# Common-Ground Photovoltaic Inverters for Leakage Current Mitigation: Comparative Review
## 2 Classification of Common-Ground Converters
### Voltage-Source CG Converters (VSCG)
#### 2.2.2 Boosting VSCG
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Converter** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Features**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Limitations**} \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & Although it uses a high number of passive elements, their values are low. Thus, film capacitors and small size magnetic components can be used. & \(\bullet\) & High number of semiconductors are needed; this increases the complexity and reduces the reliability. \\ Ref. [54] & \(\bullet\) & It can offer high boosting gain; thus, it is very acceptable for grid integration. & \(\bullet\) & High voltage stresses on the inverter switches. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & & \\ \hline  & & & High number of semiconductors is needed; thus, high complexity at a high cost is expected. \\ Ref. [55] & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & Its boosting gain is relatively low compared to other inverters belonging to this category. \\  & & & High number of passive components is needed; thus, a large size is needed. \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & High boosting gain can be acquired by controlling the turns ratio of the coupled inductor. & \(\bullet\) & It needs a high number of semiconductors and passive components; thus, high complexity and large size, and high cost are highly expected. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & Using the coupled inductor increases the size and reduces the efficiency. \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & It needs a low number of switches. & \(\bullet\) & Its boosting gain is relatively low compared to other inverters belonging to this category. \\ Ref. [57] & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & Two capacitors with high capacitance values are needed. In addition, high inductance should be used. \\ \hline Refs. & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & Asymmetrical operation during positive and negative half-cycles. This can result in DC current injection. \\  & \(\bullet\) & It offers high boosting gain. & \(\bullet\) & It can offer only two voltage levels. Thus, a large filter size should be used. \\  & \(\bullet\) & It needs a low number of switches. & \(\bullet\) & It needs a high number of passive components. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & It uses a high number of diodes. This increases the losses and decreases the efficiency \\  & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & Using coupled inductors increases the size and decreases the efficiency. \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & It uses a low number of switches; thus, low complexity can be acquired. & \(\bullet\) & It can offer only two voltage levels. Thus, a large filter size should be used. \\ Ref. [61] & \(\bullet\) & High boosting gain can be acquired by controlling the turns ratio of the coupled inductor. & \(\bullet\) & It needs a high number of passive components; this increases the size. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & It needs coupled inductor; thus, more size and reduced efficiency are expected. \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & It can offer 5 voltage levels. Thus, small filter size is needed. & \(\bullet\) & Asymmetric operation during positive and negative half-cycles. This can induce DC current component. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & High capacitances are needed. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & Its boosting gain low. \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & The input current is continuous. & \(\bullet\) & It needs a high number of switches. \\  & \(\bullet\) & It offers high boosting gain. & \(\bullet\) & High capacitances are required. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Features and limitations of voltage-source CG converters (boosting type).