## 3 WebAssembly and IoT
### WebAssembly and IoT Security  
Security is a significant concern in IoT due to the distributed nature of devices and their exposure to various networks. This section delves deeper into the mechanisms through which Wasm enhances security in IoT applications. It discusses sandboxing, the features of Wasm, and how these mechanisms can help to mitigate common security risks in IoT. Considering the interconnectivity of devices and the often sensitive nature of the data being processed, ensuring that robust security measures are in place is crucial. Wasm's design inherently addresses several significant security concerns, making it a compelling choice for IoT applications. In this section, we explore various aspects of Wasm that can enhance security in IoT environments. * **Secure Sandboxing** One of the central features of Wasm is that it runs in a secure sandbox environment [18]. This means that the Wasm code execution is isolated from the rest of the system, preventing it from engaging in uncontrolled interactions with other parts of the system. This feature is critical in the IoT context, where devices are often connected to \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Features\textbackslash{} Languages** & **C/C++** & **Rust** & **AssemblyScript** & **Go** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Performance Efficiency} & High, as they provide low-level hardware access and enable fine control over system resources. & High, it combines low-level control over system resources with a high-level syntax. & Comparable to JavaScript for less resource-intensive applications. & Generally slower than C/C++, but easier to write and maintain. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Memory Safety} & Manual memory management can lead to errors and vulnerabilities. & Rust has built-in memory collection, effectively preventing common memory errors. & Memory management is similar to JavaScript and is garbage collected. & Go has a garbage collector which can impact performance but increases safety and ease of use. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Concurrency} & Manual management, complex to handle but allows fine-grained control. & Advanced concurrency support with ownership and lifetime concepts. & Not inherently built-in, relies on the concurrency model of Wasm. & Native support for concurrent programming using gorotines. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Interoperability with Web Tech & Not designed with web technologies in mind, but can be used effectively with Wasm. & Compatible with web technologies through Wasm. & Bening a variant of TypeScript, it has excellent compatibility with web technologies. & Fully compatible with Wasm, but not specifically designed for web technologies. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Learning Curve} & Steep, especially for developers unfamiliar with low-level programming. & Moderately steep, but offers more safety guarantees than C/C++. & Easy for JavaScript/TypeScript developers. & Easier compared to C/C++ and Rust. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Ecosystem and Community} & Mature and extensive libraries and tools. Large community. & Growing rapidly with increasingly robust libraries and tools. & Smaller community and less mature ecosystem, but growing. & Large community, mature ecosystem but support is still experiment. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Use Cases in IoT} & System-level programming, performance-critical applications. & Safety-critical systems, applications where memory safety is paramount. & Applications with a strong web-based component, less resource-intensive applications. & Networking applications, distributed systems, less performance-critical applications. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of key supported languages in the context of WebAssembly for IoT. public networks, where they are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. By confining each Wasm module to its sandbox, the damage an attacker can cause is limited.