# Assessing Spatiotemporal LST Variations in Urban Landscapes Using Diurnal UAV Thermography
## 5 Discussion  
According to the high-resolution results of this study, the pronounced heat retention capabilities of impervious surfaces substantiate the fundamental mechanisms underlying urban heat island formation. Paved roads and buildings demonstrate substantial thermal inertia, maintaining elevated temperatures into evening and midnight periods despite ambient cooling. This persistence aligns with theoretical understanding of materials with high volumetric heat capacity and low albedo, which function as urban heat reservoirs. In this case, it can be said that the energy balance reflects a process where the radiation absorbed during daylight hours is gradually released at night. The Moran's \(I\) results are derived from a global spatial autocorrelation analysis rather than individual LULC class-based assessments. This approach allows for a broader evaluation of how the spatial clustering of LST evolves across different diurnal periods, independent of land cover classifications. The significant increase in Moran's \(I\) values from morning to midnight highlights the progressive spatial structuring of thermal anomalies over time, further justifying the necessity of spatially explicit modeling techniques such as GWR. GWR modeling reveals that thermal influence extends beyond immediate adjacencies, suggesting human-made surfaces create thermal footprints beyond their physical boundaries. In contrast, natural landscapes demonstrate distinctive thermal regulation mechanisms. Water bodies exhibit exceptional thermal stability throughout the diurnal cycle--attributable to water's unique thermophysical properties. The high specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity create a buffering effect that modulates temperature extremes through multiple pathways: absorption of substantial heat energy with minimal temperature change, vertical mixing that distributes heat throughout the water column, and evaporative cooling that dissipates energy through phase changes. GWR models reveal that water bodies exert highly localized cooling influences, suggesting a \"thermal oasis\" effect that diminishes rapidly with distance--a pattern differing markedly from the broader thermal influence zones of paved surfaces. The strong positive spatial autocorrelation observed in water bodies indicates internally consistent thermal behavior that could be strategically leveraged in urban design. Vegetated surfaces present another thermal archetype, with grasslands demonstrating remarkable nocturnal cooling efficiency through evapotranspiration, radiative cooling, and limited heat storage capacity. The weaker spatial autocorrelation in grassland areas suggests greater thermal heterogeneity, likely stemming from variations in vegetation density, soil moisture content, and microscale topography. The anomalous negative spatial autocorrelation detected in bare soil during afternoon periods reveals counterintuitive thermal patterning where dissimilar temperature values cluster adjacently, suggesting complex microscale dynamics driven by variations in soil composition, moisture gradients, and surface roughness. The application of SfM photogrammetry for thermal orthomosaic generation introduces specific methodological complexities that warrant careful consideration. Unlike visible spectrum imagery for which SfM algorithms are primarily designed, thermal infrared data present distinct challenges including lower spatial resolution, reduced textural detail, and temperature-dependent radiometric variations that can affect feature detection and matching processes.