## 5 Simulation
### Simulation Results and Discussion
#### 5.2.2 Discussion of the Bit-Rate Allocation According to Media Characteristics  
The analysis of media characteristics (e.g., average size, maximum size, standard deviation, kurtosis, etc.) based on the live broadcast scheme proposed in this paper helps to determine the service bit rate. For example, the 'Big Buck Bunny', which has the highest standard deviation in Table 2, should allocate relatively more resources than the average service bit rate when compared to the rest of the media to reduce the delay. 'Big Buck Bunny' requires 7500 Kbps B/W for a 1.60-s delay, but 'Of Forest and Men' requires 5000 Kbps for a 1.3-s delay, and 'The Swiss Account' requires 6000 Kbps for a 1.3-s delay.  
Kurtosis can determine the distribution of file size, and 'The Swiss Account' has a relatively higher kurtosis value than other media: that means the degree to which the media segment file size is concentrated in the average size. Therefore, as a result of the simulation of Figure 5 for 'The Swiss Account', it can be observed that the maximum total delay decreases sharply compared to the increase rate of the other two media service bit rates.  
For 'Of Forest and Men', the standard deviation is relatively lower than that of the 'Big Buck Bunny'. The average B/W is also low, and the maximum file size is small. It is an SD media, but its B/W efficiency is higher than that of other media. The reason can be observed by comparing the kurtosis and skewness. The '+' of the skewness means that many files with segment files are smaller than the average size. In addition, the '-' of skewness means that many files are larger than average. It has a lower kurtosis and higher skewness than 'The Swiss Account'. In addition, the kurtosis is higher, and the skewness is lower than that of 'Big Buck Bunny'. This means that relatively many segment files are larger than the average. Moreover, the B/W efficiency increases because the standard deviation is low. If the service bit rate is guaranteed to be more than a certain degree, the delay is greatly reduced. When increasing from 4500 Kbps to 5000 Kbps, the maximum total delay decreases significantly (see Table 5).  
The delay is one of the important factors that affect the quality of the user service. If the delay of the media service can be predicted, the effect on the service quality can be minimized, and it can greatly help in determining the transmission service bit rate. For example, if the media is the 'Dashevc-live-4K V11' service and the total delay target is 2 s, the service bit rate can be set to 21.5 Mbps (see Table 7). At this time, the efficiency of resources is about 84.4%, so the best-effort service can be used at about 15.6%. In the case of the media 'liveMainAV', the maximum total delay is 2.6 s at 25 Mbps, so the quality of service cannot be satisfactory. In this case, it can be supplemented using 2.3% of the B/W (approximately 2.3% of 25 Mbps is 575 Kbps). For example, if advertisement media is transmitted along with the media, it can playback at the time of delay and receive the media during the playback time of the advertisement media; thus, the media service quality can be supplemented. In the case of 'DASH fast' and 'DASH slow', the service bit rate can be assigned as 23 Mbps and 21 Mbps, respectively, and the remaining B/W can be assigned to the user service.