## 5 Conclusions  
The SE Tyrrhenian Sea hosts a large number of volcanic seamounts, many of which are characterized by active hydrothermal vents or features associated with past volcanic and hydrothermal activity. Magnetic data serve as a powerful tool for delineating the boundaries of magnetized sources, providing a first-level indication of the potential presence of mineral deposits, such as nodules, massive sulfides, and ferromanganese crusts -- features of growing interest in the context of deep-sea mining. High-resolution analyses can further reveal localized, partially demagnetized zones within volcanic structures, which are frequently associated with hydrothermal systems, particularly in areas where volcanic activity has experienced rejuvenation. Geophysical anomalies arise from variations in rock magnetization and density and volcanic and intrusive activity that alter crustal heat flow and hydrothermal re-mineralization, resulting in localized demagnetization. Notably, the Palinuro and Marsili seamounts exhibit clear geophysical and morphological signatures of such processes. The Palinuro volcanic chain (including the Palinuro Seamount, as well as Glabro, Enotrio, Ovidio, and Diamante) is well known for its active and fossil hydrothermal fields, hosting metal accumulation in a tectonically controlled setting. On the other hand, Marsili, the largest submarine volcano in Europe, shows evidence of recent volcanic activity and widespread demagnetized areas, suggesting ongoing or past hydrothermal circulation. In response to the increasing awareness of the ecological value and vulnerability of these environments, the Italian government has adopted a precautionary approach by establishing extensive Ecological Protection Zones aimed at safeguarding these fragile and largely unexplored marine ecosystems. A comparative analysis of the SE Tyrrhenian hydrothermal systems reveals a diverse spectrum of geological settings, from emergent island volcanoes to deeply submerged spreading ridges. Vulcano and Panarea represent shallow, highly accessible analogs to mid-depth vent systems, with a strong emphasis on ecosystem sensitivity and biogeochemical cycling. In contrast, Palinuro and Marsili display larger-scale tectono-magmatic processes with well-developed hydrothermal imprints, localized demagnetization, and a greater potential for polymetallic resource accumulation. While Palinuro exhibits strong tectonic segmentation and metal-rich deposits, Marsili appears as a classic ridge-type volcanic system with axial hydrothermalism. From an environmental perspective, shallow sites like Panarea are critically sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance due to their established biota and shallow venting, while deeper structures may offer more controlled access for future DSM evaluation, albeit with considerable ecological uncertainty. These distinctions highlight the need for site-specific assessments that integrate geological potential and environmental vulnerability before advancing any resource-related activities. Going forward, integrated studies that combine geophysical imaging, geochemical sampling, and ecological monitoring are essential to assess the feasibility of any DSM initiatives. A site-specific and precautionary approach must guide future exploration strategies, ensuring that scientific understanding and environmental stewardship evolve in tandem. The SE Tyrrhenian region exemplifies both the promise and the complexity of seabed mineral resources in active volcanic arcs, offering valuable insights but also demanding rigorous safeguards. Conceptualization, S.P., R.D.R. and M.S. ; methodology, S.P. and R.D.R. ; investigation, all authors; data curation, S.P., R.D.R., S.T. and M.V. ; writing\(-\)original draft preparation, All Authors; project administration S.P. and M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This manuscript was developed as part of Objective 1 (OR1) of the PON Marine Hazard project (PON \"R&C\" 2007-2013\(-\)Call D.D. 713/Ric.