# A Survey on Satellite Communication System Security
## 5 Defense in Satellite Communication Systems
### Solutions for Availability
This model is integrated with an SDN to enhance the defense against cyber threats like zero-day attacks and malware, ensuring fast enforcement of security policies based on shared CTI. Also, it addresses CTI sharing challenges such as security, scalability, and trust and demonstrates its effectiveness in mitigating DDoS attacks within multi-domain SDNs. The platform maintains its network security and participant privacy through authenticated access and smart contracts for reliable service-level agreements. Anti-Energy Attack  
In the previous section, we highlight that energy attacks on satellites are predominantly direct attacks using missiles. This implies that missile defense systems could potentially \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Solution Type** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Pros**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Cons**} \\ \hline Blockchain- & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} \(\bullet\) \\ Blockchain- \\ Based \\ Mitigation \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Provides transparency and security \\ via immutable record keeping. \\ Enhances node stability \\ and detection of alterations. \\ Effective against cyber-physical \\ and data integrity attacks. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Blockchain complexity might \\ introduce latency. \\ High energy consumption and \\ computational requirements. \\ Dependency on the robustness \\ of the underlying \\ blockchain technology. \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-4}  & Secure- & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} \(\bullet\) \\ Resturing- \\ Based \\ Mitigation \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Protects against internal and \\ external malicious attacks on routing. \\ Trust-based algorithms improve \\ Security and network performance. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} May require frequent \\ updates and maintenance. \\ Depends on accurate trust \\ and risk assessment models. \\ Potential scalability issues \\ in large satellite networks. \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} SDN- \\ Mitigation \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} \(\bullet\) \\ Resturing- \\ Based \\ Mitigation \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Offers network flexibility and \\ efficient resource management. \\ Rapid detection and \\ response to DDoS \\ through optimized algorithms. \\ Facilitates energy-efficient \\ network operations. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Relies on the reliability of \\ SDN controllers which \\ can be a single point of failure. \\ Requires substantial initial \\ setup and configuration. \\ Possible security vulnerabilities \\ in the SDN architecture itself. \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Collaborative- \\ Based \\ Mitigation \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Leverages multiple nodes for \\ enhanced detection and mitigation. \\ Uses blockchain and AI \\ for robust, adaptive defenses. \\ Suitable for complex, \\ multi-domain environments. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Coordination among diverse \\ systems can be challenging. \\ High overhead for maintaining \\ collaboration mechanisms. \\ Involve privacy and data sharing \\ concerns among stakeholders. \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Pros and cons of various mitigation techniques for DoS/DDoS attacks in SCSs. be used for defense. Specifically, BMD systems might be suitable for countering ASAT weapons. This is because intercepting ASAT weapons requires reaching altitudes where the satellites operate, and the nature of ballistic missiles is not significantly different from the components of ASAT weapons [92]. Therefore, in this section, we will examine BMD systems. The overall illustration is shown in Figure 15.  
In ballistic missile defense, there are three critical phases of interception.