## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposed a CIM-based framework that applies an ODB to a DMS to enhance interoperability and improve TP performance. By employing the RDF-based, schema-flexible structure of the ODB, the proposed approach effectively addresses three key limitations of traditional RDBs: object-relational impedance mismatch, inflexibility to accommodate information model changes, and performance degradation in TP. Objects modeled in the CIM format can be directly stored as RDF triples or graph structures within the ODB, enabling seamless object-to-database mapping. This eliminates the need for transformation processes and enhances data consistency and query efficiency. The ODB also enables knowledge inference through RDF reasoning capabilities, and it provides a flexible interface for data import/export in CIM/RDF/XML formats. The proposed approach has been validated through case studies using actual DMS operational data from the Republic of Korea, demonstrating its practical viability in a real-world environment. Furthermore, standardized interfaces across all DMS components--including the ODB--facilitate seamless system integration and pave the way for the development of a knowledge inference engine based on ODBs.  
Although this study is based on Korea's DMS environment, the proposed framework is applicable to other countries that adopt IEC CIM standards, supporting international interoperability and platform scalability. This work builds upon the authors' previous research on CIM extension, RDF-based data handling, and ontology system integration for power grid applications. Future studies will explore international case studies and cross-country implementation scenarios to validate the adaptability of the proposed framework in various regulatory and operational contexts. The proposed framework supports policy-driven requirements for interoperability, transparency, and modular system integration. By aligning with globally recognized standards such as IEC 61970/61968, it lays a foundation for future regulatory compliance and cross-border energy system harmonization.  
Despite the benefits of the proposed framework, current limitations include the need for manual ontology modeling and instance mapping. Future work will focus on developing semi-automated tools to alleviate this burden and further enhance the scalability and usability of the framework.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Area** & **RDB [ms]** & **RDF Triple Store [ms]** & **GDB [ms]** \\ \hline A & 2283.725 & 0.113 & 0.029 \\ B & 707.889 & 0.072 & 0.018 \\ C & 82.840 & 0.024 & 0.007 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Topology processing time for three areas in the Republic of Korea.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.H. and Y.-S.O.; methodology, J.H.; software, J.H. and S.-A.S.; validation, J.-U.S., Y.-S.O. and S.-I.L.; formal analysis, J.H. and Y.-S.O.; investigation, S.-A.S. and G.-H.K.; resources, S.-A.S.; data curation, J.-U.S.; writing--original draft preparation, J.H.; writing--review and editing, Y.-S.O.; visualization, J.H.; supervision, S.-I.L.; project administration, G.-H.K.; funding acquisition, G.-H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was supported by Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Primary research program through the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (No. 25A01025).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.