## 2 Literature Review
### Challenges of Industry 4.0 during the Implementation Process  
Even though Industry 4.0 would generate economic advantages, there remain challenges to its adoption. The early development of Industry 4.0 is a contentious issue among practitioners and researchers. Numerous scientific, economic, social, political, and technical dimensions may be used to recognize the challenges of Industry 4.0 [43]. During the preliminary phase of implementing Industry 4.0, first, organizations will confront barriers to adopting this new revolution that include acknowledging implementation necessity and preparing the corporation's transition procedures [44]. Before initiating a transition, management has several considerations and concerns regarding the risks associated with the procedures as well as the marginal profits that will result from the adoption of Industry 4.0. These concerns are the impediments to Industry 4.0 adoption. The most likely cause of reluctance among companies preparing to launch an Industry 4.0 effort is the possibility that investment costs may exceed the anticipated growth of a firm, ultimately resulting in an economic deficit [44]. Industry 4.0 is difficult, and its advancement is a building-block procedure. According to a survey conducted by [PERSON] et al. [45], one of the challenges faced by firms in implementing Industry 4.0 is a lack of financing for its maintenance. According to a survey conducted by [PERSON] et al. [46], one of the biggest challenges that SMEs face is the high cost of investing in information technology (IT) infrastructures, machine parts, and, last but not least, the costs for technical training and IT personnel. Improving or replacing old IT infrastructures is expensive, which is a problem for all companies [47]. Massive investments in modern IT infrastructure relevant to Industry 4.0 are required for industrial IoT development [48]. According to [PERSON]'s [33] research, companies need financial support to invest in or join Industry 4.0 roadmaps. Further, the preliminary phase of implementing Industry 4.0 has cost implications such as professional consultation, advanced technology through all levels of the organization, high-performance communication and information technologies, infrastructure, highly skilled workforces, and the re-engineering and re-evaluation that will be formed to build the Industry 4.0 platform. Another challenge associated with implementing Industry 4.0 is the uncertainty around its potential financial benefits [49]. Management is hesitant to implement Industry 4.0 due to cost and benefit concerns. Time constraints are another challenge that management faces. The transition to an Industry 4.0 infrastructure is labor-intensive process [50]. Many experts have estimated that it will take 20 years for the manufacturing sector as a whole to make the transition to Industry 4.0 [51]. More specifically, a firm needs a minimum of 10 years to lay out a solid digital foundation [52]. Multiple configurations of smart devices are needed for a full Industry 4.0 platform, which take time and money to build before the platform can be used in manufacturing industries [53]. Regarding managing time, management faces two main challenges. First, the time needed to adopt, test, and execute technologies relevant to Industry 4.0 might have an impact on regular operations. Second, the organization has to establish a mature Industry 4.0 ecosystem, and the benefits of deploying Industry 4.0 will take some time to become apparent [23]. Management is also concerned with improving the human resource development process to implement Industry 4.0. The availability of skilled personnel at various organizational levels to cope with the rising complexity of future manufacturing procedures is also a significant challenge [54], and it is not exclusive to the financial capital necessary to install complicated technology. In the future, autonomous robots will take over low-skilled employment, forcing workers to acquire new competencies connected to the use of smart technologies [55].