esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Application of Tungsten-Oxide-Based Electrochromic Devices for Supercapacitors
Generally speaking, the following requirements are imposed on electrodes: (1) large ion embedding and stripping (i.e., high specific capacity); (2) good reversibility of embedding and stripping, small structural  
Figure 1: Diagram showing the rate-determining step in the continuous electron-transfer process [9]. [Reprinted with permission from Ref. [9] Copyright [2021] American Chemical Society.] changes (i.e., long cycle life); (3) high ion diffusion coefficient and electron conductivity (i.e., low temperature, good multiplication characteristics); (4) high chemical/thermal stability, good compatibility with electrolyte (i.e., good safety); (5) abundant resources, environmental friendliness, and low price (i.e., low cost, environmental protection) [40; 41; 42; 43; 44]. Therefore, by designing the structure of the electrochromic material (WO\({}_{3}\)) to meet the electrode requirements of the supercapacitor, the electrochromic supercapacitor can react to the charging and discharging state of the device through color change (the electrolyte layer is not mentioned separately because it has been introduced in considerable detail in the field of energy [45; 46; 47]). An electrochromic supercapacitor is different from an electrical double-layer capacitor; it uses fast and reversible surface redox reactions, and its capacitance is not limited to static electricity, but also includes electrochemical charge transfer, so it is called a pseudo-capacitor [49; 50; 51; 52; 53] (pseudo is used to distinguish electrostatic capacitors). Because of the more complex redox reactions, pseudocapacitors usually have a greater specific capacitance than carbon double-layer capacitors, and a large number of metal oxides are used in this field [54; 55]. The energy (E) stored in the capacitor is E = 1/2 CV\({}^{2}\); therefore, the research  
Figure 3: A typical ECD design. Arrows indicate the movement of ions and electrons in an applied electric field [4]. Figure 2: Ragone plot of different electrochemical energy conversion systems, combustion engines, turbines, and traditional capacitors [48]. [Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48] Copyright [2004] American Chemical Society.] focuses on how to increase the specific capacitance and voltage window of the device while ensuring a certain level of electrochromism, the key to the former being to obtain electrodes with a high specific surface area, and the key to the latter being to improve the overall environment of the device. In this review, we introduce the latest research progress of tungsten-oxide-based electrochromic devices in supercapacitors in recent years. This includes nanometer tungsten oxide electrodes, transparent conductive electrodes, and some multifunctional ECSC integrated devices.
# An Interface to Monitor Process Variability Using the Binomial ATTRIVAR SS Control Chart
###### Abstract  
Control charts are tools of paramount importance in statistical process control. They are broadly applied in monitoring processes and improving quality, as they allow the detection of special causes of variation with a significant level of accuracy. Furthermore, there are several strategies able to be employed in different contexts, all of which offer their own advantages. Therefore, this study focuses on monitoring the variability in univariate processes through variance using the Binomial version of the ATTRIVAR Same Sample S\({}^{2}\) (B-ATTRIVAR SS S\({}^{2}\)) control chart, given that it allows coupling attribute and variable inspections (ATTRIVAR means attribute + variable), i.e., taking advantage of the cost-effectiveness of the former and the wealth of information and greater performance of the latter. Its Binomial version was used for such a purpose, since inspections are made using two attributes, and the Same Sample was used due to being submitted to both the attribute and variable stages of inspection. A computational application was developed in the R language using the Shiny package so as to create an interface to facilitate its application and use in the quality control of the production processes. Its application enables users to input process parameters and generate the B-ATTRIVAR SS control chart for monitoring the process variability with variance. By comparing the data obtained from its application with a simpler code, its performance was validated, given that its results exhibited striking similarity.  
control chart; ATTRIVAR; variability; variance; application; interface; R; Shiny package
# Attosecond Streaking Time Delays: Finite-Range Interpretation and Applications
## 3 Applications
### Relation to Wigner-Smith Time Delay  
As mentioned in the Introduction, the streaking time delay is often represented as a sum of the Wigner-Smith time delay and a Coulomb-laser coupling term. To gain further insights into this interpretation, the analytical formula, Equation (11), has been used to study the effect of the streaking field on each of the three contributions (short-range, Coulomb phase and logarithmic) [23]. The absolute difference of the results obtained for each contribution with and without considering the prefactor \(E_{s}(t_{j})/E_{s}(t_{i})\) in Equation (11) is shown as a function of XUV photon energy in Figure 4. The results reveal that for the short-range (a) and the Coulomb phase (b) terms, the effect of the streaking field is significant at photon energies near the threshold only. On the other hand, the effect on the logarithmic term (c) is much larger.  
Based on this comparison, the analytical estimate of the time delay, Equation (11), can be further approximated as:  
\[\Delta t_{s}\simeq\Delta t_{short}+\Delta t_{phase}+\sum_{j=1}^{N}\frac{E_{s}( t_{j})}{E_{s}(t_{i})}\Delta t_{log}^{(j)}\simeq\Delta t_{WS}+\Delta t_{CLC}\, \tag{15}\]  
where \(\Delta t_{WS}=\Delta t_{short}+\Delta t_{phase}\) represents the Wigner-Smith time delay, while \(\Delta t_{CLC}=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}\frac{E_{s}(t_{j})}{E_{s}(t_{i})}\Delta t _{log}^{(j)}\) can be interpreted as the Coulomb-laser coupling term. Thus, the finite-range interpretation providesan alternative route to justify the widely used decomposition of the streaking time delay into the Wigner-Smith term and Coulomb-laser coupling term.
## 1 Introduction
### Wear Measurement Methods
#### 1.6.2 Laser Scanning  
Laser scanning is an advanced measurement technique that offers similar possibilities to photogrammetry but with higher precision and greater financial outlay. This method uses laser sensors to capture detailed 3D information on various objects, such as cutting elements made of metal materials, in order to obtain very precise geometric data.  
Compared to photogrammetry, laser scanning offers several advantages in terms of precision and accuracy. By directly measuring the distance between the laser sensor and the surface of the cutting element, laser scanning achieves higher accuracy in capturing fine details and intricate wear patterns. The 3D models resulting from laser scanning provide a comprehensive representation of the geometry and wear profiles of the cutting element. However, laser scanning is generally more expensive than photogrammetry. The equipment required for laser scanning, such as laser sensors and associated software, tends to be more specialized and expensive. This higher cost may limit the accessibility of laser scanning for some applications or budget constraints [17; 49; 50; 51].  
In a recent study by [PERSON] et al. [17], 3D laser scanning technology was used to scan and reconstruct the irregular cutting tools of a shield TBM before and after wear. The surface overlap method was then used to compare the reference object (the new cutting tool model) and the test object (the worn cutting tool model). A potential disadvantage of using 3D laser scanning technology for the assessment of the irregular wear of cutting tools is that local depressions with excessive curvature on the tool surface can be difficult to scan, resulting in small holes in the automatically reconstructed model. [PERSON] et al. [31] investigated the wear characteristics of TBM disc cutters with different degrees of hardness and different blade shapes when cutting various types of rock. Their study focused on analyzing the wear mechanisms, wear depths, and morphology of wear debris based on experimental results of laser scanning microscopy. The main finding of the study was that the wear mechanisms of TBM disc cutter rings varied depending on the hardness of the cutter rings and the type of rock being cut, with microcuts observed in sandstone and rutting deformation followed by microcuts in rust stone. Wear loss and wear depth decreased with increasing hardness of the steel when used in medium-hard and hard rock. However, there is an optimum degree of hardness of the cutter ring for achieving the best wear resistance.
## 4 Discussion
### Effect of the Transition Deformation Zone on CS Change  
As a critical regional ecosystem, transitional zones exhibit significant transition characteristics of terrain, climate, soil, and vegetation across different spatial scales and geographical locations [42; 43]. These characteristics profoundly impact the CS of ecosystems. The transition region from the eastern margin of the QTP to the LP is a rapidly changing ecological ecotone. Its CS fluctuates sharply with topographic factors, regulating the evolution of vegetation types and physiological structures. A complex mountain topography and diverse ecological functions lead to an uneven distribution of CS and significant spatial heterogeneity [44]. Vegetation distribution and growth are significantly impacted in ecosystems where the alpine climate gradually shifts to semi-arid conditions. The regulation of water and heat allocation further affects soil decomposition activities, thus profoundly impacting the carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation and soil [45]. The results show that CS in the study area presents an inverted U-shaped curve as the topographic gradient increases, resembling the findings of [PERSON] et al. (2022) [46]. This is attributed to the concentration of farmland and building land in flat areas at low altitudes, where human activity is evident and economic development is rapid. The high-altitude area has superior natural resources and favorable hydrothermal conditions. In addition, CS presents a stepped distribution pattern in altitude, peaking at approximately 2500 meters above the sea level (Figure 8). This altitude marks the transition area from the eastern margin of the QTP to the LP. With an increased altitude, topographic rain formed by warm, moist air rising along the hillside effectively alleviates regional moisture limitations. Under sufficient moisture conditions, high vegetation coverage can effectively prevent soil from being exposed to intense sunlight, thereby reducing soil temperature and respiration rates, and increasing soil CS [47]. However, with further increases in altitude, various factors in the alpine environment significantly affect plant growth. Tree and shrub communities are gradually replaced by shrubland and alpine grassland. Vegetation CS decreases rapidly along the
## 3 Method
### Novel Memory Unit  
To further enhance the performance of the Chinese medical named entity encoder, we introduce a novel memory unit, GLMU + RMN, into the model. The global long-range memory unit (GLMU) enhances the model's contextual understanding by capturing long-range dependencies and is particularly effective for processing medical information with complex terms and lengthy texts. When combined with the recursive memory mechanism of RMN, the model can more accurately identify and classify medical named entities, thereby enhancing the precision of named entity recognition. GLMU + RMN effectively handles lengthy texts and complex sentences, ensuring that critical information is preserved and enhancing semantic understanding, which enables the model to more accurately interpret medical terminology and descriptions. By expanding the vocabulary and optimizing the memory mechanism, this combination reduces the impact of unknown words and effectively manages complex dependencies, significantly improving the model's performance in medical text processing. The formula is expressed as follows:  
GLMU aims to capture global dependencies in sequences:  
\[h_{t}=\sigma(W_{h}\cdot[h_{t-1},x_{t}]+b_{h}), \tag{6}\]  
\[c_{t}=f(h_{t},c_{t-1}), \tag{7}\]  
where \(h_{t}\) denotes the hidden state at time step t, \(x_{t}\) represents the input, \(W_{h}\) is the weight matrix, \(b_{h}\) is the bias vector, \(c_{t}\) is the memory cell state, and \(\sigma\) is the activation function. GLMU saves long-term dependencies by introducing a memory unit \(c_{t}\).  
\[c_{t}=tanh(W_{c}h_{t}+U_{c}c_{t-1}+b_{c}), \tag{8}\]  
This formula shows that the current memory state \(c_{t}\) is a nonlinear combination of the previous memory state \(c_{t-1}\) and the current hidden state \(h_{t}\), which can effectively capture long-distance dependencies.  
The RMN utilizes a recursive mechanism to save and update memory cells:  
\[m_{t}=\phi(W_{m}\cdot[m_{t-1},h_{t}]+b_{m}), \tag{9}\]  
where \(m_{t}\) denotes the memory state at time step t, \(W_{m}\) represents the weight matrix, \(b_{m}\) is the bias vector, and \(\phi\) is the activation function.  
The combination of GLMU and RMN can be expressed by the following equation:  
\[\widetilde{h}_{t}=\sigma\big{(}W_{\widetilde{h}}\cdot[h_{t},m_{t}]+b_{ \widetilde{h}}\big{)}, \tag{10}\]  
By incorporating novel memory units, the model can more flexibly and effectively process multi-level information in medical texts. This approach not only enhances the model's understanding of the boundaries and internal structure of medical entities but also improves its ability to recognize complex medical terms and their relationships.
# Recent Advances in Bio-Based Wood Protective Systems: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Bio-Based Fillers
### Reinforcing Bio-Based Fillers
These findings hold encouraging prospects for diverse applications within the realm of circular economy-driven product development, spanning furniture, flooring, and wood panelling. In a comparable manner, [PERSON] et al. [51] presented an eco-friendly method to enhance the effectiveness of linseed oil coatings through the incorporation of nanofibrilated cellulose (NFC). During abrasion testing, all linseed oil coatings modified with NFC demonstrated superior performance compared with the original oil coating. Notably, NFC that was solely suspended in propylene carbonate, devoid of chemical alteration, exhibited the most potent enhancement in wear resistance for the coating. This improvement was largely attributed to the loose network structure of this specific NFC variant, which effectively obstructed the oil's infiltration into the wood surface. Consequently, a protective composite layer of NFC and oil was formed on the wood surface, contributing to enhanced protection. In conclusion, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have exhibited remarkable protective capabilities, as evidenced by numerous recent studies in the literature. For instance, a commercially available acrylic varnish underwent modification through the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals and lignin extracted from beech wood [117]. The addition of CNC proved to be advantageous, particularly in improving the water absorption properties of the modified coating. Likewise, [PERSON] et al. [118] assessed the efficacy of incorporating CNC into a commercially available waterborne acrylic coating. The inclusion of these nanoparticles resulted in a noticeable enhancement in scratch resistance while not causing any notable alteration to the coating's visual appearance. Ultimately, advanced high-performance wood coating systems with elevated solid content, capable of UV curing, were formulated through the incorporation of CNC [119]. The outcomes revealed that the presence of CNC led to enhancements in both barrier and optical characteristics within the nanocomposite coatings. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer matrix displayed minimal alteration upon the addition of CNC. The effectiveness of the CNC dispersion within the polymer matrix was influenced by the CNC concentration. Despite notable agglomeration at higher CNC levels (3%), this clustering did not exert any adverse effects on the coating's performance. Ultimately, recent studies have demonstrated the potential for enhancing the durability of wood coatings, encompassing aspects such as hardness, resistance to abrasion, and barrier properties through the incorporation of bio-based fillers. These substances not only tend to be more cost-effective than conventional synthetic and industrial additives, but also offer enhanced eco-friendliness. Furthermore, they introduce new dimensions of multi-functionality to wood coatings.
# Towards the Internet of Smart Trains:
## 6 IoT-Enabled Services: From More Efficient Operations to New Business Models
### Smart Infrastructure
#### 6.2.3 Operations  
The same infrastructure put in place to provide safety applications can also be used for non-safety applications in order to leverage the investment made by the operators.  
Subways and suburban rails can make use of the data sent by trains to indicate the customers through smartphone applications when such trains are scheduled to depart, arrive, or if there are delays. Additionally, IIoT can modify current railway business models: the use of analytics based on the usage determined by sensors may transform providers from sellers to leasers of equipment. This change yields constant sources of revenue for the providers, while altering the expenses of the operators from CAPital EXpenditure (CAPEX) to Operating Expenditure (OPEX).  
A remarkable example of operations enhancement is the design of an Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) IIoT-system presented in [97]. It is oriented to the Maintenance, Repair and Operation (MRO) of high-speed trains in China. Massive seamless embedded RFID tags and sensors in train-ground transmission networks are able to perceive the status of high-speed trains in real-time, using holographic train visualization and delivering transit alerts. The use of multi-source and multi-level raw data in maintenance and repair processes, collecting various production aspects, such as train flow, part flow, labor flow, and equipment, helps to monitor productive processes and logistics during the whole life-cycle. This study is expected to increase 25% the productive output of EMU operation-level maintenance and 20% the overhaul-level maintenance which includes dismantle, repair and assembly.  
Nowadays, railway Information and Communications Technology (ICT) system implantation is growing, while the deployment of DSS based on the data collected is still emerging. There are currently interoperability issues among the different systems, what derives into missed opportunities.  
The use of models based on semantic data is one of the ways to improve interoperability, since they allow for an easy integration of data coming from diverse sources. For example, [PERSON] et al. [98] use ontologies and natural language interfaces to handle the information collected from a traffic control center. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [99] study the most relevant design patterns to provide extensibility and interoperability, and introduce the concept of Asset Monitoring As A Service (AMaAS).  
Operation scheduling is a complex problem that is influenced by multiple factors, like track capacity or travel distance. Some researchers have proposed its modeling through solutions able to create line plans by specifying different parameters, like the train capacity, passenger demand, the line frequency, the number of transfers or the stopping patterns [100]. The interested reader can find further information in [101; 102; 103; 104; 105], where the problem of real-time scheduling is considered under different approaches.
###### Abstract  
In this article, the camera settings for high-speed imaging of the arc, metal transfer, and weld pool in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) are investigated. The results show that by only changing camera exposure times and the selection of narrow bandpass filters, images that reveal features of the arc such as the iron vapor-dominated region, metal transfer and weld pool behavior can be produced without the need for external light sources. Using the images acquired, the arc length was measured and the relationship between arc length and arc voltage is discussed. The results show that for low values of current, the measured welding voltage increases with increasing arc length; however, for high current values, the arc voltage increases even though the measured arc length becomes shorter. It is suggested that the increase in arc voltage for high values of welding current is due to the increased evaporation of the wire electrode which decreases the plasma temperature and consequently the arc plasma electrical conductivity.  
welding; GMAW; high speed imaging; arc length; arc voltage; arc plasma; iron vapor +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Interclass Interference Suppression in Multi-Class Problems
## 2 Interclass Interference of Multi-Class Problems
The phenomenon of interclass interference occurs in the feature selection process of multi-class problems. Usually, features with the ability to distinguish all classes are prioritized in feature selection. The features that can significantly discriminate a certain class from others are called essential features of a certain class in this paper. Some essential features not only have strong classification ability for corresponding classes but also have classification ability for other classes to some extent. Thus, they are often reserved. By contrast, other essential features, which can distinguish a certain class significantly but cannot discriminate among other classes well, are often deleted as reductant features in feature selection. Once essential features are deleted, the phenomenon of interclass inference occurs. Interclass interference becomes more serious as the number of attributes increases. Although there are small training errors, there are usually large test errors because reserved features cannot reflect the essence of a certain class. The phenomenon of interclass inference seriously decreases the generalization ability of multi-classifiers. Therefore, interclass interference must be eliminated or suppressed in order to improve the generalization performance of multi-classifiers.