### Material Security
Normally, a material that is listed in a critical material list has a low mining rate and a low recycling rate, so it should improve its resource efficiency to prevent restriction of  
Figure 1: The framework of material security dimensions and indicators. the material. The supply risk dimension goes beyond output concentration and takes into account other considerations, such as substitutability and recyclability. If a material has high functional substitutability, then this can lower its supply risk [11]. A summary explanation of critical material indicators is tabulated in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Dimensions** & **Descriptions** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Consumption Levels} & For some materials, data on total annual use is available. This data shows how reliant national or global economies are on the material’s future availability. \\  & The reader a substance is to be replaced by another; the more secure economies will be regarding future supply shortages. In some cases, copper can be replaced by aluminum, a more common metal. However, substitutes for magnesium, required to harden steel, are few. \\  & The Eco Invent database provides the GWP over 100 years in kg CO\({}_{2}\) equivalents generated per kilogram of material mined. The GWP of minerals varies greatly. For example, a kilogram of platinum requires almost 15 tonnes of CO\({}_{2}\) equivalents to mine and beneficiate, while the same weight of aluminum from bauxite requires only 8 g. \\  & The total weight of rocks and other substrate mined to obtain a given weight of metal or other mineral also provides a rough indication of environmental impact. \\  & Physical scarcity has a clear impact on a material’s overall security, but determining scarcity is notoriously difficult. \\  & Japan’s National Institute for Material Science recently \\  & presented predictions for which metals’ reserves, and, in some cases, reserve bases, will be depleted by 2050. \\  & Aluminum consumption, for example, is not expected to have an impact on reserves by 2050. In contrast, the institute predicts that silver will significantly outgrow its reserve base over the same time period. Such projections are likely to be overly pessimistic, and thus data on material scarcity is deemed secondary in importance. \\  & When the world’s production of a certain substance is concentrated in a single or in two countries, future supply becomes vulnerable. For instance, over 80\% of the world’s platinum is being mined in South Africa. \\  & Material security, arguably, is impacted by a country’s governance, notably its political stability and the countries from which materials are sourced. War, starvation, and other forms of disturbance can disrupt supplies. By analysing the principal nation’s production data, it is possible to assign a (rough) political stability score to each substance. The World Bank’s Governance Indicator was used to collect information on political stability. The website provides percentile rankings for 212 countries and territories based on a variety of criteria, including “political stability and the lack of violence/terrorism.” \\  & Certain regions are anticipated to be more vulnerable to climate change consequences than others. Additionally, this susceptibility can be utilized to forecast future material insecurity. The German Advisory Council on Climate Change issued a map indicating which regions of the world are most likely to suffer disproportionately from climate change. These hotspots were very poorly translated into climate change in the Material Security Spreadsheet. Score of vulnerability is based on proximity to hotspots. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Descriptions of critical material security indicators, adapted from [21]. Several countries have started to conduct studies considering material security as a vital factor, such as the countries in the European Union (EU) [24], the United Kingdom (UK) [21], the United States (US [25], India [11], Japan [13; 26], Australia, South Korea and Russia [27].