## 3 Seismic Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Shear Walls
### Seismic Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Shear Walls: State-of-the-Art
Concrete was poured inside to enhance seismic behavior and reduce steel consumption. The wall system resisted both vertical and lateral loads and was tested for energy dissipation, failure modes, ductility, stiffness, deformation, strength, and hysteresis loops. [PERSON] et al. (2016) [40] discussed the behavior of a double-skin composite wall system under cyclic shear loading. They focused on the usage of profiled steel sheets, steel sheet-concrete connections, and high-performance concrete to construct the walls. They have also examined the performance of self-consolidating concrete and engineered cementitious composite as infill materials. The latter was highlighted for its high strain capacity and ability to enhance the structural performance of the walls. They also presented data on stress-strain characteristics, failure modes, ductility, shear strength, and energy absorption, with a focus on strength and stiffness degradation. Moreover, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017) [41] used the finite element method to model the inelastic cyclic behavior of concrete-filled steel sandwich panel walls. The calibrated model provided insights into the design of these composite walls, addressing the lack of prescriptive guidance. The findings included the distribution of wall-to-footing forces, shear force demands, cumulative plastic strain, steel-plate yielding, and interface friction. [PERSON] et al. (2016) [42] first recognized that the research on seismic behavior of steel-concrete composite shear walls for safety-related nuclear facilities lacks reliable hysteretic models for predicting structural performance near collapse. For this reason, they analyzed  
Figure 3: Finite element method simulation demonstrating local buckling phenomena in composite shear wall structures, showing stress distribution and deformation patterns (adapted from [PERSON] et al. (2022) [37]). the experimental results of 32 specimens and developed associated hysteretic rules and a quadrilinear backbone with negative post-peak stiffness. Additionally, to reflect plasticity extension and damage accumulation, they proposed reduction factors for [PERSON]'s moduli of concrete and steel. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. (2019) [43] presented a design method for concrete-filled double steel corrugated-plate walls with a T-section. The load-bearing capacities of these walls were upgraded by the combination of infilled concrete and bolt-connected steel corrugated plates. The failure mechanism and design process were analyzed through experiments and numerical simulations, while design formulas for predicting the sectional strength were proposed. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [44] examined the behavior of corrugated steel-plate composite shear walls. Experimental research was conducted on six shear walls to study their failure process, hysteresis diagrams, energy consumption capacity, and stiffness degradation. It was found that the peak loads of the three shear walls increased significantly compared to conventional shear walls. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. (2020) [45] developed a fiber-based macro model in the PERFORM-3D program ([[https://www.csiamerica.com/products/perform3d](https://www.csiamerica.com/products/perform3d)]([https://www.csiamerica.com/products/perform3d](https://www.csiamerica.com/products/perform3d))) to efficiently simulate the global response of steel-concrete composite walls. The model has a simple system and decreases computational time. It was validated using test data for seventeen composite walls with and without boundary elements, considering various design variables and the presence of axial load. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [46] summarized the experimental results and discussed the development of three-dimensional FEM models for large-scale specimens that have to do with composite plate shear walls. Effective stress-strain relationships were proposed to account for various behaviors, including steel yielding, concrete cracking, and composite interaction.