esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 RNN with LSTM for Vibration Control
### System Vibration Control Under Impulse and Random Disturbances
#### 6.2.2 Control System Affected by Random Disturbance  
The RNN will be employed to control the cantilever beam vibrations under the influence of continuous random disturbances. Figure 12 displays the random disturbance signal, representing the unpredictable external factors impacting the system's performance. Figure 13 shows the behavior of uncontrolled system output, showcasing its actual response in the absence of the controller amidst the presence of random disturbance.  
The trained recurrent neural network processes the uncontrolled system output under random continuous disturbance conditions and produces the appropriate control signal to mitigate the vibrations of the cantilever beam. By continuously monitoring the behavior of the beam. The network analyzes the relationship between the system's output and the disturbances. Based on this analysis, it generates the control signal shown in Figure 14, designed to counteract the detected disturbances and reduce the beam's vibrations effectively.  
Figure 11: Voltage Response of PZT Sensor in the Cantilever with Deep Learning Controller and without Controller.  
Figure 12: Random Disturbance.  
The generated control signal adapts to the varying conditions, ensuring that the vibrations are minimized. Figure 15 illustrates the improved behavior of the system with the deep learning controller applied, demonstrating its effectiveness in maintaining reduced vibration levels over time. This enhanced control performance highlights the network's capability to adjust and provide control signals in response to continuous disturbances.  
Figure 16 illustrates the effectiveness of the deep learning (DL) controller in mitigating vibrations caused by continuous disturbances. The DL controller consistently adapts to the varying nature of the disturbances, effectively reducing vibrations with notable improvements in key areas. Despite the persistence of these disturbances, the controller ensures that the vibrations remain minimal, demonstrating its robustness and adaptability. The system achieves an Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) of 6.4588 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.9690, highlighting the controller's precision and reliability in maintaining control under prolonged, dynamic conditions.  
Figure 14: System Control Signal.  
Figure 13: Voltage Response of PZT Sensor before Vibration Control (under Random Disturbance).
# Future Perspectives for Gamma-ray Burst Detection from Space
## 7 MoonBEAM
### Detector Design  
MoonBEAM achieves instantaneous, all-sky coverage by positioning six gamma-ray detector assemblies at the corners of the spacecraft to minimize blockage (see Figure 11), and by deploying the observatory in an Earth-Moon Lagrange Point 3 cislunar orbit instead of low-Earth orbit (LEO) to reduce the particle background from radiation belts, atmospheric interactions, and planetary occultation from 30% to \(<<\)1% of the sky.  
Each detector assembly consists of a NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na) phoswich scintillator coupled to flat-panel photomultiplier tubes. The phoswich design allows for both localization improvement and increased effective area for spectroscopy. It is sensitive to 10-5000 keV photons, with an energy resolution better than 12% at 662 keV.  
Figure 10: The number of GRBs measured with a polarization degree \(>\) 30% versus the number of GRBs with an MDP \(<\) 30% provides a convenient way to distinguish between different model classes. For the case shown here, 65 GRB measurements are required to distinguish the three model classes. LEAP will be able to measure a total of 135 GRBs with MDP \(<\) 30% (and 23 GRBs with MDP \(<\) 10%) during its baseline 32 months of science operations.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### FTIR Analysis of the Samples of Honey, Propolis, and Propolis Extracts  
Regarding the honey samples and given the flora that exists at the place of harvest, it is expected that Honey 1 was produced mainly during the autumn from species such as _Arbutus unedo_, _Castanea sativa_, _Quercus faginea_, and _Pinus pinaster_. Honey 2 was produced during the summer from flowers such as _Rosa_ spp., _Dahlia_ spp., _Hydrangea_ spp., and flowers from fruit trees like _Prunus avium_, _Malus_ spp., _Pyrus communis_, and _Prunus spinosa_. Finally, Honey 3 was produced during the spring, when most wildflowers and aromatic plants bloom (_Papaver rhoas_, _Chrysanthemum coronarium_, _Lavandula stoechas_, _Rosmarinus officinalisis_, _Baccharis trimera_, and _Thymus mastichina_).  
The propolis samples subsequently collected did not show a direct correlation with the honey samples, because bees repair their hive continuously throughout the year, whenever this need arises, so the conditions under which propolis is produced will not necessarily be the same conditions under which honey is produced.  
The FTIR spectra of the samples of honey, propolis, and propolis extracts were recorded (Figure 1).  
The spectra of honey show a water band at approximately 3300 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1650 cm\({}^{-1}\). Near 2900 cm\({}^{-1}\) it is possible to observe a band that may be associated with groups present in amino acids. The bands between 1450 and 750 cm\({}^{-1}\) may correspond to organic acids and to sugars commonly present in honey, such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Even though the honey samples have been produced in different seasons, they present quite similar spectra.  
The spectra of propolis samples show approximately the same bands but with great dissimilarity in terms of the intensity of the signal. In these spectra, it can be observed a water band at around 3400 cm\({}^{-1}\), and very pronounced bands at nearly 2900 and 2850 cm\({}^{-1}\) that may correspond to some aliphatic compounds. The bands observed between 1650 and 1600 cm\({}^{-1}\), as well as the bands between 1550 and 1400 cm\({}^{-1}\) may be caused by the presence of flavonoids and other aromatic compounds. The band at 1150 cm\({}^{-1}\) may be due to the presence of hydroxyflavonoids. Some of the bands were not considered and may be related to wax and other debris present in the samples. The spectra of propolis extracts show approximately the same bands, but with lower intensity than the propolis samples.  
The water band observed in both propolis samples and extracts is less pronounced than the band registered in the honeys. In contrast, the bands identified as possible aromatic compounds and flavonoids in propolis samples and extracts spectra are more pronounced. Finally, the sugar bands in honey spectra are more evident and better outlined.  
The results now obtained are in agreement with other previously published results for other honey and propolis samples [20; 21].
# Dynamic Responses of Semi-Flexible Pavements Used for the Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
## 3 Results and Discussions  
### In Situ Test Results and FE Model Verification  
(1) Static analysis  
The vehicle tire grounding area and grounding pressure are affected by a variety of factors such as tire type, material, inflation pressure, and pavement bearing capacity. In the field test of the Zhuzhou ART test section, the grounding area of the vehicle under the test section semi-flexible ART pavement conditions in the stationary state of the ART system was measured by the imprint method; the test result was 0.0429 m\({}^{2}\). Limited by the field test conditions, the amplitude and distribution characteristics of the tire grounding pressure were not measured.  
Based on the established tire-semi-flexible-ART-pavement contact model, tire grounding analysis was carried out and the simulation results of tire grounding area could be calculated by outputting the contact pressure cloud map on the tire surface, as shown in Figure 8. The simulation result of the tire grounding area under static load is 0.045 m\({}^{2}\), which is in good agreement with the measured value of 0.0429 m\({}^{2}\), and the distribution characteristics of the tire grounding pressure have the same pattern as the data recorded in the literature. Therefore, the simulation results preliminarily verify the reasonableness of the model parameters such as tire material parameters, inflation pressure, pavement material parameters, and contact parameters taken, and the validity of the tire-semi-flexible-ART-pavement coupling model.  
(2) Dynamic analysis  
Using the results of transient dynamics analysis, the nodes on the middle cross-section at the corresponding positions to the test monitoring points of the test section field test are selected to extract the simulated results of stress and strain and other dynamic responses of the ART pavement layers when the vehicle passes through. The correctness of the finite element model is further verified by comparing with the test results of the test section field test. Due to the limitation of model size and calculation time, only the dynamic response of the ART pavement structure during a single wheel pass is simulated for comparison and verification.  
Figure 9 shows the comparison between the measured and simulated dynamic response of the SFP layer and the AC layer when the ART vehicle passes at a constant speed of 10 km/h, respectively. Due to different sampling frequency, for the single loading period, the sampling points recorded in the field test are less than the simulation data. However, the amplitude of simulated and measured values is in good agreement, indicating that the established tire-pavement coupling dynamic model is reliable.  
Figure 8: Tire ground pressure of ART vehicle.
# Best-Suited Communication Technology for Maritime Signaling Facilities: A Literature Review
## 1 Introduction
The transmission of data collected through the existing remote monitoring system uses the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network and data traffic. Moreover, the literature states that GSM has become one of the greatest achievements in the field of science, revolutionizing telecommunications and communications worldwide [15; 16]. However, the GSM signal is not available at all micro-locations of AtoNs due to natural obstacles such as several islands, rocks, etc. [17; 18]. This poses a problem in establishing and increasing the number of monitored maritime signaling facilities, which is one reason newly constructed objects are not remotely monitored. Additionally, satellite systems like Iridium offer global coverage. However, their high costs and energy demands make them less suitable for autonomous maritime systems, especially in remote areas with limited energy resources [19; 20]. Other technologies, such as VDES and 5G-NR (5G- New Radio), also face challenges in maritime environments due to infrastructure requirements and limited coverage, further emphasizing the need for cost-effective and energy-efficient communication solutions tailored to these unique conditions [19; 20; 21; 22]. One possible solution to this problem is the application of technologies such as AIS (Automatic Identification System), MaxStream, LTE (Long Term Evolution), NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things), LoRa WAN (Long Range Wide Area Network), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), GPRS (General Packet Radio Services), 3G (Third Generation of Wireless Mobile Telecommunications Technology), VHF (Very High Frequency), or ZigBee [22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27]. Considering the significance of establishing wireless communication with all micro-locations where maritime signaling facilities are located, this systematic review paper aims to summarize, appropriately categorize, and conclude with the relevant communications technologies and their fundamental characteristics. However, the paper hypothesizes that there has been limited engagement in the remote monitoring of maritime signaling facilities. Note that the contribution of this paper, in addition to analyzing previously published papers utilizing communication technologies, selects the best-suited communication technology for establishing communication with maritime signaling facilities. Finally, the paper is arranged in the following manner. The methodology utilized in the paper to accomplish the research results is described in Section 2. The results are trotted out and discussed in Section 3. Section 4 concludes and makes recommendations for future work.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### General workflow
#### 2.1.2 Data annotation  
GC-TOF-MS data were annotated prior further analysis [35; 36]. LC-ESI-MS data were not annotated. The GC-MS annotation procedure was automated with the data output generated as an Excel table [35; 36]. Initial GC-TOF-MS peak detection and mass spectrum deconvolution were performed with ChromaTOF software (version 2.25, Leco). A reference chromatogram was defined that had a maximum of detected peaks over a signal/noise threshold of 20 and used for automated peak identification based on mass spectral comparison to a standard NIST 05 library and in-house customized mass spectral libraries. Analytes spectra were searched against custom spectrum libraries and identified based on retention index and spectrum similarity match. A mixture of the retention time standards, _n_-dodecane (RI 1,200), _n_-pentadecane (RI 1,500), _n_-nonadecane (RI 1,900), _n_-docosane (RI 2,200), _n_-octacosane (RI 2,800), _n_-dotriacontane (RI 3,200), and _n_-hexatriacontane (RI 3,600) was included in the final reagent volume [37]. Automated assignments of unique fragment ions for each individual metabolite were chosen as quantifiers, and manually corrected where necessary. Relative quantification was performed on quantifiers with optimal selectivity. All known artifact peaks caused by column bleeding or phthalates and polysiloxanes derived from MSTFA hydrolysis were manually identified and removed from the results table.  
Since the purposes of the described studies were mainly clustering, classification, and prediction, termed as the fast track of the workflow (Figure 1), metabolite annotation and identification were not required prior data mining. Putative biomarkers presented as feature LC-MS peaks are subjects for further analysis by FT-ICR-MS and/or LC-FT-ICR-MS for accurate mass measurement, isotopic abundance pattern, MS/MS fragmentation pattern, and/or FT-NMR for spatial structure elucidation, termed as the slow track of the workflow (Figure 1).
## 3 Results
### Expression Profile of Muscle-Specific Factors and MicroRNAs in the EUs
#### 3.2.2 Expression of myomiRNAs  
The expression levels of the muscle-specific miRNAs (myomiRNAs), miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206 were analyzed in huMPCs during proliferation and after 7 days of differentiation on plates or in EUs under standard gravity conditions. The investigated myomiRNAs showed the same expression trend in cells cultured on plates and in EUs. Indeed, miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206, whose expression has been reported to increase during myogenic differentiation [15], were all up-regulated in huMPCs in differentiation compared to proliferation conditions independently from the culture device used (Figure 5), suggesting that culturing huMPCs in the EUs does not affect the expression of muscle-related microRNAs.  
Table 5 resumes the identified optimal parameters in order to send and cultivate huMPCs on board the ISS.  
Figure 4: Expression of muscle-specific factors in huMPCs. The graphs show the relative expression of _PAX7_, _MYOD1_, and _MYOG_ genes with respect to _GAPDH_ in huMPCs cultured on plates or in EUs in both proliferation (GM) or differentiation (DM) conditions, as evaluated by qRT-PCR. The data are the mean \(\pm\) SD of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate.  
Figure 5: MicroRNA expression profile in huMPCs. The graphs show the relative expression of miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206 in both proliferation (GM) and differentiation (DM) conditions, as evaluated by qRT-PCR. The cells were cultivated on plates and in EUs. The data are the mean \(\pm\) SD of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate.
# Improved Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition Algorithm for Intelligent Vehicles
## 2 Traffic Sign Detection
### Traffic Sign Detection Based on the Shape Features  
In the actual road scenes, traffic signs do not exist independently. Colorful clothes of pedestrians and colored billboards are likely to be consistent with the color of traffic signs, thereby resulting in some useless interference to the binary image with threshold coarse segmentation. Therefore, filtering these interferences is necessary to achieve effective detection of the ROI. Figure 5 illustrates the morphological processing for binary images.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Color** & \(\mathbf{H}\) & \(\mathbf{S}\) & \(\mathbf{V}\) \\ \hline Red & H \(>0.90\)[H \(<0.10\) & S \(>0.40\) & V \(>0.35\) \\ Yellow & \(0.50<\) H \(<0.70\) & S \(>0.40\) & V \(>0.40\) \\ Blue & \(0.09<\) H \(<0.18\) & S \(>0.35\) & V \(>0.40\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: HSV color space threshold segmentation ranges.  
Figure 4: The threshold rough segmentation image.  
Figure 5: The morphological processing for binary images.  
Firstly, the binary image is processed by image corrosion and expansion. Some isolated useless pixels often exist on the edge of the image, and these pixels can be effectively removed by corrosion. Meanwhile, expansion aims to enlarge the area of the ROI. The combination of them can filter out some subtle interference, thereby producing prominent shape characteristics of traffic signs.  
The filling process is then conducted. The traffic signs may be discolored, damaged and blocked by some obstacles in the actual road scenes, and the ROI cannot be completely displayed. The filling process can help complete and visualize the contours of traffic signs.  
Finally, the effective detection of traffic signs is realized. Some large irregular interference areas still exist in the segmented image after the filling process and thus need to be filtered. Contour filtering is conducted by the contour analysis of connected area. This are in the image is a set with all the same pixel points. The circumference and area of the contours of all connected areas are calculated and then compared with the standard circular mark. The contours that meet the requirements are retained; otherwise, they are discarded. Similarly, this method is equally applicable to the traffic sign detection of triangle, rectangle and other shapes. The remaining part of the segmented image after contour filtering corresponds to the detected traffic sign.
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper has presented an improved analytical loss model which takes the parasitic elements of the power devices and the stray inductances of the PCB traces into consideration. A comprehensive power device test platform is built to extract the key temperature-dependent parameters in the calculation. The measurement results show that the trans-conductance \(g_{f}\), on-state resistance \(R_{on}\), threshold voltage \(v_{th}\) and internal resistance \(R_{g\text{-}int}\) are sensitive to junction temperature. The switching waveforms of the proposed analytical model successfully match the experiment results of a 400-V, 15-A double-pulse-test bench. In addition, the variation patterns of power losses both in calculation and experiments can be summarized as follows.  
(1) The increase in the gate driver resistance \(R_{g}\) or the common stray inductance \(L_{s2}\) will increase the total loss while decreasing the voltage overshoot and the current overshoot at the same time. In common practical applications, the gate driver resistance \(R_{g}\) is the only component that can be changed. Therefore, it should be chosen to compromise the conflicts between power loss and device stresses.  
(2) The increase in the loop parasitic inductances \(L_{p}\) will decrease the total loss while increasing the voltage overshot and the current overshoot in the meantime.  
(3) The total loss does not change obviously with the varied junction temperature \(T_{j}\) and the varied external gate stray inductance \(L_{g2}\).  
The summarized conclusions above are expected to assist PCB layout design in practical applications of the SiC MOSFET, which is aimed at achieving a low power loss with proper device stresses. Future studies will be dedicated to varied circuits based on this study.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the study; [PERSON] gave the theoretical and data analysis; [PERSON] and [PERSON] revised the whole manuscript; [PERSON] wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was full supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018 YFB0106300).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## Implementing Value Added Applications in Next Generation Networks  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2*, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 1**  
Telecommunication Laboratories, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd., No.12, Lane 551, Section 5, Minzu Road, Yangmei City, Taoyuan County 326, Taiwan;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.-C.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.-K.T.)  
Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road,  
Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.-H.L.)  
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +886-3-5731842; Fax: +886-3-5724176.  
_Received: 22 July 2010 / Accepted: 3 August 2010 / Published: 6 August 2010_  
**Abstract:** One of the major issues in the future Internet is the integration of telecom networks with the Internet. In many countries, large _Internet Service Providers_ (ISPs) are also telecom operators that have been focusing on providing Internet services through their telecom networks with telecom-grade mechanisms. In this article, we show that _IP Multimedia Subsystem_ (IMS) is a telecom-grade mechanism that addresses this important issue. In _Next Generation Network_ (NGN), IMS supports IP-based multimedia services that can be accessed from various wireless and wired access technologies through fixed-mobile convergence. We show how to integrate _Internet Protocol Television_ (IPTV) with NGN/IMS to offer enhanced IPTV services for subscribers with set-top boxes or mobile phones. We specifically describe the implementations of three services: weather forecasts, short messages on TV screens and TV shopping/food ordering for mobile users. Although these services can be directly implemented in the Internet, our commercial operation experiences indicate that the NGN/IMS implementation has advantages in terms of telecom-grade security, _Quality of Service_ (QoS), and flexible service creation.  
**Keywords:** IP multimedia subsystem (IMS); next generation network (NGN); internet protocol television (IPTV)