## 4 Materials and Methods
### Real-Life Examples
Projecting this estimation in a scenario in which all 10.000 houses damaged during the earthquake were deconstructed for the reuse of material rather than with conventional demolition, it would have been possible to save a total of 5.021.580 GJ of energy and 27.290 tons of carbon emissions. The study also indicated that the deconstruction and reuse of material may not be completely economically viable in current market conditions, but it contributes more to socio-economic and environmental aspects, with significant advantages compared to conventional disposal-demolition [75]. \"Passivhaus\" is a low energy design standard developed in the 1990s in Germany by the Passivhaus Institut [76], providing year-round comfort without significant active space heating or cooling systems with the use of only a minimal source of electrical energy. It is called \"passive\" because the sum of the passive contributions of heat from solar radiation transmitted by the windows and the heat generated inside the building (by household appliances and by the occupants themselves) are almost sufficient to compensate for the thermal losses of the walls during the cold season [77]. A Passivhaus system for two-three bed houses used in Scotland presents also an interesting example concerning deconstructability. In this project, the deconstruction principles were already incorporated into the project, from the beginning of the design phase. The buildings were composed of insulated-wall-panels that use mechanical fixings and screws to form fully insulated timber stud walls. Oriented strand board (OSB) boards form the sandwich, and the joints are sealed using airtight barrier tapes with the internal vapor control barrier stapled to the OSB boards. The wall panels are nailed to timber load-bearing sole plates, which in turn are nailed into a masonry sub-structure. The roof is made of cassette panels glued to timber rafters and gluam ridge beams. The flooring is tongue and groove solid timber boards, and it is glued to the base structure. In this example, the deconstruction principles considered in the design phase allow easy deconstruction operations. The upper floor, internal walls,windows, doors, and floor finishes can all be dismantled with standard equipment. The ground floor and foundations can also be dismantled using non-specialized equipment once the external and internal walls have been removed. Several materials used, such as the mineral wool, OSB boards, fiber cement slates, and insulation have been recycled or re-used in a new context, in some cases after a cleaning [78]. The \"Circl Pavillion\" in Amsterdam, designed by architect [PERSON] of the Architekten Cie [79], is another example of circular and deconstructable building, in which components are continually reused and waste is avoided. The interior space has been designed to be as flexible as possible and to be dismantled with the use of movable walls made from recycled aluminum and expanded metal mesh. Then, the end-of-life recovery of the components which will be resold and used in other buildings. The insulation of walls and ceilings was made up of recycled jeans, consisting of 2.500 kg of material, sandwiched to provide an acoustic buffer. The windows frames were removed from demolished office buildings for being reused, and hardwood parquet flooring and an old glazing facade were taken from old buildings and used as internal wall partitions. The wooden structures are joined by hollows and bolts, so that at the end of life, the wooden beams can be dismantled and reused in a new structure or for a different use [79]. The examples presented show that it is possible to have positive results by properly deconstructing the building at the end of its lifecycle. Where these strategies have been carried out with foresight, planned already in the design phase, the effects produced on the urban environment have been concretely positive on several levels.