esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Materials and Methods
### Online Early-Warning System for Water Quality Based on the Relative Oxygen Uptake Rate (ROUR) Index  
To apply the developed method for in situ monitoring the ROUR in WWTPs, an online early-warning system was assembled, consisted of a wastewater tank, a sludge tank, a filter, an aerator, a water pump, a sludge pump, a batch reactor for DO measurement, a DO probe, and a programmable logic controller (PLC), as illustrated in Figure 2a. The wastewater influent was continuously pumped into the wastewater tank after filtering and the activated sludge samples were directly pumped into the sludge tank. They were then mixed together in the batch reactor. The batch reactor was kept stirring (200 rpm), completed aerated (10 min), DO-monitoring (10 min) and finally discarded through the effluent tube. The whole online early-warning system was built up on a mobile platform (650 mm \(\times\) 400 mm \(\times\) 1200 mm, length \(\times\) width \(\times\) height) manufactured with galvanized steel plain sheets (Figure 2b,c). The flow rate of wastewater and the activated sludge was 350 and 50 mL/min, respectively. The aeration was achieved by a microporous aerator and the DO after aeration maintained above 6 mg/L. The PLC software was programmed for either automatically or manually controlling operational parameters of the early-warning system, including a main menu (menu selection), a trend menu (real-time illustration of OUR change), a sampling menu (sample injection and discard control), a device menu (device check), a warning menu (alarm for low ROUR and system fault), and a setting menu (parameter setting).
## Attenuated UV Radiation Alters Volatile Profile in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes under Field Conditions  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 1,* 1**  
Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering,  
China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.L.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.-X.L.)  
Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences,  
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +86-6273-6191; Fax: +86-6273-8658.  
Academic Editors: [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
_Received: 30 July 2015 / Accepted: 9 September 2015 / Published: 17 September 2015_  
This study aimed to explore the effect of attenuated UV radiation around grape clusters on the volatile profile of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes (_Vitis vinifera_ L. cv.) under field conditions. Grape bunches were wrapped with two types of polyester films that cut off 89% (film A) and 99% (film B) invisible sunlight of less than 380 nm wavelength, respectively. Solar UV radiation reaching the grape berry surface was largely attenuated, and an increase in the concentrations of amino acid-derived benzenoid volatiles and fatty acid-derived esters was observed in the ripening grapes. Meanwhile, the attenuated UV radiation significantly reduced the concentrations of fatty acid-derived aldehydes and alcohols and isoprenoid-derived norisoprenoids. No significant impact was observed for terpen. In most case, these positive or negative effects were stage-dependent. Reducing UV radiation from the onset of veraison to grape harvest, compared to the other stages, caused a larger alteration in the grape volatile profile. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that (_E_)-2-hexenal, 4-methyl benzaldehyde, 2-butoxyethyl acetate, (_E_)-2-heptenal, styrene, \(\alpha\)-phenylethanol, and (_Z_)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate were affected most significantly by the attenuated UV radiation.  
UV attenuation; volatile compounds; grape berry
# A Novel Method for Constructing the S-Box Based on Spatiotemporal Chaotic Dynamics
## 1 Introduction
We choose the Non-adjacent Coupled Map Lattices (NCML) [28] spatiotemporal chaos system for constructing the S-box. It has more dynamical features than the traditional CML [29] and the logistic map, such as better randomness, more chaotic sequences, and no periodic windows. Moreover, it can resist the degradation of finite precision computation due to its high dimensional feature, which can increase the randomness of elements in the S-box. Additionally, the NCML chaotic system has been used in secure communication schemes due to its cryptographic features [30; 31];
2. Since the chaotic sequences generated by the NCML system are independent, we apply these independent chaotic sequences to implement the permutation and shuffle of the S-box, which can improve its BIC property and ability to resist linear password attacks;
3. In the comparisons with the former schemes, the simulation and experimental results prove the superior properties of the proposed scheme. This scheme shows that the combination of the spatiotemporal chaotic system and S-box is a recommended approach for encryptions. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The NCML spatiotemporal system is introduced and analyzed, as well as the cryptographic features in dynamical behaviors in Section 2. Section 3 explains the construction process of the proposed S-box. Section 4 verifies the randomness of the constructed S-box. Section 5 analyzes the performance of the constructed S-box. Section 6 gives the concluding remarks.
# COMS Visible Channel Calibration Using Moon Observation Data
## 2 Data and Methods
### Moon Observation Data of COMS MI
The phase angle refers to the reference system used to derive observation geometry for Sun-Moon-COMS; it describes the position of the Sun and the satellite within a Moon-fixed reference frame. The phase angle is represented between these two vectors [25]. Accordingly, a phase angle value between \(-\)90\({}^{\circ}\) and 90\({}^{\circ}\) is used in this study, indicative that at least half of the lunar disk response can be used to provide an exploitable signal. As shown in Table 2, COMS observed the Moon 152 times from April 2011 to December 2017 (an average of twice a month). At least one Moon image acquisition per month is recommended [25]. Of these observations, a total of 146 lunar observations were converted from Level 0- to Level 1A-equivalent data for COMS visible channel calibration. Level 1A is data radiometrically calibrated from raw data and is not geometrically corrected (no geolocation).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Wrangling
#### 2.3.1 Data Preprocessing  
The subsequent phase involved the preprocessing of the dataset, aiming to render the data as more compatible with ML algorithms and conducive to modeling. Notably, the dataset exhibited no missing values, and its output was binary, categorizing individuals as either unaffected by heart disease (labeled 0) or reporting its presence (labeled 1). Initially, 80 duplicated observations were identified and removed to mitigate potential noise and inaccuracies. While outliers were detected in variables such as weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI), they were deemed as extreme yet potentially meaningful values and were retained within the dataset. Additionally, normalization of input features was performed using MinMaxScaler, ensuring that all features fell within the range [0, 1] to facilitate a uniform contribution to model fitting and prevent bias stemming from varying scales.
# Theoretical Optimization of Trapped-Bubble-Based Acoustic Metamaterial Performance
## Problem Formulation
### Bubble Array  
In our previous study [18], displacements and resonant frequencies of a single bubble trapped in a cylindrical cavity have been derived. Moreover, we considered oscillatory behavior of the bubble pair and identified resonant frequency shifts due to coupling. Strong coupling in bubble pair has been demonstrated. However, the bubble pair is a relatively simple structure and, when it comes to a bubble array, the problem becomes much more complicated as the coupling between multiple bubble pairs should be considered. Luckily, the approach exists to successfully solve this problem: MST [13]. Despite having some limitations (ordered scatterers systems or finite number of disordered scatterers), this approach is quite powerful yet relatively simple. In particular, in the case of in-plane array of  
Figure 1: Domain definition for (**a**) single bubble; (**b**) bubble array; (**c**) bubble array with reflector. Numbers 1 and 2 in (**a**) correspond to subscripts in Equation (3).  
bubbles all of them are subjected to an average acoustic field. This simplification allows developing a theory that predicts resonant behavior of the array and accounts for both properties of an individual bubble and geometry of the array.  
Here we use the approach developed earlier [13; 14], but replace Minnaert frequency with the one derived in our previous study [18]. Using SCA, amplitude transmission and reflection coefficients are given by:  
\[t=\frac{\Omega-i\delta}{\Omega-i(\delta+\kappa a)},\quad r=\frac{ixa}{\Omega-i (\delta+\kappa a)}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(\Omega,\delta,a\) stand for nondimensional frequency parameter, dissipation factor, and bubble radius, respectively. \(\Omega\) and \(\kappa\) are given by:  
\[\Omega=(\omega_{b}/\omega)^{2}-(1-A),\quad\kappa=\frac{2\pi}{kd^{2}}, \tag{7}\]  
where \(k\) and \(d\) are the acoustic wave number and the distance between the bubble centers, respectively. Subsequently, energy transmission coefficient is given by:  
\[T=T_{0}|t|^{2}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(T_{0}\) is a transmission amplitude. Transmission extremal problem reads as:  
\[\frac{dT}{d\Omega}=0 \tag{9}\]  
For the case considered we assume that the bubble array was formed in the bulk of liquid far from any interface. If a single interface is present in a vicinity of the array, the energy transmission coefficient is given by:  
\[T_{1}=T_{01}\left|\frac{\Omega-i\delta}{\Omega-i(\delta+Bkh)-B}\right|^{2}, \tag{10}\]  
where \(T_{01}\) is a transmission amplitude. Transmission extremal problem reads as:  
\[\frac{dT_{1}}{d\Omega}=0 \tag{11}\]  
Finally, in the case of two interfaces from both sides of the bubble array, the energy transmission coefficient is given by:  
\[T_{2}=T_{02}\left|\frac{\Omega-i\delta}{\Omega-i(\delta+2\Omega kh)-B/2}\right| ^{2}, \tag{12}\]  
where where \(T_{02}\) is a transmission amplitude and transmission extremal problem reads as:  
\[\frac{dT_{2}}{d\Omega}=0 \tag{13}\]
# Neutralization Dynamics of Slow Highly Charged Ions in 2D Materials
## 3 Discussion on Ion Interaction with 2D Materials
### Carbon Nanomembranes  
With our knowledge on the neutralization dynamics of HCI and the interatomic distance dependence of the deexcitation mechanism, we can also explain the ion spectroscopy results obtained with CNM (see Figure 4a-e). The low exit charge state distribution is a result from small impact parameter scattering, as we know from the broad angular distribution. At these small impact parameters, ICD is active and, as a result, ions are transmitted in low charge states.  
CNMs are 1 nm thick (\(\approx\)3 carbon-carbon bond lengths) leading to a longer interaction time than in case of SLG. The charge state distribution peaks at lower charge states. At the same time, the (areal) density of carbon atoms in a CNM can be estimated from the coverage density of the self-assembled monolayer used to fabricate CNMs. Assuming no carbon loss during the cross-linking and formation of CNM, the areal density is \(5.54\times 10^{15}\) at/cm\({}^{2}\). This value is only 1.4 times larger than the areal density of SLG. A three-times-larger thickness, but only 1.4-times-larger amount of atoms in a unit  
Figure 8: (Color online) **(left)** The approaching HCI extracts electrons from the target surface while it is still at large distances. Electrons are captured in highly excited states as a result of resonant charge transfer. A hollow atom is formed. (**right**) At close collisions with target atoms, ICD leads to rapid quenching of the hollow atom and the emission of a large amount of low energy electrons from the target [23].  
area, results in a two-times-lower average density of CNM compared to SLG. Since CNMs appear amorphous, the density will show local variations with dense and underdense areas, allowing a broader range of impact parameters our HCIs can have. HCIs passing through underdense areas are scattered under larger impact parameters and subsequently ICD is ineffective or even absent. Ions will capture electrons resonantly and exhibit a deexcitation cascade as an isolated atom on its way to the detector. The result is a highly charged ion again with only a few stabilized electrons, i.e., the high exit charge state distribution. HCIs ending up in this distribution experience solely COB electron capture and no further electronic interaction with the target. Scattering into 0.05- 0.15\({}^{\circ}\) results then only from distant elastic scattering.
# MPEG and DA-AD Resilient DCT-Based Video Watermarking Using Adaptive Frame Selection
## 3 Proposed Method
### Watermark Pattern Embedding  
For the watermark pattern embedding, the DCT of frame \(F\) was computed. Subsequently, the \(N\) coefficients in the selected location were adopted to form watermark embedding vector \(V\). The watermark embedding vector of the original DCT coefficients \(V=\{v_{1},v_{2},v_{3},...,v_{N}\}\) was modified, and it became a vector of modified watermarked coefficients \(V^{\prime}=\{v^{\prime}_{1},v^{\prime}_{2},v^{\prime}_{3},...,v^{\prime}_{N}\}\), based on the following embedding rule:  
\[v^{\prime}_{i}=v_{i}+a|v_{i}|\frac{x_{i}+y_{i}}{2},\quad(1\leq i\leq N), \tag{2}\]  
where \(X=\{x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},...,x_{N}\}\) and \(Y=\{y_{1},y_{2},y_{3},...,y_{N}\}\) are the selected watermarks. The watermark strength \(\alpha\) denotes the scaling factor as the strength of the embedded pattern signal. As we described in a previous section, two watermarks \(X\) and \(Y\) were embedded in each selected video frame to encode 16 bits of information. The DCT coefficients in the mid-band spectrum were selected for the pattern embedding, such that a trade-off between perceptual invisibility and robustness against video compression was achieved. After the DCT coefficient embedding process, the watermarked frame \(F^{\prime}\) was obtained using an inverse DCT.
## 5 Results and Analysis
### Correlation Analyses
#### 5.4.1 Daily Correlation Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable 1** & **Variable 2** & **Correlation Value** \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q11 & heart rate-mean & 0.50 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q11 & heart rate-min & 0.49 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q12 & hr-average & 0.48 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q11 & hr-max & 0.48 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q12 & heart rate-mean & 0.45 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q12 & step-mean & 0.42 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q10 & step-sum & 0.42 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q6 & hr-max & 0.42 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q4 & deepsleepduration & 0.38 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q10 & heart rate-min & 0.37 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q3 & lightsleepduration & 0.37 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q6 & heart rate-max & 0.36 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score & heart rate-mean & 0.35 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score & step-mean & 0.34 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score & heart rate-min & 0.34 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q5 & step-mean & 0.34 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q1 & deepsleepduration & 0.34 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q3 & motion-ratio & 0.33 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q7 & motion-sum & 0.30 \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q4 & hr-max & \(-0.31\) \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q12 & motion-ratio & \(-0.33\) \\ \hline Oxford Hip Score—Q4 & hr-average & \(-0.35\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The different items/questions in the Oxford Hip Score are illustrated in Appendix A in this paper.  
\end{table} 
Table 8: Daily moderate correlations between Oxford Hip Score and sensor data for 8 participants. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable 1** & **Variable 2** & **Correlation Value** \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q10 & acceleration-sum & 0.50 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q12 & hr-max & 0.48 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q10 & _l2_-mean & 0.48 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q12 & hr-average & 0.46 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q11 & heart rate-min & 0.46 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q7 & heart rate-mean & 0.45 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q4 & motion-sum & 0.44 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q10 & lightsleepduration & 0.43 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score & hr-max & 0.39 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q12 & step-sum & 0.38 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q10 & _l2_-peaks & 0.38 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q12 & heart rate-max & 0.37 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q7 & _l2_-svd-entropy & 0.36 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q2 & hr-max & 0.36 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score & heart rate-mean & 0.33 \\ \hline Oxford Knee Score—Q10 & _l2_-std & 0.32 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Daily moderate correlations between Oxford Knee Score and sensor data for 8 participants.
## 4 Proposed Cooperative Operation Method  
### Proposed Method  
The proposed method for the cooperative operation of IMD and GPT refers to grounding the inductor and capacitor in series on the primary side of the GPT. The proposed system is depicted in Figure 8.  
Figure 8: Method of cooperative use of IMD and GPT.  
Figure 7: GPT zero-phase voltage factor.  
The rationale for grounding the capacitor is as follows. The capacitor functions as an infinite impedance at steady state for the IMD square wave voltage source. Hence, the current loop formation in the primary side of the GPT during insulation resistance measurement using IMD can be blocked. As the impact of the current loop can be excluded from a scenario where low insulation resistance would be measured through the GPT primary side, an accurate measurement of the combined insulation resistance of the existing system can be guaranteed.  
The inductor is grounded in series for two reasons. First, grounding the capacitor to secure the operability of the IMD hinders the operability of the existing GPT. If the ground impedance of the primary side of the GPT increases due to capacitor grounding, a zero-phase current induced by a ground fault, which flows through the primary side of the GPT, is blocked. Hence, the zero-phase voltage induced in the tertiary side of the GPT is reduced, and the sensitivity of ground fault detection by GPT is decreased. To minimize the impact on the existing GPT, the ground impedance is adjusted by additionally grounding the inductor in series. The second reason is regarding harmonics caused by inverter switching. Power converters such as inverters generate harmonics due to switching. Harmonics include switching frequency and high-frequency components corresponding to integer multiples of the switching frequency according to control characteristics. An effective measure to reduce harmonics is to ground the inductor in series. Reducing the harmonic current flowing to the primary side of the GPT can decrease the zero-phase voltage, which is constitutively induced in the tertiary side. Therefore, previously discussed complications such as CLR and GPT burnouts and malfunction of connected protection devices may be circumvented.
## 4 Massive MIMO Performance Evaluation
Table 4 confirms that, although with some performance differences, the triangular lattice turns out to be the most efficient array grid regardless of the sector cell or the adopted frequency within the considered range. It is worth observing that, in practice, a minimum user distance within the same time-frequency resource is required in order to avoid high SIR and, hence, increase the SE. However, SE improvement between triangular and square lattices remains substantially unchanged. A further analysis aimed at understanding the role of array gain and the elements' mutual coupling (MC) was performed. The SE improvement between triangular and square lattices, as shown in Figure 17(b), was recalculated under the hypothesis of having the same array gain (or the same received signal) for both of the employed lattices (20 dBi for all the frequencies), and in the case of an ideal array without MC (w/o MC). Figure 18(a) highlights how the higher array gain values, as a function of the steering angles obtained in the case of the triangular lattice planar array (Figure 8), allow for an increase in the SE for just a few users (up to three). In fact, the SE improvement with the same array gain in the case of just a single user is equal to zero at all frequencies, whereas by increasing the number of concurrent users the curves are overlapped to the case of different gain values. Therefore, the higher SE provided by the triangular lattice in the event of many users is due to the better interference robustness guaranteed by the superior angular resolution. The SE improvement comparison of Figure 18(b) emphasizes how the MC effects contribute to a further increase in the percentage SE improvement of the triangular lattice compared to the square lattice, mainly at the lowest frequency (24.25 GHz). Conversely, the MC effect on percentage SE improvement gradually vanishes as the frequency increases, and becomes irrelevant at the highest frequency (29.5 GHz). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **Sector** & **Lattice** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SE Improvement**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **24.25 GHz** & **29.5 GHz** \\ \hline
[37] & Rectangular & \(\gamma=36.6^{\circ}\) vs Rect & 14 \% & 10 \% \\ This Paper & Circular & \(\gamma=60^{\circ}\) vs Squ & 12 \% & 8.5 \% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Percentage SE improvement offered by the most suitable triangular lattice, compared to rectangular/square lattices, in the case of planar arrays composed of 64 elements (\(8\times 8\)) for 20 served users inside the different sector cells.
# When Social Networks Meet D2D Communications: A Survey
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a comprehensive study of the convergence between social networks and D2D communication found in the literature is presented. The concept was proposed around 5-6 years ago: the number of papers, even if limited, is still relevant when compared to this time frame, showing that this topic clearly represents an emerging trend. We analyzed this convergence under three different aspects: relay discovery and peer selection, communication mode selection, and spectrum resource allocation and management.  
The main aims of this survey are to investigate the benefits of the integration of social-awareness with D2D communication, and to give to the reader a clear picture of the current scientific efforts on the D2D \"communication domain\". From the analyzed papers, it clearly emerges how social networks can improve D2D communications under different aspects. However, the efficiency of the proposed solutions has to be proven with the aid of real use cases.  
All the authors contributed equally to the paper. All the authors wrote the paper and reviewed its structure and intellectual content.  
This work was partially supported by Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR), within the Smart Cities framework (Project CagliariPort2020, ID: SCN_00281 and Project Cagliari2020, ID: PON04a2_00381), by Fondazione di Sardegna (Project ODIS, CUP: F72F16003170002) and by the Piano Sulcis \"RISCOPRIRSI\" Project of the Sardinian Region (CUP: F76C17000060002).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.