## 2 Related Work  
### Computer-Assisted Translation  
CAT is a relatively new field that can be traced back to the 1980s along with the shift from machine translation with the use of computers to aid human translators. According to the European Association of Machine Translation, CAT tools refer to \"translation software packages that are designed primarily as an aid for the human translator in the production of translations ([[http://www.eamt.org/index.php](http://www.eamt.org/index.php)]([http://www.eamt.org/index.php](http://www.eamt.org/index.php))).\" Unlike machine translation systems, in CAT, the translator is in charge of the translation process, while the use of these tools enhances the productivity by saving time and efforts. This is especially evident with repetitive tasks, such as searching for terms and maintaining consistency.  
Modern CAT software, e.g., SDL Trados (SDL plc, Berkshire, UK), MemoQ (memoQ Translation Technologies, Budapest, Hungary), Wordfast (Wordfast LLC, New York, NY, USA), Memsource (Memsource a.s, Praha, Czech Republic) etc., support various functions to facilitate the translator's job including the following:  
* Translation Memory (TM): The TM is a database that stores the texts and their translations in the form of bilingual segments. They operate by providing the translators with suggestions by automatically searching for similar segments. This tool allows the translators to recycle or \"leverage\" their previous translations, especially with similar or repetitive texts without the need to re-translate [1; 2].
* Terminology Management: This component resembles the translation memory in the reusability of segments; however, it works on a term level. This allows the translators to create a database to store and retrieve terms related to a specific field, client, or project. Once the term base is created, the translator has the ability to manually search for a specific term or allow the system to automatically search and display potential matches. The main advantage of these tools, in addition to saving time and efforts, is the enhancement of the translation consistency when translating terminology, especially in group projects where more than one translator is working on the same task [1; 6].
* Project Management PM: The increased demand on translations and the expansion of the translation projects required the development of a system to support the management and automation of the translation process [7]. These tools include collaboration functions to increase team efficiency and consistency. Accordingly, these features enable the invitation of collaborators to edit and/or review translations within the system interface and allow collaborations to work in real-time on translation tasks. Other collaborative features also include segment edit history and tracking. Most PM software include a budgeting feature to allow the calculation of the expenditure and revenues, reporting and analytics tools used to help track translation progress, create and assign tasks to translators, and the evaluation of the task deadlines.
* Supporting Tools: Based on the degree of sophistication, most CAT packages come with supporting tools and functions, such as (a) a translation editor that supports bilingual file formats (the editor has several features similar to word processing programs, such as spell checkers and editing tools); (b) an optical character recognition (OCR) tool used to convert a machine-printed or handwritten text image into an editable text format; (c) a segment analyzer, to analyze the translation files to assist the translator understand how much work a translation will require based on the identification of texts that have already been translated and the type of texts that require translations and similarity rate calculations; (d) an alignment tool to automatically divide and link the source text segments and their translations to help create a translation memory more quickly; (e) a machine translation engine; and (f) quality assurance features.