esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Research Trends in Ge Photodetectors
### Remaining Technical Issues and Future Research Trends
#### 5.5.3 Plasmonics for Extreme Light Concentration  
For higher speed, lower noise and suppressed power consumption, photodetectors are being fabricated in smaller dimensions [76]. However, previously the physical dimensions of the photodetectors were limited in the micrometer range by classical diffraction theory.  
Recently, the amazing ability of plasmonic structures to concentrate light both laterally and in the depth of a semiconductor material beyond the diffraction limit into the deep-subwavelength-dimension was reported by [PERSON] _et al_. [77] A concentric grating surface plasmon antenna of 10 \(\upmu\)m diameter was demonstrated to concentrate light into the center Si mesa Schottky diode of an active area of 300 nm in diameter (Figure 13). The observed more than 20-fold enhancement in photocurrent confirms the plasmonic effect. The estimated bandwidth of such small detector exceeds 100 GHz.  
Because of its promise in Ge photodetector's drastic miniaturization into the nano-scale domain and expected high speed, plasmonics technology's application in Ge-based detectors are being actively pursued both theoretically [78] and experimentally [79] making it one of the major research directions in the future.  
Figure 13: Concentric grating coupler used in the nano-photodiode. From [77].
## 3 MTR Algorithm Based on Multi-Layer Sparse Structure
### Convergence and Complexity Analysis  
Since the objective function \(J(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{S},\mathbf{F})\) is the summation of norms, we have \(J(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{S},\mathbf{F})\geq 0\) for any \(\mathbf{A}\), \(\mathbf{S}\) and \(\mathbf{F}\). Then, \(J(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{S},\mathbf{F})\) is bounded from below. Denote \(\mathbf{A}^{(i)}\), \(\mathbf{S}^{(i)}\) and \(\mathbf{F}^{(i)}\) as the \(\mathbf{A}\), \(\mathbf{S}\) and \(\mathbf{F}\) in the \(i\)-th iteration, respectively. For the \(i\)-th step, we have  
\[\begin{split}\mathbf{F}^{(i)}&\leftarrow\text{ argmin}_{\mathbf{F}}\Big{(}\mathbf{A}^{(i-1)},\mathbf{S}^{(i-1)},\mathbf{F}\Big{)}, \\ \mathbf{A}^{(i)}&\leftarrow\text{argmin}_{\mathbf{A}} \Big{(}\mathbf{A},\mathbf{S}^{(i-1)},\mathbf{F}^{(i)}\Big{)},\\ \mathbf{S}^{(i)}&\leftarrow\text{argmin}_{\mathbf{S}} \Big{(}\mathbf{A}^{(i)},\mathbf{S},\mathbf{F}^{(i)}\Big{)}.\end{split} \tag{20}\]  
In this way, we obtain the following inequality:  
\[\begin{split}\cdots&\geq J\Big{(}\mathbf{A}^{(i-1)}, \mathbf{S}^{(i-1)},\mathbf{F}^{(i-1)}\Big{)}\geq J\Big{(}\mathbf{A}^{(i-1)}, \mathbf{S}^{(i-1)},\mathbf{F}^{(i)}\Big{)}\\ &\geq J\Big{(}\mathbf{A}^{(i)},\mathbf{S}^{(i-1)},\mathbf{F}^{( i)}\Big{)}\geq J\Big{(}\mathbf{A}^{(i)},\mathbf{S}^{(i)},\mathbf{F}^{(i)} \Big{)}\geq\cdots\end{split} \tag{21}\]  
Therefore, \(J(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{S},\mathbf{F})\) is monotonically decreasing as \(i\to+\infty\), which indicates that the objection function \(J(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{S},\mathbf{F})\) converges according to Algorithm 1. In Algorithm 1, its main computational complexity arises from solving the matrix \(\mathbf{A}\), which corresponds to a computational complexity of \(O(N^{3})\), and \(N\) is the number of samples involved in training. Since \(Q\ll N\), \(t\ll N\), the computational complexity of the whole algorithm is approximated as \(O(N^{3})\), which is approximately equal to the computational complexity of the traditional kernel regression method, MMR and MSLR.
## 2 Motivation and Background Analysis
### Reason for Coexistence of ICN and Edge Computing
#### 2.3.4 Packet Level Security  
Security is a very important aspect for the IoT, V2X, autonomous driving, and other important real-time applications and data sets. ICN provides the packet-level security, whereas EC needs extra  
Figure 2: CCN communication mechanism.  
security mechanism to secure the communication between the devices and end-users. Therefore, the coexistence of ICN and EC do not need any extra security mechanism except for the very high-level security requirements.
# Nondestructive Monitoring Techniques for Crack Detection and Localization in RC Elements
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the structural and damage assessment of a reinforced concrete (RC) beam subjected to a four-point bending test until yielding of reinforcing steel. The deterioration progress was monitored using different nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques. The strain was measured by distributed fiber optic sensors (FOSs), embedded prior to concrete pouring. The initiation and propagation of cracks were monitored by acoustic emission (AE) sensors attached to the surface of the material. The recorded AE activity results in good agreement with FOS strain measurements. The results of the integrated monitoring system are confirmed by visual observation of the actual crack pattern. At different loading steps, digital image correlation (DIC) analysis was also conducted.  
reinforced concrete; four-point bending test; structural health monitoring; nondestructive testing techniques; fiber optic sensors; acoustic emission monitoring; digital image correlation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Selected Machines  
With the aim of providing insight into the procedures required to use the proposed N-step skewing analytical expressions, two SynRM machines are considered as a case study and assessed in this work, as presented in Figure 3a,b, respectively. Single-layer distributed windings are considered for both machines.  
Several geometrical parameters of the rotor structure of SynRM can affect the different levels of a SynRM's performance. There are several design guidelines established in the literature to choose the number of flux barriers and poles. The number of parameters increases exponentially as the number of flux barriers per pole and pole pairs increase. SynRM is designed to maximize d-axis inductance and minimize q-axis inductance, as this ensures that the machine's saliency ratio is large enough for the machines to achieve the required torque performance. On the one hand, to obtain a good saliency ratio, a small number of pole pairs is preferred, and the literature recommends adopting two or three-pole pairs [37]. On the other hand, the optimum number of flux barriers is defined according to the number of stator slots. In the case of a 36-slot machine, some authors do not encourage to adopt more than three flux barriers. A greater number of barriers could jeopardize the mechanical integrity of the rotor or make the design process more complex [3; 38].  
Therefore, in this paper, two machines with two- and three-pole pairs are considered, and each pole features two barriers. The common data for all machines are presented in Table 1.
# An Evaluation Survey of Knowledge-Based Approaches in Telecommunication Applications
## 4 Knowledge-Driven Applications in Telecommunications
### Network Operations
Some trouble reports might be written differently, but in essence, they may refer to the same problem; therefore, the same response would apply. Duplicate trouble tickets lead to extra effort and cost. Domain-adapted LLM can be applied to identify duplicates. In [29], a BERT-based retrieval system is introduced for trouble reports (TRs) in large software-intensive organizations. The work aimed to identify duplicate TRs efficiently by leveraging domain-specific knowledge, specifically in telecommunications. It addressed the challenge of generalization to out-of-domain TRs and demonstrated that incorporating domain-specific data into fine-tuning improved overall model performance and generalizability. Furthermore, in [30], an end-to-end recommendation system is proposed for troubleshooting failed test cases using NLP techniques. The study explores various models, including language models, for information retrieval and re-ranking to address the challenges posed by massive data in the troubleshooting process. This work demonstrated the effectiveness of a two-stage BERT model fine-tuned on domain-specific data in generating recommendations. In network-assisted use cases, generating synthetic data is a very important usage. Rare events that are difficult to capture in the field can be generated with this data collection process technology, which impacts the model training phase or safe online exploration. For example, the work in [31] focuses on synthetic data generation in the telecom domain for extractive question answering (QA). It develops a pipeline using BERT-like and T5 models to generate synthetic data and achieves state-of-the-art results in telecom QA. The findings suggest that synthetic data, in addition to human-annotated data, can improve model performance. In the case of customer-assisted use cases, two use cases stand out. The first use case is the question and answering within the domain, and the second use case is the  
Figure 3: Pre-Training Telecom Language Models (LMs)—Incorporating telecom-domain knowledge into the models in the pre-training phase. telecom virtual assistance designed to support field technicians in their daily work. For such purposes, the knowledge source can be text descriptions from any telecom-related document, such as product manuals describing a system's operation. The authors in [32] conducted research on adapting question-answering models to the telecommunication domain. By fine-tuning the pre-trained LLMs with a relatively small dataset, a significant domain adaptation is achieved, as a result reducing the need for extensive annotation efforts. This work emphasized the potential for constructing domain-specialized question-answering systems using LLMs.
## 4 4-Chain Based Routing
### Protocol Operations  
For the sake of simplicity, we divide the protocol operation into four phases. Since the newly deployed nodes do not have a reliable communication infrastructure, the information sharing needs to be initiated as soon as the nodes are deployed. In this regard, we introduce the initialization phase prior to the protocol operation. In this phase, nodes (with the basic aim to update all the network configuration) broadcast their location information towards the sink. Thus, the chances of conducting successful communications increase. In the second phase, sensor nodes identify their regions on the basis of \(\theta\) to form chains. Then the nodes interconnect with the chains by finding their nearest neighbors in the other chains. Finally, the data is transferred towards the sink through global optimum paths, which definitely increases the throughput of overall network, reduces the end-to-end delay, and saves the energy consumption prolonging the network life time.
## 4 Numerical Implementation Procedure
### Numerical Procedures for Three States
#### 4.2.2 Numerical Procedure for Softening-Elastic State  
There are the softening region and the elastic region in the rock masses when the support pressure \(p\) is between \(p_{\rm rp}^{*}\) and \(p_{\rm pe}^{*}\). The calculation for stress and displacement is implemented as the flowchart in Figure 5.  
In Figure 5, the selecting method of the first values of \(R_{\rm p1}\) and \(R_{\rm p2}\) is the same as that in Figure 3. In order to get the first values of \(\gamma_{\rm p1}^{R_{0}}\) and \(\gamma_{\rm p2}^{R_{0}}\), calculate \(\alpha(k)\) when \(\gamma_{\rm p}^{R_{0}}(k)=\delta_{3}+(k-1)\delta_{4}\) and repeat this calculation from \(k=1\) until the signs of \(\alpha(k)\) and \(\alpha(k+1)\) are contrary. Then take \(\gamma_{\rm p}^{R_{0}}(k)\) and \(\gamma_{\rm p}^{R_{0}}(k+1)\) as the initial values of \(\gamma_{\rm p1}^{R_{0}}\) and \(\gamma_{\rm p2}^{R_{0}}\) in the cycle computation. The value of \(\delta_{3}\) and \(\delta_{4}\) can be taken as \(10^{-6}\gamma^{p*}\) and \(10^{-2}\gamma^{p*}\) respectively, or smaller.
# Carbon Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
## 7 Photothermal Therapy  
Photothermal therapy is based on the photothermal capacity of CPNs (especially nanotubes and nanohorns) to convert light energy into heat under near-infrared light irradiation and kill targeted tumor cells (Figure 3) [61, 62]. The therapy is minimally invasive, spatiotemporally-controlled, selective, and combinable with other types of anticancer therapy, especially systemic and local chemotherapy. The anticancer drug is loaded on the particle and NIR irradiation accelerates the release of the drug, which significantly increases the effectiveness of the therapy (systemic chemotherapy or loaded on nanoparticles). In vitro and in vivo studies have proven the effectiveness of photothermal therapy in breast, lung, and bladder cancer and melanoma [63, 64]. This therapy not only kills cancer cells but also induces an anticancer immune response. Apoptotic and necrotic cells increased the release of tumor-associated antigens, alarmins, and other damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) stimulating both innate and specific immunity [65].  
[PERSON] et al. used multifunctional CNPs as lymph node tracers for the treatment of lymph node metastases in mice. The CNPs they used were loaded with docetaxel. The laser irradiation potentiated the release of the drug and the photothermal effect was achieved, which destroyed the cancer cells [66].  
[PERSON] et al. described the effectivity of the nanodiamond-based multifunctional platform in the treatment of colon cancer. Orally delivered CNPs showed long intestinal retention times and were localized mainly in the colon and tumor, which led to tumor growth inhibition in vivo [67]. We cannot omit mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNs). [PERSON] et al. confirmed that MCNs have a higher absorption coefficient than graphene and SWCNTs in the near-infrared region of NIR-I and NIR-II and, therefore, generate stronger photothermal and photoacoustic signals, which can enhance the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment [68].
# A Novel RFID Authentication Protocol Based on Reconfigurable RRAM PUF
## 6 Conclusions  
In response to the existing problems in some current RFID authentication protocols and PUF application fields, we design a new type of PUF circuit structure based on the storage mechanism of RRAM. Compared with the known structure, this structure greatly expands the challenge response space and improves the computational efficiency. Based on the RRAM PUF, we propose an RFID authentication protocol, which uses multi-level PUF calculations and Hamming distance verification methods to achieve the encrypted transmission of data and reduce the amount of label calculations. Meanwhile, combined with RRAM PUF modeling and special error correction algorithms, the authentication reliability of the protocol is improved. The experimental results show that the protocol proposed in this paper can resist various known attacks and has good uniqueness and high reliability. At the same time, the reconfigurable feature of RRAM PUF will also greatly improve security.  
Conceptualization, F.Z. and Q.R.; methodology, Q.R.; software, X.F., H.W. and Q.R.; validation, X.F., K.Y. and Q.R.; formal analysis, H.W. and Q.R.; investigation, Q.R.; resources, F.Z. and D.L.; data curation, Q.R.; writing--original draft preparation, Q.R. and X.F.; writing--review and editing, Q.R.; visualization, Q.R.; supervision, F.Z., G.X. and D.L.; project administration, F.Z.; funding acquisition, G.X. and F.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Key Research Plan of China under Grant 2018 YFB0407500, in part by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences China XDB44000000, in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61720106013, in part by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences China XDB44010100, in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62074164, and in part by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Overseas High-level Talents Program E0 YR063004.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction Using Lagrange-Interpolation-Based Framework
## 3 Methodology  
### Method Framework for Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction  
The Lagrange-interpolation-based framework for vehicle trajectory reconstruction integrates the discrete continuous wavelet transform, Lagrange interpolation and the Kalman filter (Figure 2). The discrete continuous wavelet (DWT) is a domain analysis method to detect outliers between speed and acceleration in time series. Fifth-degree and cubic Lagrange interpolation polynomials are developed for reconstructing the outlier between speed and acceleration after the outlier identification. It is noted that the red circle in the chain represents the location of the outlier before and after repaired, blue circles represent normal values in the chain, and white circles represent normal values outside the data chain. Finally, the Kalman filter is used to reduce observation noise and obtain smooth vehicle trajectories.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sequence Number** & **518** & **519** & **520** & **521** & **522** \\ \hline Speed (m/s) & 0 & 0 & 22.68 & 18.62 & 10.63 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Outliers between frames 518 to 522.  
Figure 1: Longitudinal speed of vehicle 1882 in NGSIM dataset.
## 4 Parametric Analysis  
### Critical Opening of Circumferential joints  
In practical engineering, the addition of a steel channel is performed to solve the problem of the longitudinal stress relaxation of the segment lining. Therefore, when studying the influence of key parameters on the reinforcement effect, the opening of circumferential joints should be taken as the judgment standard. There are three main methods used to determine the critical opening of circumferential joints, and the minimum of the three methods is calculated and selected as the critical value.  
1. According to the \"Code for Shield Tunnel Construction and Acceptance (GB50446-2008)\", the critical opening of circumferential joints should not exceed 6 mm.
2. According to the actual project, the theoretical calculation is carried out as follows: \[\delta\geq\text{B-D}/(\rho_{\text{min}}-\text{D}/2)+\delta_{0}+\delta_{1}\geq 0.008\] (24) where: \(\delta\) is the critical opening of the circumferential joints; B is the segment width; D is the tunnel diameter; \(\rho_{\text{min}}\) is the minimum curve radius of the tunnel longitudinal deformation curve; \(\delta_{0}\) is the circumferential clearance caused by production and construction errors, generally taken as 0.002 m; \(\delta_{1}\) is the circumferential clearance caused by mechanical assembly, generally taken as 0.002 m.
3. Under the condition of high water pressure in cross-sea tunnels, the leakage water of shield tunnels is closely related to the opening of circumferential joints, which can be determined according to the waterproof mechanism of sealing gaskets. The critical opening of this method is: \[\delta\geq\frac{\sigma_{\text{w}}\text{l}}{\text{E}}\geq 0.0084\] (25) where \(\sigma_{\text{w}}\) is the water pressure.  
Given the results of the above three methods, the minimum value of 6 mm is selected as the critical opening of circumferential joints.
# Edge and Cloud Computing in Smart Cities
## 3 Enabling Technologies
### Blockchain and Secure Data Transmission  
Security is a critical concern in edge-cloud computing, where large-scale data transmission and processing occur across multiple distributed nodes. Blockchain technology enhances security by providing a decentralized framework that ensures data integrity, transparency, and protection against unauthorized modifications. A key advantage of blockchain is its ability to create tamper-proof transaction records. In edge-cloud environments, blockchain secures communication between edge nodes and the cloud by verifying each transaction through a consensus mechanism. This prevents malicious entities from altering data and strengthens trust among interconnected devices [93; 94].  
Another essential aspect of secure data transmission is end-to-end encryption. Advanced cryptographic techniques, such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and ZeroTrust Security Frameworks, ensure that only authorized entities can access sensitive information. Unlike traditional security models that assume trust within a network, the zero-trust approach continuously verifies identities and access permissions, reducing the risk of cyberthreats [95; 96].  
Furthermore, multi-factor authentication (MFA) and intrusion detection systems (IDS) enhance cybersecurity by preventing unauthorized access and identifying anomalies in network activity. These mechanisms help mitigate threats such as data breaches, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and unauthorized system modifications [97; 98].  
By integrating blockchain with encryption techniques and zero-trust models, edge-cloud computing can achieve enhanced security, data integrity, and resilience against cyberattacks, ensuring the safe deployment of smart-city services.
## 2 ENMs Overview and the Surprising Accuracy of Shape-Encoded Harmonic Motions
Regarding the timescales question, it is clear that NMs cover all the protein motion timescales, from MHz (\(\upmu\)s) large-scale motions to 1-10 THz (ps) backbone/atomic vibrations. However, the actual NM eigenvalues are typically meaningless and need rescaling, with few exceptions like the nearest-neighbors ED-ENM model [54]. Apart from this arbitrary amplitude of single modes, ENM-NMA tends to spread variance at higher frequencies in comparison to MD Essential Dynamics (ED) modes [58; 71], probably as a consequence of the absence of damping. Our ED-ENM model [54], developed from database-wide comparisons with MD force fields, attempted to solve these issues by fitting spring functions not only to predict conformational changes but also to obtain realistic amplitudes for the eigenvalues and their distribution (i.e., the actual time and length scales in solution). This study also revealed that even extremely simple ENMs, just connecting the first three neighbors in the peptide chain, can predict MD and experimental flexibility, which critically depend on peptide backbone topology and local cohesiveness. In brief, despite their many weaknesses--inconsistent parameterization, arbitrary time and length scales, lack of damping--the ability of ENMs to track functional large-scale motions--regardless of CG levels, spring definitions, or any sequence or local details--is stunning. Precisely in this fact lies the greatest physical insight they reveal: that proteins' overall packing, local connectivity, and shape determine intrinsic collective motions that poise them for function. These motions hold far beyond equilibrium and also across extremely long evolutionary scales, as we will discuss now. Figure 1: Shape-encoded ENM Normal Modes (NMs) and protein dynamics evolution examples from recent literature. (**a**) Signature Dynamics (SignDy) allows to build dynamics-based dendrograms comparable to those derived from sequence and structural similarity; see Ref. [72]. (**b**) Perturbative ENM suggests structural divergence relates more to mutational sensitivity (RMSDM) than selection (\(\alpha\)), which only deepens the profiles. See details in Ref. [73]. (**c**) Prokaryotic–eukaryotic conservation of NMs coupled to function and (**d**) Mutational convergence to favor an NM transition towards an oncogenic intermediate characterized by the exposure of a cryptic epitope (purple circle). See also the discussion in Section 4 and further details in Figure 2 and Refs. [74; 75], respectively. Images (**a**,**b**) have a Creative Commons Attribution License and (**c**,**d**) are adapted by the author from her work.