## 4 Control and Management  
The control issue of power electronic interface converters plays a vital role in the efficient and safe operation of EREVs. There are many studies on the control of power flow and energy management. Table 2 shows studies about energy management methods. The control and management strategies are focused on (1) minimization of fuel consumption and loss of energy, (2) simplifying the structure, (3) increasing the maximum efficiency, and (4) ensuring robustness and satisfactory driving performance. Energy management: Adopting an intelligent energy management system (EMS) helps maximize onboard stored energy. Using sensor inputs, such as air temperature and currents and voltages for the motors and batteries, among other data, the EMS can perform the following functions:  
1. Optimize the system's energy flow;
2. Predict the remaining energy and hence the residual driving cycle;
3. Turn on the APU to charge and improve the autonomy with a suitable control method;
4. Suggest more efficient driving behavior;
5. Direct energy regenerated from braking to receptive energy sources such as the batteries;
6. Modulate temperature control as a response to external climate;
7. Propose battery charging;
8. Analyze the operation history of the energy source, especially the battery;
9. Diagnose any incorrect behavior or defective components of the energy source, or malfunctions of any component. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Control** \\ **Methods/Strategy** \\ \end{tabular} & **Author** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Controlled** \\ **System** \\ \end{tabular} & **Technology** & **Purpose** & **Application** \\ \hline Constant power control strategy & [3] & BMS & ER-ICE & \begin{tabular}{c} The lowest permissible \\ level of SOC after the \\ drive charge the vehicle \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Charging Management \\ Arterial Roads \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline A power follower control strategy & [3] & BMS & ER-ICE & \begin{tabular}{c} The lowest permissible \\ level of SOC after the \\ drive charge the vehicle \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Charging Management \\ Express Way \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Proportional resonant control strategy & [8] & Generator & ER-ICE & \begin{tabular}{c} To maintain the \\ efficient region \\ of the generator \\ \end{tabular} & Generate more energy \\ \hline Partial power following control strategy & [8] & ICE & ER-ICE & \begin{tabular}{c} To maintain the \\ efficient region to \\ operate the ICE \\ \end{tabular} & Reduce fuel consumption \\ \hline A control strategy based & & & & \\ on Pontryagins & [9] & ICE & ER-ICE & \begin{tabular}{c} Monitors the current \\ SOC of the battery \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Minimizes the energy \\ consumed during driving \\ \end{tabular} \\ (PMP) & & & & \\ \hline Predictive control-based energy management & [90] & Fuel Cells & ER-FC & Forecasted speed & \begin{tabular}{c} Minimize hydrogen \\ consumption \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Regenerative Braking control strategy (RRBCS) & [28] & \begin{tabular}{c} Regenerative \\ braking \\ \end{tabular} & ER-RB & \
\begin{tabular}{c} The better capacity of \\ the regenerative braking \\ energy consider slip \\ ratio of the tire \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Coordinate regenerative \\ braking torque and \\ mechanical friction to \\ maximize energy recovery \\ and to ensure the braking \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: A summary of control methods and strategies for EREVs.