esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results  
### Structural Analysis and Vibration Test Results  
The results of frequency analysis show that the first mode of vibration in the fully assembled state of the satellite is 251.9 Hz, as shown in Figure 14, which is well above the minimum requirement of 60 Hz specified in the JAXA accommodation handbook document [20]. On the other hand, the maximum von Mises stress when the expected launch load is applied is 96.09 MPa, 111.8 MPa, and 99.22 MPa in the X-, Y-, and Z-axis, respectively. The safety margin is calculated using these stress values.  
Figure 14: Frequency analysis of the 3U model.  
Figure 13: Liaison diagram of 3U slot-based model.  
In addition, random and sine-burst vibration tests were conducted at the Kyutech Nanosatellite development facility. All the test results show that the satellite's fundamental frequency did not change before and after the vibrations, as shown in Figure 15.
## 5 Evaluation Results
### Data Collection  
The traffic emulator used for testing is the Spinent Landslide 5G Traffic Generator (model: TAP-10G-SR). As part of the test design, a total of 625,000 5G users in number were created to create traffic data, and signaling DDoS attack scenarios and normal scenarios were set up, based on which traffic was created, respectively.  
The amount of traffic created as such was 90,619 in total, among which normal traffic data was composed of 14,943 and signaling DDoS attack traffic data composed of 75,676. The constructed attacking traffic was grouped into 10 attack scenarios, each having a different pattern, being further subgrouped into 5 scenarios where the number of 5G users was set to 100 persons and 5 scenarios where the number of 5G users was set to 20 persons. Moreover, for 5 scenarios out of the 10, PDU sessions were deleted and their re-creation interval in time was increased from 1 sec to 5 sec, to create traffic as shown in Table 6.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scenario** & **\# of Users** & **IMSI** & **PDU Reconnect** & **PDU Release** \\ \hline Scenario 1 & 100 & 450051001000001\(\sim\) & 1s & 1s \\ \hline Scenario 2 & 100 & 450051002000001\(\sim\) & 2s & 2s \\ \hline Scenario 3 & 100 & 450051003000001\(\sim\) & 3s & 3s \\ \hline Scenario 4 & 100 & 450051004000001\(\sim\) & 4s & 4s \\ \hline Scenario 5 & 100 & 45005100500001\(\sim\) & 5s & 5s \\ \hline Scenario 6 & 20 & 450052001000001\(\sim\) & 1s & 1s \\ \hline Scenario 7 & 20 & 450052002000001\(\sim\) & 2s & 2s \\ \hline Scenario 8 & 20 & 450052003000001\(\sim\) & 3s & 3s \\ \hline Scenario 9 & 20 & 450052004000001\(\sim\) & 4s & 4s \\ \hline Scenario 10 & 20 & 45005200500001\(\sim\) & 5s & 5s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Signaling DDoS attack scenarios and normal scenarios.  
Figure 17: Flowchart for operation of detecting module using preprocessed test data.  
Training data was constructed into three types, as shown in Table 7, depending on the time that discriminates unit data from each other. More specifically, the dataset annotated XDR was based on the XDR create time, the dataset Bearer that is considered a tunnel for signaling sessions was based on bearer create time, and lastly, the dataset total was based on the combined create time of both XDR and Bearer.
# Two-Level-Composite-Hashing Facilitating Highly Efficient Anonymous IoT and D2D Authentication
###### Abstract  
Resource limitation is quite popular in many Internet of Things (IoT) devices and eavesdropping on the identities of IoT devices could reveal the sensitive information; therefore, high efficiency (computation and communication) and anonymity protection are two desirable properties in IoT authentication and in device-to-device (D2D) authentication. Conventionally, dynamic pseudonyms are widely adopted to protect the device identity privacy in IoT authentication and in D2D communications; however, the conventional mechanisms of pseudonym-renewing and pseudonym-bound-public-keys updating could be very costly or be vulnerable to the desynchronization-based denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel 2-level composite hashing (2 LCH) mechanism to mitigate the problems, and propose the 2 LCH-based anonymous IoT and D2D authentication schemes. The schemes simultaneously achieve high efficiency and strong anonymity for such environments; once two devices successfully complete one instance of the server-assist anonymous authentication, they can run several instances of the direct D2D anonymous authentication without the involvement of the server. The merits of the schemes include: (1) high efficiency in terms of computation and communication; (2) easy and efficient generation/synchronization of dynamic pseudonyms; (3) robustness to both desynchronization-based DoS attacks and the unreliable connections; (4) easy application to the existent IoT architectures and standards; and (5) formal security verification.  
Internet of Things; authentication; MQTT; hash; cloud; edge services +
Footnote †: journal: Computer Science and Technology  
and forward secrecy) using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) [3], which is one formal security protocol verification toolset. The contributions of this paper are five-fold. (1) Proposal of the 2 LCH to facilitate anonymous and efficient identification; (2) new anonymous IoT/D2D authentications with high efficiency; (3) the robustness of the schemes to both desynchronization-based DoS attacks and unreliable connections; (4) easy application of the proposed schemes in many classic IoT architectures and standard IoT protocols like Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) [4; 5]; and (5) formal security protocol verification using AVISPA.  
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the related work. Section 3 introduces our system architecture, and proposes our schemes. Section 4 introduces the application of our proposed schemes in the MQTT 5.0 context. Section 5 analyzes the security and evaluates the performance. Section 6 states our conclusions.
## 3 LoRa and Localization Algorithms
### Localization Algorithm  
Localization is crucial for identifying the physical locations of sensors in the deployment area. Concerning the deployment land in agriculture, it is important to identify the required number of sensor nodes and the distances at which they need to be positioned so that sensor nodes can establish communication links among themselves. Here, we discuss localization algorithms to determine a suitable node architecture for farm land. Various parameters are evaluated using these algorithms, such as accuracy, reliability, and scalability. Localization algorithms are broadly classified into two types, namely, range-based and range-free-based, as shown in Figure 2[23]. Moreover, these two types are classified into two kinds, namely, fully range-based and hybrid range-based.
# Bidirectional Atmospheric Channel Reciprocity-Based Adaptive Power Transmission
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, the FSO system based on bidirectional atmospheric communication was investigated theoretically and cumulatively. The transmission mechanism used the adaptive power transmission technique based on the reciprocity of the bidirectional atmospheric channel with OOK modulation. The CSI was extracted at the receiving end of the forward transmission in accordance with the reciprocity of the bidirectional atmospheric channel, and the adaptive power transmission was carried out at the transmitting end of the inverse transmission based on the extracted CSI to reduce the channel's fading response. In MATLAB simulation software, the adaptive transmission method was represented with various levels of background noise. The adaptive power transfer approach based on two-way atmospheric channel reciprocity had its BER performance and reciprocity magnitude tested. According to the simulation results, the technique's performance is significantly influenced by the size of background noise and the degree of air turbulence. In weakly turbulent channels with low background noise, the channel reciprocity was high and the performance of the proposed technique was outstanding, which was crucial for the construction of effective and practical FSO systems in the future.  
Conceptualization, Y.H.; Data curation, Y.H., W.L. and M.L.; Formal analysis, Y.H., W.L. and X.C.; Project administration, Y.H.; Writing--original draft, W.L. and Y.H.; Writing--review and editing, Y.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external Funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Performance Analysis of Magnetorheological Porous Fabric Composite
## 3 Discussion
### Viscosity Changeability
According to the experimental results, when the magnetic flux density is 0.31 T, the initial viscosity values of the MRF, untreated (0 wt%), 1 wt%, 1.5 wt% and 2 wt% samples (Xwt% represents the sample group of composite with lithium stearate content of Xwt%, the same as below) are 131.7, 125.2, 183.4, 185.5 and 156.3 kPa-s, respectively. Therefore, appropriate immersion treatment of non-woven fabrics with lithium stearate can improve the viscosity of composite under medium and low magnetic fields.
## 4 Parametric Study by Computational Analysis
### Influence of Spacing Parameters (\(e\) and \(w\))
The eight different models representing the four types of BUSP for both structures are visually distinguished by the eight colors displayed in Figure 25. From this figure, several significant conclusions can be drawn. 1. The maximum tensile stress occurs at the mid-span of the bridge, which can be attributed to the peak bending moment experienced at this location. 2. Keeping the values of parameters \(e\) and \(w\) constant, the original BUSP design shows that the maximum tensile stress in the concrete overlays for both Structure 1 and Structure 2 is located outside the U-rib stiffening region. 3. Concerning Structure 1, altering parameter \(w\), i.e., increasing the number of transverse U-ribs, results in a shift of the maximum tensile stress towards the added transverse U-ribs. However, changes in parameter \(e\) mainly affect the magnitude of the maximum tensile stress, while its location remains similar to the original BUSP design. 4. For Structure 2, variations in parameters \(e\) and \(w\) primarily impact the magnitude of stress rather than its distribution. This distinction is primarily due to the support provided by the secondary beams in the crossbeam system of Structure 2 to the newly added transverse U-ribs, leading to different characteristics when compared to Structure 1. Furthermore, Figure 26 demonstrates that the maximum vertical displacement of the concrete overlay also decreases as parameters \(e\) and \(w\) are reduced, following a similar pattern to the variation observed in maximum tensile stress. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior and performance of the BUSP under different spacing parameter configurations, enabling engineers to make in  
Figure 26: The maximum vertical displacement of the concrete overlay varies with the changes in parameters \(e\) and \(w\). formed decisions in optimizing these parameters to minimize stress and displacement in concrete overlays.
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a new multi-user full-duplex VLC system to be used in a smart home environment. The proposed system is capable of accommodating data for both users and smart devices on downlink while also providing uplink connectivity. The proposed system was analyzed on the basis of two parameters. The first parameter was the performance of the proposed system. The performance was based on two key variables, namely, the BER and the data rate. The second parameter was the cost and power consumption of the system. Three systems were compared when analyzing the cost and power consumption, namely, simple LED lights with Wi-Fi, a Hybrid VLC-Wi-Fi system, and the proposed VLC system. The simulation was averaged for four years. From the results, it can be seen that the proposed system performance was met the requirements of data transmission in an indoor environment such as a smart home. As far as the cost and power consumption are concerned, it was noted that the initial cost of the proposed VLC system is high but when compared to the running cost, which includes the power consumption and maintenance costs, the proposed VLC system turned out to be a more cost-effective solution. Although the VLC market has yet to be commercialized, the results obtained from this research show that it can be a cost- and power-efficient complementary system for smart home users when developing the upcoming 5G wireless network.  
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (No. 2016R1A2B4008457) and by the Strengthening R & D Capability Program of Sejong University.  
The research presented in this paper was a collaborative effort among all authors. [PERSON] conceived, implemented and simulated the results along with the paper writeup. [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper and discussed the results and revised the manuscript critically.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) Profile
Hexanal, (_Z_)-4-heptenal, heptanal, (_E_,_E_)-2,4-heptadieneI, octanal and (_E_)-2-octenal showed tendencies to increase gradually, while 2-methyl-butanal, nonanal and decanal showed downward trends of turbot samples during storage. Hexanal was generated from the oxidation of linoleic acid and presented in much higher concentrations in the all turbot samples during storage [41]. Further, heptanal, octanal and nonanal might impart a characteristic fishy flavor; however, 2-methyl-butanal renders turbot samples nutty/malty nuances [42]. Benzaldehyde plays a positive effect on fish odor, and a higher relative abundance appeared at the beginning, which was in agreement with [PERSON] et al. [43]. Unsaturated alcohols, such as 1-octen-3-ol, 1-penten-3-ol, 2-octyn-1-ol, (_Z_)-2-penten-1-ol and (_E_)-2-octen-1-ol, have much lower threshold than the saturated alcohols [42]. The most abundant alcohol were 1-penten-3-ol and 1-octen-3-ol with odor like fishy and grassy [44], which are the products of lipoxygenases on \(\omega\)-3 PUFA [45], and they both significantly increased during storage, especially for the AP treated samples. 1-Octen-3-ol was basically perceived as off-flavor due to the low odor threshold and usually classified as an oxidative spoilage marker [46]. 2-Octen-1-ol imparts a green flavor note and was the product of 12-lipoxygenase activity on \(\omega\)-6 PUFA in turbot samples during storage [47]. The nonbranched alcohols (1-heptanol and 1-hexanol), resulting in a grassy or woody flavor, decreased during storage and 1-heptanol was not detected in MAP treated samples at the end of storage. Ketones are mainly generated from lipid-autoxidation and/or amino acid degradation, and are related with the unpleasant odor in fish [48]. The main ketone is 2, 3-octanedione, which is produced from linolenate oxidative degradation increased during storage, especially for the AP treated samples, and contributed to the development of oxidized fat-odors [49].
# Nanoencapsulation of Essential Oils as Natural Food Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview
## 7 Applications of Nanoencapsulated Natural Antimicrobial Agents
### Active Food Packaging  
In order to improve food packaging and extend the quality and freshness of perishable products, the food industry has established a new packaging system named \"active packaging\". It is intended to deliberately incorporate functional ingredients that release or absorb substances from the food or food matrices [157]. In this regard, the usage of essential oils in active packaging has become a good alternative to improve the shelf life of food products [158]. Chitosan in the form of films and nanoparticles has been reportedto be used in food packaging to prevent microbial infections [159]. Chitosan nanoparticles (110 nm) have been developed and can be used as a coating by spraying directly onto the surface of apple slices to produce a discontinuous coating [160]. Compared to uncoated samples, the chitosan nanoparticle coating showed more effective antimicrobial activity against yeast and mold, as well as thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria [160]. Chitosan/pentasodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles containing carvacrol have been shown to have antibacterial activity, with the minimum inhibitory concentration being determined to be 0.257 mg/mL [161]. This suggests that the encapsulated carvacrol in chitosan nanoparticles improved its antibacterial activity. Edible coatings based on chitosan-containing lemon oil have been successfully used to inhibit the endogenous flora present on sesame leaves, and their shelf life was extended by seven days compared to untreated samples [162].
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Results of Vibration Intensity Measurements  
Further analysis was conducted on the measurement results recorded by station No. I: 422 events from blasting works and 223 tremors from underground mining excavation.  
Tables 1 and 2 present the analysis results in terms of peak values of registered vibrations (v\({}_{x}\), v\({}_{x}\), and v\({}_{y}\)) and their corresponding frequency-time values (f\({}_{x}\), f\({}_{x}\), and f\({}_{y}\)), as well as the maximum values of the horizontal vector (PVS\({}_{xy}\)). Due to the large number of registrations, the results for the five events with the highest intensity are presented in the tables. Additionally, events characterized by the highest values of the horizontal vector are highlighted in bold in the tables, and their seismograms are depicted in Figures 7 and 8.  
To compare the intensity of vibrations induced during blasting works and those induced by tremors in underground mines, Figures 9 and 10 graphically depict the values of the apparent flat vector. This allows us to conclude that the intensity of vibrations in most cases is at a similar level, but it is also worth noting individual events with significantly higher intensity for vibrations induced by mining tremors in underground mines, which qualifies their stronger impact, as shown later in the article. This is further illustrated in Figure 11, which presents the quantitative distribution of event intensities in specific ranges of the apparent horizontal vector value. As depicted in the figure, values above 1.5 mm/s correspond to 1 event related to blasting works and 13 events related to tremors.  
Analyzing the seismograms of vibrations and the data provided in Tables 1 and 2, as well as in Figure 11, it must be concluded that the intensity, assessed based on the maximum velocity values, is noticeably higher for vibrations induced during events. Frequencies correlated with the maximum velocity values are in a similar range.  
Figure 9: Presentation of the horizontal vector values for events induced during blasting works.
## 3 Theoretical Comparisons Between Estimators

Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(\omega\) & \multicolumn{4}{c}{2} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{4} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{6} \\ \hline n & 30 & 50 & 100 & 200 & 30 & 50 & 100 & 200 & 30 & 50 & 100 & 200 \\ \hline \multicolumn{12}{c}{\(\gamma=0.8\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(\gamma=0.8\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(\gamma=0.8\)} \\ \hline \(\hat{\alpha}^{PIG-MLE}\) & 18.197 & 4.901 & 2.011 & 1.871 & 22.662 & 10.091 & 2.027 & 1.904 & 29.077 & 11.399 & 2.300 & 1.985 \\ \(\hat{\alpha}^{PIG-REE}\) & 9.630 & 2.537 & 0.956 & 0.915 & 12.012 & 5.592 & 0.977 & 0.937 & 15.433 & 6.476 & 1.057 & 0.995 \\ \(\hat{\alpha}^{PIG-LE}\) & 9.433 & 2.626 & 1.008 & 0.927 & 11.796 & 5.456 & 1.037 & 0.941 & 15.057 & 6.189 & 1.201 & 0.981 \\ \(\hat{\alpha}^{PIG-ISE}\) & 9.080 & 2.447 & 1.005 & 0.935 & 11.309 & 5.037 & 1.013 & 0.952 & 14.510 & 5.689 & 1.149 & 0.992 \\ \(\hat{\alpha}^{PIG-TPE}\) & 9.008 & 2.446 & 1.014 & 0.940 & 11.212 & 4.989 & 1.025 & 0.955 & 14.402 & 5.627 & 1.162 & 0.995 \\ \(\hat{\alpha}^{PIG-KLE}\) & 8.819 & 2.276 & 0.972 & 0.929 & 10.910 & 4.684 & 0.993 & 0.947 & 14.108 & 5.287 & 1.080 & 0.980 \\ \(\hat{\alpha}^{PIG-MKLE}\) & **8.713** & **2.212** & **0.937** & **0.925** & **10.755** & **4.545** & **0.986** & **0.936** & **13.942** & **5.123** & **1.055** & **0.950** \\ \hline \multicolumn{12}{c}{\(\gamma=0.9\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(\gamma=0.9\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(\gamma=0.9\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(\gamma=0.9\)} \\ \hline \(\hat{\alpha}^{PIG-MLE}\) & 36.880 & 10.744 & 2.778 & 1.998 & 38.850 & 22.156  
Increasing the number of predictors from q = 4 (Table 1) to q = 12 (Table 3) leads to higher MSE values across all conditions. The superiority of the proposed estimator is particularly evident in smaller sample sizes, where it demonstrates strong resistance to both multicollinearity and dispersion effects. Although the performance gap diminishes as the sample size grows, the proposed estimator dominates the alternatives, underscoring its robustness and efficiency across varying model complexities and data conditions.
## 5 Discussion
### Environmental Impact--CO Emissions  
The carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were analyzed as part of the evaluation to assess the environmental implications of DLA implementation. According to the results, the difference in CO emissions before and after the DLA implementation is not noticeable, with the only reduction being at the Vukovar Street-Nova Cesta Street intersection. The major decrease was from 4028.97 g to 2183.96 g, which represents 45.77%. Again, the main reason for such a large decrease in CO emissions is the implementation of the DLA concept, which impacts the harmonization of the traffic flow. As expected, on the edge intersections, there is an increase in CO emissions (15.22% at the Vukovar Street-Trakoscanska Street-Ozaljska Street intersection and 2.17% at the Vukovar Street-Florijana Andraseca Street intersection).  
Even though this research focuses on the isolated implementation of DLA on Vukovar Street, the selected corridor is an integral part of an urban traffic network. The presence of pedestrians and public transport services influences the effectiveness of signal control strategies, and this was considered during the development of the simulation model. Also, the intergreen matrices for pedestrians were calculated and included in the signal timings. The implementation of DLA will be taken into account when analyzing the impact and interactions with adjacent corridors, coordinated signal control, and overall network performance. Also, this study did not incorporate surrogate safety measures (such as Time-to-Collision (TTC)), but their importance in evaluating traffic safety is notable. Indicators like TTC show the real nature of vehicle conflicts and the safety implications of lane assignment strategies. However, due to the defined scope of this research, the current study focused on performance metrics and traffic network parameter improvements. In the next phases of this research, we will integrate surrogate safety analysis using tools like the surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM) or similar to assess the impact of DLA on traffic safety.