## 3 Results  
In the impaction group, 10 maxillary canines (38.46%) underwent apical root resorption, while 16 maxillary canines (61.54%) went through root elongation. Root elongation is due to the completion of root development of these teeth. The extent of root resorption and root elongation were evaluated based on gender, root shape, and duration of the orthodontic treatment (Tables 1 and 2). Figure 1: Cropped CBCT of the impacted upper left canine pre-treatment. C1, crown length before treatment; R1, root length before treatment. Among these ten impacted teeth that had apical root resorption, six teeth belonged to female patients (60%) and four teeth to males (40%). In female patients, the mean apical root resorption found was 0.95 \(\pm\) 0.35 mm (SD) while in male patients it was 1.09 \(\pm\) 0.31 mm (SD). According to the root shape, the mean apical root resorption was 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.44 mm (SD) for teeth with normal root (three elements, 30%); 0.75 mm for the tooth with blunt root (one element, 10%); 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.29 mm (SD) for teeth apically bent (four elements, 40%); 1.27 \(\pm\) 0.12 mm (SD) for teeth with a pipette-shaped root (two elements, 20%). In subjects who underwent an orthodontic treatment duration for less than 24 months (4 patients, 40%), a mean apical root resorption of 0.92 \(\pm\) 0.32 mm (SD) was found. On the other hand, subjects who had orthodontic therapy lasting 24 months or more (six patients, 60%) went through a greater mean apical root resorption, equal to 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.35 mm (SD). The mean root elongation was 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.21 mm (SD) in females (nine patients; 56.25%) and 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.16 mm (SD) in males (seven patients; 43.75%). This difference between female and male subjects was not statistically significant (95% confidence interval; \(p\) = 0.45). The mean root elongation calculated according to root shape were: 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.20 mm (SD) for teeth with normal root (seven elements; 43.75%); 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.15 mm (SD) for teeth with blunt root (four elements; 25%); 0.39 \(\pm\) 0.12 mm (SD) for teeth apically bent (three elements; 18.75%); and 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.09 mm (SD) for teeth with a pipette-shaped root (two elements; 12.5%). The dif \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline  & & **Mean ARR** & **SD** \\ \hline  & & (mm) & \\ \hline Gender & Female (N = 6; 60\%) & 0.95 & 0.35 \\ \hline  & Male (N = 4; 40\%) & 1.09 & 0.31 \\ \hline Root shape & Normal (N = 3; 30\%) & 0.85 & 0.44 \\ \hline  & Blunt (N = 1; 10\%) & 0.75 & \\ \hline  & Apically bent (N = 4; 40\%) & 1.07 & 0.29 \\ \hline  & Pipette-shaped root (N = 2; 20\%) & 1.27 & 0.12 \\ \hline Orthodontic treatment duration & \textless{}24 months (N = 4; 40\%) & 0.92 & 0.32 \\ \hline  & \textgreater{}24 months (N = 6; 60\%) & 1.07 & 0.35 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Mean apical root resorption of the impaction group according to gender, root shape, and orthodontic treatment duration. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline  & & **Mean RE** & **SD** \\ \hline  & & (mm) & \\ \hline Gender & Female (N = 9; 56.25\%) & 0.51 & 0.21 \\ \hline  & Male (N = 7; 43.75\%) & 0.50 & 0.16 \\ \hline  & \(p\) & 0.45 & & NS \\ \hline Root shape & Normal (N = 7; 43.75\%) & 0.61 & 0.20 \\ \hline  & Blunt (N = 4; 25\%) & 0.45 & 0.15 \\ \hline  & Apically bent (N = 3; 18.75\%) & 0.39 & 0.12 \\ \hline  & Pipette-shaped root (N = 2; 12.5\%) & 0.43 & 0.09 \\ \hline Orthodontic treatment duration & \textless{}24 months (N = 10; 62,5\%) 0.48 & 0.16 & \\ \hline  & \textgreater{}24 months (N = 6; 37.5\%) & 0.55 & 0.21 \\ \hline  & \textgreater{}27 & & NS \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean root elongation of the impaction group according to gender, root shape, and orthodontic treatment duration. NS = not significant.