## 2 Results
### Effect of GPP and VSCM on Gene Expression Level of Various Biomarkers  
The influence of different substrates on the gene expression levels of various biomarkers is presented in Figure 5. The expression of COL1A1, CEMP-1, CAP, and VEGF-A was markedly enhanced in cells grown on both scaffolds compared to TCP (Figure 5a,c,d,e), in most cases, statistically significant differences were observed. Moreover, hPDL-MSCs grown on GPP exhibited higher gene expression levels of COL1A1 (Figure 5a, \(p<0.05\) at days 3 and 14) and VEGF-A (Figure 5e, \(p<0.05\) at days 3 and 7) compared to those grown on VSCM. GPP notably enhanced periostin (POSTN) expression levels in hPDL-MSCs  
Figure 4: Metabolic activity of hPDL-MSCs grown on GPP, VSCM, and TCP. Cells were cultured on different substrates for 3, 7, and 14 days, and their metabolic activity was measured using a resazurin-based assay. The Y-axis shows the fluorescence measured with the excitation settings at 540/34 nm and emission at 600/40 nm. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) SD of five independent experiments with hPDL-MSCs isolated from five different donors. * and **—significantly different between substrates with \(p<0.05\) and 0.01, respectively. #—significantly different between day 3 and day 7 on the same substrate. \(\dagger\)—significantly different between day 7 and day 14 on the same substrate.  
Figure 3: Assessment of the proliferation/viability of hPDL-MSCs when cultured on GPP, VSCM, and TCP surfaces. Cells were cultured on different substrates for 3, 7, and 14 days, and their proliferation/viability was measured using a CCK-8 assay. The Y-axis shows the OD values measured at 450 nm. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) SD of five independent experiments with hPDL-MSCs isolated from five different donors. * and **—significantly different between substrates with \(p<0.05\) and 0.01, respectively. #—significantly different between day 3 and day 7 on the same substrate. \(\dagger\)—significantly different between day 7 and day 14 on the same substrate.  
over VSCM after 7 and 14 days (Figure 5b, \(p<0.05\)), whereas VSCM decreased POSTN expression after day 7 (Figure 5b, \(p<0.05\)). The gene expression of inflammatory protein IL-8 was generally higher in cells grown on the membranes compared to TCP, but no differences between GPP and VSCM were observed (Figure 5f). The gene expression of osteogenesis-related protein OCN was not detectable in many samples after 3 and 7 days. After 14 days, the expression levels of OCN were significantly higher in cells on VSCM compared to that of cells cultured on GPP and TCP (Figure 5g, \(p<0.05\)).  
Figure 5: Analysis of gene expression for diverse biomarkers in hPDL-MSCs cultured on different types of materials. hPDL-MSCs were cultured on different substrates for 3, 7, and 14 days, and the gene expression of COL1A1 (**a**), POSTN (**b**), CEMP-1 (**c**), CAP (**d**), VEGF-A (**e**), IL-8 (**f**), and OCN (**g**) was measured by qPCR. Y-axes show \(n\)-fold expression of the corresponding gene in relation to that measured on tissue culture plastic on day 3 and calculated by a \(2^{-\Delta\text{MCI}}\) method using GAPDH as a housekeeping gene. Comparison results of OCN was ultimately limited to day 14, as its values were too low for reliable detection at early time points. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) SD of five independent experiments with hPDL-MSCs isolated from five different donors. * and **—**significantly different between substrates with \(p<0.05\) and \(0.01\), respectively.