esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Performance Evaluation
Figure 4 shows the results of deployment costs for the heterogeneous configuration. When the number of requests is 5 (Figure 4a), the deployment cost for the proposed method outperforms the other three approaches. The total cost of the proposed resource consolidation algorithm is 40, while those of the Belady, retrospective download with least recently used, and random approaches are about 42, 50, and 59.6, respectively. When the number of requests is 10 (Figure 4b), the result of the proposed method also outperforms the Belady, retrospective download with least recently used, and random approaches. When the numbers of requests are 15 and 20 (Figure 4c,d), the top performance can be found in the proposed method, followed by the Belady, random, and retrospective download with least recently used approaches. The total costs for the heterogeneous configuration are about 260, 436, 382, and 246, when the Belady, retrospective download with least recently used, random, and the proposed method  
Figure 4: The results of deployment costs for the heterogeneous configuration. (**a**) Number of request: 5; (**b**) Number of request: 10; (**c**) Number of request: 15; (**d**) Number of request: 20. Figure 3: The results of deployment costs for the homogeneous configuration. (**a**) Number of request: 5; (**b**) Number of request: 10; (**c**) Number of request: 15; (**d**) Number of request: 20.  
are used, respectively. The cost of the proposed resource consolidation algorithm for the heterogeneous configuration is about 56% over the retrospective download, with the least recently used. In terms of load balance, we measure the standard deviation for the four approaches. More specifically, we sum up the standard deviations for the homogeneous configurations when the numbers of requests are 5, 10, 15, and 20. The results of the values are 5.50, 4.74, 6.77, and 5.00 for the Belady, retrospective download with least recently used, random, and proposed approaches, respectively. The lowest value can be found in the retrospective download with least recently used method, where the performance for the deployment cost is the worst. The proposed method is second to none in terms of the standard deviation. The reason our resource consolidation algorithm is based on the hidden Markov model is because our method is able to accurately determine whether it uses the edge servers or not by considering the status of mobile devices in nanoscale computing environments. To sum up, our resource consolidation algorithm offers cost efficiency while providing the load balance in nanoscale computing environments.
# A Photonically-Excited Leaky-Wave Antenna Array at E-Band for 1-D Beam Steering
## 2 Leaky-Wave Antenna
### Feed Network  
The antenna feed network comprises the section between the photodiode chip and the rows. It is composed of a tapered transition to adapt the width difference between the photodiode output and the 50-\(\Omega\) G-CPW on the Duroid 5880 substrate (as detailed in Figure 6a). After this transition, a section follows in which the two G-CPWs separate to conform to the row separation. Finally, the last section is a transition to a microstrip transmission line (TL) and a symmetric corporate feed network for the array rows. It was designed to minimize the reflection coefficient, cross-talk between photodiodes, and the radiation losses that could degrade the patterns.
# Interference Alignment for Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: A Survey
###### Abstract  
Interference alignment (IA) is an innovative wireless transmission strategy that has shown to be a promising technique for achieving optimal capacity scaling of a multiuser interference channel at asymptotically high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Transmitters exploit the availability of multiple signaling dimensions in order to align their mutual interference at the receivers. Most of the research has focused on developing algorithms for determining alignment solutions as well as proving interference alignment's theoretical ability to achieve the maximum degrees of freedom in a wireless network. Cognitive radio, on the other hand, is a technique used to improve the utilization of the radio spectrum by opportunistically sensing and accessing unused licensed frequency spectrum, without causing harmful interference to the licensed users. With the increased deployment of wireless services, the possibility of detecting unused frequency spectrum becomes diminished. Thus, the concept of introducing interference alignment in cognitive radio has become a very attractive proposition. This paper provides a survey of the implementation of IA in cognitive radio under the main research paradigms, along with a summary and analysis of results under each system model.  
opportunistic interference alignment (OIA); spatial water-filling (SWF); space-time water-filling (ST-WF); maximum eigenmode beamforming (MEB)
# Ensemble-Learning-Based Prediction of Steel Bridge Deck Defect Condition
###### Abstract  
This study developed an ensemble-learning-based bridge deck defect condition prediction model to help bridge managers make more rational and informed steel bridge deck maintenance decisions. Using the latest data from the NBI database for 2021, this study first used ADASYN to solve imbalance problems in the data, then built six ensemble learning models (RandomForest, ExtraTree, AdaBoost, GBDT, XGBoost, and LightGBM) and used a grid search method to determine the hyperparameters of the models. The optimal model was finally analyzed using the interpretable machine learning framework, SHAP. The results show that the optimal model is XGBoost, with an accuracy of 0.9495, an AUC of 0.9026, and an F1-Score of 0.9740. The most important factor affecting the condition of steel bridge deck defects is the condition of the bridge's superstructure. In contrast, the condition of the bridge substructure and the year of bridge construction are relatively minor factors.  
steel bridge deck; data mining; artificial intelligence; ensemble learning; defect condition prediction; feature importance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Drill Hole Orientation: Its Role and Importance on the Compression Response of Pure Magnesium
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Simulation Results
#### 3.1.1 Development of Shear Zones  
Maximum shear stress plots were obtained at a compressive load of 9000 N for all drill-hole orientations and stresses above 120 MPa (i.e., 0.4*UTS where UTS = 300 MPa for monolithic magnesium) were coloured red. These plots are shown in Figure 5. Figure 5A shows that, in the case of vertical drill hole orientation, the majority of the volume is under the stress of 120 MPa. However, Figure 5B1,2 and Figure 5C1-3 show a significant region to be above the 120 MPa stress. In the angular drill hole orientation, the majority of the volume experiences shear stresses less than 80 MPa (fourth colour on the contour band). The region experiencing stresses above 120 MPa is found to be concentrated around the hole. Figure 5B1 illustrates the spatial distribution of the low and high shear stress regions. The red region in Figure 5B2 gives a 3D representation of this high-stress region and also hints at a possible direction in which macroscopic failure could take place in the sample with a drill hole in angular orientation.  
As the drill hole orientation changes to the horizontal direction, the maximum shear stress contours shape themselves in a pattern that is quite similar to the vertical drill hole orientation albeit with slight differences. Figure 5C1 shows a significant presence of high-stress regions in the horizontal drill hole orientation developing at a particular angle to the sample, which was minimal in the vertical drill hole orientation. In the case of a horizontal drill hole orientation, the hole itself acts as a stress concentration, resulting in compressive stresses at the left and right of the hole and tensile stresses at the top and bottom of the hole giving rise to additional shear stresses in between. The orientation of the region with stresses above 120 MPa is better identified in Figure 5C2,3. A common observation in all three drill orientations is that the maximum shear stress region bulges at the centre of the sample.
# Use of Lignin, Waste Tire Rubber, and Waste Glass for Soil Stabilization
## 1 Introduction
Although lignin primarily improves the organic content and water retention capacity, it also contributes to the binding of soil particles and, thus, to overall stability. This combination leads to a synergistic effect that improves the load-bearing capacity of the soil while maintaining its resilience. As outlined above, several research studies have been conducted to define the mechanical and physical properties of soils, especially low-plasticity clay, by adding different types of waste materials such as lignin, waste tires, and glass powder, with each study focusing on the addition of only one type of waste. In this article, however, the properties of a modified soil with the simultaneous addition of two different types of waste are investigated. This approach aims to improve several soil properties at the same time. As the aim is to improve the subgrade for pavement structures, the main mechanical properties that are important for pavement design are investigated. In addition, the deformation properties are evaluated using cyclic triaxial tests to determine the resilient modulus. The aim of this research is to determine the most suitable combination of hybrid wastes to improve the subgrade of road pavements. The results of this experimental program provide important information for the design of road pavements in which the subgrade is improved with hybrid wastes such as lignocellulosic, glass powder, and rubber tires. In addition, the most effective mixtures of hybrid wastes are proposed to achieve the most subgrade improvements.
## 3 Results and Discussion
However, only values of TP and AC showed significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) among feed sample and spray-dried samples at 125 and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Betacyanins and betaxanthins content of feed 3.5P decreased significantly when the sample was spray dried at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C (\(p<0.05\)), but if it was spray dried at 125 \({}^{\circ}\)C, betacyanins and betaxanthins content did not show significant differences (\(p>0.05\)). The same behavior was observed for betacyanin content in feed 7P; however, betaxanthins content was stable. Comparing the P %, there were only significant differences between SD3.5P125 and SD7P125 in total phenol and antioxidant activity terms, showing lower values in SD3.5P125. The spray-dried sample with the most content of studied bioactive compounds was 7P125. Moreover, this was reflected in the value of AC of this sample, higher than the rest of the spray-dried samples. To explain the relationships in the different compounds quantified in this study with the AC and the relationships among them, correlation statistical analyses were performed. The studied bioactive compounds showed a positive Pearson's correlation coefficient with AC. TP played a key role in the AC of beetroot samples, showing a coefficient of 0.9209 (\(p<0.05\)). This behavior has been observed by other authors in fruit powders [32,43]. Betacyanins and betaxanthins also presented high Pearson correlation coefficients; 0.8549 and 0.8359 (\(p<0.05\)), respectively. Figure 4 shows bioactive compounds and AC EE % in beetroot spray-dried samples. EE refers to the potential of the wall material to encapsulate or hold the core material inside the microcapsule. EE are also related to the shelf life of the bioactive compounds content and AC in the powder. Among the bioactive compound analyzed, TP showed higher EE %. Comparing EE % with another study that encapsulated beetroot with pumpkin oil cake protein [55], TP EE % were slightly lower. As observed in Figure 4, remarkably, the highest values of EE, for all bioactive compounds and AC, were for 7P125. The higher P % protects bioactive compounds and the lower spray-dried temperature does not degrade them. The 3.5P150 showed a contrary effect, with lower P % and higher spray-dried temperature, and therefore lower values of EE % for all bioactive compounds and AC. Therefore, 7P125 powder had higher bioactive compound content (Table 5) and, according to its EE %, these bioactive compounds could be more stable.
## 5 Conclusions  
We have designed and tested a computationally efficient method for precise location of 2D QR Codes in arbitrary images under various illumination conditions. The proposed method is suitable for low-resolution images as well as for real time processing. The designed Finder Pattern based localization method uses three typical patterns of QR Codes to identify three corners of QR Codes in an image. If one of the three Finder Patterns is so destroyed that it cannot be localized, we have suggested a way to deal with it. The input image is binarized and scanned horizontally to localize the Finder Pattern candidates, which are subsequently verified in order to localize the raw QR Code region. For distorted QR Codes, the perspective transformation is set-up by gradually approaching the boundary of the QR Code.  
This method was validated on the testing dataset consisting of a wide variety of samples (synthetic, real world, and specific industrial samples) and it was compared to competing software. The experimental results show that our method has a high detection rate.  
The application of QR Codes and their optical recognition has wide use in identification, tracing or monitoring of items in production [30], storing and distribution processes, to aid visually impaired and blind people, to let autonomous robots [31] to acquire context-relevant information, to support authorization during log-in process, to support electronic payments, to increase industrial production surety factor [32], etc.  
In cases where is required to place the 2D matrix codes on a very small area it may be preferable to use Data Matrix codes [33].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Solution**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(\mathbf{1296\times 960}\)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(\mathbf{2592\times 1920}\)} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **1 Code** & **10 Codes** & **1 Code** & **10 Codes** & **50 Codes** \\ \hline ZBar (open-source) & 85 ms & 185 ms & 347 ms & 372 ms & 1744 ms \\ Quirc (open-source) & 13 ms & 26 ms & 45 ms & 130 ms & 493 ms \\
**Our solution** & 18 ms & 21 ms & 73 ms & 77 ms & 107 ms \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Dependence of computational complexity on image resolution and number of QR codes in an image.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, methodology, software, writing--original draft preparation, L.K.; validation, writing--review and editing, visualization, E.P.; supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, P.B.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** The article is funded of the research project KEGA 013 TUKE-4/2019 \"Modern educational tools and methods for shaping creativity and increasing the practical skills and habits of graduates of technical departments of universities\".  
**Acknowledgments:** The contribution is sponsored by the project.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Defining Breast Tumor Location Using a Four-Element Wearable Circular UWB MIMO Antenna Array
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design, implementation, and evaluation of a wearable UWB antenna array for the detection of cancerous tissues in the human breast. The proposed antenna configuration consists of a four-element wearable circular UWB MIMO antenna array with reflector cavities. The frequency range of the antenna spans from 2.57 GHz to 12.6 GHz. The performance of the developed antenna is validated through simulations and measurements, showing good agreement. The suggested antenna design exhibits several favorable characteristics, including a well-defined beamwidth, high gain, and high directivity. These features contribute to the accurate identification and localization of tumors within the breast. To evaluate the detection capabilities, a heterogeneous breast phantom with a 10 mm tumor radius is utilized. The proposed antenna array demonstrates promising results in terms of tumor identification and localization. Furthermore, the paper investigates the specific absorption rate (SAR) associated with the antenna system. The SAR analyses are conducted using 1 g and 10 g standards, which assess the absorption of radio frequency power by biological tissues. The results indicate that the suggested antennas comply with the SAR standards, highlighting their suitability for the early detection and localization of breast cancer. It is important to note that the proposed detection scenario in this study focuses on the presence of a single tumor. Future work will involve adapting the proposed working principle to detect multiple tumors, expanding the applicability and potential impact of the antenna array in breast cancer diagnosis.  
[PERSON] raised the idea, performed the numerical simulations, and wrote the manuscript draft; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] revised the manuscript, performed the theoretical analysis, discussed the numerical results in the main manuscript, contributed to the simulation results and the validation, and improved the revised version. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
All the data are included in the study.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis
### IBD Genetic predisposition  
In addition to immune dysregulation by environmental risk factors, several genetic mutations in susceptible hosts can lead to the exacerbation of intestinal epithelial barrier function failure and IBD development. Frameshift mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2, also called CARD15) is associated with increased risk for the development of CD [30]. The NOD2-associated protein recognizes a signature component of bacterial peptidoglycan, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), to elicit an appropriate immune response through the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-k\(\beta\)) pathway [31]. In CD-associated NOD2 mutants, binding abilities are weaker and therefore have an altered and irregular immune response to bacteria contributing to dysbiosis and disease pathogenesis [31]. Additionally, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 protein (MyD88)-dependent TLR signaling is an important signaling cascade regulating commensal microbiota-host symbiosis at the transcriptional level [32]. In MyD88 loss-of-function mutant zebrafish in the presence of commensal bacterial colonization in the gut, researchers [PERSON] et al. found a significant downregulation of host genes downstream of MyD88 through TLR-MyD88-microbiota signaling [33]. These results indicate the significance of commensal microbiota in mediating the host transcriptome via TLR-MyD88 cascades. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key receptor for initiation of the innate immune system in response to binding of ligands, such as lipopolysaccharide-accharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria [34]. TLR-receptor signaling, specifically toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, play a fundamental role in intestinal barrier integrity via the gut microbiome and dysregulation could contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD [35].
## 3 Technical Background
### AxPort[2:0] Signal  
The _AxPort [2:0]_ signal (where \(x=R\) for read and \(x=W\)_for write)_ is an access authorization signal that protects the slave interfaces from malicious requests. It is composed of the following bits, privilege level access bit _AxPort [0]_, request security status bit _AxPort [1]_ and access type bit _AxPort [2]_.  
To carry out our cache attacks, we only focus on the request security status bit _AxPort [1]_. In a system that incorporates ARM TrustZone technology, this bit is used to propagate in the AXI bus the security status of the request that is fixed by the request issuer (a master interface of a hardware accelerator or the processing system). The arbiter of the AXI bus uses the _AxPort [1]_ bit to protect secure IPs from non-secure requests by rejecting the communication request and rising errors in the bus. The security status of the request according to the value of _AxPort [1]_ bit is:  
* _AxPort [1]_ = _'1_': The request is non-secure and can only access non-secure system resources.
* _AxPort [1]_ = _'0_': The request is secure and can access all system resources.  
In an enabled-TrustZone SoC-FPGA, a master interface of a hardware accelerator exploited by a hardware Trojan represents a major threat to the entire system [1]. Moreover, this scenario is particularly credible when the slave interfaces (including the ACP) of the processing system part are not configured to deny access to secure regions of the main memory from the programmable logic part, which is often the case.  
In the rest of the article, we presume that _AxUser[0]_ and _AxCache[1]_ bits are set, and that the hardware accelerator of the programmable logic part has access to secure memory regions.
# Peer-to-Peer Ultra-Wideband Localization for Hands-Free Control of a Human-Guided Smart Stroller
## 5 Results and Analysis
### User Evaluation Results: Experiments 1 and 2  
The system usability scale results for all subjects, male subjects and female subjects for three interfaces are shown in Figure 12. The average and standard deviation of the SUS scores are summarized in Table 2. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (Bonferroni correction) was conducted to compare the usability scale across the three interfaces. The analysis demonstrated that, for all participants, the manual operation had a higher score than the other two interfaces, the hands-free interface, and the joystick exhibited significant differences compared to manual operation. No significant difference was observed between the hands-free interface and the joystick. For male subjects, the statistical results were consistent. However, for female subjects, the findings were the opposite. A significant difference was observed in the hands-free interface scores higher than the joystick. No significant differences were found when comparing the hands-free interface to manual operation, or the joystick to manual operation.  
Scores for the NASA Task Load Index dimension for all participants are shown in Figure 13. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test with Bonferroni correction, differences in task load are primarily manifested in terms of mental demand and physical demand across three interfaces. Hands-free and joystick showed higher mental demand  
Figure 11: Results of completion time of Experiment 2. *** denotes a significant difference at the level \(p<0.003\) (Bonferroni correction).  
Figure 12: Results of the system usability scores of the proposed hands-free interface, joystick, and manual operation. *** and * denotes a significant difference at the level \(p<0.003\) (Bonferroni correction) and \(p<0.017\) (Bonferroni correction) separately. n.s. denotes no significant difference.  
than manual operation with significant differences observed. However, they presented significantly lower physical demand compared to manual operation for all participants.  
The scores of the additional questionnaire are illustrated in Figure 14. For all participants and female subjects, the hands-free interface appeared to perform better in smoothness, suitableness, naturalness, safety, and intuition than the joystick. While male subjects reported that the proposed method performed better in task suitableness, and naturalness but worse in intuition and smoothness compared to the joystick, the two interfaces had the same level of safety.