## 3 Results and Discussion
### Color Measurements  
The color parameters of pure pectin films and pectin films containing the nanoemulsified TC nanoemulsion are shown in Table 3. Except for the value of \"L\" and \"a\" for the film samples P/NE:2 and P/NE:3, the color parameters changed significantly by adding different concentrations of TC nanoemulsion. The incorporation of TC resulted in a yellowish color as can be seen in the image of the film samples in Figure 1.  
The values of \"L\" and \"a\" indicate the lightness and redness of the film and both were reduced by the incorporation of the TC nanoemulsion. The values of \"b\" represent the yellowness, which increased significantly from the control to P/NE:1. A higher concentration of TC caused a higher value of \"b\" due to the native yellow color of TC, which is reflected by a high value of the YI (yellow index) for film samples containing TC compared to pure pectin films.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample Names** & **L** & **a** & **b** & **\(\Delta\)E** & **WI** & **YI** \\ \hline Pectin (control) & 90.22 \(\pm\) 0.17 a & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.19 a & 4.48 \(\pm\) 0.13 a & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0,02 a & 89.12 \(\pm\) 0.22 a & 7.10 \(\pm\) 0.31 a \\ \hline P/NE:1 & 81.52 \(\pm\) 0.61 d & \(-\)2.75 \(\pm\) 0.28 b & 55.11 \(\pm\) 1.58 a & 51.47 \(\pm\) 1.54 a & 41.79 \(\pm\) 1.46 a & 96.59 \(\pm\) 2.65 a \\ \hline P/NE:2 & 83.53 \(\pm\) 0.84 c & \(-\)3.19 \(\pm\) 0.30 b & 50.43 \(\pm\) 1.38 b & 46.44 \(\pm\) 1.23 b & 47.15 \(\pm\) 1.06 d & 85.17 \(\pm\) 1.57 b \\ \hline P/NE:3 & 84.58 \(\pm\) 0.31 c & \(-\)3.78 \(\pm\) 0.97 c & 45.34 \(\pm\) 4.21 c & 41.64 \(\pm\) 4.11 c & 51.58 \(\pm\) 3.88 c & 77.54 \(\pm\) 6.97 c \\ \hline P/NE:4 & 87.29 \(\pm\) 0.56 b & \(-\)4.88 \(\pm\) 0.09 d & 36.79 \(\pm\) 1.89 d & 32.91 \(\pm\) 1.86 d & 60.76 \(\pm\) 1.81 b & 60.21 \(\pm\) 3.19 d \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The data are presented as the average \(\pm\) one standard deviation (n = 3). Means that share identical letters show no significant differences (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Color parameters of the films.  
The color functions \(\Delta\)E (degree of total color difference from the standard color plate), WI (whiteness index) and YI (yellow index) also changed significantly because of the integration of the nanoemulsion of TC into the film based on pectin. The value of \(\Delta\)E extremely increased by the presence of TC. The value of \(\Delta\)E was 51.47 for P/NE:1, while it was 0.29 for pure pectin. Higher concentrations of TC caused higher total color differences. The value of \(\Delta\)E decreased by 36% from P/NE:1 to P/NE:4 by decreasing the concentration of oil from 5.00 to 2.00%. The same trend was observed for the YI value. This is due to the yellow color of TC; however, the control film was quite colorless, which is inconsistent with the film appearance as shown in Figure 1. The yellow color of TC changed the degree of whiteness (WI). A high reduction of WI was obtained in the range between 89.12 and 41.79 from pectin to P/NE:1. These changes in the color parameters could be attributed to light absorption as a consequence of the presence of TC and lipid [47].The same result was reported by [51], who incorporated various concentrations of TC in ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer and observed an increase in YI value and \(\Delta\)E value.