# Differences in Nurses' Upper-Body Posture in Manual Patient Handling--A Qualitative Case Study
## 3 Results
### Upper-Body Posture
#### 3.2.1 Maximum Upper-Body Angles
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Upper-Body Position** & **Seq** & **Nuse 1 (\(\circ\))** & **Nuse 2 (\(\circ\))** & **ME** & **IA** & **BE (\(\alpha\))** & **BE (\(\alpha\))** \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} _Left-sided_ \\ _(N = 12)_ \\ \end{tabular} } & & & \(p\) & \(\mathbf{\eta}p^{2}\) & \(\mathbf{p}\) & \(\mathbf{\eta}p^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{max flexion} & \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \(30.1\pm 3.1\) & \(32.9\pm 3.9\) & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.001**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.301**} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.167} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.240**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.005**} \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-10}  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-10}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{max lateral flexion} & \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \(-1.1\pm 1.3\) & \(3.3\pm 10.5\) & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.001**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.552**} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.354} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.178**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.499**} \\  & & & (\(-3.2\pm 1.4\)) & \((-7.5\pm 3.1)\) & & & & \\  & & & (\(4.5\pm 2.9\)) & \((6.0\pm 28.4)\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{max rotation} & \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \(8.3\pm 2.9\) & \(15.5\pm 7.6\) & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.001**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.323**} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.329} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.223**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.145**} \\  & & & (\(4.9\pm 1.3\)) & \((-3.1\pm 2.57)\) & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-10}  & & & \(14.2\pm 4.3\) & \(18.3\pm 5.3\) & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-10}  & & & (\(7.9\pm 20.7\)) & \((8.1\pm 25.3)\) & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{
\begin{tabular}{c} _Right-sided_ \\ _(N = 7)_ \\ \end{tabular} } & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{max flexion} & \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \(33.4\pm 3.0\) & \(34.6\pm 3.1\) & \multirow{3}{*}{0.845} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.033} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.863} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.008} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.024} \\  & & & (\(30.6\pm 40.0\)) & \((30.9\pm 40.8)\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{max lateral flexion} & \multirow{3}{*}{2} & \(32.3\pm 7.8\) & \(32.8\pm 3.4\) & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.001**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.616**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.001**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.210**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.397**} \\  & & & (\(17.7\pm 41.2\)) & \((27.9\pm 39.0)\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{max lateral flexion} & \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \(3.5\pm 6.2\) & \(19.5\pm 7.0\) & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.001**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.616**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.001**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.210**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.397**} \\  & & \(-9.8\pm 12.4\) & \((7.3\pm 8.6)\) & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-10}  & & & \((-3.8\pm 7.6)\) & \((-8.2\pm 11.0)\) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{max rotation} & \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \(4.1\pm 6.6\) & \(3.6\pm 4.0\) & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.001**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.828**} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.177} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.056**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.824**} \\  & & & (\(-0.7\pm 19.9\)) & \((-4.3\pm 8.1)\) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & \(25.5\pm 6.7\) & \(32.5\pm 5.1\) & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.53**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.528**} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.177} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.056**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.824**} \\  & & & (\(15.3\pm 34.4\)) & \((25.8\pm 39.6)\) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* seq = sequence; n = nurse; \(\circ\) = degree; \(\dagger\) = values are mean \(\pm\) SD (range). Results in bold type indicate significance at the \(\alpha\leq 0.05\) level.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison in upper-body positions in left- and right-sided positioning between nurses and sequences; two-way ANOVA, main effects (ME), interaction of nurse x sequence (IA), and between-subject effect (BE) *†. sequences, whereas nurse 2 only showed an ergonomically optimal upper-body posture in sequence 1. In sequence 2, nurse 2 showed lateral flexion angles within a tolerable range, but partially poor posture, according to the guidelines.