esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Phytogenics for Sustainable Poultry Production
## 4 Selected Plant Sources of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Compounds
### Camelia sinensis  
_Camelia sinensis_, commonly known as green tea, is an evergreen shrub that belongs to the family _Theaceae_[67]. The _Camelia_ genus comprises over 200 species, with a majority being native and adapted to China [68]. The green tea plant is the most grown for its buds and leaves, which are used to make tea [69]. Green tea leaves have a crude protein content that ranges from 18.15 to 22.9% and metabolizable energy between 11.3 and 14.6 MJ/kg [70]. The leaves are rich in vitamins (A, C, E, K, and B complex), lipids (linolenic and linoleic acids), pigments (carotenoids and chlorophyll), and minerals [71]. Green tea contains beneficial compounds that have stress-reducing functions and antioxidant activities with neurological effects and anti-inflammatory properties [72]. Its polyphenols account for up to 35% of the dry weight of the leaves [73]. However, the majority of the antioxidants are catechins, which make up about 10 to 20% of dry leaves. The major catechins identified in the plant are (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) [63], which have potential health benefits [74].  
Furthermore, it contains 26 different amino acids, alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline), carotenoids, lipids, L-ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, methylxanthines, minerals, chlorophyll, saponins, organic compounds, and volatile organic compounds [74; 75]. Other important bioactive compounds that have been isolated in the plant are flavonoids such as kaempfer, myrvicetin, and quercetin, which account for 2-3% of the dry leaves [76].  
[PERSON] et al. [77] indicated that replacing the antibiotic zinc-bacitracin with green tea leaf powder in the diets of Jumbo quail boosted the overall feed intake but had no effect on weight gain or feed conversion efficiency. Additionally, 10% aqueous green tea extract and other antibiotics had comparable antibacterial effects on the antibiotic-resistant _S. pyogenes_, _P. mirabilis_, and _S. aureus_ species [78].
# A Novel High Gain Monopole Antenna Array for 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave Communications
## 1 Introduction
The work in [23] proposed a single band antenna design for future millimeter-wave wireless communication at 38 GHz. In this work, a printed monopole antenna element was designed and optimized via a parametric study to operate in the 60 GHz band for 5G systems. The optimized antenna was expanded to two-elements with a partial ground DGS and an enhanced feeding network designed to enhance the radiation characteristics and bandwidth. Detailed design methodology and results obtained by electromagnetic field simulation software via high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), as well as the measured results obtained from the fabricated structure, are presented and discussed in the following sections. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the proposed antenna design and parametric study. Section 3 presents the fabricated structure, measurements, and comparison to simulated output. Finally, the conclusion is presented in Section 4.
# SCMC: An Efficient Scheme for Minimizing Energy in WSNs Using a Set Cover Approach
## 3 Approach
### Energy Optimization
#### 3.4.1 Minimizing Energy Consumption in Clusters  
The objective of using a SET K-COVER approach to construct clusters in WSNs is to increase their energy efficiency. The reason for the common placement of multiple sensors close together to cover a single area is due to the ad-hoc nature of sensor placement, topological constraints, or to compensate for the short lifetime of the sensors.  
Therefore, in an effort to increase the longevity of the network and to conserve battery power, it is beneficial to activate groups of sensors in rounds, so that the battery life of a sensor is not wasted on areas that are already monitored by other sensors. Additionally, certain batteries last up to twice as long when used in short bursts as opposed to continuously. Therefore, activating a sensor only once every \(k\) time units can extend the lifetime of its battery. For the active nodes inside a cluster, an energy cost \(e_{i}\) is associated with a sensor node \(x_{i}\) each time the latter sends a message to the CH.  
Thus, the energy consumption for a cluster can be formulated as a linear programming optimization problem where:  
\[\text{Minimizing }\sum_{i=1}^{k}x_{i}*e_{i}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(k\) is the number of active nodes inside the cluster.  
St:  
\[e_{i}\leq E_{init} \tag{7}\]  
\[x_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1&if\ active\\ 0&if\ inactive\end{array}\right. \tag{8}\]  
\[\sum_{1}^{k}e_{i}\leq E_{clust} \tag{9}\]  
where \(E_{init}\) is the initial energy of node \(x_{i}\), where \(E_{clust}\) is the initial cluster total energy of all nodes.  
Output: vector \(X=(x_{1},x_{2},\dots\ x_{n})\) for nodes active and inactive.
# A Feasibility Study for a Hand-Held Acoustic Imaging Camera
## 2 Acoustic Imaging Concepts
### Angular Resolution  
A key parameter in acoustic imaging is the angular resolution, which determines the camera's ability to spatially discriminate sources [1]. This is influenced by the acoustic  
Figure 1: _Dual Cam_ prototype integrates co-located acoustic and visual imaging modalities using a planar microphone array paired with a video camera [10].  
wavelength \(\lambda\), propagation medium sound speed \(c\), and array physical aperture dimensions. The angle \(\theta\) between two visible sources must satisfy:  
\[\theta\geq\frac{\lambda}{L} \tag{1}\]  
where \(L\) is the array size normal to the direction of arrival; the constraint arises because waves emitted from within \(\theta\) will produce signals separated by less than a wavelength, making them indistinguishable. The approximate relationship shows that larger apertures provide finer angular resolution. However, simply using more microphones is insufficient--their positioning is critical, as discussed next.
# CT Scanning of Structural Characteristics of Glacial Till in Moxi River Basin, Sichuan Province
###### Abstract  
G Glacial till is a special soil in alpine mountainous areas, which often induces geohazards such as debris flows and landslides due to the influence of special geological environmental conditions in alpine mountainous areas. The change in the structure of glacial till is the main cause of geohazards. Glacial till structure is one of the important factors affecting the mechanical properties of soil. It can explain the mechanical phenomena of soil engineering and establish the quantitative relationship between soil structure and macro-mechanical properties. However, there are few systematic research results on its structure. For this reason, the intact glacial till in the Moxi River Basin, South of Kangding City, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garze, Sichuan Province was taken as the research object, and the meso-structure and micro-structure of intact glacial till were studied using CT scanning and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The meso-structure and micro-structure images of the interior of intact glacial till were obtained and the porosity, particle shape, directivity and structural unit were analyzed. The results show that: (1) the average porosity of longitudinal and transverse sections of intact glacial till are 24.92% and 24.35%, respectively, and the difference is not significant; (2) the average circularity of the particles in the longitudinal and transverse sections is 0.836 and 0.802, respectively, and the average aspect ratio is 2.5 and 3.7, respectively. The shape of the particles in the longitudinal section is more circular than in the transverse section, and the orientation of the particles in the transverse sectional direction is more obvious; (3) the main mineral components of the glacial till sample are mica, feldspar and quartz. In the process of transportation and deposition, the mineral particles undergo different degrees of grinding, crushing and dissolution. The particles are mainly formed by calcareous cement, and the cementation is dense. The structure is mainly a skeleton structure composed of fine particles that are wrapped or filled. These findings provide the scientific basis for highway-, railway- and hydro-power-station construction and disaster prevention and mitigation in the alpine mountainous area.  
glacial till; meso-structure; micro-structure; CT scanning; SEM; Moxi River Basin 2022
# U-Net with Asymmetric Convolution Blocks for Road Traffic Noise Attenuation in Seismic Data
## 3 Methods
### UNet Structures  
We adopt the UNet for the denoising network, originally proposed and successfully used for medical image segmentation [36] and then promoted and applied. The UNet is named for its U-shaped network architecture, as shown in Figure 5. It consists mainly of two paths, one is the encoder part, which is used to extract the imagery features, and the other is an expansion path, which operates the opposite way to restore the imagery features. The encoder includes two \(3\times 3\) convolutional layers, nonlinearity layers (ReLu), and \(2\times 2\) max pooling layers. On the decoder part, the structure is the opposite of the encoder. The decoder consists of two convolutional layers, each of which is followed by a ReLu and a transposed convolutional layer. The skip connections are added between the down-sampling path and the up-sampling path, which can combine local information with global information to avoid the vanishing gradient problem and improve network performance.  
In order to estimate the network parameters, an optimization problem will be solved as the following formula,  
\[\hat{\mathbf{\theta}}=\arg\min_{\mathbf{\theta}}\frac{1}{M}\sum_{m=1}^{M}\mathcal{L}[ \mathbf{N}(\mathbf{y_{m}};\mathbf{\theta},\mathbf{n}),\mathbf{x_{m}},\mathbf{n_{m}}]+\lambda\|\mathbf{ \theta}\|^{2}, \tag{3}\]  
where \(\{(\mathbf{y_{m}};\mathbf{x_{m}},\mathbf{n_{m}})\}\)is a training data set, \(\mathbf{x_{m}},\mathbf{n_{m}}\) are, respectively, a clean signal and mixed-model noise, and \(\mathbf{y_{m}}\) is the polluted signal. The first term \(\mathcal{L}[\cdot]\) in the above Equation (3), and the second term is the regularization term with a hyperparameter \(\lambda>0\).
## 5 Conclusions  
This study broadened the applicability of a recently published study [7], which successfully utilized a machine learning approach to detect crude oil contamination, in challenging conditions, two and a half years after an oil spill incident. This was done by simulating an assortment of spectral and spatial configurations, which correspond to multi- and hyperspectral air- and spaceborne sensors. The base for the simulations was an AISA-FENIX 1K airborne hyperspectral image with 1 m GSD, which was used to classify contaminated and uncontaminated pixels without prior spectral knowledge.  
All of the hyperspectral sensors, simulated here, which measure the spectrum from 400 to 2500 nm, were found to contain enough spectral information to appropriately discriminate between the contaminated and uncontaminated pixels. Based on the simulations, it was also found that a large number of spectral bands (420 in the AisaFenix-1k sensor) might not be essential since a smaller number of spectral bands (126 in AVIRIS) showed similar classification results. The sensors that measure the spectrum from 400 to 1000 nm, were found to be irrelevant for detecting crude oil contamination in challenging conditions. Although the hyperspectral sensors produced good results, and naturally captured greater amounts of spectral information, it was found that WorldView-3 (a multispectral sensor) has great potential to achieve good results in detecting crude oil contamination.  
The implications of this study are the following: in cases where the expected spectral feature of constituents (e.g., contaminants) are not clearly seen in the spectrum, our approach can be utilized, regardless of the sensor and site types, so as to potentially disclose the location of the contaminant.  
Conceptualization, R.P. and E.B.-D.; formal analysis, methodology, investigation, visualization writing--original draft preparation, R.P.; resources, supervision, review & editing, E.B.-D.  
This study was partially financed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Space, Israel (fund 00040366000, grant no. 3-13026).  
The authors would like to thank the members of the remote-sensing laboratory at Tel Aviv University, who assisted in executing the flight campaign, and for their constructive comments. We greatly appreciate the EROS subset image of the study area provided by Image Sat International (ISI) for providing. We also want to thank Envirosense Hungary Ltd. ([[http://envirosense.hu](http://envirosense.hu)]([http://envirosense.hu](http://envirosense.hu))) for successfully producing the 2017 Israel HRS campaign.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
The charging process requires a huge quantity of energy that can affect the power network in terms of energy losses, voltage drop, and introduction of harmonics and components lifetime [7], it being necessary to look for suitable and proper siting of charging stations considering both transportation and power distribution networks. In this sense, this paper presents a novel mathematical model for the approach named the electric Light Commercial Vehicles Routing Problem with Charging Station Location and impact on Power Distribution System eLCVRP-CS-PDS. The proposal is an extension of the work performed in [8; 9], and the mathematical formulation is solved using the GAMS/CPLEX solver. The contributions are identified as follows:  
* An improved mixed integer linear programming model is proposed in a three-index formulation, considering the traditional CVRP approach, last mile delivery problem LMDP framed within the shortest path context, siting of charging stations, and power distribution system assessment. * Prior research on EVRP and location for EV charging stations are assumed fixed. In this work, siting of charging stations and EVRP are considered in a whole within the same mathematical formulation. Hence, it is possible to decide whether a charging station is installed at a certain candidate point, depending on routing needs, battery range, energy consumption in the charging operation, and energy losses on the power distribution network. * Candidate points for charging stations can be sited either on each customer or at a different spatial location, making this approach be within a more realistic framework. * The proposed model considers multiple visits to a charging station, regardless of the transport pattern followed by the EV. * A sensitivity analysis to support decision-making is performed to demonstrate the charging station needs along the transportation network, contingent upon the battery technology in terms of energy capacity. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents a revision of the literature review around the EVRP and the gaps in terms of considering the power distribution system. The mathematical model of the eLCVRP-CS-PDS, including the for mulation of transport patterns, charging station location, and linear power flow approach, is shown in Section 3. In Section 4, the test system is presented, combining the power distribution system and the transportation network. Likewise, different computational experiments are performed using a sensitivity analysis as a function of battery capacity variation. Section 5 presents the conclusions of this work and avenues of research, including some final reflections.
###### Abstract  
Plasma waves in semiconductor gated 2-D systems can be used to efficiently detect Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic radiation. This work reports on the response of a strained-Si Modulation-doped Field-Effect Transistor (MODFET) under front and back sub-THz illumination. The response of the MODFET has been characterized using a two-tones solid-state continuous wave source at 0.15 and 0.30 THz. The DC drain-to-source voltage of 500-nm gate length transistors transducing the sub-THz radiation (photovoltaic mode) exhibited a non-resonant response in agreement with literature results. Two configurations of the illumination were investigated: (i) front side illumination in which the transistor was shined on its top side, and (ii) back illumination side where the device received the sub-THz radiation on its bottom side, i.e., on the Si substrate. Under excitation at 0.15 THz clear evidence of the coupling of terahertz radiation by the bonding wires was found, this coupling leads to a stronger response under front illumination than under back illumination. When the radiation is shifted to 0.3 THz, as a result of a lesser efficient coupling of the EM radiation through the bonding wires, the response under front illumination was considerably weakened while it was strengthened under back illumination. Electromagnetic simulations explained this behavior as the magnitude of the induced electric field in the channel of the MODFET was considerably stronger under back illumination.  
Terahertz; SiGe; MODFET; silicon; electromagnetic simulation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Future Wireless Networking Experiments Escaping Simulations
## 2 Theoretical Comparison of the Testbeds
### Limitations  
New radio and mmWave communication technologies have been introduced as 5G enablers by 3 GPP in new communication standards. It would be essential to have accessible hardware to test important features, such as beam management. However, the testing platforms described in this document are optimised for carriers below the mmWave bands, with only COSMOS considering an extension to mmWave.  
Besides theoretical limitations, during the use of the testbed, we encountered practical limitations that we present in this section. The COSMOS testbed wireless facility is a complex system with steep learning curves for users performing test experiments. This leads to limitations for novice users. The testbed administrators have weekly scheduled maintenance of the testbed which takes one hour (3-4 p.m., referred to as blackouts). Unfortunately, if a user has any experiments running before the blackouts or any topology (image) uploaded/tasks that are running (e.g., nodes), all are cleared, thus forcing the user to start the process from scratch.  
One of the many limitations that CityLab faces compared to its W-iLab counterpart is that there are fewer nodes available, with only 32 currently active. This makes the prospect of large-scale experiments harder to realise, particularly if many users also wish to use the nodes. Since nodes on the CityLab testbed cannot be reserved and are always open for use if they are free, it can be difficult to plan for experiments around certain times if another user suddenly takes the node before a user's planned time to start. If no nodes were available with these interfaces, no experiments could be done. More nodes are planned to be added in the future, decreasing this issue. Due to rules imposed by IMEC, only a small number of the nodes can have Wi-Fi tests during the day, those being the nodes deployed on the Middelheim campus. In addition, some unexpected disconnectivity hasbeen experienced during tests, where individual nodes would go offline without warning, thus causing delays in experiments and nodes having to be reconfigured.  
Finally, in POWDER, not all nodes have a wireless card, and hence only two interfaces are available on a few nodes. These nodes are four indoor ota-nucs present in an indoor ota lab.
# Path Tracking Control Strategy Based on Adaptive MPC for Intelligent Vehicles
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes an adaptive path tracking control method tailored for intelligent vehicles, aiming to enhance accuracy and stability. Initially, based on the traditional model predictive control (MPC) theory, the lateral speed stability boundary concerning the vehicle yaw rate is derived to establish the constraint conditions. Subsequently, optimal time domain parameters are determined across 100 typical curve conditions using a genetic algorithm. To achieve condition-adaptive path tracking control, speed and road curvature feedback are integrated into the MPC controller, enabling real-time adjustment of optimal control parameters. The simulation results from CarSim and Simulink co-simulation, as well as hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments, demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves path tracking accuracy for intelligent vehicles under varying curvature path conditions, outperforming both traditional MPC and higher-order sliding mode control (HOSMC) controllers.  
intelligent vehicles; path tracking; MPC; hardware-in-the-loop experiment Article
## 3 Problem Definition  
The scope of this research focuses on tracking control of AGRs that often work in warehouses or distribution centers. The first work was to construct the hardware platform of an advanced AGR [19] to overcome the limitations of present products in the market. The computer-aided design is shown in Figure 1. Unlike the other towing cars, this robot is able to carry cargo by lifting the rack. This useful design supports it in traveling, rapid execution of tasks, and flexible motion. Our research has successfully developed a practical model of an AGR as shown in Figure 2. When it executes in the working map, the technical problems produce low-quality control. In the effort to enhance the system performance, developers in [20] recommended the Lyapunov control for both position and velocity constraints. Unfortunately, the uncertainties did not take into account the dynamic model, hence, it might cause some incorrect results when using real-world hardware. In [21], the vision approach was considered as a control application in assisting the worker to carry heavy loads. The drawbacks of this method are such that it is hard to evaluate the precision tracking mission and its performance mainly depends on the working environment and focal length of the digital camera. The other method is to employ the expert-based knowledge in velocity and positioning control [22]. The decision to drive two wheels derives from heavy levels of cargo and how tracking errors occur. Several disadvantages of the fuzzy logic control approach in AGRs are that it rests on the operator's experiences too much and the stable convergence is not verified yet. Besides, the nonlinear performance still happens because of unknown parameter variations and disturbances. As a result, there is a need to design a novel controller that is adapted to uncertainties. As well, the motion controller must guarantee the stable system state whenever the AGR operates.  
Figure 1: Computer-aided design for autonomous grounded robot (AGR) (**left**: front side of robot, **right**: side view of robot).