# Antenna-on-Chip for Millimeter Wave Applications Using CMOS Process Technology
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a monopole patch antenna, and AMC is designed in the M1 layer. Through simulation analysis, it can be known that, without AMC, the antenna bandwidth designed in this paper cannot be lower than the standard reflection coefficient of \(-10\) dB. The design of AMC achieves the minimum reflection coefficient, and the designed bandwidth is lower than the standard reflection coefficient standard of \(-10\) dB. In simulations, the bandwidth ranges from 34 to 65 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 104%. At 62 GHz, a maximum radiation benefit value of \(-2.64\) dB is obtained. The measurement obtained a larger bandwidth covering 20.9 GHz to 67 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 104.89%. The method proposed in this paper can improve the influence of the antenna-on-chip caused by the CMOS process and can obtain more of a radiation gain and a lower reflection coefficient (S11). As a result, future millimeter wave antennas can be implemented on chips, making the antennas compact and less susceptible to external factors while still having a good radiation gain and efficiency.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Process** & **Frequency (GHz)** & *** FBW** & **Gain (dBi)** & **Size (mm\({}^{2}\))** \\ \hline [8] & \(0.18\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) CMOS & 28 & 84.7\% & N/A & \(1.16\times 0.76\) \\ \hline [9] & \(65\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) CMOS & 28 & \(5.3\%\) & \(-10\) & \(0.25\times 0.3\) \\ \hline [15] & \(28\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) CMOS & 33 & 32\% & \(-1.8\) & \(0.69\times 0.85\) \\ \hline [17] & N/A & \(77\) & \(21.28\%\) & \(-3.24\) & \(0.9\times 0.9\) \\ \hline [18] & SiGe & 81.5 & \(12.2\%\) & \(1.61\) & \(1.29\times 1.5\) \\ \hline [19] & \(65\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) CMOS & 94 & \(25.5\%\) & \(0.42\) & N/A \\ \hline [20] & \(65\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) CMOS & 24 & \(19\%\) & \(-1\) & \(2.5\times 2.5\) \\ \hline [21] & \(0.13\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) CMOS & 84 & \(11.76\%\) & \(-0.58\) & \(1\times 1\) \\ \hline [22] & \(0.18\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) CMOS & 60 & \(30.5\%\) & \(0.35\) & \(0.63\times 0.46\) \\ \hline [23] & N/A & 60 & \(17.6\%\) & \(-20\) & \(0.5\times 0.15\) \\ \hline Proposed & \(0.18\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) CMOS & 60 & \(104.6\%\) & \(-2.64\) & \(1.2\times 1.2\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(\mathrm{FBW}=\mathrm{Fractional}\) bandwidth.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of the proposed antenna with other research literature.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.-A.C.; methodology, M.-A.C.; software, M.-A.C. and I.-P.M.; validation, M.-A.C., Y.-H.C. and I.-P.M.; formal analysis, M.-A.C., Y.-H.C. and I.-P.M.; investigation, Y.-H.C. and I.-P.M.; resources, M.-A.C.; writing--original draft preparation, M.-A.C. and Y.-H.C.; writing--review and editing, M.-A.C.; visualization, M.-A.C.; supervision, M.-A.C.; project administration, M.-A.C.; funding acquisition, M.-A.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Data Availability Statement:** All data are included within the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.