## 1 Introduction  
Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in nature, yet its biological function in ecosystems is still poorly known [1]. Awareness of its toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial environments has prompted various studies [2; 3; 4]. Aluminium is present in aquatic environments in relatively low concentrations due to the natural weathering of rocks; however, anthropogenic influences tend to increase the mobility of Al [1]. Aluminium is insoluble at a pH range of 6 to 8; however, it becomes soluble in more acidic or alkaline environments. Aluminium in soil can become soluble when in contact with acidic water and can cause the leaching of Al into streams, dams, or rivers [5]. In aquatic environments, this element's speciation changes are complex, making it challenging to define survival criteria for fish species in acidic environments [6]. Aqueous Al consists of various Al hydroxy species, including Al\({}^{3+}\), AlOH\({}^{2+}\), Al(OH)\({}^{+}_{2}\), Al(OH)\({}^{0}_{3}\) Al(OH)\({}^{-}_{4}\) forming inorganic complexes with fluoride (F\({}^{-}\)), and sulphates (SO\({}^{2}_{4}\)). Moreover, aluminium can bind with organic materials such as humic acids (C\({}_{185}\)H\({}_{186}\)O\({}_{98}\)N\({}_{5}\)S) and fulvic acids (C\({}_{14}\)H\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{8}\)) associated with plant matter in the soil [1; 7]. Evidence of Al bioaccumulation has been found in macrophytes that absorb most of their mineral requirements directly from the water through submerged roots in acidic environments [1]. Algae, lichen, and fungi in aquatic environments contribute to the solubility of Al by releasing citrates, oxalates, acetates, and salicates [1]. Previous studies indicate that dissolved Al can be toxic to the diatoms _Creatoneis closterium, Mintotcellus polymorphus_, and _Phaedactylum tricornutum_[8]. Similarly, the adverse effects of Al in acidic water on vertebrates such as fish populations are well known [6; 9; 10; 11]. Exposing juvenile Atlantic Salmon (_Salmo salar_) to Al and zinc mixtures in a low pH environment (pH between 4.5 and 5.2), [PERSON] and [PERSON], (1995) [12] indicated a significant shortening of survival time when zinc was present, indicating that the presence of other metals in a freshwater environment can contribute to the toxicity of Al in acidic conditions. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON] et al. (2018) concluded that both dissolved and precipitated Al on the gills of _S. salar_ were toxic to the fish. Compared with vertebrates, fewer studies have investigated Al uptake, accumulation, and toxicity in invertebrates. It has been suggested that invertebrates are generally less sensitive to Al than fish [1; 10; 14]. It was previously reported that aluminium does not biomagnify in aquatic invertebrates such as Cladocera, Decapoda, Mollusca, and Insceta [1; 10; 12; 15]. High Al concentrations can lead to malfunctioning of ion regulation in both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms; for example, [PERSON] (1993) [PERSON] (1993) [PERSON] (1993) reported that survival of _Skiostodiaptomus oregonensis_ (Copepoda) decreased when they were exposed to 200 ug/L Al at a pH of 6. This was due to Al reacting antagonistically toward omoreguatory effects of \(H^{+}\) and the resulting loss of Na. According to [PERSON] (1986) and [PERSON] (1999) [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1999); [PERSON] (1999), their staining of chloride cells in crustaceans _Branchinetca puludosa_ and _Daphnia magna_ with hematoxylin showed that Al accumulated on the anal papillae, where ion-regulation occurs. In other aquatic invertebrates such as dragonfly nymphs (_Somatochlora cingulata_), oxygen uptake and ammonia excretion decreased at high Al concentrations (10.30 mg/L\({}^{-1}\)) and low pH (4.2 and 3.6) [PERSON] (1986). Moreover, it was determined that exposure to high concentrations of aqueous Al in neutral pH harms the immunocompetent in the crayfish _Pacifasticus leninsculus_[PERSON] (1986).