# Transport Systems and Mobility for Smart Cities
## 2 Literature Review
### Built Environment: The Contribution for an Efficient Competitive City  
A sound and reliably built environment can only be possible by making the best use of materials and technology, as well as Intelligent Transport System (ITS), with the contribution of users, but always taking into consideration the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, not only during the use phase of the built environment but obligatorily integrating the embodied energy required during all processes, from extraction to rehabilitation.  
In the future, the construction sector will be a service-oriented business, with a user-centric approach offering flexible and connected spaces, and inclusive cities with a high quality of life for all citizens [4]. Clean energy buildings, which are about much more than saving energy, should be built with enhanced materials, increased durability and reusability, increased occupant comfort, quality of life, and productivity with the potential to integrate renewable, storage, and digital technologies, and to link buildings with their surroundings, especially the transport system.  
Unfortunately, buildings today are big and inefficient energy consumers: responsible for more than 33% of energy consumption; they produce 32% GHG and 20% of waste energy. Thus, the optimization of energy consumption is a priority under the evolution of zero impact built environments supported by the European strategy \"40-27-27\", which has set the target by 2030 of controlling global warming: with a reduction of 40% of GHG emission (reference to1990), supported by 27% increase in renewable energy, and a 27% increase in energy efficiency. A big challenge in saving energy in buildings today is being adopted through the so-called zero energy buildings (ZEBs), achievable by reducing the energy demands of the building and by exploiting renewable energy sources (RES) using appropriate technologies [5].  
The transport sector is one of the major drivers for economic growth and its role in every aspect of society cannot be overstated. An efficient and effective transport system  
Figure 1: Components of a smart city. Source: Adapted from [PERSON] et al. (2018) [3].  
not only supports the economy with the movement of people and goods but its influence is much deeper, having a major impact on the environment and communities.  
The future of transport is oriented towards the development of systems more focused on the citizens, ensuring accessibility and inclusiveness (an increase in the activities of elderly and younger people in multimodal patterns) while reducing the environmental impact and pollution, in particular, improving the quality of life of cities. Walking and cycling will also continue to have a greater presence in cities and urban planning, reclaiming the reshaping of the urban landscape. The required integration between transport infrastructure and digital technologies will create an intelligent infrastructure allowing for the collection and analysis of data in real-time, providing increased operational efficiency for infrastructure, as well as for mobility. Autonomous vehicles will create more available free space in cities that can be used for other purposes and opening additional possibilities for upgrading transport infrastructures. Finally, an efficient asset management process is needed to ensure cost-effectiveness in the planning, design, delivery, operation, and maintenance of large infrastructures and networks, by adopting risk-based approaches and network resilience perspectives to be considered throughout the lifecycle.