esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# FREDC: A Few-Shot Relation Extraction Dataset for Chinese
## 4 Experiments
### Baselines  
In order to effectively evaluate the usability and effectiveness of FREDC, we have selected several leading few-shot RE models as our baseline references. Since there are currently limited studies on Chinese and most of them are not open-source, it is difficult for us to obtain Chinese few-shot relation extraction models. In addition, in these closed-source studies, most of the models are optimized for personal research directions and may not be suitable for constructing evaluation baselines. Therefore, considering the above factors, we selected some English few-shot relation extraction datasets with good performance for testing. Since these models have been verified by most studies and have a certain degree of persuasiveness, experiments on these models can obtain valid data, which can better illustrate the effectiveness of our dataset. [PERSON] et al. [26] introduced Proto, which generates prototypes for relation types using examples from the support set, subsequently matching query instances with these prototypes by calculating similarity scores. [PERSON] et al. [17] developed the BERT-Pair model, which assesses whether a query instance has the same relation type as a support instance by concatenating the two and computing the similarity probability. [PERSON] et al. [27] proposed the BERTMB model, which employs an unsupervised relation representation learning approach known as \"masking entities\", where entities are represented with specific markers at their corresponding positions. This model learns semantic relations by randomly substituting entities, exhibiting strong generalization capabilities without requiring additional fine-tuning for RE tasks. [PERSON] et al. [28] proposed the HCRP model, which focuses on learning challenging relation types through a hybrid strategy that incorporates additional data from relation descriptions while creating prototypes. HCRP dynamically adjusts weights based on the tasks at hand and utilizes contrastive learning techniques to improve the discriminative power of the prototypes.  
Since these baseline models are designed for English few-shot knowledge extraction and are not directly applicable to Chinese content, the model architecture needs to be adjusted before conducting specific experiments. We opted to use Bert-Chinese [29] to replace the original encoder in these models, enabling them to effectively process Chinese text. Additionally, we made specific structural adjustments for each model to ensure they could successfully perform tasks related to Chinese RE.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study investigated the heat transfer behaviour of brake discs in a medium-sized passenger aircraft during braking through full-scale numerical simulation and experimental research, revealing the temperature distribution and heat transfer mechanism of brake discs during braking, and providing an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and optimization of brake discs. Future research can further explore the temperature dependence of material properties, heat transfer mechanisms under complex boundary conditions, and more efficient heat dissipation strategies to enhance the overall performance and safety of brake systems. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. The surface temperature of the brake disc rapidly increases during the braking process, creating a significant temperature gradient, especially in the early stages of braking. This temperature gradient may cause thermal stress and material fatigue. Therefore, during design, special attention should be paid to material selection and structural design in areas with high temperature gradients to prevent cracks or deformations caused by thermal stress.
2. The air flow has a significant impact on the heat dissipation efficiency of brake discs, and the higher the flow speed, the better the heat dissipation effect. Even in the later stages of braking, air disturbance remains significant, indicating that forced  
Figure 9: Temperature change chart obtained from simulation and experiment under forced convection.  
convection (such as with a fan) at low speeds or when stopped can significantly improve heat dissipation efficiency. Therefore, the introduction of forced convection devices in practical applications can effectively accelerate the cooling of brake discs.
* Experimental verification shows that the maximum relative error between numerical simulation results and experimental data is about 4.5%, indicating the high reliability of the model. The errors mainly come from the simplification of material properties, boundary condition settings, and experimental measurement uncertainties. To improve simulation accuracy, future research can adopt material thermophysical parameters that vary with temperature and optimize boundary conditions, especially the dynamic changes in convective heat transfer coefficients.  
Methodology, Q.M.; Software, H.S.; Validation, B.L.; Resources, Z.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 52205063).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Reliability Scheduling Algorithm for the Static Segment of FlexRay on Vehicle Networks +
## 3 Experimental Results
### Performance Evaluation
These results suggest that its high computational complexities make the execution time increase more than the proposed FRSA, as shown in Figure 6. The average _cost_ of the proposed FRSA is also better than [PERSON]'s method, as shown in Figure 7. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number of Messages**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Proposed Method**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**[PERSON]’s Method [11]**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Running Time** & **Slot Utilization** & **Running Time** & **Slot Utilization** \\ \hline
10 & 15.85 & 77.64 & 25 & 86 \\
20 & 23.21 & 78.01 & 40 & 86.2 \\
30 & 31.31 & 81.83 & 55 & 86.4 \\
40 & 41.17 & 84.17 & 75 & 86.6 \\
50 & 49.79 & 85.46 & 95 & 86.8 \\
60 & 58.53 & 83.84 & 115 & 87.15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of running time and slot utilization with [PERSON]’s method. Figure 5: Comparison of running time with [PERSON]’s method. After comparing the proposed method and the given methods [9; 10; 11], we summarize the main conclusions of our comparisons as shown in Tables 6 and 7. We can see that the proposed FRSA method reduces execution time by an average of 70.76% because the computational complexity determines the performance of the algorithm. These results suggest that the proposed FRSA can achieve the goal of reliability more quickly by excluding parts of messages and the lookup table method than by the other iterative methods. On the other hand, we proposed a cost function to evaluate the performance and resources when the number of messages increases, as shown in Figure 7. Obviously, the total _cost_ of the proposed FRSA is better than [PERSON]'s method [11]. Although bandwidth utilization is not the best in each setting, the proposed FRSA still reduces on _cost_ by an average of 13.33%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number of Messages**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Proposed Method**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**[PERSON]’s Method [10]**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Running Time** & **Slot Utilization** & **Running Time** & **Slot Utilization** \\ \hline
5 & 8.13 & 9.53 & 31 & 8.81 \\
6 & 7.79 & 11.87 & 35 & 10.36 \\
7 & 9.59 & 13.90 & 30 & 12.31 \\
8 & 12.05 & 14.71 & 45 & 13.62 \\
9 & 9.89 & 16.06 & 49 & 15.68 \\
10 & 10.73 & 19.63 & 51 & 19.06 \\
11 & 11.54 & 20.71 & 59 & 19.22 \\
12 & 13.54 & 24.67 & 66 & 21.67 \\
13 & 14.3 & 24.89 & 73 & 23.13 \\
14 & 14.45 & 26.68 & 77 & 24.88 \\
15 & 15.03 & 28.12 & 82 & 27.01 \\
16 & 15.23 & 31.42 & 88 & 29.98 \\
17 & 15.36 & 33.2 & 97 & 32.85 \\
18 & 15.98 & 34.82 & 99 & 33.82 \\
19 & 16.65 & 37.25 & 102 & 36.46 \\
20 & 17.14 & 38.83 & 107 & 36.74 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of running time and slot utilization with [PERSON]’s method. Figure 6: Comparison of running time with [PERSON]’s method.
## 2 NOMA System Model
### Downlink NOMA
As shown in Figure 4, the capacity of the strong user is higher than that of the weak user due to the different power allocations according to [PERSON]'s theorem, but the relative capacity performance of weak user is also guaranteed. A key point in the SIC signal detection process is the user detection order. Here, the sequencing is performed based on the signal power of the users. In NOMA systems with more than two users, the transmitter will use power multiplexing techniques to allocate power to different users. Usually, users with high channel gain are allocated low power, while users with low channel gain are allocated high power. When the synthetic NOMA signal reaches the receiver, the signal power of each user will be different, and the SIC receiver will sort out the users according to their signal power and demodulate the different signals for each user accordingly. It can achieve the purpose of differentiating users in the NOMA system [64]. Compared with the traditional SIC receiver, the SIC receiver used in NOMA is more complex and requires a stronger signal processing capability. In actual signal processing, the power of users is constantly changing, which requires the SIC receiver to constantly rank the user power. As seen in the SIC structure diagram, each level of processing generates a certain time delay, and in real multi-level signal processing, the generated time delay is large [65]. In level-by-level interference removal, the accuracy of interference reconstruction in the previous level affects the demodulation of the signal in the later level [66]. Generally, the solution of the delay of real multi-level signal processing depends on the  
Figure 4: Downlink 2-user NOMA capacity region. future improvement of chip processing capability, while the level-by-level interference removal detection requires further research on the related processing algorithms. In this paper, we propose to implement a training sequence and estimation algorithm to improve the accuracy of interference estimation. In order to obtain the accurate interference caused by the artificially introduced interference and bandwidth-limited devices in each part of the system, we perform full-signal fading estimation.
# Recent Progress on Novel DSP Techniques for Mode Division Multiplexing Systems: A Review
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we presented an overview of recent progress on advanced DSP techniques for MDM systems. Methodologies of digital approaches were reviewed that can mitigate the impact of MD, XT, MDL and nonlinearity on the system performance in long-haul MIMO-MDM transmissions. What's more, AI technologies were also mentioned for its advantage to handle various optical communication problems, and we believe that machine learning would bring more possibilities on equalization, monitoring and characterization of MDM systems. In particular, the TV channels for MDM transmission also attract more attention in recent years, so our DSP techniques of FD-VFF RLS for MIMO-MDM systems were firstly reviewed to enlighten more works on tracking TV effect in FMF links.  
[PERSON] planned and wrote the Sections 1-4. [PERSON] planned and wrote Section 5. [PERSON] took the overall responsibility in managing the manuscript. [PERSON] revised the whole article. [PERSON] supervised the work and provided technical leadership. All co-authors contributed to the final version with suggestions and critical comments. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China under grant 2019 YFB2203902 and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61775165 and 61775164.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve this manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### Kinetic Study with ACE  
To assess the inhibition mechanism of these ACEI peptides, the inhibitory patterns of LPSW, WLQL, VPGLAL, and LPLF against the ACE were determined using Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis based on different substrate concentrations of HHL (hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine) with or without the presence of inhibitors. As shown in Figure 1, three different concentrations of peptides were used for the 1/(S) and 1/(V) values, which represent the reciprocal substrate concentration and velocity, respectively. The mechanism modes of WLQL, VPGLAL, and LPLF were identified as competitive inhibitors against the ACE based on the Vmax and Km values (Table 2 and Figure 1B-D). Under these conditions, the Km values increased with an increased concentration of peptides, while the Vmax values seemed to remain unchanged with and without inhibitors [32]. This suggests that these peptides can directly bind to the active sites of the ACE, preventing the enzyme from binding to their substrate. In contrast, the constant Km and decreased Vmax values indicated that LPSW acted as a non-competitive ACE inhibitor (Table 2 and Figure 1A). Theoretically, these peptides could interact with the secondary binding sites of the ACE, and form an ACE-peptide complex. This complex could inhibit HHL from binding to the ACE.  
The modes of inhibitory activity for ACEI peptides have been categorized into competitive, non-competitive, and mixed competitive inhibitors. Until now, the number of non-competitive peptides that inhibit ACE has significantly increased. For instance, ACEI peptides derived from SSTY hydrolysates (AKLPSW) [17], black cumin seed hydrolysates (VTPVGPVKW) [25] and Sanhuang chicken hydrolysates (IPIPATKT) [33] were all found to  
Figure 1: Lineweaver–Burk double reciprocal plots for ACE inhibition with (**A**) LPSW (non-competitive), (**B**) WLQL (competitive), (**C**) VPGLAL (competitive), and (**D**) LPLF (competitive) determined at concentrations close to their IC\({}_{50}\) values.  
be in the non-competitive category. In contrast, ACE inhibitors, such as peptides from pearl oyster shells (_Pintcada fucata_) [21], _Phascolosoma esculenta_[34], and _Caulerpa lentillifera_[24], were reported as competitive inhibitors against ACE.  
The characteristics of the amino acids in the ACEI peptides are associated with their mode of inhibition against ACE. The appearance of Trp at the C-terminal of LPSW (present study), AKLPSW [17], and VTPVGVPKW [25] may be connected to non-competitive inhibitors. However, most ACEI dipeptides that possess Trp at their C-terminal act as competitive inhibitors [35; 36]. The number of amino acids in peptides may significantly contribute to their inhibitory activity patterns, for instance, long sequences for non-competitive inhibitor peptides and short chains for competitive ones [18; 33].
# A Distance-Encoded Bloom Filter for Fast NDN Name Lookup
## 2 Related Works and Background
### Trie-Based Name Lookup  
A trie consists of prefix nodes and non-prefix intermediate nodes. Figure 1 illustrates an example of a trie, which includes four prefix nodes (P\({}_{1}\) to P\({}_{4}\)) and five intermediate nodes (N\({}_{1}\) to N\({}_{5}\)). These prefixes are associated with output face information that is used for packet forwarding. To illustrate the name lookup process, suppose that the content name /a/b/c/d/e/F/s is queried. Starting from the root node of the trie and following the matching path, two name prefixes match in the trie: /a/b (P\({}_{1}\)) and /a/b/c/d/e/F (P\({}_{3}\)). Since /a/b/c/d/e/F is the longer of the two, it is chosen as the final lookup result.
## 3 Test Result Analysis
### Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS)
#### 3.1.3 Influence of Sand on the Failure Mode of the Cement Soil  
It was found in the test that the failure pattern of the CS-SS samples changed with the sand particle content, and the samples exhibited a column-cracking failure when the sand particle content was zero, a nuclear cracking failure when the sand particle content was 15%, and a shear-cracking failure when the sand particle content was 30%, as shown in Figure 4.  
The hydration of the cement induced microcracks inside the cemented soil [25; 27], and the failure of the samples started at the internal weak point under external load; the microcracks expanded and penetrated one another as the external load increased, leading to the macroscopic failure of the samples. For the cemented soil samples with zero sand particle content, the internal microcracks were free to expand with long extension lengths, easily forming wide cracks in line with the loading direction, and macroscopically showing a column-cracking failure pattern, as shown in Figure 4a. For the CS-SS samples, the extension of internal microcracks was blocked by the sand particles, and these microcracks were difficult to penetrate one another. When the sand content is high (such as 30 % in this paper), the distribution density of the sand particles in cement soil is large, and the long microcracks are divided into short and fine microcracks with dispersed distribution. At this time, the integrity of the samples is better, the shear characteristics are remarkable, and the macroscopic failure mode is a shear fracture, as shown in Figure 4c. When the sand content is low (such as 15% in this paper), the sand particles are sparsely distributed in the  
Figure 3: SEM pictures of the CS-SS samples (medium sand, \(\alpha_{s}=15\%\)); (a) \(500\times\); (b) \(1000\times\); (c) \(2000\times\).  
cement soil, and the microcracks in the cement soil easily expand between the sparse sand particles. The failure mode of the sample is between the column fracture failure of the pure cement soil sample and the shear fracture failure of the high sand content sample, and the macroscopic failure mode is the core fracture failure mode, as shown in Figure 4b.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we innovatively propose an unsupervised depth estimation method (PDANet) based on Monodepth. It aims at solving the problems of unreliable prediction caused by the color constancy hypothesis in the previous work of image reconstruction and the failure to obtain reliable image reconstruction loss in low-texture regions. The proposed method enforces the data augmentation consistency; consequently, the model has strong robustness in dealing with color interference. On the other hand, perceptual consistency solves the problem of image gradient disappearance in low-texture regions and enhances the consistency of reconstructed images at higher semantic levels. Experiments and ablation analysis on KITTI benchmark demonstrate the effectiveness of our unsupervised learning model. We also tested our model on Cityscapes and Make3D datasets and obtained superior results. Our model shows not only strong deep prediction capability but also generalization ability on different datasets.  
Although our proposed perceptual consistency and data augmentation consistency improve the quality of the results, the method still has some limitations. Our model still fails to perform better when encountering transparent areas such as glass. Further, the training process of our model requires the input of two high-quality images with different perspectives to generate unsupervised signals, meaning that our model cannot be trained on a dataset with only a single perspective image.  
In future work, we will extend our model to video by considering the relationship among multiple frames and ensuring the consistency of the same region among video frames. We will also further investigate the limitations mentioned above in subsequent research, improve the effectiveness of self-supervised depth estimation, bridge the gap between our method, and fully supervised learning methods.  
Conceptualization, H.G. and X.L.; methodology, H.G. and X.L.; validation, H.G., X.L., and M.Q.; writing--original draft preparation, H.G., M.Q., and S.H.; writing--review and editing, H.G., M.Q., and S.H.; visualization, H.G. and X.L.; supervision, M.Q.; funding acquisition, M.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This paper was supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (No. ZR2018 MA032, ZR2020 MA064).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability StatementData are not availability for public.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 8: Visualization of ablation study. From left to right: input images, the result of Monodepth, the result of Monodepth with data augmentation consistency, the result of Monodepth with perceptual consistency, and the result of PDANet, where \(\mathcal{L}_{aug}\) is the data augmentation consistency loss and \(\mathcal{L}_{per}\) is the perceptual consistency loss. Blue patches show the different effects in detail when applying each module separately.
###### Abstract  
Satellite observations have revealed strong land surface \"greening\" (i.e., increases in vegetation greenness or leaf area index (LAI)) in the Northern Hemisphere over the past few decades. European terrestrial ecosystems are a greening hotspot, but how they respond to land surface greening, climate change, CO\({}_{2}\) fertilization, land use and land cover change (LULCC) and other factors is unclear. Here, we assessed how these interacting factors might be combined to alter terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) throughout Europe during the period of 2001 to 2016 using a process-based Farquhar GPP model (i.e., FGM). We found a more productive European terrestrial ecosystem and most of the GPP enhancement in Europe was explained by increases in LAI (62%) and atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) concentration (29%). Spatially, the spatial signature of the LAI and GPP trends both suggested widespread widespread (72-73% of the vegetated area) greening phenomena across Europe, among which 23.7% and 13.3% were statistically significant (\(p<0.05\)). The interannual trend of GPP estimated by the FGM (0.55% yr\({}^{-1}\)) was reasonable compared with other GPP products (0.47% yr\({}^{-1}\) to 0.92% yr\({}^{-1}\)) and the observed LAI increasing rate (0.62% yr\({}^{-1}\)). FGM factorial simulations suggested that land surface greening (+35.5 Pg C yr\({}^{-2}\), \(p<0.01\)), CO\({}_{2}\) fertilization (+16.9 Pg C yr\({}^{-2}\), \(p<0.01\)), temperature warming (+3.7 Pg C yr\({}^{-2}\), \(p<0.05\)), and enhanced downwards solar radiation (+1.2 Pg C yr\({}^{-2}\), \(p>0.05\)) contributed to the GPP enhancement, while the enhanced vapour pressure deficit (\(-5.6\) Tg C yr\({}^{-2}\), \(p<0.01\)) had significant negative impacts on GPP, especially in 2006 and 2012, when extreme droughs struck south-eastern Europe. Meanwhile, approximately 1.8% of the total area of Europe experienced LULCC from 2001 to 2016 and LULCC exerted a small but significant (\(-1.3\) Tg C yr\({}^{-2}\), \(p<0.01\)) impact on GPP due to decreases in the total number of vegetated pixels (\(-159\) pixels yr\({}^{-1}\)). Although the LULCC effect was negative, the largest increase occurred in forested land (+0.9% of total area). In addition, the increasing trends for the annual mean LAI (0.01 m\({}^{2}\) m\({}^{-2}\) yr\({}^{-1}\), \(p<0.001\)) and total GPP (22.2 Tg C yr\({}^{-2}\), \(p<0.001\)) of forests were more significant and higher than those of other vegetation types, suggesting that European forests may continue to play important roles in combating climate change in the future with long-lasting carbon storage potential. These results provide the first systematic quantitative analysis of the driving force of enhanced gross carbon assimilation by European ecosystems by considering variations in leaf physiological traits with environmental adaptations.  
gross primary production (GPP); Farquhar GPP model (FGM); Europe; land surface greening; climate change; land use and land cover change (LULCC)