## 9 Lesson Learned and Discussion
Although both the MPC and PID approaches have shown promising results, confirming their validity with real experiments and clinical trials is required. In addition, the very high complexity of the glucose dynamics and limitations in the technology the viable approaches for closed-loop glucose control in T1 DM has become imperative [197]. Improved and modern technologies for the treatment of diabetes continue to emerge at an impressive rate. The latest devices such as Medtronic MiniMed 670G hybrid closed-loop (670G HCL) system has demonstrated its effectiveness in terms of the user requirements treatment outcomes [198]. [PERSON] et al. [199] updated the medical community about both new and old technologies used for the control and management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes handling technology is improving every dayto make the life of the diabetic patient easier with data-driven models/algorithms. [PERSON] et al. [200] implemented and evaluated several hybrid closed-loop deep Q learning (HCL-DQL) algorithms for the task of regulating BG in T1 DM patients. Low-cost tools such as idepool [201] and glucose meters [202], are used to collect, integrate, and visualize the diabetes device data in a pediatric clinic setting. American Diabetes Association (ADA) made standards of the medical care for the diabetes. Diabetes technology comprises both hardware and software devices related to insulin injection and administration in a human body. This technology recently introduced various hybrid devices. Technologies useful for diabetes are real-time CGM, intermittently scanned CGM, blinded (professional) CGM, unblinded CGM etc. Moreover, it is very difficult to manufacture one proper device with all related functionalities because metabolic conditions vary from patient to patient. Hence, despite the latest developments in tools and technologies, there is no single device and technology which can completely handle the task of self-care in T1 DM patients [203]. Large uncertainties in intra- and inter-day meal responses and daily and periodic variability in insulin action require AP systems to be equipped with personalized safety and sophisticated mechanisms that adjust insulin titration, titrate the insulin efficiently, and eliminate or reduce insulin's over-delivery. Meanwhile, the HCL systems are equipped with adaptive tools/modules and can solve the aforementioned problems effectively. [PERSON] et al. [204] tested the safety and efficacy of the Medtronic HCL in a supervised outpatient setting. The authors suggested that whole HCL system was safe and efficacious during testing. It was concluded that the HCL system is able to significantly reduce the risk of hypoglycemia, while regulating the BG levels automatically. [PERSON] et al. [205] investigated the safety of an HCL system in T1 DM patients, and the authors concluded that automated insulin delivery using HCL was associated with fewer serious or device-related hostile events in T1 DM patients. The authors further stressed that randomized studies and long-term registry data are needed to verify the effectiveness of the HCL systems. [PERSON] et al. [206] verified exercise-induced hypoglycemia during the insulin delivery using an HCL system. The authors tested the performance of the proposed algorithm with modified parameters and verified the system effectiveness for long-term outpatient trials. [PERSON] et al. [207] discussed in detail the development of AP systems over time, how they work, and the glucose control regulation during the physical activities. [PERSON] et al. [208] claimed that recently approved HCL devices/systems are appropriate for the prolonged aerobic exercise if a temporary (higher level) glucose target is set well before the start of the exercise (i.e., 45-90 min before the exercise starting time). The comprehensive description, functionalities, examples, and working methodologies of the HCL systems can be found in several recent studies [209; 210; 211; 212; 213].