# Clinical, Research, and Educational Applications of ChatGPT in Dentistry: A Narrative Review
## 4 Discussion  
Currently, ChatGPT is available in a free version as ChatGPT 3.5 and a more advanced version that requires a subscription as ChatGPT 4. Technological differences between the two versions can affect the output from the chatbox. [PERSON] et al. assessed the accuracy of differential diagnoses generated by ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4, comparing the results with those from human doctors to evaluate their alignment with the correct final diagnosis. The analysis revealed that ChatGPT 4 achieved higher rates of correct diagnosis compared to ChatGPT 3.5 [114]. Using one version or the other for any type of application could therefore yield different results. The advantages of version 4 are listed below:  
* It can process a greater number of words simultaneously compared to ChatGPT 3.5, enabling more extensive conversations and context as well as improved text comprehension. * It provides more accurate responses thanks to a larger and more diverse database. * It successfully incorporates contextual details and generates responses that are consistent not just with the immediate input but with an entire conversation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Topic** & **Subtopic** & **Authors (Year)** & **Conclusions** \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The students’_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], [PERSON], et al. (2024) [104] & ChatGPT has significant potential in terms of usability for patient information and education in the field of orthodontics if it is developed and necessary updates are made. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The students’_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) [105] & The results showed that ChatGPT can assist in dental essay writing and generate relevant content for dental students, in addition to other benefits. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The students’_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2023) [106] & ChatGPT has potential in medical, dental, pharmacy, and public health education by improving personalized learning, clinical reasoning, and the understanding of complex concepts. However, concerns include data privacy, biased and inaccurate content, and risks to critical thinking and communication skills, highlighting the need for proper guidelines. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The teachers’_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) [107] & ChatGPT and Bard can generate numerous questions about dental caries, especially at the knowledge and comprehension levels, making them useful for large-scale exams. However, educators need to review and adapt these questions to ensure they meet their learning objectives. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The teachers’_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) [108] & Instructors could usually tell if reflections were generated by ChatGPT or students. However, the thematic analysis content from ChatGPT matched that of qualitative researchers. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The teachers'_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) [109] & These methods proved to be appropriate and logical choices for reaching the learning goals of the course. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The teachers'_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) [110] & The study shows the potential of ChatGPT for essay marking. However, an appropriate rubric design is essential for optimal reliability. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The teachers'_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) [111] & AI and ML technologies can potentially supplement human grading in the assessment of essays. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The teachers'_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) [112] & Instead of treating artificial intelligence as a threat, dental educators need to adapt teaching and assessments in dental education for the benefit of learners while mitigating its dishonest use. \\ \hline
**Educational** & _The teachers'_ _perspective_ & [PERSON], et al. (2024) [113] & A positive yet cautious view towards AI chatbot integration in dental curricula is prevalent, underscoring the need for clear implementation guidelines. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont.