## 4 Pharmacological Properties of _Elaeedendron_ Species
### Anti-inflammatory Activity  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] used the protein denaturation test using diclofenac as a control sample to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of _E. croceum_ stem bark and leaf acetone extracts. The extracts indicated activity, with IC\({}_{50}\) values of 0.9 mg/mL and 1.9 mg/mL for leaf and stem bark extracts, respectively, whereas diclofenac (positive control) had an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 0.3 mg/mL. The extracts had a considerable inhibitory effect on protein denaturation, indicating that they may have anti-inflammatory properties [35]. [PERSON] et al. examined the inhibitory effects of _E. croceum_ bark acetone extracts on the pro-inflammatory enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) using HeLa cervix carcinoma cells and human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1 and Capan-2 as the cell lines and using quercetin as the control sample to investigate if the extract reduce inflammation. The extract reduced 5-lipoxygenase activity with an IC\({}_{50}\) of 75.5 g/mL [45]. [PERSON] et al. examined the anti-inflammatory properties of _E. croceum_ leaves acetone extract by measuring nitric oxide (NO) generation suppression and 15-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-acrylamide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The preparations decreased NO generation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage in a dose dependent manner. The extract _E. croceum_ (IC\({}_{50}\) = 26.2 \(\upmu\)g/mL) demonstrated significant activity against 15-lipoxygenase activity than that of the control sample quercetin IC\({}_{50}\) of 53.7 \(\upmu\)g/mL [36]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of _E. croceum_ and _E. transvaalense_ bark ethanol (70%) extract by measuring inhibitory activity on the pro-inflammatory enzyme 15-LOX using quercetin as a control sample. The _E. croecum_ and _E. transvaalense_ extract had an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 82.5 and 80.2 \(\mu\)g/mL, respectively, whereas the positive control, quercetin, had an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 48.9 \(\mu\)g/mL [19]. _E. croecum_ possesses a flavonoid called naringenin, which is known for anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids can control the inflammation mediated by lymphocytes and macrophages. These results indicate that _E. croecum_ and _E. transvaalense_ might be used as herbal medications to treat inflammatory wounds, aliments, and discomfort [19].  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] examined the anti-inflammatory activities of _E. transvaalense_ root bark aqueous crude extract using the COX inhibition test and indomethacin as a control sample. In LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, the extract (125 mg/mL) inhibited PGE2 by 90%, which is equivalent to indomethacin, the control medication, which inhibited PGE2 by 100% at 0.4 mg/mL [46].  
[PERSON] et al. evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract from the medicinal plants of South Africa including _E. croecum_, and _E. transvaalense_[40]. The extracts' inhibitory action against RNS/ROS was tested using cell-based and non-cell-based assays. In both ROS and RNS assays, _E. croecum_, and _E. transvaalense_ demonstrated a decrease in LPS-induced ROS and RNS with elevated activity >60%. The study's findings are in line with the positive effects of radical scavenging [40]. Because cell viability assessments and cellular oxidative stress can be markers of high ROS manufacturing, which can result in apoptosis [47], suppressing ROS could explain why the extracts were considerably less harmful to Vero cells. The DPPH and ABTS\({}^{+}\) radicals were substantially suppressed by _E. croecum_, and _E. transvaalense_ in this investigation, and the formation of LPS-induced reactive oxygen species was decreased [40].