## 3 Results
### Efficacy of PH3 at Low Temperature Followed by Cold Treatment  
At the lower temperature (5 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C), prolonged exposure to PH3 (up to 168 h) did not meet the current quarantine regulations, \(>\)99.99% (Tables 1 and 2). The efficacy results of 2.0 g of PH3 in a 72 h fumigation followed by 2 or 4 weeks of cold treatment are shown \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Treatment** & **Temp.** & **Fumi.** & **Dose Time (g m\({}^{-3}\))** & **CC** & **Total No. of Fruit Used** & **No. of Alive _C. sasakii_** & **No. of Alive _C. sasakii_** & **Converted Mortality (\%)** \\ \hline Untreated PH3 & 5 & 72 & 0.5 & 16.9 & 258 & 5 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 97.94 \(\pm\) 1.43 a \\ \hline Untrated PH3 & 25 & 72 & 1.0 & 42.7 & 208 & 2 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 98.97 \(\pm\) 1.78 a \\ PH3 & 25 & 72 & 1.0 & 38.4 & 101 & 84 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 67.56 \(\pm\) 4.83 b \\ PH3 & & & 2.0 & 77.2 & 117 & 63 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 78.97 \(\pm\) 10.17 b \\ \hline Untrated PH3 & 25 & 72 & 0.5 & 16.9 & 258 & 5 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 97.94 \(\pm\) 1.43 a \\ PH3 & & & 1.0 & 42.7 & 208 & 2 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 98.97 \(\pm\) 1.78 a \\ PH3 & & & 2.0 & 80.3 & 203 & 0 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 100.0 \(\pm\) 0.00 a \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Efficacy of 72 h phosphine (PH3) fumigation at two different temperatures in apples naturally infested with _Carposina sasakii_ larvae. Different letters above symbols indicate significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) as determined (\(p<0.05\)) as determined using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range test. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Treatment** & **Temp. ** & **Fumi. Time (c\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Time (g m\({}^{-3}\))** & **Dose (g m\({}^{-3}\))** & **CT** & **Total No. of Fruit Used** & **Alive C. sasakii** & **Alive C. sasakii** & **Converted Mortality (\%)** \\ \hline Untreated PH3 & 5 & 72 & 0.5 & 16.9 & 258 & 5 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 97.94 \(\pm\) 1.43 a \\ PH3 & 25 & 72 & 1.0 & 42.7 & 208 & 2 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 98.97 \(\pm\) 1.78 a \\ PH3 & & & 2.0 & 80.3 & 203 & 0 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 100.0 \(\pm\)in Table 3. The accumulated C\({}_{\rm t}\) product of PH\({}_{3}\) was 84.3 g h m\({}^{-3}\), and _C. sasakii_ larvae were completely eradicated after 4 weeks of cold storage at 3 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Despite the increased mortality rate, 78.7% mortality was observed after 2 weeks and 90.5% after 4 weeks in the untreated control at 3 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The unexpectedly high mortality observed in the control was expected to have played a role in the physical control of _C. sasakii_ larvae. Assessment of Quality Parameters in Apples Treated with PH\({}_{3}\) and MeBr Fumigation Followed by Cold Treatment  
After being stored for either 4 or 8 weeks at 3\(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respective firmness was 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.29 and 1.64 \(\pm\) 0.06 kgf for untreated fruits, 1.64 \(\pm\) 0.23 and 1.66 \(\pm\) 0.07 kgf for 120 h PH\({}_{3}\) fumigation at 5 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 1.60 \(\pm\) 0.16 and 1.62 \(\pm\) 0.08 kgf for 72 h PH\({}_{3}\) fumigation at 25 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 1.43 \(\pm\) 0.21 and 1.64 \(\pm\) 0.07 kgf for 2 h MeBr fumigation, respectively. There was no significant difference in firmness among the four treatments, including untreated samples that were stored for four weeks (df = 24, \(p\) = 0.400) or eight weeks (df = 24, \(p\) = 0.874). Additionally, there was no significant difference in sugar content in the apples from the four treatments stored for four weeks (df = 16, \(p\) = 0.415) or eight weeks (df = 16, \(p\) = 0.195). In relation to the weight of untreated samples, the ratio of weight loss of PH\({}_{3}\)-treated apple was not significantly different when stored for 4 weeks (df = 16, \(p\) = 0.942), but there was a significant difference of the weight loss ratio among samples stored for 8 weeks (df = 16, \(p\) = 0.012).