# Creation of One- and Two-Dimensional Copper and Zinc Oxides Semiconductor Structures
## 3 Wavefront Shaping for Laser-Initiated Processes
It is assumed that the following parameters are specified: The illuminance distribution \(I(\mathbf{x}),\mathbf{x}\in G\), formed in the plane \(z=0\) by an incident beam with a plane wavefront, the desired illuminance distribution \(L(\mathbf{y}),\mathbf{y}\in D\), formed in the output plane \(z=f\), and the desired eikonal \(\Psi(\mathbf{y})\) distribution in the same plane (Figure 9). It is necessary to find such functions as \(u_{1}(\mathbf{x})\) and \(l(\mathbf{y})\) at which the light beam that passes through the optical element will form in the output plane \(z=f\) a predefined illuminance distribution \(L(\mathbf{y})\) and a predefined eikonal \(\Psi(\mathbf{y})\). Simultaneous control of the illuminance distribution and wavefront requires the use of an optical element with two \"working\" surfaces--refractive or reflective [137]. Diffractive computer optics is used for focusing laser radiation. It is a powerful tool for controlling the energy distribution and shaping laser beams with high precision, making it an important element in modern laser technology [141]. Its ability to be customized and adapted to different tasks makes it irreplaceable in a multitude of scientific and industrial applications. Diffractive computer optics uses special optical components, such as diffractive gradient lenses and phase masks, to change the phase and amplitude of the laser beam [142; 143]. Figure 10 shows a spectral diffraction lens fabricated by direct laser recording [144]. These optical components, which reflect or transmit light, are characterized by the amplitude and phase function of the reflection or transmission, which is determined by the conditions of the wavefield transformation problem to be solved. The components have microscopic surface structures created using nanophotolithography technologies or direct laser writing techniques [145; 146]. With the ability to fine-tune the phase and amplitude of the laser beam, diffractive computer optics allows for a high degree of focusing and minimizes the size of the focused spot. This is useful for precise laser material processing and high-resolution imaging. Figure 8: Two groups of typical beam shaping tasks. (**a**) Control of only the intensity distribution of the incident light beam. (**b**) Control of both intensity and phase distribution of the incident light beam [132]. Figure 7: Scheme of the tailoring optics problem presented in [129]. Figure 10: (**a**) Photo of the spectral diffraction lens. (**b**) Fragment of the diffraction lens microrelief measured with a Zygo New View 7300 white light interferometer [144]. Thus, wavefront shaping methods are crucial for effectively controlling laser processes. These methods have the potential for various applications, including precise material processing and high-resolution imaging. Wavefront shaping finds applications in the  
Figure 9: (**a**) The task of beam shaping, providing a predefined illumination distribution and a predefined wavefront. (**b**) Representation of the first surface (two-dimensional section) in the form of lens segments focusing on the points of the second surface. The lens segments are shown as bold lines [137]. formation of one-dimensional and two-dimensional structures of oxide semiconductor materials and offers significant prospects for further research and development. An effective tool for controlling energy distribution and shaping of laser beams with high precision is diffractive computer optics, rendering it an integral component of innovative laser technologies and scientific investigations.