## 4 Applications for IoT Technology in Smart Buildings
This real-time adjustment of building systems according to occupancy improves energy efficiency and guarantees a pleasant, responsive environment for inhabitants [63]. Ultimately, system integration using IoT technology facilitates uninterrupted communication among diverse building systems, including HVAC, lighting, security, and access control, regardless of their manufacturers. IoT systems use open communication protocols such as MQTT, BACnet, or Zigbee to guarantee interoperability across devices, establishing a cohesive control and monitoring system [64]. This cohesive strategy enables facility managers to monitor all building activities via a unified dashboard, streamlining management and facilitating coordinated reactions to fluctuations in building conditions, energy requirements, or security risks. Utilizing IoT technology, smart buildings transform into highly adaptable, energy-efficient, and user-focused environments, able to react to real-time data and predictive insights to improve overall functioning. Smart building is an essential element in the growth of cities and facilities [65]. It mainly focuses on enhancing people's comfort and safety, making maintenance easier, and increasing energy efficiency, as shown in Figure 8.  
The body of literature about the uses of IoT technology in smart buildings has been progressively expanding in recent years. The implementation of smart objects inside IoT-based infrastructures, including applications in intelligent buildings is examined [66]. The development of smart home and building solutions using IoT and cloud computing, emphasizing the practical problems encountered throughout this process [67]. A comprehensive review of Narrow Band IoT, elucidating its historical development and standardization process [68]. A blockchain-based decentralized application for the exchange of IoT sensor data, tackling many issues faced during its development [69]. In [70], a framework for the integration of vehicular clouds with the IoT to enable novel applications for smart cities, including smart households is provided. Also, a context-aware smart classroom design for intelligent campuses, highlighting the significance of technology integration [71]. In [72], examined the design of wireless sensor networks for IoT applications, emphasizing the functional design of WSNs and critical concerns pertaining to IoT architecture. [PERSON] et al. (2020) investigated the implementation of IoT technology in smart cities and villages, defining application areas and examining the similarities and differences between the two ecosystems [73]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) concentrated on the safe and energy-efficient construction of smart buildings using IoT technologies [65]. The literature study reveals an increasing interest in using IoT technology for smart buildings, with researchers investigating diverse applications, difficulties, and possible solutions within this field. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has emerged as a critical study domain in recent years, focusing on improving human safety and minimizing maintenance expenses. Numerous studies have investigated the amalgamation of structural health monitoring (SHM)  
Figure 8: IoT communication for appliances. with IoT technologies to establish effective and dependable monitoring systems. A structural health monitoring method based on environmental impact removal in an IoT context, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to mitigate environmental interferences in sensor data [74]. In [75], developed a mathematical model using piezoelectric sensors on the Pro-Trinket to monitor structural health in real-time inside an IoT framework. Similarly, a model that integrates pitch-catch and pulse-echo methodologies for damage detection in physical structures using piezoelectric sensors, validated by simulations is presented [76]. Additionally, the literature [77] introduced a framework for structural health monitoring (SHM) using IoT technologies, emphasizing intelligent and dependable monitoring systems.