esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Potential Health Hazards Assessment
#### 4.3.1 Radium Equivalent Activity \(\mathrm{Ra_{eq}}\)  
Radiium equivalent index in \(\mathrm{Bq/kg}\) is a widely used radiological hazard index. It is a convenient index to compare the specific activities of rock samples containing different amounts of \({}^{238}\)U, \({}^{232}\)Th, and \({}^{40}\)K. It is presented by [PERSON] et al. [62] as Equation (3) on the assumption that the same gamma dose rate was produced from 370 Bq/kg of U-238 or 259 Bq/kg of Th-232 or 4810 Bq/kg of K-40. \[\mathrm{Ra_{eq}}[\mathrm{Bq/kg}]=\mathrm{AC_{U}}+1.43\mathrm{AC_{Th}}+0.077 \mathrm{AC_{K}} \tag{3}\]  
For safe use, \(\mathrm{Ra_{eq}}\) levels in granites should not outweigh the allowable limit (370 Bq/kg), equivalent to a 1.5 mSv effective dose per year [58]. The calculated \(\mathrm{Ra_{eq}}\) values of all studied samples were listed (Table 4) and plotted (Figure 7). It is clear that the samples of ElSibae-Abu EITiyur granites have \(\mathrm{Ra_{eq}}\) values lying between 112.48-238.25 Bq/kg (avg. value 159.66 \(\pm\) 8.15 Bq/kg), i.e., not exceeding the adopted value (370 Bq/kg). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Radiological Parameters** & **Approved Values** & **References** \\ \hline Concentrations of \({}^{238}\)U, \({}^{232}\)Th and \({}^{40}\)K & 35, 30 and 40 Bq/kg (In regular soil) & UNSCEAR [21] \\ Radium equivalent activity (\(\mathrm{Ra_{eq}}\)) & 50, 50 and 500 Bq/kg (in building materials) & UNSCEAR [22] \\ Radon concentration (RC) & 370 Bq/kg & NEA-OECD [58] \\ Gamma index (\(\mathrm{I_{\gamma}}\)) for superficial building materials. & 200 Bq m\({}^{3}\) & European Commission [59] \\  & 0.5 (corresponds indoor radio \(\leq\) 200 Bq m\({}^{-3}\)) & European Commission [20] \\ Alpha index (\(\mathrm{I_{a}}\)) & 1 (corresponds indoor radio \(\geq\) 200 Bq m\({}^{-3}\)) & European Commission [20] \\  & 84 nGy/n & UNSCEAR [21] \\ Absorbed gamma dose rate & 70.0 Gy/h & European Commission [20] \\ Average annual external effective dose & 0.46 nSv/y & UNSCEAR [22] \\ Excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) & 0.29 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & UNSCEAR [21] \\  & 40 Bq m\({}^{-3}\) & WHO et al. [60] \\ Indoor radon concentration (IRC) & 100 to 300 Bq m\({}^{-3}\) & European Commission [20] \\  & 200 Bq m\({}^{-3}\) & ICPE [61] \\ Indoor yearly effective dose owing to radon & 1.2 mSv/y & UNSCEAR [21] \\ exposure (\(\mathrm{YED_{ba}}\)) & 3–10 mSv/y & ICPE [61] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The globally radiological parameters with their approved safety limits. 4.3.2. Gamma and Alpha Indices (I\({}_{\gamma}\) and I\({}_{\alpha}\))  
Alpha and gamma indices (I\({}_{\alpha}\) and I\({}_{\gamma}\)) as radiological parameters, can be applied to the population living in standard massive granitic walls rooms and workers in granite mines with good ventilation [63].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Procedures
#### 2.3.4 Muscle Ultrasonography  
Real-time B-mode ultrasonography (Mindray Z5, Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) was used to measure VL muscle thickness, fascicle angle, fascicle length and VI thickness. All measurements were performed during the morning hours and all participants rested in the supine position for 15 min before all measurements. Ultrasound images were obtained at 40% of the distance from the central palpable point of the greater trochanter to the lateral condyle of the femur [38] of the non-dominant leg. A 38 mm long, 10 MHz linear-array probe was used to obtain a single view (extended field of view) from ~40 mm before, to ~40 mm after the marked point [25; 39]. In order to ensure the clarity of the images and the whole length of the fascicles, probe was coated with sufficient water-array transmission gel and moved properly along the fascicles path [40]. Two images were taken for each participant, analyzed by an image analysis software (Motic Images Plus, 2.0, Hong Kong) and the mean value of each parameter was used for statistical analysis. The ICC for VL muscle thickness, fascicle angle, and fascicle length was 0.970 (95% CI: 0.856-0.987, CV = 10.4%), 0.880 (95% CI: 0.609-0.965, CV = 7.3%), and 0.840 (95% CI: 0.470-0.955, CV = 9.7%), respectively. In addition the ICC for VI muscle thickness was 0.928 (95% CI: 0.799-0.975, CV = 15.5%).  
Quadriceps CSA measurement was performed at 40% of the distance between the center of the patella and the medial aspect of the anterior superior iliac spine (proximal to the knee) of the non-dominant leg. A perpendicular guide-line was drawn with an indelible marker, so that probe was moved transversely across the thigh. Using the extended-field-of-view mode, every image pictured the CSA of each of the four heads separately [41]. The CSA of each head (vastus lateralis-VL, rectus femoris-RF, vastus intermedius-VI, vastus medialis-VM) was assessed with an image analysis software (Motic Images Plus, 2.0, Hong Kong). The CSA of whole quadriceps femoris was the sum of the four heads. Two images were taken for each participant and the mean values were used for statistical analysis. The ICC for CSA of VL, RF, VI, VM and whole Quad was 0.962 (95% CI: 0.835-0.991, CV = 15.2%), 0.949 (95% CI: 0.725-0.989, CV = 20.1%), 0.956 (95% CI: 0.814-0.99, CV = 19.7%), 0.872 (95% CI: 0.479-0.971, CV = 20.2%), and 0.974 (95% CI: 0.892-0.994, CV = 16.2%), respectively. All ultrasound images after the training period were obtained 48 h after the last training session.
# A New Technique for Computed-Tomography Urethrography in Males: The Clamp Method
## 3 Results
CT-RUG proved more capable than urethrography of visualizing the fistulous tract: urethrography did not visualize the fistula in 3 of the 8 cases and it underestimated the length of the fistula in the other 5 (1 \(\pm\) 0.5 (SD) cm (range, 0.2-1.4 cm)) compared to CT-RUG (1.4 \(\pm\) 0.6 (SD) cm (range, 0.4-1.8 cm)) (\(p=0.042\)) (Figure 5). In three cases fitted with a urethral stent, this was located more accurately with CT-RUG than with urethrography, as was the reduction in the intra-stent urethral caliber (Figure 2). The mean duration of the CT-RUG with the clamp method was 6.1 \(\pm\) 0.8 (SD) min (range, 4.7-7.7 min) and the mean amount of contrast used was 95 \(\pm\) 21.9 (SD) ml (range, 60-150 mL). Of the 21 patients, 80.9% of the patients (17/21) reported no pain (VAS: 0) with the clamp method, three cases very mild pain (VAS: 0.5, 0.8 and 0.9) and one case mild pain (VAS: 1.2). The patients with a urethral stent (\(n=3\)) received 2 CT sweeps (one simple and one with contrast) and two cases with a periurethral fistula and another with urethral stenosis were also given two sweeps, as insufficient contrast was observed on the first sweep, such that the mean CTD\({}_{\text{Vrol}}\) in these six cases was 24.8 mGy and the mean DLP was 588.5 mGy.cm, with an effective dose of 4.96 mSv. The remaining 16 cases with anterior urethral strictures (\(n=10\)) and periurethral fistulas (\(n=6\)), who only had one CT sweep, received a mean CTD\({}_{\text{Vrol}}\) of 15.1 mGy and a mean DLP of 284.4 mGy.cm, with an effective dose of 3.456 mSv. The urethrography showed a mean fluoroscopy time of 5.9 \(\pm\) 1.1 (SD) min (range, 3.5-6.8 min) and a DAP of 3335,46 uGy.m2, with an effective dose of 0.67 mSv. Figure 5: Fine-caliber periurethral fistulas visualized only by CT-retrograde urethrography: (**a**) CT-RUG showing small-caliber vesciorectal fistula (arrow); (**b**) 3D CT-RUG image of the same case as A; (**c**) CT-RUG showing fistulous tract between neocavity of the posterior urethra and rectosigmoid (arrow); (**d**) 3D CT-RUG image of the same case as C.
## 4 Discussion
In addition, diminished SOD2 expression across experimental groups relative to controls implies that ROS production might be influenced directly by either treatment. Given SOD2's role in safeguarding against cell death [48], our findings suggest NIRE could potentiate apoptosis alongside IRE. Investigating Bcl-xl, p21, and SOD2 expressions in depth, especially concerning their roles in apoptosis, remains crucial. Furthermore, IRE treatments have been effective for liver, pancreatic, and prostate cancer due to electrode accessibility. However, gastric cancers present challenges, as electrodes are difficult to position. Nevertheless, our prior study affirmed the viability of IRE application using catheter electrodes combined with endoscopy for gastric and esophageal regions [49]. This minimally invasive method promotes patient recovery after IRE for gastric cancer treatment and offers the potential of pairing NIR and IRE via an optical fiber for photon energy delivery in an endoscopic setting. Research has shown that unaffected cells remain after resection [49], emphasizing the need for more refined electrode designs and the potential benefits of integrating NIR with IRE for eradicating residual cells. This study had some limitations. Firstly, normal and tumor gastric tissue differ, leaving NIRE's full efficacy in tumor ablation uncertain. Secondly, the significance of hyperpolarization in rat gastric tissue by NIRE warrants validation through immunohistochemistry or WB in subsequent research. Lastly, while our gene enrichment analysis was based on microarray data, practical WB evaluations may not entirely capture all proteins linked to apoptosis, necessitating further study on apoptosis-related proteins.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Estimation of Water Yield between 2020 and 2029
#### 4.4.1 Water Yield Estimation under Dry Year Scenario  
Table 16 displays the annual water yield of simulated LULC between 2020 and 2029 under the dry year scenario with 2376.50 mm rainfall. According to the results, the estimated annual water yield varies from 967.36 mm (505.01 million m\({}^{3}\)) to 999.49 mm (521.79 million m\({}^{3}\)), with an average annual water yield of 981.17 mm (512.22 million m\({}^{3}\)). In addition, the estimated annual evapotranspiration varies from 1281.50 mm to 1298.60 mm, with an average annual evapotranspiration value of 1291.67 mm. These findings indicate that LULC change affects water yield through its hydrologic component and evapotranspiration because, as significant input data for water yield estimation, rainfall data are fixed, while LULC data are dynamic.  
Figure 11: Scatter plot between observed and estimated streamflow at Khlong Bang Yai watershed under the wet year condition: (**a**) calibration period; (**b**) validation period.  
Figure 10: Monthly observed and estimated streamflow at Khlong Bang Yai watershed under the wet year condition: (**a**) calibration period; (**b**) validation period.
# Oxidation-Reduction of Ti-6 Al-4V in Direct Energy Deposition Subject to Minimum Argon Consumption
###### Abstract  
Ti-6 Al-4V is a well-known alloy for its low density and excellent corrosion resistance, making it popular in aerospace, marine, medical, and automotive applications. However, at elevated temperatures, the alloy forms oxides, leading to embrittlement. In additive manufacturing, particularly in the direct energy deposition (DED) process, which involves high temperatures, the alloy experiences oxidation. An inert gas chamber provides shielding during the process but limits the size of the manufactured components, and deposition in a vacuum chamber can alter the chemical composition of the alloy. Local shielding is a technique generally used for such applications, but it uses a high volume of shield gas, contributing to environmental contamination. This study presents a novel approach for the development and preliminary evaluation of a prototype nozzle attachment system for the additive manufacturing (AM) of Ti-6 Al-4V using a direct energy deposition (DED) process in an open-air environment system. The system was designed to reduce shield gas consumption by providing conformal shielding in critical areas. This was achieved by dividing the shielding area into eight segments, with each of the eight attachments of the nozzle attachment system selectively activated to supply shield gas only where required. Four different shield gas flow rates of 20, 25, 30, and 35 SCFH were tested at three different locations under the attachment to investigate the optimal flow rate. The results proposed maintaining a baseline flow rate of 5 SCFH in all attachments and employing 60 SCFH during transitions between attachments for rapid shielding. The system maintained oxygen concentration levels below 200 PPM within 2.1 s, with an average gas consumption of 65 SCFH, underlining an 85% reduction compared to other studies. These findings highlight the potential of this system for future implementation and scalability for reactive metal depositions like Ti-6 Al-4V in AM using DED processes. This study addresses the need for an effective shielding environment during deposition while minimizing the shield gas consumption. A nozzle attachment system was designed and developed to provide conformal shielding during the deposition process. Key parameters, such as the shielding flow rate, activation time, and shielding range of the nozzle attachments, were investigated. The system successfully delivered shield gas to the critical areas and provided a safe environment for deposition. Argon consumption was reduced by 85% compared to other studies in the same field, with an optimal flow rate of 25 Standard Cubic Feet per Hour (SCFH) of shielding gas used to cover all critical areas in the experiments. The effect of the laminar and turbulent flow of shield gas on the deposition path was also analyzed in this study.  
Keywords:direct energy deposition; shielding concept; oxidation; Ti-6 Al-4V; additive manufacturing +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 2 Complexity and Teamwork
### Networks: Mapping the Connected Worlds  
In complex systems, interactions are usually non-uniform and heterogeneous, but interactions between elements can be specific [12]. Networks are the preferred tool for mapping such interactions among such elements, keeping track also of the strength, dynamics, and modality of relations. In practice, everything that can be stored in a relational database can be mapped by a network and described by its structure (i.e., nodes (individual agents) and links (their connections)) and its behaviour (i.e., what the network \"does\" as a result of the interactions among the nodes and links).  
Network science is an interdisciplinary field of study which aims to understand the structure, development, and dynamic of networks through different methods and tools attributed to several disciplines such as mathematics, statistics, physics, and computer science [23]. In this respect, it can be considered as an abstraction of observable reality which can explain the performance of real systems since it correlates form with functions and structure with behaviours [24; 25].  
However, each research field using network science has a diverse working meaning. For example, power engineers analyse networks in terms of electrical power grids; sociologists think of networks as influence diagrams denoting the social interactions among people; marketing business people deem networks as population of buyers; and economists consider networks to analyse economic phenomena. Hence, network science has various terminology and different methods of analysis in each field of research.  
Network science contemplates the application of networks to many subfields, e.g., social network analysis (SNA), collaboration networks (bibliographic citations and product marketing), synthetic emergent systems (power grids and the Internet), physical science systems (phase transition and percolation theory), or life science systems (epidemics and genetics).  
By considering healthcare teams as complex systems, this paper seeks to foster the discussion about the application of network science for analysing and potentially improving teamwork dynamics.
# Investigation of the Behaviors of Methanol Spray Impingement and Wall Wetting
## 2 Experimental Setup and Methodology
### Methanol Characteristics and Initial Conditions  
Some properties of methanol were listed in Table 1. The laboratory conditions were kept at ambient temperature (283 K) and pressure (101 kPa). Test initial conditions were given in Table 2. As shown, the injection pressure and the wall temperature were set at 300-500 kPa and 293-423 K, covering the actual conditions of a PFI engine under rated condition (500 kPa, 400 K). Referring to previous work, the impingement distance ranges from 62 mm to 120 mm. To reduce the random error, all the tests were repeated five times under each condition.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Fuel** & **Methanol (M100)** \\ \hline Density @ 293 K (g/mL) & 0.79 \\ Viscosity @ 293 K (mPa-s) & 0.55 \\ Surface tension @ 293 K (mN/m) & 18.8 \\ Boiling point (K) & 337.95 \\ Heat of vaporization @ 293 K (kJ/mol) & 35.295 \\ Refractive index @ 293 K (N/D) & 1.3284 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Experimental conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters/Units** & **Value** \\ \hline Impingement distance \(\left(D_{imp}\right)\)/mm & 120, 91, 62 \\ Wall temperature \(\left(T_{null}\right)\)/K & 293, 323, 373, 423 \\ Injection pressure \(\left(P_{inj}\right)\)/kPa & 300, 400, 500 \\ Injection pulse width \(\left(T_{inj}\right)\)/ms & 3 \\ Ambient temperature/\({}^{\circ}\)C & 20 \\ Ambient pressure/kPa & 94.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Experimental conditions.  
Figure 2: Injector flow characteristics.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of the Pectin/Emulsion Mass Ratio
Overall, a higher pectin content increased the viscosity and shear thinning character of the emulgel (lower n value), with the 25P/75E emulgel being the one with the greatest Newtonian character. This result may be explained by considering that when the pectin content is higher, intermolecular interactions intensify, causing a stronger network. With aging time and regardless of the emulgel considered, there was an increase in the value of the consistency index, k, and a decrease in the flow index, n, indicating a most marked pseudoplastic behavior. Finally, in order to compare the physical stability in these emulgels, the Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) was calculated. Figure 9 shows the TSI calculated from the bottom to the top of the tube (from 0 to 30 days), as a function of the mass ratio of the pectin gel/emulsion. It is worth highlighting that when the TSI is calculated as indicated, all the destabilization mechanisms that occur in the sample contribute to its value. As can be observed in Figure 6, the emulgel containing a higher proportion of emulsion, 25P/75E, exhibited both a higher TSI value and a destabilization slope. The 50P/50E emulgel presented a slower destabilization rate for the first two weeks of aging to the point of being considered almost stable. However, from this time, the TSI value and therefore its slope, increased considerably. The TSI values of the 75P/25E emulgel changed during two days after preparation, but then remained practically constant. The multiple light scattering technique brought to light that the emulgel containing a higher proportion of pectin gel exhibited the best physical stability. Figure 8: Flow curves for lemon essential oil emulgels as a function of the aging time. (**A**) 25P/75E emulgel, (**B**) 50P/50E emulgel, and (**C**) 75P/25E. The continuous lines exhibit data fitting within the power-law region. The bars correspond to the standard deviation. Temperature: 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The results obtained by different techniques are in agreement with each other. Just after preparation, all the emulgels present a similar particle size distribution, hence similar mean diameters. With aging, droplets undergo aggregation, but also, the nanogels and microgels of pectin evolve. As the pectin gel content in the emulgel increases, the inter-particle interaction is higher, the number of the aggregates formed is higher, the friction is higher, and therefore, the viscosity is higher. At the same time, the higher viscosity hinders the movement and destabilization processes. As a result, the most viscous and stable emulgel was 75P/25E, which contained the highest proportion of pectin gel.
## 3 Results
### TGA and DTG Analysis  
Thermogravimetric analyses for all materials at severity torrefraction conditions (350 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 60 min) are presented in Figure 6. The measurements were performed in an inert atmosphere (20 mL/min of N\({}_{2}\)) in the range of 30-350 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a heating rate of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min. In the beginning, the material was heated to 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C and left for 10 min at that temperature, then the temperature was raised to 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C and stayed at that value for 60 min. The decomposition of all samples occurred in two stages. The first stage was due to the evaporation of moisture and lasted up to approximately 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In this stage, there were no differences in mass loss between the individual materials. In the second stage, which took place between 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the combustion of lighter and heavier fractions of volatile substances occurred. In the lignocellulosic biomass samples, the degradation of hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin occurred, whereas the sewage sludge sample did not contain these main compounds. Firstly, hemicellulose and cellulose decomposed, followed by lignin. [PERSON] et al. [51] found that each raw lignocellulosic biomass sample contained between 32-45% cellulose, 19-25% hemicellulose, and 14-26% lignin, and that these components started to degrade between 200-315 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 315-400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 250-500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively, which can also be seen in the plots below. The results of this work are in agreement with our previous works and some works reported in the literature [4, 69, 88]. In these works, it was also found and confirmed that according to the obtained results of all analyses, the optimal temperature for the torrefraction process is approximately 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, where the greatest increase in HHV was obtained. The highest mass loss was observed 10 min after the torrefraction process took place; therefore, it could be stated that the optimal time for the studied biomasses is 10 min, depending on the biomass sample sizes.  
Figure 5: TSI and energy yield with respect to torrefraction temperature and time.