## 3 Review on Available Frameworks for Designing Purposes  
Based on the available literature, existing frameworks for designing purposes were discussed from two perspectives; (i) psychological knowledge and (ii) information technology knowledge.  
From a perspective of psychological knowledge, there were some frameworks available for designing technologies for positive change or mental well-being such as positive technologies [21], positive computing [22] and positive design [23]. Positive technologies, proposed by [21], categorised technologies according to how technology supports psychological changes in users. Meanwhile, positive computing, proposed by [22], highlighted the wellbeing-supportive design to be used in all technologies by targeting the necessary well-being determinants such as gratitude, motivation and self-awareness. Finally, positive design, proposed by [23], focuses on how technology can be designed to foster flourishing.  
From a perspective of information technology, there are also several existing design frameworks for a virtual environment, as outlined by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] and [PERSON] et al. [26]. The framework proposed in [24] focuses on the design space for dynamic interactive virtual environments. Meanwhile, [25] proposed a general approach for designing a virtual environment by describing three architectures, which were (i) application, (ii) domain and (iii) generic interactive features. Lastly, [26] highlighted the various methods of implementing user control, interactions and constraints on objects' behaviour included in the virtual environment.  
Although the existing frameworks mentioned above were available as a guideline, it was found that such frameworks focus on discussing the design information from either a psychological or an information technology perspective, respectively. It was also noted that, from a psychological knowledge perspective, the proposed frameworks only provide a general guideline on how to design technologies for mental well-being and do not particularly focus on immersive interactive technologies such as virtual reality. Meanwhile, from an information technology point of view, the frameworks mostly highlighted the functionality and system architecture of the virtual environment but not on the design of the virtual environment itself.  
In general, the frameworks from both perspectives were found to provide general guidelines highlighting either the nature of systems that would have positive treatment outcomes, or on the systems of architectural and technical design that were not specified for stress therapy purposes. The gaps identified from the existing design frameworks have caused unclear understanding of how virtual environments for stress therapy should be designed and how the knowledge from both psychological and information technology perspectives should be implemented into the design process to facilitate stress reduction. Therefore, a framework is required to provide the necessary information on the requirements to design an effective virtual environment to reduce stress. In addition, the framework was also needed to provide a guideline on the actionable design practices to implement the requirements from the psychological and information technology points of view to facilitate the stress reduction process.  
To address the identified issues, a framework for designing virtual environments for stress therapy was developed, highlighting the design elements from both psychological and information technology perspectives. The design elements proposed in the framework specifically focus on the design requirements for designing a virtual environment that is capable of reducing stress.