## 3 Results
### Effectiveness of Brine Stabilizers on Resuspension Suppression from the Ze'elim Soil  
To test the impact of the brine stabilizers on the resuspension from the soils, soils were treated with different stabilizers, left to dry for two weeks, and then tested for wind-induced dust emission. Untreated soils served as non-stabilized controls (NSCs). Soils were treated with either of the following stabilizers: CaCl\({}_{2}\), MgCl\({}_{2}\) and saltwater from the Dead Sea in Israel. Soils were also treated with tap water in order to control for the impact of wetting (Table 2). PM\({}_{10}\) concentrations recorded during the wind tunnel experiment, representing wind-induced dust emissions from the Ze'elim soil, are presented in Figure 4. Higher wind velocities resulted in higher PM\({}_{10}\) resuspension levels from the untreated soil (control). Resuspension was slightly reduced from soils sprayed with tap water (followed by drying) at all wind velocities tested, with a significant reduction at the lowest wind velocity. Extremely low resuspension levels were detected in brine treated soils, demonstrating that the soils were effectively stabilized following the treatments. The most effective dust suppressor was the Dead Sea salt treatment, yielding average PM\({}_{10}\) concentrations similar to background levels (~20 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/m\({}^{3}\)). Based on the PM\({}_{10}\) concentrations recorded during the wind tunnel experiment and the mass measurements of the collected salting particles, mean PM\({}_{10}\) fluxes and mean saltation fluxes were calculated, respectively. Figure 5 show the mean PM\({}_{10}\) fluxes and mean saltation fluxes from the Ze'elim soil under different treatment conditions, tested under four wind velocities. From these results, it was evident that the resuspension fluxes of saltating particles were significantly lower (by at least an order of magnitude) than dust particles, supporting that PM\({}_{10}\) are the major resuspension contributors under natural conditions. Figure 3: Particle size distribution of the Ze’elim and the Yamin soils in Israel. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Size Fraction** & **Ze’elim Soil** & **Yamin Soil (\%)** \\ \hline Clay (\(<\)0.002 mm) & 1 & 7 \\ \hline Silt (0.002–0.063 mm) & 6 & 51 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Sand} & Fine (0.063–0.25 mm) & 37 & 41 \\  & Medium (0.25–0.5 mm) & 39 & 1 \\  & Coarse (0.5–2.0 mm) & 17 & 0 \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) (\(<\)0.01 mm) & 3 & 28 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Particle size fractions of the Ze’elim and the Yamin soils in Israel. To quantitatively evaluate the impact of the treatments on the resuspension of PM\({}_{10}\) and saltating particles, suppression efficiencies were calculated (Tables 6 and 7). Treating the Ze'elim soil with brine solutions resulted in effective stabilization, as shown by significantly reduced fluxes compared to the control and high resuspension suppression efficiencies of >97% (Figure 5, Tables 6 and 7) for all experimental conditions. The impact of the brine solutions was directly related to the salt treatment, as slightly reduced PM\({}_{10}\) fluxes and unchanged saltation fluxes were observed in soils misted with tap water only. Figure 4: Wind-driven PM\({}_{10}\) emissions from the Ze’elim soil two weeks following treatment with stabilizers. Note the differences in the values of the Y-axis between Control and Water to the brines. Figure 5: Winddriven PM\({}_{10}\) and saltation fluxes from the Ze’elim soil treated with stabilizers. While all salt solutions efficiencies may be operationally relevant, interestingly, the most effective suppression effect on overall resuspension was achieved by the Dead Sea salt treatment, yielding 100% suppression efficiency over all wind velocities tested. For the prepared calcium and magnesium salt solutions, the efficiencies were less for lower wind speeds.