## 4 Discussion  
Dementia is a complex condition involving the disruption of cortical function along with adverse effects on memory, reasoning, orientation, learning capacity, and emotional stability. Progressive dementia is associated with AD, a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by excessive accumulation of neuritic plaques and neuronal loss, including abnormal tau proteins and \(\beta\)-amyloid. A depletion of the neurotransmitter, ACh,  
Figure 8: Effects of Brainon on cell death-related protein expression in the memory deficit mice hippocampal tissues. (**A**) Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved poly (adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein was analyzed using western blotting. (**B**) The density of the protein bands was determined utilizing the software. Protein was normalized using the GAPDH. Values are represented as means \(\pm\) SEM (\(n=3\)). #\(p<0.01\) vs. Normal group; *\(p<0.01\) vs. SCO-treated group. Figure 7: Effects of Brainon on anti-inflammation related mRNA expression in the memory deficit mice hippocampal tissues. Interleukin (IL)-1\(\beta\), IL-6, and tumor factor necrosis (TNF)-\(\alpha\) was evaluated by real-time qPCR. The levels of IL-1\(\beta\), IL-6, and TNF-\(\alpha\) mRNA were normalized utilizing the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as control. Values are represented as means \(\pm\) SEM (\(n=3\)). ##\(p<0.01\) vs. Normal group; *\(p<0.05\) and **\(p<0.01\) vs. SCO-treated group. occurs in patients with AD. Degeneration of the cholinergic neurons is also an crucial factor that contributes toward the development of dementia [15]. In this study, mice were tested to a passive avoidance test and an MWM task in a spatial memory trial to assess their learning abilities and memory deficits [6]. SCO treatment significantly decreased cognitive function as reported in a previous study [16]. However, Brainon treatment recovered the decreased step-through latency and reduced escape latency and swim distance in passive avoidance performance and MWM trials, respectively. ACh establishes synaptic connections between neurons; it plays an important role in the CNS and is related to cognition and memory [17]. ACh is hydrolyzed by AChE. Increased ACh levels resulting from AChE inhibition enhance learning and memory by improving cholinergic deficiency [15; 18]. Acting as a non-selective muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, SCO causes cholinergic dysfunction that leads to impaired learning and memory. It is known that AChE inhibitors antagonize the effects of scopolamine on spatial memory in the radial arm maze [19] in the Morris Water maze and in passive avoidance tests [20; 21]. This suggests a strong correlation between anti-AChE activity and the ability to oppose these amnestic effects of scopolamine [22]. We administered SCO to mice to induce cholinergic neurodegeneration alongside cognitive deficiency and confirmed the decline in ACh levels and increase in AChE activity [23]. We discovered that Brainon treatment significantly enhanced ACh levels and decreased AChE activity in the hippocampal of SCO-injected mice. SCO-induced neurodegeneration results in a decrease in cholinergic activity and BDNF as well as the inhibition of phosphorylated CREB expression in the hippocampal tissue [4]. High BDNF expression in the CNS, particularly in the hippocampus, is a neurotrophic factor that modulates the growth and survival of neurons. BDNF enhances synaptic plasticity and regulates memory formation by increasing the activity of enzymes related to ACh synthesis [24]. CREB also leads to neuronal synaptic plasticity through the expression of downstream targets of Bcl-2 and neuroprotective effectiveness against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-caused cell toxicity [25; 26]. Disturbance of phosphorylated CREB indicates neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD as well as Huntington's and Parkinson's disease [25; 27]. In this study, we assessed the relevance of the CREB-BDNSF signaling mechanism in AD.