# Extreme Climate Events and Energy Market Vulnerability: A Systematic Global Review
## 4 Impacts and Adaptation Strategies to Natural Events: A Review of Global Studies
### North America
The study focused on Galveston Island, Texas, and was validated using historical data, so that, at the end of the research, the results showed that DBN allows the integration of real-time sensor data, providing detailed estimates of the performance of power grid elements, which is essential to address the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events that are strictly related to climate change [52]. Building on these findings, another important study is the one developed by [PERSON] et al. [53]. The researchers investigated the impacts of power outages and other services such as water, in homes during the 2021 Winter Storm Uri phenomenon in Texas, USA. The data used are surveys collected in several Texas communities affected by the storm. Some of the notable findings are that more than 4.5 million customers experienced power outages, and some areas suffered interruptions for more than 96 h. In addition, water outages aggravated the situation, leaving many without basic services. Generally, researchers emphasize that there is a pronounced inequality in adaptive capacity, since low-income communities face greater problems due to limited access to backup systems such as generators. Therefore,the authors propose the creation of policies that can help these types of populations that are vulnerable in this type of event. Expanding the analysis of social impacts and the social consequences of infrastructure failure are also explored by analyzing the impacts of power outages and other services such as water in homes during the 2021 Winter Storm Uri phenomenon in Texas, USA [54]. To do this, the authors developed an analysis containing two stages. In general, what the researchers did was model the power grid disruptions caused by a cyberattack during an extreme heat wave. In the primary stage, they used a power flow model to simulate operational impacts; with this, they found that the combined scenario can increase the unsupplied electrical load on Long Island from 4% to 13%, which could affect almost 600,000 customers. In the second stage, by combining the results with a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, they found that activities of state and local governments could decrease by up to 30% in the composite scenario. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need to propose resilience strategies to protect infrastructure and sustain economic activity in regions with a high percentage of urbanization such as New York. Following this, another important study is the one carried out by [PERSON] et al. [55], where researchers analyzed how promoting distributed generation (DG) could reduce the vulnerability of electrical systems to natural disasters. Using a system-of-systems (SoS) framework integrating agent-based modeling (ABM) and optimal power flow (OPF), they conducted two main analyses: (1) determining the minimum DG required at a specific location to prevent blackouts and (2) applying a genetic algorithm to identify the total allocation of DG in the network, in order to mitigate failures in any transmission line. The researchers found that DG can improve the resilience of electrical networks against natural disasters that could occur. In addition, electric power sector dynamics under climate change mitigation strategies and economic development are further analyzed, pointing out site-specific factors affecting the system's evolution [56]. The study examines power generation, CO2 emissions, water use, and LCOE to show how states manage uncertainties during the energy transition. While population growth does, to a wide extent, dictate the growth in electricity demand, it is not more than industrial dominance across several states; for example, populations in Texas have a far more pronounced story in affecting demand than other states. Variations in regions underscore the need to understand local consumption and electrification patterns for energy response management during extreme events.