esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
The physical layer security (PLS) utilizes code modulation, key generation, key consistency, and encryption/decryption to ensure secure information by enhancing the security performance of MEC. Based on the PLS, the impersonation attack detection (IAM) algorithm is proposed in this work. In summary, the main contributions of this paper are given as follows:  
* An impersonation attack model (IAM) in MEC is constructed. The model assumes that attackers (edge nodes or mobile users) can perform active impersonation attacks, meeting the subsequent experiments' requirements. * According to the established model and hypothesis test, an IAM is proposed to optimize the threshold and achieve impersonation detection in a dynamic environment. We propose a SARSA algorithm based on reinforcement learning that realizes the detection action and can defend against the impersonation attack in a dynamic environment. * We analyze the miss detection rate (MDR), false alarm rate (FAR), and an average error rate (AER) with the SARSA algorithm and compare to the traditional Q-learning method. * The experimental results show that our proposed scheme has a higher detection accuracy and lower AER, effectively preventing the impersonation attack compared to the traditional Q-learning-based approach. The rest of the work is structured as follows. Following the introduction, we outline the related work in the next section. After the related work, the system model is illustrated, which is further subdivided into the impersonation attack model and security model. The system model is followed by the hypothesis test and detection method, which includesthe hypothesis test and impersonation detection method. Afterward, we describe the simulation experiments that include the receiver utility, receiver's test threshold, analysis of MDR, analysis of FAR, and analysis of AER. In final section, the paper is concluded.
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Comparison with State-of-the-Art Methods
To validate the generalization capability of the proposed model, experiments were conducted on the WiderPerson dataset using the evaluation metrics AP and MR\({}^{-2}\), with results presented in Table 9. The proposed model achieved state-of-the-art performance in both AP and MR\({}^{-2}\) on the WiderPerson dataset, demonstrating its strong generalization capability.
## 3 Parametric Study of Sub-Rectangular Tunnels in Quasi-Static Conditions
### Effect of the Lining Thickness (\(t\))  
The lining thickness \(t\) is assumed to vary in the range between 0.2 and 0.8 m while keeping \(K_{0}\) value of 0.5, an \(a_{H}\) value of 0.5 g, and an \(E\) value of 100 MPa. Other parameters introduced in Table 1 were adopted. The results presented in Figure 12 indicate that the lining thickness has a great effect on the incremental internal forces for both sub-rectangular and circular tunnels and in both no-slip and full-slip conditions. The relationship between the lining thickness and the incremental internal forces for the considered cases is quite linear.  
For the no-slip condition, absolute extreme incremental bending moments of the sub-rectangular linings are always larger than the circular ones (Figure 12a). The discrepancy declined gradually from 124 to 6%, corresponding to the lining thickness increase from 0.2 to 0.8 m. In the full-slip conditions, considering a lining thickness smaller than approximately 0.5 m, the absolute extreme incremental bending moments of the sub-rectangular linings are still larger than the circular ones, similar to the no-slip condition presented earlier. However, when the lining thickness is larger than 0.5 m, the opposite result is obtained, as shown in Figure 12a. Thus, larger absolute extreme incremental bending moments on the circular tunnels are observed.  
Figure 11: Effect of the \(E\) value on the internal forces for the circular and sub-rectangular tunnel linings. (**a**) Incremental bending moments; (**b**) incremental normal forces.  
It can be seen in Figure 12b that the incremental normal forces in the no-slip condition are always larger than the full-slip ones. In comparison with the incremental normal forces of the circular lining, the incremental normal forces in the sub-rectangular lining are lower by about 9 and 25% for no-slip and full-slip conditions, respectively (Figure 12b).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Na-Ca-K Clinoptilolite
However, K will most likely coordinate with the framework oxygens surrounding Al at the T1 sites and T3 sites, as those sites are at the left and right extremities of channel C. In addition, if more Al atoms are on the left side of the channel, then K will move along the c-axis to move to the other side of the channel; the same applies if the Al atoms are on the right side of the channel. This will happen regardless of whether Al is occupying the T1, T2, or T3 sites. Figure 10a shows how K increases its coordination with the framework to be coordinated four times to accommodate the presence of four Al atoms on the left side of the channel. In Figure 10b, however, K is coordinated twice and moved to the right extremity of channel C, which is parallel to the c-axis to accommodate the two Al atoms at T1 sites. In addition, Ca moved to the opposite side of channel B and is pointing towards Al at the T2 and T3 sites. In Figure 10c, K is coordinated three times with the main framework to accommodate the presence of four Al atoms at the right side of the structure, whereas Ca in the left channel B is pointing upwards, toward Al at the T2 and T3 sites. Na, as previously discussed, moves only a few angstroms to approach the framework oxygen surrounding Al at the T2 sites in the 10 MR of channel A, the largest channel in terms of clinoptilolites, and distances itself from Al at the T1 sites. It is remarkable how the cations move in perfect harmony within the structure, almost as if they are working together as a team, with each cation playing its designated role. For example, the Ca atom in Figure 10d now points downwards due to the presence of Al at the T2 and T3 sites at the left side of the structure, while Na accommodates oxygens surrounding Al at T2 at the right side of the structure in the 10 MR of channel A and K is coordinated with the oxygen atoms surrounding Al1 in the upper part of the structure. It is worth noting that the contraction in the \(b\) lattice parameter in Ca-clinoptilolites was not observed in this system, where the \(a,b,\) and \(c\) lattice parameters are well reproduced. The lattice parameters of all the configurations can be found in the Supplementary Material, along with the bond lengths of the most stable structure.
## 5 Application of Our Proposed Approach
### Case Study-1: Demand Data for Transformer Tanks  
The demand data collected from a transformer tank manufacturing company are adopted to validate the proposed methodology. The company mainly produces three types of distribution transformer tanks such as 1000 KV, 750 KV and 500 KV. Among the three models, the 750 KV transformer tank is found to be the vital item for the company. Since the management reviews its production plan at the end of each month, the monthly demand for 750 KV transformer tanks is considered in this study. As presented in Figure 3, the historical records of monthly demand for transformer tanks over the past four years ranging from 2010 to 2013 were revealed by the company. The first three years' data are used for the training and/or prediction model development purpose while the remaining data are used to test the proposed approach. However, prior to forecast, it is common to examine a time series for characterizing the presence of different demand patterns such as the randomness, trend, seasonality and cyclical behavior. In this context, a scatter diagram of time series representing the demand for 750 KV transformer tanks as shown in Figure 3 reveals an overall uprising trend with multiplicative seasonality.
# Telecommunication Technologies for Smart Grid Projects with Focus on Smart Metering Applications
## 4 Smart Metering Applications--Smart Grid Projects
### LV and MV Monitoring and Management
#### 4.7.6. Remarks on Projects for LV and MV Monitoring and Management  
Subsection 4.7 describes mainly the projects that apart from examining smart metering issues on the LV network, they also focus at a great extent on aspects of the MV grid, thus achieving LV and MV monitoring. In three of the projects we can find information about telecommunication technologies in the MV network. GSM is used for such purposes in DISCERN project, wireless connection is used between MV/LV substations in Grid4 EU project, whereas more options are used in Smartcity Malaga project, like BB-PLC, WiMAX and 3G. In Bidelek project, substation automation, remote management and supervision issues are examined.  
All of the projects involve smart meters implementation, whereas information can be found in four of them about smart meter technologies. NB-PLC technology is used in Smartcity Malaga, SUSTAINABLE, Grid4 EU and DISCERN projects. Additionally, in Grid4U and DISCERN projects, wireless solutions are used for data transmission from the data concentrator to the control center. Particularly in the later project, it is reported that several technologies are used for both links of transmission, like NB-PLC, GSM, GPRS, 3G for the first link and PLC, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE for the second link. Table 9 shows the characteristics of the projects discussed in this subsection. Figure 6 shows an example of monitoring options within a substation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Project** & **Aim** & **Characteristics** & **SM Technologies Used** & **Other Technologies** \\ \hline Smartcity Malaga & Smart Grid network management, LV and MV & MV and LV networks and monitored, data from all network points are transferred to control center & NB-PLC (Meters \& More) & BB-PLC, WiMAX, 3G for data transmission in the MV network, MPLS for interconnection of control centers \\ \hline SUSTAINABLE & Distribution network monitoring & Control levels at: HV/MV and MV/LV substations, Smart meters installed & NB-PLC—PRIME (some cases), GPRS (some cases) & \\ \hline Grid4 EU & LV and MV grid monitoring & Smart meters installation, substations and MV/LV—HV/MV substations, usage of RTUs and SCADA for grid monitoring & NB-PLC technologies—especially PRIME, GSM, GPRS, 3G in the MV network (second link) & Wireless connection between MV/LV \\ \hline Bidelek & Monitoring and automation of MV network & Configuration of 1100 transformer stations with various services & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Summary of projects for LV and MV monitoring and management.
## 5 Second Generation: Optimization of Virtual Inertia Systems
### Second Generation of Ise Lab's Topology  
In the traditional Ise lab's topology, active power oscillation during the inertia emulation has been identified as one of the major concerns [41]. Typically, during a frequency event, the DG unit needs to release/absorb a high amount of power, which may exceed their power ratings. This is not a problem for conventional SGs as they have inherently overrated operation capabilities. However, in the case of inverters, the switches have to be over-sized to handle such peak power, leading to an increase in inverter size and, consequently, cost [36]. In [41], an alternating moment of inertia emulation approach was proposed to make the system less susceptible to such oscillations. The \(J\) parameter was changed based on the relative \"virtual angular velocity\" and its rate of change. The proposed alternating moment of inertia approach not only stabilized the system under consideration, but other nearby virtual inertia units as well. Similarly, in [85] another technique of adjusting the \"virtual stator reactance\" of the virtual inertia unit has also been proposed to reduce such active power oscillations. This approach was somewhat similar to the approach described for synchronverters in [82]. The technique was also found to aid in proper transient active power sharing when operating multiple virtual inertia units in a microgrid environment. In [86], a particle swarm optimization technique was developed to properly tune the parameters of the system and achieve smooth transitions after a disturbance when operating multiple virtual inertia units.
# Detection of Surface Water and Floods with Multispectral Satellites
## 1 Introduction
In addition, the investigation of the performances of the selected indices, based on evidence from the literature, is presented, and the classification of the accuracy values, according to the land cover conditions, is proposed. In Section 4, the main outcomes are described; finally, in Section 5, the conclusions are drawn, and future research directions are discussed.
# Spintronic RF-Direct on-off Keying Modulation Using a Frequency Division Multiplex
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the results of spintronic wireless communication using a new modulation method, spin RF-direct on-off keying modulation using a frequency division multiplex (FDM), which modulates amplitude and frequency simultaneously with a spin torque nano-oscillator (STNO) array. For the new modulation technique, each channel can be assigned to every STNO on the STNO array, and each STNO is simultaneously modulated by on-off keying with digital data directly. These modulation technologies have the advantage of increasing the data transmission rate by the number of operating STNOs. In recent years, efforts to increase the speed of transmission are important as the amount of data it sends increase. The receiver demodulates data on every channel through a band pass filter acquiring the frequency assigned to each channel, respectively. To initially confirm the possibility of realizing spin RF-direct on-off keying modulation using an FDM, we demonstrated the proposed modulation technique with two STNOs in an array, setting one STNO at 3.5 GHz frequency and the other at 4.2 GHz, and communicated wirelessly with a two-channel receiver in the near field. A data rate of up to 4 Mbps is obtained with the new modulation technique under 10 mm distance, and the DC power consumption is 0.18 mW per STNO in transmitter, including logic circuit operation.  
dual channel; frequency division; multiplex; spintronic oscillator; STNO; array
# Detection and Localization of Multiple Damages through Entropy in Information Theory
## 4 The Finite Element Models  
In this research, two sets of finite elements (FE) were considered. Both sets were made up of a pristine SP and its damaged counterparts.  
Firstly, to better investigate the feature (Wiener entropy of axial strains) performance, all unnecessary sources of uncertainties--such as material inhomogeneities--were omitted in this first set of tests. Measurement noise was artificially added to corrupt the signals.  
On the other hand, initial flaws on the SP and uneven distribution of the soil material properties in the surrounding areas were included in the second case (being already included in the first model the non-uniform distribution of the soil stiffness due to the location of the pipeline in the depth). This point will be better addressed later in a dedicated Section.  
All the FE models were built on Ansys(r) Mechanical APDL(tm). Here in this section, only the first model will be discussed in detail. The differences between the first and the second numerical case study will be detailed in the dedicated Section 6.  
The structure consists of a 20 m-long section of steel pipeline. The SP was realized with 4-node, 6-DoFs-per-node finite elements. Linear-elastic spring-like elements were used to simulate the presence of the surrounding soil in the three directions (see Figure 2). Each spring has a different stiffness value depending on the model geometry. The specific details of this modeling choice will be discussed in the next subsections.  
The mass participation of the soil was considered with an additional term in the SP density by minimizing the difference between the fundamental natural frequency of the plane strain model of soil and SP (Figure 2b) and the fundamental natural frequency of a local model of the SP surrounded by springs (Figure 2c) with stiffness obtained by the FE model of the soil.  
The global reference system was located at the centroid of the SP on one end, with the \(z\)-axis oriented along the main pipe axis, the \(y\)-axis perfectly vertical and pointing upward, and the \(x\)-axis perfectly horizontal to form a right-handed triad. The stiffness of the springs in the z-direction was assumed to equal the one in the horizontal direction. This multi-modeling approach was needed to consider the effect of the soil in the dynamics of the SP in an way needing less computational effort, allowing the simulation of several damage scenarios.
## 4 Results
### Pre-Processing of the Data  
Due to the presence of outliers and significant variations in scales, the prediction performance of several machine learning algorithms decreases. Additionally, the computation of gradient-based estimators becomes more complicated and takes longer to converge.  
Figure 2 illustrates the boxplots of the features, namely AT, V, AP, and RH. These input variables have different scales that can affect gradient-based estimators like SVR and KNN. Specifically, AP has a large scale compared to AT, V, and RH. To address this issue, we performed feature scaling to normalize all features to the same scale. While tree-based models such as DT, RF, GBM, and XGB do not require feature scaling, SVR and KNN do. In this study, we used standardization for feature scaling, which is unaffected by the presence of outliers. It is calculated using the mean and standard deviation of each feature, as follows:  
\[\hat{x}_{i}=\frac{x_{i}-\mu}{\sigma} \tag{7}\]  
where \(x_{i}\) is \(i\)-th raw data, and \(\mu,\sigma\) are, respectively, mean and standard deviation of feature values.
# Line of Sight and Image Motion Compensation for Step and Stare Imaging System
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a novel step-stare system was proposed, which was composed of two single-axis fast steering mirrors and a two-axis gimbal. The two-axis and four-frame system proposed in the past is mainly used to solve the problem of LOS pointing. A two-axis gimbal is used to achieve large-angle pointing and \"coarse\" control, and FSMs are used to achieve \"finer\" LOS pointing. The system proposed in this paper is time-sharing. The gimbal is mainly used to control the LOS before exposure and keep the LOS during exposure, while FSMs are used to compensate the image motion during exposure, so as to achieve accurate LOS and high-resolution imaging at the same time. This paper introduced the working principle and system composition of the system established the coordinate system and proposed the algorithm of LOS and image motion compensation (IMC) based on the imaging optical path. Finally, the correctness of the algorithm and control flow was verified by flight test. The composite step and stare system can be used in the system with high requirements for geo-location and resolution.  
Conceptualization, J.X.; software, J.X., P.H. and J.L.; validation, J.X., P.H., J.L., H.Z. and Y.L.; writing--original draft preparation, J.X.; writing--review and editing, J.X. and P.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National high resolution project of China, grant number [GFZX0403260312].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction  
Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly (styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, is a transparent conductive polymer consisting of oligomeric PEDOT and polymeric PSS. Due to its unique combination of conductivity, transparency, ductility, and ease of processing, PEDOT:PSS has been benchmarked on various applications such as anistatic layers, electroluminescent devices, hole injection layers in organic light emitting diodes, charge transfer layers on biomedical electrodes, and wearable electrode [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. It can also be used as a replacement for transparent conductors such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and is widely used in applications where the underlying substrate is flexible [6].  
The PSS in the complex has two functions [7]. One is to act as dopants that stabilize cations in the main chain of PEDOT. The other is to disperse the PEDOT segments in the aqueous medium, and renders PEDOT:PSS an environmentally friendly polymer. However, hydrophilicity of PEDOT:PSS prevents its widespread application. For example, when PEDOT:PSS is employed as a material for the hole injection layer of an organic light-emitting device, indium is extracted from the electrode layer (ITO) due to the interaction of the sulfonic acid group of the PSS with water, and eventually shortening the lifespan of the organic light emitting device [8, 9].  
Therefore, a method of synthesizing PEDOT capable of dispersing in organic solvents by using a fluorine-based compound containing sulfonic acid [10] or an ionic liquid polymer [11, 12] as dopants instead of PSS has been under investigation. However, as long as the sulfonic acid-based dopant is used, the remaining sulfonic acid that is not engaged in doping with PEDOT chain eventually causes a problem of extracting and transferring indium through interaction with water.  
In addition, various attempts have been made to stabilize PEDOT:PSS in the aqueous system. [PERSON] et al. used epoxy-containing silane coupling agents and successfully prevented delamination of PEDOT:PSS films in an aqueous environment [13]. [PERSON] et al. reported that the epoxy group of the aforementioned silane coupling agents reacts with sulfonic acid group of PSS and the silanol group couples with glass substrate, which encourages formation of more stabilized film in the aqueous phase [14]. This behavior was also employed in a bioelectrode for in vivo recording of brain activity [15; 16].  
In this study, we prepared a derivative by reacting PSS with an epoxy containing alkyl groups focused on the fact that intrinsic properties of PEDOT:PSS can be altered by reacting PSS with the epoxy group. We isolated this product and characterized its structure by FT-IR, TGA, and XPS. We found that a derivative with hexyl group was well dispersed in methanol, and film formation was made possible per se without an additional solvent, binder, or wetting agent. We also investigated the electrical and physical properties of the film. This work demonstrates for the first time that derivatives of PEDOT:PSS reacted with epoxyalkanes have great potential for a flexible and water-stable electrode.