## 3 Results
### Pulmonary Function  
Performing acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise did not have any notable difference in FVC, FEV\({}_{1}\), FEV\({}_{1}\)/FVC, and FEF\({}_{25-75}\) between high and low PM\({}_{2.5}\) conditions (\(p\geq 0.24\); Table 3, Figure 1). Additionally, there was no effect of high PM\({}_{2.5}\) conditions on DLCO and DLCO/VA in response to acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise compared with low PM\({}_{2.5}\) conditions (\(p\geq 0.09\); Table 3, Figure 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Participants (\(n\) = 9)** \\ \hline Age (years) & 24.6 \(\pm\) 0.4 \\ Height (cm) & 177.4 \(\pm\) 1.5 \\ Body mass (kg) & 77.9 \(\pm\) 1.6 \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 24.8 \(\pm\) 0.6 \\ VO\({}_{2}\)peak (mL/kg/min) & 55.0 \(\pm\) 18.3 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note. Data are mean \(\pm\) standard error. BMI, body mass index; VO\({}_{2}\)peak, peak oxygen consumption.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Participant’s characteristics.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **HPM** & **LPM** \\ \hline Outdoor PM\({}_{2.5}\) concentration (\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)) & 150.9 \(\pm\) 27.1 (71, 280) & 17.6 \(\pm\) 4.7 (5, 40) * \\ Indoor PM\({}_{2.5}\) concentration (\(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)) & 59.0 \(\pm\) 2.1 (50, 73) & 7.8 \(\pm\) 1.0 (5, 13) * \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note. Data are mean \(\pm\) standard error (minimum, maximum). HPM, high PM\({}_{2.5}\) condition; LPM, low PM\({}_{2.5}\) condition. *_p_ < 0.001 vs. HPM.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Outdoor and indoor PM\({}_{2.5}\) concentrations during exercise intervention.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **HPM** & **LPM** \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Pre**} & **Post** & **Pre** & **Post** \\ \hline FVC (L) & 5.22 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 5.23 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 5.27 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 5.30 \(\pm\) 0.18 \\ (\% predicted) & 106.67 \(\pm\) 2.84 & 106.78 \(\pm\) 2.84 & 107.44 \(\pm\) 3.22 & 108.22 \(\pm\) 3.20 \\ FEV\({}_{1}\) (L) & 4.47 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 4.43 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 4.49 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 4.58 \(\pm\) 0.13 \\ (\% predicted) & 106.22 \(\pm\) 3.08 & 105.33 \(\pm\) 3.33 & 106.56 \(\pm\) 3.12 & 108.67 \(\pm\) 3.30 \\ FEV\({}_{1}\)/FVC (\%) & 86.01 \(\pm\) 2.49 & 85.16 \(\pm\) 3.68 & 85.76 \(\pm\) 2.44 & 86.76 \(\pm\) 2.39 \\ (\% predicted) & 99.33 \(\pm\) 2.81 & 98.44 \(\pm\) 4.14 & 98.89 \(\pm\) 2.61 & 100.00 \(\pm\) 2.60 \\ FEF\({}_{25-75}\) (\%) & 5.01 \(\pm\) 0.43 & 4.94 \(\pm\) 0.47 & 4.96 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 5.21 \(\pm\) 0.42 \\ \(\%\) predicted) & 105.33 \(\pm\) 9.28 & 101.56 \(\pm\) 9.85 & 104.00 \(\pm\) 8.30 & 109.00 \(\pm\) 9.19 \\ DLCO (mL/min/mmHg) & 36.41 \(\pm\) 1.66 & 35.05 \(\pm\) 1.83 & 35.66 \(\pm\) 1.64 & 34.94 \(\pm\) 1.70 \\ (\% predicted) & 101.44 \(\pm\) 4.11 & 97.56 \(\pm\) 4.50 & 99.33 \(\pm\) 4.53 & 97.33 \(\pm\) 4.46 \\ DLCO/VA (mL/min/mmHg/L) & 5.40 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 5.24 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 5.25 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 5.02 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ (\% predicted) & 104.56 \(\pm\) 2.27 & 101.44 \(\pm\) 2.56 & 101.44 \(\pm\) 2.29 & 97.33 \(\pm\) 2.11 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note. Data are mean \(\pm\) standard error. HPM, high PM\({}_{2.5}\) condition; LPM, low PM\({}_{2.5}\) condition; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV\({}_{1}\), forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FEF\({}_{25-75}\), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC; DLCO, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; DLCO/VA, DLCO corrected by alveolar volume.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Pulmonary function measures at pre- and post-exercise intervention.