esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Quantum Computing for Healthcare: A Review
## 6 Security of Quantum Computing for Healthcare
### Defense Using D-Level Systems  
Quantum D-level systems are attractive for healthcare since they are characterized by higher data transfer rates that are required for next-generation medical sensors. Consider the case of implantable brain-machine interface systems where a huge amount of neural data [131] is transmitted by thousands of electrodes monitoring the brain tissue in the different cortical layers. With regard to QKD, the d-level protocols promise to increase the transmitted key rate, as well as provide greater error resistance. In [132], the authors used d-level systems to protect against individual and concurrent attacks. They discussed two cryptosystems, where the first system uses two mutually unbiased bases, while the second utilizes d+1 concurrently unbiased bases. The proof of security for the protocols with entangled photons for individual attacks has been demonstrated by [133]. However, the challenge with this approach was the increased error rate. In [134], the authors proposed the decoy pulse method for BB84 in high-loss rate scenarios. A privileged user replaces signal pulses with multiphoton pulses. The security proof of coherent-state protocol using Gaussian-modulated coherent state and homology detection against arbitrary coherent attacks is provided in [135]. In [136], authors proposed security against common types of attacks that could be inflicted on the quantum channels by eavesdroppers having vast computational power. The security of device-independent (DI) QKD against collective attacks has been analyzed in [137], which has been extended by [138] with a more general form of attacks. A passive approach for security using a beam divider to segregate each input pulse and demonstrate its effectiveness is presented in [139]. Table 5 presents a taxonomy and summary of different approaches focused on using d-level systems as a defense strategy to withstand security attacks.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Determination of Relevant Visual Information
#### 3.2.5 Influence of Camera Position  
The experimental data were analyzed to determine the effect of the camera position on the visual information gained. When specific features of either the sprayer or its environment were prominently displayed within the frame of the camera, participants were more likely to comment on the information gained from that specific feature than information that could be gained from other less prominent features. For example, clip 2 focused mainly on the \"right boom\" and many participants identified features that were related to the boom as being valuable. Similarly, clip 9 emphasized the field and most participants focused on the relevant information that was gained from the field. This finding suggests that designers can influence which features the user will perceive by positioning the camera such that those specific features are prominent in the camera's field of view.
## 4 Results  
As previously reported in Figure 1, a total of 29 participants completed the study. There were no losses during follow-up, as all enrolled participants attended the scheduled follow-up appointments and were included in the final analysis. As shown in Table 1, there is no statistical difference in the values of the groups related to sex or age at all stages (sex \(p\) = 0.060; age \(p\) = 0.389). Comparisons regarding sex distribution between groups were performed using the Chi-square test. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two treatment groups at any of the time points (T0, T1, or T2). As detailed in Table 2 and depicted in Figure 3, both treatment modalities demonstrated similar effectiveness in addressing dentoalveolar transverse discrepancies. The comparison at T1 (\(p\) = 0.78) and T2 (\(p\) = 0.66) indicated no statistically significant variation in outcomes between the Eptamed Balancer and Spark clear aligners. In addition, a within-group comparison over time was performed, as detailed in Figure 3. These results suggest that both treatments are equally effective in improving transverse arch alignment over time.  
The data analysis was conducted using appropriate statistical methods to ensure the robustness of the results. Graphical representations further support the findings, showing parallel trends in both groups throughout the study period. This indicates that, despite the different treatment approaches, both devices produced comparable improvements in the dentoalveolar parameters measured.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Stratified by Treatment** & & \\ \hline  & **EPTAMED** & **SPARK** & \(p\) \\ \hline \(n\) & 15 & 14 & \\ \hline
**Sex = M (\%)** & 7 (46.7\%) & 2 (14.3\%) & 0.060 \\ \hline
**Age (mean \(\pm\) SD)** & 10.6 \(\pm\) 0.986 & 10.214 \(\pm\) 1.369 & 0.389 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Baseline characteristics of the two groups.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **T0** & **T1** & **T2** \\ \hline
**EPTAMED** (distance (in mm) between & & \\ the palatal cusps of the upper first & 29.13 [1.407] & 30.206 [1.514] & 31.44 [1.463] \\ premolars (media [SD])) & & & \\ \hline
**SPARK** (distance (in mm) between & & \\ palatal cusps of the upper first & 28.61 [1.013] & 30.01 [0.998] & 31.60 [0.997] \\ premolars (media [SD])) & & & \\ \hline \hline \(p\) **values** (Mann–Whitney U test) & 0.3 & 0.78 & 0.66 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mean and standard deviation (SD) of distance (in mm) between the palatal cusps of the upper first premolars (width) stratified by timing and group.
## 4 Discussion  
### Increasing Attention on BCG/SCG Technology  
The number of papers published in a certain research field reflects, to some extent, the degree of development and the level of research of the subject. The result of this study manifests the increasing number of the literature related to BCG/SCG technology in the field of medical treatment and health. This indicates that since the revival of BCG/SCG technology in 2003, the number of literature in this field included in CNKI and PubMed databases has been on the rise, revealing that BCG/SCG technology has received more and more attention from the health care circles. Deduced according to the law of literature growth, and the Price curve theory, the current research in this field is still in a period of rapid development. Thus, it can be seen that the attention to BCG/SCG technology research has increased year by year, and has gained certain growth in the recent years.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Volatile Profiles Analyzed by Headspace SPME Combined with GC-MS  
Volatile compounds within fermented _Baijiu_ were analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS. Prior to initial use, the SPME extraction head was aged under the specific condition of 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 40 min at the injection port of the gas chromatograph. To summarize, a 7.98 mL treated sample was combined with 2 g NaCl in a 20 mL headspace flask. Subsequently, 20 microliters of the internal standard (4-methyl-2-pentanol) was added. The headspace flask was incubated in a 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C water bath for 20 min. Volatile compounds were then collected using a 50 \(\upmu\)m PDMS/CAR/DVB fiber provided by Supelco (Bellefonte, PA) for a duration of 45 min. After extraction, the fiber was immediately inserted into the injection port of an TSQ 8000 Evo GC-MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, America) for the desorption step at 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2-5 min.  
The analytical conditions were as follows: Chromatographic separation was completed on a DB-WAX capillary column (30.0 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m, Agilent, City of Santa Clara, CA, USA). Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min in splitless mode, and the injector temperature was 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The oven temperature was maintained at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 min, then heated to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min and held for 5 min, and then heated to 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min and held for 2 min. Finally, increase to 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min and hold for 3 min. The interface temperature was maintained at a consistent 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C during the analytical process. Mass spectra were acquired in the electron impact (EI) mode, utilizing an ionization energy of 70 eV and operating in the full scan range of 30 to 350 atomic mass units (amu). The tentative identification of compounds was facilitated through a meticulous comparison of the obtained mass spectra with the reference data from the NIST \(1.1\) mass spectral database. Quantitative determinations were conducted with precision, using 4-Methyl-2-pentanol as an internal standard at a volume of 20 \(\upmu\)L and a final concentration of 51.15 \(\upmu\)g/L. Integrating the selected 4-Methyl-2-pentanol to gain the related peak areas of volatile compounds, the quantification was calculated accurately.
# Using Tablets to Teach Basic Literacy Skills to Kindergarten Students: A Case Study
## 4 Results
### Summary of the Results, Response to the Research Hypotheses
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**B**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{_Bootstrap_} \\ \cline{5-8}  & & & & _Std. Error_ & \multirow{2}{*}{_p_} & **95\% Confidence Interval** \\ \cline{5-8}  & & & & _Error_ & & _Lower_ & _Upper_ \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Control} & Engagement & 0.026 & \(-\)0.004 & 0.072 & 0.704 & \(-\)0.137 & 0.142 \\  & Enjoyment & 0.226 & 0.006 & 0.118 & 0.130 & 0.024 & 0.481 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Motivation & \(-\)0.046 & 0.002 & 0.066 & 0.452 & \(-\)0.185 & 0.086 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Engagement & 0.051 & 0.003 & 0.105 & 0.677 & \(-\)0.125 & 0.269 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Enjoyment & 0.078 & \(-\)0.007 & 0.088 & 0.335 & \(-\)0.141 & 0.216 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Motivation & 0.040 & 0.008 & 0.052 & 0.346 & \(-\)0.031 & 0.180 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The results of the genderized linear model for the post-test (whole data set). * Investigating motivation, a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups, with tablets deemed to provide greater motivation for learning compared to conventional materials [\(F(1,74)=16.91\), \(p<0.001\)]. The effect size was very large. Thus, H3c is also accepted. * When examining the factors impacting the results of the evaluation tests, enjoyment and motivation were influential in the control group (\(p=0.022\) in both cases), while engagement was not a contributing factor. Further exploring the data, it was found that enjoyment impacted learning outcomes only in the case of boys (\(p=0.017\) vs. \(p=0.520\)), while motivation significantly impacted learning only in girls (\(p=0.094\) vs. \(p=0.035\)). In the experimental group, all factors played a role (\(p=0.007\) for engagement, \(p=0.002\) for enjoyment, and \(p=0.046\) for motivation). The only sex difference that was noted was in motivation; this factor played a role only in boys (\(p=0.008\) vs. \(p=0.409\)). Hence, H4a-c is accepted for the experimental group and partially (H4b and c) for the control one. * Regarding the factors influencing post-test outcomes, no factor played a significant role in either the experimental or control group. Also, there were no differences between sexes in both groups. Therefore, H5a-c is rejected for both groups.
## 2 Space-Variant PSF of OAP System
### Space Variance Correction in the Radial Direction  
Since the object and image planes of the focal plane imaging system are on the same side of the reflector, most systems use an off-axis approach to avoid center occlusion. For parabolic reflectors, the characteristics of off-axis and non-parallel incident rays cause relatively large aberrations. In the literature [22; 23], [PERSON] used the ray tracing method in geometric optics to analyze the aberration of the off-axis parabolic reflection mirror in optical imaging systems, pointing out that the aberration mainly includes astigmatism and coma. According to [PERSON]'s primary aberration theory, the astigmatism and coma can be described by polar-coordinates as follows [12; 24]:  
\[\begin{split} x_{r}-u_{r}&=(2C+D)u_{r}^{2}e_{r}cose _{\theta}\\ x_{\theta}-u_{\theta}&=arctan[Du_{r}e_{r} sine_{\theta}/(1+(2C+D)u_{r}^{2}e_{r}cose_{\theta})]\\ x_{r}-u_{r}&=u_{r}Fe_{r}^{2}(2+cos2e_{\theta})\\ x_{\theta}-u_{\theta}&=arctan[(-Fe_{r}^{2}sin2e_{ \theta})/(1-Fe_{r}^{2}(2+cos2e_{\theta}))].\end{split} \tag{6}\]  
In Equation (6), the two rows above represent the astigmatism aberration and the two rows below denote the coma aberration. Obviously, the aberration above has nothing to do with \(x_{\theta}\) nor \(u_{\theta}\), which means that there is no variance caused by \(\theta\), the same as the PSF of the parent parabolic. So, the work on the restoration of blurred image is focused on the radial direction after the polar-coordinate transformation.  
In Equation (6), the \(u_{r}\) contributes a little to astigmatism and nothing to the coma abberation of the direction of \(\theta\), but it has a significant impact on the direction of \(r\). Since the radial blur in Equation (6) is related to \(u_{r}\) or \(u_{r}^{2}\), we can put an logarithm operation into the r direction in the polar-coordinate transformation, which can be helpful to depress the radial variance. After that, the radial aberration described in Equation (6) can be written as follows, where the blur is in weak or has no relationship with \(u_{r}\) anymore:  
\[\begin{split} ln(x_{r})-ln(u_{r})&=ln[1+(2C+D)u_{r} e_{r}cose_{\theta}]\\ ln(x_{r})-ln(u_{r})&=ln[1+Fe_{r}^{2}(2+cos2e_{\theta })].\end{split} \tag{7}\]Here, we give an example of the effect of logarithm in Figure 3. After the logarithm operation in the radial direction, the variance along r has been almost removed.  
In Section 2, the description and correction in the angular and radial directions is given by analyzing the PSF under the polar-coordinate. By combining the two subsections, we set up an log-polar-coordinate transformation method to eliminate the space variance of the blurred image. The realization of this method is given in the next section.
# A Review of Irrigation Information Retrievals from Space and Their Utility for Users
## 5 The User Perspective: Observation Requirements and Current Obstacles
### User Characteristics
Current pressures (the need to increase production and economic viability of farming activities and the inability to increase the offer, e.g., dams, and the impacts of climate change on the overall water resources' availability) are pushing towards pervasive modernization of irrigation, with drip irrigation being the method with a faster increase in use [138], so the situation will likely change in the near future.
# XSQ-Learning: Adaptive Similarity Thresholds for Accelerated and Stable Q-Learning
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Experimental Setup  
The experiments were conducted in a grid-world environment (the implementation of the grid-world environment is available at [[https://gitlab.com/[PERSON]/roddle-env](https://gitlab.com/[PERSON]/roddle-env)]([https://gitlab.com/[PERSON]/roddle-env](https://gitlab.com/Bobobert/roddle-env)), accessed on 22 June 2025.) (Figure 1) with three scenarios of increasing state space complexity. Scenario 1 serves as the baseline (\(cell-size=1\)), while Scenarios 2 (\(cell-size=2\)) and 3 (\(cell-size=3\)) expand the state space quadratically and cubically, respectively. The environment contains four cell types: open areas (white), obstacles (brown), cliffs (blue), and goals (green). The agent observes only its Cartesian coordinates, and receives rewards of \(-1\) per step and \(+100\) for goal achievement, with episodes limited to 200 steps (reward range: \([-200,100]\)). The pink dot in each scenario represents the agent's starting position.  
Each algorithm's progress was measured in learning steps, where one step equals one environment interaction and Q-model update. Every 500 steps, policies were evaluated over 21 independent test episodes, reporting the mean cumulative reward. To ensure statistical reliability, we ran 20 trials per algorithm with different random seeds. During testing, exploration (\(\epsilon\)) was disabled to evaluate pure exploitation behavior. The following key parameters were standardized: learning rate \(\alpha=0.1\) and discount factor \(\gamma=0.99\). In contrast, similarity-specific thresholds (e.g., \(\delta_{\text{ssq}}=0.8\)) were tuned per method (Table 2).
## 6 Roadmap Profile Classification
### Comparison Results  
Results in this section are obtained using the maps of New York, San Francisco and Rome from Figure 2, and also the roadmaps from Los Angeles, Madrid and London from Figure 10. There is a city from each defined cluster in these two sets of roadmaps, and we will compare warning message dissemination using these different topologies. Figures 11 and 12 show the differences in terms of both warning notification time and messages received per vehicle when varying the density of vehicles in the aforementioned city scenarios. In all these simulations we used the same base configuration: the radio propagation model used is RAV, vehicles follow the Krauss mobility model, there are 3 warning mode vehicles, the periodicity of messages is 1 message per second, normal message priority is AC0, the broadcast scheme applied is eMDR, and the channel bandwidth is 6 Mbps.  
Results in Figure 11 show that the selected scenario notably affects the efficiency of the dissemination process, especially in scenarios with low vehicle density. As the density of vehicles grows, the differences become smaller but they are still noticeable. In addition, roadmaps from the same cluster present a very similar behavior in both low and high vehicle density scenarios. Topologies from the Simple layout cluster obtain the best performance in warning notification time and percentage of blind vehicles in all scenarios, since the wireless signal propagates more easily in environments with few long streets. As the layout becomes more irregular and the density of streets and junctions grows, the dissemination process develops more slowly and the number of uninformed vehicles increases.  
In the six scenarios, increasing the density of vehicles yields better performance in terms of both warning notification time and percentage of blind vehicles (_i.e._, not receiving warning messages), especially in roadmaps like Rome and London where the streets are the shortest and the most irregular, producing very poor results when there are few vehicles in the simulated scenario. Complex layout scenarios need higher vehicle densities to obtain satisfactory results in terms of warning notification time and blind vehicles.  
As shown in Figure 12, topologies from the same cluster also produce a similar number of messages. For Simple roadmaps there is a sudden increment in the amount of received messages when the number of vehicles grows more than 100 vehicles, whereas the Regular ones support up to 200 vehicles, and Complex roadmaps obtain sustainable results up to 300 vehicles. Note that urban scenarios with low density of streets and junctions greatly increase the number of messages received per vehicle because of the higher number of vehicles reached by the wireless signal, thanks to the long streets forming the layout that make it easier to find vehicles in line-of-sight.
# The Effect of Cu (II) on Swelling and Shrinkage Characteristics of Sodium Bentonite in Landfills
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Non-Load Swell Ratio Experiment  
To understand the swell behavior of bentonite eroded by Cu (II), the non-load swelling test was designed and conducted under the condition of lateral restraint and no vertical load. The instrument used in this experiment was modified from WG single lever consolidation instrument from Nanjing Soil Instrument Factory. The soil samples with a diameter of 61.8 mm and a height of 12 mm were prepared by pressing the clay with an initial water content of 23%, see Figure 1. The initial dry density of the samples was 1.3 g/cm\({}^{3}\). Different concentration of CuSO4 solutions was injected into the tank, and the samples were completely immersed by the solution. Three control groups were set for each concentration. To obtain a non-load swelling curve, the time interval of 2 min was used for the first hour of the experiment. Afterward, the time interval was increased to 30 min. Then the time interval of 2 h was used after 24 h. If the deformation within 6 h was less than 0.01 mm, the experiment should be terminated. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Physical Properties** & **Value** \\ \hline Specific gravity & 2.73 \\ Liquid limit & 126.1\% \\ Plastic limit & 44.1\% \\ Plasticity index & 82 \\ Cation exchange capacity & 0.407 mEq/g \\ Content of montmorillonite & 65.2\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The material properties of bentonite.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Solution** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**c (g/L)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **0** & **2.5** & **5** & **10** \\ \hline pH & 6.85 & 4.50 & 4.47 & 4.42 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: pH Value of CuSO4 Solution.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Thermo-Mechanical Properties
#### 3.2.4 Hardness
It was established from the comparative analysis that recycled PS and recycled PP had a lower Young's modulus by 5.2-9.8% and 39.2-52.0%, respectively, than that of corresponding HIPS 7240 and virgin PP. Also, tensile strengths for recycled PP and recycled PS were 33.0-38.2% and 2.8-5.6% lower, respectively, than those of corresponding virgin PP and HIPS 7240. On the other hand, toughness for recycled PP and recycled PS was 11.0-215.7% and 21.3-44.0% higher, respectively, than that of corresponding virgin PP and HIPS 7240. Also, hardness for recycled PP and recycled PS was 11.7-26.5% and 2.2-5.1% higher, respectively, than those of corresponding virgin PP and HIPS 7240. This work has demonstrated that recycled PP and recycled PS collected from polymeric wastes from different sources are promising mechanical recyclates. The results presented in this study allow a better understanding of the thermo-mechanical properties of recycled PP and recycled PS and will assist manufacturers in formulating applications for recycled PP and recycled PS to fit their products as a substitute for virgin polymers where applicable. As a result, there will be an increase in the need for recycling, leading to a decrease in environmental degradation. Conceptualization, J.M. and M.H. ; Data collection, J.M. ; Methodology, J.M. ; Formal analysis, J.M. ; investigation, J.M. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.M. ; writing--review and editing, M.H. and P.M.; visualization, J.M. ; Supervision, M.H. and P.M. This research was funded by Technical University of Applied Science Wildau. This paper forms part of the author's MSc research supported by the Technical University of Applied Science Wildau, Germany, and Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Nyeri, Kenya. Contributions of supervisors are highly appreciated. The authors declare no conflict of interest.