## 1 Introduction  
The quest for high-energy-density storage systems is driving significant advancements in battery technologies, with lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries emerging as one of the most promising candidates. Li-S batteries offer a theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg\({}^{-1}\) and a specific capacity of 1675 mAh g\({}^{-1}\), making them highly attractive for applications in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and large-scale energy storage systems [1, 2, 3]. These advantages are primarily attributed to the high energy density of sulfur and its abundance, low cost, and environmental benignity. However, despite these promising attributes, the practical application of Li-S batteries faces several critical challenges that have hindered their commercialization. One of the major obstacles in Li-S batteries is the inherent insulating nature of sulfur and its discharge products, lithium sulfide (Li\({}_{2}\)S), which leads to poor electrical conductivity and limits the rate capability of the battery [4, 5, 6]. Furthermore,the dissolution of intermediate lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) into the electrolyte during the charge-discharge process leads to the infamous shuttle effect. This shuttle effect, where LiPSs migrate between the cathode and anode, results in active material loss, severe capacity fading, and poor Coulombic efficiency [7; 8]. Additionally, the substantial volume expansion (up to 78%) of sulfur during lithiation further exacerbates the mechanical instability of the cathode, leading to rapid performance degradation over repeated cycles [9]. To overcome these challenges, researchers have focused on various strategies to enhance the performance of Li-S batteries. One of the most effective approaches is the incorporation of catalysts that can facilitate the redox reactions of LiPSs and suppress the shuttle effect. Catalysts play a crucial role in improving the kinetics of the LiPS conversion reactions, stabilizing the intermediate species, and enhancing the overall electrochemical performance of the battery [10; 11; 12]. Among various catalysts, high-polarity transition metal compounds, such as metal oxides [13; 14], nitrides [15; 16], sulfides [17; 18], and carbides [19; 20], have been widely used due to their strong chemical adsorption and catalytic effects on LiPS conversion. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a transition metal sulfide, stands out due to its diverse structure, high catalytic activity, electrochemical stability, and strong affinity for polysulfides, making it a promising candidate for improving the performance of sulfur cathodes [21]. Compared to other electrode materials, MoS2 offers an optimal combination of chemical properties and structural versatility that enhances the redox reaction kinetics and suppresses the shuttle effect [22]. However, despite its potential, MoS2 suffers from certain limitations, such as poor electrical conductivity and limited interlayer spacing, which can lead to aggregation and reduced catalytic activity [23]. These issues hinder the full utilization of MoS2 as an effective catalyst in Li-S batteries. To address these limitations, researchers have explored the integration of MoS2 with conductive carbon-based materials such as graphene [24]. Graphene, with its exceptional electrical conductivity, large surface area, and mechanical flexibility [25], serves as an ideal support for MoS2, improving its dispersion and structural stability. To further enhance the catalytic performance of MoS2 in lithium-sulfur batteries, several modification strategies have been developed. These include engineering the structure of MoS2, such as creating defect-rich or ultra-thin layers to expose more catalytic sites [26; 27], and doping with heteroatoms like nitrogen to improve conductivity and interaction with LiPSs [28]. Nitrogen doping, in particular, has been shown to modify the electronic structure of MoS2, reducing the energy barrier for LiPS adsorption and accelerating the redox reaction kinetics [29].