# Acceptance Model for Mobile Building Information Modeling (BIM)
## 5 Model Validation  
### Validation of the Proposed Model  
In this chapter, the proposed model is validated as a structural equation model under key factors, which were presented as an exploratory factor analysis. To validate our measurement model, we analyzed the assessments of convergent and discriminant validity. This study used the following model fit measures to decide the model's goodness-of-fit: the ratio of \(\chi^{2}\) to df, RMR, PGFI, the TLI, CFI, and RMSE. The model-fit indices of the proposed model and the acceptance level were compared. The initial measurement model did not show a good fit compared with the recommended values of \(\chi^{2}\)/df = 2.773, RMR = 0.312, PGFI = 0.365, TLI = 0.617, CFI = 0.635, and RMSE = 0.131. Therefore, organization innovativeness and collective efficacy were removed. This was because the relationship between the latent variables in the initial measurement model was not significant, and the standardized factorial load was less than 0.5. In addition, we re-analyzed behavior control, which was smaller than the \(p\)-value and was excluded from some hypotheses, by dividing it into internal support, internal pressure, external support, and external pressure. The analysis results show that internal support and internal pressure were significant to the model. Further, consensus on appropriation and organizational intention were also excluded as factors that impeded the model's suitability. Therefore, the final measurement model had the values of \(\chi^{2}\)/df = 2.08, RMR = 0.45, PGFI = 0.553, TLI = 0.854, CFI = 0.867, and RMSEA = 0.102 (shown in Table 8). The SEM analysis showed that tool quality, personal efficacy, and internal control had a positive effect on the ease of use and usefulness. In other words, if the tool quality, personal efficacy, and internal control increased, the ease of use and usefulness also increased. Further, usefulness had a significant positive effect on individual intention; the individual intention increased with usefulness. The CFA results showed that the path from tool quality, personal efficacy, and behavior control among internal support to individual intention was significant (shown in Table 9). The discriminant validity test was not satisfied between the factors of ease of use and technology quality (Table 10). However, technology quality was not removed because it has been referred to as a significant factor in literature reviews. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fit Indices** & **Recommended Value** & **Measurement Model** & **Structural Model** \\ \hline \(\chi^{2}\)/df & \(\leq\)3.0 & 2.08 & 2.02 \\ RMR & \(\leq\)0.1 & 0.145 & 0.145 \\ PGFI & \(\geq\)0.5 & 0.553 & 0.504 \\ TLI & \(\geq\)0.9 & 0.854 & 0.73 \\
**CFI** & \(\geq\)0.9 & 0.867 & 0.75 \\
**RMSEA** & \(\leq\)0.1 & 0.102 & 0.095 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Fit indices for research model. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Observed Indicators** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**r2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AVE**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Discriminant Validity**} \\ \hline  & PE & 0.094 & & 0.571 & Acceptable \\  & BC & 0.089 & & 0.667 & Acceptable \\
**Tool Quality (TQ)** & EOU & 0.590 & 0.493 & 0.409 & Unacceptable \\  & U & 0.543 & & 0.535 & Unacceptable \\  & IIA & 0.213 & & 0.572 & Acceptable \\ \hline  & BC & 0.001 & & 0.667 & Acceptable \\
**Personal Efficacy (PE)** & EOU & 0.200 & & 0.409 & Acceptable \\  & U & 0.138 & 0.571 & 0.535 & Acceptable \\  & IIA & 0.348 & & 0.572 & Acceptable \\ \hline  & EOU & 0.0847 & & 0.409 & Acceptable \\
**Behavior Control (BC)** & U & 0.117 & 0.667 & 0.535 & Acceptable \\  & IIA & 0.024 & & 0.572 & Acceptable \\ \hline
**Perceived Ease of Use** & U & 0.605 & & 0.535 & Unacceptable \\
**(EOU)** & IIA & 0.272 & 0.409 & 0.535 & Unacceptable \\ \hline
**Perceived Usefulness (U)** & IIA & 0.430 & 0.535 & 0.572 & Acceptable \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Results of discriminant validity test.