esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Formation of Electrostatic Interactions between Plasmid and Penetrating Proteins  
The vector used in the study was the pmaxGFP plasmid (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland), which conditions the expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP). Additionally, three types of CPPs--Pep-1 (synthetic CPP with primary amphipachicity resulting from the amino acid sequence itself, not from the folding structure, that comprises a tryptophan-rich hydrophobic domain, a hydrophilic domain derived from an NLS of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen, and a spacer between them (a cysteamine group of Pep-1 is present at the C-terminus and plays a crucial role in the delivery of cargoes into the cells)), KALA (synthetic, cationic amphipathic CPP, with \(\alpha\)-helix conformation when the pH is 7.5; it binds oligonucleotides and disrupts the cell membrane), and HIV transactivator protein (TAT) were applied. Moreover, two different nuclear localization sequences (NLS) were also assessed. These were NLS [47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55] and NLS [47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55] derived from the SV40 T-antigen, which can pass through the pores of the nuclear envelope to the interior of the cell nucleus due to the strong affinity for importin (All from AnaSpec, Fremont, CA, USA).  
To determine the effect of incubation conditions on the efficiency of non-covalent bonding between CPPs and pmaxGFP, variable conditions were used in regards to: (I) the type of CPP/NLS (TAT, KALA, Pep-1, NLS [47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55] and NLS [47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55]), (II) the charge ratio (1: 1; 1: 2; 1: 4, 1: 8; 1:16), (III) the amount of plasmid (1 or 2 \(\mu\)g), (IV) the temperature (21 or 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and (V) the incubation time (15 or 30 min). The influence of the length of culture in the presence of complexes (24 or 48 h) was also evaluated. The applied conditions are summarized in Table 1.
# Microwave Liquid Crystal Technology
## 5 Metallic Rectangular Waveguides
Figure 12:3 Simulated field distribution of the electrically biased W-band rectangular waveguide phase shifter based on LC. However, it was not possible to characterize the electrically biased phase shifter, since the electrodes did not work properly. A microscopical investigation of the electrodes revealed cracks within the metallization as well as the substrate material itself, as can be seen in Figure 12:4 These cracks are originating both from the expansion during the evaporation process as well as the lithography treatments, e.g., etching. The high chromium vacuum melting temperature of 1920 \({}^{\circ}\)C caused an expansion of the substrate as well as a shrinking while cooling after the evaporation. Hence, microscopic cracks are occurring and no continuous electrical contact could be provided all over the biasing lines. Additionally, the thin PET substrate cannot withstand the contacting of the spring-probe-pins, which are damaging the substrate irreversibly. At least the simulations can give an insight into the possible functionality of the electrically biased LC metallic waveguide phase shifter in split-block technology, see Figure 12:5 The matching could be improved compared with the simulation results of the magnetically biased phase shifter in Figure 12:6 However, the insertion loss is increased by 1 dB due to the biasing system, resulting in a phase shifter FoM of around 115\({}^{\circ}\)/dB. This still includes the ideal LC alignment assumed by CST Studio Suite. In a real measurement, the alignment would not be ideal anymore and the phase shift, and therefore, the phase shifter FoM would degrade. Figure 12:7 Split-block design of the electrically biased W-band rectangular waveguide phase shifter based on LC. Figure 12:8 Microscopic view on an evaporated as well as photolithographically processed Chromium electrode on a 20 μm thick PET substrate. Hence, it is obvious that the realization of a metallic waveguide based W-band LC phase shifter is challenging. Further, the integration of a biasing system into the dielectrically filled waveguide is always introducing additional loss. Thus, a new technology needed to be found to easily overcome all these challenges. This technology was found in the realization of tunable dielectric waveguides based on LC, being discussed in the following. Not only that the realization of the biasing electrodes is very challenging and their integration into metallic waveguides introduces additional losses, but also RF leakage due to unintended slits in the split-block design is playing a dominant role. If the metallic interconnections are not perfectly sealed in the areas where the wall currents are flowing perpendicularly to these slits, RF leakage occurs. This effect as well as the additional losses from the integrated biasing electrodes play an increasing, non-negligible role with increasing frequency. Further, the higher the frequency, the higher the impact of the skin depth loss of metallic components.
# Distinction Between Interturn Short-Circuit Faults and Unbalanced Load in Transformers
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Transformer Operation Tests  
The modified transformer was tested under four conditions: a healthy state, an imbalance after removing 4 turns from the winding, a 2-turn short circuit, and a 4-turn short circuit.  
* _Healthy State:_ In tests with the healthy transformer, the taps created on the winding remain isolated, and the load is supplied normally through the winding terminals.
* _Imbalance:_ The load can be supplied by removing the initial 4 turns, feeding it with an incomplete winding from turn 4 to turn 45. This setup simulates an unbalanced load supply equivalent to the loss of 4 turns in the winding. This reduces the output voltage in that phase and generates an asymmetric current flow, comparable to what occurs during a real load imbalance. This technique allows the imbalance to be induced in a precise, repeatable, and measurable manner in terms of the number of turns removed, as in the case of incipient short circuits, where the fault magnitude is also defined by the number of turns involved.
* _Incipient Interturn Short-Circuit Tests:_ Using the taps shown in Figure 1, short circuits were induced between 2 turns at tap connections 4-6, 6-8, 28-30, and 30-32 and between 4 turns at tap connections 4-8 and 28-32. These 2-turn and 4-turn short circuits were conducted as experiments and represented 4.4% and 8.8% of the total winding, respectively.
## 3 Experimental Techniques to Check a Possible Degradation of PCM
### Sample Mass Monitoring after Certain Number of Cycles or Time (\"m(t)\")  
A clear indication that a certain PCM undergoes some kind of degradation is the decrease of mass with time when it is either cycled or kept at constant temperature above the melting point [51]. Mass decrease can be due to vaporization and, hence, to material loss but also to the formation of volatile species due to the occurrence of chemical reactions so that the PCM composition changes. If mass loss is due to chemical reactions leading to volatile species, not only PCM thermal properties are expected to change but dangerous compounds can be evolved [8]. Note that if PCM is reacting with the surrounding gases (mainly water vapor or oxygen), its mass could increase as well. Therefore, if mass variation is observed for a PCM, the material cannot be implemented in any storage system unless measures are taken for avoiding such behavior (encapsulation, inert environment under pressure, etc.). Ensuring that PCM mass does not change over time under application conditions is a key issue for its validation. Simple experimental procedures such sample weighting after a certain number of cycles or time interval [51] can be designed for detecting the occurrence of possible PCM volatilization and/or degradation.
# A Comparative Study of On-Body Radio-Frequency Links in the 420 MHz-2.4 GHz Range
## 1 Introduction
A number of papers studied the wireless performance, including path loss, for different on-body configurations at different RF frequencies [20]. However, a considerable number of such studies [21; 22; 23; 24; 25] focus on a set of specific on-body links, for example RF communication from head to wrist. Other studies use a systematic approach, where antennas are placed in an on-body scenario, for example on the arm, with different separation distances [26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. The focus of these studies is to develop a path-loss model rather than characterize the on-body fading in certain scenarios using measurements or simulations. These path loss models can be used to assess the properties of on-body links. Unfortunately, these studies are either done at a single frequency [26; 27; 30] or a limited number of frequencies under a few scenarios [28; 29; 31; 32; 33], and only consider RF antennas, omitting BCC. Therefore, the first goal of this manuscript is to compare different RF approaches for establishing wireless on-body communication. To this aim, we consider different target RF frequency bands between 0.4-2.4 GHz, where we employ at least one out of two different options: on-body RF communication and BCC. These mechanisms are compared by executing on-body path loss measurements in a reference on-body scenario. Second, we compare 915 MHz propagation in five different on-body scenarios, in order to compare the reference on-body scenario to other on-body locations. Third, we present two novel RF on-body strategies that can help in overcoming some of the previously mentioned challenges in WBANs: on-body repeaters and on-body beam steering. After a description of the methods and technologies used for the comparison of the different on-body RF mechanisms, the results of our study are presented, discussed and compared to literature, leading to some global conclusions and identification of topics for future research.
## 3 Results
Elemental composition according to ICP-OES (Ca, P, and Mg) and fluoride ion selective electrode (F). Z-average particle size according to DLS and specific surface area according to N\({}_{2}\) BET analysis. three SEM images in Figure 3 were captured from the same sample after static incubation for 18 h, and the global crystallinity of the sample is demonstrated in the XRD spectrum in Figure 3D. Phase identification of the crystalline part using Rietveld refinement yielded a share of approximately 58% fluorapatite and 42% hydroxyapatite. The results of the in vitro mineralization and dentin tubule occlusion tests are shown in Figure 4. The top panel (Figure 4A-C) displays a reference dentin surface and a tubule in cross-section after treatment with a blank formula without any mineralizing particles. The tubules were fully exposed both before and after the acid challenge, demonstrating that the simulated saliva solution used for storage was not sufficiently mineralizing to have any notable effect. The middle panel (Figure 4D-F) shows the dentin surface and the mineralization product within a tubule after treatment with ACMP particles, i.e., without any fluoride inclusion. The tubules were completely occluded with a mineralized layer before the acid challenge (Figure 4D), but the orifices became partly visible again after the acid challenge (Figure 4E). The mineralized material both on the surface and within the tubules was characteristic of poorly crystalline nano-hydroxyapatite, as observed in previous studies [17; 18]. Treatment with the ACMFP particles also resulted in complete tubule occlusion (Figure 4G) but with the added feature of resisting dissolution during the acid challenge (Figure 4H). The mineralization product within the tubules was dense and characterized by high aspect ratio crystals extending from the peritubular wall (Figure 4I), similar in appearance to the crystallized particles shown in Figure 3C as well as to fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite structures reported in previous studies [16; 18]. The deep (>10 \(\upmu\)m) mineralization within the dentin tubules was unaffected by the acid challenge. Figure 3: (**A–C**) SEM images of ACMFP particles at different stages of crystallization in simulated saliva. Arrow in (**A**) displays a hollow particle core; (**D**) XRD spectrum of crystallized particles.
# SQL Injection Detection Based on Lightweight Multi-Head Self-Attention
## 3 The Proposed Approach
### Training  
The training of the proposed model involves both the training of the input embedding and detection parts of the model. Let \(s_{j},j=1,..,L\), be the \(j\)-th SQL query in the training set \(\mathcal{T}\), where \(L\) is the number of queries.  
Each query is associated with a label indicating whether the query is legal or malicious. The training process can then be regarded as the one for a two-class classification problem. The Binary Cross-Entropy (BCE) function was adopted as the loss function for training. Let \(B_{j}\) be the BCE associated with \(s_{j}\), which is given by  
\[B_{j}=-y_{j}\log p_{j}-(1-y_{j})\log(1-p_{j}), \tag{7}\]  
where \(y_{j}\) indicates whether the estimated class matches the ground truth. We set \(y_{j}=1\) when the match occurred. Otherwise, we set \(y_{j}=0\). The \(p_{j}\) is the estimated probability of the ground truth class. It can be derived from the detection result \(z\) of the proposed model. That is,  
\[p_{j}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}z&\text{when ground truth is malicious},\\ 1-z&\text{otherwise}.\end{array}\right. \tag{8}\]  
The loss function for the training, denoted by \(B\), is given by  
\[B=\frac{1}{L}\sum_{j=1}^{L}B_{j}. \tag{9}\]  
The end-to-end training operations are then carried out. That is, the weights in fully connected neural networks \(f_{1}\) and \(f_{2}\) of the input embedding section and the weights in the neural networks at the CNN stage, self-attention stage, and output stage in detection are updated iteratively for the minimization of the loss function in (9) over training set \(\mathcal{T}\). We stop the iterations after the convergence of loss function \(B\) is observed.
## 6 Functionalities and Results
### Quantitative Performance Evaluation  
The proposed platform demonstrated a strong performance in the updating and supervision of mobile robot operations. The average update interval for the robot status was approximately 120 ms, allowing for the efficient visualization of tasks in progress. The user interface (UI) exhibited a latency below 1 s, ensuring near real-time supervision, which is essential for operational decision-making in dynamic environments.  
During experimental tests, it was possible to simultaneously monitor up to 20 robots, including AMRs (Autonomous Mobile Robots) and AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles), without a significant degradation in either the interface or server performance. The server uptime remained above 99.5% throughout the testing period, highlighting the robustness of the infrastructure. Minor positioning inaccuracies were observed, with variations of up to 10-15 cm in AMRs, mainly attributed to the environmental interference with the LiDAR signal. In AGVs, deviations occurred due to the wear or displacement of magnetic strips and RFID tags. The communication between the robots and the server showed minimal delays, remaining under 200 ms, depending on the quality of the available WiFi network. The real-time data fusion required an efficient synchronization, which was achieved through the use of temporal buffers and periodic queries via TCP/IP sockets.  
In terms of the throughput, the system was able to process up to 150 messages per second in high-density robot scenarios, without compromising the platform stability or responsiveness.
# Current Context and Research Trends in Linear DC-DC Converters
###### Abstract  
With the introduction of switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) in the mid-1970s, the efficiency of DC-DC conversion rose from 60 to 80% and SMPS became a popular power supply solution. However, linear regulators have not become obsolete. The modern power management system in portable devices supports a complex mix of DC-DC converters, combining switch-mode power supplies (SMPS), switched capacitor converters (SCCs), and linear regulators in the form of low-dropout regulators (LDOs). LDOs are used to supply low-voltage DC power rails with very low noise and high current slew rate capability, which are usually fed by the output rail of SMPS. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the evolution of the application scope of linear-type DC-DC converters in the power supply context and the present research trends. First, we review the context of linear DC-DC converters in detail, particularly in portable device power supplies. Then, the details of LDO regulators and their recent industry development and research trends are discussed. Then, the discussion focuses on supercapacitor-assisted low-dropout (SCALDO) regulator design and its scope in the portable device power management together with SCALDO-based dual output and reduced switch designs, and finally, the conclusions follow.  
DC-DC converters; portable devices; LDO; supercapacitor technologies; SCALDO 2022124594. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094594](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094594)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094594](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094594)) +
Footnote †: journal:
# Modeling and Assessment of GPS/BDS Combined Precise Point Positioning
## 4 Parameter Differences between Combined PPP Models
### Ambiguity and Pseudo-Range Residual  
In Equation (9), the ISB assimilation is the same for ambiguity and pseudo-range observation residual in both the GPS and BDS systems. Thus, the ambiguity differences and pseudo-range residual differences between the two models should theoretically be the same at the same epoch for the traditional and simplified model. In the following, we define the epoch-wise \"double difference\" term by making difference between the ambiguity difference and pseudo-range residual difference between the two models, which by definition should theoretically be zero.  
Figure 10: (**a,c**) GPS and BDS Pseudo-range residuals between traditional and simplified models; (**b,d**) magnitude distribution of the double differences for GPS and BDS observations. The left corner of right subplots (subplot b) and d)) shows the bias and the standard deviation (\(\sigma\)), whereas the right corner of right subplots (subplot b) and d)) shows the percentages of deviations that are within 2\(\sigma\) and 3\(\sigma\).  
Figure 9: (**a**) Station clock differences between traditional and simplified models; (**b**) Magnitude distribution of differences of the epoch-wise sum of station clock and GPS pseudo-range residuals between the traditional and simplified models. The top-left corner of bottom subplot shows the bias and the standard deviation (\(\sigma\)), whereas the top-right corner shows the percentages of deviations that are within 2\(\sigma\) and 3\(\sigma\).  
The left subplots of Figure 10 show the GPS and BDS pseudo-range residual differences between the two models, where we see that they present a similar shape but with different signs as presented in Equation (9). The right subplot of Figure 10 shows the magnitude distribution of the double difference quantity using all satellite/station pairs at all epochs. The mean double differences are \(-2.5\) and \(-5.0\)\(\upmu\)m for GPS and BDS. All the double differences are below 0.1 mm for GPS, while all the BDS double differences are below 1 mm with around 0.5% bigger than 0.1 mm.
# Nonlinear Blind Source Separation and Fault Feature Extraction Method for Mining Machine Diagnosis
## 3 Results
The values of the three output notes were set to correspond to the fault patterns; namely, [0 0 1] of the outputs correspond to fault pattern (1) spalling + wear, [0 1 0] to fault pattern (2) spalling + spalling, and [1 0 0] to fault pattern (3) spalling + broken gear tooth. In the process of diagnosing the gear faults, 30 pieces of the datasets were prepared for each operation condition of the gearbox, and there were 90 pieces in total for the three operation conditions of the mining machine. Half of the datasets were used to train the RBFNN classifier and the other half were used for testing. In order to study the advancement of the proposed method, the blind separation method of linear FastICA and nonlinear ICA based on RBFNN was compared in the diagnosis process. Table 2 gives the diagnosis results of the three test pieces. Table 3 gives the overall diagnostic performance of different methods. It can be seen from Table 3 that the proposed Wavelet-nonlinear ICA is able to improve the fault detection accuracy and misdiagnosis rates. Compared with linear separation technology, the nonlinear algorithm can improve the detection accuracy by at least 4.4%. This result further confirms that the signal collected by the sensor is a nonlinear mixing between different vibration sources; especially for faulty operation condition of the mining machine, the degree of nonlinearity will become stronger than that in normal condition. As a result, the traditional linear separation model is not effective for the nonlinear vibration mixture. Moreover, thanks to wavelet de-noising, the additive noise can be reduced to improve the separate performance of ICA and enhance the fault detection rate. The failure detection results in Table 2; Table 3 demonstrates that the proposed Wavelet-nonlinear ICA model fault is better than the traditional nonlinear model in the fault diagnosis of mining machines.
# Data-Driven Decisions in Smart Cities: A Digital Transformation Case Study
## 5 Conclusions  
This article addressed the scarcity of case study research articles addressing BDA as a data-driven decision-making enabler in smart cities. In this research, we investigated how the utilization of BDA influenced the effectiveness of decisions. This research answered the research question: How does BDA, as a data-driven decision-making enabler, influence decision-making in smart cities? We embraced case study analysis methodology to assess the impact of incorporating BDA as a data-driven decision-support (DDDS) tool in one of the nationwide digital transformation projects in Egypt called Nafeza. Nafeza is an Egyptian national platform for foreign trade facilitation. The results and design principles were obtained by designing and implementing an ensemble artifact in the form of performance monitoring dashboards to support decision-making in the said project. In doing so, we applied the action design research (ADR) approach.  
We specified three statistical measures: the clearance time, the number of smuggling cases, and the number of legal violations for a better understanding of the influence of exploiting BDA on the efficiency of decisions. These three measures were calculated before and after using Nafeza BDA analytics in decision-making. Results indicate a positive impact of using BDA in decision-making processes. In the present case study, a significant improvement was observed in the performance indicators (30-50%) in foreign trade clearance time, and an evident decrease was observed in smuggling and legal violation cases (16-30%). The design principles were implemented through the design and development of the dashboards, and included the principle of data-agnosticism, the principle of flexible dashboards, the principle of direct consumption without intermediaries, the principle of analytics to insights, and the principle of user-engagement necessity. Because of the generic nature of the challenges faced in the present case study, the deduced design principles could be applicable to other classes of problems such as BDA in data-driven decision-making at government agencies. However, this needs to be investigated further in applied longitudinal research.