## 6 Conclusions  
This review has demonstrated the viability and potential of utilising alternative agricultural feedstock, specifically industrial hemp, in the manufacturing of L-MMCF. Hemp bas has high cellulose content, ideal for L-MMCF feedstock. Hemp hurd (shive) may also offer a potential towards L-MMCF feedstock, either on its own or in blend with hemp bas. Additionally, industrial hemp agronomy can leverage the Canadian bioeconomy, especially considering whole plant utilisation strategies. While traditional feedstocks from wood and cotton linters are still viable for L-MMCF manufacturing, especially if sustainably sourced, industrial hemp offers an alternative feedstock that can be grown and harvested in a greater agricultural community. Industrial hemp feedstock will encourage cultivation of this crop, as well as whole plant utilisation, lending towards a circular economy. However, utilisation of industrial hemp towards L-MMCF feedstock raises some challenges, such as the need to closely monitor and eliminate metal content. More research is needed towards commercialisation for the efficient removal of inorganic materials, lignin, and hemicellulose. Research will also permit to identify which variat \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feedstock** & & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Industrial Hemp Stalks} & \(\bullet\) & Characterisation by numerous authors & \(\bullet\) & New feedstock, requiring additional research to confirm reliability and consistency. \\  & & suggests the viability of both hemp bas & \(\bullet\) & Fast growing implies increased metal pickup. These need to be removed during the pulping process. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Used as a rotational crop to improve soil health. & \(\bullet\) & Plant age affects lignocellulosic content, requiring different processing parameters for young vs. old plant. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Fasts growing: requires less additives than other agricultural crops. & \(\bullet\) & Requires proper separation of bas and hurd. \\  & & Accessibility of adequate biomass for L-MMCF manufacturing. & \(\bullet\) & Can lead to deforestation. \\  & & L-MMCF manufacturing. & \(\bullet\) & High demand for other applications (i.e., paper products), suggesting need for alternative sources. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Wood and Bamboo} & \(\bullet\) & Traditional feedstock, substantiated by research. & \(\bullet\) & Can lead to deforestation. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Readily accessible. & \(\bullet\) & High demand for other applications (i.e., paper products), suggesting need for alternative sources. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Trend towards sustainable harvesting. & \(\bullet\) & Water intensive crop. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cotton Linters} & \(\bullet\) & High alpha-cellulose content, ideal for L-MMCF. & \(\bullet\) & Declining arable land. \\  & & Characterisation by numerous authors & \(\bullet\) & Only grows in certain climates. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Other Alternative Feedstock} & \(\bullet\) & Characterisation by numerous authors & \(\bullet\) & Accessibility of consistent feedstock. \\  & & suggest viability of alternative feedstocks, including corn cob, flax, wheat straw, and sugarcane bagasse. & \(\bullet\) & Accessibility of adequate biomass for L-MMCF manufacturing. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Advantages and disadvantages of utilising industrial hemp stalks towards L-MMCF manufacturing. and which agricultural conditions are best suited to produce L-MMCF depending on the end application. Conceptualisation, L.L. and P.L.D. ; Data Curation, L.L. and M.S.H. ; writing--original draft preparation, L.L. and M.F. ; Visualisation, L.L. and M.S.H. ; writing--review and editing, P.L.D., M.F., M.S.H., W.C. and D.C.B. ; Supervision, P.L.D. ; Funding Acquisition, P.I.D., L.L., W.C. and D.C.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.