## 1 Introduction  
The rapid increase in the world's population and technological advancements have led to a continual depletion of natural resources that meet human needs [1]. For future generations to benefit from these resources, global attention has shifted toward environmental sustainability. To achieve sustainability, existing resources must be utilized efficiently, and waste generated from production processes should be repurposed in the best possible manner. Studies aiming to address the economic and environmental crises caused by excessive consumption and inefficient resource usage seek solutions that prioritize resource conservation and efficiency, providing a roadmap for a sustainable economic model. Agricultural land constitutes approximately 36% of the world's total land area, indicating that many countries depend heavily on agricultural activities for their economy [2]. The production and processing of agricultural products generate plant and animal wastes, collectively referred to as agro-wastes (AWs). The recycling of these wastes is crucial for agricultural production and environmental sustainability [3]. In countries where agricultural activities are prominent, such as India, Brazil, China, Indonesia, and the United States, the feasibility of recycling these wastes and the opportunities it presents should be thoroughly assessed and managed, with appropriate methods applied to reduce waste at its source and convert it into reusable forms [4]. AWs can be utilized in various sectors, such as construction materials in the building industry [5; 6], in textile manufacturing [7], and for energy production [8; 9]. Such applications not only reduce environmental pollution but also facilitate the transfer of resources to future generations by minimizing the use of existing resources. Additionally, if agricultural enterprises supply these wastes as raw materials to other sectors, they can increase their income. The concept of sustainability has recently gained significant attention in the construction sector as well. Humanity's need for shelter and protection has evolved since the dawn of history, and the aim to preserve this legacy for future generations has become one of the primary goals of the construction industry. Today, the construction sector, which plays a crucial role in the development of emerging economies, occupies a central position in terms of sustainability due to its environmental, economic, and social impacts. For instance, the construction industry accounts for approximately 38% of global carbon dioxide emissions, and green technologies like AW integration can reduce embodied carbon significantly [5; 6]. Economically, using AW in concrete production can lower costs by 15-20%, while socially, it offers opportunities to create local employment and improve community incomes [10]. The growth of the human population leads to an increase in construction activities, which, in turn, raises energy demand and resource consumption. The development of the construction sector and the expansion of urbanization have led to the depletion of non-renewable resources; the loss of biodiversity; deforestation; the reduction of agricultural land; soil, air, and water pollution; and global warming [5; 6; 11]. Furthermore, throughout a building's life cycle and upon its demolition, the production of construction materials, which requires considerable energy and depletes natural resources, results in ongoing environmental challenges [10]. Concrete is a widely used building material that requires large amounts of components, making it costly. Studies have highlighted the resource-intensive nature of concrete production, which significantly impacts its cost and environmental footprint. As a major contributor to global CO2 emissions, accounting for approximately 5-8% of the total due to its cement content, concrete production has driven the search for solutions to enhance sustainability and reduce carbon footprints within the industry [12; 13; 14; 15].