## 3 Results
### Effect of Compactness on Disintegration Characteristics
#### 3.3.4 Lime-Cement-Stabilized Waste Soil  
The disintegration relationships of the silty clay using the stabilizer of lime and cement are shown in Figure 14. The disintegration process of mixed soil combined with lime and cement still presented three phases in accordance with the lime-stabilized soil, and the disintegration time was positively correlated with the total amount of stabilizer added. The specimens with 90% compactness at the additions of 2% lime and 2% cement content had a disintegration time of 270 s, which was the most significant increase of 80% compared to the untreated soil. Higher compactness also had an extension on the disintegration time of the mixed soil, with an average rise of 20% at the combined additions of 4%, while the disintegration time of the soil samples with larger stabilizer content was less affected by the  
Figure 12: Disintegration ratio of silty clay stabilized by lime: (**a**) 90% compactness; (**b**) 100% compactness.  
compactness, which improved the disintegration time by 10% at the combined additions of 8%.  
It could also be noted that the disintegration time of the mixed soil with lime and cement is longer than that of the lime-stabilized soil for the same amount of stabilizer added. An increase of approximately 110% and 115% in the disintegration time was observed when the dry density of the specimens was 90% and 100% relative to the maximum dry density, respectively. The observed increase could be attributed to the dissolution of unreacted lime that remains in the samples, as well as the formation of calcium hydrates resulting from the pozzolanic reaction. These factors contribute to the improved cohesion and resistance of the treated soil [38; 43]. The stability of calcium hydrates formed by lime cannot be ensured since chromatography analysis demonstrated higher concentrations of Ca\({}^{2+}\) in lime-stabilized soil after disintegrating [24]. In contrast, the hydrates formed as a result of cement treatment demonstrate stability within the solid phase of the treated soil, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. This stability significantly enhances the resistance to disintegration, ensuring a satisfactory performance. Therefore, the stabilizer of lime combined with cement for waste soil should be given priority in areas under high groundwater, and the improvement method of cement is usually not recommended due to the fast setting and hardening, which is not suitable for large-scale treatment of waste in factories.  
There is a good fit for the maximum disintegration time of lime or lime- and cement-stabilized soil, as shown in Figure 15. The disintegration resistance of soils stabilized by lime and cement was better than that of lime-stabilized soils at the stabilizer content, with an average increase of 26.4% for each 1% increase in stabilizer content at 90% compactness and 44.2% at 100 compactness. The fitting relationship can be expressed as follows:  
Figure 14: Disintegration ratio of silty clay stabilized by lime and cement: (**a**) 90% compactness; (**b**) 100% compactness.  
Figure 13: Maximum disintegration time of stabilized silty clay using the additions of lime.