# Breakthrough and Challenging Application: Mixed Reality-Assisted Intracardiac Surgery
## 5 Conclusions  
While several studies investigate the utility and clinical value of 3D printing in aiding diagnosis, medical education, preoperative planning, and intraoperative guidance of surgical interventions, there is a scarcity of literature regarding concrete applications of mixed reality in the cardiovascular domain due to its nascent stage of study and expansion.  
Cardiovascular medicine has a long history of using predictive modeling to assess patient risk. Recent studies have discovered methods to predict heart failure and other severe cardiac events in asymptomatic individuals. When combined with personalized prevention strategies facilitated by MR in precision medicine, these 3D models can positively impact disease incidence, consequence, and treatments.  
This study goes beyond a mere three-dimensional visualization of the cardiac district, aiming to accurately visualize the intracardiac structures within the scope of preoperative planning for cardiac surgery.  
MR has been expanding significantly, especially in the medical field, garnering considerable attention in experimental research [38; 39; 40]. The medical sector particularly requires lightweight, small, user-friendly, and cost-effective mobile devices. Key advancements in technology, including device miniaturization, the availability of open-source software, and the widespread use of smartphones among medical personnel, have played a crucial role in facilitating the adoption of MR. Certainly, the future inclusion of technologies like MR and deep learning in the clinical practice is subjected to the evaluation of ethical [41] and regulatory [42; 43] aspects.  
MR overlays real images with holographic images, often providing users with the perception of seeing through the patient's body in medical settings. Understanding anatomical characteristics and generating realistic three-dimensional visualizations of congenital heart diseases remain challenging due to the complexity and wide spectrum of coronary diseases. Emerging technologies, such as 3D printing and MR, have the potential to overcome these limitations by utilizing 2D and 3D reconstructions of standard DICOM images.  
However, there has been limited research on the clinical value of these new technologies in coronary disease.  
Conceptualization, F.M., G.M. and F.B.; methodology, F.M., M.F., S.B., M.D., W.S., G.M. and F.B.; software, M.F. and S.B.; validation, F.M., G.M. and F.B.; formal analysis, M.F. and S.B.; investigation, M.F., S.B., M.D. and W.S.; resources, F.M., G.M. and F.B.; data curation, F.M., M.F., S.B., M.D., W.S., G.M. and F.B.; writing--original draft preparation, M.F., S.B. and F.B.; writing--review and editing, F.M., M.F., S.B., M.D., W.S., G.M. and F.B.; visualization, M.F. and S.B.; supervision, F.M., G.M. and F.B.; project administration, F.M. and F.B.; funding acquisition, F.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Ethical review and approval were waived for this study as the National Clinical Trials Code stated that ethical approval is not required for true retrospective/observational studies.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from the subject involved in the study.  
The data presented in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The data are not publicly available due to privacy restrictions.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.