## 3 Results
### Meta-Analysis of MIC Values of Changes of Hop Compounds and Extracts
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline
**Compound** & **Time (h)** & **Strain** & **MIC** & **95\% CI** & \
\begin{tabular}{l} **Number of** \\ **Studies** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} **Publication** \\ **Bias (\(p\)-Value)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Flavonoids & 24 & _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ & 1.37 & 0.12–2.61 & 3 & N/A \\  & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & 13.61 & 6.41–20.81 & 15 & 0.272 \\  & & Bacillus subtilis & 7.00 & 1.12–12.88 & 3 & N/A \\  & & Bacillus megaterium & 10.00 & 9.20–10.80 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Streptococcus salirarius_ & 23.33 & 10.27–36.40 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Streptococcus saprophticus_ & 2.33 & 1.03–3.64 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Streptococcus aureus_ & 70.08 & 29.81–110.36 & 6 & 0.019 \\  & & _Enterococcus faecalis_ & 62.00 & 61.31–62.69 & 2 & N/A \\ \hline
48 & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & 5.17 & 3.14–7.20 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Listeria monocytogenes_ & 129.68 & 0.00–353.71 & 4 & N/A \\  & & _Escherichia coli_ & 200.0 & 199.43–200.57 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Salmonella enterica_ & 200.0 & 199.43–200.57 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Bacteroides fragilis_ & 39.43 & 27.76–51.06 & 7 & 0.001 \\  & & _Clostridium perfringens_ & 32.60 & 18.72–46.48 & 5 & 0.010 \\  & & _Clostridium difficile_ & 59.04 & 51.64–66.43 & 28 & 0.00 \\  & & _Propionibacterium acnes_ & 46.88 & 16.25–77.50 & 2 & N/A \\  & & _Bacillus subtilis_ & 1200.0 & 569.96–1830.0 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Pseudomonas fluorescens_ & 1700.0 & 1699.2–1700.8 & 2 & N/A \\ \hline Bitter acids & 24 & _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ & 10.50 & 0.00–23.54 & 4 & N/A \\  & & _Staphylococcus capitits_ & 7.75 & 0.00–21.96 & 2 & N/A \\  & & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & 80.07 & 40.13–120.0 & 25 & 0.185 \\  & & _Bacillus subtilis_ & 90.25 & 0.00–255.52 & 12 & 0.587 \\  & & _Bacillus megaterium_ & 7.00 & 3.51–10.49 & 4 & N/A \\  & & _Streptococcus salivarius_ & 58.75 & 11.01–106.49 & 4 & N/A \\  & & _Streptococcus saprophyticus_ & 3.83 & 1.71–5.94 & 6 & N/A \\  & & _Enterococcus faecalis_ & 45.00 & 15.60–74.4 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Staphylococcus haemolyticus_ & 15.50 & 0.00–43.92 & 2 & N/A \\ \hline
48 & _Bacteroides fragilis_ & 512.90 & 287.91–737.80 & 14 & 0.001 \\  & & _Clostridium perfringens_ & 630.0 & 323.01–936.99 & 10 & 0.003 \\  & & _Clostridium difficile_ & 388.0 & 274.54–501.46 & 56 & 0.00 \\  & & _Candida albicans_ & 375.0 & 130.01–620.0 & 2 & N/A \\  & & _Candida krusei_ & 375.0 & 130.01–620.0 & 2 & N/A \\  & & _Candida paralysis_ & 750.0 & 260.01–1240.0 & 2 & N/A \\ \hline CO\({}_{2}\)-extract & 24 & _Propionibacterium acnes_ & 3.49 & 2.73–4.25 & 4 & N/A \\  & & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & 6.32 & 2.21–10.43 & 6 & 0.03 \\  & & _Listeria monocytogenes_ & 10.00 & 9.31–10.69 & 2 & N/A \\  & & _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ & 0.10 & 0.00–0.90 & 2 & N/A \\  & & _Streptococcus aureus_ & 1666.7 & 1013.4–2320.0 & 3 & N/A \\  & & _Enterococcus faecalis_ & 696.67 & 0.00–1974.0 & 3 & N/A \\ \hline
48 & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & 46.43 & 0.00–99.10 & 7 & 0.135 \\  & & _Listeria monocytogenes_ & 37.19 & 0.00–90.93 & 7 & 0.224 \\  & & _Escherichia coli_ & 2604.2 & 1041.29–4167.1 & 6 & 0.022 \\  & & _Salmonella enterica_ & 2604.2 & 1041.29–4167.1 & 6 & 0.022 \\  & & _Streptococcus mutans_ & 0.39 & 0.00–1.19 & 2 & N/A \\  & & _Streptococcus sanguitis_ & 0.78 & 0.00–1.58 & 2 & N/A \\  & & _Propionibacterium acnes_ & 15.63 & 15.06–16.19 & 4 & N/A \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Meta-analysis of MIC values of classes of hop compounds and extracts.