# Innovative Strategies for Combining Solar and Wind Energy with Green Hydrogen Systems
## 5 Discussion
### Challenges and Limitations  
Given that hydrogen can serve as an alternative energy source and offer flexibility to the power market. It is crucial to prioritize sustainable production methods through the integration of renewable energy systems, often referred to as green hydrogen energy systems. The advancement in green hydrogen systems in terms of techno-economic capabilities, competitive advantage, and optimization strategies are extensively reviewed and found to be the major drives in the renewable energy field to address issues associated with the extensive use of wind-based electricity and takes a central role in future net-zero \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Integrated Solar and Wind Systems for H\({}_{2}\) Production** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Cost Analysis: H\({}_{2}\) Production** \\ **(USD/kg) Vs. Electricity** \\ **Generation (USD/kWh)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Performance Metrics and** \\ **Specifications** \\ \end{tabular} & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Synergized Solar-Wind Hybrid for H\({}_{2}\) Production} & \begin{tabular}{c} The cost of generated \\ electricity ranges from 0.06 to 0.55 \$/kwh. \\ 0.55 \$/kwh. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Utilized in the electrification process. \\ Production of H\({}_{2}\) exceeds that of PV \\ and wind. \\ Used as a method for desalination. \\ Utilized as a cooling mechanism \\ utilized as a system of heating. \\ Enhanced effectiveness. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Utilized in the electrification process.** \\ Production of H\({}_{2}\) exceeds that of PV \\ and wind. \\ Used as a method for desalination. \\ Utilized as a cooling mechanism \\ utilized as a system of heating. \\ Enhanced effectiveness. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **An AC/DC converter is required to \\ power the electrolysis. Extreme wind \\ speed settings. Efficiency is about \\ 5–14\%. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} [84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 102] \\ 5–14\%. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & \begin{tabular}{c} The cost of producing H\({}_{2}\) \\ ranges from 3.41 to \\ 16.01 USD/kg, whereas the \\ cost of generated electricity \\ ranges from 0.06–0.38 \\ USD/kWh. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} The most commonly used technology \\ for green H\({}_{2}\) production. Requires \\ minimal maintenance. Increases H\({}_{2}\) \\ output. Lowers production costs. \\ Achieved efficiency of 12.4\% in 2010 \\ and 21\% by 2020. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} [50; 79; 81; 103; 104; 105] \\ 50; 79; 81; 105] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Technical specifications for solar, wind, and H\({}_{2}\) production systems. Figure 11: Concepts of solar and wind-powered hydrogen production systems. carbon drives. It goes without saying that some challenges are hindering the accelerated adoption of these technologies. This section focuses on the challenges that need to be carefully considered to realize the full potential of green hydrogen technology. 1. **Intermittency and Variability:** The inherent fluctuation of solar and wind energy is a substantial obstacle to achieving consistent hydrogen generation. Variations in renewable energy production can result in ineffective electrolysis processes and unreliable hydrogen provision [106; 107]. Hybrid solar-wind-hydrogen systems employ multi-layered control strategies to manage renewable energy fluctuations across various timescales. Short-term responses (seconds to minutes) utilize power electronics, battery storage, and fuel cells for rapid adjustments. Medium-term strategies (minutes to hours) incorporate predictive algorithms, energy management systems, and flexible electrolyzer operation. Long-term approaches (hours to days) leverage hydrogen storage, seasonal forecasting, and grid interconnections. Advanced control methods, including adaptive systems, model predictive control, and hierarchical structures, coordinate these components.