## 1 Introduction  
Dynamic membrane (DM) applications have been studied extensively for water filtration and wastewater treatment in recent years [1, 2]. DM is formed when a layer of particles from feed water is deposited onto the membrane surface. This dynamically formed and porous filtration layer is used as a physical barrier that is also called a secondary membrane. Benefits of DM's application, such as fouling mitigation and prolonged lifespan of the membrane have been widely reported in the literature [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Different particles of different sizes that can be found in the feed water are rejected by DM. So far, two basic categories of DMs have been reported: A self-forming DM and a pre-deposited one. In each case, the continuous process of DM formation helps to protect the underlying membrane. Unlike the pre-deposited DMs, where the secondary membrane is created through the filtration of solutions containing specific particles or colloids [2], the self-forming DMs are generatedby the substances existing in the feedwater. Then, once a DM layer is fouled, it can be replaced by a new one [5]. An excessive amount of phosphorus in surface water poses serious environmental and technological challenges. Usually, the presence of phosphorus compounds is a limiting factor for primary production by phytoplankton in lakes, and its excess amount can result in eutrophication [4]. Additionally, an excessive amount of phosphorus can be correlated with an uncontrolled growth of indigenous bacteria in networks distributing drinking water. Although organic carbon is the most important nutrient for bacterial growth, inorganic nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, are equally important [6; 7]. To date, most work on phosphorus removal efficiency has been focused on its removal from wastewater. However, since it can promote microbial regrowth in water distribution networks, exploration of more efficient phosphorus removal techniques is of importance [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. The Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament) has set its limits between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L. It is assumed that the lower limit will be reduced to 0.1 mg/L but, at the same time, that may be impossible to achieve by the means available with the current technology. Given this challenge, the most effective methods of removing phosphorus compounds are being sought after. The removal of phosphorus can be performed using physico-chemical methods, biological treatment and/or combinations of both. In practice, the most commonly used methods are physico-chemical processes that include precipitation, sorption and/or ion exchange [15]. Among techniques applied to removing phosphorus compounds, the process of adsorption has recently attracted more attention. Various metal oxides and metal hydroxides have been synthesized and applied to capture phosphorus compounds, especially phosphate, from the feed water [16]. [PERSON] et al. (2001) studied the impact of pre-coating materials such as powdered activated carbon, titanium dioxide, and iron oxide on direct treatment of surface water. These materials initially increased the fouling rate, then they stabilized and thus mitigated the fouling [17]. [PERSON] et al. also outlined that a DM layer plays an important role in organic matter removal [18]. [PERSON]'s research group developed a hybrid adsorbent/membrane process comprising a pre-treatment step, in which water was passed through a pre-deposited layer of HAOPs (heated aluminum oxide particles), followed by a conventional membrane filtration [19; 1; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. That process was applied for the first time by [PERSON] et al. (2007) [23]. HAOPs have been synthesized in order to remove major foulants, such as natural organic matter (NOM), from surface water and also to mitigate the fouling of the downstream membrane. As such, they are adsorbents that combine adsorption and granular media filtration [19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30].