## 1 Introduction  
Sunlight that reaches Earth is mostly deflected into outer space. Part of it, however, is absorbed by the atmosphere, leading to the \"greenhouse effect\" and an increase in global temperatures. Airborne substances known as greenhouse gases (GHG) are responsible for the trapping of heat near the Earth's surface [1; 2; 3]. Although carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) accounts for the majority of global greenhouse gas emissions (about 73%), other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH\({}_{4}\)), nitrous oxide (N\({}_{2}\)O), and fluorinated gases also contribute significantly (19%, 5%, and 3%, respectively) [4]. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere via the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), solid waste, trees, and other organic matter, as well as by specific chemical processes (e.g., manufacturing industries) [5; 6]. Global emissions of major GHG, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and others are increasing steadily [7]. As a result of human activity, GHG emissions are on the rise, leading to a major climatic catastrophe on Earth [8]. Previous research has found that population, economic development, gross domestic product, electricity consumption, industrialization, soil disturbance and erosion, urbanization, and other factors influence GHG emissions [9; 10; 11]. Across Africa, Europe, Asia, North America, and the Middle East, per capita GDP was reported to be more responsible for an increase in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions than the overall population or energy intensity [12]. Rapid GDP growth and population growth have caused Middle Eastern countries to increase their energy consumption. A previous study on 58 countries revealed a positive correlation between GDP and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions [13]. Another study in G7 countries, however, disagreed regarding such a relationship [11]. As of 2014, the Middle East's energy demand comprised 5% of the world's energy demand, nearly quadrupling from 1970s levels [9]. As a result, residential energy demand rose from 4 percent of overall consumption in 1971 to 24 percent in 2010 [14]. In 2014, major GCC countries accounted for over 77% of the Middle East's total energy consumption [9]. Emissions of greenhouse gases from the Arab world reached roughly 0.5 GtCO2 eq in 2010, with 60% of that coming from Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates [9]. Additionally, the electricity production industry in these four nations accounts for roughly 76% of all CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] discovered that GDP levels had a positive effect on electricity use and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. [PERSON] et al. [16] reported a positive relationship between per capita income and emissions. However, they also reported that switching the economy to gas from oil would decrease GHG emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions in the Middle East indicated that total energy consumption, GDP, FDI net inflows, and total commerce are significant long-term contributors to CO\({}_{2}\) emissions [17; 18]. In addition, it has been reported that these variables exhibit a positive, bidirectional, long- and short-term causal relationship [19; 20]. Since FDI net inflows raise CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, it is crucial to study the conditions for foreign investment to improve environmental protection and boost technology transfer through foreign enterprises to mitigate environmental degradation. [PERSON] et al. [10] analyzed the relationship between financial instability and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in Saudi Arabia's economy for the period 1971-2016. Financial instability was reported to have had a negligible effect on Saudi Arabia's CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. However, energy usage has a negative influence on environmental quality since it generates a substantial quantity of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. Both oil-based and non-oil-based GDPs contribute to an enormous quantity of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. All these fundamental variables are reported to have bidirectional causation.