## 4 Results and Discussion
### Stated Preferences for Daytime and Nighttime Travel Mode
Finally, private car ownership, parenthood, and employment status are all associated with reduced PT usage during the daytime. This finding may reflect an increased need for flexible mobility or a stronger preference for the convenience of private modes among these groups. However, at night, this relationship appears to weaken, possibly due to a shift toward non-obligatory activities or changes in evening activity patterns. The nested logit model provides deeper insights into how individuals make travel decisions. Its parameters indicate moderate correlation in the unobserved utility components of walking and cycling (\(\lambda\) = 0.55), suggesting these modes are partially substitutable. A higher parameter for private car and PT (\(\lambda\) = 0.81) points to weaker substitutability, though shared use contexts such as commuting may explain their grouping. RP is not part of any nest, indicating that it is perceived as a distinct alternative with a unique utility structure. These results suggest that RP is not primarily substituted by a specific mode but rather competes broadly across multiple modes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline  & **Walking** & **Bicycle** & **Private Car** & **PT** & **RP** & **Taxi** \\ \hline
**Base attributes** & & & & & & \\ Alternative specific constants & 0.4 & 0 & 0.82 ** & 0.23 & 0.4 & \(-\)1.26 *** \\ Travel time (min) & & & & & & \\ Day & \(-\)0.05 *** & \(-\)0.07 *** & \(-\)0.35 ** & 0 & \(-\)0.06 *** & n.a. \\ Night & \(-\)0.04 & \(-\)0.07 *** & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(-\)0.04 ** \\ Travel cost (EUR) & & & & & & \\ Day & n.a. & n.a. & \(-\)0.14 *** & \(-\)0.17 *** & \(-\)0.17 *** & 0 \\ Night & n.a. & n.a. & \(-\)0.06 * & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Egress/Degress time (min) & & & & & & \\ Day & n.a. & n.a. & \(-\)0.05 *** & 0 & \(-\)0.1 *** & n.a. \\ Night & n.a. & n.a. & \(-\)0.07 *** & \(-\)0.05 *** & 0 & n.a. \\ Waiting time (min) & & & & & & \\ Day & n.a. & n.a. & n.a. & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Night & n.a. & n.a. & n.a. & \(-\)0.02 *** & \(-\)0.01 *** & 0 \\ \hline
**Further attributes** & & & & & & \\ Female & & & & & & \\ Day & 0.37 * & 0 & 0.57 *** & 0.55 *** & 0.62 *** & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & 0.93 *** & 0.75 *** & 0.42 ** & 0.71 *** \\ Bicycle ownership & & & & & & \\ Day & \(-\)1.1 *** & 0 & \(-\)1.27 *** & \(-\)1.32 *** & \(-\)1.38 *** & n.a. \\ Night & \(-\)0.9 *** & 0 & \(-\)0.83 *** & \(-\)1.58 *** & \(-\)1.5 *** & \(-\)1.12 *** \\ Individual with mobility & & & & & & \\ impairments & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.54 * & 0 & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1.32 *** \\ Trip to main train station & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.87 *** & 1.07 *** & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.71 ** & 0.76 *** & 0.86 *** \\ Leisure trip & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & \(-\)0.45 * & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Home trip & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & \(-\)0.42 * & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ RP service awareness & & & & & & \\ Day & 0.38 * & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1.06 *** & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & \(-\)1.03 *** & 0 & 1.11 *** & 0 \\ RP frequent user & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.61 *** & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ PT pass ownership & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & \(-\)0.73 *** & 0.68 *** & 0 & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Private car ownership & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(-\)0.5 *** & 0 & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Child(-ren) in household & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(-\)0.35 * & 0 & n.a. \\ Night & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Employed & & & & & & \\ Day & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(-\)0.5 *** & 0 & n.a. \\ Night & & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
***, *, * indicate significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively. n.a.indicates that the value is not applicable for the respective specification. Bicycle serves as a reference mode for model estimation LL(NL) = \(-\)4174.64, Adj. \(p^{2}=0.2149\), AIC = 8465.28, BIC = 8820.84.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Estimation results for the nested logit model on mode choice.