## 2 Materials and Methods  
The studied material was a 0.8 mm thick metal sheet made of commercial 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. More details on the microstructural characterization of the received material can be found later. The chemical composition of the alloy is: Cu 4.9%, Mg 1.8%, Mn 0.9%, Fe 0.5%, Si 0.5%, Zn 0.25% and Al Bal. The metallographic investigation was carried out with a LEICA DM LM/P optical microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). The preparation of the sample was carried out according to normal protocols, which included cutting, grinding, polishing, and etching. Different grades of silicon carbide emery paper were used for manual mechanical grinding. Etching was performed for 10 s at room temperature by means of Keller solution that contained 2.5 mL HNO\({}_{3}\), 1.5 mL HCl, 1 mL HF, and 95 mL distilled water [38]. Using intersection counting, the grain size was ascertained with Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size [39]. The metallographic observations were made in the plane defined by the rolling direction (RD) and normal direction (ND). Furthermore, SEM observation was conducted using a HITACHI SU 3500 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) SEM equipped with an EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) Bruker XFlash 410M detector (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) with a resolution of 133 eV on the Mn K\(\alpha\) line. The ASTM E8 standard [40] was adhered to for the mechanical characterization, focusing on tensile properties. Tensile tests were conducted on three specimens for each direction: DR (0\({}^{\circ}\)), DD (45\({}^{\circ}\)), and TD (90\({}^{\circ}\)) with respect to the rolling direction (RD). Samples were prepared to a width of 12.5 mm following the sheet-type specifications outlined in the standard (Figure 1a). Utilizing a universal tensile testing machine Zwick/Roell with a maximum capacity of 100 kN, the tests were executed under displacement control at a grip speed of 2.5 mm/min (\(\sim\)10\({}^{-3}\) s\({}^{-1}\)) (Figure 1b). The anisotropy coefficients (R-value) were determined through tensile tests according to the ASTM E517 standard [41] at \(\sim\)15% engineering strain for each direction (0\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), and 90\({}^{\circ}\)). The tests were performed in duplicate at a crosshead displacement rate of 0.5 mm/min (\(\sim\)10\({}^{-4}\) s\({}^{-1}\)). The R-values were obtained from the measurement of values in transversal and longitudinal lines, using DIC within the homogeneous zone, to avoid the dispersion of values onto the non-homogeneous zone. These R-values contained in the longitudinal and transverse directions (length and width) were averaged. Standard deviation was determined, giving very low values. The Marciniak tests were conducted to assess the formability characteristics of the material, following the guidelines outlined in the ISO 12004-2 standard [14]. The setup comprised a 100 mm diameter flat punch with an edge radius of 10 mm, conforming to standard specifications (See Figure 2), where Figure 2a indicates the different parts of the equipment; base plate (1), support columns (2), lower clamping plate (3), upper clamping plate (4), bolts (5), flat nose punch (6), connection head to tensile machine (7), and as an example, balance biaxial sample (8). The other equipment dimensions were scaled proportionally to the punch diameter. Mounted on the universal tensile test machine described in the universal tensile testing machine model WDW-200E with a capacity of 200 (kN), the tests were executed at a crosshead speed of 2.5 mm/min, with the entire test surface recorded in full HD video, allowing for image extraction at 0.1 s intervals. To prevent interference between the punch and the sheet metal, an 85-15 brass mask with an outer diameter of 200 mm and an internal diameter of 36 mm was interposed. Additionally, to mitigate friction, a 0.4 mm thick sheet of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and a layer of molybdenum-based spray lubricant were employed. Figure 1: (a) Scheme of tensile test specimens; (b) tensile test machine.