## 5 Comparison and Discussion
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\begin{tabular}{p{128.0 pt} p{128.0 pt} p{128.0 pt}} \hline \hline
**Indicator** & **Transformer Results (Table 7)** & **IM Results (Tables 8 and 9)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{CC} & CC is sensitive to SC faults in the MF region. The recorded values of CC due to SC at MF are \textless{}94. The CC also detects variations due to OC faults at LF and MF regions. & CC does not show the difference between normal and SC between turns, coil-to-coil, turn-to-ground, coil-to-ground and neutral-to-ground at LF and MF ranges. The values of CC are above 0.98 within these ranges. LF and MF regions recorded a variation with CC \textless{}98 for OC fault in star-connected IM and the LF region for phase-to-phase SC fault. The CC detected more variation in the HF region for OC fault, phase-to-phase fault and little at the turn-to-ground, coil-to-coil and coil-to-ground and turn-to-turn. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ASLE} & ASLE detects a variation in the responses of normal and faults conditions at LF and MF with a value \textgreater{}1.54. & Overall, ASLE detects the error between the normal, OC, and phase-to-phase faults at LF, MF and HF regions with a value \textgreater{}1.5. The ASLE can reveal the effect of the coil-to-coil fault at MF and HF. ASLE can show the variation due to turn-to-turn and coil-to-ground at LF region LF and MF regions. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{SD} & The SD detects the variation between the normal and faulty signatures in LF and MF regions. The value of SD is \textgreater{}1.65. The SD does not detect variations due to turn-to-ground fault. The minimum SD HE region where all values are \textless{}0.95. & MSE shows a similar trend to SD based on the variation and ranges for the OC, phase-to-phase and coil-to-coil faults. However, the MSE shows higher values compared to ASLE. MSE indicates that turn-to-turn and coil-to-ground result in a variation in MF and HF regions with a minimum value of \textgreater{}1.5. The neutral-to-ground fault does not show variation. For the delta connection, the MSE does not show the variations in the FRA signature due to turn-to-ground. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{DABS} & DABS shows its sensitivity for faults in a transformer at LF and MF regions with a minimum value of 1.48. & DABS detects the variation over the entire FRA spectrum for OC fault and phase-to-phase fault for star connection. In the delta connection, DABS detects the variation at MF for phase-to-phase fault and the entire FRA range for OC fault. DABS shows the deviation at MF and HF regions for the coil-to-coil fault and MF range for the turn-to-turn and coil-to-ground. For turn-to-ground and neutral-to-ground faults, DABS does not show variation with all values being \textless{}1.09. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{RMSE} & RMSE is sensitive to faults in LF and MF regions and it has a minimum value of 2.2. RMSE detects the variation due to the coil-to-coil fault at LF, MF and HF regions with values \textgreater{}1.21. RMSE reveals values \textgreater{}1.21 for the coil-to-ground fault within the MF and HF regions and at the MF for the turn-to-turn fault. The values of RMSE are \textless{}1.21 for the turn-to-ground and neutral-to-ground faults. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{COVAR} & COVAR shows values \textless{}0.62 at HF region for tap 5 SC fault. COVAR values for all other faults are in the range (0.32–0.62). & COVAR values in LF and HF regions are less than 0.09. The values are notable at MF where the minimum COVAR value is above 0.20 in all cases. The COVAR shows a negative value for OC fault at LF and MF regions for star-connected IM. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MM} & MM shows a notable variation at LF and MF for OC and SC faults at tap 4 and tap 5 with values \textgreater{}1.12. The other faults show similar values between (1.01–1.06). & MM can show some variation with values \textgreater{}1.11 for OC and phase-to-phase faults at LF and MF regions. For coil-to-coil SC fault, MM vales are \textgreater{}1.11 within the LF and MF regions for delta-connected IM. For turn-to-turn and coil-to-coil faults, MM shows the variation in the MF region. MM values for other faults are \textless{}1.09. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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