41] \\ \hline n/a & [38] & n/a & [42] \\ \hline - & - & L & [43] \\ \hline - & - & L & [44] \\ \hline - & - & L & [45] \\ \hline - & - & L & [44] \\ \hline - & - & L & [47] \\ \hline - & - & L & [39] \\ \hline - & - & L & [48] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{LTE} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{3G} \\ \hline El. power consumption & & & & \\ (H/L) & & & & \\ (H/L) & & & & \\ \hline H & [49] & L & [57] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{GPRS} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{NB-IoT} \\ \hline El. power consumption & & & & \\ (H/L) & & & & \\ (H/L) & & & & \\ \hline n/a & [50] & L & [56] \\ \hline L & [51] & L & [55] \\ \hline L & [52] & L & [39] \\ \hline L & [53] & - & - \\ \hline n/a & [54] & - & - \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{VHF} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{MaxStream} \\ \hline El. power consumption & & & El. power consumption & & \\ (H/L) & & & & \\ \hline L & [57] & L & [24] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{GSM} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{ZigBee} \\ \hline El. power consumption & & & El. power consumption & & \\ (H/L) & & & & \\ \hline H & [58] & L & [62] \\ \hline n/a & [59] & L & [55] \\ \hline n/a & [60] & - & - \\ \hline n/a & [61] & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The results of the paper analysis concerning the electrical power consumption.
# A Secure and Efficient Three-Factor Authentication Protocol in Global Mobility Networks
## 6 Security Analysis
### Informal Security Analysis
#### 6.1.5 Anonymity  
In our protocol, a \(MU_{a}\) cannot obtain the identity \(ID_{MU}\) of a legitimate mobile user because the parameters are masked by using XOR operations and hash functions, such as \(M_{2}=ID_{MU}\oplus X_{i}\) and \(Q_{M}=h(RID_{i}||X_{i}||R_{MU})\). Consequently, our protocol provides anonymity because a \(MU_{a}\) cannot obtain \(ID_{MU}\) without \(X_{i}\) and \(R_{MU}\).