## Appendix A System Components  
Gateway  
The gateway is a BLE receiver, which is an element of the system responsible for communication with sensors and sending the collected data to the Hive Server module. Hive Gateway is a device that automatically communicates with the sensors by sending data to the Hive Server module. It is a receiver in the BLE communication protocol. The device is fully automatic, and configuration by the user is not required. The operation and configuration of the Hive Gateway are managed automatically by the Hive Server. The SKK Smart Logistics Unit Gateway is one of the fundamental technical components of the system, enabling cooperation with multiple SLU sensors simultaneously. The device collects data from transmitters within its radio range, which is then gathered, preprocessed, and sent to the server in the subsequent step. The device operates in a plug-and-play configuration, requiring no user configuration or hardware intervention. The gateway offers the option of using power over ethernet (PoE) or a 230 V network power supply. Additional accessories include an antenna, allowing for customization to meet specific specifications and operational characteristics. The key parameters of the SKK Gateway are presented in Table 11.  
The gateway (Figure 1) device is designed to facilitate wireless communication between the data server and SLU Sensor devices. In the physical layer, the communication between the SLU Gateway and SLU Sensors will use Bluetooth Low Energy technology, while communication with the SLU Server will occur over a local LAN network. In real-world conditions, the device should be designed to operate reliably in production areas, warehouses, and, in some cases, office settings. The most common environment will be warehouse installation. To achieve the maximum wireless range, it is necessary to select an appropriate mounting location for the SLU Gateway. The nature of Bluetooth Low Energy technology requires a stable direct line of sight connection (without objects between devices). Therefore, a convenient/optimal mounting location for SLU Gateway devices can be the ceiling. For such installation locations, particularly adverse environmentalconditions should be taken into account, including high temperature, humidity, and the risk of flooding. To ensure an extended operating range for SLU Gateway devices, the use of dedicated antennas is necessary, hence the requirement for antenna connectors in SLU Gateway devices. Sensor  
The Sensor is a configurable device based on BLE technology responsible for measuring and recording environmental parameters. The SKK Hive Sensor is a small wireless measuring device and a fundamental technical component of the Hive System. The device features non-volatile memory and built-in sensors for recording environmental data, including light, temperature, humidity, and vibration. The effective operating range of the device at standard settings is 15 m, with a maximum standard range of 25 m. Exact distances depend on the environment, device configuration, and selected accessories (e.g., antennas). The Hive Sensor works exclusively with the SKK Hive Gateway and SKK Hive Mobile App. These devices enable data retrieval and configuration changes. They are responsible for communication with the sensors, including data download and configuration adjustments. The key parameters related to the operation of the device are presented in Table 14.  
The SLU Sensor device will be mounted inside reusable containers such as Iceboxes or transport bins. In real-world conditions, the SLU Sensor will operate in relatively unfavorable environmental conditions for electronics, including high humidity and a wide temperature range. Additionally, these reusable containers undergo periodic disinfection and cleaning procedures using detergents and pressure washers. The specific working environment for SLU Sensor devices necessitates the design of a dedicated enclosure, with construction and materials that guarantee the device's durability.