# Challenge of Utilization Vegetal Extracts as Natural Plant Protection Products
## 3 Next Level: Natural Plant Protection Products (Biopesticides)
For this purpose, for the type of tested insect, the applied dose was expressed as: LD (lethal dose) 50/90/95; LC (lethal concentration) 50/80/90/100; RD (repellent dose) 50; ED (effective dose) 50; LT (lethal time); MLD (minimum lethal dose); RC (repellency class), respectively the insecticidal activity type (larvicidal, contact, fumigant, repetitive, acaricidal, antifungal, adulticle) [16]. Toxicity of certain active ingredients of some natural plant protection products extracted from plants against insects varies greatly depending on type of solvent used as carrier, such as shown in Table 1 for the oral and dermal lethal dose (LD\({}_{50}\)) [15] or for fumigant toxicity of certain plant essential oils (EOs) (e.g., for _Callosobruchus chinensis_ EO - LC\({}_{50}\) = 10.8-11.0 uL/L after 24 h (LT), or _Senegalia Teuifolia_ EO with a concentration of 12.5 ug/mL air (MLC) caused 96.6% mortality in larvae of _Lycoriella Ingenue_) [34]. Another relevant example is the study of [PERSON] and his collaborators ([PERSON] and [PERSON]), which systematizes a series of results of recent research on the repellent effect and contact toxicity of essential oils of _Cupressus lustinatica_ ([PERSON]) and _Eucalyptus saliga_ ([PERSON]) on insects that attack agro-food products (seeds, grains) during storage [14]. Recently, the development of new classes of natural plant protection products has been made and succeeded, being approved and integrated into agricultural practice with the support of institutions empowered to market of these products with efficacy on pests, which has been a real success for commerce [35]. Among these, good examples include:  
1. Rosemary essential oil (commercial name: Ecotrol(tm), Sporan(tm), Ecosystem) used as insecticide, acaricide, fungicide (octopamine antagonists; membrane disruptors) [1; 15; 20; 21; 32]. 2. Clove essential oil (commercial name: Matran EC, Burnout II, Bioorganic Lawn) used as insecticides, herbicides (neurotoxic, interference with the octopamine neuromodulator) [32; 36]. 3. Jojoba essential oil (commercial name: Detur, E-Rasem, Eco E-Rase, Permatrol, EraseTM) used as fungicide, insecticide (\(\beta\)-suffocation) (eggs and immature life stages), repellent, blocking access to oxygen [1; 21; 32]. 4. Cinnamon essential oil (commercial name: Weed Zap(tm), Repellex, Ecosystem) used as an insecticide, herbicide (octopamine antagonists, membranes disruptors) [15; 20; 21; 32; 36]. 5. Lemon grass essential oil (commercial designation: GreenMatch EXTM, EcoPCO) used as insecticides, herbicides (octopamine antagonists, membrane disruptors, etc.) [1; 15; 20; 21; 32]. Although these alternative natural plant protection products are natural and have repellent, vermifugal, germicid, and vermicid effects, the widespread practical applicability is still limited due to farmers' reluctance to accept natural products as biopesticides and due to the insufficient studies in this area [13; 25; 32; 37; 38]. Particular attention is paid to natural compounds with bioinsecticidal action that can be obtained from a variety of plant, animal, or microorganism sources [15; 20; 30]. The antibacterial action manner \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ingredient** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Oral LD\({}_{50}\)**,** \\ **[mg/kg]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Dermal LD\({}_{50}\)**,** \\ **[mg/kg]** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ingredient** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Oral LD\({}_{50}\)**,** \\ **[mg/kg]** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Dermal LD\({}_{50}\)**,** \\ **[mg/kg]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Nicotine & 50–60 & 50 & Linalool & 2440–3180 & 3578–8374 \\ Rotenone & 60–1500 & 940–3000 & Neem oil & \(>\)5000 & \(>\)2000 \\ Pyrethrins & 1200–1500 & \(>\)5000 & Pongam oil & \(>\)4000 & \(>\)2000 \\ D-limonene & \(>\)4000 & \(>\)5000 & Ryania & 750–1200 & 4000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The oral and dermal (LD\({}_{50}\)) lethal dose of some ingredients/active compounds.