# Dynamic BIM Adoption Impact on Contract Cost Variance Factors Using PLS-SEM Techniques
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Dynamic Impact of BIM Adoption on CCV Factors over Time  
Figure 9a illustrates that BIM adoption is projected to reach 100% by 2037. Consequently, the relative weights of Estimator Performance (EP), Project Characteristics (PC), Contractual Procedure (CP), Information Quality (IQ), and External Factors (EF) were computed for 2023 (start duration), 2030 (middle duration), and 2037 (end duration) based  
Figure 9: Annually rate of BIM adoption (**a**) in KSA (**b**) in the UK. on the methodology outlined in Section 3.3. The relative weights of CP, EP, and IQ (the latent groups influenced by BIM) in 2023 are 22.9%, 25.15%, and 21.65%, respectively. These weights are expected to increase to 24.12%, 28.34%, and 24.38% by 2030, as depicted in Figure 10. By 2037, these values will rise to 24.59%, 30.25%, and 26.03%, respectively. For more understanding these results, CCV factors related to BIM adoption generally will reduce CCV. For example, IQ1 (Completeness of Cost Data) will increase the information availability and quality and thus reduce the CCV of project. BIM can significantly enhance the completeness of cost data in tenders by providing a powerful platform for managing and analyzing detailed project information. Therefore, increasing BIM adoption will enhance the effect of IQ to reduce CCV. The same conclusion will apply to Estimator Performance factors (EP) and important Contractual Procedures (CP), which will increase over time due to BIM adoption. The increasing significance of CP, EP, and IQ can be attributed to BIM's influence on enhancing the accuracy of design drawings and project documents and improving Estimator Performance. Traditional project cost management often suffers from low calculation accuracy due to various influencing factors, leading to discrepancies between contract costs and owner estimates [50; 51]. These results demonstrate the positive effect of BIM on IQ and EP in estimating costs at the bidding stage, a finding corroborated by several recent studies. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [52] noted that integrating BIM into cost management processes at the initial design stage minimizes errors and improves cost estimates by allowing quantity surveyors to focus on value-adding activities such as identifying construction assemblies and factoring in risks. Additionally, BIM has significantly influenced the Information Quality of bid cost estimation in construction projects, with notable improvements observed over time. Initially, traditional cost estimation methods in construction projects were prone to inaccuracies due to manual calculations and a lack of detailed data, leading to inefficiencies and increased risks [15; 53]. The adoption of BIM has revolutionized this process by providing a comprehensive digital representation of a built facility, integrating both geometric and non-geometric information, which enhances the accuracy and detail of cost estimations [54]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [55] concluded that BIM's ability to streamline the bidding process by automating time-consuming activities and enhancing the accuracy of bill quantities helps provide more realistic and competitive bids. Regarding IQ, the BIM increases the Information Quality, and the technology also addresses traditional issues such as bid collusion  
Figure 10: Relative weight of the group factors with time. and insufficient design details, which often lead to cost discrepancies [56]. Moreover, BIM leads to improving the factors of CPs. This result agrees with the study of [57], which stated that BIM supports identifying and mitigating risks by improving constructability analysis and sub-contractor coordination, leading to more reliable and accurate offers. In addition, BIM enhances Contractual Procedures in the pre-tendering stage and provides a platform for evaluating bids more efficiently and effectively.