esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
In the recent and current operational theatres such as Afghanistan, Iraq or Syria, a major threat to light and even heavy armoured vehicles are portable antitank weapon systems from the Soviet RPG-7 family [1; 2; 3] (Figure 1a). Due to their high proliferation, their easy portability and low complexity, combined with a very high penetration capacity, the RPG-7 family of weapon systems form a real threat both to light and heavy armoured vehicles. This high penetration capacity is due to the use of a shaped charge warhead for the antitank ammunitions of the RPG-7 family of weapon systems, giving a minimum penetration of 300 mm in rolled homogeneous armour for the most basic versions [4]. Even if recent statistics [5] indicate that losses due to the use of the RPG-7 system are relatively limited (the available statistics, however, do not allow determining if this is due to limited use or a limited efficiency of the system), many countries have equipped their vehicles with a so-called cage armour system in order to counter the ubiquitous threat posed by the RPG-7 weapon system, especially by its antitank warbheads (the RPG-7 system can use different types of ammunition including antitank and fragmenting antipersonnel rounds).  
This 'bird cage' (Figure 1b) put around the vehicle exploits a specific weakness in the design of the detonation chain of two of the most common antitank rounds for the RPG-7 system, using, respectively, the PG-7 warhead (the oldest and likely most proliferated antitank ammunition for this system) and the PG-7M warhead (based on the same functioning mechanism as the original PG-7, but having a smaller maximum diameter). Next to these two very widespread types of ammunition, a number of other Soviet types of ammunition work on the same principle, e.g., the PG-7L warhead also for the RPG-7 weapon system, the warhead of the RPG-18 disposable antitank rocket launcher, and of the SPG-9 recoilless rifle.  
Contrary to what many may believe, the main defeat mechanism for the PG-7(M) warhead, when fired against such a cage armour system, is not based on an increase in standoff distance, as with the so-called 'bazooka plates' from World War II (Figure 1c). A simple comparison between the two types of protection clearly shows the much more complex (and hence expensive) geometry of a typical cage armour system when compared with the simple sheets used for the historical bazooka plates, which would have sufficed if the goal was only to create standoff distance.
# Comparison of Thermal Response for RF Exposure in Human and Rat Models
## 1 Introduction
This study aims to clarify the difference of the temperature elevation and its time course between rats and humans exposed to local RF fields, which is important to estimate how conservative the current limits are for local exposure in the international guidelines/standards.
## 7 Simulations and Results
### Scenario 1: HEMS with Grid Only
#### 7.1.2 PAR Using RTP and CPP  
In the proposed architecture of the HEMS, an EMC and SMSU were used. Using these units, all appliances were optimally controlled in a way to avoid peaks. Therefore, the PAR in the optimally scheduled cases was reduced with respect to the unscheduled case. Both for the RTP and CPP tariffs, the PAR for the unscheduled, GA, GWO, and our proposed HGWGA was observed to be 4.44, 3.629, 3.774, and 3.108, respectively. The GA, GWO, and the proposed HGWGA diminished the PAR as compared to the unscheduled case by 18.25%, 15%, and 30%, respectively, as presented in Table 7. The PAR of the unscheduled load and scheduled load of this scenario is shown in Figure 10.
# Simplified High-Performance Cost Aggregation for Stereo Matching
## 1 Introduction
Besides [24], proposed a simplified independent component correlation algorithm (ICA)-based local similarity stereo matching algorithm to further improve matching accuracy in non-texture areas and boundaries. Among the deep learning-based methods, both [25; 26] are typical end-to-end stereo matching networks, which realize the aggregation of matching costs through 3D convolution operations. However, as pointed out in [27], compared with traditional stereo matching algorithms, deep learning-based stereo matching algorithms still suffer from insufficient generalization ability. Additionally, they typically require GPU-based computing resources. The current characteristics of deep learning-based methods justify continued research on traditional methods. In most traditional local and non-local stereo matching algorithms, the weights for the matching cost aggregation depend on the texture of the image pair. This dependency restricts the possibility of sharing weights for different scenes. To improve the computational efficiency of stereo matching, this paper proposes a texture-independent aggregation method. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:  
1. We propose an aggregation algorithm for stereo matching that significantly simplifies computation without sacrificing matching performance. The aggregation weights can be shared between different scene images with the same resolution. 2. To provide a higher matching accuracy, we integrate the algorithm with a multi-scale scheme to exploit the spatial distribution of texture that can achieve improved performance with a minor increase in computational efforts.
## 3 Simulation and Experimental Results
### Tensile Properties of Designed Components  
Tensile testing of four rod types, each with eight samples, yielded smooth stress-strain curves (Figure 10). The maximum tensile loads before fracture were extracted and compiled into Table 4. Despite having the same cross-section, Type A rods withstood 180 kN before fracturing, while Type B rods, affected by stress concentration, fractured at 145 kN. Both showed initial resin cracking at the arc segment's inner surface, progressing to complete failure. It seems that type C rods failed at 148.23 kN, typically by the CFRP body pulling out from the tension bolts, maintaining a mostly intact structure with only adhesive surface and material peeling off. Attempts to increase the adhesive surface by extending the bolts to boost load-bearing capacity were ineffective.  
Figure 10: The relationship curve between tensile force and shape variable in the process of applying axial tension until fracture failure of four kinds of tie rods under actual tension machine test.  
Figure 9: The relationship between axial tensile force and axial deformation for the four rod structures.  
It is shown that type D rods failed at approximately 147.59 kN due to delamination of carbon fibers and epoxy resin in the branch rods, leading to successive fractures and overall rod body failure. The breakage occurred at the cone clamp's end, which held the carbon fiber branch rod, with the broken rods remaining locked within the clamp. After cutting the cone sleeve and clamp for comparison with new components, it was found that the metal parts showed no significant plastic deformation. After data sorting, a relatively smooth curve was obtained by fitting the test results of samples of the same model (see Figure 10). Subsequently, the maximum tensile load of each sample before fracture was extracted, and the data were summarized to form Table 4.  
According to Figure 10, it seems that the maximum tensile loads before fracture were extracted and compiled into Table 4. Type A rods, despite having the same cross-section as Type B, withstood 180 kN before fracturing, whereas Type B rods, affected by severe stress concentration, fractured at 145 kN. Both types showed initial resin cracking at the arc segment's inner surface, leading to delamination and eventual complete fracture. Type C rods failed at 148.23 kN, typically by the CFRP body pulling out from the tension bolts, maintaining an intact structure with only adhesive surface material peeling off. Attempts to extend the bolts for increased adhesive surface area to improve load-bearing capacity were ineffective. Type D rods failed at 147.59 kN due to delamination and successive fractures in the branch rods, leading to overall rod body failure. The fracture occurred within the cone clamp, with the broken rods remaining locked inside. A comparison of cut cone sleeves and clamps with new components revealed no significant plastic deformation in the metal parts.
## 1 Introduction
However, so far, the studies on the optimization problem to be solved are based on maximizing/minimizing a posteriori estimate of the Bayesian formulation, which only takes into account given initial parameters but not the optimal initial parameters [18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. Considering the impact of optimal initial values, selection for the regularization parameters can be vital for solving ill-posedness in dynamic load identification. However, there are no available methods to determine the initial values. Without the optimal initial values, it may become impossible to obtain the accurate identification results. Thus, for the augmented Tikhonov regularization method, it is critical to define a method for selecting optimal initial values. Since the Green kernel function can be used to construct the dynamic load identification model [23]. This paper introduces the augmented Tikhonov regularization method in combination with the Green kernel function in dynamic load identification. It also proposes a new parameters selection method for the augmented Tikhonov regularization initial parameters, and the accuracy is compared to the standard Tikhonov regularization method. The paper proceeds as follows: the load identification model using Green kernel function is deduced in Section 2; in Section 3, the augmented Tikhonov regularization method in dynamic load identification is presented, while the new parameters selection method is proposed in Section 4. Next, in Section 5, three numerical examples are conducted to study the efficiency, as well as the accuracy, of the augmented Tikhonov regularization method under different loads with different noise conditions. In Section 6, the augmented Tikhonov regularization method is used to identify the load in an experimental setting of simply supported beams. We finish with some concluding remarks in Section 7.
## 2 Principle of LPG-Based FBG Demodulation  
An FBG is a reflective optical filter that reflects only one wavelength and consists of a periodic alternating structure embedded in a small fiber length with an enhanced refractive index. This produces an in-line Bragg reflector that reflects a singular wavelength given by the reference [3].  
\[\lambda_{B}=2n_{eff}\Lambda, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\lambda_{B}\) is the Bragg wavelength reflected by FBG, \(n_{eff}\) is the effective refractive index (RI) of the fiber core, and \(\Lambda\) denote the grating spacing. The value of \(\Lambda\) and the effective RI change when the FBG is subjected to strain, thus changing \(\lambda_{B}\). LPG is a transmission grating with loss peaks at specific wavelengths in the transmission spectrum. The falling and rising edges of the LPG spectrum can be used to interrogate the FBG, i.e., the wavelength drift, which is converted to the peak power shift of the FBG. When some perturbation (e.g., strain) is applied, the peak of the FBG is shifted, and accordingly, the output of the photodetector is changed. The power detected by the photodetector can be estimated as Equation (2) [31].  
\[P=P_{\text{in}}\,\int R_{s}(\lambda)T_{s}(\lambda)\text{d}\lambda, \tag{2}\]  
where \(P_{in}\) is the input power and \(R_{s}(\lambda)\) and \(T_{s}(\lambda)\) are the reflection and transmission spectra of FBG and LPG, respectively. The central wavelength of the FBG sensor caused by external perturbations leads to a shift in the FBG reflection spectrum hair at the edge of the LPG spectrum, which results in a change in the detector power.
## 6 Discussion
### Real-World Feasibility and Deployment  
Although our results are promising, the real-world deployment of blockchain-based communication systems in smart cities and autonomous vehicle networks is still in its early stages. Factors such as infrastructure costs, energy consumption, and the legal framework for data protection need to be carefully assessed. In addition, ensuring interoperability with existing vehicle communication protocols (e.g., V2X standards) is essential for broad acceptance.  
Another important aspect is the energy efficiency of blockchain operations. In a vehicle environment where both vehicles and RSUs have limited computing resources and battery power, the high energy consumption typically associated with blockchain must be taken into account. Techniques such as reducing consensus frequency or using energy-efficient consensus protocols could help to alleviate these concerns.
## 3 Improved Grey Wolf Particle Swarm Hybrid Optimization MSVR Localization Model Construction
### The IPSOGWO Model  
#### 3.3.1 Improved Tent Chaos Mapping  
The efficacy of intelligent swarm algorithms is largely influenced by the spatial distribution of the population after initialization. However, traditional GWO algorithms randomly generate the initial population, which may not ensure a uniform distribution in the search space. To address this, we suggest employing chaotic mapping for the initial population generation of grey wolves. The Tent map, while effective in chaotic sequences, grapples with issues such as indeterminate periodic points [45]. Given that the initial population should exhibit a thoroughly randomized nature, we incorporate a random variable \(r/N\) into the traditional Tent map. The modified expression for the Tent map is presented below:  
\[x_{i+1}=\begin{cases}2x_{i}+r/N&x_{i}\in[0,0.5]\\ 2(1-x_{i})+r/N&x_{i}\in(0.5,1]\end{cases} \tag{23}\]  
where \(N\) is population size, and \(r\) is random number within \([0,1]\). The chaotic values can be obtained through Equation (23), which is then mapped to the population search space, i.e.,  
\[\begin{split} y_{i}=lb+x_{i}\times(ub-lb)\\ st.\begin{cases}y_{i}=ub&y_{i}>ub\\ y_{i}=lb&y_{i}<lb\end{cases}\end{split} \tag{24}\]  
In the above equation, \(ub\) and \(lb\) refer to the upper and lower bounding ranges of the grey wolf location, respectively. Figure 5 displays the distribution after Tent mapping. The original Tent mapping tends to cause a pile-up phenomenon in certain areas, while the improved Tent mapping distributes points more uniformly.  
Figure 4: Process of the traditional Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm.  
Figure 5: Tent mapping point distributions. (**a**) Standard Tent mapping; (**b**) Improved Tent mapping.
## 1 Introduction
In feed applications, notably delivery of dietary enzymes with no need for protein purification, algal phytases have been expressed replacing the use of microbial phytases, widely used as feed additives to increase phytate phosphorus utilisation and to reduce faecal phytates and inorganic phosphate (ip) outputs [17]. The engineering of recombinant protein in _C. reinhardtii_ has also been used to increase its content of high-value nutrients; for example, the expression of human selenoprotein to combat Se deficiency, reducing the risk of toxicity associated with the direct consumption of inorganic Se [18]. For carotenoids, _C. reinhardtii_ is one of the Chlorophyllceae microalgae species currently used for commercial production of carotenoid pigments [19]. Currently, _Chlorella_ (green microalgae) and _Spirulina_ (cyanobacteria) are the dominant microalgae species produced and promoted as food supplements to boost good health and wellbeing. This is due to their well-established history of cultivation and safety for human consumption; they are also used as animal feed [6]. On the other hand, _C. reinhardtii_ is well used as a model organism to investigate biological processes in photosynthetic eukaryotes and to elucidate metabolic processes in plants [20]. Microalgae are grown using three modes of cultivation, namely; autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic. It was reported that using acetate in a mixotrophic condition was optimal for _C. reinhardtii_ to produce the highest yield and the highest lipid content [21]. Hence, in this study, _C. reinhardtii_ was cultivated under mixotrophic conditions using Tris-Acetate-Phosphate (TAP) medium. On the other hand, _Chlorella_ and _Spirulina_ were bought from a company called Naturya that sells a variety of superfoods. According to the company website ([[https://naturya.com/vegan-protein](https://naturya.com/vegan-protein)]([https://naturya.com/vegan-protein](https://naturya.com/vegan-protein))), those microalgae were grown autotrophically in open freshwater ponds located on an island in South China. They were harvested, washed with fresh water and fast dried using drying chamber (heat drying). In addition, _Chlorella_ cells were milled to break down the hard cell wall to ensure better bioaccessibility by human gut [22]. It is well proved that the growth conditions (including; light, carbon source, nutrients, temperature, pH, etc.) affect the composition and the characteristics of microalgae [23]. Therefore, it is generally recommended to grow different microalgae species under similar conditions for accurate comparison. However, this study aims to establish the nutritional capacity of _C. reinhardtii_ in comparison with the samples already available in the food supplement market as they sold and consumed. Hence, the commercially available _Chlorella_ and _Spirulina_ samples were obtained from a trusted commercial source. The nutritional composition (macro and micronutrients) of lab-cultivated _C. reinhardtii_ and the commercial _Chlorella_ and _Spirulina_ samples were analysed and compared in our labs.
## 1 Introduction
The service channel is used to transmit non-secure messages such as video, audio, and emergency messages. A resource collision in the control channel affects the QoS of the application provided by the service channel of each vehicle. Specifically, in a TDMA-based VANET protocol, there are two kinds of collisions. First, an access collision occurs when multiple vehicles within a 2-hop communication range attempt to acquire the same available time-slot at the same time, as shown in Figure 1. Second, a  
In this paper, we propose a prediction-based collision avoidance algorithm in VANET. The proposed algorithm is designed to recognize the existence of vehicles far away more than 2 hops and the collision probability of vehicles more than 2 hops away are effectively predicted in the proposed algorithm by using the vector-based prediction model. Because the proposed algorithm is based on the vector mobility of a vehicle, it has the advantage of predicting vehicle movements against other protocols, which enables the proposed algorithm to enhance the performance of collision rate compared to other direction-based algorithms. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains related works on representative distributed TDMA-based MAC protocols VANET. Section 3 explains the operational procedure, mobility model, and frame/message structures of the proposed model. Section 4 provides the analysis of access/merging collision probabilities under the proposed model. In Section 5, we evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm and compare its performance with those of other collision avoidance methods. We conclude in Section 6.
# Ferroelectric Materials: A Novel Pathway for Efficient Solar Water Splitting
## 4 Ferroelectric Materials for Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Water-Splitting Devices
### Ferroelectric-Based Materials in Photocathodes for Hydrogen  
Promising photocathodes are generally p-type semiconductors and must meet some of the aforementioned requirements to generate the required cathodic current for water reduction. Single metallic oxides such as Cu\({}_{2}\)O, CuO, and NiO are at the forefront of the p-type semiconductors that have been investigated as photocathodes for solar water splitting. However, these materials are hindered by some major shortcomings such as photocorrosion [35; 36], low conduction band position [37; 38; 39] and wide bandgap (3.6-4.0 eV), along with the low potential of the valence band [40; 41]. As a result, the PEC devices fabricated from conventional single semiconductors exhibit a limited photocurrent and low stability, thereby reducing their PEC performance. Therefore, the possibility of incorporating ferroelectrics into conventional oxide-based photocathodes is a novel and facile way to enhance their PEC activity. In this section, the review is focused on ferroelectric-based materials for photocathodes, which include ferroelectric ternary/quaternary metal oxides.
# Design and Evaluation of Steganographic Channels in Fifth-Generation New Radio +
## 4 Protocol Analysis and Covert Channel Design
### Analysis of Covert Storage Patterns
#### 4.2.5 Value Modulation (PS11)  
Pattern  
The hidden information is encoded by selecting one or more of \(n\) values in a header field. With the _case pattern (PS11a)_, upper- and lowercase characters are used for encoding the information. Since the PDCP header does not contain any letters, case modification is not feasible within the PDCP. The _least significant bit (LSB) pattern (PS11b)_ modifies the lower bit(s) of a header field to transmit covert data. This pattern could probably be applied to the PDCP sequence number. However, if the LSB of the PDCP sequence number is modified, the legitimate receiver would reject the packet since the PDU would not contain the expected sequence number. Therefore, only the initial sequence number of a packet stream can be used for embedding the covert data. This means that the LSB pattern is probably suitable for a covert channel in the PDCP header, but the covert capacity would be very limited. When applying the _value influencing pattern (PS11c)_, the covert sender influences the values of a header field by changing the other values or network conditions that are closely related to this header element. As specified in TS 38.323 [10], the sequence number of the PDCP is calculated by \(TX\_NEXT\) mod \(2^{\alpha}\), where \(\alpha\) is the size of the sequence number, and \(TX\_NEXT\) is the counter for the next packet to be transmitted. The covert sender could influence the value of the PDCP SN header field by changing \(TX\_NEXT\). However, modifying the sequence number may raise suspicion on the receiving side. Therefore, this pattern is less suitable for a covert channel in the PDCP header.