## 3 Results
### Empirical Analysis of Factors Affecting Corn Production Cost
Furthermore, related research suggests [36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41] that there is a \"U-shaped\" relationship between the unit cost of crops and the scale of land. In other words, the expansion of the scale of land management's effect of reducing crop production costs gradually weakens. Therefore, when a certain limit is exceeded, the CPC increases. The results gathered in this paper suggest that China's land scale is still positioned on the left side of the \"U\" shape. At this stage, expanding the scale of land management is still the key to reducing the CPC [42]. (2) The parameter estimate and elasticity coefficient of the labor structure are 1.2618 and 0.0856, respectively. The increase in the proportion of non-agricultural population is noted to have a notably positive impact on the CPC. Moreover, the above observations show that the reduction in agricultural labor is one of the main reasons for the increase in the CPC. These results are similar to the research conclusions of [PERSON], [PERSON] [43] and [PERSON], [PERSON] [44]. Specifically, from the perspective of the composition of the CPC, labor costs have always accounted for a large proportion of the total CPC [36]. In recent years, as the agricultural population has been shifting to the secondary and tertiary industries, the price \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Model 1** & **Model 2** & **Model 3** & **Model 4** & **Model 5** \\ \hline Land & \(-0.1307\)*** & \(-0.1074\)*** & \(-0.0051\)** & \(-0.0715\)*** & \(-0.0938\)*** \\  & (0.0190) & (0.0182) & (0.0174) & (0.0150) & (0.0172) \\  & [\(-0.1552\)] & [\(-0.1275\)] & [\(-0.0061\)] & [\(-0.0849\)] & [\(-0.1114\)] \\ Citizen & & 1.3074 *** & 0.5960 *** & 1.0308 *** & 1.2618 \\  & & (0.2100) & (0.1830) & (0.2092) & (0.2250) \\  & & [0.0887] & [0.0405] & (0.0700) & (0.0856) \\ Machine & & & \(-0.7672\)*** & \(-0.6581\)** & \(-0.6304\)*** \\  & & & (0.0704) & (0.0579) & (0.0580) \\  & & & [\(-0.0564\)] & [\(-0.0484\)] & [\(-0.0463\)] \\ Income & & & & \(-0.8103\)*** & \(-0.8644\)*** \\  & & & & (0.0739) & (0.0755) \\ Nonagrigdp & & & & [\(-1.9699\)] & [\(-2.1014\)] \\  & & & & & \(-0.7205\)*** \\  & & & & & (0.2888) \\  & & & & & [\(-0.0852\)] \\ \hline LogL & 6.2322 & 25.2782 & 72.0440 & 118.2547 & 121.2806 \\ R-squared & 0.1527 & 0.2177 & 0.4289 & 0.3814 & 0.3868 \\ Number of obs & 220 & 220 & 220 & 220 & 220 \\ \hline Model setting & SLPDM & SLPDM & SLPDM & SLPDM & SLPDM \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Standard deviation in parentheses; *** means \(p<0.01\), ** means \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Empirical results of factors affecting corn production cost. of labor has continuously risen. This especially refers to the increase in the opportunity cost of household labor, which has increased the CPC. (3) The estimated value of the parameters of the impact of mechanization on the CPC is \(-0.6304\), while the elasticity coefficient is measured at \(-0.0463\). More specifically, for every 1% increase in the comprehensive mechanization of corn cultivation and harvest, the CPC is reduced by, on average, \(0.0463\%\). The aforementioned indicates that the promotion of agricultural machinery operations reduces production costs. This was proved by related studies, as well [45; 46]. Therefore, the higher the level of agricultural mechanization, the stronger the substitution effect of mechanical operations on manual operations, and the less labor is required for agricultural production, which in turn greatly saves labor costs and reduces the total CPC. (4) In reference to the socio-economic condition, the estimated value of the parameter of farmers' per capita annual net income to the CPC is \(-0.8644\), while the elasticity coefficient is \(-2.1014\). The estimated value of the parameter of the proportion of non-agricultural output value to the CPC is measured to be \(-0.7205\), and the elasticity coefficient is \(-0.0852\). The above results suggest that improved socio-economic conditions can significantly reduce the CPC.