# Designing and Conducting an Injury Study in Amateur Badminton Players
## 3 Results
### Causes of Injuries  
The results concerning the causes of injuries related to contact are presented in Table 6, and the causes associated with non-contact injuries are detailed in Table 7.  
injuries to the lower limbs are most common during international competitions, followed by injuries to the feet and upper limbs [8]. At the European Senior Championships, injuries were predominantly reported in the knees, legs, and shoulders of participants [12]. The average age of the 469 badminton players studied was 19.2 years, ranging from 13 to 52 years; about 60% of the injuries occurred in players under 20 years of age, with the knees being particularly vulnerable [13]. Consistent with prior findings, this study found that the knees and ankles of the lower limbs and the shoulders and waist of the upper limbs were most susceptible to injury. Ankle and knee injuries, particularly common in players who frequently jump, often involve ankle sprains during plantar-flexed and inverted movements, primarily during landing or turning [14; 15]. Moreover, non-contact injuries were also noted, occurring through improper movements and sliding. While singles players experience injuries primarily from non-contact mechanisms, doubles players sustain more injuries through interactions with other players than from any external contacts. The most frequently injured body tissues during both competition and training are muscles, ligaments, and tendons. [PERSON] et al. examined 2620 badminton players with an average age of 31 years and reported that the most common injuries were sprains (56%), Achilles tendon ruptures (13%), and ankle ligament ruptures (23.2%) [16]. [PERSON] et al. studied elite badminton players and found that musculotendinous injuries were the most prevalent, accounting for 51.4% of injuries [8]. Among Swedish players, ligament sprains are the predominant knee injury, whereas patellar tendonopathy is more common among Malaysian players [4]. Badminton is characterized by high-intensity activity punctuated by brief rest periods, demanding rapid movements and agile footwork. This regimen of repetitive motions significantly stresses both upper and lower limbs, elevating the risk of both acute and chronic injuries of various severities [17]. The lower extremity musculature plays a crucial role, as it frequently executes fast, powerful movements using body weight during gameplay [15]. Such repetitive actions lead to muscle and joint fatigue and increased laxity in the musculoskeletal system, which includes muscles, tendons, and ligaments, thereby heightening the risk of injury [18]. The findings of this study, along with previous research, indicate that muscles, ligaments, and tendons are the tissues most commonly injured in amateur badminton players, underscoring the need for a systematic and scientifically based injury prevention program that focuses on strengthening these peripheral muscles and enhancing stability. The study identified the ankles, knees, and shoulders as the most commonly injured sites for both male and female athletes. Additionally, injuries to the waist during competition were noted among female athletes, and back injuries were observed during training for both genders. A retrospective study of elite badminton players in Hong Kong found that sprains were prevalent, particularly in the lower back, shoulders, thighs, and knees [6]. The researchers attributed the frequent lumbar facet problems to repetitive lumbar extension during overhead and jump smashes in badminton, suggesting that these movements reflect the specific loading patterns on the lumbar spine [19]. The occurrence of pain in the back, hips, knees, or feet is notably higher among athletes performing overhead movements. Pain in the elbows and/or shoulders often co-occurs with back and hip pain, more so than with knee and foot pain [20]. Following seven conditioning sessions over three weeks, a world-class badminton player reported reduced knee pain and exhibited improved performance and cardiorespiratory fitness during agility tasks [21].