# Cyber Ranges and TestBeds for Education, Training, and Research
## 4 Analysis of Results  
Due to the lack of several features that are not mentioned in the publications but also to have a better picture of the systems used, a structured questionnaire [61] (see Appendix A) was created and sent to selected universities and research centers that develop and maintain such systems (see Tables 3 and 4). Table 3 has the following analysis: Web (W), Cryptography (C), Forensics (F), Exploitation (E), Steganography (S), DDoS (DD), APT (AP), Ransomware (R), SQL Injections (SI), Malware Analysis (MA), Reverse Engineering (RE), Risk Management (RM), Information Security Economics (ISE), Cyber Crisis Management (CM), Cyber Policy Analysis (CP), Digital Forensics (DF), Software Security (SS, ICS Security (IC), Custom (CU), Request Base (RB), Digital Forensics (DF), Network security (NS), Web Security (WS), Software Security (SS), ICS Security (IC), OT Security (OS), Hardware Security (HS), Cloud Security (CS), Data-driven cybersecurity management (CM), On Premise (OP), Remote Access (RA), Local (L), SOC (SC), NOC (NC), CERT (CR), CSIRT (CS), CISO (CO), IT-Team (IT), Legal (LG), \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Operator** & **VM** & **Network** & **Scoring** & **Scenarios** & **Manage** & **Monitor** & **Traffic** & **User Behavior** \\ \hline De Montfort University & MS & PR & Y & MF & PR &
\begin{tabular}{l} OS, SN, SU, \\ N, W, M \\ \end{tabular} & D, B & \\ \hline Royal Military Academy & A & VB & N/A & J & C & SN, N & N/A & G \\ \hline Masaryk University & A & O & C & JS, YM, C & C & NG & N/A & C \\ \hline AIT Austrian Institute of Technology & A & O & N/A & JS & N/A & OS, W & N/A & C \\ \hline Naval Postgraduate School & DC & LDT & AG & LDT & N/A & A & N/A & N/A \\ \hline Norwegian University of Science and Technology & A, V, MS & O & J & YM & XT & OS & OF, D & GS \\ \hline Virginia Tech & P & CL & CC & N/A & AP & CW & N/A & N/A \\ \hline Universita degli Studi di Milano & OH & O & IT & X & IT & Y & IT & N/A \\ \hline JAMK University of Applied & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A \\ Sciences & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A \\ \hline Swedish Defence Research & S & VB, VX & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & AI, BT \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Cyber Ranges’ tools. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{l} B, RD, G, \\ WT \\ \end{tabular} & EV, WS, EX \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Cyber Ranges’ features. Managers (M), C-levels (CV), BLUE (B), RED (RD), GREEN (G), YCLLOW (YL), WHITE (WT), PURPLE (P),Event (EV), Workshop (WS), Exercise (EX), and Educational Institutions (EI). Table 4 has the following analysis: Manual Scripting (MS), Ansible (A), Docker containers (DC), Vagrant (V), Packer (P), Openstack Heat (OH), PROXMOX (PR), Virtualbox (VB), Openstack (O), Cloudformation (CL), VXLAN (VX), Labitaners designer tool (LDT), Custom (C), Artifacts Gathered (AG), Jeopardy Board (J), CloudCTF (CC), Internal Tools (IT), JSON (JS), YAML (YM), Multiple Formats (ML), XML (X), Automatic (A), Xentop (XT), API (AP), OSSIM (OS), Snort (SN), Suricata (SU), Netflow (N), Wireshark (W), MALCOM (M), Nagios (NG), Cloudwatch (CW), DNP3 (D), Bespoke (B), OpenFlow (OF), GHOSTS (G), AutoIT (AI), Bot(BT), Yes (Y), and Not Available (N/A). The motivation for the questionnaire was, despite a large number of published works and surveys [14; 15; 16; 17; 18], the lack of data on the tools used for the development and management of Cyber Ranges, when used to organize cybersecurity exercises and provide a data-set for further research. At first, it was checked to see if there are cyber range systems in universities and research centers in Greece. The limited number of existing systems that are located in Greece led us to broaden the search in Europe, Asia and the rest of the world. The questionnaire was addressed to technical directors or managers who were directly involved with the Cyber Range. The survey was conducted from 01/06/2020 until 04/08/2020.