## 3 Network Resource Awareness and Resource Status Prediction  
### Network Resource Awareness Based on INT  
An awareness method based on INT technology is employed in LEO satellite networks. INT represents a hybrid awareness approach that writes awareness data into the unused fields of the service packet header, thereby enabling the awareness data to be transmitted alongside the service [21], which means the service transmission path can be regarded as the awareness path. Specifically, when the service flows through, the node integrates the status information of the onboard resources and incorporates it into the telemetry data within the service packet header, formatted as metadata [22]. The time consumed by each node when executing the telemetry packet header reading and metadata writing operations is defined as the awareness delay, which is much smaller than the propagation delay and transmission delay. The awareness delay of satellite node \(i\) can be therefore set as a fixed value \(\mathrm{t}_{\mathrm{w}}^{i}\). When the service reaches the target node \(\mathrm{S_{b}}\) and the satellite arrives above the nearest gateway station, the awareness data and service data are transmitted back to the ground via satellite-ground links (SGLs), and the propagation time of the SGL is as follows:  
\[\mathrm{t}_{\mathrm{re}}^{\mathrm{S_{b}}}=\frac{\mathrm{D_{S_{b}}}}{\mathrm{ \theta_{pro}}}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(\mathrm{D_{S_{b}}}\) is the visible SGL distance from the target node \(\mathrm{S_{b}}\) to the nearest gateway station, and \(\mathrm{\theta_{pro}}\) is the propagation speed, the value of which is equal to the speed of light. The queuing delay is similar to the on-board awareness delay, which is generally measured in microseconds due to the processing capability of the onboard hardware. In the congestion scenario, it increases to several milliseconds. The queuing delay has less impact than the propagation delay of ISL and SGL, such that it can also be set as a fixed value \(\mathrm{t}_{\mathrm{Q}}^{i}\). Based on Equations (1) and (2), it can be concluded that for each node along the path, the time consumed for awareness and transmission processes is as follows:  
\[\mathrm{t}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S_{b}}}=\mathrm{t}_{\mathrm{pro}}^{\mathrm{S_ {b}}}+\mathrm{t}_{\mathrm{trans}}^{\mathrm{S_{b}}}+\mathrm{t}_{\mathrm{w}}^{ \mathrm{S_{b}}}+\mathrm{t}_{\mathrm{Q}}^{\mathrm{S_{b}}},\,\mathrm{S_{b}}\in \mathrm{P_{z}}, \tag{5}\]The accumulated awareness latency generated during the process of each node is as follows:  
\[\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}_{i}}=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{re}}^{\mathrm{S}_{i} }+\sum_{j=\mathrm{S}_{i}}^{\mathrm{S}_{i}}t_{\mathrm{d}}^{j}\cdot\mathrm{S}_{i} \in\mathrm{P}_{z},\mathrm{S}_{b}\in\mathrm{P}_{z}, \tag{6}\]  
The collection of awareness latency from \(\mathrm{n}_{z}\) nodes on the service path \(\mathrm{P}_{z}\) received by the ground control center is \(\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}^{z}=\left\{\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}_{i}}, \mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}_{i+1}},\ldots,\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}^{ \mathrm{S}_{i+n_{z}-2}},\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}_{b}}\right\}\). Therefore, the awareness latency matrix of each node at different times within the current time slot \(\mathrm{T}_{k}\) is as follows:  
\[\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}\left(\mathrm{t}_{j}\right)=\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm{T}_{ \mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}_{i}}(\mathrm{t}_{1})&\ldots&\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}^{ \mathrm{S}_{i}}(\mathrm{t}_{1})\\ \vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ \mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}_{i}}(\mathrm{t}_{j})&\ldots&\mathrm{T}_{ \mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}_{i}}(\mathrm{t}_{j})\end{pmatrix},\mathrm{t}_{j}\in \mathrm{T}_{k}, \tag{7}\]