## 1 Introduction
Offshore drilling waste includes drilling muds, cuttings, and produced water, which can contain high levels of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other pollutants [13; 14]. The impacts of waste dumping in the sea can be severe and far-reaching. The pollutants in the waste can cause harm to marine ecosystems, leading to the loss of biodiversity, fish kills, and other ecological disturbances [15]. The pollutants can also accumulate in the food chain, posing a risk to human health through the consumption of contaminated seafood. In addition, the waste can damage coastal habitats and affect recreational activities such as swimming and surfing [16]. To mitigate the problem of waste dumping in the sea, various management strategies have been developed. These strategies range from regulations and enforcement to technology-based solutions. For example, regulations such as the London Convention and Protocol regulate the dumping of waste in the sea and require signatories to take measuresto prevent pollution. Technology-based solutions include the development of wastewater treatment facilities and the use of bioremediation to clean up contaminated sites [17; 18]. System dynamics models can capture the relationships and feedback loops between different components of the system, such as waste sources, transport and fate of pollutants, and impacts on the environment and human health. By simulating different scenarios, policymakers and waste managers can identify effective strategies for sustainable management of dumping sites in the sea [19; 20; 21]. Several case studies have been conducted to demonstrate the application of system dynamics modeling to managing dumping sites in the sea. For example, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022) developed a system dynamics model to simulate the impacts of a river restoration project. The conclusions can aid in the development of sustainable practices and the choice of the best approach for cleaning up polluted rivers [22]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2003) developed a system dynamics model to evaluate the impacts of different policies on marine waste management in the North Sea. The model showed that a combination of policy measures, including waste reduction, recycling, and waste-to-energy conversion, was necessary to achieve sustainable waste management [23]. Other studies have also investigated the impacts of waste dumping in the sea on various components of the environment, such as coral reefs [24], estuaries [25], and deep-sea ecosystems [26]. Furthermore, researchers have studied the impacts of waste dumping on human health, such as through the consumption of contaminated seafood and exposure to beach water pollution [27; 28]. In addition to research on the impacts of waste dumping in the sea, the literature also highlights the importance of public awareness and engagement in addressing the problem. Public participation can help increase the effectiveness of waste management strategies and improve the sustainable use of marine resources. Moreover, interdisciplinary approaches, such as integrating social, economic, and environmental considerations, are necessary for addressing the complex and multifaceted nature of waste dumping in the sea [29]. [PERSON] et al. (2022) presented valuable insights into the importance of removing toxic elements from wastewater effluent and how nanohybrid absorbents can contribute to improving the quality of treated water. This advanced remediation technology offers great potential for the reuse of wastewater, ensuring a cleaner and healthier environment for all. Overall, they have shown the use of nanohybrid absorbents in wastewater treatment holds great promise for improving the quality of treated water by enhancing adsorption capacity, selectivity, and catalytic capabilities, while also offering cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability [30]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) studied information about the impact of textile industry wastewater on water resources and the role of semiconductor photocatalysts in addressing this issue.