## 4 Fairness-Aware Machine Learning Based Power and RB Allocation with Multiple Relays
### Relays Deployment and Users Association
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \begin{tabular}{c} **SAMM** \\ **Equal** \\ **Power** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **SAMM** \\ **BOPA** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **SAMM** \\ **NN** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **MT Equal** \\ **Power** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **MT BOTA** \\ **LERPA**[11] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{l} Energy Efficiency \\ (Mbps/Watts) \\ System average throughput \\ (Mbps) \\ Throughput fairness index \\ \end{tabular} & 0.5128 & 0.5481 & 1.0630 & 0.6660 & 0.5202 & 0.8862 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Simulation Results. Figure 22: The system energy efficiency with neural network for SAMM which is trained on waterfilling based power allocation among users and BOPA based power allocation among subchannels along with LERPA of [11] in a multiple relays scenario. geographical location of the users. Therefore, the worse-case computational complexity is given as \(\mathcal{O}(max_{k}Ki)\). ## 6 Conclusions

In this paper, we have investigated the impact of using single and multiple L3 relays in terms of EE and throughput. For a single relay scenario, equal power and BoparA are used in conjunction with the SAMM and MT RB allocation algorithms. Simulation results show that SAMM BoparA has 26% power saving when compared with MT BoparA. Whereas, when comparing SAMM with equal power allocation to all RBs, our proposed scheme gives 77% increase in EE. For a multiple relay scenario, a clustering scheme is proposed that addresses relay placement and users' association. This information acts as an input to a machine learning process (SAMM NN) that cognizes both the SAMM and BoparA approaches using One-Vs-All classification and feedforward neural networks, respectively. The SAMM NN approach when compared with the SAMM Equal Power, gives a 2.07 times increase in EE at the cost of 0.72 times decrease in throughput. A SAMM BoparA approach adopted in the case of single relay still provided the best tradeoff in terms of energy efficiency EE, throughput and fairness in the case of multiple relays. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed the key idea and defined the main system model. [PERSON] and [PERSON] assisted with the system model and the mathematical analysis. [PERSON] developed the machine learning framework. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] developed the model for multiple relay scenario, relay selection and user association. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analysed all the results and added the relevant discussions. All authors contributed to the paper write up. This research was supported in part by King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology Project under Grant PC-37-66. This research was also partially supported by European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant 668995, European Union Regional Development Fund in the framework of the Tallinn University of Technology Development Program 2016-2022, and NATO-SPS funding grant agreement No. G5482. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: \begin{tabular}{l l} BER & Bit Error Rate \\ Bopar & Bisection based Optimal Power Allocation \\ BS & Base Station \\ CA & Carrier Aggregation \\ CoMP & Coordinated Multipoint \\ CSI & Channel State Information \\ EE & Energy Efficiency \\ JFI & Jains Fairness Index \\ L3 & Layer 3 \\ LTE-A & Long Term Evolution Advanced \\ MIMO & Multiple-input multiple-output \\ MQAM & M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation \\ MT & Maximum Throughput \\ OFDM & Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing \\ PF & Proportional Fairness \\ QoS & Quality of service \\ RB & Resource Block \\ RN & Relay Node \\ RR & Round Robin \\ SAMM & hybrid proportional fairness scheme \\ \end{tabular} 

SINRsignal-to-interference-and-noise ratio SNRsignal-to-noise ratio TTI Transmission Time Interval UEUser Equipment

## References

* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2004) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Energy efficiency enhancements in radio access networks.