esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Stability of Sensors with Triple-Structure Perovskite  
Figure 7 shows the UVC on/off response characteristics and the long-term operational stability of the fabricated sensor. As shown in Figure 7, both the bare sensor and the sensor containing Cs0.05 exhibited a consistent current response when the UVC was turned on and off at periodic time intervals. Notably, the Cs0.05 sensor maintained a higher current response than the bare sensor, with the signal shape remaining distinct and stable.  
Figure 7 shows the current response when the sensor was operated for an extended period. The signal maintained a consistent pattern with no significant flicker or drift, which indicates that the fabricated sensor could maintain a relatively stable operation even under prolonged UVC exposure.  
Thus, the perovskite-based UVC PD developed in this study demonstrated reliable performance during both repetitive on/off and long-term operations.  
To evaluate the long-term reliability of the sensor, its current degradation behavior over time was analyzed. Figure 8 shows the current degradation rates (%) of the double-cation (FAMAPbI\({}_{3}\)) and optimized triple-cation (Cs\({}_{0.05}\)FA\({}_{0.9}\)MA\({}_{0.1}\)PbI\({}_{3}\)) devices. Each sample was measured immediately after fabrication and again at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h. All the I-V measurements were performed under a 1 V bias and 254 nm UV illumination, while  
Figure 6: Responsivity (R) and detectivity (D\({}^{\bullet}\)) of perovskite-based PDs with varying Cs concentrations.  
Figure 7: Comparison of stability for the bare and Cs0.05 perovskite sensors over time: (**a**) experiment with bare and optimized Cs content and (**b**) time-dependent reliability.  
the samples were stored under room-temperature conditions inside a glove box between measurements. The Cs+ concentration in the triple-cation device was fixed at x = 0.05, which was identified as the optimal composition in this study.  
The results showed that both the devices experienced a decrease in current over time. After 6 h, the FAMAPbI\({}_{3}\) device exhibited a current degradation of approximately 23.0%, whereas the CsFAMAPbI\({}_{3}\) device exhibited a relatively low degradation of approximately 18.4%. This indicates that the incorporation of Cs into the triple-cation perovskite contributed to improved environmental stability.  
These results indicate that the optimized triple-cation device maintained a more stable photocurrent over time than its double-cation counterpart. Although the difference was modest, the incorporation of Cs contributed to improved operational stability under sustained UV exposure, enhancing the long-term photoresponse characteristics of the sensor.  
The performances of the perovskite PDs were compared with those of other materials in terms of light responsiveness, detection wavelength, on/off ratio, and detectivity (Table 2).
## 6 Constellations of Three Satellite Pairs  
A joint Chinese-European science team studied constellations of three satellite pairs in different configurations, in particular searching for the best orbit for the third satellite pair to supplement the Bender constellation. The third pair was placed into an orbit with the same inclination as either the polar or the inclined pair of the Bender constellation. The ascending node of the third pair's orbit was selected such that it would corotate or counterrotate in the same orbit of the selected Bender pair or fly in an orbit perpendicular to its orbit with the same inclination, i.e., with a 90\({}^{\circ}\) difference in the ascending node. For all options, the accuracy of the ranging and acceleration measurements was assumed to be comparable to either GRACE or NGGM instrument. In all cases, the altitude was 340 km for the polar pair and 355 km for the inclined pair.  
The aim of the first part of the study was the mitigation of ocean tide model errors, which represent one of the most significant error sources for fulfilling the NGGM mission performances [55]. The errors were mitigated mostly in the cases when the third pair was orbiting in a perpendicular orbit with respect to the pair orbiting in the same inclination. This insight helped to reduce the number of constellations considered in the second part of the study for a detailed assessment, where only the constellations with the third pair in a perpendicular orbit were investigated, focusing on the estimation of low-degree daily solutions alongside weekly solutions [56]. The accuracy of the weekly solutions improved only marginally; however, the resolution increased from spherical harmonic degree 40 to 45 in case of GRACE-like accuracy and to 50 in case of NGGM-like accuracy. The daily solutions showed a substantially improved accuracy due to the third pair with NGGM-like accuracy, achieving a resolution of spherical harmonic degree 26 [57]. The Sino-European study concluded that the best orbit for the third pair was clearly the inclined orbit, which led to a 20-40% decrease in the global root mean square (RMS) error in terms of equivalent water height of the weekly solutions, as opposed to only 5-10% when placing the third pair into a polar orbit.
## 4 Exploitation Risk Assessment for Vulnerability
### Evaluation of Exploitation Risk Metrics
#### 4.2.1 Exploit Chaining Risk
The second highest priority (2) tactics include activities that, while not the ultimate goal, pose significant and severe threats if carried out by an attacker, including internal propagation, credential access, and collection. The third highest priority (3) tactic encompasses persistence and privilege escalation. Conversely, tactics of the lowest priority (6) encompass reconnaissance and resource development, which are activities that precede an attacker's initial penetration of a victim host or network. Tactics with a default priority (5) are initial access tactics that occur after the attacker first penetrates the victim host or network. Execution, defense evasion, detection, and command and control tactics have the fourth highest priority (4). Notably, defense evasion and command and control tactics are categorized under the ongoing process phase of the technical cyber threat framework, indicating that they can be performed at any point in the cyber-attack progression. The weights for each tactic were assigned as shown in Table 3. Weights are evenly distributed within the range of 1 to 2, from the highest priority (1) to the default priority (5). For the lower-priority tactics performed before full penetration, the weight is assigned at an interval lower than 1. The exploit chaining risk (ECR) calculated in this study reflects the probability of chaining and the tactical severity of the attack technique being chained. The tactical severity and ECR equation is as follows:  
\[W(T)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\{C(T_{k})\times W(T_{k})\} \tag{2}\]  
\[ECR(V)=ECP(V)\times W(T), \tag{3}\]  
where \(ECP(V)\) represents the chaining probability of an attack technique against Vulnerability \(V\), and \(W(T)\) is the sum of the weight for the identified tactic \(T\) multiplied by the number of attack techniques associated with that tactic. \(ECR(V)\) for Vulnerability \(V\) is calculated by multiplying these two values. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Tactic ID** & **Tactic Name** & **Priority** & **Weight** \\ \hline TA0042 & Reconnaissance & 6 & 0.75 \\ TA0043 & Resource Development & 6 & 0.75 \\ TA0001 & Initial Access & 5 & 1 \\ TA0002 & Execution & 4 & 1.25 \\ TA0003 & Persistence & 3 & 1.5 \\ TA0004 & Privilege Escalation & 3 & 1.5 \\ TA0005 & Defense Evasion & 4 & 1.25 \\ TA0006 & Credential Access & 2 & 1.75 \\ TA0007 & Discovery & 4 & 1.25 \\ TA0008 & Lateral Movement & 2 & 1.75 \\ TA0009 & Collection & 2 & 1.75 \\ TA0010 & Exfiltration & 1 & 2 \\ TA0011 & Command and Control & 4 & 1.25 \\ TA0040 & Impact & 1 & 2 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Priority and corresponding weight of tactics.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Case Study 2: Comparison with Optimized Literature Work  
Further verification of this work's optimization was conducted with a comparison to the work of [PERSON] [10], in which the design of a single-surface spherical SOE was optimized. The method used by [PERSON] [10] is different, since it did not perform the ray tracing from the top surface of the POE all the way to the solar receiver. Instead, ray tracing was conducted solely for the POE first, and its concentration ratio was found. Then, the method assumed the rays entering the SOE as collimated, and a secondary concentration ratio for the SOE was calculated. The total concentration ratio was then found using both the POE and SOE values. The design assumed no gap between the receiver and the SOE, while elongating the base of the SOE in the shape of a pillar glued to the receiver.  
[PERSON] [10] design of interest was a 20 cm diameter Fresnel lens with an f-number of 1.37 and a geometrical concentration of 383\(\times\). MCRT simulation was conducted with \(10^{4}\) rays at a refractive index of 1.5. The system used a domed-pillar SOE with a 9.8 mm radius domed top, a pillar height of 8 mm, and a solar receiver glued to the bottom. At a \(1.0^{\circ}\) design acceptance angle, the concentrator had a CAP value of 0.34.  
For this case study comparison, an equally sized PMMA-Fresnel lens POE was modeled at the same f-number and design incidence angle as [PERSON] [10]. The grooves had an equal width of 5 mm, and its resulting prism angles were fed into the SOE algorithm and yielded the following optimized PMMA-SOE parameters:  
1. Optimum SOE radius (\(r\)): 11.4 mm;
2. Optimum recommended receiver radius (\(FS_{opt}\)): 4.83 mm;
3. Optimum SOE-receiver spacing (\(SRS_{opt}\)): 1.0 mm.  
The same criteria of Case 1 was employed at a 1% threshold, \(T_{s}\), a TIR prevention scheme, and a 0.2 mm radius increment, \(r_{inc}\). It can be noted that, even though the optimized SOE radius of this work is about 16% larger than that used by literature, the overall SOE volume decreased by 29.4%. This is due to the removal of the elongated cylindrical portion of the SOE used by [PERSON] [10] design.  
An MCRT simulation was conducted for this work's optimized POE-SOE design with a flux of 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) and \(10^{5}\) rays. The receiver radius was increased in the simulation from the optimized value of 4.83 to 5.11 mm, in order to maintain the concentration ratio used by [PERSON] [10]. An acceptance angle of 1.31\({}^{\circ}\) was attained, as inferred from Figure 9, which boosted the CAP by 32.4% to 0.45--in comparison to the literature value.  
Smooth and TIR-free ray trajectories at the acceptance angle of 1.31\({}^{\circ}\) are illustrated in Figure 10a. Since this work's optimization aims to maximize the CAP, poor focal irradiance homogeniety is notable in Figure 10b, with the flux peaking at about 1 MW/m\({}^{2}\). Better focal homogeniety can be achieved by further fine-tuning of the SOE-receiver gap.
# Carbon Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
## 2 Bioimaging, Detection, and Diagnostics of Various Pathologies
The results suggest that graphene-based sensor arrays can be used at least in neuroscience research [33]. [PERSON] et al. described the development of electroencephalography electrodes using graphene/GO. These electrodes can be applied without conductive gel. Although the electroencephalogram (EEG) examination is painless for patients, the use of conductive gel is very uncomfortable [34]. The advantages of using graphene-based dry electrodes have also been described by [PERSON] et al. [35]. Finally, it should be mentioned that graphene electrodes can stimulate and record neuronal activity, which can be used in neural stimulation techniques (deep brain stimulation; retinal or cochlear implants) [36]. The CNP-based material has high electrical conductivity and the CNP transistor allows high amplification of cardiac-electrical signals and, thus, can be used as part of the electrodes for recording cardiac electrophysiological signals. Graphene or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are often used, not only for short-term monitoring in the hospital but also for long-term monitoring as wearable devices to monitor the electroencephalogram (ECG) changes in real-time during daily activities [37; 38].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Effect of Latent Heat on the Performance of the System  
The latent heat effect into the performance of the system was assessed on the basis of the latent heat effectiveness and latent heat ratio (_LHR_). Figure 5 shows the impact of the latent heat on the performance of the system under different desorption temperatures.  
The latent heat ratio and effectiveness showed different characteristics towards the variation of desorption temperatures. It was shown that the increase of desorption temperature reduced the latent heat ratio; contrarily, it increased the latent heat effectiveness. The increment of latent heat effectiveness due to the increase of the desorption temperature is also consistent with the results found in the existing literature [42]. In association with the average dehumidification index in Figure 4, particularly on high temperature, the desiccant dehumidification systems could provide a large difference of water vapor adsorption between the adsorption and desorption processes. However, to achieve a high temperature, a high amount of energy input was required. Energy input was employed to reach a high desorption temperature to heat the polymer. Thus, the polymer became dry and could adsorb more moisture for the dehumidification process. Energy consumption to achieve a high temperature directly influenced the total heat required for the desiccant dehumidification system. Increasing the desorption temperature guided the increase of sensible heat, therefore reducing the latent heat ratio. For the case of latent effectiveness, at high desorption temperature, the sorption capacity was higher because the  
Figure 4: The influence of the desorption temperature on the dehumidification index.  
Figure 5: Latent heat effect on the performance of the system under various desorption temperatures.  
humidity of the hot air is lower. Thus, enhancing the moisture uptake was followed by increasing the latent effectiveness. On the basis of the results, we found that if we considered energy saving, the desorption temperature should be low in order to achieve high performance of the system. In contrast, if attention was given to the moisture removal ability, the high desorption temperature was necessary.  
However, Figure 5 indicates, in the form of a circle, a recommendation parameter for optimizing the system performance. We found that a suitable desorption temperature was 318 K for the desiccant dehumidification system. It showed that the latent effectiveness and latent heat ratio almost reached a similar value. In this case, the heat requirement for dehumidification was almost equal to the ability of moisture removal. Moreover, the results of the present study established that when the desorption temperatures increased from 308, 318, 328, 338, and 345 K, the latent heat ratios decreased from 0.61, 0.58, 0.45, 0.33, and 0.31 respectively, whereas the latent effectiveness increased from 0.39, 0.7, 0.79, 0.87 and 0.91, when the desorption temperature increased from 308, 318, 328, 338, and 345 K, respectively.
# On the Security of Offloading Post-Processing
## 3 Outsourcing Information Reconciliation
### Verifiability of Outsourced IR  
Aside from the challenge of efficient yet secure outsourcing of information reconciliation, it is also important to have a means to efficiently check the correctness of the solution. This prevents from actively malicious behavior of the remote instance performing the actual work.  
Fortunately, the problem of error decoding comes with an efficient algorithm to check the result:  
1. Check if \(\mathbf{e}\mathbf{H}^{\top}=\mathbf{s}_{e}\); otherwise, abort the process.
2. _Optional_: Check if the weight of \(\mathbf{e}\) is indeed below the threshold of the code or is consistent with the estimated error, and abort otherwise.  
The first check can be easily computed by conducting the vector matrix multiplication and only requires additions to modulo 2 (XOR) in the order of bits set in \(\mathbf{H}\), which is very efficient for LDPC codes. The second check is even faster if it can be performed for the used code. The Hamming weight of \(\mathbf{e}\) must be smaller than what can be corrected by the code. However, the correction capabilities of a code cannot always be bound, especially for the often-used LDPC, where this is not possible. In such cases, only the estimated error rate can be used to test the hypothesis of a bit flip vector being correct. Nevertheless, there is still the final confirmation phase where an ultimate check is completed to assure the key error probability. However, directly verifying the IR outsourcing step enables attribution of errors to external servers and flexible reaction aside from aborting the whole process.  
In summary, verifiability immediately follows from the nature of the problem. This makes protection against malicious remote servers possible with minimal effort and does not require a full recomputation by Alice.
# Factory Logistics Improvement: A Case Study Analysis of Companies in Northern Thailand, 2022-2024
## 2 Background
### Logistics in Thailand  
Thailand's logistics sector has seen significant changes in recent years. Thailand's total logistics costs increased from THB 2085.1 billion in 2017 to an estimated THB 2238.8 billion in 2021. Transport costs consistently represent the largest portion of these costs, followed by inventory holding costs and administration costs.  
Logistics costs as a percentage of GDP have fluctuated, reaching 13.8% in 2021. This figure remains high compared to the global average of 10.8% in 2020, indicating room for improvement in Thailand's logistics efficiency [22].  
Thailand's logistics performance on the global stage, as measured by the World Bank's International Logistics Performance Index (LPI), has shown some improvement but remains challenging. As seen in Image 2, Thailand's overall LPI score improved from 3.26 in 2016 to 3.41 in 2018, with its global rank moving from 45 th to 32 nd. However, specific areas such as customs procedures and infrastructure still present opportunities for enhancement [30].  
These challenges have prompted the Thai government to prioritize logistics performance improvement as a key mission. Initiatives include infrastructure development, the enhancement of laws and standards, and industrial logistics management [31]. Factory logistics improvement projects represent one of these strategic initiatives, specifically targeting internal logistics improvement within industries.
## 7 Speaker Tilt Angle Variation
### Experiment Method  
From this point onwards only 3D trilateration with room calibration was used for positioning. The same 10 check points were used as in Section 2. At each check point the user stood in such a way as not to block direct line-of-sight to any of the microphones. The phone was held in five different tilt orientations: speaker pointing downwards (0 degrees), halfway between horizontal and downwards (45 degrees), speaker pointing horizontal (90 degrees), halfway between horizontal and upwards (135 degrees), and speaker pointing upwards (180 degrees) (see Figure 4). For each of the five orientations 10 readings were made. For each check point, yaw angle was chosen in such a way that the speaker is oriented towards the farthest microphone in order to improve overall signal detection.
## 3 Methods
### Network Layer
#### 3.1.5 Demonstration of the EU-SENSE System  
The first practical demonstration of the system was held in October 2021 at the Training and Rescue Innovation Base in Nowy Dwor Mazowiecki (a town in Poland), a training facility of the Main School of Fire Service in Warsaw [38]. The consortium showcased both the system's operation in a mass incident (phase of crisis preparation) and a toxic industrial event (phase of crisis response, ammonia leakage). During the demonstration, it was proved that the EU-SENSE system could be used in various crises, and a plan for its further development was outlined. The demonstration participants (n = 21) represented the military, research institute end-users, counter-terrorism representatives, and private companies focusing on CBRN topics. The participants' observations, opinions and comments were gathered. Analysis of the feedback revealed that all respondents positively evaluated the EU-SENSE system, indicating its versatility based on a novel approach to hazards detection.
## 2 Background
### Literature Review  
The study conducted a literature search utilizing three specific search terms, namely \"self-organizing maps\", \"programming\", and \"learning\". The most relevant citation databases in the research field, namely the Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEExplore, were employed for this purpose. Through a systematic analysis of the abstracts retrieved, the literature search revealed a body of literature that indicated the potential of self-organizing maps (SOMs) to facilitate the effective recognition and acquisition of programming concepts.  
The literature highlights the flexible applications of self-organizing maps (SOMs) in various fields. In the domain of education, SOMs have been used in intelligent tutoring systems to provide tailored tuition to learners based on their preferred learning styles [11]. Furthermore, SOMs have demonstrated the potential to identify important elements of object-oriented programming, such as classes and objects, by detecting common featuresin software code [12]. SOMs can also aid in the analysis of completed programming code, such as computer games, to identify the development of computational thinking skills [13].  
SOMs have also been used in different fields, such as student clustering based on academic grades [14] and course recommendations for e-learning systems [15]. Additionally, SOMs have been used to group procedures with similar properties by identifying common features in software code [12; 16]. Furthermore, a study demonstrated that the variation of SOMs can identify algorithms implemented as programs by converting source code into syntax trees and computing similarities between them [17]. In conclusion, the studies suggest that SOMs can effectively analyze and cluster programming code, making them a valuable tool in this domain.