# Recent Advances in the Antibacterial Activities of _Citrullus_ _Ianatus_ (Watermelon) By-Products
## 1 Introduction  
The Cucurbitaceae family is considered to be the most extensive family, encompassing a total of 120 genera and an estimated 825 species [1]. These plants are mainly found in tropical areas, with limited representation in temperate regions. The vegetable crops belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family hold significant importance as horitculture crops, mostly cultivated for their succulent and delicious fruits in various warm regions across the globe [2]. _Citrullus lantus_, commonly known as watermelon, is classified as a distinct type of berry, characterized by its spherical or oblong shape [3, 4]. Its diameter typically ranges from 30 to 60 cm, while the thickness of its peel varies between 10 and 40 mm. The fruit in question exhibits a dark green hue, frequently adorned with white marbling, while its inner flesh displays a vibrant range of red and yellow tones. The presence of carotenoids, specifically \(\beta\)-carotene and lycopene, is responsible for the coloring of the watermelon [5]. Watermelon, commonly consumed throughout the summer, is widely valued by individuals for its sweet flavor and invigorating properties. This is due to its high water content, which is approximately 92% of its total weight [6]. The fruit is utilized in the preparation of jam and juice, and the rind is also subjected to pickling [7]. As depicted in Figure 1, the fruit consists of four basic parts. These are the skin or peel, which corresponds to the outermost layer of the fruit; the rind or exocarp, which is the green and white outer part of the fruit; the flesh, which consists of the endocarp and mesocarp and is the edibleand colored part of the fruit that contains the juice primarily; and the seeds, which are typically discarded when consuming the fruit [6]. Carbohydrates account for 7.6% of the fruit's composition. Within the carbohydrate content, sugars make up 6.2%, and dietary fiber constitutes 0.4% of it. Watermelon is devoid of lipids and cholesterol. Hence, it may be inferred that this particular fruit possesses a relatively low caloric content while exhibiting a high sugar content. Additionally, this food item serves as a valuable source of \(\beta\)-carotene, an antioxidant compound that acts as a precursor to vitamin A [8]. The fruit is rich in amino acids, including citruline and arginine, which are present in high proportions. It also contains carotenoids, with the red-fleshed form having an extraordinarily high content of lycopene and the yellow-fleshed kind containing \(\beta\)-carotene. Additionally, watermelon contains phenolic compounds, more specifically 2.6 \(\pm\) 0.3 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g in find, as determined by [PERSON] et al. [9], and 89.5 \(\pm\) 0.06 mg GAE/100 g in seed oil, as stated by [PERSON] et al. [10]. Watermelon is a fruit that contains numerous minerals, such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, and iron. Furthermore, it is well acknowledged as a valuable source of vitamins A, E, C, and B complex. The by-products of the fruit also contain valuable components. Watermelon seeds include substantial quantities of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, ash, and minerals. Hence, seeds are considered to be a valuable source of nutrition and may also possess significance in relation to their fiber, mineral, and phenolic compositions, thereby contributing to both health advantages and economic value [7,8]. The composition of watermelon find mostly consists of celluloses, hemicelluloses, pectins, and lignins, along with entrapped sugars, lycopene, carotenoids, citruline, and phenolics [11]. The watermelon find extract demonstrates antioxidant and antibacterial properties because of the presence of polyphenols. The plant itself has been utilized for ages in the traditional treatment of diverse health conditions. In particular, it holds significant medical value within the Ayurvedic and Indian traditional systems of medicine. Watermelon is a fruit that possesses nutritional properties, including minerals and bioactive compounds that have ethnnochedicinal advantages for human health [12].