# Understanding and Predicting the Usage of Shared Electric Scooter Services on University Campuses
## 4 Results  
### Descriptive Analysis (Encouragement and Discouragement Factors)  
This section presents the results of the last part of the survey, which measured encouragement and discouragement factors for using SFFESs. In other words, after predictions of SFFES usage, important factors and levels of acceptance between different groups of respondents, this section was designed to answer the following questions: 1--Why will certain respondents never use SFFESs (8% of total respondents according to Figure 4)? 2--What are their main concerns? 3--What are the benefits of the SFFES service from our respondents' point of view? Survey participants were asked to express their perceptions and feelings regarding the encouragement and discouragement factors of using SFFES services. In the first part, we asked the participants about the benefits and advantages of SFFESs. Figure 5 presents the overall responses to questions about the benefits/advantages of using SFFESs. Figure 4: Percentage of SFFES use frequency based on four categories. According to Figure 5, most of the respondents were almost agreed on all mentioned benefits of SFFESs, except for \"speed\" and \"physical/mental health\". A considerable number of participants used a private vehicle as their main mode of transport on the campus. This could be one of the reasons why most of the participants selected a neutral option about the speed. The second, less-important advantage of the SFFES was health benefits, based on participants' responses. Indeed, the physical and mental benefits of e-scooters are not well investigated. However, using an e-scooter obviously requires less physical activity comparing to walking and cycling. Interestingly, social distancing during the pandemic was selected as the most important benefit of SFFESs. Recently, the COVID-19 virus hit Malaysia badly, and the number of new positive cases reached 4500 per day. This was the main concern of the current situation and people were seeking safe ways to go about their daily activities. 47% of survey participants indicated that they would not have car park issues by using SFFESs, and 45% believed that the environmental benefits (no pollution) of SFFESs were extremely important. In addition, \"saving time\" and \"no traffic congestion\" were indicated as extremely important benefits of SFFESs by 42% and 44% of participants, respectively. The next series of questions were designed to ask respondents about their concerns about SFFESs, and what factors would prevent them from using this service, as presented in Figure 6. Safety was indicated as an extremely important concern of using SFFESs by 59% of respondents, moderately important by 26% of respondents, and not at all an important concern by only 4% of respondents. Surprisingly, the cost of riding SFFESs was selected as the second most important concern by 75% of respondents. In total, 53% and 22% of respondents indicated the \"cost\" as an extremely important and moderately important preventative factor, respectively. Due to the hot and humid tropical weather of Malaysia throughout the year, which is also interspersed with tropical rain showers, \"adverse weather\" is always a significant concern. Accordingly, almost 55% of respondents indicated the weather as an important preventative factor. Figure 5: Participants’ perceptions about the advantages/benefits of using SFFESs. As explained above, safety was indicated as the most important concern by almost 85% of the survey participants. Therefore, we decided to further explore this concern to gain better insights for policy making discussions and recommendations. Figure 7 illustrates SFFES users' perception of safety concerns based on their willingness to use the service in future. Respondents who would never ride e-scooters had the highest level of safety concern. Almost 40% of participants who belonged to this category specified that safety was an extremely important preventative factor to riding an e-scooter on campus, and 30% stated that it was moderately important.