# The Impact of Spoofing Attacks in Connected Autonomous Vehicles under Traffic Congestion Conditions  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Digital Systems, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece; ztza@[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.X. )1 Department of Digital Systems, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece; ztza@[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.-R.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.X. )1 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece1  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Digital Systems, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece; ztza@[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.  
conditions within a monitoring area. Another IoV application, which focuses on drivers' safety, has to do with the information and entertainment system of the Subaru(r) vehicle brand. This system can sense the driver's fatigue and trigger a sound alert to stop and rest. Currently, IoT technologies and driverless cars seem to dominate smart city systems [2]. However, this kind of automotive sensing for autonomous vehicles requires line-of-sight (LoS) communication, which is extremely rare in traffic conditions within urban areas. Therefore, as technology is evolving very rapidly in the field of IoV, there is the need for continuous and increased system security. The deployment of CAVs is needed secure inter-vehicle communication in order to ensure reliability and safety. The connected vehicles periodically broadcast traffic information to its neighbors through basic safety messages (BSMs) with information such as speed, location, vehicle i.d., etc. Subsequently, a safety application can manipulate this information to produce different kinds of alerts to drivers, e.g., collision avoidance, lane change warnings, etc. Therefore, it is ensured that critical information arrives with the shortest possible delay to each vehicle through BSMs. This information is usually interchanged with cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) technology [3], which is an enhancement of adaptive cruise control (ACC), and is basically based on sensors, and thus allows vehicles to move in stable platoon formation. The technology that is used for the wireless V2V communication is dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), a spectrum of 75 MHz and a frequency bandwidth of 5.9 GHz [4], which is widely used for communication between vehicles and RSUs. Recently, the standard of Cellular-V2X (C-V2X), which utilizes cellular technology, has been introduced to facilitate vehicle communication, especially over longer distances [5]. The CAVs are vulnerable to different types of cyber-attacks [6]. Therefore, the messages exchanged over the network should be verified and authenticated for its correctness. Cryptographic methods are usually used for authentication purposes for BSMs [7]. These techniques effectively prevent outside attacks, but they do not show the same effectiveness for inertial attacks, where nodes with correct credentials send faulty information, either intentionally or unintentionally. Such cyber-attacks are the denial of service (DoS) attacks. Specifically, the location of a member of the platoon is decided using a GPS system. GPS is vulnerable to jamming/spoofing attacks, and commercially available, off-the-shelf GPS receivers lack the capability to detect and counteract such attacks due to the absence of encryption or authentication mechanisms. Motivated by these challenges, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the impact of spoofing attacks, under realistic conditions, on the road, which may cause some traffic congestion and a potential unwanted accident. A set of cross-layer parameters (such as PDR, acceleration, and speed) that can determine the integrity of the exchanged WSMs) are gathered in a CTA, which is installed on an RSU to detect a spoofing attack in a future probabilistic intrusion detection system (IDS).