## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Design  
Dual-mode brain stimulation of the subacute stroke patient is performed simultaneously. This method has been proven most effective in the cross-over design of patients with chronic stroke for dual-mode stimulation [16]. In one session, the 10 Hz rTMS (90% resting motor threshold for 5 s with a 55 s inter-train interval) was applied to the ipsilesional M1, and cathodal tDCS was applied to the contralesional M1 for 20 min. Specifically, we performed daily sessions of 1000 pulses of rTMS using a Magstim Rapid2(r) stimulator (Magstim Ltd., Carmarthenshire, UK) with a 70 mm figure-of-eight coil. In addition, tDCS has an intensity of 2 mA, and anodal tDCS applies to the ipsilesional supraorbital area. The stimulation was performed once daily for two weeks, excluding weekends, for a total of 10 sessions. Before and after stimulation, the EEG signals are measured in a resting state with the eyes closed for 5 min, and motor function of patients with stroke is evaluated, as shown in Figure 1. In the healthy controls, the EEG data with eyes closed for 5 min were measured without stimulation, as previously published by [PERSON] et al. [28].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sex**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Age** \\ **(Years)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Lesion**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Lesion Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type of Stroke**} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **TSS** \\ **(Day)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**FMA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**MMSE**} \\ \cline{5-10}  & & & & & **(Day)** & & **UL** & & **LL** & **Total** \\ \hline P01 & M & 56 & Lt. Pons & infratentorial & infarction & 8 & 41 & 18 & 59 & 30 \\ P02 & F & 72 & Rt. CR & supratentorial & infarction & 17 & 35 & 17 & 52 & 22 \\ P03 & M & 59 & Lt. Pons & infratentorial & infarction & 19 & 29 & 13 & 42 & 27 \\ P04 & M & 71 & Rt. Pons & infratentorial & infarction & 23 & 34 & 19 & 53 & 28 \\ P05 & M & 47 & Lt. BG & supratentorial & infarction & 31 & 17 & 16 & 33 & 29 \\ P06 & M & 75 & Rt. SC & supratentorial & infarction & 15 & 60 & 28 & 88 & 17 \\ P07 & M & 66 & Rt. BG & supratentorial & infarction & 13 & 44 & 27 & 71 & 29 \\ P08 & M & 42 & Rt. SC & supratentorial & infarction & 33 & 34 & 33 & 67 & 30 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} TSS = time from stroke onset to stimulation; FMA = Fugl–Mayer assessment; UL = upper limb; LL = lower limb; MMSE = mini-mental state exam; F = female; M = male; Rt = right; LT = left; CR = corona radiata; BG = basal ganglia; SC = stratocapsular.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Clinical characteristics of patients with stroke.  
Figure 1: Experimental paradigm for measuring the neuromodulation effect. EEG is measured before and after dual-mode stimulation and the motor assessment is performed. During non-invasive brain stimulation, rTMS on the ipsilesional M1 and cathodal tDCS on the contralesional M1 was applied simultaneously for 20 min per session each day. Brain stimulation was performed in 10 sessions in total. Red A = anodal node of tDCS; Blue C = cathodal node of tDCS.  
Motor assessments include the FMA-upper limb (UL), serial reaction time task (SRTT), and tip pinch strength test. FMA-UL is the most widely used motor function evaluation method of upper limb function test that is evaluated by occupational therapists [23]. In particular, it has high reliability as a tool for evaluating motor performance in patients after stroke [29]. SRTT is a block design paradigm comprising 20 blocks, and numbers from 2 to 5 are displayed on the screen for each block. It is an exercise training to quickly and accurately press a finger corresponding to each number using the paretic fingers [16], and the time to press a button is evaluated. Finally, the tip pinch strength test uses an electronic grip meter to measure the grip force held by the fingertips by making the index finger positioned with the thumb move up and down. The tip pinch test was measured three times, and then the average value was used in this study.