## 8 Blockchain in Autonomous Vehicles
### Blockchain Applications  
According to the published research in this field, blockchain technology has the potential to transform a variety of different aspects of autonomous cars. According to [PERSON] [121] and [PERSON] [122], utilizing blockchain technology may strengthen security measures, expedite vehicular operations, and make collaborative storage options more accessible. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [123] focused on the application of blockchain technology in intelligent transportation settings, with a specific emphasis on the function that blockchain technology plays in the automation of contracts and transactions for the recharging process in autonomous electric cars. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [124] investigated the numerous applications of blockchain technology in a variety of autonomous vehicles and systems. These include autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), automated guided vehicles (AGVs), autonomous aerial electric vehicles (AAeVs), and autonomous driving systems. In conjunction, the findings of this research highlight how the use of blockchain technology in the field of autonomous cars may improve trustworthiness, operational dependability, and system efficiency.  
When cyber security is in the spotlight, blockchain is at the forefront of mitigating the numerous risks associated with autonomous vehicles [125]. Securing over-the-air (OTA)software and firmware updates, a crucial aspect of the maintenance and performance of autonomous vehicles, is a prominent example of blockchain's capabilities [126]. By employing a blockchain-based framework, the integrity of the update procedure is maintained, allowing only authentic original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to distribute software upgrades and updates. In conjunction with ensuring that only authenticated vehicles can access and deploy these upgrades, this creates an impenetrable security perimeter around the OTA procedure [126].  
This combination is not without its challenges and potential traps, and it is imperative that this amalgamation be approached with discernment. The complexities of the data transmission networks that enable autonomous cars, when combined with the inherent symmetries of cyber security, have the potential to accidentally pave the path for new vulnerabilities during data transfers between vehicles and IoT devices [71]. This necessitates a relentless commitment to innovation and the construction of complex countermeasure models and cutting-edge security algorithms, both of which are specifically geared to neutralize cyber security vulnerabilities and prevent incidents of data loss [71].  
Ultimately, blockchain technology is well-positioned to play an essential role in the paradigm change that will be brought about by autonomous cars. This will be accomplished via the implementation of strong security and the guarantee of unrivaled privacy. Although blockchain is a reliable ally in reducing risks, especially with respect to over-the-air (OTA) updates, it is essential to remain vigilant and proactive in order to successfully navigate the problems and vulnerabilities that are brought about by the combination of blockchain technology with autonomous cars.