# Determinants of Emotion Recognition System Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia
## 2 Literature Review
### Theoretical Framework  
The development of ERS modalities and applications has been discovered to be promising and beneficial, and the trend (see Figure 1) shows that the field of study related to ERS will be further expanded, especially in the direction of IR 5.0. As discussed in Section 1, this paper will identify the factors impacting the readiness of users in adopting ERS; therefore, the technology adoption theories based on the behavior and intentions of a user in using a technology will be identified in forming the research framework for this study. Previous studies have put forth several theories to elucidate consumers' acceptance of new technologies and their intention to use them. Among these widely used theories are the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [46], the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) [47], the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) [48], and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) [49]. These theories offer valuable insights into understanding technology acceptance, intentions and behaviors of individuals. The primary objective of this study is to gain insights into the readiness of users to adopt ERS; thus, the theoretical framework adopted in this study incorporates the TPB proposed by [47]. By incorporating TPB, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the acceptance of ERS technology. TPB examines the behavioral intentions of individuals, considering their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control [47]. Initially, the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), introduced by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 1975, served as the basis for TPB. TPB extends TRA by incorporating perceived behavioral control as a new determinant. An individual's attitude towards a behavior, whether a positive or negative attitude, plays a crucial role in determining their readiness in adopting ERS [47]. Subjective norms refer to the influence of surrounding individuals, such as family or peers, who may approve or disapprove of the behavior [48]. Perceived behavioral control relates to an individual's perception of the ease or difficulty in performing the behavior [47]. Since its inception, TPB has been widely employed to assess social behavior and its impact on an individual's intended behavior, particularly in the context of technology adoption. TPB has proven valuable in understanding how behavior and intention contribute to the adoption of various technologies [50; 51; 52; 53]. In addition to TPB, this study also draws upon the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory introduced by [48]. Given the importance of human-centered design, the DOI theory explains the process of how innovations are communicated and adopted within a social system or society [48; 54]. Specifically, this study incorporates the DOI technology adopter categories, which include innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards, to understand the characteristics of the Malaysian youth in the social system. Both innovators and early adopters play a leadership role in introducing technology to the wider social system [55; 56], while the early majority represent the group that adopts the technology after it has become more significant and widely available, waiting for the innovators and early adopters to possess and validate its usefulness [54; 55; 56]. These three levels of DOI represent the interest in and understanding of the technology within the social system. The late majority refers to individuals who adopt the technology only when it becomes necessary [56; 57], while laggards are the last group to adopt the technology because technological innovations may not significantly impact their daily lives [56; 57]. These two levels of DOI represent low interest and a reduced understanding of technology.