esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Methodology  
The methodology used in this paper was divided into two parts. The first part focused on the use of advanced statistical models, while the second part provides the comparison and validation of such results using physical-based models.  
In the first part, after data collection, a selection of relevant variables for landslide control was conducted, considering parameters associated with seismic events, instability location, and terrain characteristics. Data were split into training and testing sets, and additional variables were created to balance the samples and ensure the representativeness of the features in both sets. Various feature selection algorithms were used, machine learning models were applied, and their results were analyzed.  
In the second part, the machine learning results were contrasted with evaluation metrics based on physical models, such as those proposed in [27].  
Figure 1: Location map of the study area in Lorca. Lithological groups affected by slope instabilities related to the 2011 Lorca earthquake are shown (blue dots). The rectangle of the striped lines corresponds to the area shown in Figure 10. AMF: Alhama de Murcia Fault.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of Cement Content and Solid Mass Concentration
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**ITS \(\sigma_{t}\) (MPa)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Peak Strain \(\varepsilon\) (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **3d** & **7d** & **28d** & **3d** & **7d** & **28d** \\ \hline A1 & 0.37 & 0.50 & 0.21 & 2.69 & 3.90 & 3.30 \\ A2 & 0.36 & 0.58 & 0.27 & 2.26 & 4.19 & 3.67 \\ A3 & 0.50 & 0.53 & 0.32 & 1.55 & 3.39 & 2.50 \\ A4 & 0.36 & 0.33 & 0.17 & 0.86 & 5.03 & 1.73 \\ A5 & 0.48 & 0.31 & 0.11 & 2.31 & 3.74 & 2.38 \\ A6 & 0.36 & 0.36 & 0.21 & 2.65 & 4.75 & 3.01 \\ A7 & 0.32 & 0.23 & 0.15 & 4.16 & 4.34 & 2.34 \\ A8 & 0.28 & 0.27 maximum on the 7 th day, shown in Figure 6c,d. Additionally, the \(\varepsilon\) showed the opposite trend for 7 days and 28 days curing ages with the increase in cement content. Moreover, \(\varepsilon\) on the 28 th day decreased by 45% on average compared to the 7 th day with the same solid mass concentration condition. This is because the tailings contained 11.90% S\({}^{2-}\), which is easily oxidized into sulfate ions and sulfate, leading to the formation of expansive products, gypsum and ettringite, and the decalcification of hydrated calcium silicate. This means that microcracks will be formed in the CPB and the hydration reaction will be inhibited, resulting in a great reduction in strength and peak strain with the extension of curing time.
# Exploiting Mobile Edge Computing for Enhancing Vehicular Applications in Smart Cities
## 7 Conclusions  
Big traffic data would bring serious challenges to VANETs because of poor connectivity, less scalability, and less intelligence. Serving VANETs with cloud computing services may cause serious issues when the cloud servers are far away from the mobile vehicles due to capacity limitation and delay fluctuation of the transmission on the backbone networks. Mobile edge computing (MEC) is a promising solution to push different types of services to the edge of the radio network. This way, the computing capabilities can be offered at the edge of the mobile network, closer to mobile vehicular terminals, with low latency, high bandwidth, and real-time access to network information via traffic safety and convenience applications.  
In this paper, we explore the state of the art of integrating MEC in vehicular environments, which would allow the evolution of the next generation ITS in smart cities, and move the computation in conventional VANETs to the edge for an improved performance. Moreover, we propose an edge-based data dissemination protocol for vehicular networks to provide better connectivity, improved resource utilization, less communication overhead and minimized latency. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of our protocol in terms of data delivery, dissemination overhead and delay. A further work would include the evaluation of MEC in more sophisticated scenarios, which could employ the collected data in different types of applications. We are currently working on a comprehensive middleware solution for facilitating different types of communications between the sensing layer and the cloud server in an edge-based vehicular environment.  
Conceptualization, H.E.-S. and M.C.; methodology, M.C. and H.E.-S.; software, M.C.; validation, M.C. and H.E.-S.; writing--original draft preparation, M.C.; writing--review and editing, H.E.-S.; visualization, M.C.; supervision, H.E.-S.; project administration, H.E.-S.  
This research was funded by the Roadway, Transportation, and Traffic Safety Research Center (RTTSRC) of the United Arab Emirates University (Grant number 31R058).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
## 5 Discussion
### Computational Cost of FFSAR  
Regarding the FFSAR processor, the S6 Ground Processor Prototype implements a classic time-domain algorithm, initially introduced by [PERSON] et al. [29], which inherently demands more computational resources compared to algorithms operating in the frequency domain [40; 41]. While algorithms operating in the frequency domain rely on certain approximations primarily affecting the satellite orbit, their feasibility should be assessed in future studies.
# A Hybrid Domain Color Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Hyperchaotic Mapping
## 5 Conclusions  
In watermarking technology, it is necessary to make a trade-off between imperceptibility, robustness and embedding capacity, but many watermarking schemes ignore this problem. In order to solve this problem, we propose an adaptive color image watermarking scheme based on DWT-DCT-SVD. The embedding factor is adaptively determined by calculating the Bhattacharyya distance between the cover image and the watermark image. At the same time, in order to enhance the security of the watermark, we use Lorenz hyperchaotic mapping to encrypt the watermark image. Experimental results show that our scheme achieves a balance between imperceptibility, robustness and embedding capacity. The digital watermarking of color images is widely used, including digital copyright protection, security authentication, information hiding, digital media traceability and other fields. Therefore, the research and application of digital color image watermarking technology has become a very important topic in the field of digital information security. The future research direction of this study to improve on our findings mainly combines image watermarking with intelligent optimization algorithm or deep learning, which can search for better embedding factors through intelligent optimization. At the same time, the combination of deep learning and image watermarking will greatly improve the performance and application potential of watermarking.  
Conceptualization, R.Y.; methodology, R.Y.; validation, R.Y. and Q.Z.; formal analysis, X.W.; investigation, R.Y.; resources, R.Y.; data curation, R.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, R.Y. and Q.Z.; writing--review and editing, Y.D.; supervision, Y.D.; project administration, Y.D.; funding acquisition, Y.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61772295), Key Projects of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Innovation Development Joint Fund (CSTB2023 NSCQ-LZX0139), Open Fund of Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Grant No. SKLACSS-202208) and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant no. KJZD-M202000501)  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} DWT & Discrete wavelet transform \\ DCT & Discrete cosine transform \\ SVD & Singular value decomposition \\ PSNR & Peak signal-to-noise ratio \\ SSIM & Structural similarity \\ MSE & Mean-squared error \\ NCC & Nonlinear correlation coefficient \\ EBR & Bit error rate \\ \end{tabular}
# Enhanced Effective Filtering Approach (eEFA) for Improving HSR Network Performance in Smart Grids
## Proposed eEFA Approach
### Discovering Passive QuadBox Rings  
In eEFA, communications are classified into two types: unidirectional and bidirectional. In a unidirectional communication, unicast frames are propagated in only one direction from a source to a destination. In a bidirectional communication, unicast frames are exchanged between the source and the destination. In other words, in bidirectional communication, if the destination receives a frame sent by the source, it will reply by sending a frame back to the source.
## 1 Introduction  
The aim of economic dispatch (ED) problem in power systems field is to determine the allocation of real power outputs for the generating units economically while satisfying corresponding physical and operational constraints [1]. With the growing scale of power systems, traditional centered ED algorithm is inclined to bring many problems like disaster of dimensionality, bottleneck of network communication. Furthermore, the modern power systems are composed of numerous sub-networks interconnected by tie-lines, each sub-network has its own energy management system (EMS) and most data in sub-network is treated confidentially and used internally. Thus, it is necessary to propose a distributed algorithm and each sub-network only exchanges its boundary information with its neighbor sub-networks, rather than exchanging all data with all sub-networks in power systems.  
[PERSON] proposed a new decomposition-coordination interior point method (DIPM) to tackle the multi-area optimal reactive power flow problem [2]. Actually, the proposed DIPM is parallel distributed algorithm. However, DIPM needs a coordinator server which communicates with all sub-systems for exchanging required information, a great deal of data interchange will lead to communication bottlenecks. Approximate Newton directions method is applied to address multi-area optimal power flow problem [3,4], the upside is that it allows the EMS in each sub-network to operate its system independently while obtaining an optimal coordinated but decentralized solution; the downside is that it is limited by strict condition which is a difficult requirement to meet in practice.  
Auxiliary problem principle (APP) has been originally introduced by [PERSON] in 1980 [5], this method has been extensive applied in power systems field, such as daily generation scheduling optimization [6], unit commitment [7] and distributed optimal power flow [8,9]. However, APP method has a major drawback: it is very sensitive to the value of related penalty parameter, _i.e._, the convergence performance of APP will be poor if penalty parameter is selected improperly. Meanwhile, the suitable penalty parameter varies with different systems, it is impossible to obtain a generic penalty parameter in advance. In this paper, we propose a self-adaptive APP for solving multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) problem, the key is that penalty parameter is allowed to vary per iteration according to the iterate information for better convergence performance.  
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we give the formulation of the multi-area economic dispatch problem. Then, section 3 describes the traditional auxiliary problem principle. After that, we propose a self-adaptive APP iterative scheme in section 4, during which the corresponding penalty parameter \(c\) is allowed to adjust based on the iterate message. In section 5, two test systems are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and we conclude in section 6.
## 2 Related Work
### Feasibility and Impact of Implementing High Security Mechanisms on IoT End Devices  
As explained above, to move from cloud-centric to edge computing IoT implementations, IoT end-devices have to perform tasks previously carried out by the powerful hardware of cloud systems. There are modern hardware boards capable of acting as end-devices, of processing the captured data and of providing complex services, but no actual work was found in the literature that assesses the impact of implementing advanced security mechanisms on such a kind of hardware platforms. There are works evaluating the feasibility and impact of securing IoT communications, but the selected methods do not provide the needed security levels for edge computing deployments. Moreover, although in the literature there are comparisons between different IoT security techniques or algorithms, they are not based on the concept of security level, providing misleading conclusions. Regarding hardware configurations and their impact on securing IoT devices, the works presented in the previous subsections propose complex techniques that cannot be tested on different hardware platforms and whose conclusions are difficult to extrapolate to different systems.  
The presented study compared the broadly used RSA algorithm with ECDSA, with keys that provide equivalent security levels. For protecting communications, it uses TLS, one of the currently most used protocols for securing any type of Internet communication. To compare the hardware impact on both tested security schemes, different clock frequencies are tested, since clock frequency is a parameter that can be configured in most hardware platforms and with a presumably high impact on the execution performance of such computational demanding algorithms.
## 1 Introduction
When comprehensively analyzing traffic conditions, multiple traffic parameters and physical quantities must be analyzed together, that is, from the perspective of a comprehensive space-time analysis. However, when combined with the function of chaotic parameters, the orbit characteristics of multiple chaotic variables change, which affects the chaotic prediction accuracy of space-time parameters. Reducing or avoiding this requires further research. The main issue in this paper is the presentation of the methodology for solving the spatial-temporal state of traffic in city road sections and predicting trends. To analyze the road operational status from a microscopic perspective, we first start with considering the time dimension. By using microscopic parameters such as the vehicle travel time, speed, headway, and spacing and combining them with mathematical relationships of traffic flow parameters, a microscopic analysis function for traffic operation is constructed by considering the state of waiting in line. Combined with analyzing the non-linear characteristics of microscopic parameters and forecasting methods, the phase space is reconstructed and short-term prediction is conducted on the reconstructed phase space matrix to obtain the prediction result of the traffic spatial-temporal state. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 presents the related work regarding spatiotemporal operation characteristics of the traffic state, multivariate phase space analysis, its applications in traffic flow, and deep learning methods for traffic flow parameter prediction applications. Section 3 presents the methodology for the spatial-temporal state of traffic considering the travel time, speed, and the state of waiting in line from a temporal and spatial perspective. Section 4 presents the datasets used for the evaluation of the method and discusses the experimental results and future work. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
## 3 Data and Model
### Independent Variable  
We included three key variables--news media, social network marketing, and film stars--to capture marketing activities. First, we measured news media (NWM) by employing the Baidu Media Index. This index shows how many headlines of the major online media and web portals a movie title appears in. It indicates the online news coverage of each movie. Media generally handles \"newsworthy\" issues that are considered important information for moviegoers [28; 29; 30]. Thus, it plays a critical role in inducing consumers tosearch for information about the related movie. In addition, news headlines are frequently used to measure the media effect on the prior literature [31; 32; 33; 34].  
Second, we measured social network marketing (SNM) by collecting the daily number of \"mentions\" of a movie title on Sina Weibo, the most popular microblog in China [35]. It measures the exposure of a movie through social network services. The microblog has been heavily adopted as a representative SNM tool in the electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) literature [35; 36; 37]. Word of mouth is considered a more persuasive source for a marketer to provide information on the relevant product to their consumers than other marketing activities [38; 39]. Additionally, the number of \"mentions\" is representatively employed to measure the effect of SNM [40; 41].  
Third, we measured the power of stars by employing two types of variables: performance-based star power (PSP) and non-performance-based star power (NSP). (Note that Star Power is related to the intrinsic feature of a movie and therefore could be viewed as the quality of casting. We appreciate anonymous reviewers who suggested we see the variables from a different perspective.) Performance-based star power was measured by the total number of awards won by the main actors and actresses in a movie. This captured the power of the actors and actresses in implying the quality of the casting. It is well known that actors and actresses cast in a movie are considered an important indicator of the quality of a movie for moviegoers [6]. The awards won by actors or actresses are frequently used as a measurement of the quality of the casting which implies the quality of a movie in the marketing literature. On the other hand, there exists the non-performance power of stars that induces people to watch a movie rather than the quality of the acting they provide [21]. This is related to the popularity of the stars based on their fandoms. It is also well known as an important factor that influences moviegoers to decide to watch a movie. For non-performance-based star power, we measured the total number of fans of the main actors and actresses in a movie.
## 1 Introduction
The CEM methods mentioned above are all designed to construct constant-envelope signals with single-frequency subcarriers. To realize constant-envelope multiplexing with multi-frequency subcarriers, we propose a dual-sideband constant-envelope multiplexing modulation, named asymmetric constant-envelope frequency-hopping binary offset carrier multiplexing (ACE-FHBOC). ACE-BOC can be regarded as a special case of ACE-FHBOC when the frequency-hopping pattern of ACE-FHBOC subcarriers contains only a single frequency. The ACE-BOC is a typical generalized DCEM technique that can combine up to four signal components with any power ratio, which significantly improves the flexibility of GNSS signal design. Moreover, further studies such as ES-ACEBOC and BS-ACEBOC realize lower complexity of signal implementation than ACE-BOC while maintaining the same flexibility of signal design as ACE-BOC. As an extension of ACE-BOC, ACE-FHBOC inherits the design flexibility in the number of signal components and power ratio among components and has much higher design flexibility in the number of subcarrier frequencies. With frequency-hopping subcarriers, ACE-FHBOC has endowed some advantages, such as lower ACF ambiguity, lower probability of intercept, and better anti-narrowband interference and multipath performance than ACE-BOC. We first formulate mathematical models and propose typical applications of ACE-FHBOC, and further derive decomposed forms for different types of ACE-FHBOC. Second, several generation schemes are discussed. Next, we derive the ACF and power spectrum density function (PSD) of ACE-FHBOC. Then, we develop a software-defined receiver to simulate and analyze the performance for several specific ACE-FHBOC and ACE-BOC signals. Finally, we draw conclusions.
## 2 Triangular vs. Square Lattice Planar Arrays
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**24.25 GHz**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**26.875 GHz**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**29.5 GHz**} \\ \hline  & Tri & Squ & Tri & Squ & Tri & Squ \\ \(\eta_{Gain}\) & 21.38 & 20.77 & 22.18 & 21.57 & 22.87 & 22.28 \\ \(\sigma^{2}_{Gain}\) & 0.89 & 0.83 & 0.97 & 0.9 & 1.12 & 0.99 \\ \(min_{Gain}\) & 19.17 & 18.73 & 19.81 & 19.38 & 20.24 & 19.83 \\ \(max_{Gain}\) & 22.42 & 21.78 & 23.26 & 22.61 & 24.03 & 23.37 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Statistical comparison between the gain (dBi) of a square lattice and an equilateral triangular lattice for an \(8\times 8\) array evaluated within the circular scan sector. Figure 8: Gain in dBi of a planar array composed of 64 elements (\(8\times 8\) array) as a function of the main beam steering inside the circular angular sector (\(-60^{\circ}\leq\theta_{0}\leq\ 60^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\leq\ \phi_{0}\leq\ 180^{\circ}\)). Equilateral triangular lattice at (**a**) 24.25 GHz, (**b**) 26.875 GHz, and (**c**) 29.5 GHz; square lattice at (**d**) 24.25 GHz, (**e**) 26.875 GHz, and (**f**) 29.5 GHz. by the intersection between Equation (6) and the \(u\)-\(v\) points inside the circular sector cell shown in Figure 2.  
By looking at Figures 9 and 10 it is evident that the use of triangular lattices in planar antenna arrays outperforms that of square ones from a statistical point of view, in terms of ASLL. The better performance of triangular lattices is highlighted by a lower ASLL mean value, a reduced minimum value, and a similar maximum value. Specifically, triangular lattices allow for a percentage reduction of the ASLL mean value (\(\eta_{ASLL}\)) of 1-2% within the desired bandwidth, compared to square lattices, when considering the whole visible region. The ASLL superiority of triangular lattices is further confirmed by taking into account only the investigated circular sector cell (Figure 10). Indeed, the ASLL mean value percentage reduction in triangular lattices compared to square lattices turns out to be between 3.5% and 4.5%. This feature is attractive for 5G massive MIMO systems, since it allows for a reduction in both the intra-cell and inter-cell interference. Since lateral lobes related to the main beam pointing at one user generate interference for all other users served within the same time-frequency resource, the lower ASLL guaranteed by a triangular lattice is appealing for use in a HAPS 5G massive MIMO system.
# TransECA-Net: A Transformer-Based Model for Encrypted Traffic Classification
## 2 Related Work
### Feature-Based Methods  
As network applications have diversified and become more complex, particularly with the rise of P2P and encrypted traffic, traditional port-based methods have gradually proven ineffective, resulting in the emergence of traffic-feature-based strategies. [PERSON] et al. [18] introduced an internet classification method that utilizes statistical features, effectively overcoming the operational difficulties associated with unreliable port numbers and the complexities of payload interpretation. However, this approach necessitates a large volume of training data, and the processes of feature selection and extraction can be quite intricate.