esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Frequency Manipulation and Communication Feasibility
### Feasibility of Frequency Manipulation
#### 5.1.3 Frequency Manipulation Results and Analysis  
Figure 16 demonstrates the frequency translation from the 400.15 MHz to 460.00 MHz peaks and vice versa between Sat \(A\) and Sat \(B\).  
The SDR gains were tuned to attain the transceivers' maximum output power. Initially, the frequency of communication between satellite \(A\) and \(B\) was set at 400.15 MHz. A new frequency of 460.00 MHz was set at Sat \(A\) and SS signals were transmitted to Sat \(B\). Sat \(B\) automatically detected the new frequency and received the SS signal at 460.00 MHz. Observations were made through the spectrums of the transmitted and received signals from both satellites. Also, acknowledgements were received whenever reconfiguration process succeeded. Both satellites in the ISL network showed the same frequency shifts on their spectra. The implemented algorithms can filter SS peaks to visualize the frequency shifts of each peak during tuning and they retain both the previous and newly set frequencies as shown in Figure 16.  
Using a combination of the selected SDR as the transceiver and RPi as the processing and control unit, these algorithms achieved frequency manipulation within a time frame of 1 s after tuning. These tests were conducted for 10 s with 1 s accurate frequency transition when mission operations were carried out using 1 MSPS to 3 MSPS sampling rates. However, higher sampling rates >3 MSPS and multiple processing systems running in the desktop version of the Linux operating system (OS) can cause reconfiguration delays and fluctuations in communication. At lower sampling rates, particularly below 1 MSPS, the SDR and RPi can continuously operate by accurately switching the frequencies in 1 s for long periods of operation. Using more efficient microprocessors than the RPi 4 and lighter operating systems that outperform the Linux OS can enhance translation frequency at higher sampling rates. Furthermore, the accuracy of the _TEC_ and _TWVC_ measurements can significantly improve if the frequency change can be accomplished in less than 1 s.
# Quantum Implementation of AIM: Aiming for Low-Depth
## 2 Preliminaries
### Quantum Gates  
There are various quantum gates that are commonly used to incorporate ciphers into quantum circuits, including the X (NOT), CNOT, and Toffoli (CCNOT) gates. The X gate flips the value of a qubit, which can be used instead of the classical NOT operation (i.e., \(\chi(x)=\sim\propto\)). The CNOT gate works on two qubits, where the value of the target qubit depends on the value of the control qubit. If the control qubit is 1, the target qubit is flipped; if it is 0, the target qubit remains unchanged (i.e., \(\text{CNOT}(x,y)=(x,x\oplus y)\)). The CNOT gate can replace the classical XOR operation. The operation of XORing is a Boolean logic operation where two inputs are compared, resulting in a true output only when the inputs differ. That is, the CNOT gate is equivalent to the XORing value of the control qubit to the target qubit.  
The Toffoli gate operates on three qubits, with two control qubits and one target qubit. The target qubit's value is only flipped if both control qubits have a value of 1 (i.e., Toffoli\((x,y,z)=(x,y,z\oplus xy)\)). This operation can be described as XORing the result of the AND operation (when two inputs are compared, the result is a true output only when both inputs are true) between the control qubits with the value of the target qubit. Therefore, the Toffoli gate can replace the classical AND operation. By using these quantum gates, we can implement cipher encryption in quantum computing, replacing classical NOT, XOR, and AND operations.  
For optimizing quantum circuits, it is crucial to reduce the number of Toffoli gates. Toffoli gates are expensive to implement as they require a combination of \(T\) gates (which affect \(T\)-depth) and Clifford gates. Clifford gates are a set of quantum logic gates that are particularly important in quantum computing. They are fundamental in constructing quantum circuits and performing quantum operations on qubits. Various methods for decomposing Toffoli gates exist, and the full depth indicates the depth when Toffoli gates are decomposed. In this study, we estimate decomposed resources using a decomposition method involving 7 \(T\) gates and 8 Clifford gates, with a \(T\)-depth of 4 and a full depth of 8 for one Toffoli gate, as introduced in [21].
# Integrated SDN-NFV 5G Network Performance and Management-Complexity Evaluation
###### Abstract  
Digitalization is one of the factors that affects the acceleration of the application of telecommunications technologies such as 5G. The 5G technology that has been developed today does not yet meet different performance and manageability standards, particularly for data center networks as a supportive technology. Software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) are two complementary technologies that are currently used by almost all data centers in the telecommunications industry to rectify performance and manageability issues. In this study, we deliver an integrated SDN-NFV architecture to simplify network management activities in telecommunications companies. To improve network performance at the computing level, we performed a modification of a networking system at the computing level, underlying NFV devices by replacing the default virtual switch with a data plane development kit (DPDK) and single root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV). This study evaluated the proposed architecture design in terms of network performance and manageability. Based on 30 days of observation in prime time, the proposed solution increased throughput up to 200 Mbps for the server leaf and 1.6 Gbps for the border leaf compared to the legacy architecture. Meanwhile, the latency decreased to 12 ms for the server leaf and 17 ms for the border leaf. For manageability, we tested three different scenarios and achieved savings of 13 min for Scenario 1, 22 min for Scenario 2 and 9 min for Scenario 3.  
Software-Defined Network; Network Function Virtualization; network architecture; telecommunication; 5G 2022 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
# GF-1 Satellite Imagery Data Service and Application Based on Open Data Cube
## 2 Methods  
With the Open Data Cube [11] open-source geospatial data management and analysis software as a foundation, we propose a Chinese GF-1 spatial and temporal satellite imagery data management framework based on ODC grids. Radiometric calibration based on absolute radiometric calibration coefficients, atmospheric correction based on the FLASH method [36; 37], and geometric normalization based on the HighImgCorrect method [38] were conducted to preprocess Chinese GF-1 satellite imagery data and generate GF-1 imagery ARD. Descriptions were provided on the retrieval, query, and analysis of GF-1 satellite imagery data on a pixel grid scale. The strengths of the proposed framework were highlighted through a case study of spatial and temporal changes in vegetation and water mapping and a comparison with the scene-based management approach in terms of temporal and spatial comparative analysis efficiencies. The proposed framework in this study is shown in Figure 1.
## 4 Analytical Results
### Whole-Rock Geochemistry
Granitoids of Dazeshan pluton are obviously rich in large ion lithophile element (LILE) concentrations, such as Rb (94-137 ppm), Sr (451-638 ppm) and Ba (1157-2842 ppm), with Rb/Sr and Sr/Y values of 0.18-0.27 and 50-79, respectively (Table A1; Figure 7a). The enclaves have Rb (162-220 ppm), Sr (387-544 ppm), Ba (629-1413 ppm), Rb/Sr (0.30-0.56) and Sr/Y (15-25) (Table A1; Figure 7a). Contents of HFSEs for the granitoids and their enclaves are Nb (6.9-9.7 and 15.6-31.4 ppm), Hf (0.47-1.10 and 1.55-1.89 ppm), Ta (0.63-0.88 and 1.09-2.95 ppm), Y(7.2-10.9 and 19.2-35.6 ppm) and Th (10-29 and 19-35 ppm), respectively. The enclaves show higher concentrations of compatible elements such as V (102-124 ppm), Ni (10-30 ppm) and Cr (12-133 ppm) than those of their host rocks, with V (21.4-44.8 ppm), Ni (4.51-7.04 ppm) and Cr (9.9-19.6 ppm). Both the enclaves and their host granitoids show strong negative Ta and Nb anomalies and positive Pb and K peaks on the primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams (Figure 7a). Figure 6: Comparison of chondrite-normalized REE patterns between granitoids of the Dazeshan and their enclaves (**a**), Dazeshan granitoids and middle Early Cretaceous granitoids (132–122 Ma) (**b**), Dazeshan granitoids and late Early Cretaceous granitoids (118–110 Ma) (**c**), Dazeshan granitoids and high Ba–Sr granitoids (**d**), Dark microgranular enclaves and low-Ti (Lithospheric mantle-derived) lamprophyres (**e**), and Dark microgranular enclaves and high-Ti (Asthenospheric mantle-derived) lamprophyres (**f**). The published data for middle Early Cretaceous granitoids (132–122 Ma) are from [64; 65; 66], for Late Early Cretaceous granitoids (118–110 Ma) from [49; 50; 67], for high Ba–Sr granitoids from [24], and for low-Ti and high-Ti lamprophyres from [47]. Figure 7: Comparison of primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams between granitoids of the Dazeshan and their enclaves (**a**), Dazeshan granitoids and middle Early Cretaceous granitoids (132–122 Ma) (**b**), Dazeshan granitoids and late Early Cretaceous granitoids (118–110 Ma) (**c**), Dazeshan granitoids and high Ba–Sr granitoids (**d**), Dark microgranular enclaves and low-Ti (Lithospheric mantle-derived) lamprophyres (**e**), and Dark microgranular enclaves and high-Ti (Asthenospheric mantle-derived) lamprophyres (**f**). The published data for middle Early Cretaceous granitoids (132–122 Ma) are from [64; 65; 66; 30], for Late Early Cretaceous granitoids (118–110 Ma) from [49; 50; 67], for high Ba–Sr granitoids from [24], and for low-Ti and high-Ti lamprophyres from [47].
# Scheduling the Exchange of Context Information for Time-Triggered Adaptive Systems
## 4 Scheduling for Adaptive Time-Triggered Systems
### Establishment of Multi-Schedule Graph  
The establishment of the multi-schedule graph (MG) is illustrated using Figure 5. Our approach uses a binary schematization to reference the schedules in an MG. In the example figure for five context events, an illustration of all possible combinations of event scenarios is represented. For each combination, the MG displays a binary value attributed to a corresponding schedule. The context events are represented by the bit positions in the binary vector. The least significant bit is the first event, and the most significant bit represents the last event. Context events are assumed to be temporally ordered based on the position in the binary vector.  
Row 0 in Figure 5 represents the baseline schedule without any context event, thus labeled with the vector \"00000\". Row \(c=1\) shows the schedule attributed to the binary \"00001\", which is computed upon the occurrence of the first context event. The next row, \(c=2\), contains multiple schedules depending on the context event combinations. In this  
Figure 4: Multischedule Graph.  
Figure 5: _Schodule tree for five events. The \(c^{th}\) row shows the binary patterns of the schedules activated by event \(c\). Additionally, for the red schedule 00101, the direct predecessors are marked in yellow, and the direct successors are marked in blue._  
case, there are two schedules. The two schedules are represented by \"00010\" and \"00011.\" The binary \"00010\" represents the case where only event \(c=2\) occurs, and \"00011\" indicates that although \(c=2\) occurred, \(c=1\) also occurred. In this manner, the number of new schedules doubles in every row, reaching sixteen possible schedules in the last row. Also, it is important to note that all events located within any row of \(c\) are mutually exclusive: for example, in row \(c=2\), the events 00010 and 00011 are mutually exclusive.  
In the following subsection, we propose algorithms to optimize the exchange of context information. The optimization is two-fold:  
* The exchange of context information will only be carried out by end systems that require context messages. This approach contrasts with previous methods [30], where all end systems receive context information.
* The exchange of context information is addressed as part of the overall scheduling problem by the metascheduler, in contrast to previous methods where context information is exchanged periodically. The implication is the reduction of communication overhead, where context information is only exchanged when necessary.  
The rationale behind the proposed approach is that, since the metascheduler operates at design time for user-defined context events, it is then possible to make temporal and spatial reservations for exchanging context information.
# Analysis and Design of an X-Band Reflectarray Antenna for Remote Sensing Satellite System
## 6 Design of the Unit Cell of the Reflectarray  
The previous section showed how to obtain the required phase distribution of the reflected fields along the surface of the reflectarray to obtain the required radiation patterns. The following step is to design this reflecting element and to show how it can be controlled to obtain the required phases. The proposed unit cell is composed of two conducting elements of circular shape stacked in two layers of FR4 dielectric slabs with a dielectric constant \(e_{r}=4.4\), as shown in Figure 11. The top substrate has a height \(h_{T}=3\) mm and the bottom has a height \(h_{B}=1.5\) mm. The stacked patches are backed with a ground plane. The bottom circular patch has a diameter \(d_{B}\), whereas the top patch diameter \(d_{T}=0.75\)\(d_{B}\). The unit cell has dimensions \(d_{x}=d_{y}=17.65\) mm.  
The phase of the reflection coefficient of the unit cell as a function of the diameter of the lower circular patch is shown in Figure 12. It should be noted that the diameter of the upper patch depends on the corresponding diameter of the lower patch. It can be noted that the phase of the reflected field can be controlled over a range from \(0^{\circ}\) to \(-500^{\circ}\) by changing \(d_{B}\) from 5 to 14 mm. The reason for using a stacked structure is that it is not possible to obtain such a wide range of phase using a single layer structure. This wide range of phase is suitable for obtaining the required phase distribution for the different cases of the proposed reflectarray antennas.  
Figure 10: Flat-top radiation pattern obtained using a genetic algorithm.  
Figure 9: Optimized phase distribution of a flat-top radiation pattern.
## 6 Conclusions  
Eccentric compressive behavior of RC column strengthened by SMRC was investigated through four specimens. The impacts of the key parameter of layer number of steel mesh on failure mode, cracking load, load capacity, and lateral deformation were analyzed. In addition, the finite element method was used to study the impacts of other parametersm such as the thickness of reinforcement layer and load holding level on the load capacity. The main conclusions can be drawn as below:  
The cracking load and load capacity of reinforced concrete columns were improved effectively by using SMRC that has a rapid strength growth rate and is promising for rapid strengthening.  
The use of one steel mesh in the SMRC increases the cracking load by 96%, the load capacity by 23%, and the peak deflection by 22% compared with non-strengthened specimen. Increasing the steel mesh layer number from one to three increases the cracking load by 10% and the load capacity by 10%, and it decreases the peak deflection by 14%. The result indicates that the increase of steel mesh layer can delay the presence of crack and enhance the load capacity, but it may compromise the deformability.  
Crack distribution at the tensile side of strengthened specimen is dependent on the layer number of steel mesh. As the layer number is increased from one to three, the maximum crack width is reduced by 75%. When the layer number is more than one (a reinforcement ratio of about 2%), densely distributed microcracks can be produced, instead of limited number of coarse cracks.  
Resin concrete mainly acts as an adhesive layer. The load capacity approximately linearly increases with the SMRC thickness. As the SMRC thickness is increased from 20 mm to 40 mm, the load capacity is increased by 5%. The improvement of load capacity is mainly influenced by the steel mesh. With the increase of layer number of steel mesh, the improvement proportion of load capacity increases along a logarithmic function. When the layers of steel mesh are arranged too many, the improvement of load capacity tends to be stable.  
The load capacity decreases following a bilinear trend with the load-holding level. The decreasing rate is higher at the high load-holding levels. As the load-holding level is increased from 0 to 80%, the load capacity is reduced by 5.1%. As the load-holding level is increased from 80% to 95%, the load capacity is reduced by 6.2%.  
Conceptualization, H.X. and H.G.; Methodology, H.X.; Software, H.X.; Validation, X.L., H.G. and M.Y.; Formal Analysis, H.X.; Investigation, G.Z.; Resources, X.L.; Data Curation, Y.B.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, H.X.; Writing-Review & Editing, H.G.; Visualization, H.X.; Supervision, H.G.; Project Administration, X.L.; Funding Acquisition, M.Y.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51508474 and 51878563), the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant Nos. 2018121, 2018)Y0294 and 2018)Y0549), and the Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of China Railway Construction (Grant No. 2014-C34).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Toward Vulnerability Detection for Ethereum Smart Contracts Using Graph-Matching Network
## 2 Background  
### Smart Contract in a Nutshell  
Smart contracts are simply programs stored on a blockchain that execute when predefined conditions are met, as shown in Figure 1. They essentially automate the execution of an agreement between untrustworthy parties without the involvement of a trusted third party. There are various blockchain platforms that support smart contracts, among which Ethereum is the most common one [28]. It provides a decentralized ecosystem for smart contracts through a specific programming language called Solidity and a Turing-complete machine called EVM. The general workflow of a smart contract is as follows. First, source codes that represent terms of an agreement are written in a high-level language (e.g., Solidity) and then complied into bytecodes (e.g., EVM codes). Then, the bytecodes are uploaded to the blockchain in a form of a transaction, and stored in a block of the distributed ledger. Once the predetermined condition is satisfied, these bytecodes are translated into instructions or operation codes running on EVM to execute business logic.  
Figure 1: Blockchain-based smart contract.  
Since smart contracts encapsulated in blockchain transactions are publicly accessible, code flaws can be analyzed and exploited by anyone, including attackers. Moreover, due to the immutable nature of blockchain, errors in smart contracts cannot be rectified once deployed. As the financial values held in the blockchain network are increasing, smart contracts have already become tempting targets. It is worth noting that both the source code and bytecode of smart contracts are choices of a target for attackers.
## 5 Results
### Calculation of the Geodetically Based Parameters
#### 5.1.2 Velocity (V)  
The calculated Velocity (V) values range between 1.8 and 8.6 mm/yr within the broader Strymon basin area (Figure 5); the minimum values are mainly observed at the eastern part (wider Drama basin area), while a gradual increase is documented towards the western part. It is noted that the maximum V values are located at the southwestern most part of the study area. Regarding the V vectors' direction, a mean value of almost 170\({}^{\circ}\) (\(\pm\)10\({}^{\circ}\)) has been calculated with very few exceptions, indicating the SSE motion of the area; the highest values to the west show a small deflection of a few degrees toward the N-S direction.  
The V results are in accordance with the geodynamic evolution of the broader Aegean region, divided into the North and South Aegean sub-regions. The South Aegean sub-region is characterized by high V values, showing a NE-SW direction, while a gradual increase is documented as the distance from the Hellenic Subduction Zone decreases. On the contrary, the North Aegean sub-region, where our study area belongs, shows lower V values of N-S (up to NNW-SSE) direction, showing a progressive value increase from the northern to the southern part. The V results are consistent with other geodetic investigations conducted in the wider Greek area [7,14,107].  
Figure 5: Velocity (V) parameter analysis, consisting of vectors and grid pattern, based on the interpolation (kriging) geostatistical methodology.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Single-crystalline monolayer WS\({}_{2}\) was prepared using a modified mechanical exfoliation method for bulk crystal and drily transferred onto a 280 nm SiO\({}_{2}\)/Si substrate and Au film, respectively. The 10 nm thick Au film was deposited on a 30 nm SiO\({}_{2}\)/Si substrate using the magnetron sputtering technique. The number of layers was further confirmed by ultralow frequency (ULF) Raman spectroscopy [29]. Figure 1a shows a white-light micrograph of a mechanical exfoliated WS\({}_{2}\) sample with the thickness overlaid. Large area 11 WS\({}_{2}\) was successfully obtained on a SiO\({}_{2}\)/Si substrate. The optical image for monolayer WS\({}_{2}\)/Au is similar. Figure 1b presents the magnified scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of WS\({}_{2}\)/Au heterostructure, in which the gray-colored zone indicates the WS\({}_{2}\) transferred. It can be seen clearly that the Au film in fact is composed of aggregated nanoparticles rather a continuous film. The size of nanoparticles (NPs) ranges from 5 to 30 nm. It has been demonstrated that NPs have a higher plasmonic modulation effect than the flat film due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) that occurs on NPs. Low-temperature magneto-Raman measurements were performed in a cryostat (attocube AttoDRY 1100) with a custom-designed Raman micro-spectroscopy system. The temperature was fixed at 4 K, while the direction of magnetic field was normal to the sample surface (so-called Faraday geometry) and varied from 0 to 9 T. A linearly polarized 532 nm laser was used as the excitation source, and the power on the sample surface was approximately 2 mW. A low temperature compatible objective (NA = 0.8) was used to focus the laser and collect the Raman signal. The Raman spectra were collected in the parallel-polarized (VV) and crossed-polarized (VH) configurations, as presentedin Figure 1c. In VV configuration, the polarizations of scattered and incident light were parallel to each other, while the polarization of scattered light was perpendicular to that of incident light in VH configuration.