## 5 Conclusions  
This study developed a comprehensive hydraulic modeling framework for the Farsala water distribution network, integrating AutoCAD digitization, GIS-based spatial analysis, and SCADA-driven real-time telemetry, despite significant data constraints. The methodology produced the first high-resolution digital representation of the city's water infrastructure, enhancing system visualization, operational decision-making, and long-term planning. The model's validation metrics confirm its accuracy in simulating network behavior. Additionally, EPS identified peak demand fluctuations, pressure variations, and critical infrastructure vulnerabilities, providing actionable insights for municipal planning. However, several challenges remain in the hydraulic modeling of Farsala's network. The limited availability of historical records necessitated data interpolation, introducing potential uncertainties in model predictions. High-pressure zones exceeding 900 kPa were identified as critical leakage hotspots, increasing the risk of pipe failures and distribution inefficiencies. The lack of sufficient control elements, such as pressure regulation valves (PRVs) and isolation valves, continues to exacerbate pressure imbalances, limiting opera tional flexibility. Additionally, the relatively recent implementation of SCADA telemetry provided constrained input data, restricting full-scale validation of transient network behavior. Furthermore, the absence of historical records on pipeline materials and valve locations complicates maintenance strategies and emergency response planning. Despite these limitations, the methodology presents a scalable solution for municipalities facing data scarcity and aging infrastructure challenges. It enables enhanced operational control, leakage reduction, and strategic rehabilitation planning, supporting modernization efforts in water distribution management. Future research should explore integrating predictive leakage management using machine learning, expanding SCADA functionalities for real-time adaptive control, and optimizing energy efficiency through dynamic pump scheduling. Additionally, incorporating climate-responsive infrastructure planning will improve system resilience against extreme weather conditions. Advancing IoT integration and smart city technologies could further strengthen transparency, automation, and responsiveness in urban water management. These advancements position the model as a valuable decision support tool for municipalities seeking scalable, data-driven solutions for infrastructure modernization and sustainability. Conceptualization, A.P. and P.S. ; methodology, P.S. and A.P. ; software, A.P. ; validation, A.P., P.S., L.V. and N.M.; formal analysis, A.P. and P.S. ; investigation, A.P. and P.S. ; resources, A.P. and P.S. ; data curation, A.P., P.S. and A.L. ; writing--original draft preparation, A.L., A.P. and P.S. ; writing--review and editing, A.L. and P.S. ; visualization, A.L. ; supervision, N.M. and L.V. ; project administration, P.S. ; funding acquisition, P.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received funding from the Municipal Water and Sewerage Company of Farsala for the implementation of the study \"Update of the Hydraulic Simulation of the Water Supply Network of the City of Farsala with SCADA Data\". Not applicable. The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. The authors would like to thank the employees of the Municipal Water and Sewerage Company of Farsala. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: