## 3 Results
### VR Training Module Questionnaire Analysis  
#### 3.9.1 Radiophobia  
The analysis of the radiation phobia five-question Likert questionnaire is illustrated in Figure 10A. Before the training, both cohorts scored 4.21, strongly agreeing they were concerned about radiation exposure and their health. After watching the radiolabeling training videos, the control group response indicated a 1.52-fold decrease. In comparison, the VR group reduced 2.42-fold, suggesting that VR training was more successful than video training in easing students' radiation and health worries (Figure 10B). Both student groups before training had concerns about radiation exposure during training, scoring 3.45. The control group was 1.41-fold less anxious after the video training, and the VR training group scored 2.90-fold lower. Verifying that the VR training significantly reduced radiation exposure concerns (36.23% difference). Regarding the fear of radiation exposure mistakes, both groups scored 4.14 before the training, indicating substantial agreement with the question. After the training, the control group was less likely to be influenced by their worries, with a 1.33-fold reduction. The VR training group's concerns about working in radiological technology decreased 1.98-fold, significantly more different than the control group. Students discussing their concerns about radiation exposure with each other or instructors in both groups scored 4.12. After the video training, the control group's score decreased by 1.06-fold, and the VR group decreased by 1.36-fold. Suggesting that both training modes reduced students' worries, with the VR simulation dispelling the students' fears better than the control group video training, with a 20.6% difference (Figure 10B).  
Figure 10: Training module questionnaire analysis. (**A**) The percentage reduction and (**B**) percentage difference between the control group and virtual reality simulation (VR group) and radiophobia (%)  
after training, including (i) I am anxious about the potential health effects of radiation exposure during my training. (ii) I often worry about being exposed to radiation during my training. (iii) The fear of making a mistake and causing radiation exposure affects my training performance. (iv) My concerns about radiation exposure affect my motivation to pursue a career in radiological technology. (v) I often discuss my concerns about radiation exposure with fellow trainees or instructors. (**C**) The percentage increase and (**D**) percentage difference between the control group and virtual reality simulation (VR group) and in safety confidence (%) after the training, including (a) I am confident in my ability to detect and correct errors in radiation safety practices during my training. (b) I am confident about implementing radiation safety measures during procedures or experiments. (c) I often seek instructor guidance or clarification regarding radiation safety procedures. (d) The training program prepares me well to manage my safety concerns related to radiation exposure. (e) I feel adequately informed about the training program's radiation safety protocols and practices. (f) I have experienced avoidance behaviors (e.g., avoiding specific tasks or procedures) due to my concerns about radiation exposure during the training. The questionnaire consists of 5 points: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. A numerical score is assigned to each question to quantify the strength of the response data. The response anchors \"strongly agree\" and \"strongly disagree\" are positioned at the ends of the scale. At the same time, a neutral item typically represents the midway point in the middle of the 5-point scale. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (\(n=30\)).