## 1 Introduction  
Sterilization and germicidal lamps are widely used across various settings, including healthcare facilities, public spaces, transportation, commercial buildings, office environments, homes, hypermarkets, hotels, the food industry, drinking water facilities, department stores, wastewater treatment plants, medical disinfection, laboratories, and other living environments [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. These lamps have extensive applications and are highly effective in promoting health and safety in diverse areas. The primary reason bacteria and viruses can cause illness and infections in humans is due to their ability to attach to human cells, using them as a source of nutrients to reproduce. Viruses, in particular, bind to human cells with their DNA or RNA, leading to replication and, ultimately, sickness. During the incubation period, viruses absorb nutrients from human cells to multiply. As bacteria and viruses replicate, they become the main cause of infections and illnesses in the body. To effectively neutralize viruses, it is essential to disrupt their DNA or RNA structures, preventing them from sustaining themselves and reproducing. Disinfectant germicidal lamps work by breaking down the DNA or RNA molecular structures within microbial cells, which stops the cells from growing or regenerating, and ultimately achieves disinfection and sterilization [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection has long been utilized for applications such as drinking water treatment, wastewater processing, the disinfection of medical materials, and sterilization in laboratories and food industries. UV light, with wavelengths between 100 and 400 nanometers, is invisible to the human eye, but is highly effective for sterilization and germicidal purposes. Based on its wavelength, UV light is classified into three categories: UV-A, or long-wave UV (320-400 nm); UV-B, or medium-wave UV (280-320 nm); and UV-C, or short-wave UV (100-280 nm). UV sterilizing lamps offer several key benefits: they prevent drug resistance in viruses and bacteria, are environmentally friendly with no use of chemical agents, require no post-use cleaning, and can eliminate dust mites as well as pathogens. Furthermore, these lamps can destroy chlorine-resistant microorganisms, which are unaffected by traditional chlorine disinfection. Historically, UV mercury lamps, known for their low cost and high output, have been used for sterilization in large spaces such as hospitals, companies, factories, and schools. However, these lamps require a lengthy warm-up time, have a short service life, and are environmentally harmful due to their mercury content. In contrast, UV LEDs offer several advantages over traditional mercury lamps, including their compact size, long lifespan, low energy consumption, increased safety, durability, and lack of residual chemical pollution, aligning with modern trends in energy conservation and environmental protection. With advancements in UV LED technology, these LEDs have become more reliable, durable, efficient, and cost-effective, making them a competitive option in the sterilization market [16; 17]. Deep ultraviolet (UV-C) light, with a shorter wavelength than UV-A and UV-B, is especially destructive to the DNA of bacteria and viruses. The interaction between UV-C radiation and viruses has been widely studied [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. It is generally understood that one of the primary mechanisms behind UV-C's virus-killing effects involves the direct absorption of UV-C photons by nucleic acid bases and/or viral proteins, leading to the formation of photoproducts that inactivate the virus. Therefore, UV-C LEDs are becoming increasingly popular as a superior alternative to traditional mercury-based UV lamps. Their compact size allows for easy integration into sterilization systems, and most importantly, they are mercury-free, reducing potential risks to human health and the environment.