## 1 Introduction  
The advancement of high technology, particularly in information technology, has led to a significant increase in the frequency and closeness of connections and interactions between systems. As a result, system of systems (SoS) [1, 2] and SoS engineering (SoSE) [1, 2] have emerged as new areas of research in various fields such as military [3], aerospace [4], and health care [5], among others. The concept of architectural design in civil engineering has inspired the integration of architecture into SoSE to manage complexity and aid in system development and integration [6]. Architecture is the conceptual model that describes the fundamental properties of a system in its environment, including its components, relationships, and principles for design and evolution [7, 8]. More particularly, an SoS architecture encompasses not solely its constituent systems (CSs) but also the interconnections and communication processes among them via their interfaces [9]. An Architecture Framework (AF) is a set of conventions and common practices established to guide the description of architecture within a specific domain [7]. In essence, the AF comprises many viewpoints (metamodel) covering various stages of the system life cycle and generating architecture views (models) to address the concerns of stakeholders [10]. AFs have been developed to model the complex relationships in SoSs and describe their architecture [11]. However, AFs are complex and time-consuming to create and implement, requiring significant resources such as time, money, and expertise [12]. The values of architecture descriptions are still under debate due to the construction of architecture views (or simply, views) and the development process of architecture viewpoints (or simply,viewpoints). The construction of views is often based on predefined scenarios and lacks analytical support, with vague or incomplete elements such as capability taxonomy, capability dependency, operational performer taxonomy, and operational activity flow present in early design stages [13]. The \"Fit-for-Purpose\" principle, introduced by the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) [8], simplifies architecture design and reduces development costs. However, successfully implementing this principle depends on clarifying relationships among views. While experienced experts may have more flexibility in applying this principle, less experienced engineers may encounter difficulties due to the lack of straightforward architectural processes. Proposing an architecture development process for SoSs is challenging due to significant gaps in current modeling practices. Firstly, modeling languages lack well-defined semantics for SoS metamodels, such as Systems Modeling Language (SysML) [14], which limits their rigor [15]. Secondly, the complexity of SoSs requires representing architecture through multiple perspectives from different domains [16] (e.g., strategic, operational, and resource), posing the risks of misunderstandings and difficulties in bridging these domains. Finally, even within a single domain, selecting the appropriate views and determining their order is challenging due to the variation in model kinds (e.g., taxonomy, structure, connectivity, and process) [16]. Although SysML has limitations in describing SoS architecture, it can be enhanced by incorporating ontologies and reasoning as a complement [17; 18]. Ontology is a formal and rigorous approach to knowledge representation, which can provide precise and unambiguous semantics for terms [19]. Several scholars and institutions have developed ontologies to depict different domains and applications by integrating the elements of a system's architecture [20; 21]. Building ontologies is a promising way to create a knowledge repository for SoS architectures. At the same time, a metamodel provides the foundation for defining basic concepts and relationships necessary for ontology creation and reasoning [22].