# Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks in
## Materials and Methods
### Sdss  
The WSN and EO data are stored in a database and fed to the SDSS which is run on a remote server. Due to the high modularity of the WSN system the SDSS can support numerical models that generate the following outputs for different pest species and diseases: (i) Hotspot analysis and risk maps; (ii) Population Dynamics Forecasts and Alarms; (iii) Disease risk assessment. It is envisioned as an administrative tool for IPM applications. The backend to the SDSS uses the following technologies: C# with ILNumerics library for in-house developed algorithms. ILNumerics can be used under a  
Figure 3: Basic architecture of the PentaSense WSN gateway. commercial license. The SDSS uses SailsJS together with the Angular framework. SailsJS acts as the backend, hosting all the API endpoints and handling the database requests. Angular acts as frontend, loading all needed data from the API and visualizing this data in a web browser. Moreover, the Iridium RockBlock module at the WSN sink, provides basic communication services which can be easily activated and followed up using a generic web application. It can integrate products such as MODIS and Sentinel. MODIS is widely used in the field of spatial modeling and overs several very useful products. Standard derivatives as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) are widely accepted standards in environmental modeling. Other derivatives such as day and night surface temperature are useful in specific models. This data is supplemented with multi-year averages such as WorldClim version 2 data [37]. The MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) instrument is built by Santa Barbara Remote Sensing and is installed on two satellites: Aqua and Terra. The Modis instrument captures 36 spectral bands in 0.4-14.4 um wavelength range. Its spatial resolution varies depending on the band: 250 m for bands 1-2, 500 m for bands 3-7 and 1000 m for bands 8-36. The Sentinel missions are part of the Copernicus program, which is the European earth observation mission coordinated by the European Commission together with ESA. With the recent launch of the Sentinel-2b satellite, Copernicus has now a temporal resolution of 5 days. Sentinel 2 has three different spatial resolution (10, 20 and 60 m) and 13 spectral bands in the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and short-wave infra-red (SWIR). On Figure 4 the conceptual layout of the SDSS is shown. Parameters such as specific user parameters (number of field sites, pest data etc. ), the spatial scale, and type of model are set at the start of the integration. On the other hand the control action parameter acts as a dynamic external forcing parameter that can be supplied to the already running numerical integration. The total cost of the hardware is estimated at \(\in\) 1874 for a system consisting of: One gateway with a satellite communication module, terrestrial communication module and energy harvesting device;  
Figure 4: Conceptual layout of the spatial decision support system. and six PentaSense boards measuring temperature, relative humidity and pressure with an external energy harvesting solution. Additionally, the cost of maintaining the SDSS is estimated at EUR 180 per user annually, making the total cost of implementation EUR 2024. Case Study: ASSESSING the Climatic Suitability for the Establishment of _Aedes albopictus_ in Belgium  
Two possible outputs of the SDSS models were explored. A statistical analysis of general climatic suitability and single-point dynamical simulations for an invasive mosquito species _Ae. albopictus_ for Belgium and a populationd dynamics model forced by the WSN data. The data was processed in the the R-project software environment ([38]). (a) _MCDA model simulating the climatic suitability of Aedes albopictus in Belgium_:  
To look at the climatic suitability for the establishment of the invasive mosquito species _Ae. albopictus_ in Belgium we employed a mechanistic Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis model following previous work of [PERSON] et al. [39; 40].