## 1 Introduction  
The oral cavity and its tissues form a complicated structure which consists of various anatomical elements of different fine structure and physiology. The main function of the oral cavity--apart from speech--is mastication of the food. It is the entrance of the digestive tract and the interaction of its anatomical elements with food may cause imbalance to the populations of 500 to 700 species of microorganisms which are estimated to inhabit the ecosystem of the oral cavity [1, 2, 3]. The ultimate result of this imbalance is the development of various lesions to the mucosal surfaces or to the teeth. Furthermore, at least 100 systemic diseases may induce lesions in the oral cavity, more than 500 medicines have oral manifestations, while 145 commonly prescribed drugs cause dry mouth [4, 5, 6]. Various pathogens, such as _Streptococcus mutans_ exhibit their action causing serious health and oral health problems such as dental caries, while _Staphylococcus aureus_ is found in periodontal pockets and other inflammations of the oral mucosa finally resulting in loss of teeth [7; 8]. In addition, it has been clinically demonstrated that bacteria from oral cavity are transported to other locations in the body causing infections such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) or participating in the pathogenesis of diseases such as the cirrhotic liver or Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, adverse pregnancy outcomes, obesity, and polycystic ovary syndrome [1]. For all these reasons, the oral microbiome is of tremendous importance not only to oral health but also to the health of the whole organism. Antibiotics were and still are in the frontline of defense against infections, but their major disadvantage is that more and more resistant bacteria emerge. This resistance is not limited to commonly prescribed antibiotics but concerns even the so-called last resort antibiotics [9; 10]. It is obvious that a new alternative strategy is needed and for that reason many researchers have focused their efforts on natural products of the pre-antibiotic era, to discover their salient or hidden antibiotic properties [11].  
Honey is such a product with a very long history in human medicine. Since the dawn of humanity, honey has been used for its wound healing properties [12]. The fathers of medicine in classical antiquity mention honey as an excellent medicine for burns and trauma management [13; 14]. Being a popular therapeutic in many cultures, honey is considered ideal for gastric and other ailments [15; 16]. Chemically, honey is a supersaturated solution of carbohydrates (90-95% of its dry matter) containing no more than 20% of water (usually 17%) [17]. The remaining small portion consists of more than 180 other compounds which include proteins, vitamins, minerals, phenols, and flavonoids. Most researchers agree that the exact composition of the different types of honey depends on their botanical, seasonal, and geographical sources [7; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22].  
The aim of this study is to test the antibacterial activity of different types of honey (from different botanical sources but gathered at the same period and from the same area) against some pathogenic bacteria isolated from dental caries lesions. Furthermore, to determine their efficacy as well as their differences depending on their floral origins and hence stress their possible role for the prevention or the treatment of such lesions.