# Disturbances Generated by Lighting Systems with LED Lamps and the Reduction in Their Impacts
## 6 Remarks and Conclusions  
The quality of the energy in power mains and the limitation of the impacts of electromagnetic interference as well as proper energy management are absolutely vital in the functioning of all facilities that supply, process, and use electricity. These issues have the highest priority as they are related to the proper and reliable operation of devices and electrical, electronic, and IT systems along with the fulfilment of the functions designed for them by their constructors and users, as well as the economics and ecology of energy usage. Based on the conducted measurements and considerations, as well as analyses presented by authors in other publications [20; 21; 22; 23; 28; 29; 30], it is possible to conclude, unambiguously, that the electrical lighting systems that use lamps operating with LED technology, introduce strong distortions of the  
Figure 14: Oscillogram of the waveform of the current drawn by the system comprising a power supply with a double conversion, including LED lamp 1 attached at the output. Figure 15: Oscillogram of the waveform of the current drawn by the system comprising a power supply circuit with a double conversion, including LED lamp 2 attached at the output. drawn current (the impact of harmonics), and at the same time, they put a strain on power supply systems with reactive capacitive power (in addition to the active power). With the high cumulation of such loads, irregularities in the operation of the surrounding auxiliary equipment, sensitive to the impacts of higher harmonics, may appear. Another severe effect for the recipients is an increase in costs for the utilisation of electricity, resulting from the additional energy losses related to the impact of harmonics, and the drawing of the reactive capacitive energy from the mains (much more expensive than the active energy). An improvement in the operation of the facilities and their mains, in terms of impacts of higher harmonics (generated, among others, by lighting systems with LED lamps), can be achieved by using two-stage power supplies. They are commonly used in uninterrupted power supplies (UPS). In view of the energy separation of loads from the power mains (VFI topology), their use helps to achieve the elimination of the impact of mains interferences on loads (an improvement in the quality of the power supply for sensitive devices), as well as a significant reduction in the impact of the higher harmonics of current drawn by them on the power mains. In the case of UPS, an additional benefit from their use is the uninterrupted powering of loads during power failures until the discharge of the installed electricity storages. This allows for the safe completion of processes by the connected loads. Owing to the decrease in the content of higher harmonics (current and voltage distortions) in the mains of commercial facilities, a reduction in the energy drawn from the power grid is obtained (through the elimination of the distortion power consumption). Furthermore, energy losses occurring in devices related to the production and transmission of energy as a result of the current flowing through them effectively decreased by the current resulting from distortion (i.e., the presence of higher harmonics), are also limited. Because of this, the energy efficiency of the entire system is improved (economic and technical benefits), and the heat emissions from the elements of that system into the surrounding environment are also reduced (ecological benefits). Another important factor is the improvement in the transmission capacities of the existing power infrastructure owing to the reduction in the distortion power consumptions (benefits for electricity providers). In circuits with LED lighting, in addition to the need for the elimination of the impacts of higher harmonics, there is a demand for reactive capacitive power compensation. This function is additionally fulfilled by certain uninterrupted power supply solutions (e.g., UPS EVER from the Powerline series).