# Gazing Characteristics of a Driver during Vehicle Backing
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Start Phase**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Stop Phase**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**AOI** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of Volunteers Who**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AOI Usage Rate (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of Volunteers Who**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AOI Usage Rate (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_p-Value_**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Used the AOI**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Used the AOI**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Used the AOI**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Used the AOI**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_p-Value_**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{1. No-tech vehicle (NT-V)} \\ \hline Rearview mirror & 7 & 50 & 4 & 29 & 0.246 \\ \hline Left-side mirror & 14 & 100 & 14 & 100 & - \\ \hline Right-side mirror & 9 & 64 & 13 & 93 & 0.065 \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{2. Sonar vehicle (S-V)} \\ \hline Rearview mirror & 6 & 43 & 2 & 14 & 0.094 \\ \hline Left-side mirror & 14 & 100 & 13 & 93 & 0.309 \\ \hline Right-side mirror & 8 & 57 & 14 & 100 & 0.006 ** \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{3. Backup-camera vehicle (BC-V)} \\ \hline Monitor & 10 & 71 & 14 & 100 & 0.031 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline Rearview mirror & 2 & 14 & 0 & 0 & 0.142 \\ \hline Left-side mirror & 13 & 93 & 10 & 71 & 0.139 \\ \hline Right-side mirror & 9 & 64 & 11 & 79 & 0.403 \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{4. Backup-camera with sonar vehicle (BCS-V)} \\ \hline Monitor & 11 & 79 & 14 & 100 & 0.067 \\ \hline Rearview mirror & 2 & 14 & 1 & 7 & 0.541 \\ \hline Left-side mirror & 13 & 93 & 11 & 79 & 0.280 \\ \hline Right-side mirror & 8 & 57 & 13 & 93 & 0.029 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{Note: * \(p\)-Value \(<\) 0.05, ** \(p\)-Value \(<\) 0.01. Number of all volunteers: 14. A significant difference was determined using a statistical two-tailed test of the sample rates.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Significant difference in the AOI usage rate in the given technology between the start phase and stop phase (\(n=14\)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Com-** \\ **Parison** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**AOI**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Vehicle**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Gaze Time (s)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Vehicle**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Gaze Time (s)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p-Value_**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-8}  & & **Average** & & **SD** & & **Average** & **SD** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{No. 1} & Rearview mirror & & 0.33 & 0.50 & & 0.21 & 0.31 & 0.459 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Left-side mirror & 1. No-tech & 5.57 & 2.80 & 2. Sonar vehicle & 5.49 & 2.39 & 0.937 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Right-side mirror & vehicle (NT-V) & 0.78 & 0.86 & (S-V) & 0.54 & 0.67 & 0.421 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Total of all AOIs & & 6.67 & 2.99 & & 6.24 & 2.66 & 0.689 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{No. 2} & Monitor & - & - & & 2.89 & 3.08 & - \\ \cline{2-7}  & Rearview mirror & & 0.33 & 0.50 & & 0.03 & 0.08 & 0.047 \({}^{*}\) \\ \cline{2-7}  & Left-side mirror & 1. No-tech & 5.57 & 2.80 & 3. Backup-camera vehicle (BC-V) & 3.37 & 2.74 & 0.046 \({}^{*}\) \\ \cline{2-7}  & Right-side mirror & & 0.78 & 0.86 & & 0.49 & 0.57 & 0.304 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Total of all AOIs & & 6.67 & 2.99 & & 6.79 & 3.03 & 0.921 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Significant difference in the average gazing time of all the subjects between the two given technologies for the start phase.