esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Routing Protocols for Mobile Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey on Challenges and Solutions
## 5 Future Work
### Privacy-Aware Routing  
Researchers have addressed the information security issues in a number of works that address false data injection, authentication failure, and other security attacks over data confidentiality and integrity [30; 48; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86]. However, there is very negligible work available for privacy-aware routing. We note that the that the RPL nodes exchange, besides the data transmission, metadata to establish routing paths and communicate data e.g., communication endpoints, message timing, parent node's location/ID, load information, rate of energy usage, etc. Furthermore, it is noted that this information can be extracted from the content of the network traffic [87], which demands additional efforts to protect the privacy of individual nodes within the network.
# Drift Potential Characteristics of a Flat Fan Nozzle: A Numerical and Experimental Study
###### Abstract
By considering the tree structure, canopy airflow, and sprayer movement, [PERSON] [33] established a three-dimensional (3D) CFD model to evaluate the spray deposition and drift of orchard sprayers and validated the drift measurement of apple orchards with different nozzle configurations. [PERSON] et al. [34] developed an integrated CFD model to predict the velocity distribution inside and around the canopy of an air-assisted pesticide sprayer and compared it with the actual test results. It was found that the simulation reasonably predicted the air distribution of the air-assisted sprayer. [PERSON] et al. [35] established the droplet trajectory and deposition model of a self-made wind sprayer. They explored the droplet deposition characteristics and the influence of the air supply direction on droplet deposition. According to the size parameters of the sprayer, a two-dimensional model of the spray flow field was established. Additionally, the parameters of a discrete-phase model (DPM) were determined, and the droplet deposition on a vertical section at different distances from the nozzle was simulated. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [36] studied the interaction between the continuous and discrete-phases of a droplet particle swarm under the influence of natural wind, auxiliary air curtain stress, and self-gravity. However, the authors did not combine spray tests with fluid mechanics to study the connection between numerical simulation and specific tests. While some researchers conducted experiments with wind tunnel tests to demonstrate the atomization and drift characteristics of different nozzles, others codified the spray effect with CFD. However, few have combined wind tunnels and CFD analysis to verify the accuracy of the results, explore the intrinsic mechanism of deposition drift, or visualize the results of the drift. This study analyzes the droplet spectrum and drift potential characteristics in the spraying process through combined CFD simulations and wind tunnel tests, using Lechler series Lu 120-015 and Lu 120-03 sector pressure nozzles. The simulation was executed by inputting the appropriate model physics and condition parameters in a CFD program. Subsequently, the obtained results were verified and compared through a wind tunnel test, and the findings were interpreted to provide guidance for practical operation.
# A Sustainable Polygeneration System for a Residential Building
## 3 Results
### Performance Analysis
The analysis of internalized costs requires a particular study:
* Similar and attractive costs were found for electricity production in both configurations (less than 0.04 \(\boldsymbol{\upxi}\)/kWh), coming from the PV + PVT field. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**KPI Parameter** & **Location** & **A** & **B** & **C** & **D** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Annual saving (AS\({}_{\text{PS}}\), \(\boldsymbol{\upxi}\)/y)} & 1 & 21,679.5 & 48,177.6 & 39,278.6 & 9415.0 \\  & 2 & 8484.1 & 46,729.8 & 40,209.3 & 10,391.4 \\  & 3 & 34,821.7 & 62,266.6 & 55,296.9 & 24,635.5 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Simple payback (SPB, years)} & 1 & 16.06 & 6.09 & 10.74 & 43.38 \\  & 2 & 39.84 & 6.14 & 9.82 & 37.56 \\  & 3 & 13.72 & 6.39 & 9.39 & 21.01 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Levelised cost of electricity (LCO\({}_{\text{E}}\), \(\boldsymbol{\upxi}\)/kWh)} & 1 & 0.035 & 0.033 & 0.038 & 0.041 \\  & 2 & 0.037 & 0.036 & 0.038 & 0.042 \\  & 3 & 0.037 & 0.035 & 0.038 & 0.039 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Levelised cost of heating (LCO\({}_{\text{SH}}\), \(\boldsymbol{\upxi}\)/kWh\({}_{\text{H}}\))} & 1 & 0.013 & 0.029 & 0.035 & 0.011 \\  & 2 & 0.012 & 0.023 & 0.036 & 0.011 \\  & 3 & 0.017 & 0.030 & 0.040 & 0.014 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Levelised cost of DHW (LCO\({}_{\text{DHW}}\), \(\boldsymbol{\upxi}\)/kWh\({}_{\text{H}}\))} & 1 & 0.013 & 0.029 & 0.035 & 0.011 \\  & 2 & 0.012 & 0.023 & 0.036 & 0.011 \\  & 3 & 0.017 & 0.030 & 0.040 & 0.014 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Levelised cost of cooling (LCO\({}_{\text{CL}}\), \(\boldsymbol{\upxi}\)/kWh\({}_{\text{C}}\))} & 1 & 0.041 & 0.039 & 0.126 & 0.095 \\  & 2 & 0.048 & 0.045 & 0.137 & 0.120 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 3 & 0.045 & 0.041 & 0.139 & 0.123 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Levelised cost of water (LCO\({}_{\text{W}}\), \(\boldsymbol{\upxi}\)/m\({}^{3}\))} & 1 & 1.237 & 0.593 & 0.597 & 1.079 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 2 & 1.204 & 0.598 & 0.598 & 1.083 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 3 & 1.558 & 0.587 & 0.589 & 1.363 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: _Cont._As heating and DHW demands take the heat from the same tank (DHWT), equal costs are found. * Lower costs for heat are estimated if thermally activated technologies take part in the configuration. This is because heat infrastructure is divided into additional demands (MED and SEAC). * Cooling provided by HP is cheaper (about one-third) than using the SEAC for the same purpose. This is explained by its respective COPs, despite the higher cost of electricity versus heat. * The same was found for freshwater provided by RO against MED, taking into account the SEC values of both alternatives. Anyway, the lower costs found in HD and DHW do not compensate for the remaining services, and B is globally the more profitable solution for the three buildings.
# HPS-Net: Multi-Task Network for Medical Image Segmentation with Predictable Performance
## 3 The Proposed HPS-Net
### Loss Functions  
In the posterior network, we used the Kullback-Leibler divergence to penalize the difference between the posterior distribution and the prior distribution. For the likelihood network, cross-entropy loss was used for each latent level to penalize the difference between the segmentation hypothesis and the ground truth of the segmentation (mask). Following the practice of PHiSeg [10], if an input medical image had multiple corresponding masks, then one mask was randomly selected for computing. As all masks were plausible, random selection was therefore reasonable and efficient in this case.  
Figure 5: Example of the network structure of five resolution levels and three latent levels.  
We proposed measure loss to penalize the difference between the predicted measurement value and the ground truth of the measurement. The input of the measure loss includes the ground truth segmentations, the segmentation hypothesis output from each latent level, and the predicted measurement value. The measure loss is formulated as follows:  
\[\mathcal{L}_{ms}=\frac{1}{l}\sum_{i=1}^{l}\mathcal{L}_{i}, \tag{1}\]  
\[\mathcal{L}_{i}=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^{N}(M_{n}-U_{n})^{2},&M_{n} >U_{n}\\ \frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^{N}(M_{n}-L_{n})^{2},&M_{n}<L_{n}\\ 0,&L_{n}\leq M_{n}\leq U_{n}\end{cases}, \tag{2}\]  
\[U_{n}=max\{M(S_{n},S_{nj}):j=1,2,...,m\}, \tag{3}\] \[L_{n}=min\{M(S_{n},S_{nj}):j=1,2,...,m\}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(\mathcal{L}_{ms}\) represents the measure loss, \(l\) is the number of latent levels, \(\mathcal{L}_{i}\) represents the sub-loss of the \(i\)th latent level, \(N\) is the batch size, \(M_{n}\) is the predicted measurement value of the \(n\)th sample, \(U_{n}\) represents the upper bound of the ground truth measurement value of the \(n\)th segmentation hypothesis, \(L_{n}\) represents the lower bound of the ground truth measurement value of the \(n\)th segmentation hypothesis, \(S_{n}\) denotes the \(n\)th segmentation hypothesis, \(m\) is the number of ground truth, \(S_{nj}\) denotes the \(j\)th ground truth of the \(n\)th segmentation hypothesis, and \(M(\cdot\cdot\cdot)\) calculates the measurement value, which can be TPR, TNR, precision, and others.
# A Method to Accurately Estimate Fish Abundance in Offshore Cages
###### Abstract  
Due to the lack of reliable methods, manual fish counting is popular on farms. However, this approach is time and labor intensive. Using an echosounder and the echo-integration technique could be a better alternative. The echo-integration method has been widely used in fish abundance estimation in waterbodies because of its simplicity. However, most of the research is concentrated on the open ocean, whereas fish count estimation in farming cages has not been explored much. Using the echo-integration method in a cage offers its own unique sets of problems. Firstly, the echo signal reflected from the cage boundaries should also be taken into account. Secondly, the fish inside a cage behave differently with time, as their mobility pattern is highly dependent on sunlight and water current. In this paper, fish behavior inside an offshore cage over time was extensively studied, and based on that a real-time fish counter system using a commercial echosounder was developed. The experiments demonstrate that our method is simple, user-friendly, and has an estimation error of less than 10%. Since our method accurately estimated fish abundance, the method should be reliable when making fish management decisions.  
e aco-sounder; fish farming; net; fish abundance estimation; fishery acoustic Article
# A Low-Cost Automated Digital Microscopy Platform for Automatic Identification of Diatoms
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Programmable Illumination  
Brightfield illumination of diatom specimens does not allow revealing their whole structures because they are transparent. Thus, what it is seen are patterns derived from optical reflection, refraction, and diffraction phenomena over the three-dimensional structure of a diatom frustule. It is possible to improve the lateral spatial resolution and accentuate the contrast of three-dimensional structures--obtaining a pseudo-relief effect--by applying different modalities of brightfield illumination [24; 25; 26].  
In order to achieve different brightfield illumination modalities, a light filter could be located in the substage back focal plane of the condenser (see the details in Figure 3). The mechanical link is achieved by a customized coupler made by 3D printing. Applying the appropriate mask through the filter, it is possible to modify the direction of incident light to the objective. To customize the desired mask in a very flexible way, a projector LCD color screen is used. The LCD screen has a resolution of 320 \(\times\) 240 pixels, and it is connected through an HDMI interface to a Raspberry Pi Zero based controller for programming the desired mask filters. In this configuration, the filter mask consists of an image displayed on the LCD screen sent from the Raspberry Pi Zero. In addition to the HDMI interface, the Raspberry controller must have a supplementary connection to the central computational hardware where the user programs run. For this link, we adopted an MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol, a lightweight standard open protocol widely available for wireless connection with a small code footprint conceived of for resource-constrained devices and low bandwidth.  
Figure 5 shows three images to be displayed in the projector LCD screen corresponding to the respective modalities of illumination:  
* Brightfield: This is the classical illumination modality used for diatom observation. The light is transmitted in a parallel direction from the source to the objective through the specimen under observation. The structures that absorb enough light are observed as darker than the bright background.
* Concentric oblique brightfield: In this illumination modality, the light cone is altered, so the central area is masked. Therefore, the specimen is illuminated only by a concentric oblique annular light.
* Eccentric oblique brightfield: When the illumination has a definite direction, the lateral resolution is improved. Furthermore, the three-dimensional nature of specimens is accentuated.  
Figure 4: Backlash derived from the gap between the belt and pulley.  
Figure 5: Projector LCD screen to obtain programmable masks for light filtering. Examples of filters for three different modalities of illumination: (**a**) brightfield, (**b**) concentric oblique brightfield, and (**c**) eccentric oblique brightfield.
# Noise-Free Security Assessment of Eviction Set Construction Algorithms with Randomized Caches
## 2 Background
### Cache Side-Channel Attacks  
In cache-based side-channel attacks, the attacker exploits secret-dependent memory access patterns to extract private information from a victim process. Such attacks require the attacker and the victim processes to share the same cache at some point. In practice, this can occur with processes that are scheduled on the same core and share a L1 cache [26; 27; 28] or with processes that are running on different cores and share the LLC [3; 6; 29; 30; 31]. Cache sharing implies that cache lines from one process can be evicted by another process. These evictions result in timing variations that help the attacker detect the victim's memory accesses.  
Cache-based side-channel attacks are particularly powerful because they are not limited to attacks on cryptosystems [4; 5; 6; 32; 33; 34; 35]. Recent works [36; 37; 38; 39] have shown how cache-based side-channel attacks can bypass many countermeasures that are based on the address space layout randomization (ASLR) mechanism. Other works have shown that cache-based side-channel attacks are possible at any level and for any type of cache memory. For example, attacks on the instruction cache [26; 27; 40], translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) [41] and branch prediction buffers [42] have all been successful.  
Figure 1: (**a**) A set-associative cache and (**b**) the organization of a 4-core memory hierarchy.  
Cache-based side-channel attacks are performed in two steps: a _profiling phase_ and an _exploitation phase_ (see Figure 2). In the profiling phase, the attacker identifies _probe addresses_, whose access patterns may leak information about the victim access patterns; for example, the probe addresses can be related to cryptographic keys [33] or keyboard input events [3]. In the exploitation phase, the attacker modifies the probe address state in the cache of a known state. Then, it waits for a short period of time to allow the victim to potentially change the state of the probe addresses. Finally, the attacker probes the addresses again to determine the accesses made by the victim process.  
These attacks work differently depending on whether the probe addresses are shared (case 1 on Figure 2) or not (case 1). The main difference is that when addresses are not shared, the attacker has to construct an eviction set to perform its attack.
## 7 Conclusions  
During tunnel excavation, excessive seepage can significantly impact construction safety. Increasing the tunnel face support pressure to raise the excavation face water pressure and reduce seepage flow is essential. This paper presents a method for calculating the tunnel face's ultimate support pressure based on seepage control. By introducing a two-dimensional water head distribution formula and a three-dimensional failure mechanism, a stability analysis model for tunnel faces under steady-state seepage conditions in saturated strata is established. The influence of seepage parameters on the ultimate support pressure is analyzed, and the variation in seepage flow under different permeability coefficients and tunnel face water pressure coefficients is explored. Furthermore, a method for calculating the tunnel face support pressure based on seepage control is proposed.  
Based on the two-dimensional Laplace control equation combined with the seepage numerical analysis model, the water head calculation formula under steady-state seepage conditions in saturated soil is derived. This formula is incorporated into the three-dimensional limit analysis model. The calculation results are consistent with existing research, verifying the reliability of the analysis model.  
The ultimate support pressure \(\sigma_{t}\) increases linearly with the water level and the tunnel face water pressure coefficient \(\eta\). The interaction between the water level and \(\eta\) exacerbates the increase in \(\sigma_{t}\). As the water level and \(\eta\) increase, the three-dimensional failure mechanism transitions from an extended forward shape to a more contracted form with a reduction in volume. The influence of \(\eta\) on the failure mechanism shape is significantly greater than that of the water level.  
The tunnel face water pressure coefficient \(\eta\) is mainly influenced by the seepage flow at the tunnel face, the permeability coefficient of the stratum, and the water level. These three parameters can be used to calculate the appropriate \(\eta\). Based on this, a method for calculating the ultimate support pressure of the shield tunnel faces considering seepage control is proposed. Comparative studies with other methods in practical engineering projects demonstrate the superiority of this method and the necessity of considering seepage control. This method allows for a more reasonable calculation of the tunnel face water pressure and support pressure.
# VDGA-Based Resistorless Mixed-Mode Universal Filter and Dual-Mode Quadrature Oscillator
## 9 Comparison with the Prior Similar Circuits  
This study introduces a simple structure for a biquadratic filter and quadrature oscillator circuit, designed without resistors and using only two grounded capacitors. The proposed filter circuit can operate in four modes: VM, TAM, CM, and TIM, with its important parameters electronically adjustable via the transconductance gain (\(g_{m}\)). Meanwhile, the proposed oscillator circuit can generate two modes of sinusoidal signals: VM and CM.  
Based on the comparison in Table 1, it is evident that most of the articles present either a filter or an oscillator circuit. In contrast, the works of [3; 8; 13; 14; 19; 20; 24; 25] are capable of filtering the signal and generating a sine wave. While some oscillator circuits in [8; 13; 19; 24] can produce both VM and CM signals, it is noted that, in [8; 19], the filter circuit operates in only one mode. Only the filters in [13; 24] can function in two modes, VM and CM. Despite the lack of a resistor in [24], the circuit of [13] requires both grounded and floating resistors in [13]. In addition, both articles use computer simulation to verify circuit operations. Neither article conducts experimental circuit testing.  
Consequently, the design proposed in this study provides significant features and practical advantages in terms of flexibility, space saving, and ease of integration with commercial ICs.
## 1 Introduction
Designing and managing such systems necessitate specialized mechanisms that are capable of dynamically switching between RF and FSO links based on the environmental conditions and application requirements. This switching process can introduce latency, which must be taken into account when maintaining uninterrupted operations, especially for real-time IoT applications. In addition, managing hybrid systems in highly dynamic environments adds additional complexity; this is due to the rational allocation of resources required to adapt to changing network conditions and ensure the required quality of experience (QoE). To resolve the mentioned issues, we develop mathematical tools based on the apparatus of continuous-time Markov chains. The main contributions of this paper are as follows. We introduce a novel model for hybrid RF/FSO communication, detailing the definitions of key parameters, including the transition intensities between neighboring states in the corresponding Markov chain. A system of differential equations for state probabilities is derived, enabling the analysis of transient behavior in the hybrid system. Furthermore, closed-form expressions for steady-state probabilities and system losses are obtained. Leveraging the proposed model, we evaluate the performance of hybrid RF/FSO communication across various scenarios and provide optimization recommendations. Thus, our work represents a pioneering contribution to the field, providing a foundational framework for the analysis and optimization of hybrid RF/FSO communication systems. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the preliminary approaches. In Section 3, the system model is proposed and closed-form expressions of state probabilities are derived for the hybrid RF/FSO channel. Section 4 offers an analysis of the results, and Section 5 concludes the paper.