# A Cognitive Model for Technology Adoption
## 2 Background and Related Work
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model/Approach** & **Main Focus** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Key** \\ **Constructs/Variables** \\ \end{tabular} & **Key Findings** \\ \hline Technology Acceptance & Individual-level & Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use & Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use & Perceived Use consistently explain 40\% of variance in an individual’s intention to use and implement technology. \\ \hline Innovation Diffusion & Population-level & \begin{tabular}{c} Five adopter categories: \\ Innovators, Early \\ Adopters, Early Majority, \\ Late Majority, Laggards \\ \end{tabular} & Demand for innovation follows an S-shaped curve, with an early minority leading to a tipping point of mass take-up, followed by a plateau. \\ \hline Technology, Organisation & \begin{tabular}{c} Organisational-level \\ technology adoption \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Internal and external \\ technological, \\ organisational, and \\ environmental context \\ \end{tabular} & TOE framework is found superior to IDT to explain technology adoption. \\ \hline Electronic Data & \begin{tabular}{c} Organisational-level \\ technology adoption \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Perceived benefits, \\ organizational readiness \\ (available financial and \\ technological resources), \\ external pressure \\ (competition) \\ \end{tabular} & Perceived benefits, organizational readiness, and external pressure predict the speed of technology adoption by firms. \\ \hline Bass Model & \begin{tabular}{c} Market-level technology \\ adoption \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Coefficient of external \\ influence, coefficient of \\ internal influence \\ \end{tabular} & The finite difference of the cumulative market penetration of a new product or technology can be expressed by the Bass Model equation. The impact of advertising on adoption curves can be observed, and stopping the advertisement of new products and technologies would result in delayed and slower adoption by the target societies. \\ \hline Cognitive Model & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Individual-level \\ technology adoption \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Cognitive processes, \\ perceptions, \\ decision-making \\ \end{tabular} & A cognitive model can help to understand how individuals perceive and evaluate the risks and benefits of new technology, and how this influences their decision to adopt or not. It can also help understand how individuals perceive and make decisions about privacy risks when adopting new technologies. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of Related Work in the field summarizing the main focus, Key constructs/variables, and key findings. this figure, stopping the advertisement of new products and technologies would result in delayed and slower adoption by the target societies. \[X_{t+1}-X_{t}=(p+qX_{t})(1-X_{t})=p(1-X_{t})+qX_{t}(1-X_{t}) \tag{1}\]  
The adoption statistics of two emerging technologies in the past 25 years, individuals using the internet and the number of mobile subscriptions, published by World Bank [26] are shown in Figure 2. These statistics would support the S shape of the adoption curve for emerging technologies. As shown in the figures, the tipping point and the speed of adoption would depend on the economy and the financial situation of the countries and individuals. [PERSON] et al. [27] proposed to apply cognitive dissonance theory to examine how dissonance resulting from negative disconfirmation of expectations may translate into a positive outcome. One of the main shortcomings of this approach is that it focuses solely on the reactions of users to negative disconfirmation of technology performance, without taking into account other factors that may contribute to technology adoption and use. For example, the study does not examine the role of contextual factors, such as social influence or perceived usefulness and ease of use, that may affect technology adoption and use. [PERSON] et al.