# Model Test Research on the Propagation of Tsunamis and Their Interaction with Navigating Ships
## 4 Study of the Characteristics of Landslide Surges in Rock Mass
### Study of Landslide-Induced Tsunami Characteristics at Different Locations  
According to the layout of the measuring points during the test, the No. 2, No. 4, and No. 6 measuring points are 2.8 m away from the landslide point, and the propagation characteristics of the landslide-induced tsunami at the same distance and at different positions are studied.  
Figure 12 shows the sequence of images collected during the experiments. The No. 2 monitoring site is located on the landslide section, the No. 4 monitoring site is located on the area of the straight river, and the No. 6 monitoring site is located on the area of the river bend. Figure 12 illustrates that, after the landslide body enters the water, it interacts with the water body to generate a landslide-induced tsunami, and the waves scatter and propagate in all directions. The landslide-induced tsunami reaches the No. 2 monitoring point, and the No. 2 measuring point surge rapidly reaches its peak at t = 1.51 s. The first generated wave always has a first crest followed by a though. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the landslide body enters the water along the cross section of the river, rapidly moves the water body, and causes a change in the water level. Consequently, the landslide-induced tsunami travels at different speeds in different locations within the channel reservoir. The peak value of No. 2 monitoring point is greater than those of No. 4 and No. 6 monitoring points. The landslide-induced tsunami gradually attenuates in the propagation process, the peak value gradually decreases, and the impact on buildings in the channel reservoir gradually decreases.  
Figure 12: Variation curve of the case 7 water level in different positions.  
Study of the Landslide-Induced Tsunami Characteristics of a Landslide Body with Different Thickness Values  
The landslide-induced tsunami characteristics generated by landslides with the same lengths and widths but different thickness values are studied. The changes in water level at monitoring point 2 with landslide thickness values of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m are compared.  
As shown in Figure 13, the wave heights generated by the landslides with different thickness values are different. The maximum water level and the minimum water level at each case are reported. The landslide-induced tsunami height increases as the thickness of the landslide body increases. Large thickness of the rock slope equates to large rock slope volume, high initial energy of the rock slope into water, high energy transferred to water during the exchange process, and highly intense movement of the water level. The landslide-induced tsunami generated by the landslide body entering water under any working condition also has a large initial wave height at t = 2.02 s. The energy during the propagation process decreases gradually and stabilizes in a stable state.  
The variation curve of case 2 and case 3 are similar, whereas case 1 is slightly different. The main reason for this is that the volume of the landslide body is small, and there is more loss of energy in the process of formation and propagation. At the same time, tsunamis generated by deformable granular landslides are physically modeled in a three-dimensional tsunami wave basin based on the generalized Froude similarity. The first wave amplitude is formed with the sliding of a partial landslide. Case 1 also shows the larger peak in the initial stage, and the water level gradually decreases with the increase of time.