## 4 Data Collection, Aggregation and Dissemination Challenges in WSNs
### AI Based Solutions to Data Collection, Aggregation and Dissemination Challenges in WSNs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**AI Paradigms** & **Algorithm** & **Ref.** & **Optimization Criteria** & **Simulation/ Real-Deployment** & **Centralized/ Distributed** & **Mobility** & **Performance Parameters** \\ \hline A Hybrid of FL, Reinforcement-Learning and Fruit Fly optimisation & FRS-RL & [75] & Increasing network lifespan and energy efficiency & MATLAB simulation & Distributed Static & Static & Packet delivery ratio, Latency, Packet loss ratio, Throughput, Energy consumption, WSN lifetime. \\ \hline A Hybrid of FL and Harris Hawks (HHO) algorithm & RCDI & [67] & Energy efficiency, Reliable and secure data aggregation & MATLAB simulation & Distributed Static & Energy consumption, Total distance, Average end-to-end delay, Reliability, and Overhead analysis. \\ \hline A Hybrid of PSO and Neural Network & PSO-ELM & [69] & Prolong network lifetime & MATLAB simulation & Distributed Static & Static & Energy Consumption, Node Survival, Network Load Balancing, Network Connectivity, and Reliability. \\ \hline Neural Network & Convolutional Neural Network & [74] & Accuracy of data aggregation & Simulation based Keras framework & Distributed Static & Data fusion accuracy, Network lifetime, and Energy consumption. \\ \hline DL & RNN-LSTM & [71] & Energy efficiency and optimal load balancing & MATLAB simulation & Distributed Static & Signaling overhead, Average throughput, and Average delay. \\ \hline FL & Fuzzy C-Means & [78] & Optimize clustering based on data similarity & TOSSIM & Distributed Static & Static and Relative recovery error. \\ \hline A Hybrid of Physical and Nature Inspired computation & MFOA and NGSA & [79] & Maximizing network lifetime and efficient routing path & NS2 & Distributed Static & Delay, Energy usage, WSN lifetime, Delivery ratio, Throughput. \\ \hline Physical Computation & RFD and IRFD & [80] & Optimize aggregation tree & Simulation & Distributed Static & Energy consumption, and Network lifetime. \\ \hline FL & Ring based and FL & [81] & Optimize in-network data aggregation & MATLAB simulation & Distributed Static & Static and Reliability, Energy cost, and Network lifetime. \\ \hline FL & FuMAM & [82] & Optimal itinerary for mobile agent & MATLAB simulation & Distributed Static with mobile agent & Round-trip rate, WSN lifetime, Energy usage, Task duration, Energy distribution. \\ \hline A Hybrid of Fuzzy and SI & Fuzzy and PSO & [83] & Optimize membership functions of the FL and mobile and collector movement & MATLAB simulation & Distributed Static with mobile data collector & Packet delivery ratio, Clustering overhead, and Network lifetime. \\ \hline FL & T2-FICs & [84] & Best location and DC time & MATLAB simulation & Distributed & Static with MS & Average energy consumption, End-to-end delay, Data loss ratio, and Unsuccessful transmission. \\ \hline FL & V-FCM & [85] & Optimize clustering along with data aggregation & MATLAB simulation & Centralized & Static & Running time, Size of received data, and Alive nodes. \\ \hline Evolutionary computation & ERAPL & [86] & optimize network lifetime. & simulation & Distributed & Static & Network lifetime. \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & PFOA & [87] & optimize path formation. & NS2 simulation & Distributed & Static with mobile collector & average hop counts, average data-gathering time and Network lifetime. \\ \hline Nature inspired & CUCKOO & [88] & optimize network lifetime & Matlab simulation & Distributed & Static & network Lifetime and energy consumption. \\ \hline Swarm Intelligence & DCT based Bees algorithm & [89] & construct disjoint dominating sets & MATLAB simulation & Centralized & Static & Network lifetime and Average consumption of energy. \\ \hline Nature inspired & IPPCA based BAT algorithm & [90] & Path finding of Data collectors & MATLAB simulation & Centralized & Static with mobile data collector & AP Count,D-collector \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: \(Cont.\)