# Body Composition in Karate: A Dual-Energy X-ray Absortiometry Study
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Males**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Females**} & \multirow{2}{*}{_t-Value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p-Value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ES**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(n = 43)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(n = 15)**} & & & \\ \hline Trunk aBMD (g/cm\({}^{2}\)) & 1.056 & 0.105 & 0.965 & 0.111 & 2.859 & 0.006 & 0.842 \\ \hline Left arm FM (g) & 609.3 & 221.3 & 696.3 & 250.0 & 1.269 & 0.210 & 0.368 \\ \hline Left arm FFSTM (g) & 3650.7 & 542.6 & 2052.3 & 379.2 & 10.520 & \(<\)0.001 & 3.415 \\ \hline Left arm \%FM & 13.7 & 4.8 & 23.9 & 7.0 & 6.306 & \(<\)0.001 & 1.609 \\ \hline Right arm FM (g) & 547.3 & 221.0 & 643.2 & 218.9 & 1.450 & 0.153 & 0.436 \\ \hline Right arm FFSTM (g) & 3865.0 & 543.8 & 2179.1 & 407.8 & 10.956 & \(<\)0.001 & 3.508 \\ \hline Right arm \%FM & 11.8 & 4.5 & 21.5 & 6.0 & 6.590 & \(<\)0.001 & 1.820 \\ \hline Trunk FM (g) & 4779.7 & 1662.6 & 4769.6 & 1310.2 & 0.021 & 0.983 & 0.007 \\ \hline Trunk FFSTM (g) & 27,172.0 & 2917.4 & 19,495.5 & 2148.9 & 9.312 & \(<\)0.001 & 2.996 \\ \hline Trunk \%FM & 14.5 & 4.2 & 19.0 & 3.9 & 3.644 & 0.001 & 0.863 \\ \hline Left leg FM (g) & 2123.2 & 799.3 & 2905.4 & 982.7 & 3.073 & 0.003 & 0.873 \\ \hline Left leg FFSTM (g) & 9643.5 & 1147.7 & 6639.5 & 907.4 & 9.169 & \(<\)0.001 & 2.904 \\ \hline Left leg \%FM & 17.0 & 5.1 & 28.6 & 6.7 & 7.066 & \(<\)0.001 & 1.961 \\ \hline Right leg FM (g) & 2141.4 & 843.3 & 2967.5 & 1003.9 & 3.108 & 0.003 & 0.891 \\ \hline Right leg FFSTM (g) & 9837.9 & 1225.1 & 6805.7 & 945.0 & 8.707 & \(<\)0.001 & 2.729 \\ \hline Right leg \%FM & 16.8 & 5.4 & 28.6 & 6.4 & 6.940 & \(<\)0.001 & 1.995 \\ \hline TBLH FM (g) & 10,201.0 & 3644.8 & 11,982.1 & 3574.2 & 1.637 & 0.107 & 0.493 \\ \hline TBLH FFSTM (g) & 54,159.2 & 6065.1 & 37,172.2 & 4658.5 & 9.859 & \(<\)0.001 & 3.141 \\ \hline TBLH \%FM & 15.1 & 4.5 & 23.2 & 5.0 & 5.859 & \(<\)0.001 & 1.704 \\ \hline WB FM & 11,099.8 & 3674.3 & 12,766.6 & 3601.2 & 1.520 & 0.137 & 0.006 \\ \hline WB FFSTM & 57,427.8 & 6183.3 & 40,007.2 & 4739.3 & 9.921 & \(<\)0.001 & 3.162 \\ \hline WB \%FM & 15.4 & 4.2 & 22.9 & 4.6 & 5.827 & \(<\)0.001 & 1.700 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} WB, whole body; ES, effect size; BMC, bone mineral content; aBMD, areal bone mineral density; FM, fat mass; FFSTM, fat-free soft tissue mass; TBLH, total body less head.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Males**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Females**} & \multirow{2}{*}{_t-Value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p-Value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ES**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(n = 43)**} & & & & \\ \hline Mean & SD & Mean & SD & & & \\ \hline WB FMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 3.6 & 1.2 & 4.9 & 1.4 & 3.324 & 0.002 & 1.004 \\ \hline WB FFMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 19.7 & 1.6 & 16.2 & 1.8 & 7.362 & \(<\)0.001 & 2.078 \\ \hline TBLH FMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 3.3 & 1.2 & 4.6 & 1.4 & 3.336 & 0.002 & 1.012 \\ \hline TBLH FFM (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 18.5 & 1.5 & 14.9 & 1.7 & 7.669 & \(<\)0.001 & 2.210 \\ \hline Left arm FMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 0.20 & 0.071 & 0.26 & 0.09 & 2.768 & 0.008 & 0.701 \\ \hline Left arm FFMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 1.26 & 0.16 & 0.83 & 0.15 & 9.068 & \(<\)0.001 & 2.774 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Stature-adjusted indices of whole body (WB) and regional fat and fat-free mass in male and female karatekas. Mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD). Student’s \(t\)-test._BMAD (Table 4) was not statistically significantly different in the males and females, except for right leg BMAD, which was higher in the males (\(p\) = 0.024, effect size: medium). The average lumbar spine BMAD was higher in the females, but the difference was at the limit of statistical significance (\(p\) = 0.082, effect size: small). The quartile (25\({}^{\circ}\), 50\({}^{\circ}\), 75\({}^{\circ}\)) values of the body composition variables for the males are presented in Table 5.