# LoRaWAN Network for Fire Monitoring in Rural Environments
## 2 Related Work  
This section presents the current available WSN-based systems for fire detection. [PERSON] presented in [8] a forest fire detection WSN system that used a sub-network coverage method. The deployed network was comprised of Waspmotes that transmitted using XBee 802.15.4. The proposed method divided the network into three subnetworks which resulted in an increase of 2.7% of the lifetime of the network. Compared to other WSN deployments for fire detection, the proposed deployment obtained an increase of 63% of the energy performance. [PERSON] et al. presented in [9] a WSN system for forest fire detection intended to be deployed on the Guanguliatqua Metropolitan Park of Quito. CO\({}_{2}\), CO, and CH\({}_{4}\) gasses were monitored in real time with the MG-811, MQ7, and MQ4 sensors, respectively. Furthermore, temperature and humidity were monitored using the DHT22 sensor. The node was an ATmega328P Arduino that incorporated a NEO-6M GPS to provide the exact location of the measures and an XBee S2B Pro module to establish the communication between the nodes using the ZigBee protocol. The data could be visualized using a user interface created in C# in Visual Studio 2012 and, the data was stored in a SQL database. [PERSON] et al. performed in [10] a reliability test on a Machine-to-Machine (M2M) forest fire WSN detection system. The authors employed the OpenMTC platform to carry out the Internet of Things (IoT) and M2M communication. The Arduino UNO nodes were comprised of an MQ7 CO gas sensor, an LM35 temperature sensor and, a DHT11 humidity sensor, a GPS shield and an XBee adapter to enable the communication with ZigBee. The maximum range of the nodes resulted in be 341 m obtaining a transmission time of 1250 ms.  
[PERSON] et al. presented in [11] a low-cost early wildfire detection system that employed LoRaWAN as the communication protocol. The system was intended for the protection of localized areas such as camping sites, villages or, isolated homes susceptible to being affected by the fire. Strong heat sources were identified using narrow-beam FIR (Far Infrared) sensors with a detection range of up to 50 m. These sensors were connected to STM32 L432 KC nodes functioning in a master-slave manner. The master node received the temperature data and forwarded said data and the alerts in real time through an Internet connection. The proposed system was used along with countermeasures such as sprinklers so as to defend the areas of interest. These sprinklers were activated with latching valves that are able to maintain their status even with a power loss. [PERSON] et al. presented in [12] a hierarchical WSN for forest monitoring and a fire detection system. The nodes had a PIC24 FJ256 GB110 processor unit, an AC4868-250 module for communications on the 868-870 MHz ISM band and a GSM/GRPS module for cellular communication in case it was available. The GPS position of each node was collected when the nodes were deployed. The sensor nodes monitored CO, CO\({}_{2}\), temperature, humidity, wind speed, and wind direction. Tests were performed employing two simulators considering communication systems, fire brigades and coordination of aerial and land means. [PERSON] et al. proposed in [13] a three-dimensional multi-sink WSN scheme for forest fire detection. The scheme included an event-driven mode, a time-mode, and a hybrid-mode. The authors proposed an energy-efficient protocol that prioritized fire detection to energy-saving and used a Fermat point scheme. The results showed that the hybrid-mode presented the highest lifetime, followed by the event-driven mode and the time-driven mode whose lifetime was depleted faster due to using a random transmission mode instead of a round-robin mode and the transmission of unnecessary data respectively. [PERSON] et al. presented in [14] a WSN-based forest fire alerting system. The system was aimed at determining the scale and intensity of the fire.