# A 5G V2X Ecosystem Providing Internet of Vehicles +
## 5 Materials and Methods
### The 5G Ecosystem Simulation Methodology
The choice of this scenario is especially due to the expectancy of the cellular network traffic increase, considering the rural area with its implementation sparser than the other 5G deployment scenarios. Second, UMa (Urban Macro) is simulated to verify the behavior in urban areas. Finally, we have simulated an UMi (Urban Micro) environment. The network topology simulated is presented in Figure 6. It has one gNodeB and 10 to 60 users for simulated scenarios. It was assumed one user enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) by vehicle, since the European Environment Agency has defined that the average number of people in a passenger car is 1.45, as during the journey the driver consumes less data than the respective passengers [65]. The traffic model used was provided by the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) the support of ns2-mobility helper class of ns-3. As can be seen in Figure 6, four street lanes were adopted. Each simulated vehicle was placed on one of the four street lanes. The vehicles move at constant speed in the same scenario (based on the recommendations of 3 GPP TR 38.913) and in the same direction in each one of the tracks, from right to left on the 1 st track (1 st and 2 nd lanes) and from left to right on the 2 nd track (3 rd and 4 th lanes). Since the two tracks with the four lanes are used, each vehicle is randomly assigned to one of the lanes, being positioned following an exponentially distributed inter-vehicular spacing. Considering an expected high mobility of the 5G networks, all vehicles travel at 120 km/h, based on the rural scenario of 3 GPP TR 38.913. For urban UMa and UMi scenarios, all vehicles travel at 30 km/h. Through the mmWave 3 GPP Channel class, spatial consistency across the entire vehicle motion path was also enabled. For V2V communication scenarios, the main network goal is to deliver packages for as many vehicles as possible, when it is necessary to inform the critical conditions of the road, such as accidents, road adverse conditions and abrupt braking, in order to avoid collisions between the vehicles. The network becomes reliable when the highest delivery rates are presented. The Packet \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Rural Macro** & **Urban Macro** & **Urban Micro** \\ \hline numgNB & 1 gNB & 1 gNB & 1 gNB \\ hgNB & 35 m & 25 m & 10 m \\ hUE & 1.5 m & 1.5 m & 1.5 m \\ maxdist & 320 m & 250 m & 100 m \\ mindist & 35 m & 35 m & 10 m \\ numVehicles & [10–60] & [10–60] & [10–60] & [10–60] & [10–60] \\ speed & 120 km/h & 30 km/h & 30 km/h \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Parameters of 5G V2X scenarios. Figure 6: Network topology simulated of a fog cell. Delivery Ratio (PDR) is the relation among the amount of the vehicles which receive the transmitted packets and the number of vehicles in the network, formulated by the Equation (2). In this way, based on 5G V2V communication scenarios, an evaluation was carried out, adopting rural and urban scenarios. The results are presented in the next section. \[PDR=\frac{Total\ number\ of\ vehicles\ receiving\ packages}{Total\ vehicles\ on\ the\ network} \tag{2}\]  
Table 4 presents the adopted simulation parameters. The 3 GPP mmWave channel model was used to perform the initial connection of the active vehicle to the gNodeB using mmWave communications and considering the parameters of frequency, bandwidth, number of sub-bands, channel conditions, and fading listed in Table. The Round Robin scheduling was used. The centre carrier frequency is 28 GHz and 1 frame contains 10 sub-frames, each one of 1 ms, and contains 24 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols with 100 us resulting in a bandwidth of 1 GHz. Each sub-band corresponds to 13.89 MHz and contains 48 sub-carries. In addition, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) and Radio Link Control-Acknowledge Mode (RLC-AM) mechanisms were enabled. For retransmission, V2X incorporates the HARQ with the purpose of achieving greater efficiency at the link level, higher transmission range and reliability on the performance [3].