## 4 Application of IVT2F-TOPSIS for International Disputes Resolution  
International law provides a range of mechanisms for resolving disputes between states. The methods can be broadly categorized as diplomatic or legal means. A legal dispute arises when a rule of law between two states is disputed regarding its application or interpretation. On the other hand, a political dispute involves situations not strictly governed by law, but where one party wishes to change or alter the status quo. Although international legal personalities, particularly states, are obligated to resolve their international disputes through peaceful means, the choice of which specific method to employ is left to the discretion of the parties involved. Accordingly, international legal personalities are free to opt for either diplomatic or legal methods of resolution, or even a combination of both. Therefore, while diplomatic and legal means of dispute resolution are tradition \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l} \hline \hline
**Step Explanation** \\ \hline Step 0: Determine alternatives (a) and criteria (c) by informed experts (p). \\ Step 1 : Create \(D_{p}\) of each expert using Equation (1). \\ Step 2 : Calculate \(\overline{D}\) to combine \(D_{p}\) using Equation (2) \\ Step 3 : Determine \(Wp\) for the attributes of the\(p^{th}\) expert using Equation (3). Then, obtain \(\overline{W}\) by using Equation (4). \\ Step 4 : Calculate \(\overline{W}\overline{D}_{w}\) using Equation (5). \\ Step 5 : Determine Rank \((z_{ij}^{-})\) using Equations (6)–(10). \\ Step 6: Calculate NIS and PIS, respectively, using Equations (11) and (12) \\ Step 7 : Calculate \(DoC(x_{j})\) using Equations (13)–(15) \\ Step 8 : Sort the rank order of \(DoC(x_{j})\) in a descending manner. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The pseudo-code of proposed model. ally examined separately in the field of international law, in this study, each resolution method will be individually assessed based on the criteria selected to determine the most effective approach. In addition, this paper aims to explore these mechanisms in detail, particularly focusing on the application of fuzzy logic and interval-valued approaches in decision-making, using the TOPSIS methodology. However, the distinction between legal and political disputes is acknowledged for legal security; in practice, the boundaries are often not clear. Many legal disputes are resolved through political negotiations, and vice versa, which underscores the flexible nature of international law and its dispute resolution mechanisms. One of the fundamental rules in contemporary international law is the prohibition of the use of force in resolving disputes, except for self-defense purposes. This principle is enshringed in Article 2 of the UN Charter. States are generally free to choose which peaceful means to use in resolving disputes. Article 33 of the UN Charter lists several methods but does not impose them as mandatory. Diplomatic means include negotiations (\(A_{1}\)), good offices (\(A_{2}\)), mediation (\(A_{3}\)), international inquiry (\(A_{4}\)), conciliation (\(A_{5}\)), and resolution through international organizations (\(A_{6}\)), while legal means involve arbitration (\(A_{7}\)) and jurisdiction (\(A_{8}\)). All methods involve direct negotiation between states or through intermediaries. These methods preserve state sovereignty and allow different flexibility in finding a resolution. The resolution methods of international disputes are defined as follows:  
1. Negotiation is generally the first step in dispute resolution. According to international law and customary law, states are required to attempt negotiations in good faith before resorting to judicial means. The IC] has emphasized this requirement in various judgments. Negotiations can take place between heads of state, government officials, or specialized diplomats. Multilateral negotiations may also occur in the context of international conferences, such as the Paris Conference on Cambodia (1989-1991).