## 1 Introduction  
The growing demand for high-capacity multimedia services--driven by the rapid expansion of cellular networks, high-speed internet access, the Internet of Things (IoT), and television broadcasting--has significantly increased the use of the mid-band spectrum, particularly in the 7 to 24 GHz range [1, 2, 3]. Within this spectrum, the Ku-band (approximately 10.7 to 14.5 GHz) plays a critical role. It is widely utilized by geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite systems to provide a variety of communication services, especially direct-to-home (DTH) television broadcasting. In countries like Lebanon, multipoint video distribution systems (MVDS) also operate within the Ku-band, using microwave links to deliver television and multimedia content directly to end users [4]. However, the coexistence of MVDS and GEO satellite systems within this shared frequency band introduces challenges related to signal interference. Since both systems transmit and receive signals in overlapping frequencies, there is an inherent risk of mutual interference that can degrade service quality and reliability. Mitigating these coexistence issues requires effective interference management strategies and clearly defined regulatory guidelines. International bodies, such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), play a crucial role in this domain by issuing recommendations to guide spectrum sharing. For example, ITU-R Recommendation S.1432 provides methodologies for assessing and reducing interference in shared frequency bands [3]. In the case of Lebanon, MVDS networks often use high-power transmission to link headquarters with transmission sites. While this ensures robust terrestrial signal delivery, it also increases the potential for harmful interference with GEO satellites. Conversely, reducing MVDS transmission power can help limit interference but may compromise terrestrial service quality. Therefore, balancing performance and interference mitigation is a key concern in shared Ku-band environments [1; 4]. A thorough understanding and characterization of this interference is paramount for developing effective strategies to ensure the harmonious coexistence and reliable operation of both terrestrial MVDS and GEO satellite communications [5]. The use of the radio frequency spectrum, particularly in congested bands like Ku-band, is a significant area of research [6; 7]. Frameworks have been developed to analyze the complex interactions and potential interference between different communication systems sharing the spectrum, such as terrestrial systems and satellite systems [8]. Understanding the characteristics of MVDS is essential; these systems use microwave point-to-point links for content distribution and have specific deployment considerations [5; 6; 8]. Studies have highlighted factors such as the positioning and orientation of MVDS transmitting antennas, which, within urban environments like Beirut, for example, can significantly influence the level of interference experienced by satellites [8]. Some analyses have presented results quantifying this interference under specific conditions or antenna alignments [7; 9]. Research related to spectrum sharing often involves evaluating the impact of terrestrial transmissions on satellite services. Methods have been explored for calculating necessary protection zones for GEO systems, considering different terrestrial antenna configurations, such as omnidirectional versus more directional beamforming antennas [10; 11]. Results from such studies might indicate the effectiveness of certain antenna techniques in limiting unwanted emissions towards satellites [10; 11]. Furthermore, establishing clear guidelines and management approaches is considered vital for mitigating interference and ensuring the long-term viability of spectrum sharing between different services [5].