# Performance Analysis of the Korean Positioning System Using Observation Simulation
###### Abstract  
The Korean government has a plan to build a new regional satellite navigation system called the Korean Positioning System (KPS). The initial KPS constellation is designed to consist of seven satellites, which include three geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites and four inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites. KPS will provide an independent positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) service in the Asia-Oceania region and can also be compatible with GPS. In the simulation for KPS, we employ 24 GPS as designed initially and 7 KPS satellites. Compared to the true orbit that we simulated, the averaged root mean square (RMS) values of orbit-only signal-in-space ranging errors (SISRE) are approximately 4.3 and 3.9 cm for KPS GEO and IGSO. Two different positioning solutions are analyzed to demonstrate the KPS performance. KPS standard point positioning (SPP) errors in the service area are about 4.7, 3.9, and 7.1 m for east (E), north (N), and up (U) components, respectively. The combined KPS+GPS SPP accuracy can be improved by 25.0%, 31.8%, and 35.0% compared to GPS in E, N, and U components. The averaged position errors for KPS kinematic precise point positioning (KPPP) are less than 10 cm. In the fringe of the KPS service area, however, the position RMS errors can reach about 40 cm. Unlike KPS, GPS solutions show high positioning accuracy in the KPS service area. The combined KPS+GPS can be improved by 28.7%, 27.1%, and 30.5% compared to GPS in E, N, and U components, respectively. It is noted that KPS can provide better performance with GPS in the Asia-Oceania region. Korean Positioning System (KPS); SISRE; standard point positioning; kinematic PPP 20202014 October 20202015 October 202021 September 20202014 October 20202015 October 20202015 October 20202012 September 2020202014 October 2020202015 October 2020202015 October 2020202014 October 2020202015 October 2020202014 October 2020202015 October 202020202014 October 202020  
for different service purposes. The GPS consists of 31 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites in six equally spaced orbital planes with an inclination of approximately 55 degrees. GLONASS has 24 satellites in three orbital planes with an altitude of about 19,100 km and an inclination of 64.8 degrees. Galileo will consist of a total of 30 MEO satellites in three different orbital planes with an inclination of 56 degrees at an altitude of about 23,200 km, which is slightly higher than that for the GPS. The full operational capability (FOC) of Galileo is expected by the end of 2020 [9]. The Chinese BeiDou-3 was formally commissioned on 31 July 2020, making the completion of the \"three-step\" BDS development strategy: BeiDou-3 is composed of a constellation of 30 satellites, which include 24 in MEO, 3 in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO), and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) [10; 11]. Including GEO and IGSO satellites is intended to provide regional navigation services [12]. There are also regional navigation satellite systems (RNSS) aiming to provide navigation services in a specific region. The representative systems as RNSS are the Indian \"Navigation with Indian Constellation\" (NAVIC) and Japanese \"Quasi-Zenith Satellite System\" (QZSS). NAVIC consists of seven satellites, which include three GEO satellites with an inclination of 5 degrees and four IGSO satellites every two in a different orbital plane. NAVIC is designed for providing navigation services in India. In addition, an area of 1500 km from the boundary of India is also covered by this system [9; 13]. The QZSS satellite navigation system is compatible with GPS satellites [14]. It is designed so that at least one satellite is always visible over Japan. QZSS will consist of a total of seven satellites, which include four GEO and three IGSO satellites. The first QZSS satellite was launched in 2010, and three QZSS satellites were launched in 2017.