## 3 Results for the Research Questions
### RQ2: What Are the Expertise Sources Used for Experts Finding Systems?
#### 3.3.1 RQ3a: What Are the Differences between Expertise Retrieval and Expertise Seeking?
motivation and knowledge; (3) interaction factors like architecture and technology; (4) system factors like the technology and the interface; (5) object factors (wherein object refers to the experts, movies, or documents, etc.) like accessibility and the quality; and (6) environmental factors that consisting of (a) social factors like norms, community, and roles; (b) physical factors like mobility, temperature, and location; and (c) temporal factors, like the search phase, duration, constraints, and clock-time. Contextual factors are normally identified in expertise seeking research. This study analysed the nine studies in expertise seeking presented in Table 6. This table presents the contextual factors that have been identified in the expertise seeking domain. These factors can be combined with expert finding systems to improve their effectiveness. The major expertise source factors in these studies are the source quality and accessibility. All nine studies investigated the source accessibility, while eight of the studies analysed source quality, either in the form of a single dimension or as a multidimensional factor. The authors of references [92; 100] studied the source accessibility and quality as a single dimension; however, some authors [101; 102; 103; 104; 105; 106; 107] analysed these two factors as multidimensional factors. Along with the source quality and accessibility, the authors of reference [102] investigated the seeker-source relationship, like the lack of the confront factors. The authors in reference [103] identified various reasons for determining why users preferred to consult their colleagues for some queries rather than seeking the help of the designated internal experts. Their study identified 21 concepts, which were grouped into five separate groups, i.e., four expertise seeking barriers and one context variable for expertise seeking. These four barriers included (1) environment factors of culture and company size; (2) accessibility factors including the unknown experts, expert availability, or the expert willingness to share their knowledge and physical presence; (3) communication factors including the complex answers, expert's ability to transfer their knowledge, expert's adaptation to the user, insufficient expert knowledge, jargon, expert qualifications, their actual experience related to similar issues, and the user's inability to formulate the questions; and (4) personality factors including the loss of face, strong colleague relationships, and a mutual frame of reference. The context factors included the perceived approachability, good starting point, answer quality, shorter answers, and some time constraints. Some of the factors were investigated as antecedents, while others were studied as moderators. The authors in reference [107] analysed time pressure as the moderator factor. The researchers studied the role of various dimensions of the source quality and accessibility and determined how the time pressure affected their significance. Furthermore, reference [100] also studied the manner in which the need for information affected the source accessibility and quality. The authors in reference [102] examined various task-related factors as moderators and also determined how source accessibility and quality were influenced by the task-related factors like urgency, complexity, and task importance. Table 6 explains these factors in detail. In the past few years, expert finding systems studies have tried to combine contextual factors, derived from expertise seeking to improve their effectiveness. Table 7 summarizes 14 different studies that combined several contextual factors from 68 studies in expertise retrieval systems. The authors of reference [56] combined social factors into an expert finding system developed using a social network context. These social factors included knowledge level, background, experience, and personal preferences of the experts. Also, the authors of reference [88] combined experts' locations and time into their system.