# Immersive Digital Twin under ISO 23247 Applied to Flexible Manufacturing Processes
## 6 Conclusions  
ISO 23247 provides an architectural framework for DTs that does not prescribe specific formats, technologies, and protocols, thus allowing for the use of various types of immersive technologies and embedded systems; open communication protocols such as MQTT; and the inclusion of ISO 16792 in conjunction with ISO 23247 for the design of the DT, which allowed for improving the 3D model in greater detail. This union of resources and platforms allowed for a successful implementation, and its validation was performed in a modular lab with industrial components.  
The results show that the combination of a DT with immersive technologies allows for greater operator interaction with the process and provides new alternatives for setup, monitoring, and decision-making on the production line. This allows for the remote monitoring of industrial processes through a digital interface with AR, providing greater detail with which to visualize supervision states at different product lifecycle stages. This integration expands the visualization and real-time data access capabilities, reducing production times and efforts in training and maintenance and decreasing decision-making errors. Among the advantages presented by the proposed system is a reduction in the time solving errors that may be caused by internal or external disturbances of the process, thereby avoiding production delays.  
Using AR and Senso Gloves to achieve greater immersion and interactivity simplifies the interaction between humans and machines and enhances the development of DTs, expanding their benefits in industries. This is due to the constant data transfer, replication of digital processes, reliability, diagnosis, and analysis they offer. Moreover, using these technologies provides a more immersive collaborative experience for the user, improving interaction with digital environments. Regarding the analysis of transmission times, it depends on several factors such as the bandwidth of the network being worked on, latency and network load, and the amount of data that is sent, because MQTT is efficient for small messages. Furthermore, it is observed in the results that the time increases depending on the number of sensors used; this is because when performing the immersive DT, it has a greater consumption of resources. However, this high resource consumption does not affect power consumption or cause problems in the power grid. Therefore, devices with high performance must be available to prevent time from affecting the operator's decision-making.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.C. and R.S.; methodology, G.C.; software, G.C. and R.S.; validation, G.C.; investigation, G.C. and R.S.; writing-original draft preparation, G.C. and R.S.; writing-review and editing, G.C.; visualization, G.C.; supervision, R.S.; funding acquisition, G.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM) and Universidad Politecnica Salesiana (UPS).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.