## 1 Introduction
Moreover, scientists have prepared Schiff base compounds via the condensation of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes with coumarin acetohydrazides, employing both conventional and microwave-assisted techniques. A subsequent evaluation of their antimicrobial efficacy revealed a range of moderate to potent activity against various bacterial strains [13]. In recent times, researchers have reported on the synthesis and antiglycation activity of bis-Schiff bases derived from isatins. Their findings demonstrate that the presence of electron-withdrawing groups on the isatin moiety enhances these compounds' antiglycation activity significantly [14]. Quite recently, scientists have documented their work on the synthesis and antimicrobial properties of novel optically active Schiff base compounds derived from substituted benzaldehyde and various amines. Their research showed that adding nitro, methoxy, and halogen substituents to the phenyl ring made the compounds they made more effective against different types of bacteria [15]. In a comparable manner, metronidazoleze and its derivative compounds exhibit a vast array of biological activities [16]. These metronidazoleze-based compounds are excellent at fighting trichomoniasis, different types of amoebiasis, and infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and protozoan pathogens [17]. Azomycin, a 2-nitroimidazole compound, is the sole approved antibiotic based on the nitroimidazole structure. Both Actinobacteria species, including Streptomyces eurodicticus and Nocardi mesenterica, and Proteobacteria, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, produce it [18]. As a result, azomycin has served as a crucial synthetic precursor for the development of numerous nitroimidazole-based pharmaceutical drugs. From azomycin, the following nitroimidazole compounds are made: metronidazoleze (Figure 1a), sechidazole (Figure 1b), tinidazole (Figure 1c), and ornidazole (Figure 1d). Continuous processing offers several advantages, including reduced reaction times, improved process control, and enhanced safety [19]. Despite the aforementioned benefits, the widespread implementation of continuous processing in pharmaceutical manufacturing has been impeded by several technical and practical hurdles. These obstacles encompass the necessity for specialized equipment and infrastructure, regulatory considerations that must be addressed, and challenges associated with scalability when transitioning from batch to continuous operations [20; 21]. Designing AM-based continuous processing reactors for pharmaceutical applications requires a multidimensional approach that considers various factors to ensure optimal performance, safety, and regulatory compliance. The key considerations include selecting biocompatible and chemically resistant materials suitable for pharmaceutical use, optimizing the reactor design for continuous flow to facilitate uniform mixing and reaction kinetics, and incorporating precise temperature control mechanisms to maintain optimal reaction conditions [22]. Modularity and scalability are essential for accommodating different production scales and process requirements, while integration with downstream processes, such as purification and analyses, streamlines manufacturing workflows. Safety features, including pressure relief valves and leak detection systems, are crucial for preventing accidents and ensuring safe operation. Regulatory compliance with pharmaceutical manufacturing standards, such as GMPs, and cost-efficiency considerations, such as material costs and energy consumption, must also be carefully addressed [23]. By meticulously evaluating these design factors, additive manufacturing-based continuous processing reactors can be customized to cater to the distinct requirements of pharmaceutical applications. This approach facilitates the efficient, secure, and cost-effective production of pharmaceutical products while enhancing their quality and consistency attributes [24].