esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Enhanced Classification of Video-Evoked Stress Response Using Power Spectral Density Features
###### Abstract
Media content can both relieve and induce stress. Limited research exists on assessing stress on social websites where people interact [27]. The literature reveals various research studies focused on stress assessment [28; 29; 30], many of which utilize stimulus-based approaches that achieve significant accuracy. Researchers have used the valence-arousal model to map emotional responses during stressful situations. In [28] there were increased reports of negative valence and high arousal when participants engaged in a stressful activity, like a public speaking task. The valence-arousal model provides a framework for developing tools to measure stress. These tools might analyze facial expressions, physiological signals (EEG, heart rate, skin conductance), or voice patterns to estimate valence and arousal levels, thereby indicating potential stress [29]. In [30], scholars explore how physiological signals using valence and arousal can be used to recognize stress in real-world settings. However, several limitations exist in these studies. Firstly, most employ specific stimuli such as arithmetic tests, Stroop tests, and presentation activities to induce stress [31; 32; 33], with only a few using videos as a stimulus to evaluate stress levels. Secondly, arousal and values obtained from available datasets are rarely used to label stress within the participants. With the rise in internet usage dominated by video content, it is necessary to determine the impact of videos on brain activity using videos and valence-arousal models. To address these gaps, we employed a new labeling mechanism. It is based on valence and arousal values to classify individuals in stressed or relaxed conditions in response to the presented videos. Additionally, we have statistically determined whether video-based datasets can influence different EEG signal bands. Furthermore, machine learning classifiers are trained and used to automate stress detection in response to videos. This research adds to the existing body of literature through the following key contributions:  
* Enhances the classification accuracy of stress and relaxation states in response to videos by using a valence-arousal labeling mechanism and Power Spectral Density (PSD) features. * Identifies alpha band activity as a statistically significant feature in distinguishing between stressed and relaxed conditions, which aligns with existing literature. The rest of the work is organized as follows. Section 2 is a literature review of the related work in human stress assessment using multimedia content. Section 3 covers a detailed methodology description, following the results of the proposed framework and statistical analysis of videos using the DEAP dataset in Section 4. A comparison with related studies and the recent techniques has been described in Section 5. Section 6 is about the conclusion and future work of the proposed scheme.
## 3 Epicardial Adipose Tissue
### Quantification of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Using CCTA  
A trustworthy quantification of EAT can be obtained using different non-invasive techniques. EAT thickness could be measured by transthoracic echocardiography on the free wall of the right ventricle [104]. However, CCTA is considered the most validated and reproducible technique for its quantification, given the higher spatial resolution compared to magnetic resonance (MR) and allowing for simultaneous evaluation of CAD [105].  
In detail, quantification of EAT by CCTA envisages the measure of density (Hounsfield units), volume (cm\({}^{3}\)), and thickness (mm). Epicardial fat density ranges from \(-190\) to \(-30\) Hounsfield units (HU) [106]. Measurements of thickness may be achieved in the horizontal long-axis plane, in the basal short-axis plane, and over the right ventricular free wall [107]. Regarding volume quantification, manual segmentation of EAT is the most widespread method. The operator manually draws EAT contours every 15 mm within a region of interest that usually includes the anterosuperior mediastum at the pulmonary trunk level, the left main trunk, the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries in proximal segments, the posterior mediastum, and the inferior diaphragmatic surface. (Figure 5a-c) Different software can be used to optimize and speed up this process [108]. The advantages of CT volumetric quantification are the high definition and reproducibility, whereas the main limitation is the need for a long segmentation time for an accurate measurement [109]. EAT can also be measured during coronary CT in the interval between contrast administration and angiographic acquisition and does not require specific acquisition [108].  
Figure 5: Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) assessment of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and peri-coronary adipose tissue (PCAT): (**a**) EAT in short-axis view; (**b**) EAT in four-chamber view; (**c**) EAT in two-chamber view (dashed line); (**d**) peri-coronary adipose tissue (PCAT) radiodensity (\(-44\) HU) compared with radiodensity of EAT surrounding free left ventricle wall (\(-89\) HU).
# REERP: A Region-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for IoT Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Results and Discussions  
### Simulation Environment  
The proposed approach shows the important outcome that has been calculated in MATLAB R2019b [35]. In this paper, the simulation has been performed with existing routing protocols, i.e., stable election routing protocol and gateway-based energy-aware multihop routing protocol. In the **stable election protocol**, even though only the heads of the protocol scheme are diverse, the base station was initially positioned in the middle of the network, closer to the nodes. The base station was forced to have the highest rate of electricity consumption because of its outside location and distance from the field, which caused it to run out of energy in the shortest period of time. Utilizing the initial homogenous nodes installed throughout all areas, the **energy-conscious multi-hop routing system for gateways** has been enhanced. The CHs in this approach were chosen on the basis of their distance and remaining energy, since they were primarily homogeneous nodes. In the **energy-aware multi-hop routing protocol for heterogeneous gateways**, the SN are divided into four equal regions based on the threshold value, the base station, and the gateway nodes are positioned outside the field of detection and in the center of the network.  
According to the network scenario, the proposed routing protocol was executed on a WSN with nodes randomly distributed on a 2D square area of length with \(area\times M2\), with a base station located outside the network. The various predictions of the network are shown as follows:  
* After delivery, nodes and the base station are constants.
* The nodes are physically inaccessible and also have equivalent initial energy. Therefore, these nodes were unable to be recharged.
* The base station has unlimited energy, memory, and processing capacity.
* Each node's identity is known to the base station.
* The nodes are aware of where they are and are susceptible to the radio energy utilization model.
# A Self-Color-Changing Film with Periodic Nanostructure for Anti-Counterfeit Application
###### Abstract  
A self-color-changing film aimed at enhanced security and anti-counterfeit packaging is presented. Its function is to change color automatically when flipped under visible light. It is low-cost, takes a few seconds to check by the naked eye, and does not need any special tools to evaluate. The design of the color-changing, anti-counterfeiting film is based on a frequency-selective surface (FSS). The film is designed with aluminum nanocubes. They are laid out as an array in a plane with equal distance from one another. This arrangement allows us to select certain wavelengths of light to pass through by the size of the cubes and the separation distance between them. The performance is evaluated by a finite element analysis (FEA) method. The results show that the intersection of transmittance and the reflectance curves cause the film to change its color automatically when flipped. We also propose a method to predict the color of the film based on the transmittance values. The accuracy of this method is verified by actual colors from experiments with an error of no more than 12.8%, analyzed by the CIE chromaticity diagram.  
Keywords:anti-counterfeit technology; enhanced security; finite element analysis; frequency selective surface; FSS; color-changing film +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Effects of On-Site PV Generation and Residential Demand Response on Distribution System Reliability
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the effects of a combined architecture of on-site PV generation and residential DR applications on distribution system reliability were taken into account from system operator and end-user points of view. It should be highlighted that the real data of the distribution feeder were provided by BEDAS, and one of the most widely used reliability parameters was also integrated into DigSILENT PowerFactory and MATLAB programs. Unlike the other valuable literature studies, the proposed structure considered the DG and the DR impacts on reliability simultaneously for the first time in the literature to the best knowledge of the authors.  
As it can be seen in this study, the obtained results were reasonable, and the most important thing was that the backup power supply as well as the demand reduction strategies played a key role in terms of reliability improvement in case of any failure at feeder or some other components. According to the case studies, feeder reliability indices were improved by approximately 24%, while load point indices were increased nearly 53% thanks to the combined structure. As a future study, it is aimed to implement an optimization-based framework to determine and apply the appropriate DR strategies in a distribution system structure including a PV generation unit.  
S.G.: Conceptualization, Software, Data curation; A.K.E.: Writing--Original draft preparation, Visualization, Investigation; I.S.: Conceptualization, Investigation; O.E.: Methodology, Software Validation, Writing--Reviewing and Editing; J.P.S.C.: Supervision, Writing--Reviewing and Editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
J.P.S.C. acknowledges the support by FEDER funds through COMPETE 2020 and by Portuguese funds through FCT, under POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029803 (02/SAICT/2017).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Design Method of Code Correlation Reference Waveform in GNSS Based on Least-Squares Fitting
## 4 Performance Analysis
### Tracking Jitter
#### 4.2.1 BPSK(1)  
Figure 40 shows the tracking jitters of simulated S-curve of BPSK(1) signal with infinite bandwidth. The coherent and non-coherent S-curves are worse than that of the W2 and double-delta technique. This is mainly due to the greater amplitudes of their code reference waveforms, which decide the value of \(R_{WW}(0)\), when there is little difference in \(R_{XW}^{\prime}(0)\) of different waveforms. Specifically, the CCRW W2 and double-delta correlator waveforms constitute strobes with amplitudes of one and \(-1\), while there is no amplitude constraint on the LS reference waveforms. The \(R_{WW}(0)\) of the double-delta correlator is half the value of W2's, since the double-delta correlator waveform occurs at the transitions of each code, while the W2 waveform occurs at the edge of each code. Therefore, the double-delta correlator discriminator outperforms the W2 discriminator. Similar results are shown in Figure 41 for the 4.092-MHz bandwidth case.  
Figure 40: The tracking jitters for the S-curves of the BPSK(1) signal (infinite bandwidth).
# A Gesture-Based Teleoperation System for Compliant Robot Motion
## 4 Experiments
### Case Study of Peg-In-Hole Process  
The gesture-based teleoperation system was used to show the robot how to execute the pick-and-place and peg-in-hole task. The platform is shown in Figure 9a. The whole process is as follows:  
1. Move the robot gripper above the peg;
2. Move the robot gripper downward until contact;
3. Close the pneumatic gripper;
4. Move the robot gripper upward until the peg is higher than container;
5. Move the peg above the hole;
6. Move the peg downward until contact;
7. Move along a spiral pattern to search the hole while pressing the surface; this process continues until the contact force disappears;  
Figure 10: Hand gesture identification results versus GMMs with different \(K\). Gesture 1 to Gesture 10 represent the ten gestures in Figure 7. To balance the accuracy and computational complexity, \(K=3\) was used in the gesture-based demonstration platform.  
Move the peg downward;
9. Open the robot gripper to release the peg.  
Steps 2, 6 and 7 are related to contact force. The force is a vital signal indicating the assembly state. In step 2 the contact signal means the gripper surrounds the peg, and there is no gap in the vertical direction; in step 6, similarly to the step 2, the contact force signal means the peg contacts the hole's surface, which means the peg misses the right hole position. It is ubiquitous in the tight tolerant assembly process, so a compliant searching process is needed. Reference [33] gives a detailed discussion of the searching process. In step 7, a search force is necessary for a successful hole searching process. It can provide a judging signal when finding the right hole position. The signal may be that the contact force disappears, or the contact force suddenly drops in the downward direction.  
During the pick-and-place and peg-in-hole process, the force threshold \(F_{threshold}\) was set to 40 N. The scaling coefficient \(s\) was chosen as 0.05 in fine mode and 1.0 in the coarse mode. The maximum force \(F_{max}\) was set to 70 N.
## 5 Conclusions  
We proposed a multifunctional pulse generator for SAM systems with a reconfigurable and compact design. The unipolar pulse scheme could achieve a high peak amplitude, on top of the relatively high bandwidth of the device. The system implementation in a PCB scheme allows for a cost-effective and compact design. The reconfigurable structure is versatile for various applications and allows incorporation into open platforms for future research and development.  
This article also presented a detailed and complete model of a P/R device used in SAM systems. The important modules required from high technology are clearly stated in the design. The P/R device is designed with four channels, which means that the speed of image scans in a SAM system can be increased four times, compared with that of a single-channel system. Independent gain adjustment channels also create a different resolution in each region. A high resolution is also important when one crucial area needs to be carefully monitored.  
The techniques in PCB design with high-frequency signals are applied effectively in this design to help improve the signal and increase the bandwidth of the signal. Besides that, this paper also  
Figure 20: System scan sample with different trigger frequencies; (a) Schematic diagram of the system model; (b) The real system; (c) The resulting image with four different areas.  
makes major contributions to systematizing each of the essentials in the design of P/R equipment for SAM scanning.  
One of the other outstanding contributions is a summary of the tested and statistical damping resistor values for different transducers. These have significant implications for users operating systems that use this type of equipment. Saving setup time and adjusting parameters, as well as optimizing the achieved results, help produce brighter and sharper images. Tests have shown the apparent impact of these damping resistors in enhancing the SNR of the signal echo. The echo signals from layers of the sample are also distinguished more clearly, thereby improving the resolution between layers while the system scans samples with multiple layers. The image results have increased CNRs, which increase image quality.  
The design can expand to have eight channels active at the same time. This means that the SAM system will reduce the scan time of a sample by many times, compared with systems that only operate with one or two channels. This has important implications for production carried out on production lines.  
Conceptualization, supervision, and funding acquisition, J.O.; methodology, N.T.B., software, N.T.B., T.T.N.D., T.H.V. and Q.C.B.; validation, B.-G.K. and J.O.; writing--original draft preparation, N.T.B., T.M.T.N., S.P., D.T.P., J.C. and Y.-H.K.; writing--review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Pukyong National University Development Project Research Fund (PhiNX program), 2019.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dynamic Adsorption
It can be seen that pH remains almost constant throughout test SK3 and the ion (Ca\({}^{2++}\) and Mg\({}^{2++}\)) concentration in the effluents remain close to injected concentration. This forms the baseline for comparing the behavior at low salinity condition in the next test SK4. In test SK4, both the pre-flush and post flush was performed with LSW. The nanofluid slug with tracer was also prepared in LSW. The results for test SK4 are shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: (a) NP and tracer concentration profile, (b) effluent pH profile and (c) effluent Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) concentration for SK3 in SSW. It can be seen in Figure 6a that with LSW, the NP breakthrough is delayed by 0.25 PV as compared to the unreacted tracer. In addition, the NP production continues after the tracer production stops. This is similar to test SK1 (ion free) and may indicate desorption of the NPs. It was estimated that 67.2% of the NPs were adsorbed in the core in SK4 as compared to 86.2% in SK3. At low salinity conditions in SK4, the NP concentration profile is similar to DIW. This together with the high irreversible adsorption observed with SSW indicates that salinity strongly influences the adsorption behavior of the NPs on the chalk surface. The effluent pH profile for test SK4 shown in Figure 4c shows a sharp rise in pH with NP production and the pH peak coincides with peak NP production. Thereafter the desorption of NPs during the decline phase can be attributed to the dissolution of the NPs which produces a weak silicic acid as per Equations (2) and (3). This supports the NP adsorption/desorption mechanism proposed previously. However, the linear rise of NPs production in the effluents as observed with DIW (Figure 4a) was not observed with LSW in SK4. This may be due the heavy dissolution of chalk due to DIW in SK1 which significantly raised the pH to 10. The effluent Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) profiles shown in Figure 6c. The high levels of Ca\({}^{2+}\) in the pre flush stage suggest high calcite dissolution. However, after the adsorption of NPs on the chalk surface, the Ca\({}^{2+}\) falls by about 30%. In addition, the Mg\({}^{2+}\) levels fall below the injected concentration during the post flush. This may be due to the incorporation of magnesium into the calcite structure. This is discussed in detail in the later section. From the results so far from static and dynamic adsorption of NPs on chalk surface (in the absence of oil phase) indicated that NP adsorption in chalk could significantly reduce calcite dissolution  
Figure 6: (**a**) NP and tracer concentration profile, (**b**) effluent pH profile and (**c**) effluent Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) concentration for SK4 in LSW. induced by low salinity injection. However, for the application of NPs to petroleum reservoirs, it is essential to study the effect of NPs on chalk surface that is oil wet and the effect of NPs in the presence of oil phase. This is addressed in the following section.
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] and others [36] have associated these symptoms in Scots pine (_Pinus sylvestris_ [PERSON]) and Aleppo pine (_Pinus halepensis_ [PERSON]) trees in Germany and Spain with infection caused by the taxon '_Candidatus Phytoplasma pini_' (hereafter referred _C. P. pini_), identified by the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of 16S rDNA and sequence analyses. These results have been corroborated in other conier species (_Pinus banksiana_ [PERSON], _Pinus mugo_ [PERSON], _Pinus nigra_ [PERSON], _Pinus tubiliformis_ [PERSON], _Abies procera_ [PERSON] and _Tsuga Canadensis_ ([PERSON]) [PERSON]) by some authors in Poland, Lithuania and the Czech Republic [35; 37], in that this microorganism is also detected in non-symptomatic trees, evidencing a non-direct relation between phytoplasma and disease [36]. Despite the existence of a few studies confirming the association among several anomalous growths in pines with _C. P. pini_ infection-related symptoms, the _C. P. pini_ life cycle and transmission between trees of remains still unknown due to the impossibility of isolation and consequently no studies on vectors or acquisition mechanisms are available. Moreover, very little is known about its effects on tree mortality, morpho-physiological performance, carbohydrate reserves and induced defense compounds, all of which are considered key factors related to forest decay processes that face expected climate change scenarios. In the present study, we assess the effects of _C. P. pini_ forest infection by selecting several Aleppo pine stands in a gradient of affected trees with different degrees of disease: (i) healthy stands (i.e., only with non-symptomatic trees); and (ii) declining stands with non-symptomatic and symptomatic trees (i.e., stands containing trees with visible and non-visible symptoms). In all the stands, we analyzed _C. P. pini_ infection by PCR methodology, and measured phloem tree terpene composition as an indicator of tree-induced defense processes. These measures were completed by analyzing several functional traits related to morphological and ecophysiological variables and carbohydrate content to establish the impact of disease on pine vigor and performance. We also analyzed the mortality rate in these stands and the impact of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculinidae, Scolytinae) on the mortality processes of affected trees. We hypothesize that _C. P. pini_ will differently affect tree performance for all response parameters according to the degree of symptoms, with lower performance in symptomatic trees followed by the non-symptomatic trees coexisting within declining stands and better performance in healthy stands.