esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Results and Analysis
### Algorithm Comparison  
Figures 10 and 11 illustrate the comparison results in terms of invulnerability and average residual energy between the proposed IACRA and GEEC, HGTD, and EEGC algorithms. It can be distinctly seen that the number of communication rounds of the four algorithms is 816, 727, 676, and 762, respectively. As shown in Figure 10, IACRA, GEEC, HGTD, and EEGC obtain the maximal invulnerability at the same number of communication rounds, which is 0.992, 0.638, 0.990, and 0.918, respectively. At 400 rounds, the invulnerability of IACRA is higher than that of GEEC, HGTD, and EEGC by 77.56%, 29.45%, and 15.90%, respectively. Concretely, the invulnerability of HGTD is greater than that of IACRA only  
Figure 8: Impacts of altering \(r\) on average residual energy for various attacks.  
Figure 9: Influences of varying \(N\) on average residual energy for different attacks.  
when the number of communication rounds is within [1;101]. With the growth in the number of communication rounds, the invulnerability of HGTD drops faster and is gradually lower than that of IACRA, GEEC and EEGC. During the entire communication process, the invulnerability of IACRA is superior to that of GEEC and EEGC.  
Furthermore, as displayed in Figure 11, the average residual energy of IACRA is 8.61%, 18.35%, and 6.36% larger than that of GEEC, HGTD, and EEGC at 400 rounds, respectively. IACRA, GEEC, HGTD, and EEGC rapidly decline when communication rounds are 753, 663, 622, and 729, respectively. At this moment, the average residual energy corresponding to these four algorithms is 0.131 J, 0.133 J, 0.127 J, and 0.119 J. The above performance is caused by the fact that GEEC, HGTD, and EEGC merely pay attention to the impact of energy consumption, distance between nodes and the BS, and degree of nodes on game equilibrium in calculating CH selection probability. However, the CH election procedure of IACRA takes into consideration the balance of invulnerability and energy-consumption, and the distance between nodes and the BS is considered in the definition of the dominance  
Figure 11: Comparisons of average residual energy of IACRA, GEEC, HGTD, and EEGC.  
Figure 10: Comparisons of invulnerability of IACRA, GEEC, HGTD, and EEGC.  
function for CH selection, which is beneficial to making the candidate CH with high residual energy and that closer to the BS to become CH. Meanwhile, the presented cluster updating mechanism can rotate the nodes with low residual energy into new clusters, thus dramatically lengthening the network lifetime. In this study, compared with GEEC, HGTD, and EEG, a novel invulnerability indicator is introduced to describe the network's QoS sufficiently. Meanwhile, the game-theoretic selection mechanism of CHs balances the invulnerability and residual energy and enhances the robustness of network topology. In addition, the cluster update mechanism based on cluster rotation extends the lifetime of essential nodes and reduces the network energy consumption.
# Review and Simulation of Counter-UAS Sensors for Unmanned Traffic Management
## 3 Counter-UAS Sensors Modeling
Measurement simulation models are proposed in this paper for the following sensors: active radars, passive radars, and microphone sensors. By integrating these enhanced models into the existing platform (which can be easily done by modifying the preexisting surveillance network simulation service), it is possible to assess the performance of those sensors in realistic scenarios. Simulation scenarios defined for the platform not only consider the number of drones, their trajectories and the distribution of surveillance sensors; they also allow for simulating emergent effects from the interaction of sensors with other agents. For instance, the simulator is also able to simulate the network used by sensors to forward information to a UTM system and how it affects track reporting periodicity, latencies, etc. To summarize, the models proposed in this section will enhance the capabilities of the preexisting simulation tool, but they  
Figure 2: Detail of the microservice-based, extendable simulation architecture proposed in [3]. Extracted from [3].,with permission. will also benefit from the integration in such platform for assessing the performance of surveillance sensors.
## 7 Issues and Challenges
### DSM with Wind Energy Conversion System  
Wind energy conversion systems integrated into DSM have been wholly realized for a long time; this includes wind turbines, wind monitoring systems, and related environmental protection systems, such as environmental protection stations and power generation systems. Still, it has proved challenging to synchronize wind and hydropower effectively in actual operations, which does achieve high efficiency at the same time each year [3]. The complexity can be seen in the following aspects.  
There are three significant issues in the current use of wind turbines in DSM that challenge its high efficiency and stable operation [3; 24]:  
1. The prediction and forecasting are not accurate, as various sources influence the generation capacity. The meteorological uncertainty, coupled with the continuous available wind flow available at the tip level, influences the generation capacity of the wind turbine.
2. The transmission and distribution of the existing power grid are too complicated, making it more challenging to integrate with wind turbines effectively, as they have issues concerning intermittency and frequency deviations from the existing grid requirements.
3. The operation of wind turbines with the existing power grid is not sustainable during the nighttime, eventually leading to an increased load on the grid during the daytime.
## 3 Results
### Quality Assessment: Long Term Comparison with In-Situ Measurements  
In-situ water-level changes of Lake Issykkul have been observed twice daily at the station of Cholpon Ata, for decades. These data have been used in previous studies to determine the accuracy of altimeters onboard--the T/P, Envisat, Jason-1, Jason-2, GFO, and Saral/AltiKa [9; 10; 11; 20]. Note that these measurements were referenced to the Baltic Sea geoid. Consequently, a 2.4 m bias had to be applied to the altimetry series to compare them to the latter. In Figure 8, we present the comparison of the water-level changes of Lake Issykkul, from in situ data, over Cholpon Ata with those obtained by the Sentinel-3A (_Ocean_ and _Ice-1_), Jason-2 (_Ice-1_), and Jason-3 (_Ice-1_). It highlighted the very high accuracy of each of these satellites for the monitoring of level variations for large lakes, such as Issykkul. The accuracies found in this study, (3 cm rms) was much better than those found for small lakes or reservoirs [22; 37]. Noteworthy, the accuracy that we found for Sentinel-3A with _Ice-1_ retracker was the best ever found for any altimetry mission. Figure 9 shows the differences of the water-level changes from these three satellites, using the _Ocean_ retracker, with in situ data. With this retracker, not known as the most suitable for continental water, the water level still remained at 3 cm of accuracy.  
Figure 8: Time series of water height using Jason2, Jason-3, and Sentinel-3A data and in situ measurements of the permanent gauge in Cholpon Ata station over the period from January 2016 to July 2017. A bias of 2.4 m (\(\pm\)the absolute bias of each altimeter) has been applied to the altimeter time series, in order to correct for difference of reference systems, in which both series are given (the Baltic Sea-level for in situ, EGM2008 for altimetry).
# Effect of Admixtures on Selected Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Compressive Strength  
The 28 day compressive strength results showed an interaction between the amount of activator in the mix and the type of admixture used. The average compressive strength results for all the series are shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 1: Flexural strength results for all series.  
Figure 2: Flexural strength results depending on the activator to fly ash ratio (ANOVA certainty in whiskers).  
The best results were obtained in the series with a liquifying admixture based on stabilized polycarboxylates and an activator to fly ash ratio of 0.5. In comparison with control samples with the same activator to fly ash ratio, an approximate 32% increase was observed when an admixture based on stabilized polycarboxylates was used. Control samples are characterized by an increase in compressive strength and an increase in activator content of about 15%. A further increase in the activator content resulted in a decrease in compressive strength of approximately 15%. Different dependencies were observed in the results of mortars with admixtures.  
Regardless of the activator content, the highest compressive strengths were obtained in mortars with the admixture based on stabilized polycarboxylates (AD1) (Figure 4). These results confirm the beneficial effect of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers achieved by [PERSON] et al. [20] in fly ash and GGBS-based composites. The increase in activator content caused a decrease in compressive strength regardless of the type of admixture used.  
Figure 4: Compressive strength results depending on the activator to fly ash ratio (ANOVA certainty in whiskers).  
Figure 3: Compressive strength results for all the series.  
In mortars with the admixture based on stabilized polycarboxylates, a total decrease of 30% was observed. In samples with a plasticizing admixture and an admixture based on modified polynaphthalenes, the decrease was 16% and 43%, respectively.
# Design of Multi-Chain Traceability Model for Pepper Products Based on Traceability Code
## 3 Model Design Ideas--One Master Chain and Multiple Side Chain Structures  
Existing blockchain technology requires that each node in the single-chain architecture must save all the information of the whole network, which results in bottlenecks in terms of capacity, privacy, and isolation, and therefore, constrained by the performance limit of a single node in the network, single-chain architecture cannot easily satisfy the performance and capacity requirements of the federated chain environment [22]. When the general blockchain traceability model is uploaded using a single-chain structure, the data of different links need to be uploaded separately, and the uploaded data of each link will not exist continuously on the block, which leads to the query needing to sequentially traverse the entire chain in order to find all of the traceability data, and with the increase in the quantity of data, the speed of sequential traversal will increase linearly, which makes the querying speed become slower [23].  
In the specific scenario of pepper product supply chain traceability, if the data are all stored on the same blockchain, with the advancement of pepper product production and the expansion of the links, the data volume will become huger and huger. At the same time, the query efficiency of the single chain model is low. In order to improve the blockchain data query efficiency, this paper proposes a traceability model with one main chain and multiple side chain structures. The uplinked data of each link is separated, and multi-chain transactions are utilized to improve the efficiency of data querying. First, a main chain is constructed, which stores the product traceability code and the transaction address of each link, and then a side chain is constructed for each link of pepper products, which stores the traceability information of each link. When querying is performed, the product traceability code is used as an index to query the transaction address of the traceability information of each link in the main chain, and the information content stored in the side chain is directly queried through the transaction address, thus accelerating querying efficiency.
###### Abstract  
Digital precoding techniques have been widely applied in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to enhance spectral efficiency (SE) which is crucial in 5G New Radio (NR). Therefore, the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) has developed codebook-based MIMO precoding strategies to achieve a good trade-off between performance, complexity, and signal overhead. This paper aims to evaluate the performance bounds in SE achieved by the 5G-NR precoding matrices in single-user (SU) and multi-user (MU) MIMO systems, namely Type I and Type II, respectively. The implementation of these codebooks is covered providing a comprehensive guide with a detailed analysis. The performance of the 5G-NR precoder is compared with theoretical precoding techniques such as singular value decomposition (SVD) and block-diagonalization to quantify the margin of improvement of the standardized methods. Several configurations of antenna arrays, number of antenna ports, and parallel data streams are considered for simulations. Moreover, the effect of channel estimation errors on the system performance is analyzed in both SU and MU-MIMO cases. For a realistic framework, the SE values are obtained for a practical deployment based on a clustered delay line (CDL) channel model. These results provide valuable insights for system designers about the implementation and performance of the 5G-NR precoding matrices.  
1  
Citation: [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Spectral Efficiency of Precoded 5G-NR in Single and Multi-User Scenarios under Imperfect Channel Knowledge: A Comprehensive Guide for Implementation. Electronics **2022**, _11_, 4237. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244237](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244237)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244237](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244237))  
Academic Editors: [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
Received: 30 November 2022  
Accepted: 15 December 2022  
Published: 19 December 2022
# Role of Bimodal Water Retention Curve on the Unsaturated Shear Strength
###### Abstract  
Changes in climatic conditions are expected globally resulting in a higher rainfall intensity and longer duration of rainfall. The increase in the rainwater infiltration into the soil contributes to many geotechnical issues, such as excessive settlement, retaining wall failure and rainfall-induced slope failures. These geotechnical problems could be mitigated by the improvement of the problematic soil with the incorporation of the unsaturated soil mechanic principles. Dual-porosity soils or soils with bimodal water retention curve (WRC) are able to retain more water during prolonged drying and they would be able to drain out water faster during intense rainfall to maintain the slope stability. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the unsaturated shear strength of soil with bimodal WRC. In addition, the new mathematical equation is proposed to estimate the unsaturated shear strength of soils with a bimodal WRC. The results of the study indicated that the nonlinearity of the unsaturated shear strength is a function of the shape of bimodal WRC limited by the first and second air-entry value (AEV) of dual-porosity soils. The proposed equation agreed well with the experimental data of the unsaturated shear strength for dual-porosity soil.  
unsaturated shear strength; bimodal; water retention curve; pore-size distribution +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# A Blockchain and IoT-Enabled Framework for Ethical and Secure Coffee Supply Chains
## 3 Methodology
### Smart Contract
#### 3.2.2 Key Functions of Smart Contract  
The smart contract includes a series of core functions that reflect distinct roles and actions within the coffee supply chain. The _registerUsers0_ function allows stakeholders such as farmers, cooperatives, and retailers to register themselves on the blockchain. This function stores each user's name, a numerical ID, and company affiliation, which are linked to their Ethereum address. This provides a tamper-proof registry of verified participants.  
The _registerBeaus(0)_ function is responsible for registering a coffee batch, and is restricted to the contract owner. It accepts a unique batch number and the associated bean weight. This simulates origin-level events in which harvested coffee is tagged and weighed before entering the supply chain.  
The _sale0_ function facilitates transactions between two registered users. It records the sale of a coffee batch, including the seller and buyer addresses, batch number, weight of the transferred beans, and timestamp. The function updates the ledger to reflect the remaining available weight for that batch, thereby ensuring traceability and preventing over-allocation. This function was used throughout the simulation to emulate ownership transfers, aggregation, and retail delivery.  
The contract also includes two view functions, _getUserDetails0_ and _getBeanDetails0_, which allow for data retrieval without altering the ledger. These functions make the system transparent and queryable, supporting traceability across the entire supply chain.
# Computational Complexity and ILP Models for Pattern Problems in the Logical Analysis of Data
## 6 Computational Experiments
### Pattern Cover Minimality  
We approach the problem of finding a pattern set \(P\) of minimum cardinality that spans a given set \(S\) of strings as a 01 LP set cover problem, in which each row is associated to each string of the string set, each column is associated to each compatible pattern for \(S\), and the entry \(a_{ij}\) of the 01 LP matrix is 1 if and only if the pattern \(j\) covers the string \(i\). In view of Theorem 2 the matrix has a polynomial number of columns and therefore it can be explicitly written. We note that it is not strictly necessary to generate the full matrix. We may use a column generation approach by adapting the algorithm that generates all patterns to the pricing problem given dual variables associated to the strings. However, we have seen that generating the full matrix and then solving the problem outperforms the column generation approach, which requires running the recursive algorithm for each column generation, while only one run is necessary for generating the full matrix.  
We fix the size of a string to \(n=15\). Each string is randomly generated by independently setting each bit to 1 with probability \(p\) (and to 0 with probability \(1-p\)). A random instance consists of a set \(S\) of \(m\) randomly generated strings without duplicate strings. We consider the following values: \(p\in\{0.1,0.25,0.5\}\) and \(m\in\{100,1000,5000,10,000\}\). For each combination of values of \(p\) and \(m\) we generate ten instances.  
The strings generated with a value of \(p\) close to 0 (or equivalently close to 1) tend to be similar whereas they are much less similar for \(p=0.5\). Similar instances are expected to be covered with a few patterns with many gaps, whereas non-similar instances are expected to be covered with many patterns with few gaps.  
By the recursive procedure described in Section 4 we compute for each \(S\) all compatible patterns \(P(S)\) and solve with cplex the corresponding set cover problem.  
The computational results are reported in Table 1. For each combination of \(p\) and \(m\) we report for each one of the ten instances the resulting number of compatible patterns (\(|P(S)|\)), the optimal value of the minimal cover problem (opt), the total cpu time in seconds consisting of the pattern generation procedure plus the cplex run (time), and the number of nodes (root excluded) of the branch-and-bound process (#nodes). A value of #nodes equal to zero means that the solution of the LP relaxation was already integer.  
As can be seen from Table 1, all instances are solved at the branch-and-bound root node except the case \(p=0.5\) and \(m=10\),000.
## 2 Data and Methods
### Sampling and Chemical Analysis  
PM2.5 mass concentrations were continuously monitored with an hourly time resolution (1 h) using the \(\beta\)-ray absorption method (BAM1020, MetOne Instrument Inc., Grants Pass, OR, USA) with a flow rate of 16.7 L min\({}^{-1}\) with a PM2.5 Very Sharp Cut Cyclone (VSCC) instrument. The time-resolved chemical composition of PM2.5 was measured on an hourly basis using an ambient ion monitor (AIM, URG Corporation, Chapel Hill, NC, USA) for ionic species. In the case of AIM, the air was put into the denuder via a PM2.5 inlet at a flow rate of 16.7 L min\({}^{-1}\) to collect gaseous pollutants. The samples collected during an hour were separately injected into a cation and anion ion chromatograph (DionexIonPacAG18/AS18; IonPacCCA 12, CS12A, Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Equivalent ratio and ion mass balance equations were considered to validate the data accuracy for ion data.  
Carbonaceous components in PM2.5 were monitored by an OC/EC analyzer hourly with the modified NIOSH method 5040 (SECOC Analyzer, Sunset Laboratory Inc., Portland, OR, USA). The instruments were equipped with PM2.5 cyclone for the sampler inlet and organic denuders to remove gaseous organic carbons. Samples were collected for 45 min at an 8 L min\({}^{-1}\) flow rate on 47 mm quartz filters (TISSUQUARTZ, Gelman Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). After the sample collection, the oven was purged with helium and heated to 850 \({}^{\circ}\)C by a stepped temperature ramp, in which thermally desorbed organic compounds and pyrolysis products were put into a manganese dioxide (MnO\({}_{2}\)) oxidizing oven. The carbon fragments, converted to CO\({}_{2}\) gas in an MnO\({}_{2}\) oven, were measured directly by a self-contained non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector system. A second temperature ramp was then initiated in an oxidizing gas stream, and any elemental carbon was oxidized off the filter and put into the oxidizing oven. The elemental carbon (EC) was then detected in the same manner as the organic carbon (OC). Details of sampling and measurement are reported elsewhere [9; 10; 14]. Furthermore, hourly measured concentrations of gaseous pollutant concentrations including SO\({}_{2}\), CO, NO\({}_{2}\) and O\({}_{3}\) were attained by the air pollution monitoring network near the intensive atmospheric monitoring sites of Seoul and Baengnyeong Island [15].
# Theory and Design of Blink Jamming
## 4 Designing Formation Jamming Techniques
### Continuous Jamming from Both Sources  
In the case of a continuous jamming signal from both sources, the jammers were positioned at boresight 10 km away from the radar, separated by a horizontal distance of 600 m in the \(y\)-plane. Travelling in the \(+y\) direction at a speed of 300 m/s, the targets followed the same path across the radar beam at a constant separation with the initial antenna pointing angle at 0 degrees in azimuth and elevation.  
As expected from (9), the measured angle is a function of the power ratio of the two jammers  
\[\mathrm{Y}=\frac{P_{t_{b}}}{P_{t_{a}}} \tag{20}\]  
where \(P_{t_{a}}\) is the transmitted power from jammer \(A\) and \(P_{t_{b}}\) is the transmitted power from jammer \(B\).  
The effects of this ratio change are shown in Figure 18, where the same scenario is used in all four simulations, with the only change being the ratio \(\chi\). This changing power ratio causes the antenna to get \"pulled\" towards the stronger source.  
While not terribly useful in isolation this technique could be applied in a powerful way with an off-board decoy, by gradually shifting the tracking system from the target aircraft to the deceptive source. This could be accomplished by linearly increasing one source's power while decreasing the other simultaneously causing the angle measured to shift towards the desired, higher power source, in a controlled fashion.