esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Double-Difference Algorithm (HypoDD)  
The construction of a well-defined catalogue is essential to obtain a detailed image of the structural properties and processes that trigger seismic activity. The precision of hypocentre locations and their uncertainties depend on several factors, including the number and quality of available seismic phases, the accuracy with which arrival times are measured, the network geometry, and knowledge of the velocity structure and the linear approximation to a set of non-linear equations, which is assumed in the inversion. HypoDD ([43]; Waldhauser) is an algorithm that reduces the residuals between the observed and theoretical differences of travel times (or double-differences) for pairs of neighbouring events at each station that recorded both events, as can be seen from Equation (1). This way, errors due to unmodeled velocity structures are minimised without station corrections. A minimum 1D layered velocity model was used to predict the travel time differences and partial derivatives (Equation (2)).  
\[dr_{k}^{ij}=\left(t_{k}^{i}-t_{k}^{j}\right)^{obs}-\left(t_{k}^{i}-t_{k}^{j} \right)^{cal} \tag{1}\]  
\[\frac{\partial t_{k}^{i}}{\partial m}\Delta m^{i}-\frac{\partial t_{k}^{i}}{ \partial m}\Delta m^{j}=dr_{k}^{ij}\ \ \ \mbox{where}\ m\ =\ (x,\ y,\ z) \tag{2}\]  
Inter-event distance and misfit weighting was applied to catalogue data after the end of each iteration in order to optimise their quality during the relocation procedure. Horizontal and vertical relative spatial errors can be minimized by approximately one order of magnitude under certain conditions. In this case study, the relocation took place in each sub-region that was described in the previous section. The initial phase data were further filtered using earthquakes with at least eight (8) P- and five (5) S-wave arrival times and a maximum azimuthal gap of 180\({}^{\circ}\), resulting in 4609 events with M\({}_{\rm L}\geq\) 2.2. Initially, the events were located using hypoDD. Later, 4107 of them (89.11%) were relocated. A different approach of defying \"strong links\" was adopted throughout the sub-regions where the relocation procedure took place (Figure 6). The main factors that were taken into account were the size of the dominant clusters, the network coverage of the area, and the occurrence  
Figure 5: Spatial distribution of 7410 events with M\({}_{\rm L}\geq\) 2.2) from June 2018 to May 2023.  
of an aftershock sequence that could reduce the maximum separation distance in the ph2 dt input parameter file.
# Inferring TLB Configuration with Performance Tools
### Related Work
#### 1.1.3 TLB Defense  
Secure TLBs  
The authors of [16] discussed a hardware-based defense strategy against TLB side-channel analysis. The paper introduces two innovative designs aimed at mitigating these attacks: the Static-Partition (SP) TLB and the Random-Fill (RF) TLB. The SP TLB successfully mitigates 14 out of the 24 identified vulnerabilities, while the RF TLB protects against all known vulnerabilities, achieving this with less than a 10% performance overhead. This paper presents the first hardware defenses to TLB attacks [16].  
Risky Translations: Securing TLB Against Timing Side Channels  
The focus of this paper is on defeating side-channel attacks based on page translations [20]. The authors analyzed proposals for side-channel secure cache architectures and investigated their applicability to TLB side-channels. They concluded that those cache countermeasures do not apply to TLBs. Finally, they proposed TLBCoat, a side-channel secure TLB architecture [20]. While TLBCoat provides security for TLB-based side-channel attacks, the paper does not address whether these measures are applicable to counter side-channel attacks that exploit HVCs.
# Study of Motion Control and a Virtual Reality System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
## 4 Development of the AUV Motion Control Virtual Reality System
### The Framework of AUV Motion Control VR System  
The AUV motion control virtual reality system can simulate difference functions, such as desired path setting, AUV modeling, marine virtual scene modeling, and ocean current interference model establishment. It can perform these simulations at different viewing angles of the AUV motion, to create dynamic displays of motion curves, and provide real-time data display to output the simulation results. The different components of the system were developed using a combination of programming languages and software platforms. Visual C++ was used to design the user interface and the AUV motion display interface. MilkShape 3D and OpenGL were adopted to model the AUV and the marine environment. The MATLAB engine was used to realize the data communication between MATLAB and the AUV virtual reality system. As a computing background, MATLAB was used to conduct visual simulations of 3D space motion control for the AUV in the virtual reality system. The AUV motion control virtual reality system framework is shown in Figure 8.  
Figure 8: The framework of the AUV motion control VR system.  
The AUV virtual reality system contains seven functional modules: (1) the simulation module, (2) the AUV module, (3) the settings module, (4) the control module, (5) the display module, (6) the communication module, and (7) the help module. The simulation module forms the kernel of the AUV system. A visual simulation modeling software is used to establish the model base for the AUV and the submarine topography. The visual simulation platform of the AUV is developed using a real-time visual simulation software which performs the real-time interaction control against the AUV motion.
## 5 Conclusions  
1. Proof of principle was shown for a filter design for the mitigation of gaseous environmental NO\({}_{x}\) based on no longer viable, multiple, recycled cellulose fibre substrates (newsprint fibre) coated with a reactive coating comprising a fine particulate calcium carbonate combined with a binder-humectant, which is derived from the same recycled fibre source as the substrate, in the form of micro nano-fibrilated cellulose.
2. A laboratory filter construct suitable for illustrating a basis for upscaling was designed by employing the filter material developed. The construct was shown to achieve successful depletion of NO\({}_{x}\) via the sorption primarily of NO\({}_{2}\). NO\({}_{2}\) is a pulmonary irritant considered to be highly detrimental to health, and it leads to reduced life expectancy with prolonged exposure.
3. Since EDS analysis initially failed to identify retention of N species, the additional action of de-nitrification bacteria was suspected. Microbial DNA analysis confirmed the presence of several species of de-nitrification bacteria.
4. Proposals for application include street-side self-draughting installations and/or motion-draughted filters mounted on vehicles. The most likely successful option is to consider municipal and public transport vehicles followed by haulage-trucks.
5. The designs developed with respect to special coating constructs in the form of discrete points of coating (pixelate coating) to enhance gaseous exchange and to support turbulent surface flow are not limited to the application illustrated in this work. The designs will be of value in enabling low energy surface-flow filter geometries to be used instead of high-energy through-flow systems.  
Conceptualisation, P.G. and E.B. Methodology, P.G., K.D.-M., N.B., M.L, and D.J. Validation, P.G., P.U., and E.B. Formal analysis, P.G., N.B., K.D.-M., and M.I. Investigation, P.G., K.D.-M., N.B., and M.I. Resources, P.G., P.U., and E.B. Data curation, P.G. and N.B. Writing--original draft preparation, P.G. Writing--review and editing, P.G., P.U., and N.B. Visualisation, P.G., N.B., and K.D.-M. Supervision, P.G., D.J., and P.U. Project administration, P.G., D.J., P.U., and E.B. Funding acquisition, E.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Figure 35: Illustrative concepts of street side self-draughting installation and vehicle exterior mounted filter boxes (future development).  
**Acknowledgments:** The Omya International AG, Group Sustainability funded this work. The XPS data were provided by [PERSON] of Aalto University. Ion chromatographic analyses were performed under the supervision of [PERSON] from the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy of the University of Belgrade and the Director of Anahem Laboratories in Belgrade. Electron spectroscopy was performed at the Nanomicroscopy Centre of the Nanotalo Facility of the Aalto University in Finland.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Novel Multipath Transmission Scheme for Information-Centric Networking
## 3 Design  
We first outline a practical protocol stack of an IP-compatible ICN architecture in this section. Then, we analyze the disadvantages of the single-path transmission method to clarify the motivation of our study. Finally, we describe the principle and process of the proposed multipath transmission scheme in detail.
# Intelligent Network Service Optimization in the Context of 5G/NFV
## 4 Methodology of MAPE's Analysis Service
### Planning and Execution  
The role of the execution service (ES) is to consider the outcomes of the service-specific OE and AS modules and to apply them by interacting with the necessary components or services. This element has been designed to support NFVO-based operations per NS or individual VNFs, media-specific operations per individual VNF, or hybrid operations. To achieve this functionality, the ES mechanism is responsible for communicating with the NFVO via the northbound interface (NBI) [50]. However, the current implementation of ES supports the action of scaling out an NS to one or more additional VNFs, as explained below.  
Typically, an instantiated NS is composed of several VNFs that must be scaled and operated independently but still belong to the same service and hence must be completely described in the corresponding NS package. Scaling out distributes the workload of the NS across existing and newly instantiated resources, thus increasing the level of availability and extending the throughput capacity of the service. MAPE's ES leverages NFVO functionalities to apply the NS's scaling actions. During the scale-out process, the NFVO commits computational and networking resources, establishes connectivity across all the instantiated nodes, and organizes the new service. Once the scaling action is completed, the records of the NFVO are updated, and the NS is orchestrated accordingly.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation Index  
(1) Sensible heat recovery of the sinter  
Firstly, the following equation was used to calculate the sensible heat recovery of the sinter during the heat exchange time:  
\[Q_{\mathrm{s}}=\sum_{i=1}^{N}c_{i}m_{i}(T_{i}^{1}-T_{i}^{0}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(Q_{\mathrm{s}}\) is the heat recovered from the sinter, J; \(T_{i}^{1}\) is the temperature of particle \(i\) after heat exchange, K; \(T_{i}^{0}\) is the initial temperature of particle \(i\), K; and \(N\) is the total number of particles in the furnace cavity.  
In different experimental schemes, except for the difference in the structure of the Venturi furnace, which led to different sinter-stacking effects, all other factors were the same. Therefore, the difference in the sensible heat recovery of sinter was caused by different furnace structures. The more sensible the heat recovery of sinter, the more significant the improvement effect of the furnace structure on the gas-solid heat transfer effect.  
(2) Gas pressure drop  
At present, the gas pressure drop in the Meishan Steel vertical cooling furnace is relatively small, and the cooling gas cannot pass through the material layer evenly. With an increase in the pressure drop, the power for the cooling gas to enter the material layer increases, which is beneficial for the cooling gas to enter the material layer that could not be penetrated originally. But an excessive pressure drop will increase the costs and reduce the economy. Therefore, while considering the improvement in the gas-solid heat transfer efficiency, it is necessary to take into account the increase in the cooling gas pressure drop.  
(3) Mass flow index (_MFI_) [32]  
Due to the inability of the fixed-bed model to reflect the downward movement of the sinter in the furnace, the _MFI_ was introduced to quantitatively study the flow characteristics of the sinter.
## 1 Introduction
Considering the entire history of a working asset until its failure would restrict the RUL model, as partial maintenance procedures will result in the asset exhibiting an improved health condition, and so only minimal repair is induced. The initial conditions of physical systems are usually unknown due to manufacturing deficiencies, the replacements of parts of the system, and imperfect maintenance [8]. A LR model is usually adopted to relate the probability of an event to a set of covariates, and can be utilized in degradation analyses [6; 9]. This process requires information on degradation features and the relationship between the output of the reliability function and the estimated model parameters. Nevertheless, the LR method can be used to determine the RUL of a machine [5] or predict component failure [8]. Such RUL learning curves are based on the supervision of the machine status. Such supervised health and degradation requires an index for labeling the working asset status; for example, for a cutting tool, a value of 1 denotes initial healthy status, whereas 0 denotes failure, such as through tool flute which affects the surface roughness due to poor cutting performance. During a tool's operational lifetime, the value decreases with the remaining life, and calls for maintenance may be made after the index reaches a certain value, such as 0.3, depending on the type of CBM. However, run-to-failure maintenance is time consuming and requires that a considerable number of test experiments be conducted. The labeling of machine health from 1 to 0 is usually unknown in advance, and the decisive value, for example 0.3, for calling for maintenance is subjective. In practice, the probability of calling for WHRA maintenance after falling into damage status is high, due to errors such as misalignment of the wafer position when transferring the wafer to the cassette, mismatch of the robot's belt gear engagement, and unexpected power shutdowns. Therefore, developing a method of prognosis for WHRA performance degradation and health management is an emerging field of study. However, the confidence values of 1 to 0 are estimated in the first stage of the RUL model's construction. The following sections present the merits of a general regression neural network (GRNN) to manipulate the supervised learning of an unknown label based on feature extraction. Additionally, LR, considering 1 as the label for initial healthy status and 0 as the call-for-maintenance label based on experimental data, is presented. The feature-based genetic algorithm (GA)-GRNN model is shown to predict the same trend as a conventional run-to-failure maintenance LR model on the basis of the same input features in the GRNN.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Research  
To address the challenges of enterprise order scheduling in multi-variety customization environments, this study proposes a bi-level collaborative optimization approach based on multi-dimensional and multi-scale order reconstruction. The proposed framework consists of two core components: an order decomposition level and an order recombination level. The decomposition level optimizes splitting costs and decomposition granularity, and then transmits the results to the recombination layer. Upon receiving the decomposed data, the recombination level generates final regrouping schemes with the dual objectives of minimizing production costs and reducing delivery delays. To solve this bi-level optimization model, a composite bi-layer multi-objective evolutionary algorithm incorporating collaborative iteration strategies is developed. Experimental validation through comparative case studies demonstrates the effectiveness of the algorithm in addressing this class of optimization problems, particularly its superior performance in balancing solution quality  
Figure 12: Trends of key scalability indicators under different order sizes.  
and computational efficiency compared to conventional methods. The proposed bi-level collaborative optimization model has strong potential for application in real-world manufacturing settings. In particular, it can be applied to small- and medium-sized enterprises in the medical consumables industry to support intelligent decision making for order splitting, task reorganization, and resource allocation.  
In the order splitting and reorganization model, this study considers various factors involved in the order reconstruction process from multiple dimensions (e.g., materials, processes, equipment, and work efficiency) and multiple scales (e.g., finished products, components, subassemblies, and parts). However, while the proposed model demonstrates strong performance in structured and controlled scenarios, certain limitations should be noted. First, the current model assumes deterministic demand, processing times, and capacities, which may not fully capture real-world uncertainty. Second, although the model is designed to be scalable, its computational complexity may become challenging in large-scale industrial applications. Therefore, future research could incorporate uncertainties in demand and resources into the modeling process and employ fuzzy theory to handle and optimize problems characterized by vague or imprecise boundaries.  
Conceptualization, P.J. and X.L.; Investigation, P.J.; Methodology, P.J.; Software, P.J. and S.G.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, P.J., X.L. and S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 51705386) and the Hubei Provincial Key R&D Program (2024 BAB059).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Procedure for Bol Fatigue Analysis Using Schmidt-Neuper Method
### S-N Curve for the Bolt  
For tower bolted connections, the property classes 10.9 (according to ISO 898-1: 2009) are utilized [10]. The yield and tensile limits for high-strength steel are 900 MPa and 1000 MPa, respectively. Figure 5 depicts the S-N curve for the tower bolt, which can be separated into two sections by the division point \(5\times 10^{6}\). The following equation is applied to describe the S-N curve [28]:  
\[N=N_{D}(\Delta\sigma_{D}/\Delta\sigma)^{m} \tag{13}\]  
where the slope parameter can be given as \(m=\left\{\begin{aligned} & 3N<5\times 10^{6}\\ & 5N\geq 5\times 10^{6}\end{aligned}\right.\) The abscissa represents the number of stress cycles, while the ordinate represents the stress range. Two parameters, \(N_{\rm D}\) and \(\Delta\sigma_{\rm D}\), respectively, denote the number of stress cycles and stress range corresponding to the segments of the S-N curve. According to the GL 2010, the recommended commonly used S-N curves include two forms: Eurocode3 and IIW. Both consist of two linear segments with exponential slopes of 3 and 5, respectively, where the difference lies in the inflection points corresponding to \(5\times 10^{6}\) and \(1\times 10^{7}\) cycles. As depicted in Figure 5, typical standard design S-N curves indicate the specific fatigue strength of structures under \(2\times 10^{6}\) cycles and define it as the detail category (DC). For example, an S-N curve with DC 36 represents its fatigue strength, characterized by stress amplitude, at \(2\times 10^{6}\) cycles as 36 MPa. This paper adopts Eurocode3 as the fundamental form of the bolt S-N curve, with a DC level selected as 36 [28].  
The S-N curve is reduced by factor \(k_{\rm s}\) for bolts with a diameter of more than 30 mm [28].  
\[k_{\rm s}=\min\left(1,\left(30/d_{\rm N}\right)^{0.25}\right) \tag{14}\]  
where \(d_{\rm N}\) is the nominal diameter of the bolt in millimeters.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Expression, Purification, and Quantification  
The gene \(\beta\)-1,4-galactosyltransferase (LgtB, GenBank: AAM33872.1) synthesized from GenScript (USA) had _Nde_I and _Hind_III as restriction sites and was cloned into a vector pET24 ma. For the preparation of recombinant protein, pET24 ma-LgtB [33] was transformed into _E. coli_ Bw25113 (DE3). The recombinant _E. coli_ was cultured in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium which contained 50 mg l\({}^{-1}\) kanamycin at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C until the absorbance (OD\({}_{600}\)) reached between 0.6 and 0.8. Then the cells were induced by adding IPTG to a final concentration of 0.5 mmol via incubation at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for approximately 20 h. The cells were collected by centrifugation at 850\(\times\)\(g\) at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C and washed with 50 mmol Tris/HCl buffer (pH 7.5). After that, the cells were sonicated, and the clear lysate was collected by centrifuging at 13,000\(\times\)\(g\) for 30 min at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The protein was purified using TALON metal nickel affinity resin (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan). The crude lysate of the soluble protein was mixed into the resin equilibrated with a buffer which contained 100 mmol Tris/HCl (pH 7.5) and 300 mmolNaCl. This mixture was  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Carbon Site** & **CK (ppm)** & **CKGal (ppm)** \\ \hline  
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._slightly agitated in ice for 30 min before elution with imidazole. The fractions collected were examined in 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamideamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the enzyme concentration was measured by [PERSON]'s method. The protein thus obtained was kept at -70 \({}^{\circ}\)C until used for in vitro reactions.
# A New Effective Narrowband Active Noise Control System for Accommodating Frequency Mismatch
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a structure of a NANC system with the combination of frequency compensation and the LMP algorithm was proposed to accommodate large FM and uplink robustness. This method can not only accommodate a 15% FM, but also significantly  
Figure 11: The peaks of PSDs of primary noise and residual noises of the three algorithms. (a) 5% FM. (b) 10% FM. (c) 15% FM.  
Figure 10: Tracking ability of the proposed algorithm versus its counterparts with different FM. (a) 5% FM. (b) 10% FM.  
improves the convergence rate, especially for a large FM. In addition, the tracking ability has been greatly improved for the sudden acceleration and deceleration. When a 10% FM occurs, the proposed system is drastically reduced from 7.5 s to 1.5 s when the system reaches the steady state. Even for a larger FM, with 15%, the proposed system converges in almost five seconds. It demonstrates the superior convergence rate of the proposed system when facing the FM caused by the sensors. Furthermore, the simulation results for the tracking capability demonstrate that the new frequency compensation performs better in handling the instability problem in the primary noise. Furthermore, the application of the proposed system will be conducted in our future work.  
Conceptualization, T.Y. and C.L.; methodology, T.Y.; formal analysis, T.Y.; project administration, C.L.; resources, C.L.; software, T.Y. and P.Y.; writing--original draft, T.Y.; writing--review and editing, P.Y., J.J. and J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by The National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grants No. 2017 YFB0503500).  
Not applicable.  
All data in this paper are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. There are no additional data.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.