# Research on Communication Stability of Inter-Cannonball Network Based on OPNET
## 1 Introduction  
On the Russo-Ukrainian War battlefield, it can be seen that advanced munitions are one of the keys to creating an asymmetric firepower advantage [1]. To perform successful and intelligent strikes against enemy units while decreasing self-damage and enhancing attack accuracy, it is vital to guarantee that the munitions have the capacity to hit properly and destroy effectively. Intelligent cannonball grouping with coordinated strikes is one potential solution. This is the most effective way for combat units to improve their battlefield survivability, reduce the amount of ammunition, and achieve the intended operational objectives [2]. There is minimal communication and coordination between cannonballs, and the tactic of fire coverage is still used to accomplish the target's destruction. Future warfare will include the development of intelligent artillery rounds to provide swift, intelligent strikes. Relevant data show that ammunition consumption can be reduced by at least 20% when attacking with the support of cannonballs [3]. To obtain the first opportunity in future wars, fight the enemy effectively, and protect themselves, it is very important to developintelligent cannonball technology to bridge the gap between foreign and domestic technology [4; 5]. Due to the vast array of activities and short striking distance of artillery rounds of intelligent cannonballs, high communication stability is required, and the theoretical issues for communication mechanisms and engineering methods need to be clarified [6; 7]. The inter-cannonball ad hoc network is a wireless mobile network established through automatic connection of the other nodes, which does not rely on ground command stations or satellites [8; 9]. In such a network, each node operates not only as a host but also as a router; nodes transmit information to each other through multiple hops when the destination node is not within the communication range. Ad hoc network is a multi-hop centreless network. When there are mobile nodes in this network, it becomes mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Since MANET is self-organizing, self-healing, and vandal resistant, it is ideal for special external situations such as natural disasters, military areas, and communication in locations without radio infrastructure. MANETs differ significantly from both fixed networks and ordinary mobile networks. First, inter-channel interference, changes in transmitting power, and node movement methods, as well as changes in the number of communication network nodes can all cause dynamic changes in MANET network topology. Second, ad hoc networks are formed in the absence of other network facilities, and mobile nodes complete their tasks using routing protocols and fixed algorithms. Again, because wireless communication distance is limited, a node requires an intermediate node to forward messages to nodes outside its communication range, thus requiring multiple hops. Finally, centralized control is a single point of contact for everything, whereas self-organizing networks use distributed network control, which is more resistant to destruction than centralized control. The adaptability of the MANET architecture and its dynamically distributed topology are well-suited for the environment of inter-cannonball networks [10; 11]. Furtherly, this brings security issues in the communication network, and there have been numerous studies to compensate for this shortcoming [12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. However, inter-cannonball networking still faces many obstacles due to the cannonballs' large flight distances and severe node losses. The various strike modes are compared in Figure 1. The fire coverage mode requires more ammunition; precision-guided strikes can save ammunition resources. Due to missiles being costly, it is not a good solution when facing low-cost targets; inter-cannonball grouping can attack cost-effective targets in concert. [PERSON] et al. [17] focuses on self-organizing networks in a satellite-denied environment.