# Evaluation of Hydrogen Generation with Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources
## 1 Introduction
### Literature Survey  
Hydrogen, recognized as the most abundant element in the universe, presents itself as a potential alternative to fossil fuels due to its high energy content and substantial contributions to sustainable development [12]. Given the increasing environmental pollution and depletion of fossil fuel resources, there has been a growing focus on hydrogen production from renewable waste heat and electricity, which boasts the advantage of emitting no greenhouse gases [13]. In comparison to other emerging methods of hydrogen generation, thermochemical water-splitting cycles exhibit superior efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Some explanations for this can be summarized as follows:  
Efficiency: Thermochemical water-splitting cycles are designed to operate at high temperatures, which can enhance the overall system efficiency. The use of high-temperature heat sources, such as concentrated solar energy, can contribute to the efficiency of the water-splitting process. Cost-Effectiveness: Thermochemical processes may benefit from the utilization of abundant and low-cost feedstocks, such as water and renewable heat sources. Some thermochemical water-splitting cycles aim to minimize the need for expensive materials or catalysts, contributing to cost-effectiveness. Environmental Friendliness: Thermochemical water-splitting cycles, when powered by renewable energy sources like solar or geothermal, can be considered environmentally friendly, as they do not rely on fossil fuels. Some cycles are designed to produce hydrogen with minimal or zero greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with environmental sustainability goals [14]. Numerous researchers have explored the techno-economic and environmental aspects of solar-wind energy hydrogen production cycles. The produced hydrogen is classified based on the method and source of generation. The technologies used for hydrogen generation in Canada are grey, blue, and green, as shown in Figure 1. Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be generated from several different pathways, and this diversity of raw materials creates resilience in Canada's energy system. Hydrogen can help regions that depend on energy imports become more energy-independent. Hydrogen can also be an energy carrier to connect different energy systemsinto a more flexible and optimal integrated energy system. Moreover, Canada is currently a major producer of hydrogen, with about 3 million tons produced each year, mainly through steam methane reforming for industrial purposes, including fuel refining and fertilizer production; nitrogen fertilizer is ranked among the world's top ten gas producers of hydrogen [15]. While steam methane reforming alone is not considered a path toward low-carbon hydrogen, Canada is well positioned to transition to a clean path in the future. In Table 1, the different production routes are described in terms of raw material inputs and estimated carbon intensity. Canada has one of the lowest IC power supplies in the world due to its hydroelectric generation capacity and tier 1 nuclear site status, abundant fossil fuel reserves, and state-of-the-art CO2 storage geological technology.