## 1 Introduction  
Tire temperature is one of the main causes of tire fatigue and affects tire integrality and effectiveness [1; 2; 3]. Tire temperature increases are caused by two factors: friction between the tread and the road, and internal heat production from the continuous deformation of the rubber. The finite element method (FEM) has been utilized in many studies to study tire stress and temperature [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11], which are used to assess static properties, stiffness, resonance frequencies, and vibration modes due to a very high computational load. [PERSON] et al. [5] concluded that finite element models can accurately simulate both the overall deformation and the frictional behavior in the tire/ground contact area. [PERSON] et al. [7] used simulations of cord-rubber composites with a nonlinear boundary condition in tire-rim and tire-road contacts to examine the impact of the belt cord angle on the performance of tires under various rolling states. They calculated the ideal belt cord angle for a particular radial tire using robar components for the cord layers. In the finite element model, it was found that the strain energy density of the belt decreased as the belt chord angle rose. Much research has been conducted in order to determine how the composition of the rubber material affects the temperature rise within the substance [12; 13]. Most heat generation studies assert that rubber composites with negligible heat buildup have limited toughness [12]. It has been claimed that the thermal energy loss in rubber is caused by interfacial phenomena rather than the filler network [13]. Many researchers have predicted the temperature of tires via simulation. A numerical procedure used to handle the temperature distribution of a rolling tire during a steady-state simulation was suggested by [PERSON] et al. [14]. Using a mechanical solver, the strain and velocity of the tire were assessed during the procedure. The energy dissipation rate of the viscoelastic rubber was then assessed. Last but not least, a thermal solver was used to determine the temperature distribution of the tire. This strategy, however, has a drawback; indeed, it can only be used for steady-state analysis. Using ANSYS 14.0 software, the static and dynamic behavior of radial tires on highways for civilian emergency vehicles or armored army vehicles was studied by [PERSON] et al. [15]. Their research provided greater insight into the modeling and simulation of the static and dynamic behavior of radial tires for civil emergency vehicles or military armored vehicles when their findings were compared to the imprint of the tire on the road surface. [PERSON] et al. [16] provided a completely predicted high-fidelity numerical technique for the simulation of a vehicle tire rolling with a constant angular speed over a bumpy road surface. Moreover, a finite detail technique was created by [PERSON] et al. [11] to examine the efficiency of a regular-state rolling tire on a road by altering the tread patterns. Additionally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] carried out cyclic loading analysis by employing a thermo-mechanical coupled issue [17] and [PERSON] et al. [18] did the same by using Abaqus. They concluded that stress and thermal studies are valid for significant strains and displacements. Tire life is crucial to preserving the health and durability of a vehicle. Temperature is the primary determinant of tire life since it impairs the construction of the tire and the rubber [18; 19]. Monitoring tire stress, deformation, and temperature distribution at various ambient temperatures is essential to preventing temperature-related problems. [PERSON] [20] and [PERSON] et al. [21] studied the effects of ambient temperature on tire rolling loss. They came to the conclusion that the temperature of the ambient air has a direct impact on the heat that is dissipated. The inflation pressure is a crucial property that affects the temperature of the tire. The temperature distribution of a steady-state rolling tire was also predicted by [PERSON] et al. [22].