## 3 Results  
Table 1 and Figure 5 provide descriptive statistics for the stone casts and printed models from the four tested groups (ALG, AA, PVS-2, and DIGITAL) and the typodont master cast in each dimension (horizontal anteroposterior straight [HAPS], horizontal anteroposterior curved [HAPC], horizontal cross-arch [HCA], and vertical [V]). Testing of the first null hypothesis required four comparisons (ALG vs. typodont master model, AA vs. typodont master model, PVS-2 vs. typodont master model, and DIGITAL vs. typodont master model) for each dimension (Table 2). Pairwise comparisons were performed using t-tests; these revealed that the HAPS, HAPC, HCA, and V dimensions on the typodont master model and the stone casts and digital models were significantly different (\(p\) < 0.001), except for PVS-2 in the HAPS and HAPC dimensions (\(p\) > 0.05) and ALG and AA in the HAPC dimension (\(p\) > 0.05). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Typodont Master**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ALG**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PVS-2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DIGITAL**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Model**} & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Dimension (mm)** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** \\ \hline HAPS & 14.82 & 0.00 & 14.91 * & 0.08 & 14.78 * & 0.03 & 14.84 & 0.05 & 15.14 * & 0.05 \\ \hline HAPC & 40.77 & 0.00 & 40.67 & 0.18 & 40.75 & 0.08 & 40.74 & 0.09 & 41.11 * & 0.08 \\ \hline HCA & 44.52 & 0.00 & 44.40 * & 0.11 & 44.74 * & 0.07 & 44.64 * & 0.07 & 44.90 * & 0.07 \\ \hline Vertical & 4.31 & 0.00 & 4.06 * & 0.06 & 4.11 * & 0.02 & 4.26 * & 0.02 & 4.12 * & 0.02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Significant compared to the typodont master model at \(p\) \(\leq\) 0.05. SD, standard deviation; ALG, alginate; AA, alginate alternative; PVS-2, two-step putty-light body polyvinyl siloxane; HAPS, horizontal anteroposterior straight; HAPC, horizontal anteroposterior curved; HCA, horizontal cross-arch.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Measurements of stone casts, printed models, and the typodont master model (mm). In general, all the measurements of stone casts produced by the PVS-2 impression material were lower than those for the master cast in the HAPC (\(p>0.05\)) and V (\(p<0.01\)) dimensions but were higher than those for the master cast in the HAPS (\(p>0.05\)) and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Horizontal** **Anteroposterior** **Straight Test Value = 14.82**} \\ \hline  & **t (df)** & **Mean diff. (95\% CI)** & \(p\) \\ \hline ALG & 3.24 (9) & 0.08 (0.02, 0.14) & 0.010 \\ \hline AA & \(-\)3.88 (9) & \(-\)0.04 (\(-\)0.07, \(-\)0.02) & 0.004 \\ \hline PVS-2 & 0.76 (9) & 0.01 (\(-\)0.02, 0.05) & 0.470 \\ \hline DIGITAL & 18.61 (9) & 0.32 (0.28, 0.35) & \(<\)0.001 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Horizontal** **Anteroposterior** **Curved Test Value = 40.77**} \\ \hline ALG & \(-\)1.74 (9) & \(-\)0.10 (\(-\)0.23, 0.03) & 0.116 \\ \hline AA & \(-\)0.59 (9) & \(-\)0.02 (\(-\)0.07, 0.04) & 0.570 \\ \hline PVS-2 & \(-\)1.03 (9) & \(-\)0.03 (\(-\)0.10, 0.04) & 0.331 \\ \hline DIGITAL & 13.60 (9) & 0.33 (0.28, 0.40) & \(<\)0.001 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Cross-Arch Test Value = 44.52**} \\ \hline ALG & \(-\)3.39 (9) & \(-\)0.12 (\(-\)0.20, \(-\)0.04) & 0.008 \\ \hline AA & 9.97 (9) & 0.21 (0.16, 0.26) & \(<\)0.001 \\ \hline PVS-2 & 5.26 (9) & 0.12 (0.07, 0.17) & 0.001 \\ \hline DIGITAL & 17.84 (9) & 0.38 (0.33, 0.43) & \(<\)0.001 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Vertical Test Value = 4.31**} \\ \hline ALG & \(-\)13.30 (9) & \(-\)0.25 (\(-\)0.29, \(-\)0.20) & \(<\)0.001 \\ \hline AA & \(-\)28.41 (9) & \(-\)0.20 (\(-\)0.21, \(-\)0.18) & \(<\)0.001 \\ \hline PVS-2 & \(-\)7.02 (9) & \(-\)0.06 (\(-\)0.07, \(-\)0.03) & \(<\)0.001 \\ \hline DIGITAL & \(-\)26.20 (9) & \(-\)0.19 (\(-\)0.21, \(-\)0.17) & \(<\)0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}