## 1 Introduction
### Challenges to the Widespread Adoption of EVs  
In addition to the inherent advantages of electric vehicle (EVs), there are several challenges that must be acknowledged. Without eliminating them, it will be difficult to make EVs a staple in the lives of most people. In the present era, a significant emphasis is being placed by the vehicle industry, researchers, and institutions on EVs, with the primary objective of enhancing their performance, reliability, and safety. The analysis of the impact on the existing electric infrastructure due to the introduction of EVs is currently underway. As the popularity of EVs continues to grow in the transportation sector, it is anticipated that the existing grid system will undergo significant advancements in order to accommodate this shift [47; 48]. Figure 3 illustrates the barriers to EV adoption. In addition to the challenges, there exist a multitude of other barriers that contribute to the suboptimal utilization of EVs for transportation purposes. Some of the most significant challenges that must be addressed before the widespread adoption of EVs may occur are discussed below:  
Range Anxiety: One of the primary concerns among prospective EV buyers is the restricted driving range offered by these vehicles. The phenomenon known as \"range anxiety\" pertains to the apprehension that an EV may exhaust its energy reserves prior to reaching its intended destination. EVs differ from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in terms of their limited driving range. Consequently, EVs necessitate frequent recharging during long-distance journeys, which can be perceived as inconvenient. Despite recent advancements in battery technology that have extended the range of EVs, significant challenges persist in terms of their limited travel distance between charging sessions. Moreover, the operational range of an EV may experience a reduction when utilized in conjunction with energy-intensive equipment or during inclement weather conditions. High Initial Cost: A significant drawback is the elevated cost associated with the acquisition of EVs. EVs generally incur higher costs compared to ICE vehicles due to the necessity of utilizing more costly battery technology. Despite the ongoing advancements in technology and economies of scale, the cost of EVs remains a deterrent for potential consumers. The replacement or repair of EV batteries incurs significant expenses, thereby contributing to the overall cost of ownership. Insufficient charging infrastructure: The absence of a dependable charging infrastructure poses a significant obstacle for EVs. This phenomenon is particularly evident in underdeveloped regions or countries, where the scarcity of charging stations poses a significant deterrent for drivers considering the adoption of EV. The absence of charging infrastructure raises additional concerns regarding the range. Concerns may arise among EV drivers regarding the availability of charging stations when embarking on long-distance journeys. Battery Technology Constraints: The selection of battery technology plays a crucial role in determining the practicality and feasibility of EVs. Significant advancements have been made in battery technology; however, notable constraints still exist within the current state of the art. The energy density of battery technology currently falls significantly short when compared to that of liquid fuels utilized in internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. When  
Figure 3: Major challenges to the widespread adoption of EVs. estimating the range of an EV, it is crucial to take this factor into account. In addition, the duration needed for recharging a battery is significantly greater compared to the duration needed for refueling a vehicle equipped with an internal combustion engine. The presence of these constraints poses a challenge in achieving comparable levels of ease and variation. Overloaded Power Grids: One additional obstacle to the widespread adoption of EVs pertains to the possibility of overburdening the power grid as a result of increased usage.