## 5 Results and Discussion
### Creation and Operation of Cultural Service Ecosystems in Historical Blocks  
In this study, the operation of cultural heritage service ecosystems was decomposed into actors' activities, the market structure survey, service exchange, cultural value creation, cultural services, brand communication, resource integration, and value co-creation. In terms of the significance level of resource integration and value co-creation, the above elements were categorised into four quadrants. According to the service-dominant logic, services are the basis of exchange and function as entities that apply their knowledge and expertise to benefit another entity [6]. The interaction between two entities leads to the co-creation of services. More specifically, through active participation of actors and the provision of operational resources for exchange, actors continuously exchange services, thus creating value [24]. However, this study found that considering the aspect of actors' activities, the diverse forms of interactions between actors are not necessarily sufficient for meaningful participation, do not necessarily involve a high degree of resource integration, and do not necessarily lead to a consensus. Thus, the importance of their resource integration and value co-creation depends on the nature and degree of the interactions. The market structure survey mostly falls under the individual activities of cultural and creative personnel and is slightly related to other actors. Accordingly, it is an activity with a low significance level of resource integration and value co-creation. In contrast, service exchange between actors necessarily involves an exchange of resources but does not necessarily lead to a consensus. Thus, it is an activity with a high significance level of resource integration. Cultural services and brand communication require close cooperation between actors for service exchange, as well as a high degree of consensus. Thus, they are activities with a high significance level of resource integration and value co-creation. In summary, Figure 2 shows the correlation between the elements of a cultural service ecosystem, resource integration, and value co-creation.  
The two cases of this study pertain to the revitalisation of cultural heritage, during which block operation companies were invited, and cultural and creative firms settled in the historical blocks in hopes of reviving the local economy. To achieve sustainable operation and development, develop industrial clusters, and promote the development of local cultural and creative industries, it is imperative that actors in historical blocks adequately exchange services and integrate resources, thus co-creating value for the historic district. Accordingly, this study presents the following proposition:  
Figure 2: Relationship between resource integration and value co-creation in a cultural service ecosystem.  
**Proposition 3**.: _Through the survey of market structures and the exchange of services, actors in a historical block fully integrate their resources, co-create cultural value, promote the communication of cultural brands, and provide consumers with sustainable cultural services, thus creating a cultural service ecosystem for the historical block._