## 3 Results
### In Vivo Analysis of Acetaminophen-Induced Renal Toxicity
#### 3.3.2 Histopathological Observations of Mouse Kidneys  
Histopathology observations of renal tissues of mice at 10\(\times\) and 40\(\times\) magnification are illustrated in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Effect of acetaminophen intoxication and pretreatment of medicinal plants _Urtica dioxia_ (UD), _Capsella bursa-pastoris_ (CBP) and _Inula racemosa_ (IR) along with acetaminophen treatment on body weight (gm) in mice. The control group is the untreated group fed only a standard pellet diet. The acetaminophen alone group is represented by APAP and APAP + UD, and APAP + CBP and APAP + IR represent groups of pretreated herbs intoxated with acetaminophen overdose (600 mg/kg) on day 14. On day 14, body weight was monitored before APAP treatment (BT) and after treatment (AT). Significance is ascribed as * \(p\) < 0.05 vs. control. # = significance at \(p\) < 0.05 compared with APAP. Data represent the mean \(\pm\) SD (_n_ = 6).  
Figure 5: Sections of the Kidneys of APAP-treated Mice showing the Glomerulus (G) and Renal tubules (RT) and Bowman’s capsule (BC) with hematoxylin-eosin staining at 10\(\times\) and 40\(\times\) (**A–E**) magnification (objective) (scale bar = 100 \(\upmu\)m and 50 \(\upmu\)m, respectively). (**A**) Control group; (**B**) APAP,600 mg/kg BW; (**C**) APAP-intoxicated mice pretreated with UD: APAP (600 mg/kg BW) + UD (300 mg/kg BW); (**D**) APAP-intoxicated mice pretreated with CBP: APAP (600 mg/kg BW) + CBP (300 mg/kg BW); (**E**) APAP-intoxicated mice pretreated with IR: APAP (600 mg/kg BW) + IR (300 mg/kg BW).  
The photomicrograph of the control group showed a glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule, normal renal parenchyma and normal tubules (normal architecture). Renal sections from 600 mg/kg acetaminophen-treated mice showed massive fatty changes, destruction of the cortical region, and decreased tubular diameter. The kidney sections of mice treated with 600 mg/kg acetaminophen and 300 mg/kg BW UD showed almost normal nephric tissue with very few apoptotic cells, improved glomerular architecture and almost normal renal architecture. The renal sections of mice treated with 600 mg/kg acetaminophen and 300 mg/kg BW CBP extract showed fewer inflammatory cells around the glomerulus and some traces of necrosis. The kidney sections of mice treated with 600 mg/kg acetaminophen and 300 mg/kg BW IR extract showed minimal recovery.  
The histological observation photomicrographs of kidney tissue in the control group demonstrated proper morphology of the parenchyma of the kidneys, with no pathological findings. APAP administration, on the other hand, caused significant kidney damage, as evidenced by the shedding of necrotic tubular cells and necrotic cellular debris found in the intercellular spaces of both the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. In the medullary area, vacuolar degradation of the renal mucosa of the proximal tubule and hyaline casts were observed. In addition, there was significant compaction, edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the interstitial tissue. The portion of the APAP-intoxicated kidney showed extensive disintegration, hematoma, and edema with lymphocyte infiltration. Remarkably, administration of UD, CBP and IR attenuated these pathological alterations, showing the extract's capacity to repair APAP-induced cell damage. This ameliorative behavior was evident by the normal cellular architecture of APAP-intoxicated groups pretreated with herbal fractions. UD and CBP seem to be more ameliorative than IR, as demonstrated by the minimal recovery of mice from group V (IR) from nephrotoxicity caused by APAP overdose compared to Group III (UD) and Group IV (CBP).