## 1 Introduction
This study explores natural ventilation as part of a broader set of passive strategies, recognizing that its effectiveness may need to be adjusted based on local air quality conditions. Furthermore, this study focuses on evaluating passive solar solutions to enhance the thermal environment and reduce energy demands in hot climates. The thermal environment is the physical environment that can affect heat transfer indoors. It influences the thermal perception of an individual and, through that, the thermal comfort of occupants [18]. Using the \"Trace 3D Plus\" software, this study simulates the energy performance of typical houses in Brazil, Portugal, and Turkey, assessing how passive solutions can reduce dependence on air conditioning. Several studies have explored different passive and adaptive design strategies to improve building energy efficiency under changing climate conditions. [PERSON] et al. [19] analyzed the impact of thermal transmittance (U-values) on building energy demands for various climates in Brazil, determining that ideal U-values follow region-specific trends and require adaptive design strategies to address future climate changes. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [1] investigated the effectiveness of passive design measures, such as window-to-floor ratios and ventilation, on European residential buildings, highlighting that while some measures are universally applicable, others depend on specific climates and timeframes. These studies underline the difficulty in fully mitigating climate change impacts through passive designs alone. [PERSON] et al. [20] examined the behavior of solar and Trombe walls in Mediterranean climates, showing that tailored shading devices and night ventilation can reduce energy demands, especially in warmer regions. The solar wall consists mainly of a storage wall, external glazing, and an air layer between them. The Trombe wall also incorporates vents installed in the storage wall and sometimes in the external glazing frame. In parallel, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] emphasized the complexity of optimizing passive interventions, noting the necessity of hourly energy consumption analyses to mitigate potential inefficiencies. Adaptive facades, as explored by [PERSON] et al. [22], also demonstrate the importance of climate-responsive building envelopes, where control mechanisms, such as automated shading systems, significantly impact energy performance depending on climatic conditions. In a complementary approach, [PERSON] et al. [23] investigated the thermal behavior of an experimental house, demonstrating how passive solutions like thermal inertia and natural ventilation can enhance the indoor environment while minimizing energy use during both summer and winter months. Additionally, research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24; 25] on bioclimatic design strategies across different climates found that strategies like thermal insulation, natural ventilation, and Trombe walls yielded substantial energy savings, particularly in arid and temperate climates. These studies found that combining multiple strategies tailored to the specific climate of each location yielded the greatest energy savings. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26] applied optimization techniques to identify cost-effective energy-saving methods, such as installing double-glazed windows and photovoltaic panels, further supporting the role of financial considerations in decision making. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [27] and [PERSON] et al. [28] focused on the prioritization of energy-efficiency measures and retrofitting strategies, respectively, using multi-objective optimization to balance cost and energy savings in diverse climates. Their work provided essential methodologies for evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions. These works collectively highlight that achieving energy efficiency in buildings requires a combination of passive, adaptive, and bioclimatic strategies tailored to regional climates, future weather projections, and economic constraints.