## 3 Results
### Specific Findings
#### 3.2.2 Driver Emotion Modulation Based on Unisensory and Multisensory Inputs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Sensory** & **Driver** & **Driving** & **Effectiveness of Driver Emotion** & **Cultural** & **Human** \\  & **Input(s)** & **Emotion(s)** & **Performance** & **Modulation** & **Factors** & **Factors** \\ \hline  & & & & & unexpected sounds generally had a & & \\  & & & & & & negative effect; ambient lighting could be & & \\  & & & & & alarming or distracting, but also calming, & & \\  & & & & & depending on its brightness, position, and & & \\  & & & & & personal familiarity with it; empathetic & & \\  & & & & voice interaction proved effective in & & \\  & & & & enhancing driver focus and providing & & \\  & & & & empathy during negative emotional states & & \\ \hline  & & & & audio feedback was great; feedback was & & \\  & & & & & great; distraction came from “dislikes” & & \\  & & & & on the road & & \\ \hline  & & & & & the following factors influenced the & & \\  & & & & positive emotions of the participants: & & \\  & & & & (1) ambient lighting (28.3\%), (2) visual & & & cognition \\  & & & & notification (20\%), empathetic & & \\  & & & & assistant (15\%) & & \\ \hline  & & & & participants in the reappraisal-down & & & \\  & & & & condition had better driving behaviors & & \\  & & & & and reported less negative emotions & & \\ \hline  & & & & & voice assistant, navigating the driver & & \\  & & & & through complex menus & & \\ \hline  & & & & & self-selected music encouraged aggression; & & \\  & & & & sad music boosted heart rates & & \\ \hline  & & & & & music with specific tempos or familiarity & & \\  & & & & significantly improved driving performance & & \\ \hline  & & & & & self-selected music resulted in & & \\  & & & & less frustration & & \\  & & & & & & differences \\ \hline  & & & & music had a positive effect, whereby it & & \\  & & & & increased drivers’ caution & & \\ \hline  & & & & & low-activation music could reduce & \\  & & & & systolic reactivity & & \\ \hline  & & & & & submissive voice increased & & \\  & & & & emotion regulation & & \\ \hline  & & & & & automatic adjustment of music in & \\  & & & & response to drivers’ mood could reduce & & \\  & & & & traffic accidents & & \\ \hline  & & & & & positive comments were more effective in & \\  & & & & & reducing drivers’ anger state and & \\  & & & & perceived workload, and in improving & & \\  & & & & driving performance & \\ \hline  & & & & & & angry speech improved reaction times & & cognition \\ \hline  & & & & & warnings associated with the environment & & \\  & & & & worked best & & \\ \hline  & & & & conscious audio interventions increased & & \\  & & & & the number of driving mistakes; audio & & \\  & & & & interventions need to be tailored & & \\  & & & & according to driver’s personality & & \\ \hline  & & & & & personalized speech can curb angry & & \\  & & & & behavior and lower driving risks & & \\ \hline  & & & & music or reports could affect & & \\  & & & & negative emotions & & \\ \hline  & & & & & customized personal music was more & & \\  & & & effective in regulating emotions & & & \\ \hline  & & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._From a sensory perspective, the primary modalities explored in driver emotion modulation include haptic (\(n=3\), 9%), vocal (\(n=21\), 62%), visual (\(n=8\), 24%), temperature (\(n=2\), 6%), and olfactory (\(n=5\), 14%) stimulation. Among these studies, several studies focus on unisensory methods (\(n=29\), 85%), and a few examine multisensory methods (\(n=5\), 15%). Voice modulation used speech and music. Visual adjustments utilized images or ambient lighting. In addition, some studies incorporated cognitive methods for emotion modulation. From an emotional standpoint, most studies focus on modulating negative emotions (\(n=29\), 6%), while some scholars [17; 52; 53; 55; 56; 65; 67] mention that positive emotions and stress also require modulation because it can increase arousal due to increased speed.