## 3 Materials and Fabrication Techniques
### Fabrication Techniques
#### 3.3.1 Spin-Coating
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Top-Down Approach**} \\ \hline
**Spin Speed** & **Spin Duration** & **Post-Deposition Treatment** & **Final Thickness** & **Reference** \\
**[rpm]** & **[s]** & **Post-Deposition Treatment** & **[nm]** & **Reference** \\ \hline
[–] & [-] & Thermal annealing in a vacuum oven at & & [-] & [89] \\  & [-] & 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min & & & \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C for one hour in & & & \\  & & a glovebox filled with high purity N\({}_{2}\) & & & \\ \hline
1500 & 30 & 125 \({}^{\circ}\)C for one hour & 100 & & \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Bottom-Up Approach**} \\ \hline
**Spin Speed** & **Spin Duration** & **Post-Deposition Treatment** & **Final Thickness** & **Reference** \\
**[rpm]** & **[s]** & **Post-Deposition Treatment** & **[nm]** & **Reference** \\ \hline
1500 & [-] & Immersion in deionized water to remove any excess of DBSA & & & \\ \hline  & & Thermal annealing on a hotplate for 20 s & & & \\  & & at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C followed by a second annealing & & & \\
1500 & [-] & under vacuum at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h. & & & \\  & & Subsequent soaking in deionized water & & & \\  & & to remove any surface contamination & & & \\ \hline
1500 & [-] & Thermal annealing at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C under vacuum & & & \\  & & for 1 hour followed by immersion in & & 100 & [53] \\  & & deionized water to remove any excess DBSA & & & \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Preaking at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 150 seconds followed & & & \\  & & by thermal annealing under & & 100 & [93] \\  & & vacuum at 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h & & & \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C & & & \\  & & on a hotplate for 1 h & & & \\ \hline
1000 & 45 & Thermal annealing at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C in air & 200 & [95] \\ \hline
3500 & [-] & Thermal annealing at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min in & & & \\  & & a glove box filled with high purity N\({}_{2}\) gas & & & \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min & 200 & [97] \\ \hline
1500 & 30 & Thermal annealing at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 75 min & -80 & [98] \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min & -80 & [34] \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min in & & & \\  & & a glove box filled with high purity N\({}_{2}\) gas & & & \\ \hline
3500 & [-] & Thermal annealing at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min & & & \\  & & a glove box filled with high purity N\({}_{2}\) gas & & & \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min & & & \\  & & followed by soaking in deionized water for & & & \\  & & 60 min to remove the loosely bound & & & \\  & & polymer chains & & & \\ \hline
3000 & 10 & Pre-baking at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min then & & & \\  & & thermal annealing at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min, & & & \\  & & after removing the insulating tape & & & \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C in air & 460 & [102] \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min & -80 & [103] \\ \hline
[-] & [-] & Thermal annealing at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min & [-] & [104] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Most important characteristics of spin-coating fabrication processes.