esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy  
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was carried out in the far ultraviolet (UV) range (190-250 nm) at 0.1 nm resolution using a JASCO J-1500 CD Spectrometer, coupled with a Peltier JASCO CDF-426S/15 system for temperature control (Jasco Corp., Tokyo, Japan), using quartz cuvettes of 0.1 cm path length and 1 nm bandwidth. Each spectrum was recorded as an average of five scans in continuous scanning mode, at a scanning speed of 50 nm/min. The baseline was subtracted from each sample spectrum. CD spectra of the peptides were recorded in trifluoroethanol (TFE, 30% \(\
icefrac{{v}}{{v}}\) in water). The spectra were recorded at 5, 15, 25, and 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C in 30% TFE to analyze the conformational changes in hepcidin peptides  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Peptide** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Amino Acid Sequence and Schematic** \\ **Representation** \\ \end{tabular} & **Disulfide Bonds** & **Net Charge at pH 7** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{hLEAP-1} & NH\({}_{2}\)-DTHFPICICICCCCHRSKCGMCCKT-COOH & & \\  & NH\({}_{t}\)-\(\,\)\(\,\)\(\,\)\(\,\)\(\,\)\(\,\)\(\,\)\(\,\)\(\,\  
with respect to temperature. The secondary structure of LEAPs was analyzed with BeStSel web server. BeStSel (Beta Structure Selection) is a novel method for the determination of secondary structure and fold recognition from protein circular dichroism spectra.
## 5 Results
### DEA Model
#### 5.1.3 SM-DEA Layer (Social Media-DEA)  
The results for the different steps of the SM-DEA layer calculated are shown in Table 6. A trend can be appreciated when associating the efficient airline firms with indicators of their involvement in social media networks.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Network Model**} \\ \cline{2-4}
**Estimate** & **Step 3** & **Step 4** & **Step 5** \\ \cline{2-4}  & **(Degree Net)** & **(Eigencent. Net)** & **(Total Net)** \\ \hline Number efficient DMUs & 22 & 24 & 24 \\ \% efficient DMUs & 51.16 & 55.81 & 55.81 \\ Original average efficiency score & 0.7918 & 0.8261 & 0.8324 \\ Average bias-corrected efficiency score & 0.7712 & 0.8081 & 0.8141 \\ Bias & 0.0206 & 0.0180 & 0.0184 \\ Standard deviation & 0.0103 & 0.0090 & 0.0092 \\ Average efficiency score of inefficient & & & \\ DMUs corrected & 0.5315 & 0.5657 & 0.5792 \\ Bootstrap median & 0.7779 & 0.8148 & 0.8204 \\ Lower bound & 0.7172 & 0.7589 & 0.7663 \\ Upper bound & 0.7927 & 0.8267 & 0.8331 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Original and bootstrapped DEA efficiency coefficients of net-DEA models.  
The virtual network platforms analyzed in this work are public and external resources to the firms. These resources do not have shortage and any stakeholder can isolate one network from the others. Thereby, the use of one or another virtual network would not suggest any increment of efficiency. But this is not so. The results of the SM-DEA layer show an increase in average efficiency for companies that use Twitter (Step 7) versus the other platforms studied. There is an increase of six and nine efficient companies (respectively) with respect to Step 6 (Facebook) and Step 8 (YouTube). In addition, Step 7 (Twitter) has the lowest interval that does not overlap with the other two steps. Furthermore, Step 6 (Facebook) presents the highest average efficiency score of inefficient DMUs. The potential increasing output of incorporating at least the Facebook platform is 0.0875 and 0.0142 (average efficiency increase of Step 7 and Step 8 with respect to Step 6, respectively). That is, when a sector-average firm starts to participate in social media, the performance of its outputs enhances by this ratio.  
The Facebook metrics have been selected as critical factors for new technological resources, given the results of the SM-DEA layer and according to the higher correlation of Step 6 in relation to Steps 7 and 8 (0.842 and 0.713 [PERSON]'s coefficients, respectively).
# Hop-by-Hop Multipath Overlay Routing for Optimizing Network Resource Allocation in WANs
###### Abstract  
The widespread deployment and rapid expansion of data centers have intensified the traffic between data centers and users, which highlights the need to improve Wide Area Network (WAN) link utilization. Existing centralized traffic control methods based on Software-Defined Wide Area Networks(SD-WAN) often rely on source-based routing, resulting in limited path diversity and inefficient network resource allocation. To address these issues, we propose a hop-by-hop multipath routing method for overlay networks, leveraging the routing decision-making capabilities of intermediate nodes. First, we introduce a Multipath Overlay node Placement (MOP) algorithm to establish an overlay network for hop-by-hop multipath transmission. The spatial relationships among overlay nodes are considered to enhance the diversity of multi-hop multipath overlay routing. Next, we propose an Overlay Next-Hop Selection (ONHS) algorithm for intermediate overlay nodes. This algorithm adjusts transmission paths at intermediate overlay nodes by sensing the network congestion state of overlay tunnels, enhancing the efficiency of network resource utilization. The results demonstrate that, under various topologies and with different numbers of overlay nodes, MOP significantly improves both end-to-end path diversity and link utilization for hop-by-hop multipath transmission. Additionally, ONHS effectively mitigates congestion escalation during next-hop selection.  
WAN; overlay routing; multipath routing; relay placement Article  
29 May 2025  
20 June 2025  
22 June 2025
# Quantifying Nutrient Content in the Leaves of Cowpea Using Remote Sensing
###### Abstract
Good results in calibrating models for estimating nutrient concentrations have been obtained in citrus legumes [29; 30], crops [31] and grasses [32]. Although several studies have shown efficient results in estimating leaf nutrients in various crops using remote sensing techniques, it is important to understand whether the method shows a satisfactory response during the various phenological stages of the crop. In this respect, the aim of this study was to apply regression methods to quantify the levels of P, K, Ca and Zn in the leaves of _Vigna unquiculata_ (L.) Walp during the vegetative and reproductive stages, using spectral data obtained by reflectance spectroscopy in the visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared bands.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, a diffusion-drying model, which considers simultaneous heat and mass transfer, was developed to investigate the hot-air-drying process of sliced carrots. Drying scenarios included traditional hot-air drying and US pre-treated hot-air drying. conducted at three bulk air temperatures: 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The results show that the color change in dried carrots obtained with US pre-treatment and hot-air drying was slightly lower than in the traditional hot-air-drying process, with reductions of 6.8% and 2.8% at drying temperatures of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. Furthermore, the effective moisture diffusivity was determined by fitting experimental moisture-content evolutions over time. This analysis indicated that US pre-treatment significantly enhanced the effective moisture diffusivity by 43% and 90% at drying temperatures of 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. These results suggest that US pre-treatment can be reasonably applied to improve product quality and reduce the drying time in the carrot dehydration process. In future research, it is recommended to fabricate a pilot scale belt dryer to examine the drying kinetics of carrot and other fruit slices. This will help to demonstrate the energy-saving potential of US pre-treatment. Additionally, economical aspects such as investment cost, operating cost, and the life-cycle cost of a belt dryer with US pre-treatment should be investigated to pave the way for industrial application of this drying technique. Furthermore, the color, texture, flavor, and nutritional content of dried products should be assessed.  
Conceptualization, K.H.L.; methodology, K.H.L.; software, K.H.L., A.K. and T.T.D.N.; validation, K.H.L. and A.K.; formal analysis, T.T.H.T.; investigation, T.T.D.N.; data curation, T.T.H.T.; writing--original draft preparation, writing--review and editing, K.H.L. and T.T.H.T.; visualization, K.H.L., A.K. and T.T.H.T.; funding acquisition, K.H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by funding from the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), Vietnam (Grant number B2021-BKA-012).  
Not applicable.  
Figure 11: The evolution of air temperature and relative humidity (**a**); product temperature and moisture content (**b**) over a length of belt.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Final Moisture Content**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Belt Length**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **US Pre-Treatment** & **Non-Pre-Treatment** \\ \hline
1 kg water/kg dried solid & 77.5 m & 89.2 m \\ \hline
0.75 kg water/kg dried solid & 88.4 m & 102.7 m \\ \hline
0.5 kg water/kg dried solid & 105.9 m & 124.3 m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Impact of US pre-treatment on the required belt length of conveyor-belt dryer.  
Data Availability Statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# On Nash Equilibria in Non-Cooperative All-Optical Networks +
## 1 Introduction  
Due to the possibility of managing thousands of users, covering wide areas and providing a bandwidth which is orders of magnitude faster than traditional networks, all-optical networks are widely exploited nowadays, and are considered to be used also in the future of communication networks. In fact, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) [1] allows one to exploit the high bandwidth provided by all-optical networks by partitioning it a large number of parallel high speed channels along the same optical fiber (see [2, 3] for a survey of the main related results). Motivated by this fact, in this paper, we investigate the existence and performance of Nash equilibria in all-optical networks populated by non-cooperative selfish agents corresponding to point-to-point communication requests. Every agent is interested only in the minimization of its own cost, and, given a graph modelling the optical network, has to choose among a set of possible paths (also called routing strategy) connecting its endpoints. In particular, in our model, a service provider has to design suitable payment functions, charging each agent a cost for her chosen routing strategy. We consider three different kinds of local knowledge that agents may exploit to compute their payments, leading to three corresponding information levels that will be detailed in the following. It is worth noticing that any request is willing to be rerouted each time it may be served by a cheaper path: the evolution of the network can be modelled by the dynamics of a multi-agent system or multi-player game. A routing solution, thatis an assignment of paths and colors (a color represents a wavelength) to the requests, in which no request can lower its cost by choosing a different strategy, is said to be a pure Nash equilibrium.
# Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview
## 4 Nanocarriers in Management of Fungal Infections
### Vesicle Systems  
#### 4.1.1 Liposomes  
Liposomes are bilayer vesicles with an aqueous core. This unique arrangement allows the liposomes to perform as an effective DDS for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs [26; 27]. Additional attention-grabbing features of liposomes comprise the least toxicity, biocompatibility, high drug load, bioavailability, and sustained release. Cholesterol is employed in liposomes for increasing membrane stiffness, the stabilization of vesicles, and controlling the drug release rate [28].  
In this regard, [PERSON] et al. explored a novel strategy to improve drug efficacy by targeting fungal cells. The AmB-loaded liposomes were synthesized and coated with Dectin-2. Their outcome showed the diminished growth and viability of fungus cells [29]. In a study, [PERSON] and coworkers evaluated the effectiveness of intravitreally administered AmB. _C. albicans_ was inoculated to produce fungal infections inside the vitreous cavities of 46 experimental rabbits. The histopathological data showed that the decreased toxicity of intravitreally administered liposome-bounded antifungal drugs is accompanied by a reduced efficacy. Moreover, in the fungal endophthalmitis treatment, a large dose of liposome-bound AmB (above the required free drug) may be recommended [30].  
[PERSON] et al. fabricated liposomal voriconazole (VCZ) as a safe and effective therapeutic platform for treating fungal infections. The study revealed that the administration of liposomal VCZ resulted in a higher drug accumulation in the kidneys and liver. The protection of VCZ from biological degradation and a reduced metabolic rate resulted in a 30% AUC (area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve) reduction of an inactive metabolite, VCZ-N-oxide [31].  
[PERSON] et al. designed innovative liposomes to simultaneously deliver two polyphenols, such as gallic acid (GA) and quercetin (Q). The release of developed liposome formulation in the vaginal cavity showed synergistic action to eliminate the infection and diminish the vulvar, vaginal candidiasis symptoms. GA and Q acted in synergy to increase the antioxidant actions of individual polyphenols. The developed polyphenol-loaded liposomes were reported as nontoxic to cells and exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory activity than the free polyphenols and reduced the growth of _C. albicans_[32].
## 5 Simulation and Discussion
### Performance of Spatiotemporal Super-Resolution Reconstruction
The results of motion vectors and weight parameters using SIFT Flow algorithm are shown in Figure 14.  
Figure 13: Close ups of the reconstruction results of traffic dataset: (**a**) ground truth; (**b**) close up of reconstructed frame by GAP-acc + TV; (**c**) close up of reconstructed frame by GAP + b; (**d**) close up of reconstructed frame by proposed multi-regularization algorithm; (**e**) close up of reconstructed frame by 3D Steering Kernel Regression; (**f**) close up of reconstructed frame by MAP-MRF-based reconstruction approach. Figure 14: The motion vector between different frames: (**a**) the motion vector between frame 1 and frame 2; (**b**) the motion vector between frame 1 and frame \(N_{f}\); (**c**) the regulation coefficient of multi-regularization algorithm; (**d**) the coefficient for the proposed MAP-MRF-based reconstruction approach. With the known real-world HR images, the reconstruction performance is evaluated by PSNR; for unknown ground truth images, the effect is indicated by blind image quality indices [31]. We adopt a no-reference quality evaluation metric, that is, the blind image quality index (BIQI) [32], which will generate a quality score based on the video frame distortion statistics. The score is within 0-100, and the smaller the score is, the better the quality will be. After the assessment, the SR reconstruction sequence by 3D Steering Kernel Regression gets a score of 53.9386, while the proposed MAP-MRF-based reconstruction approach is 44.3304. The proposed MAP-MRF-based approach enjoys a better indication of performance in a blind image quality index. In accordance with both the objective indexes and subjective evaluation, the proposed MAP-MRF-based approach is generally better than the other ones. Therefore, this simulation verifies the efficacy of the framework and the performance of the proposed reconstruction approach. Suppose the image has \(h^{2}\) pixels, the time and space complexity of this dual-layer BP is \(O\big{(}h^{4}\big{)}\). The coarse-to-fine algorithm can speed up computation, whose complexity is \(O\big{(}h^{2}logh\big{)}\). The multi-regularization algorithm and reconstruction algorithm using Accelerated Linearized Bregman algorithm require \(O(hlogh)\) time in each iteration respectively. For these \(256\times 256\) images (\(N_{f}=8\)) in one observation, the running time of GAP-acc + TV is 14.35 s, the running time of GAP + b is 38.80 s, the running time of the proposed algorithm with multiple regularizations is 28.53 s, and the whole running time of the proposed MAP-MRF-based approach using BP method is 657.65 s without any optimization on a computer with quad-core 3.4 GHz Intel i7-4770 CPU and 8 GB memory. Further speedup can be achieved through GPU implementation of the BP algorithm since this algorithm can be parallelized. We leave this as future work.
# Adaptive Multi-Modal Ensemble Network for Video Memorability Prediction
## 1 Introduction
Then, we design a new framework, the Adaptive Multi-modal Ensemble Network (AMEN), to predict video memorability efficiently. Specifically, we integrate the memorability scores of different models using the weighted method and then use the stochastic gradient descent algorithm to obtain the best prediction results. In addition, the framework updates the weights of each learner adaptively instead of assigning weights manually. In general, the ensemble learning [10] appliance has a more vital generalization ability than the base learning appliance. Compared with feature fusion, the weighted ensemble learning method can fully guarantee the independent information of each mode and reduce the error and redundancy caused by feature fusion. As mentioned above, people's memory for a certain video decreases with time, so we predict the video memorability scores for both short-term and long-term memory, that is, how well humans remember a video a few hours after watching it and how well humans remember the same video a few days later. Our experiments are conducted in both short-term and long-term memory. The main contributions of our method are summarized as follows:  
* We analyze and experimentally verify how to select impact factors to predict video memorability and conduct three main factors that affect video memorability, i.e., temporal 3D information, spatial information and semantics derived from video, image and caption, respectively. * We propose a new adaptive multi-modal ensemble network (AMEN) for video memorability according to the selected impact factors. It eliminates the error caused by the heterogeneous gap via integrating the optimal base learners corresponding to each media source instead of fusing the heterogeneous modalities directly. * We design an adaptive learning strategy to update the weights based on the importance of memorability which is predicted by the base learners and contributes to obtaining the best performance without any manual tuning. The rest of our paper is organized as follows. Related works about media memorability are summarized in Section 2. Our method is described in Section 3. Experimental results are presented in Section 4. The conclusion is made in Section 5.
# Wavelength Selection for Satellite Quantum Key Distribution
## 2 Transmittance and Spectral Radiance  
The most widely used codes to model atmospheric transmission and radiance are based on radiative transfer models with different spectral resolutions: LOWTRAN 7 (20 cm\({}^{-1}\)), MODTRAN 2/3 (2 cm\({}^{-1}\)) and FASCOD3 (1 cm\({}^{-1}\)) [42; 43; 44]. These programs convert spectral lines in the HITRAN database to transmittance and radiance using different methods, such as Voigt, Lorentz, and Doppler line shapes. The line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) is the most accurate and hence slowest of these codes to run. A combined atmospheric radiative transfer (CART v1) software based on the HITRAN database with a spectral resolution of 1 cm\({}^{-1}\) was developed to rapidly calculate atmospheric transmittance and background radiance for complex atmospheric regions in China [45]. Due to the complexity involved in modelling the atmospheric environment, discrepancies arise between simulations and real-world systems. Many atmospheric parameters, such as cloud cover and aerosol composition/concentration, vary rapidly in space and time and can therefore only be modelled approximately and less accurately. Validation of these atmospheric models could come from hot air balloon experiments equipped with cameras and sensors to capture atmospheric conditions from ground level up to the stratosphere, and ground-based camera and sensor experiments to monitor background radiation and seasonal variations in weather conditions such as rain, fog and cloud cover. The combination of these experiments could inform the feasibility of optical ground stations at particular locations for future experiments in satellite quantum communications.
# High-Speed VCSEL-Based Transceiver for 200 GbE Short-Reach Intra-Datacenter Optical Interconnects
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setups
#### 2.2.1 Experimental Setup Used for the Single-Mode High-Speed VCSEL Experiment  
The experimental setup used for the high-speed single-mode VCSEL experiment is shown in Figure 4.  
The single-ended output of an 8 bit, 65 GSa/s keysight arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) was used to generate the respective PAM-4 electrical test signals with a repeating pattern length of 210 symbols. Digital pulse shaping was implemented by exploiting a raised cosine (RC) filter with a roll-off factor of a = 1 to restrict the bandwidth of the transmitted signal to the main lobe. A high-precision voltage source was used to drive the VCSEL above its lasing threshold. The generated electrical PAM-4 signal, with a voltage swing of 550 mV\({}_{\text{P-P}}\), was superimposed on the DC signal by means of a Bias-T and modulated the VCSEL directly, which resulted in a generated optical PAM-4 signal that exhibited 1.5 dBm output optical power. The light from the VCSEL was coupled to a cleaved standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) using a vertical-probing arrangement and was fed to an off-the-shelf, limiting 40 Gb/s photoreceiver, with a 35 GHz 3-dB bandwidth, a 0.6 A/W responsivity, and a 500 V/W conversion gain. A variable optical attenuator (VOA) was used to adjust the launched optical power in the receiver for bit error rate (BER) measurements. Alternatively, a spool of 500 m of the standard single-mode fiber (SMF) was utilized to evaluate the received optical signals in a transmission scenario.  
The received signal was digitized by a 33 GHz, 80 GSa/s Agilent Infinium DSO-X 93304 real-time oscilloscope for BER assessment. Offline processing was applied to the digitized signal and more specifically to resampling, symbol timing recovery, and static equalization, to compensate for the bandwidth limitations of the channel. To enable symbol detection, automatic thresholding was used and subsequently the received PAM-4 signals were evaluated in terms of BER for back-to-back configuration after transmission over a 500 m spool of SSMF. Comparison between the received sampled signal and the original bit sequence was made to count the actual erroneous bits and perform the BER measurements.