esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Development of the Algorithm and Implementation Process
### Object Auto-Rotation Algorithm  
Due to the axisymmetric nature of the air spring model, manipulating rotation using finger gestures for specific directions, such as rotation or tilt tests, is challenging. To address this issue, an OAR algorithm was developed using a three-dimensional coordinate system to automatically rotate objects in a certain direction. Figure 10 shows the flowchart of the OAR algorithm. The OAR specifies the rotation area when designating a three-dimensional model to obtain the rotation reference coordinates. By clicking on rotation buttons (Top, Bottom, Left, Right, Main), users can rotate the object in the desired direction. However, implementing a rotation system within the AR space leads to the problem of gimbal lock, where the rotation axes overlap. To address this, the OAR algorithm introduces constraints to mitigate gimbal lock by allowing a slight error of 0.01\({}^{\circ}\) for angles where rotation axes overlap (90\({}^{\circ}\)). By using this OAR algorithm, axially symmetric models implemented as 3D objects, which are difficult to rotate using gestures, can be automatically rotated with button controls, providing a viewpoint transition effect for inspecting parts during learning. Additionally, this algorithm can be usefully applied as a means of viewpoint transition along with gestures in the creation of other content. Figure 11 shows the mechanism of automatic object rotation using a cube object developed through the OAR algorithm. Figure 11a shows the initial 3D model implemented on the AR screen. As shown in  
Figure 9: FDG implementation mechanism: (**a**) Sequence 1 (30%); (**b**) Sequence 2 (60%); (**c**) Sequence 3 (100%).  
Figure 11b, clicking the front button on the bottom cube displays the front view, and clicking the side button rotates the 3D model to show the right side view, as shown in Figure 11c. Clicking the UP button on the top of the cube displays the top view of the 3D model, as shown in Figure 11d.  
Figure 11: OAR operating mechanism: **(a)** Initial view; **(b)** front view; **(c)** side view; **(d)** up view.  
Figure 10: Flowchart of the OAR algorithm for AR content.
## 3 Application to Classical Computing Device: Resonant Tunneling Diode  
As an example for the application of the discussed protocol in a classical computing device, we consider the computation of the electrical current in an RTD. This type of electron device is a pure quantum device, whose performance is based on tunneling, and has been successfully implemented in some particular high frequency applications particularly to explore the missing THz gap for various analog and digital applications [13; 14; 15; 16]. The main element that defines an RTD is a double barrier potential created, for example, by alternating Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and Aluminum Gallium Arsenide (AlGaAs) III-V semiconductors with different energy gaps, as shown in Figure 2. The combination of low band gap and high band gap semiconductors leads to the formation of a well in the potential energy profile, which gives rise to discrete set of energies inside, known as resonant energies.  
As depicted in Figure 2, two reservoirs or contacts emit or collect the electrons through the RTD structure. We name the left contact as source (also known as emitter in the literature) and the right contact as drain (also known as collector in the literature). These contacts are responsible for the first step of classical computing algorithm: the preparation of the initial quantum states. The energy of the injected electrons is determined by the Fermi-Dirac statistics (depending on the doping conditions of the contacts). A regular injection of electrons is assumed according to the discussion of the Appendix B. The second step of the classical computing algorithm is carried out by the barrier structure that determines whether the injected electrons are effectively transmitted or not. An electron incident on the double barrier with an energy equal to one of the resonant energies tunnels through the barrier, being transmitted with a transmission coefficient \(T\) close to one, while electrons with other energies have a transmission coefficient close to zero. An external potential between the drain and source potentials, modifies the double barrier potential energy profile, controlling the ON and OFF currents. One value of the current can be assigned to the logical output information '1' and the other to the '0'.  
The last step of the classical computing algorithm is the measurement of the ON or OFF current which implies the measurements (collapse) of the quantum wave function assigned to electrons inside the RTD, which provides the undesired quantum uncertainty in the output values of the current. We discuss next how the conditions of Section 2.2 can be implemented.
# Stress Analysis on the Ankle Joint during Incline and Decline Standing
###### Abstract  
In daily routine movement, the ankle joint plays a crucial role in stability and mobility, especially when different types of terrain are involved. However, the simple task of standing can become a biomechanical difficulty when performed on a slope since demands that have to be accommodated are made on the complex structure of the ankle joint. The purpose of this study is to develop finite element (FE) models of the ankle joint with different inclined foot postures and to analyse the stress distributions on the ankle joint while standing on an inclined or declined surface. In this study, the FE model of the foot was developed, and von Mises stress distribution at the ankle joint was explored. The results show that the bone, cartilage, and ligament of the ankle experienced a different von Mises stress distribution pattern during flat standing in comparison with slope standing. In addition, this study found that the maximum von Mises stress distribution at the component of the ankle joint is higher during slope standing than flat standing. Taken together, these results suggest that slope standing, both inclined and declined, with more than \(10^{\circ}\) inclination, might contribute to a higher risk of injury as a higher maximum stress was observed. Therefore, to maintain proper body posture, it is suggested that weight be evenly distributed at both feet, since this can reduce stress at the ankle.  
surface inclination; stability; finite element analysis; incline standing Article
## 3 Experimental Results
### Dynamic Shear Modulus of MICP-Treated Calcareous Sands  
Figure 10 depicts the variation in the damping ratio with strain amplitude (\(D\)-log\(\gamma\) relationship). The confining stress significantly impacts the damping ratio in the treated sample, with a lower value at a higher confining stress due to an increase in interparticle contacts. Hence, less energy will be dissipated for the wave to propagate.  
Figure 11 indicates that the damping ratio rises slightly when the shear strain amplitudes are less than \(1\times 10^{-3}\%\) and increases significantly once the shear strain amplitude is greater than \(1\times 10^{-3}\%\). It should be noted that the damping ratio initially grows with the treatment time (6 h-24 h) and then decreases gradually after around 24 h. Similar outcomes have been discovered in the studies of treated soils by a few researchers [50; 51; 52; 53; 54]. [PERSON] et al. [55] evaluated the damping ratio and shear modulus of sand samples grouped with three different cementitious materials and found that the samples with a greater dynamic shear modulus also had higher damping ratios. [PERSON] et al. [45] investigated the dynamic moduli and damping ratios of cemented sands at low strains using resonant column test. They reported that the damping ratio of cemented sands with a low cementation level increases with cement content and reaches its maximum value at a cement content of about 5% to 8% (defined as threshold cement content), then decreases with further cement content. In this study, the threshold calcium carbonate content was around 7% after 24 h of treatment.  
Figure 9: Variation in the reference shear strain with (**a**) treatment time and (**b**) effective confining stress.
# Quantum Photonic Simulation of Spin-Magnetic Field Coupling and Atom-Optical Field Interaction
## 5 Conclusions  
We propose a quantum photonic device based on integrated optical gratings in a two-mode slab guide to simulate the interaction between external fields and atoms. By using single-photon states, we study the simulations of a spin-(1/2)-magnetic field system, as for example nuclear magnetic resonance, and a two-level atom-optical field system corresponding to light-matter simulation. Both dynamical and geometric properties are simulated, in particular the geometric phases obtained by the mentioned systems. We prove that dynamical properties can be simulated for a wide range of cases with practical interest, although in the spin-(1/2)-magnetic field system it is restricted to relatively high values of frequency and magnetic field amplitude \(B_{o}\). Overall, atom-optical field interaction does not present these restrictions. This study of integrated optical gratings opens up possibilities to more general simulations if several modes are used. Thus, spin (\(s\))-magnetic field interaction simulations could be implemented by using a number \(N=2s+1\) of codirectional optical modes assisted by optical gratings; multilevel atom (\(n\))-optical field interaction can be simulated by using \(N=n\) collinear optical modes coupled by optical gratings, which can in turn simulate, for example, two-qubit single photon logic gates, which has a high interest in quantum information systems; likewise, optical gratings allow interaction between \(d\) collinear modes, and thus, simulators based on \(N\) codirectional modes can reduce the number of paths used up to \(N/d\), which improves the optical integration of the photonic simulator. On the other hand, AA geometric phases have been also obtained for both systems. The spin-(1/2)-magnetic field system requires dynamic phase cancellation, which is simulated by using two optical gratings; however, in the atom-optical field system, such cancellation is not required. Obviously, we must emphasize that although the proposed integrated photonic device is intended for quantum simulation, it can also be used to implement quantum operations and/or effects with the photonic device itself, such as logic gates, geometric phases, and so on, by using single-photon states or more general quantum states, as shown.  
All authors contributed equally to this work. All authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Xunta de Galicia, Conselleria de Educacion, Universidades e FP, Grant GRC Number ED431C2018/11; Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espana, Grant Number AYA2016-78773-C2-2-P.  
One of the authors ([PERSON]) wishes to acknowledge the financial support by Xunta de Galicia, Conselleria de Educacion, Universidades e FP, by a predoctoral grant co-financed with the European Social Fund.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results.
###### Abstract  
Geospatial data is an indispensable data resource for research and applications in many fields. The technologies and applications related to geospatial data are constantly advancing and updating, so identifying the technologies and applications among them will help foster and fund further innovation. Through topic analysis, new research hotspots can be discovered by understanding the whole development process of a topic. At present, the main methods to determine topics are peer review and bibliometrics, however they just review relevant literature or perform simple frequency analysis. This paper proposes a new topic discovery method, which combines a word embedding method, based on a pre-trained model, Bert, and a spherical k-means clustering algorithm, and applies the similarity between literature and topics to assign literature to different topics. The proposed method was applied to 266 pieces of literature related to geospatial data over the past five years. First, according to the number of publications, the trend analysis of technologies and applications related to geospatial data in several leading countries was conducted. Then, the consistency of the proposed method and the existing method PLSA (Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis) was evaluated by using two similar consistency evaluation indicators (i.e., U-Mass and NMPI). The results show that the method proposed in this paper can well reveal text content, determine development trends, and produce more coherent topics, and that the overall performance of Bert-LSA is better than PLSA using _NPMI_ and U-Mass. This method is not limited to trend analysis using the data in this paper; it can also be used for the topic analysis of other types of texts.  
trend analysis; topic modeling; Bert; geospatial data technology and application
## 3 Results
### Dependence of the Convective-Microwave Zone's \(Q\)-Factor on the Moisture Content in Grain
The results of calculating the \(Q\)-factor of resonators used in grain processing technologies for materials of various moisture contents have shown the following. The \(Q\)-factor of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No. ** & **Resonance Frequency, GHz** & \(Q\)**-Factor** & **Accuracy** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Microwave-active zone with grain having moisture content W = 14\%} \\ \hline  
the microwave active zone substantially depends on the moisture content in the grain. At the same time, no distinct correlation between the values of microwave radiation density for particular frequency modes and various moisture contents in the grain has been observed.
## 3 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Simulation Results
#### 3.3.2 Effect of Focal Plane Location on the Ablation Depth of Different Micro-Structure  
The preceding study is performed during the initial stage of processing when the focal plane coincides with the upper surface of the specimen, which is a more convenient method of processing. However, the processing can be carried out by changing the spatial position relationship between the pulse and the micro-hole in Figure 3b, which in turn changes the total ablation depth at each position. Simulations for positive and negative defocusing amounts were run in this study, and the total ablation depths at each position with different defocusing amounts are shown in Figure 6a. When negative defocusing (the focal plane is below the specimen), the total ablation depth near the surface of the specimen is reduced, implying that the bottom of the micro-hole has shallower ablation than the mouth of the micro-hole. In other words, using negative defocusing, it is possible to ensure material ablation while decreasing micro-hole depth. Figure 6b shows the trend of total ablation depth within 0\(-\)600 \(\upmu\)m of negative defocusing, as well as the rate of change of total ablation depth at negative defocusing, demonstrating how surface roughness can be precisely controlled over a wide range. The trend of total ablation depth under positive defocusing is like that of zero defocusing, which has been increasing. However, as one moves away from the upper surface of the specimen during positive defocusing processing (for example, at 600 \(\upmu\)m), the rate of change of the total ablation depth quickly begins to decrease, as shown in Figure 6b. A slower rate of change enables more precise control of roughness. According to the findings of the preceding study, changing the single pulse energy as well as the amount of defocusing can provide precise control of roughness. However, the efficiency of femtosecond laser processing has been questioned, so it is critical to improving the material removal rate after achieving roughness control, which is important for the engineering application of femtosecond laser processing.
## 3 Results
### JUN and FOSL2 Are Correlated with GJA1 Expression in Testicular Germ Cells Tumors  
To investigate whether FOSL2 and JUN participate in the regulation of _GJA1_ in TGCT, we investigated for correlations between gene expressions by searching the TCGA--PanCancer Atlas database ([[https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/](https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/)]([https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/](https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/)), accessed on 19 December 2021) through the cBioPortal platform [34,35]. Interestingly, _FOSL2_ and _JUN_ expressions are correlated with that of _GJA1_ in the transcriptomes of TGCT (Figure 7A,B). Moreover, the expression of _FOSL1_, also capable of cooperating with Jun, correlates with that of _GJA1_ (Figure 7C). Furthermore, the expression of _CAMKI_, being able to enhance Jun/FOSl1-dependent activation of _GJA1_ promoter, correlates with that of _GJA1_ (Figure 7D). Interest  
Figure 6: Recruitment of AP-1 members to the proximal region of the mouse _Gja1_ promoter. In (**A**), the potential AP-1 DNA regulatory elements and amplified regions between blue arrows are identified on the _Gja1_ promoter. (**B–E**) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIp) assays for Jun and JUN recruitments on the _Gja1_ promoter were performed with GC-1 cells. Indicated _Gja1_ promoter regions were amplified via qPCR following ChIP assays. Recruitment using a normal rabbit IgG was used as a negative control. Histone H3 was used as a positive control for protein-DNA complexes. Results are presented as percentages of input (\(\pm\) SEM). The number of biological replicates is indicated (n). Statistical analyses were performed using an ANOVA, followed by a [PERSON]’s multiple comparisons test. Statistically significant differences from control (IgG) are indicated by an asterisk (* \(p<0.05\)).  
ingly, the expression of the gene encoding the subunit PRKAR1B highly correlates with _GJA1_ expression in TGCT (Figure 7E). However, the expressions of AP-1 members _JUNB_ (Figure 7F) and _JUND_ (Figure 7G), as well as that of _SOX4_ (Figure 7H) and _SP1_ (Figure 7I), do not correlate with _GJA1_ expression.
# A Review of Innovative Electromagnetic Technologies for a Totally Artificial Heart
## 3 TAH Electromechanical Components
### Energy Transmission  
The TET unit enables the elimination of the percutaneous cable connection to supply the implanted equipment. Figure 6a outlines a basic layout of the external and internal circuit components involved in both power and information transmission [58; 59]. The external AC source consists of a battery and a high-frequency full-bridge MOSFET inverter. Biologic tissues impose a large gap between the transmitting and receiving coils (typically \(g=\)5-15 mm), which require high-frequency operation (\(\geq\)100 kHz) and ferromagnetic coil casing, also for magnetic field confinement [60]. Litz wires and ferrite magnetic pot cores are therefore needed to limit the electromagnetic losses.  
Using MOSFETs instead of diodes in the synchronous rectifying stage enables a remarkable reduction of conduction losses, which can be further reduced by SiC-based devices, thereby limiting the possible risks of tissue damage due to overheating. Experimental analyses of the generated waveforms showed that this converter type is less affected by deviation from the rated axial displacement (\(-20\%\) variation of the output power at \(\pm 20\%\) of the axial displacement) [61].  
Figure 6b reports the typical output current/voltage characteristics for different air-gap values [60]. The voltage is stable (18 V-21 V for normal operation) for \(g\) in the 5-10 mm range; however, for \(g\)\(=0\) mm, it suddenly drops as the load increases due to the higher internal impedance. The transfer system delivers up to about 50 W, sufficient to supply the TAH during its normal operation and recharge the implanted battery at the same time. The maximum efficiency is over 90% under typical load conditions, due to properly sized series capacitors on both transformer sides compensating for leakage inductances. An integrated system that detects the temperature of the secondary coil elaborates the feedback signal of the output power, allowing one to adjust the input power in the primary coil and improving the system [59].
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper aimed to fulfill simultaneous frequency up-conversion of ten IF signals, for the first time, to a higher frequency range up to 158 GHz without severe crosstalk and fiber dispersion power penalty. Additionally, we confirmed that we could achieve frequency conversion based on the SOA-MZI sampling mixer in co- and counter-configurations. The simulation results showed that both applicable configurations can effectively be used for frequency mixing with the important achievements. However, the results for co-direction were better than the ones of counter-propagation. Furthermore, the comparison of the principle of the standard and differential modulation modes was fulfilled in order to assess the performance of the optical transmission system. Besides, the main difficulty becomes to find a module to generate QPSK data and another one to demodulate this data at high frequencies at the SOA-MZI output. By using a VPI simulator, we have presented simulation results of frequency up mixing based on an SOA-MZI for the four scenarios. By using up to the tenth harmonic of the sampling signal, all-optical frequency up-conversions could be performed in the range up to 158 GHz. The efficiency of this mixer has been evaluated through its conversion gain. Positive conversion gains were reached at all mixing frequencies, whatever the number of the IF signals to be up-converted was. The frequency conversion of QPSK data showed exploitable EVMs for bit rates up to 100 Gbit/s. Using the SOA-MZI sampling mixer in a differential modulation mode led to a clear improvement of the performances. Distinctly, the EVM of frequency up-converted QPSK data derived from the IF signal at \(f_{10}=2\) GHz reached 15.5 and 17.5% for the co- and counter-direction configurations, respectively at 158 GHz related to tenth harmonic of the sampling signal at 100 Gbit/s. Finally, this concept is efficient, cost effective and may be applied to modern RoF, mm-wave, and microwave systems and wireless access networks without a performance degradation. In the real measurement, we confirm that co-directional conversion performed better than the counter-directional operation. Additionally, the real mixed signal possessed the lower efficiency of 2 dB and the higher EVM of 3% at \(4f_{s}+f_{10}=64.4\) GHz in comparison with simulated signals due to receiver sensitivity.  
All the authors, [PERSON], [PERSON] and A.N., contributed equally to this paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not Applicable.  
Data Availability StatementData underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.