## 3 Countermeasures
### Entity Attributes-Based Countermeasures

Table 3: Cryptographic countermeasures for 6G communication. security [76]. However, context-aware security has limitations related to backward compatibility, processing in resource constraint devices and degradation in interference/jamming. SDN technology contains several examples of context-aware security in northbound Application Programming Interface (API) [77]. Distributed SDN has been researched for intelligent interference mitigation and DDoS detection schemes; however, scalability and consistency management is a major challenge in distributed architecture. [78]. Similarly, the authors in [46] suggested a joint implementation of secret sharing and QR-based authentication schemes for 6G mobile networks. QR-based security and management applications have revolutionized the wireless network domain due to ease-of-use. Quick Response (QR) payload base visual cryptographic methods are ideal for IoIs' authentication and privacy preservation in 6G networks. However, QR codes are vulnerable to specific attacks such as Q phishing and replacement of the QR code. Quantum communication is an unconventional emerging attribute of communication technologies [79]. In [80], the authors proposed a novel approach for quantum key distribution between IoTs and severs in the 6G networks. The authors demonstrated the efficacy of the key distribution mechanism through MitM-based simulation by placing an attacker between IoT devices and the server. However, currently, quantum experiments require analysis beyond the simulation solution to ascertain the limitations related to integration with higher layers in the network. Moreover, the proposed scheme is specific to MitM only. Three-dimensional location-based resource management and optimization is widely studied for 6G-based heterogeneous UAV networks. Therefore, attributes such as 3D location, resource utilization and system behavioral characteristics are potential candidates for the implementation of security solutions [81]. However, location-based schemes are vulnerable to GPS spoofing and regulatory issues. Privacy and trust management challenges in 6G-enabled vehicular networks focus on industry and academies [82]. Trust management is considered a foundational principle for sharing and controlling all critical parameters of the vehicle. However, 6G-based massive heterogeneous connectivity creates dynamic vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) environments through mm-Wave 3D beam tracking. It involves symmetry-based environmental encoding resulting in several vulnerabilities [83]. The conditional attributes-based balance between privacy preservation and authentication is considered an optimum potential solution in the 6G era. Physical layer attributes contain a wide spectrum of possibilities for implementation of authentication and privacy preservation based on Physical Layer Security (PLS). Reconfigurable surfaces-based multi-antenna beamforming techniques can provide proper protection against jamming and interference in a dense 6G communication environment. Seamless acceptance and commercialized expansion of 6G can only be achieved through human-centric communication with high secrecy and massive throughput. To overcome propagation and secrecy challenges in long-distance THz communication, the authors in [84] proposed antenna selection-based joint utilization of optical and RF links focusing on secrecy performance against eavesdropping attacks in 6G networks. The solution executes a probabilistic secrecy analysis of mixed RF and optical communication through secret antenna selection to avoid eavesdroppers. However, the proposed scheme has a scope limited to eavesdropping attack MIMO technology, and, currently, the increased complexity due to AI-based implementations in MIMO has increased the vulnerabilities and security implementation issues [85]. The authors in [86] proposed a Bloom filter-based private set intersection mechanism to achieve conditional privacy preservation.