# Ontology Based Governance for Employee Services
## 6 Conclusions  
In recent decades, progress in the field of information technology and communications has given a huge boost to the evolution of society, giving it an additional digital dimension. In this cycle of change, governments are called upon to meet the needs of society and to transfer their activities to the digital world through e-government. In this context, many government organizations have established online presence points offering online services to citizens, businesses, and other government bodies. However, the services they offer extend mainly to stages 1 and 2 and less to stages 3 and 4. Additionally, few organizations have been involved in providing online services to their employees. Various solutions have been adopted for the development of online services. A very useful and effective tool for the development of such services are the ontologies. Ontologies offer better modeling of the structure of the entities, services, and data involved in the processes. They are also more effective in tackling heterogeneity problems. Moreover, the use of ontologies has the advantage of inference ability through reasoning. At the same time, governments around the world, recognizing the need for e-government, have supported several initiatives and research projects in this area. These efforts have helped to lay out general frameworks. However, this task is quite complex and encounters many difficulties, as the scope of the public sector is huge. As a result, governments find it difficult to adopt the horizontal ontologies that will be the backbone for the development of vertical ontologies. The solution we propose to address the above issues is based on the development of vertical ontologies to serve the specific needs of each organization. The approach that we propose for the development of e-government systems certainly raises issues of heterogeneity. However, given the difficulty in implementing strict frameworks for e-government, this is a more general problem that does not occur only in our case. In addition, the modeling offered by the use of ontologies helps us to overcome the issues of heterogeneity more easily. In order to investigate the effectiveness of using ontologies to offer stages 1-4 services to employees, we developed an ontology and a Web Portal that support the administrative procedures of an organization. The ontology was designed from scratch, using a bottom-up  
Figure 10: SPARQL query for retrieving Employee’s changes. approach, and was customized for the special needs of the organization. The Web Portal undertook to provide the services of stages 1-4, providing the necessary interfaces to the users and processing the necessary communication with the SPARQL Endpoint. From the developer's point of view, the process of developing the services using the ontology was flexible and functional. Accessing the SPARQL Endpoint was a simple process that did not require complex queries. The evaluation of the users, after the use of the Web Portal, was positive. The users used all four stages of the services and successfully completed their requests without encountering any technical problems. Implementing services using ontologies was not something that was perceived by the users. The cooperation of the Web Portal with the SPARQL Endpoint was effective in meeting the needs of the users both for the employees and for the administration. Our approach provides an adequate solution for the implementation of integrated e-government services, which can be effectively applied from government to employee and to the rest of the sectors of e-government. Future WorkOur work is an initial approach to the development of vertical ontologies, which is open to a variety of extensions. Several issues can be explored at a later stage. First of all, there are plenty of administrative tasks that can be incorporated. Additionally, an issue that needs to be explored is the interconnection with other systems.