# Interface Design for Responsible Remote Driving: A Study on Technological Mediation
## 5 Conclusions and Future Outlooks  
Making sure that ROs are put in the best position to exercise responsible driving is prerequisite to enjoying the benefits that the technology might yield and, thus, contributing to fostering safer, more ethical transportation systems. As our research shows, philosophical insights on technological mediation are helpful to realize the key role that HMIs play in this regard. Since ROs' access to environmental information is entirely mediated through HMIs, their exercise of safe and responsible driving massively depends on how relevant data are gathered, elaborated, integrated, and conveyed to them. Works on technological mediation suggest that a magnification-reduction structure invariantly accompanies it, so that some aspects of the mediated experience are amplified, while other aspects are constrained or silenced. However, reduced aspects might be extremely relevant to the exercise of responsibility, so that they should not be forgotten, but rather critically examined and, if relevant, reintegrated in the mediated experience by means of dedicated HMI solutions. Based on the discussion carried out so far, some general conclusions could be drawn. While the driving experience is most commonly mediated through visual interfaces, the related reductions and their likely impacts on responsible RD suggest that mono-sensory HMIs should be complemented with other kinds of synchronized informational feedback. In other words, visual HMIs constitute a necessary but not sufficient condition to responsible RD. Indeed, well-designed HMIs distributing messages across different modes have shown the potential of supporting SA, lowering cognitive overload, and countering the feeling of detachment that is often associated with virtually mediated forms of experience. Moreover, intelligently combining different forms of feedback might help augmenting ROs' capabilities of driving safely and responsibly, supporting their capacity to navigate complex urban scenarios, become aware of obstacles or risky traffic situations, acknowledge the presence of vulnerable road users, locate potential technical malfunctions, and so on. Since multi-sensory HMIs exhibit a clear advantage on mono-sensory solutions, we advise to pose them as a desideratum of responsible RD research. However, we acknowledge that this rather general guideline--although based on evidence presented in the literature--still must be both further validated and specified in more concrete design requirements,testable hypotheses, and experimental designs. As stated in the introduction, the scope of the present research is mainly methodological, so that empirical research and experimental studies are needed to back the results of our analysis with concrete evidence to a greater extent. As observed by [11] (p. 3), \"since the remote operation of AVs has not been widely rolled out so far, there is limited knowledge about concrete use cases and scenarios that are most relevant to it\", so that \"more exploration and experimentation are required to determine the most suitable format for RDP [Remote Driving Platform] setups\" [2] (p. 14). In addition, responsible RD has not been the main subject of experimental studies so far. Future experimental research, therefore, is needed to further validate the results of our study with empirical data on the extent to which ROs' exercise of responsibility is impacted by mono-sensory and multi-sensory interfaces. Future experimental studies should shed more clarity on design parameters and evaluation metrics to translate into quantitative guidelines and requirements the qualitative insights of our analysis. In this sense, it is important to adopt human-centric design methodologies (e.g., [11]) to shed more light on amplifications, reductions, and integration issues pertaining to various configurations of multi-sensory HMIs. Two aspects appear relevant in this regard: user experience studies and stakeholder involvement.