# AR Presentation of Team Members' Performance and Inner Status to Their Leader: A Comparative Study
## 3 Visualization Techniques  
Our review of the literature showed the potential benefits of presenting information with XR. With this work, we aim to apply this observation to collaborative teamwork with AR visual cues. This is why we developed AR visualization techniques to support the team leader in assessing the current workflow situation and team members' well-being by providing feedback on the team members' status. We define the _team member's status_ as the sum of the team member's task status and inner status. _Task status_ refers to all information related to the user's current, previous, and future tasks. _Inner status_ encapsulates one's well-being-related information, e.g., physiological levels (such as heart rate, body temperature, skin conductance), emotions, and fatigue. For the purposes of this work, we do not examine a complete set of _inner status_ attributes. We instead measure how the team leader's actions put team members under _stress_. In our experiment, we do not directly measure stress. Instead, stress is calculated from known parameters such as the amount of work and rest time the team leader provides and will be addressed as _simulated stress_. The formal definition of how we determine _simulated stress_ is presented in Section 4.2. A previous study [39] showed that providing _task status_ to team members helped them to know how well others were performing. We can thus infer that _task status_ can also help the team leader determine which team member is best suited to be assigned a task. Our study shares similarities with prior work where a local worker shares visual cues (gaze, facial expressions, physiological signals, and environmental views) with a remote helper who provides guidance [16], but our research diverges in its collaborative context. Indeed, we specifically focus on team monitoring and task allocation while concurrently sharing a worker's status to understand their actions and well-being. To present the task status and the inner status with AR, the graphical assets must be easy to understand and avoid occlusion [40]. Both text and visual elements can be used; text must be simple and written on a billboard to contrast with the background [41; 42], and icons, symbols, and simple 2D graphic elements can support or replace text in AR-presented information [43]. Thus, to answer RQ1 and RQ2, we developed a set of AR visualizations of _team member's status_ as a set of awareness components with two different presentation styles: _textual_ (Figure 1) and _graphical_ (Figure 2). The textual style employs numbers and text to present the different attributes of user status information. All numbers and text were displayed in white with a black background, where the graphical presentation employs graphs and simple 3D models. All components are displayed on 2D panels floating around workers to avoid occlusion. A description of each component is as follows:  
* **Task Queue** displays the number and the type of tasks a team member has yet to complete. The textual style had four numbers, one for each task type. The graphical presentation had a virtual shelf that held stacks of each of the different tasks represented in the cube as on the team leader's table (see Figure 3). * **Current Task Completion** shows which task a team member is currently performing and its progress. The textual style presents this as a numeric percentage, and the graphical presentation employs a progress bar. * **All Task Completion** shows the progress of a team member on a task batch they have received. Both styles employ the **Current Task Completion** visualizations. * **Task History** shows the number and the type of tasks completed from the start of the work session. Both styles employ scaled-down versions of the **Task Queue** component. * **Portion of Time Working** represents the proportion of time a team member spent working since the start of the scenario, and the complement to 100% represents the time spent resting. Both styles employ the **Current Task Completion** visualizations.