# High-Risk AI Systems--Lie Detection Application
## 4 Case Studies and Pilot Programs
### iBorderCtrl
They pointed out that micro-expression analysis is not a foolproof method for detecting deception, especially in diverse cultural contexts, in which facial expressions and behaviors may vary greatly [41]. False positives--innocent travelers being flagged as deceptive--were highlighted as the most serious concern, potentially leading to unwarranted detentions or violations of individual rights. Ethical concerns also sprang up about the transparency of the system and possible cases of algorithmic bias. Stakeholder feedback from human rights organizations and traveler advocacy groups emphasized the need for greater transparency and accountability in the AI decision-making process [42]. Critics were of the opinion that artificial intelligence data, on which a person's freedom of movement could be decided, reinforced existing biases or brought forward new types of discrimination. This opacity in AI decision processes made it very difficult, if not impossible, for people to appeal against or understand the reason behind their selection by the system. The developers of iBorderCtrl said in response to these ethical and legal concerns that this was a research project directed at exploring new technologies to be used in border control, not a deployable system. They recognized both the challenges and limitations exhibited during the pilot phases of the project and underlined the need for further assessments to address any ethical or legal concerns. Feedback from border control agents involved in the pilot indicated that while the technology showed potential, the practical utility was hindered by frequent technical issues and the necessity for extensive training [37]. Legal experts helped the project team to ensure EU law compliance, while the stakeholder interactions paved the way for incorporating changes and, thus, enriching the system. As of October 2023, the outlook for the iBorderCtrl project was still unclear. While the technological advance came with potential benefits for border security, the ethical and legal concerns were a significant barrier to widespread adoption. The European Union was still weighing the balance between increased security measures and the protection of individual freedoms. Recent studies have suggested that without significant improvements in accuracy and ethical safeguards, the system may not be suitable for deployment [43]. Ongoing debates have shown that transparent, accountable, and rights-preserving approaches in the integration of AI and biometric technologies into border management systems are very much needed. The iBorderCtrl project epitomizes the complexity involved in the deployment of advanced technologies into sensitive environments, such as border security. This project shows that whenever AI-based solutions--meaning solutions based on artificial intelligence--have a great influence on privacy and human rights, then such solutions need rigorous testing, ethical scrutiny, and conformity with a given legal framework. It gives insights into bigger issues arising due to societies' efforts to adopt new technologies without jeopardizing their core values and regulatory requirements.