esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
This study conducted vulnerability analyses on three two-story CFS shear wall systems based on forms. The effects of both the section type and size of end studs on the failure modes of CFS shear wall systems were discussed. The conclusions are summarized as follows:  
1. Compared with test results, the vulnerability analysis method accurately predicted the damage locations and collapse modes of the traditional and RCFS shear wall systems. It was indicated that the structural vulnerability method can effectively identify the weakness of the shear walls, thus the proposed method can be used to reveal the seismic failure mechanism of such shear walls.
2. For a two-story traditional CFS shear wall system, sheathing wallboards play a decisive role in the lateral resistance, and the structure would totally lose its lateral load-bearing capacity once the sheathing wallboards failed. For a RCFS shear wall system with end studs having sufficient stiffness, the collapse resistance of the whole structure can be effectively enhanced by a second form of defense, which is provided by the framework integrated by beams and end studs under rigid connection conditions together with their rigid connections to the foundation. In the case of end studs with insufficient stiffness, the RCFS shear wall system may have a total collapse mode caused by end stud failure, which is disadvantageous to the collapse resistance of the structure.
3. According to the vulnerability indexes, it was shown that the RCFS shear wall system exhibits better structural robustness in comparison with the traditional one. In addition, to target the expected failure mode (this failure mode exhibits the lowest vulnerability in total collapse modes) presented in Figure 11f subjected to severe earthquakes, conceptional rules of \"strong frame, weak wallboard\" and \"strong column, weak beam\" were proposed for the seismic design of mid-rise RCFS structures.  
This research is sponsored by the National Key Program Foundation of China (51538002) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Scientific Innovation Research Foundation of Jiangsu, China (KYLX15_0090) and a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (CE02-32).  
[PERSON] contributed to the conception of the study and modified the manuscript; [PERSON] performed the analyses and wrote the manuscript; [PERSON] conducted the tests.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Load Balancing Comparisons  
To examine load balancing, we compared the average standard deviation of the load being delivered to each node (see Figures 8 and 9). In Figure 8, we show the results of the experiments conducted on the random topology, and in Figure 9, we show the results found by experimenting on the linear topology (the settings are similar to those in the previous experiments). The results shown are the average standard deviation values, as obtained by the application of the two scenarios on each topology. The standard deviation is computed at regular intervals of 5 s. Apparently, as the standard deviation increases, less load balancing is achieved.  
Generally two things need to mentioned: first, our strategy offers almost ideal balancing for both topologies as it is based on the fact that, at each step, there is a one-to-one communication among the system nodes. Thus, the standard deviation values for our strategy are reduced compared to those computed for the competitors' strategies. Our scheme is not affected by the growing number of tuples added to the nodes, as this is done in a balanced way. The other strategies seem to be more affected by the increasing number of tasks being delivered. In particular, the default scheduler seems to become quite \"unbalanced\", while [PERSON]'s et al. strategy is affected by the changes in the task  
Figure 6: Throughput comparisons with a linear topology for the first scenario: \((u>v>w)\).  
Figure 7: Throughput comparisons with a linear topology for the second scenario: \((v>u>w)\).  
positions, which are applied during runtime. As a result, some tasks become increasingly overloaded. Apparently, all the strategies appear to be more balanced when the topology is linear (note that the standard deviation values are smaller in this case). The reason for this was explained above when we presented the throughput experiments; for a random application topology, the general case (even in our strategy) is that the tasks may not receive equal sized data streams.
## 3 Results
### Readiness for Climate Change Adaptation across Africa  
The readiness for climate change adaptation across Africa has been assessed by a newly parametrized index called ClimAdaptCap Index. The index is based on two scores, which are the climate score and the adaptive capacity score. The initial results show that North Africa had the highest ClimAdaptCap Index of about 0.394 and therefore is the readiest region in terms of climate change adaptation. This is followed by Southern Africa, which recorded a ClimAdapCap Index of 0.392. The region with the lowest ClimAdaptCap Index is West Africa, with an index of 0.351, implying a lower readiness for climate change adaptation. The second-lowest index is recorded in Middle Africa with a value of 0.3354 (Figure 4a-c).  
Figure 3: Recent trends in **(a)** literacy and **(b)** poverty rates across Africa. Source: author’s conceptualization.  
Interestingly, North Africa, which had the highest ClimAdaptCap Index of 0.394, also had the lowest poverty rate of 48.87% and the second-highest literacy rate of 70.16% (Figure 3b). With the second-highest ClimAdaptCap Index of 0.392, Southern Africa records the second-lowest poverty rate of 68.21% (Figure 5b) and the highest literacy rate of 72.33% (Figure 5b). West Africa had the lowest ClimAdaptCap Index of 0.351, the highest poverty rate of 80.89%, and the lowest literacy rate of 45.69% (Figures 4a-c and 5a,b). In general, these results have shown that the regions with higher ClimAdaptCap Indexes equally have higher literacy rates and lower poverty rates, while those with lower ClimAdaptCap Indexes equally have lower literacy rates and higher poverty rates. In the context of these results, it can then be concluded that North Africa and Southern Africa are the readiest regions for climate change adaptation. The least ready regions are West Africa and Middle Africa. Readiness for climate change adaptation is not often dependent only on the  
Figure 4: (**a**) Literacy Rates (**b**) Poverty Rates and (**c**) _ClimAdaptCap_ Indexes across Africa. Source: author’s conceptualization.  
intensity of the climate forcing. This is seen as West Africa, which is witnessing increasing precipitation, is the least ready, while North Africa, with the highest temperatures and lowest precipitation, is the readiest region. However, being that the readiest region, which is North Africa, has a ClimAdaptCap Index of 0.394, the overall understanding is that change adaptation is still at a low rate for Africa in general, being that the scale range for this index is from -1 to 1 and the simulated index for North Africa is below the 0.50 mark.
# Advances in High-Power, Ultrashort Pulse DPSSL Technologies at HiLASE
## 1 Introduction
### Perla Picosecond Thin-Disk Laser Platform
Pulses compressed by a CVBG compressor with a net-efficiency of approximately 85% have a 1.4-nm bandwidth (FWHM) and a pulse duration of 1.8 ps (FWHM). In the 50-kHz, regime we generated 9 mJ pulses (450 W, uncompressed) with 1130 W of pump power, i.e., optical-to-optical efficiency reached an excellent value of almost 40%. The repetition rate of the laser system is planned to be tunable from 50 kHz to 1 MHz after completing an appropriate Pockels cell driver. In the 50-kHz regime, a several-hours-long stable operation was demonstrated with an average output power of 320 W (6.4 mJ) in fundamental transverse mode, as shown in Figure 2b. The laser was operated for 10 h at 330 W with a power fluctuation root mean square as low as 1.2% (root mean square value (RMS)). Because of rising compressor depolarization losses at full output power, dispersion detuning, and beam deformation caused by high CVBG temperature, the optimization of the pulse compression and output pulse shape is ongoing. The performance of the Perla C laser system is studied in the entire range of its repetition rates and optimized pulse compression, and a concept for a 1-kW, sub-picosecond upgrade is included in the present research subjects.
# A Review of Properties of Nanocellulose, Its Synthesis, and Potential in Biomedical Applications
## 7 Conclusions and Future Perspective  
Nanocellulose has proven to be one of the most popular environment-friendly materials for various uses, attracting interest in areas from scientific research to industrial use. The current review study examines the potential of nanocellulose as a viable biocompatible material. The manufacture and modifications of nanocellulose have been the subject of extensive investigation. Because of its eco-friendly and sustainable nature, mechanical treatment and enzyme hydrolysis are popular methods to obtain nanocellulose. The characteristic features of a variety of nanocellulose such as CNC, CNF, and BNC can be significantly altered by surface functionalization. The surface-modified nanocellulose and nanocellulose-based composite materials have a broad range of biomedical applications, including blood-vessel replacement, bone regeneration, wound healing, and in biosensing applications.  
However, there are still several issues that need to be resolved before the use of nanocellulose in therapeutic settings. For instance, the biosafety of nanocellulose and its biomaterials must be thoroughly assessed using appropriate methodologies and clinically meaningful procedures. The in vivo and in vitro evaluation of biodegradation patterns of nanocellulose should be managed appropriately and studied accurately. Future research should focus on the toxic effects of additives commonly used to improve the dressing's effectiveness and may adversely affect the healing process. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds can be significantly improved after incorporating nanocellulose. Despite this, the human system has difficulty degrading nanocellulose materials, and the interaction mechanism between cells and nanocellulose remains unknown. From a future perspective, it is essential to investigate the complications associated with nanocellulose and its biomaterials for its utilization in tissue engineering and several other biomedical applications.  
Conceptualization, methodology, and software, A.R.; validation, formal analysis, and investigation, S.D.D.; resources and data curation, K.G., writing--original draft preparation, A.R.; writing--review and editing, A.R. and T.V.P.; visualization, D.K.P.; supervision, K.-T.L.; project administration, S.D.D. and K.-T.L.; funding acquisition, K.-T.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Basic Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2018R1A6A1A03025582, No. 2019R1D1A3A03103828, and No. 2022R1I1A3063302), Republic of Korea.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Residential Buildings Complex Boundaries Generation Based on Spatial Grid System
###### Abstract  
The automatic generation of building boundaries in contemporary research and engineering projects and practices is dominantly characterized by interior functional constraints. As a basis for the automated generation of various building boundaries, the solution presented in this paper is a novel approach that ignores the internal (functional) and focuses only on the external (non-functional) impacts. The primary orientation on external impacts may be, at any instance, extended by suitable complementary traditional methodology. The applied research methodology and presented method rely on a developed extendible rule-based system that simplifies floor plan creation by the recursive application of a formulated spatial grid generation algorithm. Based on starting parameter values (mainly the lot and building area spaces) the algorithm tends to create a set of grids that satisfy initial constraints by marking the individual grid cells as a part of the building or empty. The presented conceptual framework model served as a foundation for creating a prototype software application that supports the experimental generation of grid arrays that are transformed into readable images of residential building boundaries. For the initial validation of the developed methodology, method, and algorithm, the concrete parametric resolution is set to 1 m. The comparative analysis has shown that the presented approach overcomes some of the limitations of previous related research that generate building boundaries in simple rectangular form or with limited variability. The proposed method, in its current stage, outperforms discussed existing methods concerning complex shape boundary building plan generation. Besides that, there is a broad space for further enhancement directions concerning the interoperability with other, independently developed, frameworks, and software tools.  
computer graphics image generation; floor plan; rule-based algorithm; complex shape boundary of buildings +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
# Physical Layer Latency Management Mechanisms: A Study for Millimeter-Wave Wi-Fi
## 6 Discussion
### Summary of Simulation Results  
A brief summary of the latency and BER values achieved during individual parts of the study is provided in Figure 18. In accordance with Section 4, steps 1-3 in Figure 18a respectively apply to the ideal case scenario, simulated PHY with 10 allowed decoding iterations, and simulated PHY with 100 allowed decoding iterations. Decision threshold demapping is used in the latter two.  
Only minute differences, well below 1 ms, are present between steps 1 and 2. On the other hand, step 3 exhibits far higher latency values with more outliers, which are compensated by the lower achieved BER values. These are presented alongside step 2 BER results in Figure 18b. The higher concentration of BER values towards the bottom of the right part of the distribution plots show how the increase in time is used up for reducing the amount of erroneous data at the RX-side.  
Figure 16: From left to right: Pareto optimal latency points with regard to the \(10^{-5}\) BER constraint; Pareto optimal curves for achieving minimal BER at different maximal latency constraints. Colours represent the MCS at which the Pareto optimal points are achieved.
# Numerical Simulation-Based Study of Controlled Particle Deposition Technology for Wafer Surfaces
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Simulation Results and Analysis
#### 3.1.5 Particle Size  
In this study, the particle size range was 70 nm to 300 nm, with the DPM phase set as monodisperse particles. In the Lagrangian model, particles were simplified as mass-bearing points with no volume, and particle-particle interactions were neglected. Since the volume fraction remained below 10% throughout the calculations, particle size variations did not significantly affect the flow field but influenced the transport and distribution of the discrete phase within the flow.  
Figure 8 illustrates the deposition spot distributions of particles with different sizes on the wafer surface. For particles larger than 100 nm, deposition was primarily concentrated beneath the nozzle, with a slight increase in spot size as particle size increased. The deposition efficiency remained around 40%. In contrast, 70 nm particles exhibited a nearly uniform distribution across the entire wafer surface, with a deposition efficiency of approximately 17%.  
Two main factors contributed to this phenomenon:  
1. For smaller particles, diffusion was the dominant deposition mechanism, while inertial effects were insufficient. As a result, fewer particles were deposited directly beneath the nozzle, and most gradually diffused into lower-concentration regions further away.
2. Vortices formed by the airflow near the wafer surface significantly influenced smaller particles. The lower the particle mass, the more susceptible it was to turbulence-induced vortex effects, which enhanced particle-surface contact and deposition. Since the experiment considered any particle contacting the wafer as captured, small particles exhibited a broader deposition area.  
Figure 7: Deposition distribution contours for different rotational speeds.  
Based on these results, deposition parameters can remain largely unchanged for particles larger than 100 nm. However, for particles smaller than 100 nm, additional parameter adjustments are necessary to control the deposition spot size and particle count.
# Third-Generation Sequencing in Clinical Practice: The New Era of Precision Medicine?
## 1 Introduction  
Ten years ago, Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) released their first long-read sequencers, paving the way for the \"third-generation sequencing\" (TGS) age [1]. The ability to produce long-reads is the distinctive advantage of both technologies, overcoming all known difficulties of conventional short-read sequencing and allowing to characterize complex genomic regions. ONT devices perform a nanopore-based sequencing (NS), on the contrary, PacBio platforms are based on a \"single-molecule real-time\" (SMRT) approach [1]. Later, Illumina and 10X Genomics developed two \"synthetic long-reads\" (SLRs) strategies, not considered TGS methods, because based on short-read technologies [1]. Nowadays, TGS protocols and pipelines are not yet standardized and suffer from a lower accuracy than conventional next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategies (i.e., Illumina and Ion Torrent). Despite this, in the last decade, several approaches have been performed in \"-omic\" sciences. Clinical genomics arises among them, with its main applications in infectious diseases, and inherited and oncologic disorders. Herein, we will discuss the main ONT challenges, a technology that offers great promise in the precision medicine era!
# MLLP-VRAIN Spanish ASR Systems for the Albayzin-RTVE 2020 Speech-to-Text Challenge: Extension
## 4 Closed-Condition Systems
### Experiments and Results
Figure 3: WER as a function of system latency (in seconds) for the closed-condition systems (solid line), computed over the _dev1-dev_ set by trying different values for the search (pruning) parameters. An acoustic window size of 0.6s was used in all cases (plotted points). For comparison, relevant results for the open-condition systems are also shown (dashed line). From the results in _test-2020_, we can observe that, while there is a wide margin between the open- and closed-condition systems, we can still obtain a performant streaming ASR system when using only around 5% of the acoustic data and 2% of the text data. Moreover, the WER reduction entailed by moving from an acoustic latency of 1.5 to 0.6 s in the open-condition system is largely gone in the closed-condition systems: it is almost negligible on _test-2018_ and just 0.5 WER on _test-2020_. Furthermore, lifting the text data restriction, the _closed-streaming_1500 ms_nt2018_ system is able to shed over 3 WER points, from 23.1 to 19.9 WER, that is, about a 15% relative improvement and not far behind the top-performing systems submitted by other participants under open conditions. Regarding this change from the closed-condition LM to the unrestricted LM, both in the 1500 ms and the 600 ms window sizes, most of the improvement is due to the substitution rate: from 10.7 to 7.3 in the 1500 ms case, and from 10.9 to 7.4 in the 600 ms case. This accounts mostly for the unrestricted LM retrieving the correct word due to its expanded lexicon--the OOV rate fell from 0.8 to 0.6, as previously mentioned--or due to better tuned LM probabilities. Some examples of correctly recognized words that were errors in the closed-condition LM are \"desaccreditarme\", \"dosificador\" or \"hermeneuta\".
## 2 Design of the Unit Cell and Simulation  
A vivid illustration of the projected metamaterial unit cell illustrated in Figure 1a is a combination of a square-shaped single slit resonator (SSR) and a modified hexagonal metal strip. Figure 1b demonstrates the simulation setup of the unit cell. A 0.035 mm thick copper (annealed) was used for SSR and modified hexagonal-shaped strip. Moreover, the dielectric substance FR-4 (lossy) with a thickness of 1.6 mm was used as a substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a loss tangent of 0.025. The dimension of the square shaped-substrate was 9 \(\times\) 9 \(\times\) 1.6 mm\({}^{3}\). The length and width of the unit cell SSR metal strip were defined as W1 and W2, respectively, while the length and width of the substrate were a and b, respectively. The slit width (g) and height were each 0.2 mm, with a 0.5 mm gap (G) between the two strips of the hexagon. However, the width (w) of all the metal strips in SSR was 0.5 mm, and the width of the hexagonal arm strips (y) was 1 mm. According to the simulation setup of the proposed unit cell (Figure 1b), an EM wave was applied along the z-axis. In addition, a perfect electrical and magnetic boundary were applied consecutively along the x-axis and y-axis. The dimensions of the unit cell, including all parametric values, are listed in Table 1.
# Neutronic Activity for Development of the Promising Alternative Water-Cooled DEMO Concepts
## 2 WCLL-db Blanket Study  
### CAD Geometry Models for WCLL-db Blankets  
#### 2.1.1 WCLL-db Blanket Layout  
A preliminary CAD design elaborated for one WCLL-db blanket, Figure 1, serves as a basis for the neutronic model's development. The WCLL-db blanket was developed to have a Single-Module-Segment casing composed of a U-shaped first wall (FW) and a manifold or a collector with a 50 mm thick back supporting wall (BSW). The 12 mm thick vertical stiffening plates connecting the BSW and the FW secure the integrity of the blanket. A liquid PbLi eutectic (Pb15.7 Li, 90% \({}^{6}\)Li enrichment) is fed through a chimney attached to the back supporting wall; it passes the manifold and then goes up to an upper spreader. A breeder zone (BZ) of the WCLL-db is cooled similarly to the reference design [3] by the pressurized water (155 bar) with 290 \({}^{\circ}\)C and \(\sim\)320 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature in the inlet and the outlet channels, respectively. Water pipes in the BZ are made of Eurofer steel, and they are combined in several poloidal blocks with separate inlet and outlet feeding pipes. The water pipes have a double bundle structure with central water and outer presser tubes. A gap between the central and the pressure tube helps to avoid contact between the water and the PbLi in case of rupture of the inner water tube. The gap is filled with PbBi in order to ensure heat transfer from the PbLi to the water chamber. Such a double bundle structure also serves to minimize the tritium permeation from the PbLi eutectic into the water coolant. The FW is made of Eurofer, and it is supposed to have three layers: an 18 mm thick plasma-faced layer with cooling channels, a 2 mm PbBi separating safety layer similar to the double bundle water tubes, and a 5 mm back layer. Thus, the plasma-facing part of the FW has a 25 mm thickness in total. The side walls of the FW are planned to be thicker to ensure the blanket integrity: the first layer facing the gap between blankets is 43 mm thick, followed by the 2 mm PbBi layer and 5 mm steel back layer to make up 50 mm thickness in total. The plasma-faced surface of the FW is covered with 2 mm tungsten armor. The manifold made of Eurofer steel has three radial chambers filled with pressurized water. It has 220 mm radial thickness on both the inboard (IB) and outboard (OB) sides. Two front 30 mm thick walls form the 5 mm thick camera filled with PbBi eutectic. The BZ radial thickness in the reactor mid-plane is 440 mm and 645 mm on the IB and OB sides, respectively.