## 5 Classification of Smart Grid Cyberattack  
Securing the CIA triad of the control systems and ICT in IoT-based smart grids is one of the most crucial cybersecurity issues. The security, operation, and management of the energy sector as well as the communication infrastructures depend on the CIA triad. The wide range of cyberattacks against energy systems in general and smart grids specifically can be categorized according to the CIA security triad. This organizes the threats into three categories: data availability attacks, data secrecy attacks, and data integrity attacks. Availability refers to the ability of the smart grid system to function as expected under normal and fault conditions. Integrity in the context of the smart grid refers to the accuracy and reliability of data and control information, while confidentiality involves protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access or disclosure [79; 80]. The suitability of the CIA triad as a classification framework for smart grid cybersecurity:  
The CIA triad represents important cybersecurity principles that are essential for assessing and fighting against cyberattacks in various critical infrastructures, including smart grids. To demonstrate the suitability of using the CIA triad to classify smart grid cyberattacks, we may go over each component of the triad and how it pertains to smart grid vulnerabilities [48; 55]:  
* Confidentiality/Secrecy: Maintaining confidentiality makes sure that private data are not viewed or shared without permission. Confidentiality in a smart grid refers to safeguarding sensitive data, including communication protocols, grid setup details, and customer information (such as usage trends and payment data). Targeted assaults, business espionage, or privacy violations could result from unauthorized access to these data. Operational concerns and privacy violations could result from a cyberattack that undermines the security of smart grid communications by leaking consumer data or intercepting control signals between power plants and SG control centers. * Integrity: Integrity guarantees that data are reliable and correct, i.e., that no unauthorized parties have changed or interfered with them. For a smart grid to function reliably, data integrity must be maintained. To guarantee appropriate decision making and grid stability, for instance, sensitive data from power meters, grid status reports, and control signals must be preserved. Inaccurate decision making could lead to blackouts or even system failures if these data are compromised, whether intentionally or inadvertently. The infrastructure of the grid could be harmed by a cyberattack that aims to change sensor readings or control commands (for example, by fabricating the grid's load data). This could result in operational failures including overloading transformers or misdirecting power flows. * Availability: Availability guarantees that data and systems are usable and available when required. Availability is essential for sustaining continuous operations in the context of smart grids. Service disruptions, delays, or even total blackouts could result from a denial-of-service (DoS) attack or other disruptive tactics that target the availability of vital components (such as communication networks, control systems, or power generation facilities). Grid performance and public safety could be seriously impacted by distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks that can overwhelm control centers or communication systems, making it impossible for operators to manage the grid. The CIA triad classification is considered very suitable for smart grid cybersecurity. First, a thorough framework for assessing cyberattacks on smart grids is offered by the CIA triad. The availability and integrity of the grid's control systems are just as important as maintaining the secrecy of sensitive data because these grids rely on the constant flow of reliable data. Second, the goals of cybersecurity are in line with the CIA triad.