# Advancing the State of the Fog Computing to Enable 5G Network Technologies
## 7 Convergence of 5G and Fog Computing  
A major way in which 5G networks can enable fog computing is the introduction of advanced network technologies for increased bandwidth spectrum, advanced modulation schemes with algorithms, and enhanced hardware technology to handle the proposed technological requirements. Advanced MIMO antenna modules, routers, and C-RAN units must be deployed for smart applications. Moreover, Wi-fi offloading is an essential technique to offload data traffic from small cell base stations. These technologies are further described in the following sections. **Small cell or Low Powered Radio Access Nodes (RAN):** It ranges between 10 m and 2 km. It is installed in a densely populated urban region, which may not be able to support macrocells. However, its functions exist either in unlicensed or licensed spectrums. A suited Fog RAN semi-hybrid distributed resource allocation algorithm was proposed by [5]. It is a periodical cloud BBU that is centralized for carrying out user pre-scheduling as well as a distributed local beam-forming frame at each Fog AP. However, the joint algorithm that is centralized to resolve beam-forming and user clustering in CRANs can only leverage imperfect CSIs due to the inevitable transport delays on front-haul links. Hence, the proposed algorithm makes use of perfect CSIs at Fog Aps despite local optimization for beam-forming and large-scale cloud processing to improve imperfect pre-scheduling of CSIs. Simulated results of the proposed method in terms of delay and throughput showed a practical, realistic level of imperfect CSI. Delay improvement suggested that small packets are well suited for future IoT applications [32]. Several users are directly served by the broadcast downlink Macro-cell-Based Station (MBS), while others served directly with the Small Cell-Based Stations (SBSs) side channel that is also known as \"side-link.\" The basic trade-off for the Fog Radio Access Network (F-RAN) model includes:  
* Size of the cache memory at the SBS
* Load of MBS downlink served directly to user devices and SBS
* A study on the aggregate load of side-link under a standard demand of worst-case scenario. Figure 4: Applications of Fog Computing. Previous studies recovered special cases of this network model, and by-product results of independent interest are given. From the FC perspective, both small and macro-based stationed cells can be employed to attain ultra-low latency needed by the 5G networks. These network nodes could provide storage and computation power too. A fog computing-based radio access network (F-RAN) could provide 5G networks with high spectral and energy efficiency as well, drawing from capabilities in edge devices like local radio signal processing and distributed storage [1]. It can provide a more effective data rate and low-latency network coverage for users in every unit. However, to increase data rate, Multiple Input, Multiple Out (MIMO) concept can be enhanced as well. It is discussed briefly in the next section. **Multiple Input, Multiple Out (MIMO):** MIMO concept is employed to increase the data rate to transmit and receive signals with the help of additional antennas. A huge number of miniature-sized antenna arrays are used in 5G technology. Moreover, multiple antennas integrated with mobile devices will be used to send and receive data signals. A novel Fog Computing technique in the uplink of the front-haul constrained Distributed Massive MIMO system (DM-MIMO), and the corresponding power control algorithm [33]. By performing decentralized signal detection, followed by user-based compression at distributed enhanced RRHs, the amounts of overheads, the number of quantizers, and the overall optimization complexity can be greatly decreased. **Offloading:** Data will exponentially continue to increase with the advent of 5G networks. However, Internet Service Providers (ISP) are seeking measures to prevent congestion on Internet usage. Offloading data traffic free up network capacity as well as providing high QoS.