## 3 Results and Discussion
Cells  
Figure 11: Optical microscopy images showing cell attachment on Ti-6 Al-4V surfaces after various treatments. **(a)** As-polished Ti64, showing elongated and aligned cells; **(b)** suspected Zr shot peening (SP) at 2 kg/cm\({}^{2}\) for 5 s, followed by 3 M HF immersion corrosion, displaying sparse, round cells; **(c)** suspected Zr SP at 1 kg/cm\({}^{2}\) for 10 s, followed by 3 M HF immersion corrosion, exhibiting increased cell density with varied morphologies; **(d)** suspected Zr SP at 0.5 kg/cm\({}^{2}\) for 20 s, followed by 3 M HF immersion corrosion, showing irregular cell distribution with potential colony formation. exhibit a distinctly elongated morphology and significant directional alignment. While this directional growth pattern indicates that surface modification successfully influenced cellular behavior, it may not be conducive to forming cell networks that mimic natural bone tissue structure. Comparing these two treatment methods, we can infer that the addition of HF played a key role in modulating surface characteristics. It may have altered the surface's chemical composition and microscopic morphology, providing a more diverse and favorable attachment environment for cells. The combination of 0.5 M HF/0.5 M HNO\({}_{3}\) seems to have reached a balance point between surface roughness and chemical composition, promoting both initial cell attachment and subsequent multidirectional growth. These observations emphasize the importance of precisely controlling surface treatment parameters. By adjusting electrolyte composition, we can significantly influence cell attachment patterns and growth behavior. The surface characteristics produced by the 0.5 M HF/0.5 M HNO\({}_{3}\) treatment may be closer to the ideal implant surface, with the potential to promote better osseointegration processes. However, these preliminary results still need to be verified through more in-depth studies. Future work should focus on how these surface treatments affect long-term cell differentiation, mineralization, and osseointegration processes. Simultaneously, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of these treatments on the mechanical properties and long-term stability of the Ti-6 Al-4V alloy to ensure that while improving biocompatibility, the overall performance of the material is not compromised. The surface modification techniques investigated in this study demonstrate specific potential for various biomedical applications. The combined shot peening and HF/HNO\({}_{3}\) treatment produced surfaces with Ra values of 0.85-0.97 \(\upmu\)m, which fall within the optimal roughness range (0.8-1.0 \(\upmu\)m) for dental implants [8]. This surface modification is particularly advantageous for the implant collar region, where soft tissue integration plays a  
Figure 12: Cell attachment on Ti-6 Al-4V surfaces after different electrochemical corrosion treatments. (**a**) OM image of 0.5 M HF/0.5 M HNO\({}_{3}\)-treated surface, showing diverse cell morphologies and uniform distribution. (**b**) SEM image of the same surface, revealing detailed cell–surface interactions. (**c**) OM image of 0.5 M HNO\({}_{3}\)-treated surface, displaying elongated cells with directional alignment. (**d**) SEM image of the 0.5 M HNO\({}_{3}\)-treated surface, confirming the parallel arrangement of cells. crucial role in preventing bacterial infiltration and ensuring long-term implant stability, as evidenced by our cell attachment studies showing enhanced fibroblast adhesion. For load-bearing dental components such as abutments, surfaces created by sandblasting followed by HF etching, exhibiting both increased hardness (83.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 HR15N) and moderate roughness (Ra = 1.20 \(\pm\) 0.13 \(\upmu\)m), provide an optimal balance between mechanical stability and tissue integration capabilities. The electrochemically treated surfaces, particularly those exhibiting hierarchical micro/nano structures, show potential for immediate loading protocols in dental implantation, where rapid osseointegration is crucial.