## 1 Introduction  
The high socio-economic significance of digital transformation determines the relevance of the research topic. Recently, businesses have realized the importance of digital transformation for sustainable development, especially for enterprises in the real sector of the economy [1]. In 2018, only 33% of representatives of manufacturing companies considered digital transformation as a necessary process, but by 2020, this number had almost doubled to 64%. Currently, companies in various industries are investing significant amounts of money, ranging from 3% to 10% of revenue, in digital transformation and related initiatives [2]. Europe can add EUR 2.5 trillion to GDP in 2025, boosting GDP growth by 1 percent a year over the next decade through the use of digital technologies [3]. The digital transformation market size is set to reach USD 2669.48 billion by 2030 [4]. Companis an urgent need to take advantage of new digital technologies to adjust how companies respond to external economic conditions based on real-time information [9; 11]. An emphasis on the aspect of digital transformation associated with systemic organizational restructuring in the real sector of the economy is especially important, as this sector plays a crucial role in overall economic growth [12]. The use of advanced system engineering methods based on digital technology, modeling, and analysis of big data is necessary to ensure competitive advantages [13]. Digital transformation is the driving force of the economy at the present stage, highlighting the potential impact of this study on a wide range of industries [13; 14]. By proposing new principles for creating a digital representation of complex technical systems, this study can make a significant contribution to the digital transformation of the economy and the integration of various industries. As an object of study, the authors propose a digital representation of a real object. The use of a model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approach makes it possible to effectively build such a representation based on the system model of an enterprise, adequately describing it in the form of interconnections of system components [15]. However, currently, there is a lack of detailed descriptions regarding the principles of creating a digital representation of an object based on MBSE. Bridging this gap is the focus of the authors' attention. At the same time, there is evidence that the MBSE approach is indeed an effective tool for forming an adequate digital representation of a real system in the physical world [16]. The formation of a digital representation of a complex technical system is illustrated in Figure 1.  
The authors have identified a knowledge gap in the absence of common cross-industry principles for the formation of a digital representation of complex technical systems for digital transformation. The lack of such system principles, formulated in a uniform manner, is seen as an obstacle to the standardization of formats of digital representations of organi  
Figure 1: Digital representation of a complex technical system. The diagram shows objects, processes, and relationships between them in a complex technical system in the process of digitalization. The process of digital representation refers to the digitization of system elements (components and connections) separately and the creation of digital models of individual systems, including all elements and connections within it. The process of digitalization, from the position of the MBSE approach, can occur when all subsystems and connections between them at all necessary levels of decomposition are formed into a single model. zations as complex systems. This, in turn, is an obstacle to organizing effective interactions between enterprises of various industries, as well as enterprises of the same industry but of different sizes.