## 1 Introduction
The Rashid rover is outfitted with advanced cameras--a high-resolution camera for detailed imagery, a microscopic camera for capturing fine particulars, and a thermal imaging camera. Additionally, the rover is equipped with a specialized Langmuir probe, intended for delving into the mysteries of lunar plasma and unraveling the enigma behind the moon's notably adhesive dust. Its primary mission was to investigate the lunar surface, assess mobility on the moon's terrain, and explore the interplay between diverse surface materials and lunar particles. Lunar missions have played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the moon and its surroundings, facilitating groundbreaking scientific research and paving the way for future lunar expeditions, including crewed missions. These missions have relied on a complex network of communication to ensure the successful exchange of critical data, instructions, and insights between Earth and lunar mission components. The significance of lunar communication becomes evident when we consider the multifaceted nature of lunar missions. These missions have encompassed a wide range of objectives, from exploring the lunar surface's geological and topographical features to conducting experiments and observations that contribute to our knowledge of the moon's history and potential resources. Moreover, lunar missions have acted as precursors to human exploration, making the establishment of reliable communication pathways of paramount importance. In this context, various communication pathways have been established, each tailored to the specific needs of lunar missions. These pathways include Earth-to-lunar relay satellites, which serve as essential intermediaries for transmitting signals between Earth and lunar mission components. Additionally, direct communication links between Earth and lunar landers or the lunar surface itself have been vital for data transfer and real-time operations. Furthermore, lunar surface-to-lunar surface communication has played a pivotal role in coordinating activities, sharing scientific findings, and enhancing mission efficiency. This paper explores the challenges and intricacies of lunar communication, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these communication systems operate in the lunar environment. By examining the unique characteristics of lunar propagation and channel modeling, we aim to shed light on the solutions and advancements required to ensure the success of lunar missions and expeditions. In light of these missions, it becomes evident that humans need to have a clear and accurate understanding of what is happening on and around the moon. The moon is completely unlike Earth; it has lighter and darker areas on its terrains (land) and lunar maria (seas), respectively. Even though we know the moon had no water, the dark areas are still called maria. Scientists need to answer many important questions about the moon [16]. The moon undergoes extreme temperature fluctuations and is covered by regolith, with a deeper layer called \"mega-regolith.\" Lava tubes are considered for protection and storage, but a persistent dust cloud and magnetic field variations pose challenges to lunar communication. These anticipated atypical responses of electromagnetic waves in lunar environments can result from various factors, giving rise to phenomena such as signal reflection, diffraction, attenuation, and polarization. For instance, signal reflection off the lunar surface can introduce delays and interference in communication, making non-line-of-sight communication a challenging task. The absence of a lunar atmosphere can lead to signal attenuation, which poses particular problems for long-range communication. Furthermore, multipath propagation resulting from the irregular lunar terrain further complicates signal reception. These effects have the potential to significantly impact the performance of communication systems, especially those designed for non-line-of-sight communication, coping with multipath propagation, or operating at low data rates.