## 3 Results
### Comparison of Pre- and Post-Treatment Changes in the ASO and NASO Groups (Table 5)
#### 3.3.2 Dental Changes Pre- and Post-Treatment  
The pre- and post-treatment changes in the ASO and NASO groups exhibited significant differences in \(\Delta\)L1 to FH (\({}^{\circ}\)), \(\Delta\)U1 C to N-perpendicular, \(\Delta\)U1 R to N-perpendicular, \(\Delta\)L1 C to N-perpendicular, \(\Delta\)L1 R to N-perpendicular, \(\Delta\)L1 MTPA (\(p<0.05\)). Specifically, the change in the Frankfort-mandibular incisor angle (FMIA) [\(\Delta\)L1 to FH (\({}^{\circ}\))] was 4.98\({}^{\circ}\) greater in the NASO group than in the ASO group (\(p<0.05\)), and the change in the IMPA was 4.93\({}^{\circ}\) greater in the NASO group than in the ASO group (\(p<0.05\)). Similarly, the change in U1 to FH (\({}^{\circ}\)) was 2.01\({}^{\circ}\) greater in the NASO group than in the ASO group, although the difference lacked statistical significance. Significant differ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & **(T1–T0)** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**(\(\Delta\) ASO Group–\(\Delta\) NASO Group)**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Measurements**} & \(\Delta\)**ASO** & \(\Delta\)**NASO** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SD**} & \\  & **Mean** & **Mean** & **Difference** & **Difference** & \(p\) \\ \hline SNA diff & \(-4.13\) & \(-0.70\) & \(-3.43\) & \(0.34\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ SNB diff & \(-1.87\) & \(-0.21\) & \(-1.66\) & \(0.23\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ ANB diff & \(-2.26\) & \(-0.49\) & \(-1.77\) & \(0.35\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ FMA diff & \(-0.72\) & \(-0.76\) & \(0.04\) & \(0.94\) & \(0.48\) \\ SN-GoMe diff & \(-0.80\) & \(-0.80\) & \(0.00\) & \(0.91\) & \(0.50\) \\ A to N-perp diff & \(-4.73\) & \(-0.84\) & \(-3.89\) & \(0.48\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ A to FH diff & \(-1.55\) & \(0.65\) & \(-2.20\) & \(0.46\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ B to N-perp diff & \(-3.76\) & \(-0.38\) & \(-3.38\) & \(0.62\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ B to FH diff & \(-0.29\) & \(-0.18\) & \(-0.11\) & \(0.64\) & \(0.43\) \\ Pog to N-perp diff & \(-0.73\) & \(0.68\) & \(-1.41\) & \(0.83\) & \(0.048\) * \\ FABA diff & \(1.36\) & \(0.37\) & \(0.99\) & \(0.66\) & \(0.07\) \\ \hline U1 to FH (\({}^{\circ}\)) diff & \(-4.50\) & \(-6.51\) & \(2.01\) & \(1.49\) & \(0.09\) * \\ U1 to FH (mm) diff & \(-0.60\) & \(-0.24\) & \(-0.36\) & \(0.56\) & \(0.27\) \\ L1 to FH (\({}^{\circ}\)) diff & \(6.18\) & \(11.16\) & \(-4.98\) & \(1.83\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ L1 to FH (mm) diff & \(-1.08\) & \(-0.81\) & \(-0.27\) & \(0.55\) & \(0.31\) \\ U1 C to N-perp diff & \(-6.57\) & \(-4.11\) & \(-2.46\) & \(0.79\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ U1 R to N-perp diff & \(-4.58\) & \(-1.45\) & \(-3.14\) & \(0.53\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ L1 C to N-perp diff & \(-6.31\) & \(-3.87\) & \(-2.44\) & \(0.75\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ L1 R to N-perp diff & \(-4.47\) & \(-0.22\) & \(-4.25\) & \(0.60\) & \(0.00\) ** \\ Interlicial angle diff & \(10.69\) & \(17.67\) & \(-6.98\) & \(2.71\) & \(0.01\) ** \\ BOP diff & \(0.98\) & \(0.58\) & \(0.40\) & \(0.58\) & \(0.25\) \\ FOP diff & \(0.54\) & \(-0.76\) & \(1.30\) & \(0.82\) & \(0.06\) \\ U1 movement diff & \(6.76\) & \(5.80\) & \(0.97\) & \(0.62\) & \(0.06\) \\ L1 movement diff & \(6.59\) & \(5.55\) & \(1.04\) & \(0.60\) & \(0.04\) * \\ IMPA diff & \(-5.46\) & \(-10.40\) & \(4.93\) & \(2.12\) & \(0.01\) * \\ \hline \end{tabular} Independent \(t\)-tests were performed to compare variables between \(\Delta\) ASO and \(\Delta\) MI non-surgery. * \(p<0.05\), **\(p<0.01\). IMPA, incisor mandibular plane angle; ASO, anterior segmental osteotomy; SD, standard deviation; ML.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of pre- and post-treatment changes between the ASO and NASO groups. ences were evident between the two groups in the sagittal changes in the maxillary and mandibular incisors, as measured by \(\Delta\)U1 C to N-perpendicular, \(\Delta\)U1 R to N-perpendicular, \(\Delta\)L1 C to N- perpendicular, and \(\Delta\)L1 R to N-perpendicular (\(p\) < 0.01). In the ASO group, the crown of the maxillary incisors moved 2.46 mm, and the root moved 3.14 mm further back compared to the NASO group. Additionally, the crown of the mandibular incisors moved 2.44 mm, and the root moved 4.25 mm further back.