## 1 Introduction  
Climate change is causing severe impacts on hydrology at both global and regional scales, and developing countries often face the most catastrophic impacts [1]. As a result of anthropogenic-induced climate change, the probability of large-scale climate catastrophes increases worldwide, and this causes severe loss of both life and property [2]. Moreover, the increasing urban population has caused the impacts of natural disasters to become more intense [3] and the threat of extreme climate changes to become more apparent [4]. Furthermore, due to climatic changes, even arid and semi-arid regions are exposed to unpredictable rainfall intensities and flash floods [5; 6], the floods occurring because of sudden and heavy rainfall causing severe social, economic, and cultural damages [7; 8; 9; 10]. This natural catastrophe, which causes loss of life and property, as well as disruption of natural ecosystems, also leads to changes in the land cover and landscape structure around the river basin. Landscape structure involves the study of the composition and configuration of ecosystems at the landscape level [11]. While configuration refers to the fragmentation of habitats reflected at the landscape, class, and patch level for certain land use/land cover (LULC) types, composition mostly deals with land cover types that are exhibited at the courser scale, but both are caused by habitat conversion and loss [12]. In landscape ecology, landscape composition describes how many different patch types are present and how abundant they are in relation to one another. Examples of the composition of the landscape are the amount of forest or swamp, the length of the forest edge or the density of highways [13]. The impact of human activity on the Earth has grown significantly in recent decades, changing the topography, land cover, and cause of the composition and configuration changes [14; 15]. Critical ecological effects, including desertification, soil erosion, changes in vegetation and land usage, etc., are linked to the change. Although there is typically a clear human source for the alteration, its shape and extent are also influenced by morphological factors such as elevation, geologic formation, orientation, and slope [16; 17]. Considering these factors, it can be said that floods and overflows also change the landscape structure at the composition and configuration levels [18]. Therefore, floods are natural catastrophes that can change the land cover and landscape composition in the region where they occur in the short, medium, or long term and in this context have a negative impact on hydrological processes and the provision of ecosystem services [19; 20]. Floods are usually caused by rapid runoff of high-intensity rainfall in a short period of time [21; 22]. Floods are difficult to intervene in, since the water level peaks rapidly, and interventions and assessments are often made based on their impacts [23]. Nowadays, it is recognized that flood hazards are among the most frequent disasters due to climate change and environmental factors and that most flood events are recurrent [23]. For this reason, governments and communities are making great efforts to manage this critical challenge. Hydrological models are developed to simulate floods that could occur in the area by considering available recorded data from the past and predicted future climatic conditions to improve planning in flood-prone areas and manage these risks [24]. Hydraulic modeling tools can predict the spatial and temporal evolution of river behavior during a flood and the resulting inundation extent [25; 26; 27]. There are several approaches to model river flooding [28; 29], ranging from simple one-dimensional models that require fewer data [30] to more detailed two- and three-dimensional models [31; 32; 33]. These approaches provide rapid and highly accurate flood forecasts using hydrological models that simulate flow depth and velocity with the use of various mathematical equations [34; 35; 36].