# We Do Not Anthropomorphize a Robot Based Only on Its Cover: Context Matters too!
## 6 Conclusions
Adults are satisfied to have a robot to clean their house, but not to have it cook for them [162] or to pray [69]. Children appreciate robots more as a companion or when they support their learning [160]. Frequency of interaction also plays a role in anthropomorphism, as repeated \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Factor Categories** & **Factors** & **Effect on Acceptance** & **Effect on Anthropomorphism** \\ \hline Robotic & Human-like appearance & 13+, 0=, 0– & 12+, 3=, 0– \\  & Human-like voice & 5+, 0=, 1– & 2+, 0=, 0– \\  & Human-like behavior & 19+, 4=, 1– & 5+, 0=, 0– \\  & Movements & 3+, 0=, 1– & 2+, 0=, 0– \\ Situational & Anthropomorphic framing & 8+, 1=, 0– & 5+, 2=, 0– \\  & Human-like role & 2+, 1=, 2– & 0+, 0=, 0– \\  & Interaction frequency & 6+, 3=, 1– & 0+, 0=, 1– \\  & Perceived autonomy & 1+, 1=, 1– & 3+, 0=, 0– \\ Human & Age & 4+, 2=, 3– & 0+, 0=, 8– \\  & Gender \(\star\) & & \\  & - Female & 2+, 2=, 2– & 1+, 3=, 0– \\  & - Male & 2+, 2=, 2– & 2+, 2=, 0– \\  & Personality & 2+, 0=, 1– & 3+, 0=, 1– \\  & Culture & 3+, 0=, 3– & 2+, 0=, 2– \\  & Others & & \\  & - Experience with technology, education & 0+, 0=, 1– & 0+, 0=, 2– \\  & - Expectations & 0+, 0=, 2– & 0+, 0=, 0– \\  & - Social isolation & 1+, 0=, 0– & 1+, 0=, 0– \\  & - Developmental type & 3+, 0=, 0– & 1+, 0=, 0– \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* + indicates the number of studies with a positive effect. = indicates the number of studies with no effect.  – indicates the number of studies with a negative effect. \(\star\) due to the complex interaction between the user’s gender and the robot’s gender, only the simple effect is shown in the table.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Compacted summary of the influences of the different factors on acceptance and anthropomorphism according to the studies reviewed in this paper. interactions with a robot increase its likability [153; 154] but reduces anthropomorphism toward it [39]. Furthermore, a robot perceived as autonomous is more likely to be anthropomorphized by children than a remotely operated robot [148; 152]. Regarding the impact of perceived autonomy on acceptance, the results are more mixed, since an autonomous robot increases feelings of trust (compared to a teleoperated robot) but decreases feelings of social presence [150]. The human factors concern the user themselves. A wide inter-individual variability is observed in anthropomorphism [5; 42], depending on the individual's age, gender, personality, culture, previous experience with technology, education level, level of social isolation, and developmental type. Age-related differences are noted in the literature. Children are more likely to attribute human characteristics to robots than adolescents and adults [69; 72; 77; 170; 176]. In adults, a robot of the opposite gender to the user would be rated as more trustworthy, credible, and engaging than a robot of the same gender [195]. Children aged 5 to 8 prefer a robot of the same gender as themselves, while children aged 9 to 12 report no particular preference [170]. User personality also plays a role in anthropomorphism. Individuals with a high need for cognition attribute fewer human characteristics to robots and show more positive attitudes. Conversely, individuals with a high need for prediction attribute more anthropomorphic traits to robots and express more negative attitudes [45]. The perception of the robot also varies according to the culture of the user. A robot is perceived more positively in Korea than in Spain [181]; the attitude toward it is more positive in the USA than in Mexico [153]. Finally, other user factors impact anthropomorphism: The tendency to anthropomorphize seems to decrease with education [200] and experience with technology [112]. Individuals with the highest expectations toward robots tend to drop out of long-term interactions [154]. Social isolation would induce a more positive evaluation of robots [47], particularly human-like robots [48]. Developmental type is also an important factor.