## 2 Description of Specimens and Test
### Description of Heat Release Rate Test  
Construction finishing materials must go through a performance certification procedure for the heat emission rate to ensure safety in case of fire. The cone calorimeter test is often used in small-scale experiments to test the fire behavior of building materials, and the International Organization for Standardization has adopted a cone calorimeter tester as a standard for measuring the heat release rate (HRR) of a test material [30]. In this study, the heat emission rate of the specimen was measured by applying the ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter test method. This test involves the continuous application of radiant heat to the specimen, positioned at a distance of 22.5 mm from the heater, with a heat flux of 50 kW/m\({}^{2}\). The calculation of the heat release rate emitted by the test specimen is based on the principle that approximately 13.1 MJ of heat is generated when 1 kg of oxygen is consumed during combustion. The theoretical equation is represented by Equation (2)  
\[\dot{q}(t)=\bigg{(}\frac{\Delta l_{c}}{r_{0}}\bigg{)}(1.10)C\sqrt{\frac{\Delta P }{T_{c}}}\frac{X_{O_{2}}^{0}-X_{O_{2}}}{1.105-1.5X_{O_{2}}} \tag{2}\]  
where  
\(\Delta l_{c}/r_{0}\) represents the heat released when 1 kg of oxygen is consumed, which is 13.1 MJ. \(C\) represents the orifice constant of the cone calorimeter. \(\Delta P\) denotes the pressure difference measured at the orifice. \(T_{e}\) denotes the absolute temperature measured at the orifice. \(X_{O_{2}}^{0}\) denotes the molar fraction of oxygen measured by the oxygen analyzer during the initial 60 s before the experiment. \(X_{O_{2}}\) denotes the molar fraction of oxygen measured by the oxygen analyzer during the experiment. The consumed oxygen quantity was measured using the oxygen analyzer of the cone calorimeter [30; 31; 32; 33]. Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of the ISO 5660-1 test equipment. Table 2 presents the detailed conditions of the ISO 5660-1 test. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Specimens**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Basic Material**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Flame Retardant**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**After Drying**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-5}  & & & **Expandable** & & **Magnesium** \\ \multirow{2}{*}{**Name**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Waste Paper**} & **Graphite** & **Hydrooxide** & **Hydrooxide** \\  & & & **(EG)** & **(Mg(OH)\({}_{2}\))** & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{A} & \multirow{2}{*}{100} & & & & 56 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & 55.9 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & 56.6 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{B} & \multirow{4}{*}{100} & & & & 69 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & 69.8 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & 69.4 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{C} & \multirow{4}{*}{100} & & & & 79.7 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & 79.3 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & 79.5 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{D} & \multirow{4}{*}{100} & & & & 85.1 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & 86.2 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & 87.5 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Composition of specimens (g). Table 3 lists the fire and intermediate fire performance criteria for the ISO 5660-1 test, as specified by the International Organization for Standardization. The criteria were applied here to evaluate the fire and intermediate fire test performances of the specimens of interest [30]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Case** & **Details** \\ \hline Heat flux of cone heater & 50 kW \\ \hline Specim distance of cone heater & 22.5 mm \\ \hline C-factor & 0.0411 \\ \hline Duct flow rate & 24 \(\pm\) 0.1 L/s \\ \hline Specimens size & 100 mm \(\times\) 100 mm \(\times\) 20 mm \\ \hline Number of tests per specimen type & 3 \\ \hline Test time & 600 s \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The detailed conditions of the ISO 5660-1 test. Figure 3: Schematic of International Organization for Standardization 5660-1 (cone calorimeter). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Standard** & **Class** & & **Evaluation Criteria** \\ \hline ISO 5660-1 & Semi- & - & Total radiant heat 10 min after heating is 8 MJ/m\({}^{2}\). Within 10 min, max.