## 2 Conceptual Framework Building
### Integrating Decision-Making Capacity in Evacuation Behavioural Strategy Based on Literature
At the beginning of emergencies, there is a great deal of uncertainty in individual decision making due to limited information. Such uncertainties may lead individuals to gather information to verify warnings from those around them or public announcements and to assess the severity of the incident or evacuate immediately [53; 54]. Some passengers also choose the passive strategy of trusting the guidance and assistance of the relevant authorities and waiting for help or directions for actions in a safe location [55], whereas during the evacuation, crowds form groups with the same behavioural norms due to social identity [56]. Additionally, in emergencies, as people usually determine what is right by finding out what others think is right, this makes people more inclined to give up their abilities and transfer control over themselves to others, in turn generating herd behaviour [57]. Under the influence of such socialisation phenomena, people tend to exhibit cooperative strategic behaviours of subordination or helping others [53]. In addition, while the assumptions of panic theory have been shown not to apply, in emergencies, people may also develop competing behavioural strategies such as trying to outrun others to escape early or being reluctant to help those around them in need [53], which can easily lead to fatal consequences such as stampedes [58]. A further review of the strategies of evacuation behaviour through the lens of other disciplines reveals that researchers have now focused on sociology, psychology, risk man agement and many other disciplines to explain evacuation behaviours [20]. As emergencies are often perceived as actual or anticipated threats and disruptions to the steady state of the organism, it is proposed that the decision-making capability in such situations is highly correlated with the cognitive ability [59]. Cognitive processes are considered necessary to generate behavioural decisions according to prevailing cognitive science. It works in conjunction with psychological or mental mechanisms in behaviour [60] and is a behavioural constraint [61] and interpretation [51] that needs to be considered in emergency management. As individuals perceive cues during emergencies, they interpret them and assess the situation to determine the behaviours to be taken [62]. However, emotions also encompass a person's positive and negative reactions to events [63], which can influence behavioural decisions [64]. Analysis through post-disaster surveys has all shown that individuals may experience varying degrees of negative emotions during evacuation [65], accompanied by behaviours such as overwhelm, information seeking and shelter seeking [45]. This suggests that it is necessary to consider cognition and emotion when making predictions about evacuation behaviours [66]. In addition, the influence of personality on behavioural decision making has also been considered, which alongside emotions has been used to analyse the impact on behaviour to guide evacuation [23]. However, it did not seem to help to improve the simulation of evacuation situations [67]. In addition, numerous relevant evacuation studies have examined the influence of risk perception and familiarity with the space on evacuation behaviours, although a higher sense of security provided by the environment may cause more delay in evacuation initiation [30; 68; 69]. However, it is generally accepted that the greater the stock of emergency knowledge, the more rational the evacuation process is likely to be. As evacuation behavioural strategies have been studied, their influencing factors have been extracted in various research areas. This suggests that it is necessary to focus on and integrate the components that influence evacuation behaviours as proposed by these different studies within different fields to better predict evacuation behaviours.