# Antioxidant Activity of _Panax ginseng_ to Regulate ROS in Various Chronic Diseases
## 6 _P. ginseng_ in ROS-Mediated Diseases
### Antioxidant Activities of P. ginseng in Other Diseases
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Cancer Cell** & **Ginseng/Ginsenosides** & **Mechanisms** & **Effect** & **References** \\ \hline \hline
**Esophageal cancer cells** & Ro & ROS\(\uparrow\), CYBB/Nox2\(\uparrow\), LC3B-II\(\uparrow\), ATG\(\uparrow\), ESR2\(\downarrow\), NCF1\(\uparrow\), SQSTM\(\uparrow\)/p62\(\uparrow\), CSTB\(\downarrow\), CSTB\(\downarrow\), CSTB\(\downarrow\), CSTB\(\downarrow\), CCHEK1\(\uparrow\), DDDIT3\(\uparrow\), ATM\(\uparrow\), ATR\(\uparrow\), BRCA1\(\uparrow\), GFP-LC3B puncta\(\uparrow\), Lysosomal pH\(\uparrow\), autophagic vacuoles\(\uparrow\) & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**Neuroblastoma SH-SYSY cell** & Rg1 & ROS\(\downarrow\), JNK\(\uparrow\), caspase-3\(\uparrow\) & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**Astrocytoma CRT-MG cells** & Compound K, ginsengide Rh2 & ROS\(\uparrow\), caspase-3\(\uparrow\), Cyt C\(\uparrow\), p-p38\(\uparrow\), Fas\(\uparrow\), MIP\(\downarrow\) & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**Neuroblastoma SH-SYSY cell** & Ginseng water extract & ROS\(\uparrow\), Bcl-2\(\downarrow\), Bax\(\uparrow\), Cyt C\(\uparrow\), caspase-3\(\uparrow\) & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**GliomaU87 cells** & 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 & ROS\(\uparrow\), p21\(\uparrow\), p16\(\uparrow\), p53\(\uparrow\), Akt\(\uparrow\) & Enhanced ROS generation via Akt-p53/p21-dependent pathways that induced senescence-like growth arrest. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**Glioblastoma U87 MG cells** & Rg3 & Pro-caspase3\(\downarrow\), MEK1/2\(\uparrow\), ROS\(\uparrow\) & Induced apoptosis via ROS and MEK pathway. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**Lung cancer** & Rh1 & \(\uparrow\)P\({}^{\text{83}}\), \(\uparrow\)Bax, \(\uparrow\)caspase 3, A549 cells & Intrinsic pathway. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**Colorectal carcinoma SW-480 and HCT-116** & & & & \\
**Heptomaqn HepG2 cells** & Korean white ginseng extract & Cyt C\(\uparrow\), c-Jun\(\uparrow\), SAPK\(\uparrow\), MDA\(\downarrow\), Caspase-3\(\uparrow\), Ik-b\(\downarrow\), Breat cancer & Intrinsic pathway. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**MDA-MB-231 cells** & Rg3 & NF-kB\(\downarrow\), Bcl-2\(\downarrow\), Akt \(\downarrow\), IkB\(\downarrow\), p-ERK\(\downarrow\) & NF-kB inhibition via Akt and ERK inactivation. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\
**Lung cancer AS49, H1299, and H358 cells** & Rg3 & EMT\(\downarrow\), EGFR \(\downarrow\), MAPK\(\downarrow\), NF-kB\(\downarrow\) & MAPK and NF-kB blocking to induce apoptosis. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: \(\uparrow\) = upregulation, \(\downarrow\) = down regulation, **abbreviations:** ROS = reactive oxygen species, MTP-microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, Bax-BC-associated-2 protein, Cyt C-cytochrome C, LC-3-light chain-3I, Atg-5-autophagy-related 5, MMP-matrix metalloproteinase, NF-kB-nuclear factor kappa B, XIAP-X linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, CFIP-cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein, H2 id-truncated Bid, JNKS-cJun N-terminal kinase, ERK-carcellular signal-regulated kinase, CHOP-C/EBP homogeneous protein, PARP-Poly (2 DDP ribose) polymerase-1, AMPK-AMP-activated protein kinase, Cox-2-Cycloxygenase-2, PGE-2-Porselational EE, Smac-second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase, MAPK-mitoogen-activated protein kinase, ASK-1- apoptosis signal-regulating kinase, NCF-1-neutrophill cytosolic factor-1, CSTB-Cystatin B, CSTB-Cystatin D, EGFR-epidermal ATR-Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated, and EGFR-epidermal growth factor receptor. DDT3-DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein, ATM-Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated, ATR-Ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad-3 related, BRCA-1-breast cancer gene-1, EMT-epithelial mesenchymal transition, and EGFR-epidermal growth factor receptor.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._chondrial DNA that promotes ROS production which damages mtDNA [174]. However, ginseng Rd consumption for one month quickens the cellular senescence to increase the antioxidant enzyme GPx and GR in mitochondria [175].