## 2 Results and Discussion
### VOCs of Cling-Films for Retail Use
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Rt a**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Volatile**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Cling-Films for Retail Use c**c**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **812 PVC Based** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**818 PVC Based**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**PE 200 PE Based**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & \multirow{2}{*}{**Compounds b**} & **mean** & **s.d.** & **mean** & **s.d.** & **mean** & **s.d.** \\  & & \(\left(n=3\right)\) & \(\left(\pm\right)\) & \(\left(n=3\right)\) & \(\left(\pm\right)\) & \(\left(n=3\right)\) & \(\left(\pm\right)\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_Ketones_} \\ \hline
2.1 & 2-Propanone & 1.32 & 0.03 & nd & - & nd & - \\
11.84 & 3-Heptanone & 8.32 & 0.19 & 8.60 & 0.19 & 5.44 & 0.12 \\ total & & 9.64 & & 8.60 & & 5.44 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_Esters_} \\ \hline
2.77 & Acetic acid ethyl ester & nd & - & 5.75 & 0.13 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\
2.84 & Acetic acid vinyl ester & 2.56 & 0.06 & 7.65 & 0.17 & 12.82 & 0.29 \\
5.63 & Formic acid butyl ester & 0.93 & 0.02 & 0.39 & 0.01 & nd & - \\
8.01 & Acetic acid butyl ester & 8.31 & 0.19 & 5.41 & 0.12 & nd & - \\
20.38 & Acetic acid & nd & - & 9.79 & 0.22 & nd & - \\
33.01 & Triacetin & 9445.71 & 213.60 & 7808.72 & 176.58 & nd & - \\
34.31 & Diacetin & 26.92 & 0.61 & 28.41 & 0.64 & nd & - \\
34.69 & Monoacetin & 11.60 & 0.26 & 11.63 & 0.26 & 15.81 & 0.36 \\ total & & 9496.03 & & 7877.75 & & 28.63 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_Alcohols_} \\ \hline
11.65 & 1-Butanol & 15.69 & 0.35 & 13.01 & 0.29 & 3.18 & 0.07 \\
19.5 & 2-Ethlyhexanol & 0.95 & 0.02 & 1.22 & 0.03 & nd & - \\ total & & 16.64 & & 14.23 & & 3.18 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_Terpenes_} \\ \hline
5.49 & \(\alpha\)-Pinene & 1.50 & 0.03 & 0.85 & 0.02 & 28.76 & 0.65 \\
12.73 & \(\beta\)-Myrcene & 19.62 & 0.44 & 19.07 & 0.43 & 17.51 & 0.40 \\
13.85 & D-Limonene & 222.07 & 11.81 & 255.53 & 10.30 & 225.21 & 9.62 \\
16.7 & \(p\)-Cymene & 1.62 & 0.04 & 1.19 & 0.03 & nd & - \\
22.57 & Citronellol & 2.13 & 0.05 & 57.60 & 1.30 & 41.86 & 0.95 \\
24.2 & Linalool & 10.71 & 0.24 & 18.46 & 0.42 & 16.30 & 0.37 \\ total & & 257.65 & & 352.71 & & 329.64 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_Miscellaneous_} \\ \hline
21.64 & Acetic acid & 88.19 & 1.99 & 112.00 & 2.53 & 19.59 & 0.44 \\
35.45 & Butylphenol & nd & - & nd & - & 10.25 & 0.23 \\ total & & 88.19 & & 112.00 & & 29.84 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Retention time; b Volatile compounds: mass spectra tentatively identified using NIST 05 and Wiley 275 libraries; c Amount of volatile compounds expressed as \(\mu\)g IS equivalents g–1 of plastic film; samples (\(n=3\)); s.d. = standard deviation (\(n=3\)); nd = not detected.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._The extensible films used to wrap foods in both domestic and retail contexts are usually made from PVC, polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) or PE [19]. The desired mechanical characteristics (flexibility, extensibility) are obtained by using various additives like plasticizers, mainly represented by adjates, citrates, and phthalates [20, 21]. Authorized compounds are specifically listed in Annex I of Regulation  
Figure 2: Chromatograms (total ion current-TIC) of PE based and PVC based cling-films. 10/2011/CE) [22] even if compounds not included may still be present as a \"non-intentionally added substance\" (NIAS). These substances are decomposition products or reaction intermediates of the authorized starting additives [23; 24; 25]. On these bases, the three cling-films were initially assessed for global migration according to Regulation 10/2011. All the films studied fulfilled this Regulation (Table S2, Supplementary Material). HS-SPME and GC/MS were then applied to ascertain the VOCs' released by cling-films. Presence of some VOCs like 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH, CAS 104-76-7) may result both from residue in cling-films and degradation of plasticizers. Indeed, 2-EH is a starting material in the production of low-volatility esters, such as the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) [22].