## 3 Results  
The analysis included 41 patients in the RAPN (Group A) group and 38 in the LPN (Group B) group. Baseline characteristics, including age, BMI, diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MS), and preoperative eGFR, were comparable between the two groups (\(p\)\(>\) 0.05). RAPN demonstrated a shorter operative time compared to LPN (110.4 \(\pm\) 35.7 vs. 124.8 \(\pm\) 38.1 min, \(p\) = 0.04, 95% CI \(-\)30.71 to 1.91) and lower EBL (199.4 \(\pm\) 68.1 mL vs. 220.8 \(\pm\) 66.6 mL, \(p\) = 0.03, 95% CI \(-\)51.11 to 8.31). Mean hemoglobin drop and postoperative eGFR values at discharge did not differ significantly between the groups. The hospital stay was slightly shorter for RAPN, though the difference was not statistically significant. In the RN cohort, 40 patients underwent RANN (Group C), and 43 underwent LRN (Group D). No significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics, including age, BMI, DM, MS, and preoperative eGFR. Although RANN had a slightly shorter operative time than LRN (121.8 \(\pm\) 41.1 min vs. 132.6 \(\pm\) 49.4 min), this difference was not statistically significant (\(p\) = 0.4, 95% CI \(-\)30.3 to 8.7). EBL and mean hemoglobin drop were comparable between the two groups. Postoperative eGFR and hospital stay were similar, with no statistically significant differences. Table 1 summarizes patients' baseline characteristics and pathological and surgical details. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l} \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Partial Nephrectomy Subgroup**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Radical Nephrectomy Subgroup**} \\  & **Group A** & **Group B** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Difference (95\% CI)** & **Group C** & **Group D** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Difference (95\% CI)** \\ \hline _Number of patients_ & 41 & 38 & **0.63** & **-** & 40 & 43 & **0.56** & **-** \\ _Age, years (SD)_ & 61.2 (11.7) & 62.5 (13.8) & **0.34** & \(-1.3\,(-6.96\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 3 })\) & 62.9 (10.8) & 63.4 (8.6) & **0.38** & \(-0.5\,(-4.27\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 3})\) \\ _Male, \%_ & 63.4 & 68.4 & 0.52 & \(-5.0\,(-25.9\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 15})\) & 62.5 & 69.7 & **0.61** & \(-7.2\,(-27.5\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 13})\) \\ _Procedure Hb, g/dL_ & 14.7 (1.4) & 14.2 (1.1) & **0.19** & 0.5 (\(-0.05\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 15})\) & 13.9 (0.9) & 14.3 (1.5) & **0.22** & \(-0.4\,(-0.93\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 0.13})\) \\ _BMI, log/ml\({}^{2}\) (SD)_ & 25.52 (2.4) & 25.19 (2.74) & **0.71** & 0.33 (\(-0.82\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 14.48})\) & 25.8 (2.6) & 25.32 (1.98) & **0.41** & \(0.48\,(-0.52\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 14.48})\) \\ _DM, \%_ & 36.6 & 36.8 & **0.44** & 0.2 (\(-21.5\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 21.1}\)) & 35 & 37.2 & **0.38** & \(-22.2\,(-2.9\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 18.5})\) \\ _MS, \%_ & 41.4 & 44.7 & **0.21** & \(-3.3\,(-25.1\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 18.5})\) & 40 & 44.2 & **0.13** & \(-42.4\,(-25.4\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 17.0})\) \\ _Procedure cGFR_ & 41.0 & 42.0 (\(-21.5\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 11.4})\) & 81.2 (20.0) & 83.7 (16.3) & **0.31** & \(-25.5\,(-10.38\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 5.38})\) \\ _I-mini/13/2 (SD)_ & 82.5 (20.3) & 79.7 (18.7) & **0.42** & 2.8 (\(-5.8\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 11.4})\) & 81.2 (20.0) & 83.7 (16.3) & **0.31** & \(-25.5\,(-10.38\,{\rm to}\,{\rm 5.38})\) \\ _REAL.