# Effect of MXene Nanosheet Sticking on Supercapacitor Device Performance
## 4 Approaches for Preventing Sticking of MXenes
### Electrode Processing Optimization
Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\) MXene/MoS\({}_{2}\) is prepared by hydrothermal synthesis [83]. A biothermochemistry technique for synthesis of Ti-N and S-S chemical bonds and creating a 3D crosslinked Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\) network has been applied, thereby addressing issues of oxidative degradation and self-stacking. This approach involves the use of different biological reagents--sodium citrate, glutathione, tannic acid, sodium alginate, and phytic acid--to construct 3D network structures (Figure 21). Upon crosslinking, the interlayer distance of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\) expands, and the modified Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\)-based supercapacitors exhibit almost no attenuation, displaying a capacitance of 265 F g\({}^{-1}\) at a current density of 1 A g\({}^{-1}\). For comparison, the crosslink-free Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\) experiences a 19% decrease in capacitance after 30 days. This 3D crosslinking effect serves to expand the interlayer distance and reduce the self-stacking problem, while the bioagents effectively minimize the number of exposed  
Figure 19: Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\) flakes dispersed in different solvents. (**a**) Viscosity as a function of shear rate. (**b**) Storage (G\({}^{\prime}\)) and loss (G\({}^{\prime\prime}\)) moduli as a function of oscillatory strain amplitude; G\({}^{\prime}\) is plotted with markers, and G\({}^{\prime\prime}\) is plotted without [81]. Reprinted from [PERSON] et al., [PERSON]. Res., copyright (2021), Springer Nature. Ti atoms, preventing the oxidation of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{\rm x}\) MXene. This study effectively resolves the challenges of self-stacking and oxidative degradation of MXenes, offering a promising approach for studying future applications and extended protection, particularly of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{\rm x}\). A one-step amination process was utilized to introduce aromatic diamines of different molecular sizes as pillars between MXene interlayers. This method successfully inhibited self-stacking and achieved diverse expanded interlayer spacing. X-ray diffraction results showed higher interlayer spacing of MXene from 1.23 to 1.40 nm. The p-phenylenediamine-intercalated MXene (PDA-MXene) demonstrated improved interlayer spacing (1.38 nm) and pore structure, leading to enhanced electrolyte-accessible surface area, improved charge-transport properties, and facilitated storage of ions. Consequently, a supercapacitor utilizing PDA-MXene as the cathode displayed a higher specific capacitance of 124.4 F g\({}^{-1}\) at 0.2 A g\({}^{-1}\)[86]. To summarize and compare the various strategies employed for enhancing supercapacitor performance, including MXene-based approaches, Tables 1-6 were prepared. Figure 21: The 3D crosslinking of MXenes for a stack-free structure of the nanosheets [85]. Reprinted from [PERSON] et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., copyright (2023), with permission from Elsevier. Figure 20: Heterostructures of 2H-MoS\({}_{2}\)/Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\) and 1T-MoS\({}_{2}\)/Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\) with different morphologies using SEM and TEM images [84]. Reprinted from [PERSON] et al., Adv. Funct. Mater., copyright (2020), John Wiley and Sons.