# Assessing the Impact of an EV Battery Swapping Station on the Reliability of Distribution Systems  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Changhao Zhang  
discharging process can be regarded as a demand-side energy storage resource. Therefore, as the number of EVs continues to grow and the demand for charging increases, EV and the power system are becoming more interdependent [1]. In practice, the emergence of EVs could bring in both benefits and significant potential challenges to the operation of power systems, depending on how EV resources are managed and exploited [2]. Specifically, on the one hand, through effective interaction with the power grid, charging and discharging processes of EV batteries can play the role of peak-shaving and valley-filling, and they have a beneficial impact on the reliability of the distribution network [3]. On the other hand, the large-scale disorderly charging behavior of EVs may also cause the phenomenon of \"peak-to-peak\", increase the peak-to-valley difference of the power grid, and impact the reliability of the power grid [4]. As such, in order to fully exploit the good side of EV resources, it is essential to undertake a quantitative assessment to reveal to what extent emerging EVs may influence the operation of electric power systems and thus fairly estimate their capability in terms of contribution to the system performance. Nowadays, a large quantity of research studies have been conducted investigating the impact of charging and discharging processes of EVs on the power system performance. The large scale of emerging charging loads would bring a heavy pressure on distribution systems, which may negatively affect the operational performance and supply reliability of the system [5]. In order to address this problem, scholars submit the concept of a centralized charging station. The centralized charging station can integrate different EVs, changing the charging behavior from traditional disorderly to orderly. In [6], the literature presents the strategy for integrating the EVs into the electric grid with an intensive review on advanced smart metering and communication infrastructures. Various EV smart charging technologies are also extensively examined with the perspective of their potential impacts and limitations under vehicle-to-grid (V2G) in this paper. In [7], a novel framework for the optimal allocation of parking-lot-based charging infrastructures to promote the efficient integration of plug-in EVs is proposed. The research also focuses on the interaction between incentive policy and EV user uncertainty charging behaviors, using the regret-matching method to model this endogenous correlation. In [8], a scheduling model of EVs on time dimension was established. The grid-side optimization minimized the system's equivalent load fluctuation, and the user-side was optimized to maximize the charging capacity of EVs. In [9], a multi-objective model of microgrid economic dispatching with EVs, transferable load, and other distributed generations is proposed. The Multi-objective Seeker Optimization Algorithm and the method of fuzzy membership function are applied in this study to obtain the optimal results. In [10], a bi-level model is established, which considers profit-driven decision making by plug-in electric vehicle owners. The model realizes minimizing the installing and operating investment of a charging station with distributed energy resources while fully capturing the EV user decisions. In addition, some articles mentioned the economic benefits to the grid offered by increased demand response via EV charging.