## 5 Conclusions  
In summary, the proposed approach offers a comprehensive perspective for understanding the complex interactions between Smart Urban Logistics (SUL) and access management, providing fundamental insights for informed policymaking and the development of effective strategies. By dissecting the relationships between elements such as UVAR policies, fleet composition, and logistics productivity, this perspective equips decision-makers to refine urban logistics strategies with greater accuracy. Its inherent integrative capacity enables the identification of beneficial synergies among diverse measures, thereby improving the overall efficiency of urban freight movement and advancing sustainability objectives. While acknowledging certain inherent limitations, including potential simplifications of intricate urban dynamics and dependencies on data availability, the positive contribution of this methodology is significant. Looking ahead, potential enhancements include the integration of real-time data, the examination of wider socio-economic impacts, and the incorporation of additional indicators related to urban logistics. These developments could significantly improve the model's accuracy and real-world relevance. This study provides a conceptual basis for advancing toward a more refined simulation framework, supporting the design of sustainable and effective urban logistics and access management strategies. It highlights how simulation-based approaches can help address the complex challenges of urban freight, offering valuable guidance for policymakers aiming to implement well-informed and efficient solutions. Firstly, the crucial role of optimized fleet composition is highlighted, where the integration of traditional vehicles with alternative fuel options, including hybrid and autonomous vehicles, is paramount for reducing emissions, alleviating congestion, and enhancing overall operational efficiency within urban logistics. Secondly, a synergistic improvement in urban space management and dynamic parking solutions is crucial; this involves strategically pairing restrictive measures and incentives with initiatives aimed at optimizing urban space utilization. The dynamic parking solutions offer a pathway to enhance delivery efficiency and optimize the utilization of parking areas by reducing congestion, which can, in turn, liberate valuable urban space for alternative uses that enhance the quality of life, such as green areas and pedestrian zones, contributing to a more people-centric urban environment. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors into road infrastructure is also key, facilitating real-time data collection and monitoring that offers critical insights into traffic flow, emissions, and infrastructure usage. A data-driven approach to urban logistics enables predictive planning, more accurate assessments of policy impacts, and responsive adaptation to dynamic urban conditions. Crucially, technologies such as route optimization algorithms, dynamic access management platforms, and smart parking management systems serve as vital instruments for enhancing operational responsiveness and efficiency. These tools operate within the Industry 4.0 framework, enabled by foundational technologies including IoT, big data analytics, cloud computing, cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, and advanced human-machine interfaces. Integrating them into urban freight transport fosters the creation of intelligent and adaptive logistics models, capable of real-time adjustment to urban conditions and user needs. Equally important is the engagement with private logistics operators and technology providers through public-private collaboration frameworks. Incentivizing the adoption of IoT devices and intelligent routing systems on commercial vehicles not only improves fleet tracking and performance monitoring but also fosters data sharing that can inform collective decision-making and support the development of intelligent logistics networks.