esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Measuring Changes in Physical Properties  
One critical advantage of employing a nonthermal sterilization method is reducing the deterioration of the physical and sensory properties in food samples by minimizing the temperature increase [31]. Therefore, the microbial inactivation effect is not the only factor that should be considered. First, the differences in the spectrophotometer results before and after treatment are listed in Table 1. The strongest treatment condition was 4200 V for 5 min, while the lamp was not turned on for the control sample. \(\Delta E\) values can be classified as not noticeable (0-0.5) and slightly noticeable (0.5-1.5) [32], and applying these criteria indicates that none of the four treated samples differed significantly from the control sample. The physical change of a sample (including its color) can be considered a very important indicator because it can reflect sensory differences.  
The differences in water content and water activity before and after treatment at 4200 V for 5 min are presented in Table 2. There were almost no significant differences in these two characteristics before and after the treatment. [PERSON] et al. [33] similarly found no significant changes in water activity or moisture content in other types of seeds such as cassia seeds and glutinous millet. Not just in color and water properties: appropriate IPL treatment does not affect food taste, flavor, or odor, either. [PERSON] [34] mentioned that IPL treatment of 3.4 J/cm\({}^{2}\) did not change the appearance or total taste and odor scores of beef. [PERSON] et al. [35] also observed no change in color, flavor, appearance, or odor in ham treated with IPL up to 3.4 J/cm\({}^{2}\). In conclusion, it is identified that IPL does not affect the physical properties of these powdery samples. It reveals the potential of this IPL device to be applied to the practical food industry and offers a prospect for developing IPL systems that can handle large amounts of powdery foods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Control**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**After IPL Treatment**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\Delta E\)} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-7}  & **L** & **a** & **b** & **L** & **a** & **b** & \\ \hline Sesame seeds & 57.78 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 4.68 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 17.3 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 57.34 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 4.03 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 17.22 \(\pm\) 0.30 & 0.79 \\ Ground black pepper & 41.00 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 3.44 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 14.14 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 42.19 \(\pm\) 0.62 & 3.03 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 13.58 \(\pm\) 0.49 & 1.38 \\ Ground red pepper & 28.54 \(\pm\) 0.50 & 29.17 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 23.04 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 29.57 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 28.61 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 22.06 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 1.53 \\ Embryo buds of rice & 63.52 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 4.25 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 23.95 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 62.43 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 4.21 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 24.55 \(\pm\) 0.402 & 1.26 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Color difference of samples before and after IPL treatment at 4200 V for 5 min. Data are mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) values.
# A High-Resolution Ultrasonic Ranging System Using Laser Sensing and a Cross-Correlation Method
## 2 Theory
### Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Ranging  
As shown in Figure 2a, the pulse-echo ultrasonic ranging system is based on echo-location. The transducer and the test piece are in the water. The result of the pulse-echo signal is shown in Figure 2b. The initial pulses are generated by electrical noise and a piezoelectric signal. When the distance is not too long and the temperature is stable, the ultrasound is assumed to travel along a straight line. The position of the scatter is determined by the TOF of the echo wave. The envelope of the signal is calculated by the Hilbert transform (HT), which has been widely used in nonstationary signal analysis [40].  
If we consider the pulse-echo signal as \(x(t)\), the HT of \(x(t)\) is defined as follows:  
\[H[x(t)]=\pi^{-1}\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\frac{x(\tau)}{t-\tau}\mathrm{d}\tau. \tag{8}\]  
The envelope of \(x(t)\) is shown in Figure 2b. The peaks of the envelope determine the TOF. If the sound velocity is known, we can calculate the distance between the scatter and the transducer.  
The range information depends on the TOF. The phase-based methods have higher resolution than amplitude-based methods. Cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other [41]. It is used for searching a long signal for a shorter, known feature. For discrete functions, the cross-correlation is defined as follows:  
\[(f*g)[n]=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty}f^{*}[m]g[m+n], \tag{9}\]  
where \(f^{*}\) denotes the complex conjugate of \(f\), \(N\) is the length of the series, and \(m\) ranges from 0 to \(N-1\). Cross-correlation is useful for determining the time delay between two signals. After calculating the cross-correlation between the two signals, the maximum of the cross-correlation function indicates the point in time where the signals are best aligned. The time delay between the two signals is determined by the argument of the maximum. As opposed to other TOF methods, such as amplitude-related  
Figure 1: The principle of acousto-optic diffraction; \(m\) is the diffraction order.  
methods, cross-correlation methods need a reference signal. However, as shown in Figure 2b, there are many electronical noises in the initial ultrasound pulse when using the piezoelectric transducer. It is not suitable to be used as reference signal, which makes it difficult to determine the time of start.  
As mentioned in Section 2.1, a laser beam can be used as a noncontact ultrasonic sensor. Therefore, we can use the signal when the ultrasonic pulse first propagates through the laser as the reference signal to calculate the TOF by the cross-correlation method. In the following sections, acousto-optic diffraction and the cross-correction method are used to improve the resolution and accuracy of ultrasonic ranging using the same ultrasonic transducer.
# Dynamic Cooperative MAC Protocol for Navigation Carrier Ad Hoc Networks: A DiffServ-Based Approach
## 4 DiffServ-Based Dynamic Cooperative MAC Protocol
### MAC Sub-Protocol for Periodic Communication
#### 4.1.2 PC Sub-Protocol Based on Adapt-TDMA  
This subsection elaborates the working mechanism for the PC sub-protocol, which includes the procedure of PC demand based on the adapt-TDMA mechanism and the random access mechanism for OC demand; additionally, a basic mechanism for the integration of PC service and OC service is introduced in a concise way. Figure 3 illustrates the schematic diagram of the PC sub-protocol, and the details are outlined as follows:  
* **Step 1:** At the beginning of each _round_, cluster head \(C_{CH}\) broadcasts a CM packet by OT-OR mode, with the functions of correcting the synchronized clock and adjusting the access schedule (AS) according to the cluster member states of the recent _round_.
* **Step 2:** Cluster members reset their own respective AS according to the above new AS.
* **Step 3:** Cluster member \(C_{i}\), which is at its sending _frame_, broadcasts a periodic exchange (PE) packet to its 1-hop neighbors by OT-OR mode; meanwhile, its PF is set to \"01\".
* **Step 4:** Other members \(C_{j}(j\in(1,\cdots,m)\cap(j\
eq i))\), which are in idle _frame_, receive the PE packet, and buffer the azimuth, localization, CSI information from \(C_{i}\), and utilize this information for information fusion. The members in idle _frames_ set the PFs to \"00\".
* **Step 5:** When every member has sent a PE packet according to their AS, one complete _round_ ends, and then all the members resume _Step 1_ for the next _round_.  
Moreover, if a random OC request has been sent to the intended receiver \(C_{k}\) after Step 2, the receiver \(C_{k}\) will implement the following procedures:  
* If the PF of \(C_{k}\) is \"00\" without other OC requests, node \(C_{k}\) will receive and decode the RTS, and record the related data in its AS. Subsequently, node \(C_{k}\) will reply the request based on the procedures in Section 4.2, and then set its PF value as \"10\".
* If the PF of \(C_{k}\) is \"01\" and the channel of \(C_{k}\) is busy, node \(C_{k}\) will stay in PC mode, and the senders will compete for the access right of receiver \(C_{k}\) after a random back-off.
* If the PF of \(C_{k}\) is \"00\" with other OC requests, the multiple OC requests may be in contention at this timeslot, and thus compete for the access right of \(C_{k}\).
* If node \(C_{k}\) is in OC mode and the DATA is transmitting, the PF of \(C_{k}\) will be set to \"11\". When this OC request is finished, its PF value will reset to \"00\", and then node \(C_{k}\) can resume the PC procedure.  
Through the adapt-TDMA based sub-protocol above, the MAC of periodic communication services can be realized in a contention-free way. Thus, the OC request becomes the primary reason for channel contention and collision.
## 3 Investigated Circuits  
Two circuits are selected for the tests of the usefulness of the elaborated algorithm. The first is a power MOSFET switch, the diagram of which is shown in Figure 3a, and the other is a boost converter, the diagram of which is shown in Figure 3b.  
In both the considered circuits, a SiC-MOSFET transistor of the SCT3060 AL type is used. This transistor is characterized by the maximum allowable value of the voltage between the drain and the source equal to 650 V, the maximum allowable drain current value of 39 A and the resistance of the switched on channel \(R_{ON}\) = 60 m\(\Omega\)[31]. In the practical application, such a transistor can be driven using monolithic drivers, e.g., offered by Infineon Technologies. One of the possible solutions is the driver IR2125 [33].  
Voltage source \(V_{in}\) supplies the tested circuits with DC voltage, resistor \(R_{0}\) is the load of the circuits, voltage source \(V_{ctr}\) generates the signal that drives the transistor gate with the shape of a rectangular pulse train with frequency f, the duty cycle \(d\) = 0.5 and voltage levels equal 0 and 15 V, respectively. Resistor \(R_{1}\) limits the value of the transistor's gate current. Diode \(D_{1}\) is an impulse diode, capacitor \(C\) has the capacitance of 1 mF and inductor \(L\) has the inductance of 1 mH.  
The voltage value \(V_{in}\) = 200 V and the resistance of resistor \(R_{1}\) = 30 \(\Omega\) are assumed in the calculations. Different values of load resistance \(R_{0}\) and three types of cooling conditions of the tested transistor are considered, corresponding to:  
1. a transistor operating without an additional cooling system (system A),
2. a transistor mounted in a system containing a heat sink and a fan (system B),
3. a transistor mounted in the cooling system ensuring perfect cooling of its case: the ideal cold plate (system C).  
Table 1 shows the values of the thermal model parameters for the three considered cooling systems.  
The cooling conditions described above are characterized at the steady state by thermal resistance \(R_{th}\), the values of which are, respectively, equal to: 42.5 K/W, 3.2 K/W and 0.7 K/W [31; 34]. The waveforms of the transient thermal impedance \(Z_{th}(t)\) of the transistor operating under the above-mentioned cooling conditions, normalized to the value of thermal resistance, are shown in Figure 4.  
This figure shows that the time required to achieve the steady state strongly depends on the cooling system. This time is the longest for system B (1500 s) and the shortest for system C (20 ms). In the description of \(Z_{th}(t)\) under consideration, there are from 3 to 5 thermal time constants corresponding to \(a_{i}\) coefficients not lower than 0.01. The shortest of these are equal to 0.8 s for system A, 0.1 ms for system B and 0.4 ms for system C.  
Figure 3: Diagrams of the investigated circuits: (**a**) transistor switch, (**b**) boost converter.
## 1 Introduction
For example, E-nose has achieved excellent results in detecting citrus fruit _Bactrocena darsalis_ infection [32], garlic _Alternariaembellisia_ infection [33], and pine mushroom _Aspergillus niger_ infection [34]. In the quantitation of toxins, E-nose has been used to quantify aflatoxin B\({}_{1}\) and fumanisin in corn [35] and has been combined with Raman microspectroscopy to quantify pesticide residues in tea [36]. At present, most of the applications of E-nose are used to discriminate and monitor agricultural product disease when obvious lesion symptoms have appeared on the surfaces of crops. There has been no previously reported study on the use of E-nose for the detection of _C. fimbriata_ infection in sweetpotatoes during the surface asymptomatic period (0 to 72 h). Therefore, in this study, E-nose was used to obtain volatile compounds and was combined with chemometrics to establish a rapid discriminant model of _C. fimbriata_-infected sweetpotatoes. The volatile compounds were also used to predict the content of sweetpotato toxins and the total colony count to evaluate the feasibility of E-nose technology for early warning of sweetpotato disease. This study provided a new method for real-time detection of _C. fimbriata_ infection and toxin production in sweetpotatoes during the asymptomatic period.
## 4 Role of PGPR in Stress Management  
PGPR are essential in enhancing plant resilience to both abiotic and biotic stresses [74]. These beneficial rhizospheric plant-bacteria interactions are increasingly recognized as a critical component of sustainable stress management in agricultural systems [75].  
In biotic stress, PGPR can help suppress the negative impacts of weeds, pathogens, and pests [76, 77, 78]. PGPR exert biocontrol by competing with pathogenic microbes for root interaction sites and nutrients, effectively reducing the number of pathogens by releasing secondary metabolites such as antibiotics that inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi [79]. Beyond direct antagonism, PGPR can also induce systemic resistance in plants. It occurs when rhizobacteria mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), effectively priming the plant's immune system for a heightened response without the cost of a full immune response [80, 81]. It can enhance defenses without depleting energy stores and reducing plant growth. The process of ISR involves PGPR triggering plant immune responses through the recognition of microbial cell surface elements or metabolites that resemble PAMPs, leading to faster and stronger defense reactions upon subsequent pathogen attack [82].  
PGPR also offer significant advantages in mitigating the impacts of abiotic stresses on plants [83]. As Earth's climate warms and weather patterns shift, drought is an increasing risk to agriculture [84]. PGPR helps mitigate the effects of drought by influencing the rate of water uptake through the roots, inducing gene expressions, producing biofilms that reduce water loss, and influencing the production of plant hormones to enhance water use efficiency [85]. Flooding, on the other hand, has a significant impact on the rhizobacteria community, while PGPR can increase flood tolerance by reducing ethylene content in the soil and improving soil aeration, structure, and permeability [86]. Extreme temperatures also pose a significant threat to agricultural productivity, while PGPR can induce thermotolerance by improving growth through plant hormone production, increasing nutrient acquisition, and increasing plant biomass [87]. PGPR can increase cold tolerance through mechanisms that control defense responses and accelerate cell division [88]. Irrigation practices increase soil salinity and reduce plant productivity. Bacteria in these soils adapt more rapidly than plants under this evolutionary pressure, producing osmoregulators that have knock-on benefits to host plants [89]. These actions collectively improve plant vigor under stress conditions (Figure 2).
## Materials and Methods
### Endodontic Treatment  
The root canal treatment was initiated with adequate access cavity preparation and initial root canal exploration with a 10 K file (Mani, Tochigi, Japan). The working length was maintained one mm short of the apical foramen. The Root canals were prepared and shaped with until X3 size using Pro-Taper Next rotary system (ProTaper, Dentsply Maillefer, Tulsa, OK, USA). The root canals were intermittently irrigated with 2 mL of 3% Sodium hypochlorite solution after each nickel-titanium rotary file change. Root canal preparation was concluded with final irritation with 5 mL distilled water and dried with paper points. Subsequently, Root canals were obturated with Pro-Taper gutta-percha cones and a sealer (AHPlus, DentsplyMaillefer, Tulsa, OK, USA). The access cavity was restored with temporary restorative material (Cavit, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and stored in distilled water for one week to enable the complete set of sealer. The teeth samples were randomly divided into three groups with each group consisting of 30 samples to fabricate endocrowns with different all-ceramic materials like lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS Emax, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein, Germany). Highly translucent Monolithic zirconia (Ceramill Zolid HT +White, Amann Girrbach AG, Herrschaftswiesen, Koblach, Austria) and polymer infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic, VITA North America, Inc. Brea, CA, USA). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 10) according to preparation depth. The Group-I was with occlusal preparation depth of 2 mm, Group II received 4.5 mm occlusal preparation depth and Group III included 4.5 mm occlusal preparation and 2 mm radicular extension (Figure 1). Nine groups of 10 specimens each per testing group were determined according to previously published studies [23; 24]. The sample size was calculated with G* Power software (version 3.1; University of Dusseldorf), with an effect size (d) of 0.4, \(\alpha\) of 0.05, and 1-\(\beta\) (power) of 0.73 [25]. The effect size was calculated from the fracture resistance of the conventional crown to endocrowns from earlier studies [23; 24].
# Assessing Ambisonics Sound Source Localization by Means of Virtual Reality and Gamification Tools
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Task  
The experimental task was divided into two parts. In the first round, designed to assess sound localization in the horizontal plane, the auditory stimulus was presented randomly from 16 positions distributed equidistantly every 22.5\({}^{\circ}\) around the listener. Each position was repeated twice, resulting in a total of 32 trials for the first round. This first round was conducted in the virtual replica of the LATE laboratory environment mentioned above and shown in Figures 1a and 2a.  
In the second round, the task was performed in a virtual wetland environment with the stimulus presented from 12 different positions. Eight positions were distributed every 45\({}^{\circ}\) in the horizontal plane, and four additional positions were placed every 90\({}^{\circ}\) at a vertical elevation of 35\({}^{\circ}\) (Figure 2b). This new arrangement was designed to integrate both horizontal and vertical localization tests.  
For both rounds, the stimuli were presented randomly when the participant pressed the play button within the VR environment. Participants were instructed to face forward before each stimulus was played to maintain a consistent reference point. After listening to the sound, they could turn or rotate to indicate the perceived position using a VR controller. However, they were required to return to the forward-facing position before playing the next stimulus. This approach minimized variability, allowing for fairer comparisons across trials. Fixing their head position during playback prevented additional variables  
Figure 5: Flow in Max/_Spat_ used for sound localization experiments with two-way OSC communication with UE.  
from affecting sound localization, addressing the challenge of locating sounds when free movement is allowed.  
Participants' responses were continually saved and stored in a file generated by the Max patch during the performance of the test.
## 2 Field Test Plan
### Field Monitoring Content and Layout  
According to the situation of the site, and considering the convenience and accuracy of monitoring, the site monitoring point area is in the range of rings 330-370. Surface settlement points (SSP), stratum settlement points, and stratum horizontal displacement points are respectively arranged in this section. The surface axis settlement points (SASP) are arranged in intervals of five rings, and the cross-section measuring points are arranged in intervals of 20 rings. The monitoring section A of the 339 ring south line is equipped with settlement inclinometer integrated points (SIIP-S) as integrated measuring holes for stratum settlement and stratum horizontal displacement. The monitoring section B of the 361 ring north line is equipped with settlement inclinometer integrated points (SIIP-N) as integrated measuring holes for stratum settlement and stratum horizontal displacement, as shown in Figures 3 and 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Geotechnical Category** & **Water Content (/\%)** & **Natural Unit Weight (k/N/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Specific Gravity Soil Particle** & **Void Ratio** & **Liquid Limit (\%)** & **Plastic Limit (\%)** & **Poisson Ratio** & **Compression Modulus (MPa)** & **Cohesion Angle (k/N/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Friction Angle (\%)** \\ \hline \hline
**  
Figure 4: Profile of soil settlement measuring point: (**a**) south line; (**b**) north line.  
Figure 3: Layout map of surface settlement measuring points: (**a**) south line; (**b**) north line.  
Stratum settlement monitoring method: The monitoring section A is located at the 339 ring of the south line. When the shield starts to excavate the 306 ring, the data are collected every 5 rings during the period from ring 306 to 326. During the period from ring 326 to 348, intensive monitoring is carried out, and each ring is monitored once. During this period, monitoring is performed at the end of shield tunneling-segment installation to reduce the soil disturbance caused by shield tunneling; data of rings 348-368 are collected every 10 rings, and the total number of monitoring times is 27.  
Monitoring section B is located at ring 361 of the north line. Data collection starts when the shield tunneling reaches ring 324. Data are collected every 6 rings from ring 324 to 348. Intensive monitoring is carried out from ring 348 to 370, once per ring. During this period, monitoring is carried out near the end of the shield tunneling-pipe installation to reduce the disturbance caused by shield tunneling to the soil; data of rings 370-390 are collected every 10 rings, and the total number of monitoring times is 27.  
Monitoring method of horizontal displacement of stratum: monitoring data of section A from ring 325 to 355 are collected every 2 rings, with a total number of 15 monitoring times. Monitoring data of section B from ring 345 to 375 are collected every 2 rings, with a total number of 15 monitoring times.