## Materials and Methods
### Climate Data  
The incident solar radiance on the surface (insolation) estimated using the COMS MI and the air temperatures from the Korea local analysis and prediction system (KLAPS) were used to evaluate the updated GRAMI model to simulate crop growth. The insolation data reflected the energy source \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Satellite**} & **Sensor and** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Channel**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wavelength** (\(\mu\)m)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**GSD (km)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**IFOV (\(\mu\)rad)**} \\  & **Orbit Type** & & & & \\  & **(Altitude)** & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{COMS} & & B1 & 0.40–0.42 & 0.5 & 28 \\  & & B2 & 0.43–0.45 & 0.5 & 28 \\  & & B3 & 0.48–0.50 & 0.5 & 28 \\  & & Geo-synchronous & B4 & 0.55–0.57 & 0.5 & 28 \\  & (36,000 km) & B5 & 0.65–0.67 & 0.5 & 28 \\  & & B6 & 0.68–0.69 & 0.5 & 28 \\  & & B7 & 0.74–0.76 & 0.5 & 28 \\  & & B8 & 0.85–0.89 & 0.5 & 28 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & VIS & 0.55–0.80 & 1 & 28 \\  & & SWIR & 3.50–4.00 & 4 & 112 \\  & & & WV & 6.50–7.00 & 4 & 112 \\  & (36,000 km) & IR1 & 10.30–11.30 & 4 & 112 \\  & & IR2 & 11.50–12.50 & 4 & 112 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{RapidEye} & & Blue & 0.44–0.51 & \(6.5\times 10^{-3}\) & 20 \\  & MPI, & Green & 0.52–0.59 & \(6.5\times 10^{-3}\) & 20 \\ \cline{1-1}  & sun-synchronous & Red & 0.63–0.685 & \(6.5\times 10^{-3}\) & 20 \\ \cline{1-1}  & (630 km) & Red edge & 0.69–0.73 & \(6.5\times 10^{-3}\) & 20 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & NIR & 0.76–0.85 & \(6.5\times 10^{-3}\) & 20 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* B1 to B6 = visible, B7 and B8 = near infrared, VIS = visible, SWIR = shortwave infrared, WV = water vapor, IR1 = infrared 1, IR2 = infrared 2, and NIR = near-infrared. GSD = ground sampling distance. IFOV = instantaneous field of view.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Detailed characteristics of the Geostationary Ocean Colour Imager (GOCI) and the Meteorological Imager (MI) sensors of the Communication Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) as well as the Multispectral Push-broom Imager (MPI) of the RapidEye satellite. of photosynthesis in crop canopies. The missions of the MI sensor (Table 2) comprises continuous monitoring of imagery and extracting of meteorological products to allow early detection of severe weather phenomena and to monitor climate change and the atmospheric environment. The MI has been used to estimate the insolation as the infrared channels can be useful for interpreting the complicated cloud effects. In this study, a pixel-based physical model, using instantaneous satellite observations and atmospheric information, was adjusted out of various satellite-based insolation models [36; 37; 38]. The satellite-based solar insolation from COMS MI was calculated using the Kawamura physical model [39]. This model contains an improved cloud factor, as it considers the visible satellite reflectance and the solar zenith angle instead of the illumination temperature because the passing depth of the cloud is more sensitive to the amount of irradiance attenuation [40]. The physical model used to estimate the insolation is as follows [39; 40; 41; 42]:  
\[S_{T}=S_{I}+S_{R}+S_{A} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathbb{S}_{T}\), \(\mathbb{S}_{I}\), \(\mathbb{S}_{R}\), and \(\mathbb{S}_{A}\) are the total insolation, direct irradiance, diffuse irradiance due to Rayleigh scattering, and the diffuse irradiance due to scattering by aerosols, respectively. These parameters are used for the physical model of the satellite-based solar insolation [43].