## 5 Case Study of Landslide Prone Regions
### Italy
These have caused disruption of services and/or the dismantlement of engineering structures, and, in some cases, the destruction of houses and depots, as shown in Figure 17. IRPI, or the Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica, is a CNR research institution tasked with the responsibility of investigating geohydrological risks, such as landslides [92]. The faculty's objective is to plan and carry out scientific research and technical development in the area of natural catastrophes, with a particular focus on geo-hydrological risks, territory and ecological sustainability, and appropriate georesource use [92]. CNR IRPI's areas of focus includes landslide risk disaster risk reduction, landslide identification and mapping, soil investigation analyses, remote sensing data analysis, landslide predicting systems, landslide vulnerability and threat modeling, socioeconomic impact assessment of landslides, and propagation of landslide information [93; 94]. CNR IRPI is a center of expertise for geo-hydrological hazard identification and risk management for the Italian National Department of Civil Protection, a Prime Minister's Office [95]. The authors report an investigation of landslide incidence in Porretta-Vergato, Italy, in relation to protracted seasonal rainfall. Statistical analysis was performed on data sets gathered over almost a century [96]. At the basin level, the distribution of landslide hazard was addressed and compared to rainfall in order to improve knowledge of the two variables and to analyze their temporal variations, as well as their interdependencies [97]. Pomario is a tiny village in Basilicata, southern Italy, that has a history of landslides [96; 98]. A networked optical fiber type of sensor was used to determine the stresses caused by landslides on an optical fiber embedded in a wide scale physical model of a hillside [99]. The fiber sensor wire was installed at the specified failure plane and characterized using optical spatial frequency reflectometry [100]. The model was divided into two sections: a steady-state simulation for subsurface drainage as well as an infinite-slope Coulomb failure analysis that implies the ground is undermined at collapse [101]. Heavy rains often impact the Eastern Ligurian Riviera, especially the famed Cinque Terre, resulting in minor landslides, inflicting damage and occasionally fatality [102; 103]. In engineering geology and geomorphology, airborne remote sensing devices are increasingly employed to analyze and monitor environmental hazardous situations and phenomena. Remote sensingmonitoring methods, such as LiDAR and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), were utilized in this work to assess the Montescaglioso landslide's kinematic development (Basilicata, Southern Italy) as shown in Figure 16. The huge failure continued to move together across Montescaglioso municipality's steady-state model slope, causing severe breakdowns along the road (\"Montescaglioso-Piani Bradano\") giving access to the Montescaglioso provincial road and causing harm to some housing and houses in construction, including a grocery store and the sandstone sector (see Figure 18). Figure 17: (**A**) Roto-translational slide; (**B**) Rotational slide cutting road downhill; (**C**) Landslide on terrace slides; (**D**) Uphill road cutting; (**E**) rockfall; (**F,H**) soil slip; (**G**) fast flow of earth [104]. Figure 18: Damage caused by landslide [105].