## 4 Conclusions  
We carried out multispectroscopic measurements of single Xe clusters at SACLA. The SAXS signals, fluorescence spectra, and ion TOF spectra of giant xenon clusters were recorded simultaneously on a shot-by-shot basis. The radii of the clusters and the XFEL fluences at the reaction point were evaluated from SAXS data, and the ion TOF spectra and fluorescence spectra were sorted according to the obtained parameters. After sorting, we found a clear size and FEL fluence dependence in both the ion TOF and fluorescence spectra. The present results demonstrate the importance of removing the averaging effects of the size distribution of the clusters as well as the laser fluence profile to obtain deep insights into the laser-matter interaction. The information extracted from our single-shot single-particle data sets, the first in the hard X-ray regime and the first containing inner-shell fluorescence information, is in good agreement with the findings of previous studies using similar styles of single-shot approaches in the soft X-ray and ultraviolet spectral regime. Our work underlines the potential of size- and fluence-selective spectroscopy for advancing the research in laser-matter interaction.  
Conceptualization, K.N. and K.U.; data curation, T.N., C.H., W.X., T.S., K.M. ([PERSON]), T.T. and S.M.; formal analysis, T.N.; funding acquisition, W.X.; investigation, T.N., C.B., K.R.F., C.H., K.N., H.F., K.M. ([PERSON]), S.-i.W., T.S., K.M. ([PERSON]), K.M. ([PERSON]), T.T., Y.I., W.X., S.M., T.U., C.N., C.M., T.K., Y.J., K.T., T.H., M.Y. and K.U.; methodology, T.N., K.N., H.F.; project administration, C.B., K.N. and K.U.; resources, T.N., C.B., K.N., S.-i.W., T.S. and K.M. ([PERSON]); software, T.N., C.H., and K.M. ([PERSON]); supervision, K.N. and K.U.; validation, T.N., K.N. and K.U.; visualization, T.N. and K.N.; writing--original draft preparation, T.N. and K.N.; writing--review and editing, K.N., C.M., and C.B.  
This research was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11604003).  
We are grateful to the late [PERSON] for his invaluable contributions to the present work. The XFEL experiments were performed at the BL3 of SACLA with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) and the program review committee (2014A8038). This study was supported by the X-ray Free Electron Laser Utilization Research Project and the X-ray Free Electron Laser Priority Strategy Program of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT), by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), by the Proposal Program of SACLA Experimental Instruments of RIKEN, by the IMRAM project, and by the Cooperative Research Program, the Research Program for Next Generation Young Scientists of \"Network Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices: Dynamic Alliance for Open Innovation  
Figure 6: XFEL fluence dependence on the charge state of Xe ions. (**a**) The observed maximum charge state \(Z_{max}\). (**b**) The apparent averaged charge state \(Z_{ave}\) calculated by weighted averaging over the peaks in the TOF spectrum corresponding to the charge state \(\geq\)3. The dashed lines and the dotted lines in (**a**,**b**) are the guides for the eyes.  
Bridging Human, Environment and Materials\". C.B. and K.R.F. acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences through SLAC and Argonne National Laboratories.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.