## 3 Communication Technologies and Wireless Sensors Networks
### Standards and Protocols
#### 3.2.1 Standardization Organizations
Evaluations provide confidence that the security features and assurance measures meet defined requirements, aiding consumers in determining whether the IT products meet their security needs. The series serves as a valuable guide for the development, evaluation, and procurement of IT products with security functionality. Its intentional flexibility allows various evaluation approaches for different security properties of diverse IT products, with users cautioned to avoid misuse that could lead to meaningless results [35]. * IEC 62351 series IEC 62351--a set of standards focusing on the security of power system control centers and communication networks--emphasizes integrating security measures from the inception of any system. Even legacy infrastructures can adopt security-by-design principles, accounting for cyberthreats during design, development, and retrofitting. This series provides detailed guidance for safeguarding energy management systems and secure energy data exchange. Covering protocols like IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5, IEC 60870-6, IEC 61970, and IEC 61968, it addresses cyberthreats and offers countermeasures. The standard advocates a risk management approach, emphasizing continuous monitoring, testing, and implementing measures beyond traditional firewalls and encryption. IEC 62351 enhances power grid resilience, ensuring a reliable energy supply amid evolving cyberthreats [36]. * IEC 62443 series The IEC 62443 series was created to safeguard industrial automation and control systems (IACS) across their lifespan, featuring nine standards, technical reports, and technical specifications. Initially designed for the industrial process sector, these standards (crucial for critical infrastructures like power, energy, and transport) now apply to diverse industries. Unlike IT standards, IEC 62443 is tailored to the specific performance, availability, and lifetime needs of IACS and operational technology (OT) environments. It recognizes the distinctive consequences of cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, going beyond economic impacts to potential environmental threats and risks to public health. Grounded in industry best practices and achieved through consensus, these international standards offer a comprehensive approach. Implementing IEC 62443 addresses technology, work processes, countermeasures, and employee training, thus reinforcing security and reducing costs [37]. It is important to note that, while there is a plethora of references and suggestions for standards in the concept of cybersecurity in critical infrastructures, the hardware does not have the same popularity. Nevertheless, we must mention that IPC-A-610 and J-STD-001 by IPC, along with IEC TS 62686-1:2020, are notable and suitable in this context. J-STD-001 emphasizes the importance of process control methodology and sets acceptance criteria for soldered connections. On the other hand, IPC-A-610 provides visual acceptance standards for electrical assemblies. J-STD-001 covers material methods and acceptance criteria, whereas IPC-A-610 focuses on visual standards aligned with IPC and other relevant specifications. The IPC standards are characterized by three classes (with class number 3 as the highest level of quality) for high-reliability electronics with extended lifecycles and fail-proof quality that address applications like aerospace, military, and medical fields; both standards incorporate common requirements like coating uniformity, marking, cleaning, and conductor damage. Additionally, IEC TS 62686-1:2020 outlines minimal requirements for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) integrated circuits and general purpose semiconductors for aerospace, defense, and high-performance (ADHP) applications [38; 39; 40].