## 3 Results and Discussion
between the wheat sprouts grown under white and red light (Figure 2). The length of shoots and roots increased over time under all three LED light conditions; however, after 8 days of growth, the shoot and root length did not increase insignificantly. Fresh weight decreased at 8 to 12 days of growth. These results indicate that maximal biomass for commercial purposes can be achieved in wheat sprouts grown under white or red light for approximately 8 days; however, wheat sprouts grown under blue light showed decreased development. These results agree with the findings of [PERSON] et al., [28] who found that blue light inhibits germination in dormant grain. Blue light also inhibits germination in barley [29], brachypodium [30], and ryegrass [31]. Expression of Phenylpropanol Biosynthesis Genes in Wheat Sprouts Grown under White, Blue, or Red Light  
Using quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we investigated the transcriptional levels of genes involved in phenylpropanol biosynthesis in wheat sprouts at 4, 8, or 12 days after germination under white, red, or blue light (Figure 3). The expression of _TaPAL1_ at day 4 and day 12 under blue light was  
Figure 2: Development of wheat sprout at 4, 8, and 12 days of growth under white, blue, and red LED lights. The scale bars represent 2 cm. The means and standard deviations were obtained from three independent experiments. Letters a–e indicate significant differences (\(p<0.05\)). higher under white and red light treatment. However, expression of _TaPAL1_ was highest at day 8 under white light treatment. The transcription of _TaPAL2_ was highest under red light illumination, higher by 2.02-, 1.97-fold than white and blue illumination, respectively. _TaPAL3_ expression level under blue light was higher than white and red at day 4. The expression of _TaPAL3_ and _TaPAL4_ under red illumination at day 8 and day 12 were significantly higher than white and blue illumination. At 8 days illumination, the expression of _TaC4H_, _Ta4 CL1_, _TaCHS_, _TaF3H_, _TaF3'H_, _TaFLS6_, and _TaCOMT1_ were highest under red light. _Ta4 CL2_ and _Ta4 CL3_ expression were highest at day 12 under white illumination, higher by 3.7-, 1.74-fold and 2.93-, 1.72-fold than blue and red illumination, respectively. _Ta4 CL5_ expression level under red illumination was higher than white and blue at all experiment time. The expression of _TaFLS1_ under blue illumination at day 12 was lower than white and red illumination. _TaFLS2_ expression level was highest at day 4 under blue illumination, higher by 2.8-, 1.4-time than white and red, respectively. The expression of TaFLS3 at day 8 and day 12 under white illumination were significantly higher than blue and red. Under blue illumination, _TaDFR_ expression level was lower than white and red illumination. Under white light, the transcription of _TaPAL1_, _TaPAL3_, _Ta4 CL1_, _Ta4 CL3_, _Ta4 CL5_, _TaCHI_, _TaFLS1_, _TaFLS2_, and _TaFLS6_ decreased at 8 DAS and then increased at 12 DAS. The expression of _TaPAL2_, _TaC4H_, _Ta4 CL1_, _Ta4 CL2_, _TaCHS_, _TaF3H_, _TaF3'H_, and _TaFLS3_ steadily increased at 4 to 12 DAS, while expression of _TaPAL4_ and _TaDFR_ gradually decreased at 4 to 12 DAS under the same lighting conditions. Under blue light illumination, the expression of _TaPAL2_, _TaC4H_, _Ta4 CL3_, _TaCHS_, _TaF3H_, _TaF3'H_, and _TaFLS3_ was increased, while that of _TaCHI_, _TaFLS2_, and _TaDFR_ was gradually decreased at 4 to 12 DAS. The expression of _TaPAL1_, _TaPAL3_, _TaPAL4_, _Ta4 CL1_, _TaCL5_, _TaFLS1_, _TaFLS6_, and _TaCOMT1_ decreased at 8 DAS but subsequently increased at 12 DAS, under blue light illumination. Compared with levels of expression observed under white light, the expression of _TaPAL2_, _TaC4H_, _Ta4 CL1_, _Ta4 CL2_, _Ta4 CL3_, _Ta4 CL5_, _TaF3H_, and _TaFLS3_ under blue light was significantly decreased (Figure 3).