# Building Realistic Mobility Models for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
## 2 Literature Review
### Approaches for MANET Performance Evaluation
#### 2.4.1 Physical Experimental Environments  
Compared with simulations, relatively few papers have published on real-world experiments with MANETs. A survey of real-world implementations of MANETs has been conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007) [51]. Some papers discuss the problems with real-world experiments (e.g., [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] (1999), [52]; [PERSON] et al. (2002), [53]; and [PERSON] et al. (2004), [54]). Few MANET routing protocols have been implemented, even at the experimental level. Significant work on protocol implementation is necessary before experiments can be conducted. Substantial equipment is required for the experiments, including a participating number of nodes, accompanied by additional control and monitoring, as well as geo-location facilities via the global positioning system (GPS). A large number of personnel will be involved, at least one person per node plus control and monitoring. Finding a suitable location could be difficult and is getting trickier; the rise in the popularity of wireless networking means that most urban and suburban locations have possible interference from other networks. The coordination of a large group of people in order to provide a robust and replicable experiment is challenging, particularly as movement is an experimental requisite. [PERSON] et al. (2004), report the problem of faulty equipment in such experiments, reporting that seven of their 41 laptops failed to generate any network traffic due to hardware or configuration problems. Additionally, another laptop had a hardware failure halfway through the experiment. Experimentation tools have been described in the following research: [PERSON] et al. (2005) [55] present a system using protocol implementations from simulations in live implementations; [PERSON] et al. (2002) discuss a set of tools called ad hoc protocol evaluation (APE, 2002 [56]) for conducting experiments using laptops running a modified Linux operating system with built-in routing protocols and monitoring. Ad Hoc Protocol Evaluation (APE) provides detailed, real-time instructions for experiments with human participants. The reported experiments used between 19 and 37 nodes. Subsequently, [PERSON] et al. (2005) [57] discuss some of the issues associated with real-world experiments and present a series of experiments using their APE testbed developed at Uppsala University, Sweden. [PERSON] Et Al. (2009) [58] Develop a Platform That Facilitates MANET Protocol-Related Experimental Work. the Aim is to Foster A Number of Parallel Protocol Experiments, Thus Allowing for Comparisons Of Experiments with The Following Parameters: Type Of Environment (I.E., City or Laboratory) and Mobility Modes (I.E., Static Or Mobile). Three Experiments are Conducted--Two outside in A Busy City Environment And One In A Laboratory With Two Static/Mobile Nodes--And The Results Are Found To be Greatly Varied. [PERSON] And Colleagues (2010) [59] Present an Implementation Whereby The MANET Routing Protocols Are Moved from The Kernel To The User Space And Evaluated Using A Range Of Real-World Experiments Involving between 4 To 40 Nodes In A Number Of Configurations. Their Mobile Test Involves A \"Leafy Park\", Which They Describe as A Typical MANET Scenario, Although The Use Of A MANET In This Location Is Not Clear, And The Nodes Move According To Random Waypoint For A Period Of 90 S, Which Is A Rather Short Lifetime For A MANET. These Experiments Demonstrate The Implementation Of MANETS, but There Is No Explanation Nor Justification Given For The Scenarios When Compared With Real MANET Situations. A Common Feature Of Papers on Real-World Experiments Is The Lack Of Justification For The World Being Set up For The Experiment (E.G., Experiments Using Five Mobile Nodes In The Stairwell Of A Building ([PERSON] Et Al., 2012, [60]).