## 3 Results and Discussion  
The proposed system is designed using a visual display with 1920 \(\times\) 1080 pixels. Four color images of size 1920 \(\times\) 1080 are embedded with black and white data images, and stego images are created. These stego images are displayed on a display at a rate of 30 frames per second. These operations are performed using a PC with i5 INTEL core processor with 64-bit windows operating system. The clock speed of the system is 2.2 GHz and RAM is 8 GB. The four cover images are shown in Figure 10a-d. The black and white data images embedded into a red plane of these cover images are shown in Figure 11a-d, and their respective stego images are shown in Figure 12a-  
The image quality determines the performance of the proposed embedding algorithm. Image quality is the difference between the stego image and original image. The various statistical parameters used to evaluate the image quality are given below. **Average Difference:** The Average Difference (AD) is the average of the difference between the cover image and the stego image, and is given by Equation (1). For the two same images, the average difference is zero. An average difference closer to zero indicates less distortion from the cover image. \[AD=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}(O(i,j)-S(i,j))}{M\times N} \tag{1}\]  
**Average Absolute Difference:** Average absolute difference (AAD) is the average of the absolute value of the difference between the cover image and the stego image, and is given by Equation (2). For the two same images, the average absolute difference is zero. An average absolute difference closer to zero indicates less distortion from the cover image. \[AAD=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}(|O(i,j)-S(i,j)|)}{M\times N} \tag{2}\]  
**Image Fidelity:** Image Fidelity (IF) is given Equation (3). For the two same images, the image fidelity is one. The image fidelity closer to one indicates less distortion from the cover image. \[IF=1-\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}(O(i,j)-S(i,j))^{2}}{\sum \limits_{i=1}^{M}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}(O(i,j))^{2}} \tag{3}\]  
Figure 12: Stego Images (**a**) Image 1, (**b**) Image 2, (**c**) Image 3, (**d**) Image 4. **Mean Square Error:** Mean Square Error (MSE) is given by Equation (4). For the two same images, the mean square error is zero. A mean square error closer to zero indicates less distortion from the cover image. \[MSE=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}\left(O(i,j)-S(i,j)\right)^ {2}}{M\times N} \tag{4}\]  
**Root Mean Square Error:** Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is the square root of the mean square error, and is given Equation (5). For the two same images, the RMSE is zero. An RMSE closer to zero indicates less distortion from the cover image. \[RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}\left(O(i,j)-S(i,j) \right)^{2}}{M\times N}} \tag{5}\]  
**Peak Signal to Noise Ratio:** Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is evaluated in decibels and is given by Equation (6). The higher value of PSNR indicates less distortion from the cover image. For a good quality image, PSNR is around 50 dB. \[PSNR=20\log_{10}\left(\frac{O_{\text{max}}}{\sqrt{MSE}}\right) \tag{6}\]  
**Normalized Cross Correlation:** Normalized Cross Correlation (NK) is given by Equation (7). For the two same images, the NK is one. An NK closer to one indicates less distortion from the cover image. \[NK=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}\left(O(i,j)\times S(i,j) \right)}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N}\left(O(i,j)\right)^{2}} \tag{7}\]  
**Bit Error Rate:** Bit Error Rate (BER) is the measure of the number of error bits to the total number of bits and is given by Equation (8). BER varies from 0 to 1. For two same images, the BER is zero. A BER closer to zero indicates less distortion from the cover image. \[\text{BER}=\frac{\text{Number of Erroneous Bits}}{\text{Total Number of Bits}} \tag{8}\]  
**Structural Similarity Index Measurement:** Structural Similarity Index Measurement (SSIM) is given by Equation (9).