# Attention-Survival Score: A Metric to Choose Better Keywords and Improve Visibility of Information
## 2 Literature Review  
The International Organization for Standardization defines keywords as a word or group of words, possibly in a lexicographically standardized form, taken out of a title or the text of a document characterizing its content and enabling its retrieval [1]. Apart from texts, keywords are often used to describe the content of a work by using words that contain the essential topics or themes that are represented in the work. For example, papers in the scientific community frequently come with a set of keywords, typically six. When authors decide what keywords they want to use for their manuscripts, we call them author keywords. The author can choose these keywords freely or from a prespecified list of terms [2]. Sometimes, keywords are extracted using automatic procedures. This is the case for KeyWords Plus, where keywords are selected from the titles of articles cited in the references section [3]. Keywords can have multiple applications, with one of the most used being information retrieval, where the scientific community uses keywords to search for information on certain topics [4; 5; 6]. Keywords are also used to easily identify the most relevant content of an article, study the behavior of authors [7; 8], map the structure of the science [9], or build a taxonomy, among others [10]. In order to detect research trends [11], author-defined keywords are used to represent topics in an ex ante approach, called author-defined keyword frequency prediction (AKFP), to detect research trends. Another example is searching by keywords using a traditional web service [12]. Nowadays, plenty of search engines enable researchers to discover papers by typing in a set of keywords. Search engine users prefer this approach because users do not worry about grammatical rules; hence, they require less time and effort to formulate a query [13]. Then the search engine presents a list of recommended papers related to keywords, and the researcher can choose from them. This process was analyzed by [14], who proposed a method to refine this recommendation process by choosing popular articles and very correlated keywords. Aside from articles, keywords also have different degrees of popularity [15]. Keyword popularity is a topic that has gained attention in the field of marketing research. [16] studied the different behaviors among customers who searched for popular terms and customers who used less popular keywords, concluding that the second group of customers spent more effort on their search process and were more likely to buy something in the end. It is also relevant to note that author keywords can prevent interpretation biases by other authors [8]. Nevertheless, author keywords are not free from other types of biases, as there are differences between experienced and nonexperienced authors [6]. Authors' behavior when choosing keywords was studied by [5]. This paper performed a study on the habits of authors and editors regarding keywords, finding that, in the case of authors, it was very common to simply select as many keywords as desired, while editors tended to let authors choose the keywords for a manuscript. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2003) also focused on the problems generated by the inability of some authors to choose good keywords and the inefficiency of search systems. Some of the problems mentioned are the use of ambiguous keywords and the overuse of keywords without justification. For authors, it is crucial to select the correct keywords so that their papers are more easily visible to others. At the same time, from an editor's point of view, having a manuscript with proper keywords can help them improve their journal's impact [17]. Some strategies have been proposed to mitigate the effects of selecting poor keywords. For example, [2] grouped terms with a similar meaning into single primary terms, while [9], in addition to removing excessively specific words, divided generic terms into specific ones. Intuitively, it seems that using overly generic or overly specific keywords is bad practice.