## 3 Results  
### Components of Fatty Acids in Non-Dairy Creamer used for Animal Diet  
The non-dairy creamer consisted of 65% carbohydrate, 33.275% fat, and 1% protein. Profiling of fatty acids present in non-dairy creamer revealed 15 types of fatty acids. The major fatty acids were lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid (Table 1). Effect of Consumption of D-Allulose with Non-Dairy creamer as Part of a Dietary Fat Source on Body and Organ Weights  
To investigate the effect of D-allulose supplementation and possible interaction of the D-allulose and non-dairy creamer-enriched HFD, male C57 BL/6J mice were provided with NDC or NDCA diets for 8 weeks. Food intake and energy intake were approximately equal in the NDC and NDCA groups while initial body weights did not differ between groups (Figure 1a,b). However, the final body weight was significantly lower in the NDCA group than in the NDC group (Figure 1c). Correspondingly, total body weight gain and the food efficiency ratio were significantly higher in the NDC group than in the NDCA group (Figure 1d,e). Figure 1: _Cont._Liver weight was significantly higher in the NDC group than in the NDCA group. In contrast, kidney and muscle weights were significantly lower in the NDC group than in the NDCA group after 8 weeks (Figure 1f). Similarly, all adipose tissue weights were significantly higher in the NDC group than in the NDCA group (Figure 2a). For factors related to body weight, when mouse activity was high at 9 p.m., the rectal temperature was significantly increased in the NDCA group compared to the NDC group (Figure 2b). However, at 9 a.m., the rectal temperature did not differ between the NDCA and NDC groups (Figure 2b). Among factors affecting thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue (BAT), UCP1 and SIRT1 gene expressions were higher in the NDCA group than in the NDC group (Figure 2c). Figure 1: Effects of supplementation of non-dairy creamer-enriched high-fat diet with D-allulose on body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER; body weight gain/energy intake per day), and organ weights in C57 BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks: (**a**) food intake; (**b**) energy intake; (**c**) body weight; (**d**) total body weight gain; (**e**) FER; (**f**) organ weight. Data are mean \(\pm\) SE. Significant differences between the 5% D-allulose group and without D-allulose group are indicated; \({}^{*}p<0.05\), \({}^{**}p<0.01\), \({}^{***}p<0.001\). NDCA, high-fat diet with non-dairy creamer +5% D-allulose; NDC, high-fat diet with non-dairy creamer. Figure 2: Effect of supplementation of a non-dairy creamer-enriched high-fat diet with D-allulose on adipose tissue weights, rectum temperature, and mRNA expression of genes related to thermogenesis factor in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of C57 BL/67 mice fed the diet for 8 weeks: (**a**) adipose tissue weight; (**b**) rectum temperature; (**c**) BAT mRNA expression. Data are mean \(\pm\) SE. Significant differences between the 5% D-allulose group and without D-allulose group are indicated; \({}^{*}p<0.05\), \({}^{**}p<0.01\), \({}^{***}p<0.001\). NDCA, high-fat diet with non-dairy creamer +5% D-allulose; NDC, high-fat diet with  
non-dairy creamer. WAT, white adipose tissue; UCP1, uncoupling protein 1; PGC-1\(\alpha\), peroxisome proliferatorator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; SIRT1, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1; PPAR-\(\gamma\), peroxisome proliferatorator-activated receptor gamma; Creb, cAMP response element-binding protein. Effect of Consumption of D-Allulose with Non-Dairy creamer on Fecal Lipid Excretion and Plasma Lipid Profiles  
Fecal fatty acid and TG contents were significantly higher in the NDC group (Figure 3a,b) while the cholesterol excretion level was not different between groups (Figure 3c). Among the small intestinal mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related factors, SRB-1 and LPC1L1 gene expressions were significantly lowered in the NDCA group (Figure 3d).