esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phenolic and Antioxidant Activity  
In developing functional foods, it is essential to include components that offer health benefits to consumers. Dragon fruit is rich in phenolic compounds that provide various health advantages, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antihypertensive benefits [42]. The proportion of dragon fruit in the bakery product formulation positively correlated with the phenolic component (Figure 2b). The bakery products' phenolic contents ranged from 15.25 mg GAE/100 g (control)-59.11 mg GAE/100 g (60% puree) for white bread, 17.98 mg GAE/100 g (control)-59.82 mg GAE/100 g (60% puree) for steamed buns, and 11.56 mg GAE/100 g (control) -46.33 mg GAE/100 g (60% puree) for donuts. While several studies have reported the degradation of phenolic components due to heat [43], bakery products subjected to heat can maintain their phenolic content. Antioxidant activity, which was assessed using two different methods, revealed consistent results. The results obtained by the DPPH method (Figure 2c) and superoxide radical scavenging capacity (Figure 2d) showed that increasing the red dragon fruit puree improved the bakery products' antioxidant activity. The presence of phenolic and other components in red dragon fruit  
Figure 2: The (**a**) dietary fiber, (**b**) phenolic content, (**c**) DPPH radical scavenging activity, and (**d**) superoxide radical scavenging activity of red dragon fruit puree bakery products. Mean values with the same letters are not significantly different at \(p<0.05\).  
can stabilize DPPH radicals and superoxides. The results are supported by previously published research [44], which explained that the content of red dragon fruit's bioactive components stabilized DPPH radicals and superoxide [45]. In addition, bread improver, as an ingredient used in bread production to improve gluten development, extends shelf life and promotes consistent results by optimizing fermentation and gas retention consisting of enzymes, ascorbic acid, emulsifiers, and filler. Such ingredients contribute to antioxidant activity; however, due to the small amount of bread improver used in bread processing, the contribution to the antioxidant activity of bread is limited.
## 2 Datasets and Pre-Processing Steps
### Mapping XCO\({}_{2}\) from Satellite Observations  
GOSAT is the first satellite dedicated for greenhouse gas observations. Developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), it launched in January 2009 [32]. We collected the column-averaged CO\({}_{2}\) dry air mole fraction (XCO\({}_{2}\)) of GOSAT observations, with the retrieval method provided by the Atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) Observations from Space (ACOS) project team [33] (hereafter referred as ACOS-GOSAT). The ACOS-GOSAT XCO\({}_{2}\) v7.3 retrieval spans from 1 June 2009 to 31 May 2016. Gaps in observations were filled using an interpolation method to create global land maps of XCO\({}_{2}\) (GM-XCO\({}_{2}\)), with spatial resolution of 1 \(\times\) 1 degree and time resolution of 3 days [27; 28]. The GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) maps are used for the spatiotemporal extreme event detection based on high XCO\({}_{2}\) anomalies in this study.  
Cross-validation based on a Monte Carlo sampling technique was used to assess the accuracy of the GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) product. The result is shown in Figure S1. It shows good agreement between predicted GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) and observed (no interpolation) XCO\({}_{2}\) with a high coefficient of determination (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.94) and a low mean absolute prediction error (MAPE) of 0.85 ppm. GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) was also compared with observed XCO\({}_{2}\) from ground-based sites from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49] as shown in Figure S2. Averaged absolute bias between GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) and TCCON observations are around 1 ppm with a standard deviation of 1.51 ppm, shown in Table S1. Detailed information on the GM-XCO\({}_{2}\) validation method can be found in [PERSON] et al. [27] and [PERSON] et al. [28].
# Multitask-Based Trajectory Planning for Redundant Space Robotics Using Improved Genetic Algorithm
## 2 Preliminaries and Notation
### MTTP for Space Robotics  
Space robots are required to execute a series of tasks, where the location of each task is simplified as a waypoint in the Cartesian space. The MTTP denotes that the end effector is constrained to visit a set of waypoints with minimum time. The position and attitude of the waypoints are predefined, while the optimal waypoint sequence is not given. Moreover, the space robot should meet the following constraints. First, the joint angular velocities need to be zero at each waypoint. Second, the joint angles and joint angular velocities are constrained to be within certain ranges. Third, for FFSR2, the attitude disturbance acting on the free-floating base should be minimized during the FFSR2 maneuver.
## 4 Discussions
However, GaSe:S is a uniaxial crystal in which the conditions of scalar phase matching are satisfied for the interaction of laser and THz radiation. This means that the optical element can be \"tuned\" to a certain frequency by the corresponding crystal cut. For example, one can estimate the phase-matching angle similar to [67] for the o-e-o interaction. At a pump wavelength of 1.55 \(\upmu\)m and the frequency range of 120-856 GHz indicated in the introduction, the internal phase-matching angle will be 0.155-0.567 degrees. Phase matching makes it possible to significantly increase the effective length of the nonlinear interaction of optical and THz radiation in the device, for example, from 0.3 to 10 mm using waveguides of the appropriate length, and thus increase the efficiency up to 30 times for frequencies in the vicinity of 1 THz. For even higher frequencies, which may be used in telecom devices of the distant future, the efficiency will be even higher, since the coherence length drops significantly for them. It should be noted that this concept requires the deposition of structures with the required orientation of GaSe:S crystals, but the development of this technology is beyond the scope of this work.
# Reliable Design for a Network of Networks with Inspiration from Brain Functional Networks
###### Abstract  
In realizing the network environment assumed by the Internet-of-Things, network slicing has drawn considerable attention as a way to enhance the utilization of physical networks (PNs). Meanwhile, slicing has been shown to cause interdependence among sliced virtual networks (VNs) by propagating traffic fluctuations from one network to others. However, for interconnected networks with mutual dependencies, known as a _network of networks_ (NoN), finding a reliable design method that can cope with environmental changes is an important issue that is yet to be addressed. Some NoN models exist that describe the behavior of interdependent networks in complex systems, and previous studies have shown that an NoN model based on the functional networks of the brain can achieve high robustness, but its application to dynamic and practical systems is yet to be considered. Consequently, this paper proposes the _Physical-Virtual NoN_ (PV-NoN) model assuming a network-slicing environment. This model defines an NoN availability state to deal with traffic fluctuations and interdependence among a PN and VNs. Further, we assume three basic types of interdependence among VNs for this model. Simulation experiments confirm that the one applying complementary interdependence inspired by brain functional networks achieves high availability and communication performance while preventing interference among the VNs. Also investigated is a method for designing a reliable network structure for the PV-NoN model. To this end, the deployment of _network influencers_ (i.e., the most influential elements over the entire network) is configured from the perspective of intra/internetwork _assortativity_. Simulation experiments confirm that availability or communication performance is improved when each VN is formed assortatively or disassortatively, respectively. Regarding internetwork assortativity, both the availability and communication performance are improved when the influencers are deployed disassortatively among the VNs.  
network of networks; brain networks; complex networks; centrality; assortativity; Internet-of-Things; network virtualization +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
1
Footnote 1: _Applied_
## 2 Study Region and Methodology
### Methodology  
#### 2.2.1 Related Data and Preprocessing  
The CASA model was adopted to estimate the NPP change considering the diversity of data (NDVI data, as well as earthquake, geohazards, climate, vegetation, and elevation data). Static vegetation parameters [26], reclassified land cover data, and meteorological data were equally indispensable for estimation.  
Several multi-temporal high-resolution remote sensing images, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, Sentinel-2, Rapideye satellite imagery, and Google Earth history imagery (Landsat series), were acquired to identify the earthquake-induced geohazards. DEM data interpolated from large-scale contour maps were obtained from a previous study [24], and the climate, vegetation, and NDVI data were downloaded from NASA and the Environmental and Ecological Science Data Center, among others (Figure 4).  
The preprocessing is necessary to fill missing data (lack of certain attribute values), deal with inconsistency (differences in raster), and eliminate noise (errors or outliers) on account of the heterogeneous datasets. The land cover data were obtained from China Land Cover Dataset (CLCD) ([[https://zenodo.org/record/4417810](https://zenodo.org/record/4417810)]([https://zenodo.org/record/4417810](https://zenodo.org/record/4417810)) [27] accessed on 26 October 2022) for 30 m spatial resolution. The monthly mean temperature data, 20-20 h precipitation data, and monthly total radiation data were taken as meteorological data from 49 weather stations in nine surrounding provinces such as Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, and Shanxi, and were obtained from the China Meteorological Data Service Center ([[http://data.cma.cn/accessed](http://data.cma.cn/accessed)]([http://data.cma.cn/accessed](http://data.cma.cn/accessed)) on 25 September 2020). The NDVI data derived from the MODIS data can be downloaded from the Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive & Distribution System Distributed Active Archive Center (LAADS DAAC) with a spatial and temporal resolution of 250 m and 16 days (MOD13Q1) ([[https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/search/](https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/search/)]([https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/search/](https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/search/)) accessed on 25 October 2022). Multi-temporal data were obtained in July, August and September from 2015 to 2019 with view of the earthquake's occurrence. To obtain the data of earthquake-induced geohazards, the satellite imageries were processed to eliminate interference from clouds, atmosphere, and solar elevation angle, among others; UAV remote sensing images were generated and calibrated. In order to intuitively analyze the five-year spatial-temporal  
Figure 4: The data components, attributes and sources of NPP estimation.  
change of vegetation NPP in the region struck by the Jiuzhaigou earthquake, the data in the Albers coordinates need to be Kriging-interpolated, extracted, and modified into the same element size (250 m spatial resolution). Since the methods of acquiring these data were described, they will not be specifically covered here.
## 3 Results
### Kinematic Analysis
#### 3.2.1 Linear Analysis
In the transverse plane, significantly greater values were found in the stroke group for swing hip TDISPL, MDISP, and AMPL (\(p\) = 0.011, \(p\) = 0.011, and \(p\) = 0.014, respectively), as well as for stance hip TDISPL (\(p\) = 0.031) and AMPL (\(p\) = 0.026). Similarly, significant increases were observed for knee swing MDISP (\(p\) = 0.017) and AMPL (\(p\) = 0.037) and for knee stance TDISPL (\(p\) = 0.028) and AMPL (\(p\) = 0.036) (Figure 5). Figure 6: Median, 25 th, and 75 th percentiles of position (? ), total displacement (? ), mean displacement (? ), and amplitude (?) values of linear outcome of upper limb joints. FLE, flexion; EXT, extension; AD, adduction; ABD, abduction; IR, internal rotation; ER, external rotation; UD, ulnar deviation; RD, radial deviation; * \(p\)-value < 0.05: Mann–Whitney test. Upper Limb Joints  
In the sagittal plane, in the stroke group, the shoulder TDISPL was significantly greater in both the swing (\(p\) = 0.026) and stance limbs (\(p\) = 0.019). MDISP was significantly increased in the swing limb (\(p\) = 0.013), and AMPL was significantly higher in the swing limb (\(p\) = 0.004) and stance limb (\(p\) = 0.003). For the elbow, AMPL was significantly elevated in the stance limb (\(p\) = 0.031). For the wrist, significant increases were observed in MDISP (\(p\) = 0.016) and AMPL (\(p\) = 0.008), both in the swing limb (Figure 6). In the frontal plane, in the stroke group, significant increases in elbow MDISP were noted in the swing limb (\(p\) = 0.031), while AMPL was significantly higher in both the swing limb (\(p\) = 0.004) and stance limb (\(p\) = 0.026). For the wrist, MDISP was significantly elevated in the swing limb (\(p\) = 0.040) and AMPL was significantly increased in the swing limb (\(p\) = 0.021) (Figure 6). In the transverse plane, the stroke group exhibited significant differences across joints. For the shoulder, POS was significantly altered in the swing limb (\(p\) = 0.019). At the elbow, MDISP increased in the swing limb (\(p\) = 0.019), while AMPL was elevated in both the swing (\(p\) = 0.026) and stance limbs (\(p\) = 0.028). For the wrist, POS differed in the swing (\(p\) = 0.009) and stance limbs (\(p\) < 0.001), alongside higher TDISPL (\(p\) = 0.021), MDISP (\(p\) = 0.021), and AMPL (\(p\) = 0.044) in the swing limb (Figure 6).
# Review of Satellite Interferometry for Landslide Detection in Italy
## 5 Statistical Evaluation of the Database  
Figure 3 presents some significant statistics extracted from the database of scientific articles considered in this review work.  
The largest part of the papers has as first author a researcher belonging to the academic world (68% of the total) or to national institutes and agencies (22% of the total). Just a few papers are presented by private companies (InSAR providers and consultants) or by members of regional institutions. Twenty percent of the papers comes from non-Italian universities or research centers, mainly from Spain and secondly from Austria, China, Great Britain, Japan, and Switzerland.  
By the point of view of the processing technique used to select the radar targets, 49% of the authors have applied a Persistent Scatterer Approach (PSI), based on point-like targets. Thirty-nine percent of the authors performed an analysis based on distributed or homogeneously distributed scatterers (DSI or HDSI). Ten percent of the authors used classical differential interferometric approaches; this is the case of the early applications or of the works aimed to map landslides in non-urban areas (e.g., [104; 121]).  
Seventy-five percent of the authors used C-band data to perform their analysis. On one side, this is related to the availability of such radar images in the decade 1999-2009 (Figure 1). On the other side, C-band performs better outside of urban areas and in landslide mapping activities at the basin to regional scale. X-band is preferred when the target landslide is directly involving an urban area and where building-scale analysis is required. Twenty percent of the authors opted for multi-band approaches, a few involving L-band images as well (e.g., [88; 97]).  
Many different landslide typologies have been the target for InSAR analysis. It is worth recalling that InSAR is able to detect the motion of extremely slow to slow phenomena to avoid phase aliasing. Many authors (24% of the total) did not focus on a specific landslide typology. This is the case of mapping and inventory update activities at regional to municipal scale or of those works including multiple case studies. The most analyzed landslide typologies are complex (22% of the total), DSGSD (9%), rotational (8%), and roto-translational (8%). These numbers are clearly an expression of the abovementioned limitation of the InSAR technique when dealing with fast motions. Moreover, it is common to have parts of or entire villages located on the top of large slope deformations, which are the ideal target for an InSAR analysis.  
Validation is an important task for many authors, as testified by the percentage (68%) of papers presenting at least one approach to validate the satellite results. The most common validation practices include ground surveys, aimed to collect geomorphological evidence or damage catalogues (13% of the total). Inclinometers (11% of the total) and topographic leveling (10% of the total) are other trusted sources of validation data.  
Figure 3: Pie charts showing significant statistics extracted from the review database.
## 4 Research on Critical Technologies
### Modulation and Demodulation Technologies  
In optical communication, modulation and demodulation are the core technologies that realize high-speed data transmission in visual communication. Modulation and demodulation load information signals onto light waves and extract them at the receiving end. According to different application scenarios and transmission requirements, optical communication modulation and demodulation technology have a variety of classifications and realization methods, for example, direct, indirect, single-, and multi-wavelength modulation technology, such as direct modulation technology, indirect modulation technology, etc.  
Direct modulation technology involves loading the information signal to be transmitted directly onto the carrier frequency of the light wave. It represents the information signal by controlling the intensity or phase of the light wave. This modulation method is simple and easy to implement, but the bandwidth is limited and easily affected by fiber nonlinearity and noise. The indirect modulation technique involves carrying out the modulation of light waves by external interference or controlling specific parameters of light waves. This modulation method can be used for the simultaneous processing of multiple signals, but it requires additional modulators and control circuits and, therefore, has a higher cost. Single-wavelength modulation technology uses only one wavelength of light for information transmission in optical communication. This modulation method can achieve high-speed and long-distance transmission, but its transmission capacity is limited and easily affected by fiber nonlinearity and noise.
# A Survey on Recent Advanced Research of CPS Security
## 3 Reviews
### Memory Protection  
Memory protection is a method to control memory access rights on a computer. The main purpose of memory protection is to prevent a process from accessing memory that has not been allocated to it. Researchers have applied commonly used memory analysis techniques to embedded devices and make new discoveries.  
As the number of low-cost embedded devices increases, integrating hardware-based security mechanisms into such devices becomes challenging. [PERSON] et al. [128] provided a new concept of a security microvisor (S\(\upmu\)V), which uses software virtualization and assembly-level code verification to provide memory isolation for such lightweight devices. This work also proposed a software-based remote attestation to detect malware-infected devices. After testing on an 8-bit AVR microcontroller, the results proved that S\(\upmu\)V guarantees security against memory crashes and maintains low costs in memory and power consumption.  
EPOXY [129] is an LLVM-based embedded compiler that protects low-cost bare-metal systems with a new technique called privilege overlays. EPOXY adds a privilege overlay to enable privileges before instruction execution only when the operations are identified, thus separating the implementation of security decisions from the application design. A prototype implementation of EPOXY was evaluated on 75 benchmark applications and three real-world IoT applications. The performance results showed that EPOXY only has a 1.8% increase in execution time and a 0.5% increase in energy costs on average.  
[PERSON] et al. [135] investigated the deployment of common exploit mitigations (e.g., ESP, ASLR, and stack canaries) on 42 major embedded OSs. The results show that most lower-end embedded (so-called deeply embedded systems) OSs do not have exploit mitigations. They then introduced a mitigation method, called \(\mu\)Armor, to bring mitigation baselines to the constrained embedded systems, and the overhead of the total resources was less than 5%.  
[PERSON] et al. [111] presented a series of PoCs for the DNS proxy module of Conman, a widely used network connection manager in IoT firmware. They used a crafted DNS response packet to crash the proxy module, which could lead to denial-of-service or remote command execution. These PoCs can successfully attack x86 and ARMv7 architectures under memory protection. With little modification, this code can be used to exploit stack overflow in other protocols.  
ACES [136] is an extension of the LLVM compiler for enhancing the security of applications running on bare-metal systems. It first analyzes the bitcode generated by LLVM to draw a program dependence graph (PDG). Then, ACES utilizes a user-selected policy to compare different functionality codes and data. In a study of typical IoT applications, the test results showed that ACES compartments protect control-flow integrity in different compartments and reduce ROP gadgets with little runtime overhead.