# A Deep-Learning-Based Approach to the Classification of Fire Types
## 1 Introduction  
The recent development of artificial-intelligence-based technologies has helped the development of many fields, such as safety and security [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. One of the main fields of safety and security is firefighting. Fires are hazardous, as they spread fast and produce massive heat and toxic smoke in a few seconds. The heat can range from 100 to 1000 degrees, while the smoke blocks vision. Despite the progress in constructing buildings resistant to fire and improving fire-prevention methods, our society still needs to address fires. In 2018, the National Fire Protection Association reported that a fire department in the United States responded to a fire every 24 s. In 2022, there were more than 1.5 million fires in the United States, marking a 12.2% increase from 2013 [6]. The number of fire-related deaths in 2022 was 3790, which is an 18.6% increase from 2013. The financial impact of fires has also risen, with a total estimated dollar loss of 18.1 billion USD in 2022, which is a 28.9% increase from 2013 [6]. As such, the aggravated cost of fires, including the lost soils and materials, can be devastating. Researchers can help advance this domain via empirical investigations of various methodologies utilizing real-life datasets. Efforts in firefighting are not new. However, using AI algorithms can help significantly reduce the devastating consequences of fires. Researchers have focused merely on the automatic detection of fires as they exist. To better understand the situation, it is essential to know how a fire works in the first place. Three elements must exist to start a fire: oxygen, fuel, and heat. Removing one of them stops the fire. Focusing on fire causes, researchers have found that the ignition of fires can stem from various factors and sources [7], including the following:  
1. Thermal influence: the emanation of heat from solar radiation, electrical sources, or vehicular collisions stands out as a principal instigator of fire occurrences. 2. Combustion: among the conspicuous instigators of fire ignition are open flames originating from matches, lighters, candles, or smouldering remnants capable of initiating combustion in flammable substances. 3. Electrical dysfunctions: anomalies in electrical systems, encompassing compromised wiring, circuit overloads, or the impairment of electrical apparatus, tend to generate sparks or excessive heat, thereby precipitating fires. 4. Culinary mishaps: instances characterized by unattended cooking, oil overheating, the accumulation of grease, or the proximity of inflammable materials to cooking surfaces can readily incite conflagrations. 5. Smoking incidents: improperly disposing of cigarette remnants or ashes can enknidle combustible materials, particularly within environments harbouring flammable compounds or exhibiting arid conditions. 6. Chemical reactions: the juxtaposition or exposure of certain chemicals to elevated temperatures can instigate reactions that yield sparks or flames, thus engendering fire hazards. 7. Arson: the deliberate act of igniting fires, denoted as arson, may arise from criminal motivations or malicious intentions. 8. Frictional and mechanical stimuli: the frictional interaction between surfaces or the generation of sparks due to mechanical implements can act as catalysts for igniting flammable substances, notably within industrial settings. 9. Flammable liquids and gases: the mismanagement or inadequate containment of flammable liquids or gases such as gasoline, propane, or solvents can precipitate fire-related incidents. 10. Natural catastrophes: fires may be precipitated via natural phenomena such as lightning strikes, volcanic eruptions, or wildfires. 11. Human negligence: unintentional oversights, such as leaving appliances operational, failing to extinguish cigarettes properly, or haphazardly discarding flammable materials, contribute to the ignition of fires. Moreover, fire characteristics are essential to fire detection and fire-type-recognition processes.