esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results  
### WSN Performance with MICA2 1 st GEN Network  
First, a fire test was conducted with four MICA2 1 st GEN sensors (Figure 3). Node 1 was the witness node without protection located outside the vegetation plot, the nodes 2,3 with Firesensorsock were located inside the area to be burnt. The temperature and humidity curves extracted from the database are presented in Figures 6a-c, which show the data from Node 1, Node 2 and Node 3, respectivelyFirstly, we can observe that the lifetime of each node is preserved because we can clearly observe continuous data transmission in the different curves. The sensors resisted the temperature increase and remained operational, even after the passage of the fire. Node 1 (Figure 6a) is used for setting a reference temperature. This corresponds to the air temperature inside a Firesensorsock, close to the ambient air temperature. The data collected are sent to the base station and then transmitted to the laptop. The measurements collected with Nodes 2 and 3 are provided in Figures 6b and 6c. These curves present the time evolution of temperature and humidity in the Firesensorsock.  
Secondly, with these curves, we are able to determine instants of the thermal impact of the fire on sensors. Then, from these temporal profiles, one can deduce the kinematic properties of a fire front during its spread, and in peculiar, the rate of fire spread. Indeed, one can observe in Figure 6(b),(c) that the flame impact on Node 2 coincides with two significant changes in both the temperature and humidity curves: the temperature curve rises exactly at the arrival of fire at the sensor location. It should be noticed that humidity also increases and this occurs slightly before the temperature rise. This can be related to the evaporation of natural moisture inside the thermal protection and surrounding vegetal fuel. Evaporation is the first step in the thermal degradation of solid materials and it always occurs ahead of the flame front. The nodes transmit their data periodically to the base station. These data are recorded with a time of receipt which never exceeds 5 s, whereas the shortest time scale of the fire front spread is about 250 seconds - namely the flame residence time at a given spatial position. This time scale guarantees that the response time of the WSN is appropriate to capture the faster movement of the overall fireline.  
Thirdly, we can thus determine the rate of fire spread based on the temperature increase. We know that the Node 1 is spaced 9.8 m and 16.8 m apart from Nodes 2 and 3 respectively. The deduced rate of spread is about 4 cm\(\cdot\)s-1. Such a value coincides with the one obtained if the rate of fire spread is computed by using the instant of humidity change. This value was finally confirmed by lateral video recordings. The agreement obtained about the ROS (rate of spread) between the WSN and the video recording is promising because it illustrates the ability of this sensor set to determine kinematic features of the fire in a given direction.
###### Abstract  
Despite an advanced ability to forecast ecosystem functions and climate at regional and global scales, little is known about relationships between local variations in water and carbon fluxes and large-scale phenomena. To enable data collection of local-scale ecosystem functions to support such investigations, we developed the EcoSpec system, a highly equipped remote sensing system that houses a hyperspectral radiometer (350-2500 nm) and five optical and infrared sensors in a compact tower. Its custom software controls the sequence and timing of movement of the sensors and system components and collects measurements at 12 locations around the tower. The data collected using the system was processed to remove sun-angle effects, and spectral vegetation indices computed from the data (i.e., the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), and Moisture Stress Index (MSI)) were compared with the fraction of photochemically active radiation (fPAR) and canopy temperature. The results showed that the NDVI, NDWI, and PRI were strongly correlated with fPAR; the MSI was correlated with canopy temperature at the diurnal scale. These correlations suggest that this type of near-surface remote sensing system would complement existing observatories to validate satellite remote sensing observations and link local and large-scale phenomena to improve our ability to forecast ecosystem functions and climate. The system is also relevant for precision agriculture to study crop growth, detect disease and pests, and compare traits of cultivars.  
hyperspectral remote sensing; photosynthesis; ecosystem functions; spectral reflectance; near surface; vegetation indices; photosynthetically active radiation; climate change; multiple scale; agriculture; crop monitoring +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 4 Experiments  
### Databases  
The objective of this work was to design a high-performance BIQA metric for both the synthetic distortion and authentic distortion. Therefore, we conducted experiments on both the synthetic distortion and authentic distortion databases. To be specific, the synthetic image databases included the CSIQ [55] and the TID2013 [56]; the authentic image databases included the BID [57], the LIVE Challenge (LIVEC) [58], and the KONIQ-10k [59]. The details of these datasets are described below and are also shown in Table 1.  
* The CSIQ consists of 866 synthetically distorted images, which contain a total of six distortion types. The database was rated by 25 observers, with a DMOS value ranging from 0 to 1. The higher the DMOS value, the lower the quality of the image.
* The TID2013 contains 3000 synthetically distorted images, with four times the number of distortion types of the CSIQ. The database was rated by 971 observers from five different countries with an MOS ranging from 0 to 9, with a higher MOS associated with better image quality.
* The BID was scored by about 180 observers; it is a distorted image dataset with blur. It contains 586 images with realistic blur distortions, such as the common out of focus and motion blur, etc.
* The LIVEC consists of 1162 distorted images, which were rated by 8100 observers; the MOS value of each image was averaged by 175 observers individually.
* The Konik-10k consists of 10,073 distorted images that were rated by 1459 observers. The MOS values of both databases were between 0 and 100, and the higher the MOS value, the better the image quality.
## 4 Conclusions
Detection and identification of ZEN-14G by the established UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS method in (A) the blank urine sample, (B) the neat solution (200 ug/L), (C) the spiked urine sample (200 ug/L), and (D) the urine samples gathered at 6 h after the administration of ZEN by the established UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS method in (A) the blank urine sample, (B) the neat solution (200 ug/L), (C) the spiked urine sample (200 ug/L), and (D) the urine samples gathered at 6 h after the administration of ZEN-14G by gavage (4 mg/kg body weight) to rats. Table S1. Comparison of the re-dissolution effects of zeaeralenone (ZEN) and zeaeralenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) among the different solvents. Table S2. Stability of zeaeralenone (ZEN) and zeaeralenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) (\(n=5\)). Table S3. The screening detection limits (SDLs) obtained by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS for the investigated zeaeralenone (ZEN) and zeaeralenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) in different matrices. Table S4. In-parallel analysis of the concentration of zeaeralenone (ZEN) and zeaeralenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) in the plasma (10 min), liver (24 h), and urine (24 h) samples after the administration of ZEN-14G by gavage (dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, \(n=3\)) to rats determined by the current established method and the previously reported LC-MS/MS method (mean \(\pm\) SD, ug/L). Table S5. Comparison of the solubility of zeaeralenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) at a concentration of 100 ug/L in different solvents for administration by gavage. **Author Contributions:** Investigation, methodology, writing--original draft, writing--review and editing, Y.C. ; investigation, methodology, writing--review and editing, Z.Z. ([PERSON]); data curation, F.D. ; software, Z.M. ; methodology, validation, K.F. ; funding acquisition, methodology, supervision, writing--review and editing, Z.H. ; validation, writing--review and editing, supervision, project administration, Z.L. ; funding acquisition, methodology, supervision, Z.Z. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was funded by the Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program, China (grant number X2020-02-08-00-12-F01453); the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (grant numbers 23 ZR1442900); and the National Key Research and Development Plan (2017 YFC 1600304). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee at the Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science of China (protocol code: SAASPZ0921015; date of approval: 2022). **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available in this article and the Supplementary Material. Further inquiries regarding the data will be made available on request. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Cyclic Behaviors of Geopolymeric Recycled Brick Aggregate Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Column
## 1 Introduction
It is considered as an eco-friendly binder for concrete, since the aluminosilicate materials (i.e., fly ash and slag) for geopolymers could be extracted from industrial waste, and the preparation could be completed at an ambient temperature with relatively small CO\({}_{2}\) emission [28; 29]. Research on the mechanical behavior of geopolymeric recycled aggregate concrete (GRAC) has attracted increasing research attention and it has been validated that the geopolymers serving as the binder for recycled concrete benefits the mechanical properties of RAC [30; 31; 32; 33]. Besides, GRAC could develop desired mechanical behaviors. The compressive strength of an optimized RAC with 100% recycled coarse aggregate could reach as high as 43.3 MPa [34] and the inclusion of slag can alleviate the negative effects of RA replacement on peak stress, elastic modulus and energy absorption [35]. Based on the working principle of composite column, constrained materials including steel tube and FRP were used to provide additional confinement to RAC or RBAC [36; 37]. The studies [38; 39] showed that the utilization of carbon CFRP greatly enhanced the compressive behavior of RAC. It was reported that the strength, deformability as well as durability of RBAC was enhanced with FRP, and the compressive behavior of FRP-confined RBAC was similar to that of FRP-confined NAC [40; 41]. The papers [42; 43] indicated that the hysteretic behaviors of recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (RACFST) column were similar with conventional CFST column, and the hysteretic behaviors were affected by the replacement ratio of RA, the axial compression ratio, steel tube thickness and steel strength. Based on this research background, an eco-friendly composite column, geopolymeric recycled brick aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (GRBACFST) column was proposed to further promote the application of GRBAC. For the GRBACFST column, recycled brick aggregates (RBA) were used to replace natural aggregates, while geopolymers were used as binders, and then geopolymeric recycled brick aggregate concrete was incorporated into steel tubes. In this paper, the failure modes and hysteresis behaviors of GRBACFST columnswere studied experimentally, to better understand the mechanism of GRBACFST column under cyclic loading. The influences of replacement ratio of RBA, steel tube thickness, axial compression ratio and cementitious material types were discussed. The research aims to provide some references for the practical application of the GRBACFST column.
# Data Privacy in the Internet of Things: A Perspective of Personal Data Store-Based Approaches
## 4 PDS-Based Solution for IoT Privacy
### PDS Technical Overview  
[PERSON] et al. [55] reviewed many existing PDS platforms, including Solid [62], Mydex [63], Digi.me [64], HAT [65], and OpenPDS [66]. They provide valuable insights into their architectural designs, functionalities, and maturity levels. These implementations help contextualize the PDS's practical feasibility and real-world applicability compared to traditional centralized models.  
Table 3 presents these examples, which differ in architecture (centralized, decentralized, hybrid), processing and storage model (local vs. cloud), technical maturity, GDPR compliance, and user empowerment features (control and monetization). For instance, IoT Databox processes data locally, reducing latency and increasing privacy. Mydex and Digi.me are centralized infrastructures focusing on secure data sharing and GDPR compliance. OpenPDS minimizes raw data exposure by supporting privacy-preserving queries via SafeAnswers. Solid is a decentralized, standards-based approach enabling users to store their data in personal online data stores (Pods) with fine-grained access control. HAT has a hybrid architecture, combining cloud micro-servers and local control, allowing individuals to manage, analyze, and even monetize their data.  
This diversity among PDS platforms reflects the growing maturity and specialization of the ecosystem. It demonstrates the potential of PDS solutions across various real-world scenarios--from privacy-preserving computation (e.g., OpenPDS) to local data control and IoT integration (e.g., Databox) to commercial-grade deployment and GDPR-compliant data ecosystems (e.g., Mydex, Digi.me, HAT) and decentralized identity and interoperability frameworks (e.g., Solid). However, such heterogeneity underscores persistent challenges, particularly regarding standardization, interoperability, and usability compared to centralized cloud architectures.  
To better understand the practical trade-offs between traditional centralized architectures and Personal Data Store (PDS)-based approaches, Table 4 offers a comparative analysis across key criteria. The table highlights the enhanced control and privacy benefits  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Platform** & **Architecture Type** & **Processing** & **GDPR Compliance** & **User Control** & **Data Monetization** \\ \hline Solid & Decentralized & Local & Yes & High & Possible \\ \hline Mydex & Centralized & Cloud & Yes & Medium & No \\ \hline Digi.me & Centralized & Cloud & Yes & Medium & Possible \\ \hline HAT & Hybrid & Local/Cloud & Yes & High & Yes \\ \hline OpenPDS & Hybrid & Local/Cloud & Partial & High & No \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of personal data store platforms.  
of PDS platforms while recognizing performance and usability challenges that need to be addressed for widespread adoption.
## 5 Case Study: CV Joint Replacement in Korean Automotive Market
### Economic Effect of CV Joint Replacement  
The retail price of new CV joints installed in D-segment vehicles in Korea is $170, while the price of remanufactured CV joints is approximately $70. Although the retail prices of CV joints (both new and remanufactured) are well known, estimating their production costs remains challenging. Consequently, certain assumptions must be made when calculating the profit of CV joints. Obtaining the exact manufacturing cost of automotive parts is nearly impossible, as this information is treated as proprietary. Therefore, the cost is estimated using the company's operating profit-to-sales ratio, which is typically below 10% in the automotive parts industry. The average profit margin for the automotive parts industry ranges between 8% and 10%, with the maximum percentage of 10% being considered to estimate the profit of both new and remanufactured CV joints.  
Figure 4: Environmental impact point of CV joints based on ReCiPe method.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Components** & **Material** & **Mass (g)** & **Unit** \\ \hline Shaft & Shaft & SM 53C & 3916 & 1 \\ \hline  & Housing & SAE 4121-H & 1690 & 1 \\  & Boot & Rubber & 153 & 1 \\  & Clamp & SS304 & 32 & 2 \\ Inboard & Retaining ring & SAE 1070/1074 & 4 & 1 \\ Joint & Spider & SAE 4118-H & 201 & 1 \\  & Roller & SAE 52100 & 90 & 3 \\  & Retainer & SAE 1070/1074 & 2 & 1 \\  & Grease & & 150 & 1 \\ \hline  & Housing & SAE-4121-H & 1988 & 1 \\  & Boot & Rubber & 104 & 1 \\  & Clamp & SS304 & 38 & 2 \\ Outboard & Retaining ring & SAE1070/1074 & 2 & 1 \\ Joint & Race & SAE 52100 & 275 & 1 \\  & Cage & SAE 52100 & 157 & 1 \\  & Ball & SAE 52100 & 188 & 6 \\  & Grease & & 100 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Bill of materials (BOM) for CV joints (D-segment vehicle in Korea).  
Profits were calculated, and the results for each CV joint type are presented in Figure 5. The profit from a new CV joint is approximately 62.5% higher than that of a remanufactured CV joint, despite the lower production cost of the remanufactured version. The reduction in profit due to the increased preference for remanufactured CV joints can be offset by considering the preservation of the loss rate, which can be determined by government policy.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Results of Image Processing
Table 6 shows the object-based image analysis (OBIA) results for week three after planting via different spatial resolutions, also known as the ground sampling distance (GSD) technique. In week three, the weeds were neither too small nor too large and they were individually identifiable. Overall, most of the weed species were successfully classified; all species were correctly classified at 10.83 mm, while at 20.31 mm, _Cyperus rotundus_ (Q1 NG) was misclassified but the rest were correctly classified.
## 3 Metaverse Classroom: A Layered Architectural View
### Security and Privacy Layer
#### 3.6.2 Parental Controls and Safe Use  
Parental controls in the Metaverse classroom help guardians monitor and manage their children's virtual interactions, ensuring a safer learning environment [204]. These controls allow parents to set boundaries on the content their children can access, ensuring that experiences are age-appropriate and aligned with educational goals [8]. For example, parents can limit access to certain areas within the Metaverse or restrict communication features to maintain a focused learning environment without distractions [7]. This ability to regulate content reassures parents that their children engage with appropriate material in a secure virtual space. Activity-monitoring tools give guardians visibility into their child's participation in the Metaverse classroom [205]. Real-time reports or activity summaries show what students are learning, how much time they spend on activities, and who they interact with in virtual spaces. For instance, a parent might receive a weekly report detailing their child's time in study groups, labs, or virtual lectures. These tools bridge the gap between home and school by keeping parents informed and involved in their child's education while respecting student autonomy.  
Communication controls allow parents to manage who their children interact with during virtual learning sessions, ensuring that interactions remain safe and appropriate [3]. For example, parents can restrict communication to teacher-approved contacts or limit chat and voice features to supervised group settings [13]. These controls help protect students from online risks and maintain a professional learning environment, reducing distractions and allowing students to focus on educational activities [16]. Teachers and parents can collaborate to establish appropriate boundaries, particularly for younger students. Time management tools regulate screen time in the Metaverse classroom, promoting healthy digital habits [178]. These tools allow parents to set daily or weekly time limits, with reminders or automatic logouts to encourage breaks. For instance, a parent could set a timer for a two-hour study session, after which the student is prompted to take a break or log off. Time management tools help prevent fatigue and ensure students engage in sustainable digital learning practices that balance screen time with well-being [132]. Finally, content filtering tools ensure students remain focused on educational material by blocking access to non-educational or distracting content [20]. For example, parents can set filters to block games or social areas unrelated to coursework, directing students toward learning resources and simulations. This filtering minimizes distractions and fosters a focused virtual classroom experience, maximizing learning potential. Using content filtering alongside other parental controls, guardians can create a structured, goal-oriented learning environment that prioritizes academic growth while ensuring digital safety.
## Abbreviations  
1D One-dimensional  
2D Two-dimensional  
3D Three-dimensional  
AgNWs Silver nanowires  
BaTiO3 Barium titanate  
CB Carbon Black  
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons  
CIP Carbonyl iron powder  
CO2 Carbon dioxide  
CNFs Carbon nanofibers  
CNTs Carbon nanotubes  
dB Decibel  
DC Direct current  
DCM Dichormethane  
EAB Electromagnetic absorption bandwidth  
EM Electromagnetic  
EMI Electromagnetic interference  
EPLA Expanded polylactic acid  
FeCl3 Ferric chloride  
Fe2O3 Ferric oxide  
Fe3O4 Iron oxide  
GHz Gigahertz  
GO Graphene oxide  
GnP Graphene nanoplatelet  
hBN Hexagonal boron nitride  
HCl Hydrochloric acid  
HDPE High-density polyethylene  
Hz Hertz  
ICPs Intrinsically conducting polymers  
LiF Lithium fluoride
# Calculations of Cross-Sections for Positron Scattering on Benzene
## 4 Conclusions  
In this manuscript, we present cross-sections for direct ionization and electronic excitation in collisions of positrons with benzene molecules. Four theoretical models based on binary-encounter Bethe theory are used to calculate ionization cross-sections. Our results are slightly lower than those from [PERSON] et al. [26] obtained with the IAM-SCAR+I method for energies below 100 eV. For the calculation of cross-sections for electronic excitation, we employed the binary-encounter Born approximation. Our results are between those obtained by [PERSON] et al. with the IAM-SCAR+I method and those by [PERSON] [27] with the SBP approach. Finally, we obtain an estimate of the cross-section for Ps formation by subtraction of the elastic cross-section and the cross-sections for direct ionization and electronic excitation from the recommended experimental total cross-section. The obtained Ps cross-section has a peak of the same magnitude as results obtained with the IAM-SCAR+I method.  
Conceptualization, M.F. and J.F.; methodology, M.F. and J.F.; software, A.P., M.F. and J.F.; validation, A.P., M.F. and J.F.; formal analysis, M.F. and J.F.; investigation, A.P., M.F. and J.F.; resources, J.F.; data curation, M.F. and J.F.; writing--original draft preparation, M.F. and J.F.; writing--review and editing, M.F. and J.F.; visualization, M.F. and J.F.; supervision, M.F. and J.F.; project administration, M.F.; funding acquisition, J.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research has been supported by the computer center WCSS (Wroclawskie Centrum Sieciowo-Superkomputerowe, Politechnika Wroclawska) through grant number KDM-408.  
Figure 7: Cross-sections for Ps formation in positron collisions with benzene. Present results are shown by the solid red line. Also shown are results obtained with the IAM-SCAR+I method (dashed blue line) and experimental results by [PERSON] [17] (black circle). The threshold for Ps formation is marked with an arrow.