# Autostereoscopic 3D Display System for 3D Medical Images
###### Abstract  
Recent advances in autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) display systems have led to innovations in consumer electronics and vehicle systems (e.g., head-up displays). However, medical images with stereoscopic depth provided by 3D displays have yet to be developed sufficiently for widespread adoption in diagnostics. Indeed, many stereoscopic 3D displays necessitate special 3D glasses that are unsuitable for clinical environments. This paper proposes a novel glasses-free 3D autostereoscopic display system based on an eye tracking algorithm and explores its viability as a 3D navigator for cardiac computed tomography (CT) images. The proposed method uses a slit-barrier with a backlight unit, which is combined with an eye tracking method that exploits multiple machine learning techniques to display 3D images. To obtain high-quality 3D images with minimal crosstalk, the light field 3D directional subpixel rendering method combined with the eye tracking module is applied using a user's 3D eye positions. Three-dimensional coronary CT angiography images were volume rendered to investigate the performance of the autostereoscopic 3D display systems. The proposed system was trialed by expert readers, who identified key artery structures faster than with a conventional two-dimensional display without reporting any discomfort or 3D fatigue. With the proposed autostereoscopic 3D display systems, the 3D medical image navigator system has the potential to facilitate faster diagnoses with improved accuracy. medical 3D displays; medical images; coronary CT angiography; 3D heart; autostereoscopic 3D display; eye tracking; light field subpixel rendering +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging  
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Footnote 1: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging  
displays (HUDs) at assistive driving systems to create a more engaging viewing experience. In particular, augmented reality (AR) 3D HUDs via stereoscopic displays are an emerging technology for next-generation vehicles, which can overlay 3D virtual information directly on top of the physical road ahead via combiners placed on the windshield, to reduce the visual disparities between virtual contents and real-world objects [8; 9]. Exsoscope in surgery also offers stereoscopic 3D visualization for shared viewing using special 3D glasses and a 3D monitor. Exsoscope has been introduced as an alternative to conventional operating microscopes by providing shared high resolution 3D displays, which shows magnified and illuminated surgical fields. The benefits of 3D exsoscope usage in the operating room in surgery compared to conventional microscopes has increased interests rapidly in recent years [10; 11]. However, many stereoscopic displays require the viewer to wear special 3D glasses that are unsuitable for clinical environments. The past decade has witnessed several advances in the development of 3D autostereoscopic 3D displays. Glasses-free 3D autostereoscopic displays have provided immersive visual experiences with quality depth of various image applications, which almost matches the 3D quality exhibited by 3D displays requiring 3D glasses (\(\leq\)10% 3D crosstalk) [12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. Multiview autostereoscopic 3D displays can offer natural 3D images using directional pixels with optical layers such as parallax barriers or lenticular lenses [12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. However, Multiview 3D displays have some limitations such as a decrease in image resolution owing to the number of 3D viewpoints and limited 3D viewing zones. The autostereoscopic 3D display technique based on eye tracking, which overcomes these limitations by focusing pixel resources on a single user, provides higher 3D image resolution contents and seamless 3D experiences without restricted positions to avoid 3D crosstalk artifacts [17; 18; 19]. The eye tracking-based autostereoscopic 3D displays can be obtained by the same form factors as flat panel displays and provide motion parallax by tracking the user's eye positions.