## 1 Introduction
The circuit considers different parameters such as ease of control, high power output, and variable frequency (so that different types of transducers can be actuated using a single circuit). To test and tune the driving circuit, piezoelectric disc sensors (similar to hydrophones) were used to acquire ultrasonic wave data inside the liquid tank [16]. These hydrophones are used here to acquire the frequency response inside the liquid medium. An FFT was performed on the time domain sensor voltage output to analyze the ultrasonic waves generated between anti-resonance and resonance peaks. Ultrasonic cleaners are widely used, but challenges remain in the determination of their optimum working frequency and cleaning efficiency. To efficiently operate the ultrasonic cleaner and its operating frequency, the voltage should be optimally selected. In [16], researchers used a coated quartz crystal sensor to detect the movement of ultrasonic waves inside the ultrasonic cleaning tank. This frequency output can be used as feedback to optimally drive or tune the ultrasonic transducer. Cavitation is responsible for cleaning in ultrasonic cleaners [17]. There are several methods to measure and detect cavitation. These methods include the foil corrosion test [18; 19], detecting cavitation with the help of hydrophone [20], portable cavitation meter [21; 22], optical methods [23], and particle counters [23]. Cavitation causes the pitting of metal surfaces; therefore, ordinary aluminuim kitchen foil is commonly used to test the working efficiency of ultrasonic cleaners. In ordinary kitchen foil, this pitting becomes perforations [24]. The efficiency of ultrasonic cleaners depends on the size and number of cavitation bubbles, temperature, viscosity, surface tension, and diffusion rate of the liquid [1]. For this research, an aluminuim foil corrosion test was performed in room conditions. After placing the foils in powered ultrasonic cleaner tanks, the corrosion area of the foil due to perforation was then measured using image processing and converted into quantifiable results. The main objectives of this paper are to combine the design, tuning and validation of ultrasonic cleaners as follows: (1) to design (placement and the number of ultrasonic transducers) an ultrasonic cleaner based on the acoustic pressure distribution of the system in a simulation environment, (2) to provide a gateway for how to design a driving circuit for ultrasonic transducers based on the results of the impedance analysis of the transducer, (3) to tune the system using replicated hydrophone technique so that we can have quantifiable results whether the ultrasonic cleaner is working in the resonance region or not, (4) to provide a generic validation method for finding the efficiency of ultrasonic cleaners easily, effectively, and cheaply. This paper is organized as follows; in Section 2, a detailed methodology is discussed. Section 3 includes a discussion on design parameters, boundary conditions, and acoustic simulation, which are pre-requisite for the mechanical design of an ultrasonic cleaner. Finally, experimental setup, testing, and results are shown in Section 4 of this paper followed by the discussion in Section 5 and the conclusion in Section 6.