## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
Based on the presented results, it can be seen that the series resonant converter works well with the ESC algorithm. The presented design procedure makes it possible to operate over the entire power range with ZVS and within a limited predefined frequency range. The simulation also showed that a series resonant converter with capacitive isolation is capable of interfacing battery systems with PV panels that have near-voltage levels under better operating conditions than conventional PWM converters and isolated resonant converters. The capacitive isolated series resonant converter operated with soft switching without having to include the losses of a transformer. It can also be seen that the developed ESC algorithm for resonant converters can track changes in the available power in less than 0.05 s in the worst case, which is more than acceptable, especially for PV systems, where charging times are usually measured in hours. A more relaxed response can be easily implemented by adjusting the adaptation gain \(k\). The ESC algorithm showed excellent MPPT while under load changes as well. This paper presents a novel battery charging system that utilizes a capacitive isolated series resonant converter with an extremum-seeking algorithm and provides a complete guide for designing such a system. The presented results prove the validity of the design procedure for the resonant converter and the ESC algorithm. The proposed system's ability to operate in soft-switching conditions without requiring an isolation transformer inherently improves the overall efficiency. The proposed system's \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Topology**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diodes**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of Components**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Soft**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Galvanic**} \\  & & **Switches** & **Capacitors** & **Magnet Core** & & **Switching** & **Isolation** \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{DC/DC PWM Converters} \\ \hline
[6] & 0 & 4 & 3 & 2 & yes & no \\ \hline
[7] & 4 & 2 & 3 & 2 & yes & no \\ \hline
[8] & 3 & 1 & 4 & 2 & yes & no \\ \hline
[9] & 3 & 2 & 3 & 2 & yes & no \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{Resonant Converters} \\ \hline
[13] & 4 & 2 & 2 & 1 + transformer & yes & yes (transformer) \\ \hline
[14] & 2 & 6 & 3 & 2 + transformer & yes & yes (transformer) \\ \hline
[15] & 4 & 4 & 3 & 1 (transformer) & yes & yes (transformer) \\ \hline proposed & 4 & 4 & 3 & 1 & yes & yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Quantitative comparison between proposed system and other systems. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**MPPT Method**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Computational Load**} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Implementation** \\ **Cost** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Model De-** \\ **pendency** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Coninuous-Time** \\ **Implementation Feasibility** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Perturb and Observe & Low & Medium & Low & Low \\ \hline Incremental & Medium & Medium & Medium & Low \\ \hline Fuzzy Logic & High & High & High & Low \\ \hline ESC (Proposed) & Medium & Medium & None & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Qualitative comparison between proposed ESC algorithm and other MPPT algorithms. utilization of ESC with the series resonant converter provides a simplified control strategy that removes the complexities of resonant converter modeling and conventional control. Although this work provides detailed simulation results to validate the proposed ESC-based control strategy for the series resonant converter, experimental validation has not yet been performed. As part of future work, a hardware prototype could be developed to evaluate the real-time performance of the system, verify MPPT accuracy, and achieve better insight into the efficiency of the system. Future work could also explore integrating the proposed ESC-based series resonant converter into broader multi-agent and resilient infrastructure systems.