## 3 Results and Discussion
### Proposed Design Guidelines  
We compiled our observations into guidelines, which are phrased as generalized suggestions regarding behavior in specific situations, and formatted as statements, following the design science research principles regarding guidelines artifacts [27]. Table 5 lists the proposed design guidelines.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \# & **Design Guideline** & **Instantiation** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & In the case of modeling tasks for ergonomic & For example, in simulating driveshaft \\  & simulation, one should ensure that all & assembly, photos and videos of the actual \\  & components, tools, and worker interactions & procedure were used to recreate the \\  & are accurately represented based on & sequence and tool use in CAD before \\  & real-world data. & importing into Jack. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2} & In the case of constructing virtual & For example, a senior manufacturing \\  & environments, one should validate the & engineer was consulted to review the \\  & scenario with experienced personnel to & virtual assembly sequence and placement \\  & ensure it reflects real workplace conditions. & of tools to match the actual workflow. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3} & In the case of evaluating manual access in & For instance, simulation with a 95 th \\  & constrained spaces, one should verify hand & percentile male wearing gloves showed \\  & clearance using representative & that the worker’s hand could not access a \\  & anthropometric models and consider the & screw behind the gearbox, indicating \\  & use of protective equipment. & insufficient clearance. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{4} & In the case of identifying non-neutral joint & For example, extreme wrist deviation of \\  & postures during task simulation, one & nearly 39\({}^{\circ}\) was detected during torque \\  & should redesign the task setup to minimize & application, highlighting the need to \\  & joint strain. & reposition the component or tool to enable \\  & & a neutral wrist posture. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{5} & In the case of assessing postural risks in & In the radiator hose-clamp task, workers \\  & lower limbs, one should avoid prolonged & had to squat deeply, resulting in knee \\  & or repetitive extreme flexion positions. & flexion of over 130\({}^{\circ}\), suggesting the need \\  & & for task redesign or ergonomic aids. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{6} & In the case of tasks involving trunk & While adjusting the parking brake, workers \\  & twisting or lumbar flexion, one should & had to rotate and bend their torso \\  & evaluate visual access and body & significantly to reach the screw, indicating a \\  & positioning to reduce spinal strain. & need for improved tool or \\  & & component layout. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{7} & In the case of blind or visually restricted & The hose clamp assembly required workers \\  & operations, one should provide alternative & to perform the task behind the radiator \\  & access points or tool alignments that & without direct visibility, increasing \\  & improve visual control. & cognitive and physical load. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{8} & In the case of selecting human models for & The simulation used a 50 th percentile \\  & simulation, one should match & female model for general layout validation \\  & anthropometric profiles to the target & and a 95 th percentile male for testing space \\  & worker population and include & constraints and strength requirements. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Design guidelines for intuitive VR authoring tools.