## 1 Introduction  
At present, with the continuous advancement of urbanization, urban land resources are increasingly scarce. In order to utilize urban land resources intensively and achieve more urban service functions with limited land resources, the development and construction of the \"urban complex\" has become the mainstream trend in large cities. An \"urban complex\" is an organic combination of different activity spaces (e.g., commerce, office, entertainment, hotel, residence, etc. ), which is realized based on a group of buildings [1]. Taking Shanghai, China, as an example, 225 \"urban complexes\" had been built by the end of 2017, and the total building area, annual passenger flow volume and parking spaces number reached 16.37 million square meters, 2.13 billion-person times and 145,000, respectively. It reveals that the \"urban complex\" has become an important, comprehensive, activity dense region in the city [2]. These \"urban complex\" developments need to construct larger parking lots to meet their own parking demand. However, due to the large scale of parking spaces, the low level of parking guidance facilities, the unreasonable spatial layout of parking spaces and supporting facilities (e.g., entrance and exit, elevator, passageway, etc. ), and differences in the parking behaviors of drivers with different travel purposes, there are significant utilization efficiency differences of parking spaces in different spatial locations within the complex parking lot [3; 4; 5; 6]. Parking in some zones is oversaturated; however, some zones' parking spaces are wasted. It is difficult to effectively improve the overall service capacity of the parking lot and realize the expected social and economic values of parking spaces. When considering the above problems arising in complex parking lots, scholars have so far mainly studied the changes of parking spaces demand characteristics, the influencing factors of parking space choice behavior, and optimization and regulation methods for parking space allocation. In terms of the changes of parking spaces demand characteristics, some scholars have used video monitoring, manual survey or other methods to analyze the utilization characteristics of parking spaces in different spatial locations within a parking lot, and constructed relevant indexes to describe the utilization efficiency differences of parking spaces. The indexes include parking spaces utilization efficiency, parking space search efficiency, the occupancy of parking spaces in parking zones, etc. [3; 4; 5]. The above research results can identify the parking problems of the parking lot (e.g., number of parking spaces, parking lot space layout, drivers' parking flow line), and guide the design of the parking guidance (e.g., parking space allocation, guidance route allocation) and the spatial optimization design of the parking lot (e.g., vehicle entrance and exit, pedestrian entrance and exit, parking space layout, parking flow line organization, passage design). Since only a few demand characteristics indexes are proposed, the index categories should be further enriched to reveal the demand characteristics of parking spaces, such as parking time, turnover number, parking interval time, etc. In regard to the influencing factors of parking space choice behavior, some scholars have analyzed parking space choice preference and its influencing factors based on objective parking data (e.g., parking lot access control data, spatial-temporal utilization characteristics data of parking spaces, parking flow line) and questionnaire data. The relevant influencing factors mainly include the distance between parking space and vehicle entrance and exit, the distance between parking space and pedestrian entrance and exit, traffic congestion on the driving route, security (the distance between parking space and monitoring equipment), parking space type (e.g., vertical, parallel, diagonal), etc. [7; 8; 9; 10]. The construction cost of a complex parking lot is high and its space occupation is large.