# Biomass Refined: 99% of Organic Carbon in Soils
## 1 Introduction
### Comparisons of Turnover Times (\(\tau\)) for Atmospheric Carbon Support Higher Land NPP  
Ref. [80] stated: \"_Our analysis suggests that current estimates of global gross primary production, of 120 petagrams of carbon per year, may be **too low**, and that **a best guess** of 150-175 petagrams of carbon per year better reflects the observed rapid cycling of CO\({}_{2}\)\"_ [my bolding], i.e., an NPP rate \(>\) 80 Gt C/yr. Other \"official\" counts have higher NPP too; e.g., ref. [81] has \"_a total global terrestrial NPP of around 100 PgC yr\({}^{-1}\)_\". Support for relatively higher terrestrial NPP also comes from isotopic studies of the atmosphere and the turnover time to recycle all 890 Gt C of atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) carbon, e.g., by [46, 82, 83]. Most recently, ref. [59] admit wide underestimation with a latest \"_best estimate_\" of terrestrial GPP of \(\sim\)170-200 Gt C/yr (=NPP on land of 85-100 with median of \(\sim\)93 Gt C/yr). Terrestrial gross flux they quantified to 550\(\pm\)60 Gt C/year, falling in the range reported in the literature of 200-660 Gt C/year, to give turnover time for atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) (828 Gt C/550 Gt C/ yr GPP = 1.5 years. Despite ignoring terrain, their table 2 in ref. [84] shows already calculated land GPP (200 Gt C/yr) more than twice Ocean GPP (91 Gt C/yr), or NPP 100 vs. 45.5 Gt C/yr, proving already realized Soil:Sea disparity.  
However, ref. [59] oceanic component claimed as 90-120 Gt C/yr GPP (or 45-60 Gt C/yr NPP) is likely overstated since, as detailed above, there is little evidence for Ocean NPP much above 5-10 Gt C/yr. Thus, their ocean NPP estimates may be overblown by up to 50 Gt C/yr, which, when logically carried over to land, ups their (flat!) land NPP range to 120-150 Gt C/yr, approaching 218 Gt C/yr NPP from [16].  
Confirmation of Land as the major influence is confirmed by [59] turnover times of 1.2 yr vs. 1.8 yr in the North vs. the South, or 50% more rapid with more landmass--the southern hemisphere having 50% less green landscape than in the North.  
Earlier, ref. [80] gave approximate NPP, PR, and SR rates of \(>\)80 Gt C/yr with fossil fuel (FF) contribution only \(-\)11%. Other counts similarly trend towards a Land estimate, with terrain, of 218 Gt C/yr (as in [16]) thereby reducing fossil fuel emission to 4-5% of total contribution (Ocean emissions are negated).  
Using C and O isotopes [46, 59, 80, 82, 83] give CO\({}_{2}\) carbon turnover times of 0.9-2.8 yrs (median \(\sim\)1.8 yrs), mainly due to terrestrial activity. Compared to [59], the earlier figures by [80] estimated 475-897 Gt C/yr and atmospheric C turnover time of 0.9-1.7 yrs (mean 1.3 yrs). With just \(\pm\)80 Gt C/yr passive exchange from the Ocean then, presumably, 395-817 Gt C/yr (mean \(\sim\)600) is on Land and all 875 Gt C in CO\({}_{2}\) processed in \(\sim\)1.5 yrs. As they say: _\"plausibly, the fast response can be accounted for by revising global GPP upwards.\"_ Plausibly of doubling of NPP to allow for a terrain factor would likely ratify this in most current carbon cycle models.  
Concomitant with an increase in realistic NPP is upping of global terrestrial biomass, SOC, and other carbon factors, as further refined in revisions presented below in Results.