###### Abstract  
The city of Warsaw, Poland, has endured significant damage throughout its history, particularly during World War II. The city was bombed in September 1939, and many buildings were blown up following the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in May 1943. The Warsaw Uprising in August and September 1944 led to further destruction from artillery bombardments and fires. Even after the surrender and civilian evacuation in October 1944, additional demolitions occurred, leaving almost 90% of Warsaw in ruins. Despite ongoing efforts to rebuild the city, many landmarks could not be fully reconstructed. However, invaluable historical archives preserve remnants of Warsaw's rich history. To reconstruct 3D models of pre-war buildings in Warsaw, a methodology was developed that integrates cartographic materials, spatial data, and results from tachymetric measurements. Historical maps, terrestrial and aerial photographs, and architectural blueprints from the National Archives in Warsaw were used to propose three distinct approaches to 3D modeling. Notable structures such as the Grand Synagogue, the Kamienica Theater building, and the Ttomackie buildings were selected for 3D modeling. These buildings either were destroyed or endured significant damage during the war. The 3D modeling process involved meticulous processing and calibrating of historical photographs alongside tachymetric surveying for accurate measurements. The proposed methodology showcases the feasibility of recreating 3D renderings of historical edifices, even those lost to time, utilizing archival cartographic data and spatial information from diverse sources. By leveraging cartographic heritage with digital advancements, a unique perspective on Warsaw's narrative can be gained, enriching the understanding of its past for both residents and professionals such as historians, archivists, and cartographers. 3D modeling; historical buildings; archival data 20  
original appearance and later modifications. Three-dimensional models are also used by art and architectural historians to investigate the development of architectural and urban styles [1,2]. Furthermore, 3D models of buildings that no longer exist document and preserve cultural heritage, especially in the case of edifices destroyed during wars, natural disasters, or as a result of urban development. In a way, 3D models archive and digitally record what has been lost, preserving the knowledge of old constructions for future generations. In education and science, 3D models help historians, students, architects, and history enthusiasts to understand old architecture and building techniques [3]. Moreover, in education, they are used both in the form of virtual reconstructions and interactive teaching materials, making learning more attractive and engaging. Finally, 3D models can be used to visualize building structures and architectural details that are difficult to envisage on the basis of drawings or descriptions alone. Another possibility is virtual tourism [4,5], which allows people from all over the world to enjoy the beauty of constructions that no longer exist. With the help of VR (virtual reality) and AR (augmented reality) technologies, one can travel through time and space to explore historical edifices without the requirement of a physical journey. The 3D modeling of buildings that no longer exist requires a wide range of data in order to produce the most faithful reproduction of their appearance and structure. The data can originate from a variety of sources, ranging from historical archives to modern technologies. The main data sources used in the 3D modeling process are as follows:  
* Architectural documentation, including construction designs and drawings, inventories, and sketches produced by architects, artists, or scholars. * Archival photographs and engravings provide many details about building appearance, materials, and layout. * Engravings, paintings, and lithographs. Before the invention of photography, buildings were often depicted in engravings or painted.