esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Microalgal Proteins and Bioactives for Food, Feed, and Other Applications
## 4 Legislation Governing The Use of microalgae
### European Regulation on Marketing of Microalgae for Food
#### 4.1.1 Regulation on Food Safety  
The European Community Regulation on Food Safety (EC 178/2002) was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities (1.2.2002 EN L 31/1) and provides information regarding approaches to the development of any food legislation. It only works as a general framework for areas that are not covered by harmonized rules and gives definitions, principles and obligations covering all stages of food and feed production, processing and distribution. The regulation established EFSA, the European Food Safety Authority. Food safety regulations are applied to all food products introduced to the market, including products using microalgae biomass or its components.  
The Food Safety regulation concerns food that is proved by a prolonged period of consumption, however, in case of new food products without a history of safe use on the market, these products are not introduced to the European market without meeting the conditions set out in the Regulation on Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients [16].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Safety Aspect** & **Species** & **Application** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**GRAS**} & _Arthospira platensis_ & Biomass \\  & _Chloella prototheoides_ & Biomass, oil \\  & _Crypetconidium colmini_ & DHA-rich oil \\  & _Dunaliella bardavil_ & Biomass \\  & _Haematococcus pluvialis_ & Astaxanthin \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**No toxins known**} & _Synechococcus_ sp. & \\  & _Tetraselmis_ sp. & \\  & _Chlamydomonas reinhardtii_ & \\  & _Haematococcus pluvialis_ & \\  & _Chlorococcus_ sp. & \\  & _Scendestmus_ & \\  & _Desmodesmus_ sp. & \\  & _Parietochlors incisa_ & \\  & _Navicula_ sp. & \\  & _Nitzsolic disspirata_ & \\  & _Phaedactyllum tricornutum_ & \\  & _Thalassisis pseudonana_ & \\  & _Odornella auria_ & \\  & _Skeletonema_ sp. & \\  & _Monodus subterraneus_ & \\  & _Nantochloropsis_ sp. & \\  & _Isochrysis_ sp. & \\  & _Paolova_ sp. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: Safety aspects of selected microalgae species [16; 152].
# Robotic Coverage Path Planning for Ultrasonic Inspection
###### Abstract  
Automatic robotic inspection of arbitrary free-form shapes is relevant for many quality control applications in different industries. We propose a method for planning the motion of an industrial robot to perform ultrasonic inspection of varying 3D shapes. Our method starts with the calculation of a set of sub-paths. These sub-paths are derived from streamlines. The underlying vector field is deduced from local curvature of the inspected geometry. Intermediate robot motions are planned to connect individual sub-paths to obtain a single complete inspection path. Coverage is calculated via ray tracing to simulate the propagation of ultrasound signals. This simulation enables the algorithm to proceed adaptively and to find a good trade-off between path length and coverage. We report experiments for four different geometries. The results indicate that shorter paths are achieved by using ray tracing for adaptive adjustment of streamline density. Our algorithm is tailored to ultrasonic inspection. However, the main concept of exploiting local surface curvature and streamlines for coverage path planning generalizes to other robotic inspection problems.  
robotic inspection; coverage path planning; ultrasonic inspection; streamline; principal curvature +
Footnote †: 10.000
## 4 Discussion
### Spatiotemporal Variations and Correlations of RSM, PRE, and GPP
[PERSON] (2010) investigated the responses of soil temperature and moisture to climatic changes across the Tibetan Plateau from 1916 to 2010, revealing that soil warming commenced around 1990, followed by increases in RSM after 2000, thereby illustrating an overall transition towards a warmer and moister soil environment [9]. Additional studies have identified vegetation and RUM as the primary drivers of RSM increases in China's arid and semi-arid zones. Specifically, the contribution of PRE to RSM augmentation within the study area was comparatively minor, and although a coupling relationship between RSM and PRE was present, it was relatively weak. [PERSON] et al. conducted a decoupling analysis of the combined effects of temperature and RSM on global GPP, concluding that variations in RSM exerted a more pronounced influence on vegetation productivity in arid and semi-arid regions [18]. During drought episodes, RSM was found to dominate variations in dryland GPP more significantly than other climatic factors, including VPD, PRE, temperature, and solar radiation [57]. The average correlation coefficient between RSM and GPP (0.56, \(p<0.1\)) surpassed that between PRE and GPP (0.48, \(p<0.1\)), indicating positive correlations of both RSM and PRE with GPP (Figure 4), with RSM demonstrating a stronger positive relationship. Due to the inherent instability of precipitation in dryland environments, the influence of PRE on GPP exhibited complex patterns: during drought years, increases in PRE positively affected dryland GPP, whereas in normal years, GPP tended to decline with rising PRE levels [58]. Furthermore, as illustrated in Figure 4b, the correlation between PRE and GPP displayed pronounced spatial heterogeneity across the study area, particularly in the western regions.
# Multi-Sensor Fusion for Aerial Robots in Industrial GNSS-Denied Environments
## 3 Results
### 3.2 3D Map  
Our enhanced MCL algorithm relies on a previously built multi-modal map that includes 3D occupancy data and the location of the UWB beacons. In this case, we built the map using Octomap [26]. A manual flight was carried out, and the aerial robot's pose from the testbed's motion capture system was used to project each of the 3D LiDAR point clouds onto an Octomap server, to generate the full 3D occupancy grid of the robot environment, as shown in Figure 5.
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Results and Discussion  
#### 4.2.1 QoS Measurements as a Function of Network Density  
QoS (quality of service) measurements are important in the evaluation of wireless networks; they provide valuable information about network performance and quality. One of the significant aspects of QoS measurement is network density, which directly affects the quality of a service provided [46]. In this context, this section presents QoS measurements as a function of network density. The metrics used to measure QoS are packet delivery rate (PDR), throughput, overhead, and end-to-end delay.  
For further details, the mathematical equations of QoS and QoE metrics can be found in [47].  
* End-to-End Delay Measurement  
Figure 6b demonstrates that the transmission delay for MNH-FGR increases for almost all density scenarios. This degradation is explained by the fact that the multi-next-hop variant takes more time to calculate the real-time link quality in order to select the most optimal ones. The MNH-FGR protocol helped to increase the end-to-end delay up to 6 ms, but it remained insufficient compared with the threshold, which must not exceed the value of 150 ms in the case of video streams [48]. In other words, there is a degradation, but it does not influence the quality of the video received. Nevertheless, we managed to reduce the delay compared with the FzGR protocol up to 9.74%, which approves the effectiveness of our approach.
* Throughput Measurement  
Figure 6c illustrates the throughput for different density scenarios. It can be noted that, regardless of the number of vehicles, the flow rate using the MNH-FGR was higher than that when we used the other protocols. Thus, according to Tables 2 and 3, MNH-FGR increases the rate up to 35.55%, 47.07%, and 73.26% over, respectively, FzGR, GPSR-2P, and GPSR-kP. This is normal, since the number of delivered packets is high at each step of GPSR improvement.
* Overload Measurement  
Our improvements also reduced the load on routing. Indeed, Figure 6d clearly shows the values of this metric. It can be seen that the routing load was significantly lower for MNH-FGR. Indeed, MNH-FGR uses the WRR packet-scheduling algorithm to balance the transmission of packets between the different links. The weights of these links, used by the WRR algorithm, are calculated by the fuzzy system as a function of the QoS multi-constraint metric. In fact, as the PDR increases, the route load decreases, since it represents the total of all the packets shared out of the total video packets received. Also, our proposal provides connectivity between the sender and the receiver, so there is not a lot of retransmissions. As shown by Tables 2 and 3, MNH-FGR can reduce the route load up to 11.76%, 42.11%, and 61.7% over, respectively, FzGR, GPSR-2P, and GPSR-kP.
## 3 Multi-Modal Distribution of RSSI
### Discontinuous Transmission  
Discontinuous transmission is often observed from technologies in the unlicensed bands, where carrier sensing is generally required before a packet is transmitted, resulting in randomly inserted pauses between consecutive packets. An example RSSI of a discontinuous signal and the corresponding PDF are shown in Figure 1. The received signal strength reaches a stronger level (denoted as \(K1\)) when packets are being transmitted and falls back to a weak level (denoted as \(K2\)) when only noise is present. Consequently, the PDF contains two peaks: the peak on the left side is caused by noise, while the peak on the right results from the signal. Note that the values \(K2\) and \(K1\) are not derived by calculation. In this illustration, \(K2\) is bigger than \(K1\) because the medium is idle for more than 50% of the time. Additional peaks may appear in the PDF when packets are transmitted by different devices or with different power. Generally speaking, the PDF of discontinuous transmission contains multiple peaks that are situated relatively apart, and the peak at the leftmost side coincides with the distribution of the noise.
# Towards Secure Searchable Electronic Health Records Using Consortium Blockchain
## 3 System Model
### System Model Design
#### 3.3.3 Phase 3: Data Sharing  
When a data researcher, such as a physician, insurance provider, or some other third party, uses a certain keyword search and the private key of the patient to create a trapdoor then the smart contract performs the test algorithm for data retrieval. After the authenticEHR ciphertext search is completed by the system manager, the EHR delivers to third-party users and acts as an aid to proxy re-encryption of the original ciphertext by running the ReKeyGen algorithms to generate the proxy re-encryption key and re-encrypt the ciphertext using patient's public key.  
In this phase, firstly, the third party (data user) send sends the request to the Ethereum smart contract to display the patient's EHRs using the trapdoor (patient's private key + keyword set). Secondly, the EHRs' index will decrypt and re-encrypt using the ECC algorithm's public key of the patient. Thirdly, the original EHRs will be sent to a third party and the encrypted EHRs index will be restored in the smart contract.  
* _Test_(_c_, \(o\), _Pk_, _TQ_): The function inputs are searchable keyword encryption \(c\), a public key _Pk_ and a trapdoor _TQ_. If \(Q\) is included in _c_o_ the server outputs \"yes\", otherwise \"no\";
* _ReKeyGen_(_o_, _sKpi_, _pKpi_): The input is the set of keywords from Ksi and the patient's private key _skpi_. This process generates a secure re-encryption index using the patient's public key _pkpi_;
* _ReEnc_(_Cm_,_RKi_) : The function inputs are ciphertext _Cm_ and re-encryption secure index (_RKi_) and the output is a re-encryption ciphertext _Cm_;
* _Dec_(_Cm_, _Ska_): The function inputs are the re-encryption ciphertext _Cm_ and a patient private key and the output is the plaintext (_m_).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of the Rotating Directions of Cutting Head on the Working Performance
#### 3.3.2 Stress in the Rock Mass  
From the macro perspective, the rotating directions of the shearer drum would have an impact on the cutting forces during the cutting process. To explore the reason for the  
Figure 14: Mean rock cutting force on shearer drum under different confining stress. (**a**) rock cutting force in the \(x\)-direction; (**b**) rock cutting force in the \(y\)-direction; (**c**) rock cutting force in the \(z\)-direction.  
Figure 13: Cutting force on shearer drum under clockwise and anti-clockwise rock rotating conditions. (**a**) rock cutting force in the \(x\)-direction; (**b**) rock cutting force in the \(y\)-direction; (**c**) rock cutting force in the \(z\)-direction.  
mentioned results, it is essential to conduct research on the stress distributions under different rotating directions of the cutting head.  
Figure 15 shows the effective stress, effective plastic strain, maximum principal stress, and minimum principal stress of a rock element, which is named B\({}_{2}\) shown in Figure 7b, in conditions of clockwise and counterclockwise cutting conditions. The stress in the rock mass is zero before 1.5 s because of the hollow travel stage of the cutting head and rock cutting didn't happen before 1.5 s. After 1.5 s, the conical picks on the cutting head began to cut the rock mass, and then, stress occurred and varied in the rock mass. For effective stress, before rock fragmentation, the effective stress is the same under clockwise and counterclockwise conditions. When rock fragmentation occurs, the effective stress under clockwise cutting conditions is significantly higher than that under counterclockwise rotation conditions; For the maximum principal stress, under clockwise cutting conditions, the maximum principal stress at rock failure is positive, while under counterclockwise cutting conditions, the maximum principal stress at rock failure is negative; For the minimum principal stress, under both clockwise and counterclockwise operating conditions, the minimum principal stress is negative, and during counterclockwise cutting, the minimum principal stress during rock fragmentation is higher than that under clockwise conditions; For the effective plastic strain, during the counterclockwise rotation cutting process, the plasticity of the failed element change significantly.
# Intelligent Neonatal Sepsis Early Diagnosis System for Very Low Birth Weight Infants
## 4 Results
### HeRO-Based Results, Clinical Manifestations, Indexes and Therapy  
As the first step, the predictivity of the HeRO score was analysed considering that a patient would have contracted the disease after 24 h of a HeRO peak higher than one. Figure 4 shows a summary scheme of the diagnostic results.  
Considering the 30 suspicious clinical cases, the following results were observed according to the HeRO score:  
* Twenty clinical cases out of 30 were characterised by a positive HeRO score higher than two:
* In eight of these cases, the newborn developed sepsis, which the HeRO score was able to predict between 5 and 12 h in advance. In one case, the HeRO duet was connected to the patient's monitor when there were full-blown symptoms; even though there was the need for intubation and the decay of the general conditions, the inflammation indexes were negative. Antibiotic therapy was initiated on the basis of both the positive HeRO score and the sepsis symptoms. A few hours later, the start of pneumonia was observed, and inflammation indexes became positive after about 24 h.
* In 12 clinical cases, the HeRO was positive (nine cases out of 12 had a clinical symptom or a slightly positive inflammation index), but they did not develop sepsis. Thus, no antibiotic therapy was started.
* Two cases out of 30 were characterised by a HeRO score between one and two (specifically, 1.6). The baby developed signs of infection 5 h before the HeRO peak. In this specific case, the newborn was already on antibiotic therapy with a negative HeRO index and good conditions when he presented a slightly clinical and radiographic deterioration; an antibiotic change was necessary. In this case, the baby did not develop sepsis, but he had only moderate abdominal distension, then regressed without any therapy.  
Figure 3: The obtained topology-optimised ANN. It shows 135 neurons in both the first and second hidden layers, and 4 neurons in the third hidden layer. The activation function is the _logsig_ for the first and second hidden layers, whereas the _tansig_ for the third hidden layer.  
* Eight cases out of 30 were characterised by a negative HeRO score, but slight positive signs of the infection indices (at least one) and/or one symptom-related to sepsis were detected in seven episodes. In one case, positive symptoms were observed. For all eight cases, no antibiotic therapy was initiated after continuous monitoring of the cases, which considered a series of blood samples. In one case, the HeRO score was negative, but the baby presented severe sepsis starting as pneumonia (in the case of localized infection, it described a possible negativity of the HeRO score; in fact, in the following days, the sepsis became generalized with the HeRO score, which became positive).
# Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles for Wireless Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: A Computational Study
## 5 Conclusions  
To conclude, a computational approach was used in this study to precisely characterize the interaction of the MENPs with the nervous system dynamics. A quantitative analysis was performed, and the influence of the MENPs' orientation, concentration and distance was estimated in terms of the external potential distribution exerted by the MENPs, the amplification of the exerted MENPs' stimulation required to excite the neural fibers and the current injected into the intracellular space. The results show how significant the MENPs' concentration is for the accuracy and efficiency of the stimulation and highlight how important a compromise between the two factors is. Depending on the MENPs' orientation, a monopolar or bipolar stimulation could be sensed by the nervous tissue, whereas the MENPs' distance influences the magnitude of the perceived electric potential on the fiber, and thus the fibers' recruitment. Due the large variability in the placement of the MENPs and the size of the agglomerates, the possibility of controlling the orientation of the MENPs by the externally applied magnetic field makes this parameter preferable to other settings. Since the variability in the interaction between the MENPs and the nerve is large, future research could aim at optimizing our technique by enabling a more comprehensive study of the different scenarios. In conclusion, this computational study allowed us to provide quantitative support to the application of MENPs for nervous tissue stimulation.  
Conceptualization and methodology, V.G., E.C. and S.F.; software and data analysis, V.G.; writing--original draft preparation, V.G.; writing--review and editing, V.G., E.C., S.F., M.P. and P.R.; supervision, E.C., S.F. and P.R.; funding acquisition, E.C. and P.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Research, under the complementary actions of the NRRP \"Fit4 MedRob--Fit for Medical Robotics\" grant (# PNC0000007).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors wish to thank ZMT Zurich MedTech AG (www.zmt.swiss, accessed on 28 May 2024) for providing SIM4 Life software.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Mass Loss of RHA Recycled Aggregate Concrete  
The mass loss is an essential indicator representing the damage degree of surface spalling of concrete specimens subjected to freeze-thaw cycles [42]. Figure 6 shows the variation in recycled concrete's mass loss with different RHA replacement ratios during the freeze-thaw cycle. As shown in the figure, the mass loss tends to decrease with the increase in the number of cycles at the initial stage of the freeze-thaw cycle, and the reduction amount increases with the rise in the RHA substitution rate. For instance, when concrete specimens were subjected to 100 freeze-thaw cycles, the mass losses of concrete with 0% RHA, 10% RHA, 20% RHA and 30% RHA were \(-\)0.48%, \(-\)0.71%, \(-\)0.73% and \(-\)0.83%, respectively. This could be attributed to the existence of the porous structure of the recycled aggregate attached mortar, which resulted in more external water transfer to the internal pores and cracks. In addition, the high porosity of RHA particles will enhance the permeability of the concrete; thus, it will also cause a large amount of water absorption. The synergistic effect of both will reduce the mass loss of the concrete.  
However, the water absorbed by the RHA particles will lead to concrete freeze-thaw damage due to icing pressure and expansion pressure with the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles. During the freeze-thaw cycle, the original pore structure continuously expands into visible pores and sprouts to generate microcracks. It then gradually develops into macroracks under repeated expansion pressure, which eventually leads to spalling damage and aggregate loss on the concrete surface. When the mass loss of concrete caused by surface damage is greater than the mass increment generated by the absorbed water of the concrete specimens, the mass of concrete will decrease, and the mass loss will increase. According to GB/T 50082-2009 [30], if the mass loss exceeds 5% as the basis of concrete freeze-thaw resistance damage, the concrete specimens with 10% RHA and 20% RHA lose their freeze-thaw resistance after 300 cycles, while the concrete specimens with 30% RHA lose their freeze-thaw resistance after only 250 freeze-thaw cycles.  
Figure 6: The relationship between the mass loss of recycled concrete and the number of freeze–thaw cycles with different RHA replacement ratios.