## 3 Results and Discussion
### Testing Candidates  
The cardiac parameters are captured from the resting ECG for the three test candidates. The recorded cardiac parameters are the duration of the JT wave, the duration of the QRS complex, the RR inter-beat interval, the AP wave, and the DP wave, respectively. Those cardiac parameters are transformed into the time series \(\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}:n=0,1,2,3\ldots\right)\), \(\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{n}:n=0,1,2,3\ldots\right)\), \(\left(\boldsymbol{z}_{n}:n=0,1,2,3\ldots\right)\), \(\left(\boldsymbol{u}_{n}:n=0,1,2,3\ldots\right)\), and \(\left(\boldsymbol{v}_{n}:n=0,1,2,3\ldots\right)\), respectively. It is important to note that there is pre-knowledge about the three candidates regarding their health status (having or not having had atrial fibrillation occurrences before). The first two candidates have no recorded history of atrial fibrillation whereas the third test candidate has a recorded history of atrial fibrillation occurrences. With this prior knowledge, the aim is to test the accuracy of the proposed matrix architectures (the third- and the fifth-order PMLD) as well as the proposed classification techniques. First, the preprocessing techniques are applied to the time series as mentioned already in the methods section. The preprocessed parameters are then fitted into the third- and the fifth-order PMLD matrix architectures, and the variance of the norm is produced for the three test candidates. For the first candidate, it is observed that the individual's variance values have placed the person within the variation interval, positioning them towards the left end of the distribution for the third-order PMLD as seen in Figure 2(a). This can also be observed as a visual representation by the inclusion of an asterisk symbol, indicating the individual's placement within the classification interval in Figure 2(a). The interpolation techniques are performed using the developed decision support system using the criteria listed in Table 5. The decision support system shows that the individual satisfies condition 1, which is an indication of a healthy state (cardiovascular health-wise). Furthermore, the probability distribution chart illustrates a probability of less than 0.1 for the individual to be unhealthy, signifying their placement within the healthy region as seen in Figure 2(b). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**For the 3 rd-Order PMLD**} \\ \hline  & **Condition 1** & **Condition 2** & **Condition 3** \\ \hline If & \(Z\leq\left(\mu_{\text{h}}^{3}-\sigma_{\text{h}}^{3}\right)\) & \(Z\geq\left(\mu_{\text{u}}^{3}+\sigma_{\text{u}}^{3}\right)\) & \(\left(\mu_{\text{u}}^{3}+\sigma_{\text{u}}^{3}\right)\leq Z\leq\left(\mu_{ \text{h}}^{3}-\sigma_{\text{h}}^{3}\right)\) \\ \hline Then, the probability & \(\text{IND}=0\) & \(\text{IND}=1\) & \(\text{IND}=\frac{Z-\left(\mu_{\text{u}}^{3}+\sigma_{\text{u}}^{3}\right)}{ \left(\mu_{\text{h}}^{3}-\sigma_{\text{h}}^{3}\right)-\left(\mu_{\text{u}}^{3} +\sigma_{\text{u}}^{3}\right)}\) \\ \hline The candidate is & Healthy & Unhealthy & In between the healthy and unhealthy group based upon the variance values \\ \hline  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Classification criteria for the development of the decision support system. The variable \(Z\) stands for the variance of the new candidate, and IND stands for the probability indicator. The h indices denote a healthy individual, whereas u denotes an unhealthy individual. Finally, a semi-gauge indicator tool is used to visualize an individual's health status using three indicated regions (green, yellow, and red). When the needle of the gauge points to green, it indicates that the person is in the health-wise (cardiovascular health-wise) safety zone. If the needle of the gauge is in the center yellow zone, it indicates that the individual is recommended to pursue clinical attention for follow ups on his cardiovascular health.