## 2 Results and Discussion
### Morphology and Structure of Materials
As shown in Figure S3l, the modification layer thickness of the MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG/PP membrane is approximately 11.49 \(\upmu\)m. This increased thickness is attributed to the uniform loading of MoS\({}_{2}\) nanoflowers on the GO, resulting in a more porous structure with a larger specific surface area. Consequently, under the same catalyst loading per unit area, the modification layer is thicker. Since the MoS\({}_{2}\) nanoflowers do not aggregate, MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG effectively combines physical blocking and chemical adsorption of polysulfides, exposing numerous catalytic active sites and optimizing the kinetics of lithium-sulfur battery reactions, accelerating the conversion of polysulfides to the final product (Li\({}_{2}\)S). The XRD patterns of the samples are shown in Figure 3a. By comparing with the standard card (JCPDS No. 37-1492), the peaks at approximately 14.4\({}^{\circ}\), 33.5\({}^{\circ}\), and 58.9\({}^{\circ}\) in MoS\({}_{2}\), MoS\({}_{2}\)-G, and MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG correspond to the (002), (100), and (110) crystal planes of MoS\({}_{2}\), respectively. However, in the XRD pattern of MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG, the intensity of the (002) peak is weakened, and a weaker, broad peak appears around 10\({}^{\circ}\). According to [PERSON]'s equation, this suggests that the layered structure of MoS\({}_{2}\) in MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG is disordered and has an increased interlayer spacing. This structural feature is advantageous for exposing more in-plane active sites, which can facilitate the catalytic conversion of polysulfides. In the Raman spectra (Figure S4), compared to MoS\({}_{2}\) and MoS\({}_{2}\)-G, MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG exhibits lower intensity for the E\({}_{2\text{g}}\)1 and A\({}_{1\text{g}}\) characteristic peaks. This reduction in intensity can be attributed to the structural disorder introduced by nitrogen doping, which weakens the vibrational modes of the MoS\({}_{2}\) layers. Moreover, the A\({}_{1\text{g}}\) peak in MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG shifts to lower wavenumbers, which is typically associated with a reduction in the number of MoS\({}_{2}\) layers [33]. The nitrogen doping and uniform distribution of MoS\({}_{2}\) nanoflowers on the graphene surface result in thinner MoS\({}_{2}\) layers, contributing to this shift and further enhancing the catalytic activity for polysulfides. Figure 3b,c shows the N\({}_{2}\) adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution curves of MoS\({}_{2}\), MoS\({}_{2}\)-G, and MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG. The calculated specific surface area of MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG is the largest at 59.48 cm\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\), followed by MoS\({}_{2}\)-G (16.87 cm\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\)) and MoS\({}_{2}\) with the smallest specific surface area of 7.05 cm\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\). The introduction of GO significantly alleviates the aggregation of MoS\({}_{2}\) nanoflowers, and the PANI modification further promotes the uniform distribution of MoS\({}_{2}\) nanoflowers on GO, thereby greatly increasing the specific surface area of the material. This enhancement in specific surface area is beneficial for the adsorption and catalytic conversion of polysulfides. All three materials exhibit mesoporous structures, with the pore sizes of MoS\({}_{2}\) primarily centered around 29 nm. For MoS\({}_{2}\)-G and MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG, most pore diameters are also around 28 nm, but some pores are as small as 4 nm. This suggests that the pore size of MoS\({}_{2}\) nanoflowers ranges from 25 to 30 nm, while the pore size of GO is around 4 nm. To further verify the chemical composition and elemental states of MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was conducted and analyzed. The XPS survey spectrum (Figure 3d) indicates the presence of C, O, N, Mo, and S elements in MoS\({}_{2}\)-NG, with atomic percentages of 72.52%, 13.48%, 5.35%, 2.62%, and 6.03%, respectively. The high-resolution C 1s spectrum (Figure 3e) can be deconvoluted into six peaks, corresponding to different carbon-containing functional groups: C-C/C=(284.6 eV), C-N (285.5 eV), C-O (285.7 eV), C=N (286.3 eV), C=O (286.8 eV), and O-C=O (288.8 eV).