esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Archaeological Questions/Archaeometric Answers
### Manufacture: Tradition Versus Innovation  
As concerns production technology, scientific studies, as mentioned above, have highlighted that two different manufacturing procedures were used in Apulia during the fourth century BCE. Some vases were produced using classic Attic technology, others with a previously unknown and different process that involved the application of a red engobe layer on the ceramic body before the application of black gloss (Figure 10) [8].  
Experimental data have suggested that the coarse fraction of clay -generally discarded by Attic potters- was used for the ceramic body, with the elutriated fraction being used for the red engobe. This hypothesis can be deduced from the comparison between the morphological and minero-petrographical characteristics of the ceramic body and the engobe. The engobe layer with respect to the ceramic body is more compact and finer, richer in matrix and poorer in silt. The same minerals are present, but their quantitative ratio is different: more quartz and feldspars in the body, more micas (biotics and muscovites) and clayey minerals in the engobe.  
Chemical analysis allows to discriminate samples from the same site, according to the employed production technology [8]. Figure 11 shows the results obtained from the NLPCA analysis for the samples of three sites--Monte Sannace, Egnazia and Taranto--in which the presence of the two different production technologies has been highlighted. It is evident that the samples differ in provenance and, in case of the same origin, in production technology. The \(R^{2}\) value of 0.86 and the Lof of 0.37 show that the best fitting model is built with 3 PCs.  
The causes leading to the development of this new technology during the fourth century BCE are yet unclear. Was it the need for a more suit  
Figure 11: NLPCA scores plot of the samples belonging to Monte Sannace (black), Egnatia (blue) and Taranto (red). Circles and squares: classical Attic technology, triangles: Apulian technology.  
Figure 10: SEM-BSE photomicrographs of thin sections of fragments from Taranto (**a**) and Monte Sannace (**b**). The dashed lines separate red engobe layer (upper) from ceramic body (lower), showing the more compact and finer paste of engobe layer with respect to the ceramic body. Scale 100 micron.  
manufacture of the monumental vases which were typical of late production or was it to reduce manufacturing costs of items aimed at less well-off customers? This second hypothesis seems more likely since red engobe has not up to now been found on vases attributed to famous painters and/or coming from tombs referable to the aristocratic classes [28, 30, 31].  
It is noteworthy to underline the presence of engobe on the firing tester [100] from Tarantine workshop mentioned in paragraph 2.2 and, based on the results obtained from the analysis of the paste, manufactured in the town.
# Bistatic Landmine and IED Detection Combining Vehicle and Drone Mounted GPR Sensors
###### Abstract  
This work proposes a novel Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system to detect landmines and Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). The system, which was numerically evaluated, is composed of a transmitter placed on a vehicle and looking forward and a receiver mounted on a drone and looking downwards. This combination offers both a good penetration and a high resolution, enabling the detection of non-metallic targets and mitigating the clutter at the air-soil interface. First, a fast ray tracing simulator was developed to find proper configurations of the system. Then, these configurations were validated using a full wave simulator, considering a flat and a rough surface. All simulations were post-processed using a fast and accurate Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) algorithm that takes into account the constitutive parameters of the soil. The SAR images for all configurations were compared, concluding that the proposed contribution greatly improves the target detection and the surface clutter reduction over conventional forward-looking GPR systems.  
l 2019; 11, 2299; doi:10.3390/rs11192299
## 4 Experimental Investigations
### Subjective Experiments for Discrimination Degree of Given Azimuths
#### 4.2.2 Procedure  
In this experiment, the semantic differential method [26; 27; 28] was adopted to evaluate the directional discrimination degree of sound sources. The order scale was used for evaluation, in which directional discrimination degrees are shown as Table 4. Before the experiment, the instructions and the questionnaires were handed out to the participants. On the questionnaire, the azimuth information of each testing stimulus was listed. During the experiment, each stimulus was played five times in succession, and then there would be a 5 s interval for the participants to select a class (listed in Table 4) according to their judgments. Then, the next stimulus would be presented in the same way until all the stimuli are played. There were totally 24 testing azimuths as shown in Figure 10. As a result, there were 24 (testing azimuth) \(\times\) 2 (HRTF species) \(\times\) 8 (participants) = 384 testing stimuli in total, and there were 24 \(\times\) 2 = 48 testing stimuli for each participant.  
Figure 8: Measurement sketch for ear and head features.  
Figure 10: Testing azimuths in the experiment for Discrimination Degree of Given Azimuths.  
Figure 9: The waveform of original notify signal in time domain, the orange curve and blue curve stand for the data in different channels, respectively.  
In the experiment, the testing stimuli were divided into two groups (stimuli with individualized HRTFs and stimuli with non-individualed ones) based on the HRTF species, but the participants were unaware of this. The presentation order of testing stimuli in each group was randomized by the Latin square scheme to minimize the deviation of the experimental results that might be caused by the test sequence. This psychoacoustic experiment was performed only once, and the subjects were required to make only one judgment for each stimulus. The experiment took about 15 min for each participant.
# Epidemiology of Injury Compilants in Elite Sprinting Athletes in Athletics (Track and Field)
###### Abstract  
Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injury complaints related to the athletics activity in elite athletics (track and field) athletes practicing disciplines with sprints (i.e., sprints, hurdles, combined events, long jump, and triple jump). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on elite sprinting athletes licensed with the French Federation of Athletics with retrospective data collection of injury complaints related to the athletics activity that occurred during their lifetime athletics activity, allowing the reporting of the injury complaints during the one-year period before the survey and at the time of the survey, using a self-reported online survey system. We calculated the (i) lifetime, (ii) 1 year, and (iii) point (at the time of the survey) prevalence proportion, and we descriptively analyzed the injury complaint characteristics. Results: A total of 302 injury complaints related to the athletics activity were reported by 64 athletes of the 68 included athletes. The lifetime prevalence proportion was 95.6% (95% CI: 90.7 to 100.5%). The 1-year prevalence proportion was 61.8% (95% CI: 50.2 to 73.3%). The point prevalence proportion (at the time of the survey) was 16.2% (95% CI: 7.4 to 24.9%). Almost all injury complaints were located in the lower limb (92.7%) and especially involved the hamstrings (33.4%); the main type involved was the muscle (49.0%), and injury complaints mainly occurred during training and with a sudden mode of onset. The most frequent diagnosis was hamstring muscle injury (31.1%). Conclusions: This study provides new insights specifically in elite sprinting athletes, confirming the injury risk in this population and that the main injury diagnosis was the hamstring muscle injury. Efforts should thus continue to monitor injuries in this population and to develop athletics- and sprinting-specific injury risk reduction strategies.  
track and field; epidemiology; sports injuries; musculoskeletal pathologies; prevention; injury surveillance
# Research on Plant Disease and Pest Diagnosis Model Based on Generalized Stochastic Petri Net
## 2 Early Warning System for Plant Pests and Diseases
### Establishing a Plant Pest and Disease Early Warning System  
To establish an effective plant pest and disease early warning system, the first step is to summarize the environmental conditions that promote pest and disease outbreaks, the primary plant parts affected, and the corresponding control technologies based on research from planting experts and the literature. By continuously monitoring these data, the system can proactively identify pests and diseases, preventing potential risks. Due to the diversity and rapid spread of pests and diseases, the damage to plants will continually change. Therefore, during the occurrence of pests and diseases, real-time monitoring of plant symptoms should be conducted based on the data collected. Additionally, feedback should be provided after treatment. Some pests and diseases may not be easily detected in the early stages; therefore, for newly emerging or changing pest and disease situations, timely adjustments and appropriate control measures should be implemented. In summary, a systematic plant pest and disease early warning mechanism consists of the following three stages: the Data Observation Stage, the Disease Judgment Stage, and the Control Execution Stage. The specific process is shown in Figure 1.
# Soft Error-Tolerant and Highly Stable Low-Power SRAM for Satellite Applications
## 3 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Soft-Error Robustness Verification and Comparison  
In this section, the robustness of the proposed RHSP16T cell against soft errors is evaluated through circuit-level simulations. As shown in Figure 6, a double exponential current source was used to charge the sensitive nodes of the cell, simulating the charge-collection phenomenon that occurs when high-energy particles strike circuit nodes. The double exponential current source used to evaluate the robustness against soft errors was determined by the following equation [24]:  
\[I_{inj}(t)=I_{0}\left(e^{-\frac{t}{t_{\alpha}}}-e^{-\frac{t}{t_{\beta}}}\right) \tag{1}\]  
In the equation, \(I_{0}\) represents the peak current of the current pulse, \(t_{\alpha}\) is the initial ion-track setup time constant, and \(t_{\beta}\) is the collection time. In this study, \(t_{\alpha}\) and \(t_{\beta}\) were set to 200 ps and 50 ps, respectively, for the experiments. The critical charge, \(Q_{C}\), is the minimum charge required to flip the cell's value when the sensitive node is affected by a single-event upset (SEU). Typically, different amplitudes of \(I_{inj}\) are injected into sensitive nodes to estimate this, allowing for the determination of the minimum \(I_{0}\) and the critical time, \(t_{c}\), at which the cell's value flips. The critical charge, \(Q_{C}\), can then be calculated using the following equation:  
\[Q_{C}=\int_{0}^{t_{C}}I_{inj}(t)\ dt \tag{2}\]  
The \(Q_{C}\) values for all cells are presented in Table 1. Additionally, the recovery simulation for sensitive nodes \(Q\) and S0, assuming the proposed RHSP16T cell initially stores a '1', is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 demonstrates that RHSP16T can be successfully restored from SEUs at levels above 100 fC. Furthermore, as described in Section 2, RHSP16T avoided charge-sharing effects between node pairs \(Q\) and S0 by appropriately spacing the sensitive nodes \(Q\) and S0 in the layout. Therefore, the radiation-hardened RHSP16T cell exhibited strong robustness and reliability.
## 3 Results
### NR Induces Hallmark Stemness Gene Expression in hASCs and Reduces Mitochondrial Activity  
To gain a deeper understanding of the role of NR treatment in blocking terminal adipocyte differentiation, we conducted experiments to compare the effects of NR treatment during the differentiation phase versus pre-differentiation treatment alone. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were treated with NR for 7 days and then differentiated in NR-free media for an additional 14 days. In the comparative group, hASCs were pretreated and differentiated in the presence of NR. Surprisingly, both groups exhibited lower adipocyte differentiation (Figure 3E), indicating that NR treatment prior to the induction of differentiation was sufficient to block terminal adipocyte differentiation. Previous studies have suggested that hASCs with higher expression of stemness genes exhibit resistance to adipogenesis induction and maintain an undifferentiated status [28; 33]. To assess whether NR treatment enhances the stemness characteristics of hASCs, we examined the expression of hallmark stemness genes in NR-treated hASCs. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of BMP7, _DPP4, DLK1_, and _CD34_ (Figure 4A-D), which are genes associated with maintaining the stemness of adipose progenitor cells. Interestingly, NR treatment led to the downregulation of CD36, a gene associated with adipocyte differentiation (Figure 4E). CD34 surface expression is known to be lost during cell culture expansion in hASCs research. Remarkably, we observed that NR treatment resulted in an increase in the surface expression of _CD34_ (Figure 4F). Furthermore, lower mitochondrial activity has been associated with the maintenance of stemness. TMRM staining of NR-treated hASCs revealed a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Figure 4G). Additionally, NR-treated hASCs exhibited lower production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Figure 4H). In summary, our findings suggest that NR-mediated reduction in mitochondrial activity contributes to the maintenance of stemness in hASCs and enables them to resist adipogenic differentiation pressure. The upregulation of stemness genes, such as _BMP7_, _DPP4, DLK1_, and _CD34_, along with the downregulation of the adipocyte differentiation gene CD36, further supports the notion that NR treatment enhances the stemness characteristics of hASCs. These insights provide valuable information about the mechanisms underlying NR's effects on hASCs and their potential implications for adipose tissue biology and regenerative medicine.
## 1 Introduction
In [16], a stochastic model based on chanced constrained programming for RPP is defined. The proposed model is solved using GA. Although the uncertainty is modeled in the power generation, it optimizes only one objective, including operational and investment costs. A chanced constrained model is proposed for probabilistic RPP in [17]. The proposed model is solved through two-stage stochastic programming. The main disadvantage of the proposed model is that it only considers the load as a random parameter. Besides, only the investment cost of new VAR sources is taken into account as the main objective function. The main drawback of all the mentioned research studies is that the optimal RPP considering load demand and wind power generation uncertainties at the same time are not fully investigated. This paper aims to address RPP as a probabilistic multi-objective problem in order to reduce the total cost of reactive power investment, minimize the active power losses, maximize the voltage stability index, and improve the loadability factor. The generators' voltage magnitude, the transformers tap settings, and the output reactive power of the VAR sources are considered as the main control variables. To cope with the probabilistic multi-objective RPP problem, the \(\varepsilon\)-constraint technique is employed. To validate the efficiency of the proposed method, the IEEE 30-bus test system is implemented in the GAMS environment under five various conditions. The obtained results show the effectiveness and high accuracy of the proposed method. Table 1 shows a comparison between the proposed probabilistic multi-objective RPP and the previously published research papers. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 deals with the uncertainty modeling. Problem formulation is presented in Section 3. Section 4 describes the optimization method. Simulation results are given in Section 5. Finally, some brief conclusions are summarized in Section 6.
# Evolution of Hybrid LiFi-WiFi Networks: A Survey
## 7 Implementing HWLNets
### Network Layer Integration  
Sending packets simultaneously in hybrid networks is the goal of HWLNets researchers worldwide. This would render HWLNets biggest problem that is vertical handover. For standalone networks, TCP protocol is used to provide transmission to users in any given time by a single AP. In contrast, multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) [101] that is being developed allows the connection to use several paths simultaneously, thus for TCP, multipath uses sub flow system of multi-TCP connections (paths from one host to another) that are identified during the TCP three-way handshake phase. It contains data ACK and sequence mapping, which allow MPTCP to receive data from multiple sub flows in the original order sent. This revolutionary protocol can help HWLNets to avoid vertical handovers and improve on resource allocation with the use of multiple APs instead of a single one.  
The above-mentioned method solves VHO problems for hybrid networks but due to the mobility of users and the short range of LiFi APs, frequent HHO still impair on HWLNets overall network performance [102]. To solve frequent HHO, researchers have developed models for cell deployment optimization [10]. Most commonly used are matrix and hexagon. In order to diminish HHO, cell deployment has to account for location, density, output power of LED transmitters, as well as WiFi APs signal and user behaviour. The latter is the most difficult to predict. Some approaches [59] have solved parts of this challenging issue but a real-time model for user's behaviour representation is yet to be found.  
The implementation of network management poses another key research objective. Management must overcome AP density and topology as well as the mobility of users, especially faster ones. This combined with the fact that changes in user equipment orientation have a massive impact on connection speed and data throughput makes this problem extremely complex in terms of processing time. Some studies [44] have shown that machine learning can improve optimization problems but collecting real-time data and processing is still a major complication.
# Rapid Classification of Wheat Grain Varieties Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Chemometrics
## Materials and Methods
### Multivariate Data Analysis  
#### 2.5.1 Exploratory Classification  
Principal component analysis (PCA), which is often applied in exploratory classification analysis, utilizes covariance and linear transformation among variables to recombine data set [19; 20]. PCA is an unsupervised algorithm. Only through orthogonal transformation, a group of potentially correlated variables become linearly unrelated, which matches with the principle of variance maximization well. Additionally, the converted variables are often called principal components (PCs). In general, the first few PCs can reflect most of the information of the original variables and the information contained in each variable is not repeated. Therefore, in this study, the first few PCs were selected according to the accumulative contribution rate and they were used to explore the distinguishability of five varieties of wheat seeds. The differences and similarities of the samples could be clearly observed in the scattering plots of the first few PCs.  
In addition, we also introduce another dimension-reducing method: linear discrimination analysis (LDA). LDA, as a supervised algorithm, could be usually served as a discriminant model for classification. Its other function similar to PCA is rarely employed. Different from PCA, LDA is based on the principle that it makes the points within the category as close as possible (concentrated), and the points among the categories as far as possible. The value, covariance matrix between different classes divided by covariance within classes, was defined as the reference index, which LDA makes bigger to meet our needs. Therefore, it is also suitable for exploring the discriminability of different varieties of wheat seeds.
# Development of Inkjet Printable Formulations Based on Polyorganosilazane and Divinylbenzene  
[PERSON]  
1 Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
1 Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
1 Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 21: email: {kirsten.honnef@imtekstep by inkjet printing. This allows for the rapid production of a fully functional component. Furthermore, inkjet printing is a low-cost method, as only small quantities of material are needed and almost no waste is generated [31]. The inks can be developed in terms of the desired property. A wide range of liquid and low-viscosity materials are deposited layer-by-layer by a drop-on-demand approach (DOD), where the droplets are generated by piezoelectric actuator [32]. The inkjet printing process is limited by a viscosity between 1 mPa\(\cdot\)s and 25 mPa\(\cdot\)s at printing temperature and a surface tension in the range of 25-50 mN/m [31; 33]. The surface tension must be sufficiently high to prevent undesirable dripping from the nozzle. However, it must be low enough to release the jetted droplet from the nozzle [31]. An accuracy of about 30 \(\upmu\)m can be achieved due to the small nozzle diameter [33]. After the deposition, the material is cured through photochemical or thermal crosslinking [34] in dependence on the used material.  
This work focuses on polysilazanes, which are liquid silicon-based preceramic polymers with an alternating silicon and nitrogen backbone. They are referred to as polyorganosilazanes if they consist of alkyl or vinyl as a side group [35]. In addition, they contain hydrogen as a side group [36]. Polyorganosilazanes can be formulated with initiators, catalysts, or fillers to form processable matrix composites that can be fabricated by casting [37; 38], coating [4; 39], or additive manufacturing [18; 40; 41; 42; 43]. Crosslinking is usually carried out thermally [44; 45] or photochemically [46] after processing to reduce the loss of low-molecular-weight components and consequently leading to a high ceramic yield after pyrolysis at high temperature [47].  
Divinylbenzene (DVB) can be used as crosslinking agent which also acts as a carbon supplier for preceramic polymers. A radical initiator can start a vinyl polymerization of DVB with itself or with the vinyl groups of polyorganosilazane [48]. The formation of carbon chains within the precursor lead to free-carbon clusters after the pyrolysis process, which generates the electrical conductivity in the final ceramic. By improving the conductivity, a wide range of applications can be served, especially in MEMS applications. Moreover, the addition of a crosslinking agent can enhance the ceramic yield because it reacts with the volatile species of the precursor. Furthermore, this leads to less shrinkage in the final product.  
The aim of this work was the development of new ink formulations based on polyorganosilazane and DVB suitable for inkjet printing.
# RF Energy Harvesting Wireless Communications:
## 4 Power Management in RF-EHWC
### Practical Issues in Power Management  
The aforementioned power management just considers the limited battery capacity, limited data storage capacity or constrained packet deadline, respectively. In this section, we introduce some real features of the energy harvesting circuits and their impact on the realistic power management in RF-EHWCs.