## 2 Results and Discussion
### Nephroprotective Effect of APTM
#### 2.4.2 Weight Gain and Relative Kidney Weight to Body Weight  
Table 2 shows the impact of the APTM extract on body weight increase and relative kidney weight. When compared to the NCG, treatment with GM for 14 days caused a significant decrease in weight growth (\(p<0.001\)) and hence a substantial increase in relative kidney weight (\(p<0.001\)). However, as compared to GGM rats (80 mg/kg), treatment with APTM extract at dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg in conjunction with GM boosted weight growth in a dose-dependent manner (\(p<0.01\)) and lowered relative kidney weight (\(p<0.001\)). These results support those of [PERSON] et al. (2000) and [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007), who showed that the administration of GM caused a decrease in  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Route of Administration** & **Doses (mg/kg Body Weight)** & **Toxicity Symptoms** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Oral} & Control Group (Distilled Water) & None \\  & APTM (50 mg/kg) & None \\  & APTM (300 mg/kg) & None \\  & APTM (500 mg/kg) & None \\  & APTM (700 mg/kg) & None \\  & APTM (2000 mg/kg) & None \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Signs of acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of APTM.  
Figure 2: Effect of aqueous extract of APTM against \(\beta\)-carotene oxidation, C : negative control; BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene.  
body weight [22; 23]. The same sources claim that GM decreases hunger and increases catabolism, both observed in GM-induced acute renal failure, which results in acidosis and anorexia. Because of this, oral nutritional intake declines, which may result in weight loss. Furthermore, the GM-induced rise in kidney weight is undoubtedly the consequence of oedema brought on by acute tubular necrosis brought on by the medication. This was confirmed histopathological by the study of [PERSON] et al. (2016), in which electron microscope examination revealed mitochondrial swelling and cytoplasmic degeneration and accumulation of the myeloid body in the renal tissues of GM-exposed rats [24]. The observed improvement in body weight and relative kidney weight may be associated with the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of APTM aqueous extract, which prevent the nephrotoxic effects of GM.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Groups** & **Weight Gain (g)** & **Relative Kidney** \\ \hline
**NCG** & 20.3 \(\pm\) 2.73 & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline
**GGM (80 mg/kg)** & 7.15 \(\pm\) 0.69 *** & 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.05 *** \\ \hline
**GGM+TM (200 mg/kg)** & 11.07 \(\pm\) 2.33 \({}^{\rm{Ns}}\) & 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.02 *** \\ \hline
**GGM+TM (400 mg/kg)** & 14.15 \(\pm\) 2.27 ** & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.03 *** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The data are shown as mean \(\pm\) SEM; (\(t=6\)); *** \(p<\) 0.001 with relation to NCG. *** \(p<\) 0.001, **\(p<\) 0.01 related to GGM (80 mg/kg). Ns: not significant.  
\end{table}
Table 2: The impact of APTM aqueous extract on growth indices in GM-exposed rats.  
Figure 3: Effect of APTM on water supply (**a**) and urine output (**b**) in GM-poisoned rats. The data is provided as mean \(\pm\) SEM, (n = 6). *** \(p<\) 0.001, *** \(p<\) 0.01, comparing to NCG. *** \(p<\) 0.01, * \(p<\) 0.05 related to GGM (80 mg/kg).