esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Scattering Reduction and Resonant Trapping of Flexural Waves: Two Rings to Rule Them
## 2 Analytical Methods
### Scattering Reduction of Flexural Waves in a Thin Plate by a Finite Cluster of Masses
#### 2.1.1 The Incident Field  
Assuming that the incident field is induced by a remote point source, we demonstrate that the overall scattering produced by the cluster of equivalent mass \(M\) can be significantly smaller compared to the scattering associated with the single point mass \(M\).  
Let \(G(\beta,|\mathbf{x}|)\) be the Green's function representing a flexural wave in an infinite isotropic Kirchhoff plate produced by a time-harmonic point source at the origin:  
\[\Delta^{2}G(\beta,|\mathbf{x}|)-\beta^{4}G(\beta,|\mathbf{x}|)+\delta(\mathbf{x})=0, \tag{1}\]  
Figure 1: Localised modes in an elastic plate, containing two concentric rings of spring-mass resonators, obtained for \(\omega=10\) rad/s and for (**a**) \(q=4\) and (**b**) \(q=10\). In the calculations, the plate is assumed to be made of aluminium ([PERSON]’s modulus \(E=70\) GPa, [PERSON]’s coefficient \(\
u=0.33\) and mass density \(\rho=2700\) kg/m\({}^{3}\)) and to have a thickness \(h=0.005\) m. The radii of the two rings are \(R_{1}=5.5\) m and \(R_{2}=4.5\) m, and the total masses of the resonators are (**a**) \(M_{1}=-2503.0\) kg and \(M_{2}=802.7\) kg and (**b**) \(M_{1}=-7005.7\) kg and \(M_{2}=10,609.7\) kg.  
Figure 2: Finite cluster of \(N\) masses \(m_{j}\), attached to an elastic plate and located along a circle of radius \(R\). The total mass is given by \(M\).  
where  
\[\beta^{4}=\frac{\rho h\omega^{2}}{D},\]  
with \(\rho\), \(h\) and \(\omega\) being the mass density, the plate thickness and the radian frequency, respectively. The quantity \(D=Eh^{3}/(12(1-\
u^{2}))\) is the flexural rigidity of the plate, with \(E\) being the [PERSON]'s modulus and \(\
u\) being the [PERSON]'s ratio.  
The Green's function \(G\) has the form [35; 36; 37]  
\[G(\beta,|\mathbf{x}|)=C(H_{0}^{(1)}(\beta|\mathbf{x}|)-H_{0}^{(1)}(\mathrm{i}\beta|\mathbf{ x}|)),\ C=-\mathrm{i}/(8\beta^{2}). \tag{2}\]  
We note that the above Green's function is bounded at the origin, and  
\[G(\beta,\mathbf{O})=C.\]  
Given (2), we consider the incident field of the form  
\[u_{\mathrm{inc}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathrm{i}\delta U\beta^{2}G(\beta,|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{X}^{( 0)}|), \tag{3}\]  
which implies that the wave is generated by the time-harmonic motion of a point at \(\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{X}^{(0)}\) with displacement amplitude \(U\) and radian frequency  
\[\omega=\beta^{2}\sqrt{\frac{D}{\rho h}}.\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Risk of Exposure Assessment Based on Adult Formula Consumption  
In this study, we calculated the estimated consumption of adult formula to assess potential exposure to contaminants. The analysis accounted for differences in caloric needs between males and females to avoid gender bias and individual activity levels, considering the role of adult formula as a meal replacement and the highest carbonyl content identified in the occurrence study [37]. Based on average daily caloric requirements for males and females by activity level (Table S4, Supplementary Materials) and noting that 100 mL of adult formula provides between 100-479 kcal when prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions, we summarized the average daily intake for males weighing 70-90 kg and females weighing 55-75 kg in Table 4, expressed as \(\upmu\)g/kg of body weight per day. We compared the average daily intakes with the tolerable or acceptable daily intakes for carbonyl compounds (see Introduction section) [38].  
Figure 4: Heatmap of VOCs identified in adult formula after 1-month storage. Standard adult formula 3 (**left**), standard adult formula 4 (**right**).  
The risk of exposure assessment indicates that, when consuming high-protein adult formula as a meal replacement, adult women with low physical activity may experience slightly higher exposure to FCHO and DA. In contrast, for individuals with moderate to high physical activity levels, exposure to these contaminants is similar for both males and females. While exposure to most of the targeted compounds across the studied weight range and activity levels remains below the tolerable daily intake (or equivalent exposure level), both males and females would be exposed to levels of malondialdehydedehyde twice the toxicological threshold of concern and approximately eight times the tolerable daily intake for acrolein.
# Investigation of Microseismic Characteristics of Rock Burst Based on Fractal Theory
## 4 Study Case
### Spatial Distribution Pattern of Microseismic Events  
In essence, the breeding process of rock explosions is the damage evolution process of microfractures inside the rock (body). Microseismic and rock microfractures have a close relationship; they can objectively represent the microfracture evolution process, reflecting, continuously and in real time, the generation and expansion of microfractures inside the rock, and they are an effective tool to study the damage evolution of the rock body. It can be seen that the damage evolution process of rock bursts can be reflected by the spatial distribution of micro-rupture activities.  
The magnitude of the earthquake is represented by the size of the microseismic event sphere, and the color indicates the time of the event. As shown in Figure 7, in the I# mineral zone area in the plane, the microseismic events were mainly concentrated between lines 92\(\#\) and 102\(\#\); in terms of elevation, they were mainly concentrated between 490 m-350 m.  
According to the first mining stratification of the I-8\(\#\) orebody in the middle section of 430 m, the degree of rock fragmentation and roof collapse damage in the deep area is more serious than that in the upper section; the microseismic events around the I-8\(\#\)  
Figure 6: Temporal fractal fitting of microseismic events during rock burst.  
Figure 7: Spatial distribution of microseismic events in the I# mineral belt area: (**a**) top view; (**b**) east view. Different colored balls indicate different monitored dates; triangles indicate sensor locations; 370 m, 430 m, 490 m, 610 m, 670 m. indicate different mining levels.  
orebody increased abnormally, and the intensity of the microseismic activities increased significantly. We established an analysis model to monitor and analyze ground pressure activity patterns of the I-8# orebody at depths ranging from 430 m to 550 m. The study focuses on various roadways within the mining area, such as slope roads, exit roads, and approach roads, located in the influence area. The model was based on a 430 m elevation and 120 m increase, and the final size of the analysis model was 194 \(\times\) 190 \(\times\) 120 m. The model was refined into two models according to the middle section, as shown in Figure 8.  
According to the results of the model analysis, the microseismic events between 430-490 m were mainly distributed around the I-8# orebody between lines 94#-98#, while the microseismic events between 490-550 m are mainly distributed between lines 92#-102#. The microseismic events in the aforementioned area were primarily induced by mining operations in the middle section between 490 m and 430 m. Therefore, ground pressure manifestations, such as rock ruptures in the quarry, should be closely monitored and strengthened in this area.
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the study results of formation features of composite hydrogel/polyamide membranes obtained by modification of hydrogel films based on 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) copolymers. The formation process of composite two-layer membranes was carried out in two stages: obtaining hydrogel membrane substrates followed by their modification with an ultra-thin layer based on a mixture of polyamide (PA) with PVP. The main task of the work was to investigate the possibility of forming a modifying PA/PVP coating on the surface of hydrogel films and to obtain composite hydrogel membranes with the required strength and osmotic permeability based on them. For the formation of composite two-layer membranes, PVP with MM = 12 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) g/mol and MM = 360 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) g/mol were used. Additional use of PVP in the modifying solution contributes to the process of its penetration into the hydrogel substrate. Together with the formation of a reinforcing layer, this ensures the obtainment of hydrogel films of increased strength, with the possibility of directional regulation of their diffusion permeability. It was found that the main factors affecting the nature of the interaction between the layers of the obtained composite films, as well as their physico-mechanical and sorption-diffusion properties, are the HEMA:PVP ratio in the original polymer-monomer composition (PMC), the formulation of the reinforcing layer, the duration of the modification process and the molecular weight of PVP in PMC and in the modifying solution. The strength and water content of two-layer composite hydrogel/polyamide membranes, as well as their salt and water permeability coefficients, are the highest in the case of using high-molecular weight PVP (MM\({}_{\text{PVP}}\) = 360 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) g/mol) and low-molecular weight (MM\({}_{\text{PVP}}\) = 12 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) g/mol) during the synthesis of the hydrogel substrate to obtain a PA-6/PVP solution for forming a reinforcing layer.  
hydrogel membranes; hydrogel composites; two-layer membranes; polyvinylpyrrolidone; 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate; polyamide +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Experimental Study on Grouting Visualization of Cover Layer Based on Transparent Soil
## 4 Result Analysis  
### Analysis of Slurry Diffusion Pattern  
The emergence and continuous advancement of digital image processing technology have enabled real-time, non-destructive deformation measurements in indoor geotechnical testing. By recording the grouting test and applying image binarization, the diffusion pattern of grout over the entire process was visualized. Based on the diffusion characteristics of the grout, the grouting process is divided into three stages, as illustrated in Figure 6: (1) Vertical expansion stage (t = 0-50 s): With the opening of the grouting valve, due to the relatively small constraints on the upper side and bottom of the model box, the slurry diffuses upward at the grouting hole to form a rectangular slurry shape, which conforms to the law of slurry diffusion along the weak surface of the formation. At this stage, the width of the slurry vein near the grouting hole reaches 63.7 mm; (2) Horizontal expansion stage (t = 50-220 s): When the height of the rectangular slurry vein reaches 145.9 mm, constrained  
Figure 5: Mechanical concept diagram of the grouting test.  
by the pore fluid plate on the top of the model box, the continuous upward expansion trend of the slurry is hindered by the top, and gradually extends to the weaker right area to form a horizontal expansion shape. The overall slurry vein presents a \"T\" shape, but the slurry has not yet broken through the top surface of the transparent soil; (3) Slurry overflow stage (t = 220-300 s): In this final stage, the overall shape of the grout veins remained largely unchanged, but they continued to expand laterally, exhibiting quasi-static diffusion via osmotic action. By 240 s, leakage points appeared at the top surface of the transparent soil. During this phase, the diameter of the cylindrical grout veins at the injection points increased significantly from 81.8 mm to 83.0 mm, 96.9 mm, and 124.0 mm. Concurrently, the width of the slurry overflow outlet at the top surface expanded from 19.5 mm to 42.5 mm, 65.6 mm, and 75.8 mm.
# Detecting Hateful and Offensive Speech in Arabic Social Media Using Transfer Learning
## 3 Materials and Methods
### BERT Based Models
#### 3.1.2 Multilingual BERT (mBERT)  
Multilingual BERT (mBERT) is a version of BERT created by [PERSON] et al. [4] to narrow the language gap by training it on corpora of multiple languages. Latin-based languages which have comparable structure and vocabulary can benefit from common representations [22]. Other languages, such as Arabic, vary in syntactic and morphological structure and share very little with the multitude of Latin-based languages. Hence, mBERT still lags behind single-language based models due to a lack of data representation and a restricted language-specific vocabulary.
## 5 Experimental Validation  
In this section, we describe experimental work carried out to validate the DFD procedures of the designed grating device system, a test system of the grating device as shown in Figure 18 was built and the grating mass movements were measured. The grating device parts are manufactured based on CAD model dimension and selected materials in Table 2 and assembled with other equipment. The equipment includes a piezoelectric actuator with a controller and a displacement sensor with a controller. The piezoelectric actuator used in the grating device test rig is a ceramic type that has a mechanical design of stacked piezoelectric ceramics, combined with a flexible hinge support structure and a shell structure into an integrated structure to form a packaged used in a variety of precision motion control applications. Piezoelectric ceramic actuators have fast response, large generation pressure, and highly accurate operation resonance making it possible to have high micro-displacement resolution and strong stability. The PTZ used in our test has displacement up to 60 \(\upmu\)m and output force output up to 4700 N with a customized fixed installation structure. The piezoelectric ceramic drive controller is used to control the piezoelectric actuator positions and included a power amplifier, sensor control, chassis and power supply. The high-resolution capacitive displacement sensor system is used to measure the displacements of the grating mass body. Capacitive sensors are designed for non-contact measurement of displacement, distance and position due to their high signal stability and resolution. Capacitive sensors can measure the nano-position of moving objects with excellent precision and duo to the high sensor bandwidth, they can be used in closed-loop control of high dynamics applications. The capacitive non-contact sensor is fully controlled using a servo controller module with a signal amplifier and PC  
Figure 16: Stress distribution on flexible body2.  
Figure 17: Flexible body2 displacement along the Z-axis.  
interface. Kinematic results from the capacitive sensor are computed and compared with the multibody system model results.  
Figure 19 shows the comparisons between the output grating mass displacement of the MBS model and the experimental data. Since the multibody model and experiment data have similar results, the dynamic for design procedure of the grating device system is accurate and can be used later in system identification and design optimization of the grating device system.
# IRS, LIS, and Radio Stripes-Aided Wireless Communications: A Tutorial
## 2 Several Promising Techniques: IRS, LIS, and Radio Stripes
### Categorizing Recent Studies on Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces  
An IRS structure defines a two-dimensional electromagnetic surface as one that is made up of many passive meta-material segments that can be set up in different ways to change the phase of incoming signals and reflect them. This phase shift is controlled by the BS using external signals delivered over a backhaul control link [2]. As a result, the re ceiving BS signal can be changed while still displaying the obtained signal to the users [19]. Consequently, using IRS improves the signal energy strength received by faraway users and widens the BS coverage. In this context, the IRS and BS must collaborate to create the beamformer parameters. This results in the desired channel conditions, in which the BS communicates information to numerous users via the IRS. The IRS is separate from other comparable wireless network technologies, including relaying and backscatter telecommunications. Additionally, near-field beamforming has been investigated in [4] to significantly enhance the efficiency of wireless technology. In this technique, the phase shifts of the LIS components are intelligently modified to receive a coherent combination of the reflected signals at the appropriate receiver (Figure 1) [20]. The IRS is distinguished by the other following characteristics:
# Autonomous 3D Exploration of Large Structures Using an UAV Equipped with a 2D LIDAR
## 3 Methods
### Sampling: Flyby Manoeuvre  
Laser sensors have the advantage of longer sampling range when compared with cameras and depth-cameras. However they are heavier and more expensive. Fortunately, 2D lasers and lighter and cheaper than their 3D counterpart.  
An observation manoeuvre has been developed to enable the 2D laser sensor to capture information in 3D. Instead of sampling from only one viewpoint, sampling is performed along a line segment. In this way, the circular range of the sensor is extended in the direction of the movement. Additionally, the manoeuvre adds flexibility to the thin scan of the 2D sensor. The procedure promotes the consolidation of the known space by smoothing the edges of the unknown space, enabling the voxels to merge, making the world representation more compact.  
Then, the manoeuvre consists on following a segment chosen to place the sensor within the range of the targeted unknown space. As shown in Figure 2, the line segment computation can be adapted to the current shape of the free space since several possibilities around the target are evaluated. Each line is a tangent to a circle centered on the target, with a radius equal to the sampling distance. Both the sampling distance and the number of flyby options evaluated are adjustable. However, it should be noticed that more flyby choices increases both flexibility and computation time.  
Figure 2: Circle (A) around the unknown location (O) with a radius equal to the sampling distance where different observation points (C) are shown. The green arrows represent the corresponding flyby manoeuvre for each observation point. The UAV is initially at position (D) and the final flyby manoeuvre is chosen to have the shortest path between this position and the start location of the flyby segment.
# Hydrogen Production from Offshore Wind Parks: Current Situation and Future Perspectives
## 4 Hydrogen Utilization
### Power to Gas  
Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas, so it is possible to inject some hydrogen into the natural gas grid without significant modifications to the grid or the systems that use natural gas. This application is denominated as P2G. Some pilot projects already in operation blend up to 20% hydrogen in localized natural gas grids such as small communities or universities [34]. Several studies support the idea that a low concentration of hydrogen (up to 15-20%) in the natural gas grid does not significantly increase the risk associated with utilization of the gas [35; 36].  
Another approach is being studied at several locations, including Central do Ribatejo in Portugal by EDP [37], where a 1 MW electrolyzer produces hydrogen during ramp down periods and stores it at 300 bar (storage capacity of 400 kg, which is around 13 MWh). The project plans to study the injection of hydrogen in the natural gas grid and the co-combustion of hydrogen and natural gas in a regular gas turbine. This installation is part of an international project named FLEXnCONFU, which aims to integrate hydrogen and ammonia in the electrical grid [38].
###### Abstract  
Cloud computing plays a major role in sharing data and resources to other devices through data outsourcing. During sharing resources, it is a challenging task to provide access control and secure write operations. The main issue is to provide secure read and write operations collaboratively and to reduce computational overload by effective key management. In this paper, a secure and an efficient data collaboration scheme blowfish hybridized weighted attribute-based Encryption (BH-WABE ) for secure data writing and proficient access control has been proposed. Here, weight is assigned to each attribute based on its importance and data are encrypted using access control policies. The cloud service provider stores the outsourced data and an attribute authority revokes or updates the attributes by assigning different attributes based on the weight. The receiver can access the data file corresponding to its weight in order to reduce the computational overload. The proposed BH-WABE provides collusion resistance, multiauthority security and fine-grained access control in terms of security, reliability, and efficiency. The performance is compared with the conventional hybrid attribute-based encryption (HABE) scheme in terms of data confidentiality, flexible access control, data collaboration, full delegation, partial decryption, verification, and partial signing.  
cloud computing; secure write operation; data encryption; key management scheme; fine grained access control; multiauthority security; data collaboration; ABE; HIBE; HABE Article
## 5 Discussion
### Chronological Significance
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Serial** & & & & & \\
**Number** & **Location** & **Rock Type** & **Analytical** & **Age/Ma** & **Data Source** \\ \hline
1 & Bulun Village & Gnei ss granite & LA-ICP-MS & 245 & [1] \\
2 & Weizide rock mass & Quartz diorite & LA-ICP-MS & (257.5 \(\pm\) 4.3) & [31] \\
3 & Korzrov rock body No.9 & Gneiss quatz diorite & LA-ICP-MS & 253 & [32] \\
4 & Gneiss quatz diorite & Gneiss two-mica granite & SHRIMP & (242.9 \(\pm\) 2.6) & [32] \\
5 & Kayinglik rock mass & Garnet-bearing biotite & SHRIMP & (240.5 \(\pm\) 2.6) & [33] \\  & No.11 & adamellite & & & \\
6 & Sanshihigfang & Granite & Rb-Sr isochron & 215 & [34] \\
7 & Mustag-Gonger & Granoidorite & LA-ICP-MS & 213 & [35] \\
8 & Suyingdi & Diorite-porphyrite & LA-ICP-MS & 213–210 & [35] \\
9 & Bayankala terrane & Adakite & LA-ICP-MS & 221–212 & [34] \\
10 & Akazi & Granite & LA-ICP-MS & 208 & [36] \\
11 & Sou Kudi & Granite & SHRIMP & 215 & [23] \\
12 & Mazha & Granite & SHRIMP & 209 & [23] \\
13 & Shengligao & Biotite & Ar-Ar & (211.2 \(\pm\) 2.6) & [24] \\
14 & North rock body of & & & & \\  & Heika station & Biotite & K-Ar & 207.8 & [32] \\
15 & Thal rock mass & Granoidorite & SHRIMP & (234.2 \(\pm\) 2.8) & [37] \\
16 & Bandier heath & Granoidorite & LA-ICP-MS & (239.8 \(\pm\) 1.5) & [38] \\
17 & Kegang & Amphibole granite & TIMS & (228.2 \(\pm\) 1.5) & [1] \\
18 & Saturnsi & Granoidorite & Rb-Sr isochron & 215 & [1] \\
19 & Keliyang & Lamprophyre & Ar-Ar & 237 & [23] \\
20 & Pishan & Lamprophyre & Ar-Ar & (228.5 \(\pm\) 0.3) & [23] \\
21 & Dahongliutan & Monzogranite & SHRIMP & (220 \(\pm\) 2.2)–(217.4 \(\pm\) 2.2) & [3] \\
22 & Dahongliutan & Two-mica granite & LA-ICP-MS & (209.6 \(\pm\) 1.5) & [4] \\
23 & Dahongliutan & Granite & TIMS & (217.5 \(\pm\) 2.8) & [5] \\
24 & Dahongliutan & Biotite adamellite & LA-ICP-MS & (213 \(\pm\) 2.1) & [39] \\
25 & Dahongliutan & Damourite Adamellite & LA-ICP-MS & (214.0 \(\pm\) 0.63) & This study \\
26 & Dahongliutan & Two-mica Monzogranit & LA-ICP-MS & (216.7 \(\pm\) 0.82) & This study \\
27 & Dahongliutan & Biotitized Grandoriorite & LA-ICP-MS & (212.71 \(\pm\) 0.89) & This study \\
28 & Dahongliutan & Biotite Adamellite & LA-ICP-MS & (214.7 \(\pm\) 1.0) & This study \\
29 & Dahongliutan & Biotite Quartz Diorite & LA-ICP-MS & (209.3 \(\pm\) 2.8) & This study \\
30 & Dahongliutan & Two-mica Granite & LA-ICP-MS & (205.90 \(\pm\) 0.41) & This study \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Isotopic ages of Indosinian intrusive rocks in the Western Kunlun region. 216.6 \(\pm\) 1.6, 212.71 \(\pm\) 0.89, 214.7 \(\pm\) 1.0, 209.3 \(\pm\) 2.8, and 205.99 \(\pm\) 0.79 Ma). Therefore, the emplacement age of the Dahongliutan pluton is 220 \(\pm\) 2.2 to 205.99 \(\pm\) 0.79 Ma, indicating that the pluton was likely the product of Late Triassic magmatism.