# Design and Implementation of LoRa Based IoT Scheme for Indonesian Rural Area
## 4 Result and Discussion
### Coverage Performance Analysis  
To measure the package communication in a certain coverage, we evaluated the employed module performance during sending and receiving of the package. The evaluation was conducted to assess the network performance of the LoRa communication scheme ranging from 100 m to 1000 m using the parameters assessed in the previous experiment. Table 3 and Figure 9 depict the performance of the LoRa communication scheme implemented in our work. It shows that some spreading factors have reached the maximum range early, for instance the spreading factor of 7 reached 400 m and the spreading factor of 9 reached 500 m, respectively. This was indicated by 0 transmittal received in the servers. Besides, we also noticed that the varied spreading factor eventually influences the delay. As the spreading factor increases, the delay of communication between the client and the servers was slightly to have a longer communication shown by the increasing of delay, for instance the spreading factor of 7 suffers a 150 ms delay, while the spreading factor of 12 suffers an almost 10 times longer delay. However, the spreading factor also affected the range of the communication between the server and the client. The higher the spreading factor value was given, the further the distance that could be reached, so that the devices could communicate with each other in a longer range. Meanwhile, by increasing the spreading factor, it was affecting the delay generated by the system. The delay took a longer time even if the transmission was conducted in low range. For example, for spreading factor 7, an average delay of the proposed scheme was 150 ms, but on spreading \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Range (m)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Time (ms)**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Node 1** & **Node 2** \\ \hline
100 & 145.8934 & 152.4674 \\
200 & 173.6295 & 179.138 \\
300 & 260.4892 & 250.1508 \\
400 & 147.229 & 232.6086 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The result with default parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Spreading Factor** & **Maximum Workable Bandwidth Settings** \\ \hline
7 & 125 KHz \\
9 & 31,250 Hz \\
12 & 125 KHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Spreading factors and maximum workable bandwidth settings. factor 9, the average of the delay value increased to 250 ms. Likewise, as the spreading factor changed to 12, the delay increased to 1320 ms. Besides that, by looking at the facts contained in Table 3, several findings could be summarized. First, to be able to transmit data at a close range, the spreading factor parameters need to be decreased. Meanwhile, if the user prefers to transmit data over long distances, the value of the spreading factor must be increased. Second, adjusting the value of the spreading factor to receive data transmission with a specific range is significantly affecting the delay generated by the system. Thus, the further the data is transmitted, the spreading factor value needs to be increased. Assessing the value of the spreading factor, it is clearly presented in Table 3 that adjustment of the spreading factor to the higher value was impacting the delay communication in the proposed work, even at very close distances (100 m). Meanwhile, the clear illustration of the relationship between the value of the spreading factor to the distance and delay is depicted in Figure 9. From the graph shown in Figure 9, it could be notably seen that the delay measured in our real implementation was assessed to have the rising trend indicated by the increasing of the time measured during the data transmission. However, the anomaly was found in the data taking from NODE 1. As can be seen in Table 3, NODE 1 experienced the data deviation for the communication taken from the distance of 600 m. We found that the nature effects played an essential role for the deployment of LoRa in agriculture. The experience of the device shaking, caused by nature such as wind or rain, would have an impact for the communication in the real world.