## 5 Proposed Dynamic Cluster Head Election Algorithm
### Proposed Dynamic Re-Clustering and Self-Organization Method
#### 5.2.2 Dead Nodes and Re-Clustering Organization
(Results Analysis);
* More importantly, the LEDCHE-WSN protocol relieved regular sensors from the processes of selecting the next CH node and notifying the rest of the cluster nodes accordingly. Instead, it assigned all previous jobs to the rechargeable SN nodes, contrary to what happened in most of the previous studies--including the FBCFP protocol. In this protocol, cluster nodes participate in selecting the next CH node and, then, notifies the rest of the cluster nodes. It keeps all the information of the topology list, leading to a significant and effective drain on cluster nodes' energy;
* The proposed method is distinguished from the LEACH and FBCFP protocols by addressing the problem of re-electing a failed or dead node, checking the status of the node, and then deleting the failed and/or dead nodes from the network topology list, resulting in extending the overall network lifetime. ## 7 Conclusions and Future Works

Wireless sensor networks have limited resources in terms of bandwidth, processing, and storage capabilities. Clustering technologies execute an important function in energy efficiency, network extension, and overhead reduction, resulting in much more efficient WSNs. Cluster head election is a major challenge for enhancing energy efficiency, and spans a network lifetime. In this paper, the LEDCHE-WSN protocol has been proposed to enhance energy efficiency and extend the network life for wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithm's mathematical modeling and analysis are introduced to illustrate the main idea much more. The proposed protocol improvements were displayed in comparison with the benchmarks LEACH protocol. Extensive experimental results revealed the proposed protocol outperforms the LEACH protocol by approximately 32%, and the FBCFP protocol by 8% in terms of power consumption and network lifetime. Concerning mean package delay, LEDCHE-WSN improves the LEACH protocol by 42%, and the FBCFP protocol by 15%. In terms of loss ratio, it improves the LEACH protocol by 46%, and the FBCFP protocol by 25%. Similarly, the HEED protocol improves the LEACH protocol network lifetime by 8%, and the FBCFP protocol improves the LEACH by 10%. This means that the proposed protocol, LEDCHE-WSN, overtakes the performances of LEACH, HEED, FLCFP, and FBCFP in terms of network lifetime. Future trends of this research study may include how to face the challenge of elected CH node failure while performing its work. Further, a scenario of scattering a considerable number of sensor nodes randomly and evaluating the effect of packet loss in the routing process, using the obtained measurements. Moreover, experiments should be performed to determine the optimal number of sink nodes and the optimal number of regular nodes in each cluster. Furthermore, for future work, it is necessary to evaluate this work using the metrics of the first death, and half of the live nodes. The challenges of routing and data transmission between the sink nodes and the corresponding BS is also left for future work. Ultimately, the mobility of sensor nodes will be considered, and extend this work to the Internet of Things world. **Author Contributions:** [PERSON] proposed a new, lightweight, and efficient routing protocol that, ellects the cluster head dynamically for WSNs, explained the methodology precisely, introduced the algorithm's mathematical modeling, analysis, assessed the performance of the benchmark protocols, used it to evaluate and validate the proposed protocol, wrote the first draft of the document, analyzed the results, and identified some open research issues. [PERSON] supervised all the studies, verified the analysis of the results and open issues, and reviewed the structure and the first draft. All the authors reviewed the text carefully, verified the analysis of the results, and reviewed the identified open issues. (M.F.S.Y, O.O.K., A.A., V.K., S.A.K. and J.J.P.C.R.) contributed equally to the scope definition, motivation, and focus of the paper.