## 1 Introduction  
Rockfalls and flooding are significant threats to infrastructure, public safety, and the environment, particularly in mountainous regions ([PERSON] et al. [1]). These natural hazards are triggered by factors such as seismic activity, heavy rainfall, erosion, and geomorphological instability. The risks are compounded when rockfalls coincide with flooding, necessitating enhanced stabilization measures for vulnerable slopes. In Romania, the Jiului Gorge exemplifies this vulnerability, with frequent rockfalls and floods disrupting critical transport routes including roads and railways. This study adopts an integrated approach, employing advanced detection and mapping techniques to improve our understanding and management of these geological threats.  
The Jiului Gorge, spanning from Bumbesti-Jiu in Gori County to Petrosani in Hune-doara County, is strategically located within the Southern Carpathians, dividing the Parang and Valcan mountain ranges. This area is traversed by National Road 66, a 32 km stretch that is part of the European E 79 route. The E 79 is crucial for both national and international transportation, linking major Romanian cities and extending towards Greece. This road is vital for international freight, particularly due to restrictions on alternative routes like the Olt Valley, which redirect a substantial volume of traffic to E 79. The road's role in regional trade and economy underscores the importance of addressing the hazards affecting it, especially as international traffic increases and infrastructure optimization becomes essential.  
Additionally, the Jiu River, the principal watercourse in the region, is prone to flooding during heavy rainfall and snowmelt, exacerbating the area's susceptibility to natural hazards ([PERSON] et al. [2]). The railway network, electrified in 1969-1970, historically facilitated coal transport from the Jiu Valley and has also supported international freight traffic. Notable services like the \"Transbalkan\" train, which once connected Romania to Hungary and other European countries, highlight the railway's potential. Revitalizing this infrastructure could restore international connections and enhance capacity for both freight and passenger transport.  
Currently, the daily train frequency on the Simeria-Petrosani-Targu Jiu-Filiasi route is significantly reduced compared to the 1990s, when it was a major conduit for goods and passengers. Modernizing this route could boost train numbers, improving efficiency and reinforcing its role as a key corridor for national and international traffic. Such developments would benefit the regional economy and strengthen connections between Central and Southeastern Europe.  
In summary, this study aims to investigate the impact of rockfalls and flooding on infrastructure within the Jiului Gorge. By employing advanced detection and mapping techniques, including Sentinel-1 radar imagery for flood mapping and rockfall detection, this research seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of geological hazards and their implications for transportation infrastructure. The following section outlines the specific materials and methods utilized to achieve these objectives, detailing data collection, processing techniques, and analytical approaches.