## 4 Results and Discussion
### Transformer Condition Monitoring
#### 4.8.4 Partial Discharges
Instrument transformers are then used to reduce high voltages and currents to safe levels in order for these devices to carry out their functions. RQ 8: What are the common challenges and limitations documented in the collected literature regarding the implementation of Internet of Things technology in transformer condition assessment? The most economical way to put timely condition monitoring into practice is to use open technologies, such as the Internet of Things, for power transformer real-time monitoring. With a sleep mode on the microcontroller, Internet of Things devices consume less power. This literature review discovered that transformer parameters may be monitored using Internet of Things sensors. While this literature review found that Internet of Things-based transformer status monitoring systems have shown encouraging results, there are still a number of areas that could use improvement. The concentration should be on enhancing sensor accuracy and the calibration procedure to further minimize measurement errors, especially for voltage and current measurements. It was discovered that the publications conducted research on IoT systems rated at 230 VAC. This is a constraint, as this type of IoT system cannot be implemented for large transformers. The reviewed IoT monitoring system for transformers should utilize instrument transformers (i.e., current and potential transformers) for transformers rated above 230 VAC on the secondary side. This intervention will minimize voltage and current variations sensed by the respective sensors and prevent damage to the components used. These instrument transformers will be connected to the monitored transformer. The IoT sensors can then be connected to the instrument transformers' secondary side, which will reduce the variation in voltage and current that each sensor detects. As discussed above, Wi-Fi communication protocol was the most preferred protocol. However, Wi-Fi communication protocol is more suitable for Local Area Networks (LANs), which cover short distance ranges. Connection stability also becomes a challenge if there is a lack of proper infrastructure, which hinders seamless data transmission. Most of the publications focused on the monitoring of a single transformer using IoT. The scalability of the system to monitor several transformers in a substation, guaranteeing dependable communication and data aggregation from numerous transformers, should be investigated and studied further. The use of more advanced communication protocols, like GSM, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, etc., should be considered for seamless and long-range data exchange between physical transformers and IoT-based transformer condition monitoring in order to achieve optimal performance. These protocols improve the security, dependability, and long-distance transfer of data. Extended testing and validation carried out in various operational scenarios will yield more thorough insights into the functionality and areas that require the development of the system. Innovative IoT gadgets have become vital in the modern digital world. Security and data privacy precautions need to be effective and reliable in order to prevent significant breaches. Storage gaps and security fractures leave the vast amount of data being transferred through the IoT vulnerable to unauthorized access. Therefore, it is critical to ensure that standards exist to safeguard and handle them. If a manufacturer chooses an incorrect IoT platform and fails to comprehend their data obligations, data may be shared, traded in, or dispersed without authorization. IoT standardization would enable established means of data transmission, preventing critical data from falling into unauthorized people's hands. IoT standardization can promote a smooth integration process by providing norms for communication and data sharing across IoT-connected devices [80].