## 5 Simulation Scenarios and Results  
Three operation scenarios have been discussed. For the reference purposes in each scenario, the assumed load profiles are repeated (the PV profile changes due to the cloud cover forecast). The V2H services are enabled in scenarios 2 and 3. The simulations were performed for a one-week period. To make the figures easier to analyze, the presented time duration is 2 days. The scenarios are described below. 1. Scenario 1--reference: only the PV and the ESS connected to the prosumer installation  
In this scenario, the prosumer installation operates without the EV connected (Figure 4a). Relatively high PV generation (P\({}_{\text{PV}}\)) along with smaller power consumption (P\({}_{\text{load}}\)) result in the reverse power flow (P\({}_{\text{net}}\)--a negative value means that the energy is fed to the grid, a positive value means that the energy is consumed). The simple ESS controller uses a timer (based on the duration of two contracted tariffs) to conduct charging and discharging at a constant time (P\({}_{\text{stor}}\)). This scenario illustrates that the functionality of a typical ESS (e.g., 10 kWh), designed for home installations, is limited because of relatively low power and low capacity. Note that if only part of the energy transferred to the supplying network can be \"recovered\", in some periods, the adopted ESS control system can even lead to additional losses (reverse power flow caused by the PV is increased by discharging the ESS). Such a situation can occur during the low-price tariff (green rectangles), high PV generation, and low-energy consumption. Even if the basic control strategies (based on the timer) were replaced with a more sophisticated one, the efficiency of the ESS used is limited because of its low capacity. The changes of ESS SOC are presented in Figure 4b. The rate of the SOC change is related to the charge and discharge powers (P\({}_{\text{stor}}\)), which are calculated based on the known duration of high- and low-price tariffs. The obtained results show that:  
* In case of high PV generation, higher than both the loads and the rated power of ESS charging, the surplus energy has to be transferred to the supplying network. * If a high generation of the PV takes place at the same time when the ESS is being discharged (periods of the high-price tariff: 6 a.m.-1 p.m. and 3 p.m.-10 p.m.), the reverse power flow might increase. * Scenario 2--the PV, the ESS and the EV connected, V2H services activated, the EV in the default mode Scenario 2 illustrates the energy management possibilities in the prosumer installation using the EV battery (Figure 5). Figure 4: Results of reference scenario. Green and orange colors represent periods of low and high-price tariffs, respectively. The yellowish rectangle highlights the example of the increased reverse power flow in the feeder (P\({}_{\text{net}}\)) due to PV (P\({}_{\text{PV}}\)) ESS (P\({}_{\text{stor}}\)). The EV is connected to the home charging point (such as a wallbox) throughout the simulation period. It is operated in the default mode. Relatively high PV generation (PPV) along with small power consumption (P\({}_{\text{load}}\)) result in the surplus energy that can be used to charge the EV batteries. The high rated power of the drive inverter (used to charge the EV) and the big capacity of EV batteries make the self-power consumption possible. The developed control algorithm controls not only the power balance in the prosumer installation, but also the SOC of the EV battery. V2H functionality can be used for several purposes, including:  
* The control power exchange (P\({}_{\text{net}}\)) with the suppling network, so there is no reverse power flow (P\({}_{\text{net}}\) values are always positive);
* The stabilization of the P\({}_{\text{net}}\)--there are no fluctuations due to changes in the PV generation and loads (the stabilization of the P\({}_{\text{net}}\) can be an additional service contracted with the DSO).