esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Nitric Oxide (NO) Free Radical Scavenging Activity  
The CSO extracted at low temperatures showed less NO scavenging activity, irrespective of the sieve size, while high-temperature samples exhibited relatively higher NO scavenging activity (Table 6). The NO scavenging activity was correlated with the TPC of the samples. The result represents the antioxidant properties of the CSO.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Fatty Acid Content (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-5}
**Fatty Acids** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sieve Size (\textgreater{>1.4 mm})**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sieve Size (\textless{<1.4 mm})**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Low Temp. (STD 2)** & **High Temp. (STD 6)** & **Low Temp. (STD 17)** & **High Temp. (STD 15)** \\ \hline Butyric acid (C4:0) & - & - & - & - \\ Caprico acid (C6:0) & - & - & - & - \\ Caprylic acid (C8:0) & - & - & - & - \\ Capric acid (C10:0) & - & - & - & - \\ Lauric acid (C12:0) & - & - & - & - \\ Myristic acid (C14:0) & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.06 \\ Pentadecylic acid (C15:0) & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.02 \\ Palmitic acid (C16:0) & 22.63 & 22.74 & 22.96 & 22.24 \\ Palmitic acid (C16:1) & 0.19 & 0.17 & 0.18 & 0.24 \\ Margaric acid (C17:0) & 0.22 & 0.20 & 0.21 & 0.26 \\ Heptadecenoic acid (C17:1) & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.01 \\ Stearic acid (C18:0) & 39.02 & 40.12 & 39.96 & 37.83 \\ Elaidic acid (C18:1 n-9 trans) & - & - & - & - \\ Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9 cis) & 33.23 & 32.51 & 32.43 & 34.07 \\ Linolleida acid (C18:2 n-6 trans) & - & - & - & - \\ Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6 cis) & 3.08 & 2.84 & 2.89 & 3.54 \\ \(\gamma\)-Linolenic acid (C18:3 n-6) & - & - & - & - \\ \(\alpha\)-Linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) & 0.15 & 0.12 & 0.12 & 0.18 \\ Arabidic acid (C20:0) & 1.24 & 1.08 & 1.06 & 1.37 \\ Eicosonic acid (C20:1 n-9) & - & - & - & - \\ Eicososadioic acid (C20:2 n-6) & - & - & - & - \\ Dihhomogaminalinecid (C20:3 n-6) & - & - & - & - \\ Archidicio acid (C20:4) & - & - & - & - \\ cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3 n-3) & - & - & - & - \\ Behenic acid (C22:0) & 0.11 & 0.09 & 0.09 & 0.13 \\ Erucic acid (C22:1 n-9) & - & - & - & - \\ Eicosopentenienoic acid (C20:5 n-3) & - & - & - & - \\ Tricosanoic acid (C23:0) & - & - & - & - \\ Lignorevic acid (C24:0) & 0.04 & 0.03 & 0.03 & 0.05 \\ Nervousic acid (C24:1) & - & - & - & - \\ Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) & - & - & - & - \\ Docosopentenaenoic acid (C22:5) & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: The fatty acid content of representative CSO samples.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The study has been organized into three different steps: (1) the system design presented, (2) the testing phase that are still being assessed, (3) the platform utilization which will start on November 2022.  
In the first step, the requirement of the EU's INSPIRE Directive [23] was considered to enhance the sharing of environmental spatial information among public sector organizations and the improvement of public access to spatial information throughout Europe. In the following two steps, we will evaluate the effect of the above requirement.  
The system design process was divided into several distinct phases (see sections below) due to the initial conditions: in fact, a Microsoft Access database was historically used for water discharges data. At this moment, a migration of Access Database into MySQL database was constructed and new tables were created, e.g., an atmospheric emissions dataset (see Section 3). A web platform was also developed.  
For this work, the Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP (LAMP) software platforms and Apache Tomcat webserver were used. LAMP is an open-source web development platform that uses Linux as its operating system, Apache as its web server, MySQL as its relational database management system and Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) as its object-oriented scripting language. Tomcat provides a \"pure Java\" HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) web server environment in which Java code can run [24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29].  
The overall layout of the framework comprises: (1) the database server (MySQL) for storing the environmental data of each installation, (2) the GIS server (Apache Tomcat) for managing and displaying the geographical data, (3) the web server (Apache) which communicates the data to the end users (Figure 1). The architecture and functionalities are described below.
## 5 Discussion
* The scenarios of the supply voltage distortion used in the investigation represent a relatively high level of deterioration (direct sum of harmonics permissible harmonic for public grid is represented by THD equals 11.62%; voltage distortion used in the immunity test equipment of the third class of immunity is represented by THD equals 25.69%). However, the formulated relation between the condition of the supply voltage and non-intentional emission suggests extending the discussion about the condition of the tests of non-intentional emissions, which currently are performed under sinusoidal conditions. A proposition for an extended test using deteriorated supply voltage, referring to the permissible level of THD in a low-voltage public network, gradually increasing from a few percentage points to 8%, can be considered. * The proposition of extended testing of non-intentional emissions under a distorted supply voltage might also be valuable for a more effective filter specification and selection for particular power line communication technologies. Conceptualization: [PERSON], T.S., M.H. ; methodology: [PERSON], T.S., M.H. ; software: [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON]; validation: [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON]; informal analysis: [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON]; investigation: [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON]; resources: [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON]; data curation: [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON]; writing--original draft: [PERSON], [PERSON]; writing--review and editing: [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON]; visualization: [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON]; supervision: [PERSON], [PERSON] All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was founded by a subsidy of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for research activities at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. In the research, commercial measurement equipment and software for supraharmonics analysis was used to validate the university laboratory setup. This part of the investigations was supported by TAURON Dystrybucqa Pomiary Ltd., Poland. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System Technologies and Their Applications
## 4 FESS Applications
### Renewables  
Flywheels can assist in the penetration of wind and solar energy in power systems by improving system stability. The fast response characteristics of flywheels make them suitable in applications involving RES for grid frequency balancing. Power oscillations due to solar and wind sources are compensated for by storing the energy during sunny or windy periods, and are supplied back when demanded [9; 10]. Flywheels can be used to rectify the wind oscillations and improve the system frequency; whereas, in solar systems, they can be integrated with batteries to improve the system output and elongate the battery's operational lifetime [9].  
The authors in [18] indicate that the formation of a hybrid system by the addition of wind turbines and photovoltaic panels could not result in fuel savings, as expected. This is because diesel generators, even unloaded, will consume up to 40% fuel. Diesel generators should only be started when demanded and shut down most of the time. Therefore, flywheel energy storage systems can reduce frequent start/shut-down cycles of the diesel generators; thus reducing fuel consumption and bridging the power fluctuations [18]. The current authors see a great benefit of flywheels backing up solar PV, since they can cope with the high cycles due to the cloud passing, yet provide ride through, as long as standing losses are kept low. There has been a wide range of flywheel systems developed for the penetration of renewable energy systems. For example, ABB's PowerStore, Urenco Power, Beacon Power, and VYCON technology, have all provided flywheel-based systems for wind and solar applications. On a larger scale, the world's first high penetration solar PV diesel power stations were installed in 2010, supplying the towns of Nullagine and Marble Bar in Western Australia. A FESS is operated as a UPS system, to allow maximum solar power injection during sunshine and ramp up diesel generators when the sun is obscured. This enables a saving of 405,000 litres of fuel and 1100 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions each year. Moreover, the integration of flywheels in the system has helped the PV system to supply 60% of the average daytime energy for both towns, generating 1 GWh of renewable energy per year [65].
## 5 Numerical Simulation of Monitoring Equipment in Cohesive Soil  
### Finite Element Numerical Simulation Model  
As revealed in Section 4.2, the thermodynamic finite element models of linear heat sources in both water and soil media, established using the finite element software ANSYS, exhibit high consistency and reliability when compared with experimental results. In this section, based on the established thermodynamic finite element model, an analysis of the thermodynamic characteristics of monitoring equipment in viscous soil is conducted. The material parameters for the monitoring equipment are shown in Table 2, while the soil parameters are presented in Table 3 (data source: _Engineering Geology Handbook_[28; 29; 30; 31]).  
Figure 4: Comparison between numerical simulation model results and testing results.  
Figure 5: Heat conduction diagram.  
The numerical simulation model was preset with a heating power of 1000 W and a heating duration of 3000 s. However, for the linear heat source made of PVC material, when placed in the soil with a moisture content of 5% (the lower limit of moisture), due to the rapid increase in the surface temperature of the linear heat source, we adjusted the heating duration to 1800 s to ensure the data's reasonableness.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Application in Complex Matrixes  
A complex matrix, human serum, was investigated for the practical application of the hydrogel in the triggered release of thrombin. The hydrogel that captured the thrombin was immersed in the human serum solution. The serum solution had been diluted 50 times before each experiment. Then, we applied CSs to treat the DNA hydrogel at hours 0, 48, 96, and 144 with the molar ratio of CSs to aptamers being 1:4 at each adding time. As shown in Figure 7, the amount of the released thrombin in hours 0, 48, 96, and 144 were approximately 33%, 50%, 67%, and 84%, respectively. For the first triggering time (0 h), the accumulated release of thrombin was approximately 33%. For each of the remaining three trigger times (48 h, 96 h, and 144 h), the release amount of thrombin was approximately 17% for each adding time. These results imply that this hydrogel shows a promising feature for practical applications in complex matrixes.  
Figure 6: (**A**) Effect of molar ratio of CS15 to aptamers on thrombin release. The concentration of aptamer is fixed at 200 uM (the volume is 1 uL). The total release time was 6 h. Here, CSs:aptamer = 0 was represented as the control group. The experimental group with significantly higher cumulative release than the control group is noted with *, (_p_ < 0.05). (**B**) Effect of lengths of CSs on the release amount of thrombin. The normalized release of TB triggered by CSs (bp 0) is regarded as 1. The normalized release with obviously more than the CS (bp 0) is noted with *, (_p_ < 0.05). (**C**) Profiles of thrombin wise-stage release in the release medium regulated with or without CS15 at different triggering times (0 h and 12 h).
## 3 Design of the Algorithm
### Volume Calculation  
The surface area of each pixel is the square of its side. Therefore, the value of the pulp chamber image area corresponding to each plane is the total number of pixels a signed to the pulp chamber multiplied by the individual surface area of the pixels.  
For the calculation of the pulp chamber volume, two approaches are considered. In one case, the areas of the lower planes are taken and multiplied by the value of the distance between images (planes). In the other, the areas of the upper planes are multiplied by the distance between images.  
Thus, considering a total of N images, in each case N \(-\) 1 volume values are obtained, one for each interplanar distance, the corresponding approximation being the sum of the calculated volumes. In this way, the two approximations of the volume are the extremes of an interval whose central value is the value of the volume considered, and the radius is the uncertainty in the measurement.  
To attempt to estimate the algorithm's complexity, a study of its runtime was conducted under average conditions. For this purpose, the set of images associated with one of the samples was taken as representative and resized, while maintaining their aspect ratio, to sizes two, three, four, and five times the original size. To study the average runtime, one hundred measurements were taken for each group of images corresponding to a size. Through least-squares adjustment, cubic growth was identified (Figure 6).  
Considering that the images processed in this case have a size smaller than 100 \(\times\) 100 pixels, the average execution times obtained are just a few seconds. Thus, the functionality of the algorithm is proven, as it does not require waiting times to verify whether the result is  
Figure 6: Average execution time as a function of the length of the image side.  
satisfactory. On the other hand, the observed behavior with the increase in the number of pixels makes it possible to understand the scalability of the algorithm to images with higher resolutions.  
The average times were measured on a LAPTOP--AA7B78L5 Intel (R) Core (TM) i7-7500U CPU @ 2.70 GHz 2.90 GHz, with 8 GB RAM.
# Quantum Key Distribution in the Presence of the Intercept-Resend with Faked States Attack
## Appendix C The \(Qber\) of One-Photon States  
As mentioned before, in the _nack state_ protocol, the great majority of the pulses that [PERSON] sends to [PERSON] behave as \(BB84\) signal pulses. Each time [PERSON] applies a compatible basis measurement, the result, either from single detection or double detection, is useful as in \(BB84\). Thus, for practical purposes, the _nack state_ protocol has an efficiency comparable to the \(BB84\). Nevertheless, we must expect a partial reduction of the bit rate, because [PERSON] reduces the optical pulse rate to avoid the eavesdropper to register double detection events. In this manner, [PERSON] is detected if she waits for double detection events before she can forward them.  
The rate of the double detection event is small because it decreases quadratically. However, at the same time, it is very remarkable that the \(QBER\) of the double matching detection events from parallel and orthogonal states also decreases quadratically. To see this, let us recall that in the \(BB84\) protocol, the probability to get the correct bit is \(pc=(1+V)/2\), and the probability to obtain an erroneous bit is \(pe=(1-V)/2\), where \(V\) is the visibility of the optical system. To calculate the \(QBER\) of the one-photon states, the relation \(QBER=pe/(pe+pc)\) is applied [29].  
Now, suppose [PERSON] sends the two parallel states \(\left(\left|1_{Z}\right\rangle,\left|1_{Z}\right\rangle\right)\) to [PERSON] who measures them using the \(Z\) basis. Those states are depicted in Figure 9(a). The probability to get the two states \(\left(\left|1_{Z}\right\rangle,\left|1_{Z}\right\rangle\right)\) is \(p_{c}^{2}\), and the probability to get the opposite values \(\left(\left|0_{Z}\right\rangle,\left|0_{Z}\right\rangle\right)\) is \(p_{e}^{2}\), Case II of Figure 9(a). Since the measurement cases \(\left(\left|0_{Z}\right\rangle,\left|1_{Z}\right\rangle\right)\) and \(\left(\left|1_{Z}\right\rangle,\left|0_{Z}\right\rangle\right)\), Cases III and IV of Figure 9(a), are always discarded because they are non-matching cases, the final probabilities are \(pc_{parallel}=\frac{p_{c}^{2}}{p_{c}^{2}+p_{e}^{2}}\) and \(pe_{parallel}=\frac{p_{c}^{2}}{p_{c}^{2}+p_{e}^{2}}\). The same reasoning can be applied to the orthogonal biqubits case depicted in Figure 9(b).  
Those relations lead us to the \(QBER\) of the parallel and orthogonal states \(QBER=\frac{(1-V)^{2}}{(1-V)^{2}+(1+V)^{2}}\). Figure 9 illustrates the \(QBER\) of one-photon states of such protocols. Since the \(QBER\) of the _nack sate_ is lower than the \(BB84\), it is interesting to consider that future technologies could increase the double detection gain. Although there is not yet a formal derivation of the secret key rate for double detection events, it would be expected that the small \(QBER\) would lead to reaching longer \(QKD\) distances.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Distribution Uniformity
Figure 7: Mean DUpa for the four Ids applied (40, 24, 12 and 6 mm) relative to the mean spacing between sprinklers (m) of each segment for four conditions: (i) solid black line, control; (ii) dashed grey line, vegetative stage (means for V\({}_{4}\), V\({}_{6}\) and V\({}_{10}\)); (iii) solid grey line, reproductive stage with sprinklers above the canopy (R\({}_{1}\)AC); and (iv) black dashed line, reproductive stage with sprinklers below the crop (R\({}_{1}\)BC). The highest decrease occurred after V\({}_{10}\), with the lowest values being recorded at R\({}_{1}\)BC (Figure 6); this behavior was independent of the rates applied. Phenological stages V\({}_{4}\) and V\({}_{6}\) had the lowest DUpa reductions, between 6% and 12% for both stages. To predict the decrease in the distribution uniformity as a function of phenological stage, a quadratic regression equation was generated using the average DDUpa for all the segments, with a significance level of \(p\leq 0.0001\):  
\[\mathrm{DDUpa}=-0.01\times\mathrm{de}^{2} \tag{10}\]  
where de: days after crop emergence. This equation is valid for >30 days.
## 1 Introduction
The following are the major contributions of this work:  
* Intelligent prediction of link state can effectively determine the risk of link breakage, thus assisting routing decisions and improving communication efficiency [11];
* In link prediction, more attention is paid to the link connectivity status in the ship characterization dataset (a ship characterization dataset consists of the communication data from multiple ships at a given moment in time) rather than the time series, in order to cope with the highly variable nature of the links in the maritime opportunistic network;
* Determining the forwarding priority of a node based on its attributes can avoid the repeated transmission of messages and reduce the waste of network resources. This can also avoid the situation in which the current node has no available neighboring nodes to forward packets to the destination within the shortest path, and can only be broadcasted all the time by certain nodes with high-priority messages, resulting in invalid routes, which provides a longer period of communication in the ocean;
* The special feature of opportunistic networks is the random movement of nodes, and, in this paper, we take into account the movement posture of nodes when evaluating them. This leads to a higher probability of forwarding a message to a node that is more convergent in its motion posture or to other nodes that are closer to the target node. This paper is divided into six major sections. Section 2 introduces the main attribute factors of the evaluated nodes, including the node's historical value encounter probability,the node's posterior resource availability, and the node's movement posture; Section 3 proposes the link prediction-based routing algorithm process in this paper; Section 4 specifically describes the link prediction algorithm based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and an Efficient Additive Attention (EAA) mechanism, in which the ship communication data are first extracted from the attribute features by the CNN, and then processed using the EAA to process the feature representations and obtain the prediction results of link connectivity; Section 5 compares the algorithm in this paper with the replication-based routing SprayAndWait and node attribute-based routing RSNA in terms of network performance with different buffer sizes. This paper's algorithm effectively improves the message delivery rate and reduces resource consumption and network overhead.
# A Review of Regional and Global Gridded Forest Biomass Datasets
## 3 Current Gridded Forest Biomass Maps
### Forest AGB Maps from Field Inventory Data and Optical and/or Radar Remotely Sensed Data
#### 3.2.2 Forest Biomass across the Lower 48 States and Alaska  
[PERSON] et al. [44] produced a forest AGB map at a spatial resolution of 250 m for the conterminous United States, Alaska, and Puerto Rico by interpolating the FIA plot data collected from 1990 to 2003 with geospatial predictors using the classification and regression tree modelling approach. The predictors included the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data acquired during 2001, land cover proportions, topographic variables, monthly and annual climate information, and other ancillary variables. The accuracy of the AGB map was reported as correlation coefficients ranging from a low of 0.31 in the southern region of the United States to a high of 0.92 in Puerto Rico, and relative errors ranged from 0.92 in the southern region of the United States down to 0.51 in Puerto Rico. Due to the saturation phenomenon caused by optical remote sensing data and the problem of scale conversion between the FIA data and pixel scale, the low biomass density of this datasets was overestimated, and high biomass density was underestimated [62]. AGB uncertainty was assessed by the relative error of modelled predictions and an error propagation approach, which allowed for the incorporation of pixel-level uncertainties when other sources were lacking.