# Revolution 4.0: Industry vs. Agriculture in a Future Development for SMEs
## 3 Concept of Agriculture 4.0  
Based on concepts such as Internet of Things, the Industry 4.0 in the primary sector is defined Agriculture 4.0 (or Farming 4.0) and its methods have been examined in some rural areas [19; 28; 46; 47]. Correspondingly, revolutions in agriculture can be hypothesized, which have gone hand-in-hand with the innovations in the industrial sector in recent years. Agricultural technology revolution started with Agriculture 1.0 with animal power; then the combustion engine defined Agriculture 2.0, passing to Agriculture 3.0 in recent years with guidance systems and precision farming, starting when military GPS-signals were made accessible for public use [23]. Nowadays, Agriculture 4.0 farm activities are connected to the cloud. Though, following European agricultural machinery in 2017, the next step with Agriculture 5.0 includes digitally-integrated enterprise, which rely their production processes using robotics and some forms of artificial intelligence.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline Interconnectivity & Everything can be interconnected with global information and communication infrastructures. \\ \hline Object-related services & The IoT can provide object-related services, within the limits defined by objects such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical and associated virtual objects. \\ \hline Heterogeneity & Devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as they are based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms across different networks. \\ \hline Dynamic changes & Device status can change dynamically, such as connection and/or disconnection, as well as the context in which devices operate, including location, speed, quantity of product, etc. The device’s status can also change dynamically. The number of devices can also change dynamically. \\ \hline High scalability & The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other can be extremely large. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Key features of the IoT.  
Figure 2: Agriculture 4.0 and the Virtual Object Structure.  
The Agriculture 4.0 evolution happens in parallel with comparable evolutions in the industrial sector (Industry 4.0), based on an idea for future manufacturing. Agriculture 4.0, like to Industry 4.0, stands for the combined internal and external interacting of farming operations, offering digital information at all farm sectors and processes. Even in agriculture, as in the industrial sector, the 4.0 revolution represents a great opportunity to consider the variability and uncertainties that involve the agri-food production chain [48; 49; 50; 51]. Factories become smarter, more efficient, safer, and more environmentally sustainable, due to the combination and integration of production technologies and devices, information and communication systems, data and services in network infrastructures [27; 28]. A Smart Farm must be able to adapt autonomously and in real-time to these changes in order to remain competitive on the market [26; 52]. One of the primary needs to be met is a constant communication between market and production, and within the business itself [24]. The methodology used to effectively connect all the actors of this continuous and data-rich communication [53] is that of virtualization (Figure 3).  
Among the benefits, this recent rural revolution permits (i) to realize more efficient systems that operate in conditions of greater safety both for the environment and operators, and (ii) to reduce the operating costs of the processes, e.g., allowing the realization of more complex processes at equal costs [23; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 54].