## 3 Results
### Comparison of Kinematic Data during Elbow Flexion of Arm Robot
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Therapapists (\(n=8\))**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Students (\(n=25\))**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & **Variables** & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Muscle Tone Intensity**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Muscle Tone Intensity**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Mild** & **Moderate** & **Severe** & **Mild** & **Moderate** & **Severe** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Muscle Tone Intensity**} & Peak velocity (deg/s) & 90.2 \(\pm\) 41.6 & 78.2 \(\pm\) 37.3 & 60.8 \(\pm\) 29.6 & 121.2 \(\pm\) 47.5 & 106.2 \(\pm\) 52.8 & 84.6 \(\pm\) 41.2 \\  & Peak angle ratio (\%) & 97.0 \(\pm\) 3.4 & 96.1 \(\pm\) 3.6 & 96.3 \(\pm\) 4.1 & 89.1 \(\pm\) 7.9 & 81.6 \(\pm\) 14.9 & 81.8 \(\pm\) 17.1 \\  & Peak velocity time (s) & 2.2 \(\pm\) 3.5 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 2.2 \(\pm\) 3.1 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 1.9 & 1.2 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 2.1 \\  & Movement time (s) & 9.0 \(\pm\) 8.5 & 7.9 \(\pm\) 5.5 & 10.3 \(\pm\) 9.2 & 5.5 \(\pm\) 5.0 & 5.1 \(\pm\) 4.4 & 5.2 \(\pm\) 5.7 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Muscle Tone Intensity**} & Peak velocity (deg/s) & 85.8 \(\pm\) 30.9 & 72.4 \(\pm\) 34.4 & 50.5 \(\pm\) 33.4 & 101.1 \(\pm\) 42.7 & 83.9 \(\pm\) 35.6 & 68.3 \(\pm\) 32.0 \\  & Peak angle ratio (\%) & 99.9 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 99.2 \(\pm\) 1.8 & 98.6 \(\pm\) 3.3 & 98.6 \(\pm\) 2.8 & 97.5 \(\pm\) 3.3 & 94.1 \(\pm\) 6.7 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Peak velocity time (s) & 3.8 \(\pm\) 3.1 & 4.6 \(\pm\) 3.3 & 5.4 \(\pm\) 4.6 & 2.8 \(\pm\) 1.9 & 3.4 \(\pm\) 2.4 & 4.4 \(\pm\) 3.5 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Movement time (s) & 9.0 \(\pm\) 4.5 & 10.7 \(\pm\) 6.5 & 13.2 \(\pm\) 7.6 & 7.0 \(\pm\) 5.0 & 7.6 \(\pm\) 4.5 & 8.5 \(\pm\) 5.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Kinematic data of therapeutic techniques applied by students and therapists using a robot. Figure 4: Comparison of therapeutic motion techniques based on subject and degree of muscle tone. (**a**) Peak flexion velocity; (**b**) peak flexion angle ratio; (**c**) peak flexion velocity time; (**d**) flexion movement time; (**e**) peak extension velocity; (**f**) peak extension angle ratio; (**g**) peak extension velocity time; (**h**) extension movement time. Red dots: therapists (\(n=8\)), blue dots: students (\(n=25\)). Therapists vs. students: * \(p<0.05\). Within group comparisons: * \(p<0.05\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Analysis of Covariance**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & **Variables** & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Main Effect of Group**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Main Effect of Muscle Tone**} & **Interaction** \\ \cline{3-8}  & & _df_ & **F** & **\(p\)** & **\(\eta^{2}\)** & _df_ & **\(F\)** & **\(p\)** & \(\eta^{2}\)** & **\(p\)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Muscle Tone Intensity**} & Peak velocity (deg/s) & 1 & 11.630 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.039 & 2 & 9.943 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.064 & 0.889 \\  & Peak angle ratio (\%) & 1 & 53.203 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.155 & 2 & 2.759 & 0.065 & 0.019 & 0.174 \\  & Peak velocity time (s) & 1 & 7.564 & 0.006 * & 0.025 & 2 & 1.693 & 0.186 & 0.012 & 0.362 \\  & Movement time (s) & 1 & 34.412 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.105 & 2 & 863 & 0.423 & 0.006 & 0.457 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Muscle Tone Intensity**} & Peak velocity (deg/s) & 1 & 8.835 & 0.003 * & 0.030 & 2 & 16.675 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.103 & 0.867 \\  & Peak angle ratio (\%) & 1 & 19.515 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.063 & 2 & 9.449 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.061 & 0.043 * \\ \cline{1-1}  & Peak velocity time (s) & 1 & 18.241 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.059 & 2 & 5.807 & 0.003 * & 0.039 & 0.963 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Movement time (s) & 1 & 31.071 & \textless{}0.001 * & 0.097 & 2 & 5.205 & 0.006 * & 0.035 & 0.312 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of therapeutic techniques applied by students and therapists using a robot. The movement time had a major effect depending on the group (\(p<0.001\), \(\eta^{2}=0.105\)) but not depending on muscle tone intensity (\(p=0.423\)), and it did not involve any interaction (\(p=0.457\)).