## 6 Conclusions
For example, integrating Internet of Things (IoT) devices for real-time data capture and monitoring would improve the accuracy of traceability systems by providing live updates on product status, location, and condition throughout the supply chain. Alongside this, developing automated compliance frameworks could ensure that traceability systems meet industry regulations, reducing the burden on businesses. A complementary line of research is the development of hybrid data-storage models that effectively balance on-chain and off-chain storage by creating frameworks that can dynamically adjust storage strategies based on factors such as transaction volume, data sensitivity, and regulatory requirements. Additionally, scalability solutions, particularly through Layer 2 technologies, could significantly improve transaction speeds and reduce costs, making blockchain applications more viable for high-volume environments. Another area for future work is enhancing privacy mechanisms, such as implementing zero-knowledge proofs. This would allow stakeholders to verify transactions without exposing sensitive data, addressing privacy concerns while maintaining necessary transparency. Furthermore, exploring interoperability between different blockchain networks could facilitate seamless data sharing across various platforms, enhancing the traceability of products that move through multiple supply chains. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualisation, C.D.v.E. and M.J.F.-I. ; methodology, C.D.v.E., M.J.F.-I. and L.A.-R.; software, M.J.F.-I. and C.D.v.E. ; validation, C.D.v.E. and M.J.F.-I. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.J.F.-I. ; writing--review and editing, C.D.v.E., M.J.F.-I. and L.A.-R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was partially funded by Nunegal Consulting SL (contract no. CO-0037-2024) and Grant TED2021-130828B-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. **Acknowledgments:** We would like to express our gratitude to Nunegal Consulting SL and Amtega Agency for the Technological Modernisation of Galicia for providing invaluable insights into the workings of traceability in the timber sector. Their expertise and detailed information inspired us in developing the traceability solution presented in this paper. We would also like to thank the rest of the members of the GAVIN team at atlanTTic, [PERSON] and [PERSON], for their inspirational comments and insight. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest. **Abbreviations**  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: \begin{tabular}{l l} API & Application Programmer's Interface \\ CID & Content Identifier \\ DAG & Directed Acyclic Graph \\ dApp & Decentralised Application \\ EVM & Ethereum Virtual Machine \\ FSMA & Food Safety Modernization Act \\ GDPR & General Data Protection Regulation \\ GPS & Global Positioning System \\ IDE & Integrated Development Environment \\ IPFS & InterPlanetary File System \\ ISO & International Standardisation Organization \\ JSON & JavaScript Serialised Object Notation \\ RFID & RadioFrequency Identifier \\ ToA & Table of Arcs \\ URI & Uniform Resource Locator \\ \end{tabular}