## 2 The Related Work
### Interference Derivation  
In the previous work, we focused on the interference calculation of the azimuth and elevation planes and provided the following formulas:  
\[I_{FSS\ ES\to BS}=P_{BS\ tx}+G_{FSS\ ES}+G_{BS}-PL, \tag{1}\]  
where \(P_{BS\ tx}\) is the transmit station signal power density (in dBm/MHz) [19; 20] and \(G_{FSS\ ES}\) represents the antenna gain of the ES in the direction of the transmit station (in dBi) [8]. In addition, \(G_{BS}\) is the 5G BS antenna gain using massive MIMO antenna array in the direction of the ES to account for the beamforming antenna pattern (in dBi) [16; 21]. Finally, \(PL\) represents the combined path loss from all the possible BS locations to the ES [16].  
The cellular network simulation results in [6] demonstrate that the path loss in rural areas is always lower than that in urban areas (i.e., the path loss for RMa is slightly higher  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **RMa** & **UMa** & **UMi** & **Parameter** & **RMa** & **UMa** & **UMi** \\ \hline ES antenna diameter (m) & 10 & 2.4 & 2.4 & Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) & \(-179\) & \(-179\) & \(-179\) \\ \hline ES antenna pattern & \multicolumn{3}{c}{ITU-R S.465-6} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{ES bandwidth (MHz)} & 36 & 36 & 36 \\ \hline ES antenna height (m) & 7 & 30 & 30 & ES antenna maximum gain (dBm) & 56 & 56 & 56 \\ \hline BS antenna height (m) & 35 & 25 & 10 & BS channel bandwidth (MHz) & 20 & 20 & 20 \\ \hline Intersite distance (m) & 1732 & 500 & 200 & LOS shadow fading (dB) & 6 & 4 & 4 \\ \hline BS maximum Tx power (dBm) & 46 & 38 & 38 & NLOS shadow fading (dB) & 8 & 6 & 7.82 \\ \hline Single antenna element in MIMO antenna array & 8 & 8 & 8 & BS minimum coupling loss (dB) & 80 & 70 & 70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: ES: Earth station; BS: base station; Tx: transmission; MIMO: multiple-input multiple-output; LOS: line of sight; NLOS: nonline of sight; RMa: rural macrocell; UMa: urban macrocell.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Fixed-satellite service (FSS) Earth station parameters [15; 16; 17; 18].  
Figure 2: Carrier frequency set to the center frequency in the (**a**) azimuthal and (**b**) elevation planes [6].  
than that for UMa and UMi). Research reveals that LOS and NLOS scenarios should be used together in a real environment, and NLOS paths are usually the main loss component in urban areas. In addition, by increasing the number of elements in the antenna array, the main lobe beam can provide higher gain while generating more side lobes. More elements in an antenna result in a narrower main lobe beam. In the scenario of a 16 \(\times\) 16 antenna array, a smaller beam sweep angle provides a better gain effect. The gain effect with a beam sweep angle of 60\({}^{\circ}\) is 20% lower than that with a beam sweep angle of 0\({}^{\circ}\). According to [19; 20], a Tx power limit of 38 dBm was selected for the mid-range BS, whereas the wide-area BS does not consider the upper limit. Moreover, the UMa and UMi also selected the mid-range BS Tx power limit (38 dBm), whereas the RMa scene in the wide-area BS selected the 46 dBm limit, based on the defined maximum macrocell BS Tx power [17].