# The 6G Ecosystem as Support for IoE and Private Networks: Vision, Requirements, and Challenges
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, incorporating AI algorithms for network monitoring and surveillance, data-driven business decisions, preventive maintenance, fraud detection, and robust blockchain-based security systems for data validation are also of utmost significance within the core of 6G. Moreover, AI technology holds the potential to enable the dynamic orchestration and management of networks, caching, and computing resources, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of forthcoming network generations. Another crucial trend revolves around robust, endogenous network security spanning physical and network layers. Industry sectors such as cloud-based virtual reality (VR), IoT industrial automation, cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X), digital twin body area networks, energy-efficient wireless network management and control, and federated learning systems collectively stand as driving forces, significantly propelling the advancement of 6G wireless communication networks. The 5G Automotive Association (5 GAA) is a collaborative initiative bringing together the automotive and telecommunications industries, driven by the overarching objective of expediting the worldwide implementation of C-V2X technology. This endeavor represents the initial stride towards realizing a seamlessly integrated intelligent transportation system that leverages the capabilities of 5G connectivity and beyond. The 5 GAA has for mulated a comprehensive framework, delineating various usage scenarios, methodological approaches, illustrative instances, and stipulated service-level requisites that are being followed by the industry and will continue its evolution towards 6G. In recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed the emergence of several pioneering applications rooted in C-V2X technologies. Furthermore, a continuum of such applications is anticipated in the ensuing years, poised to elucidate novel capabilities and augment the repertoire of connected vehicles. These forthcoming C-V2X use cases are poised to exert substantial influence, encompassing domains such as safety enhancement, vehicular operational management, vehicular software update (a particularization of the previous), convenience augmentation, autonomous driving, vehicular platooning, traffic optimization, ecological sustainability, and sociocultural integration [14]. We also have some use cases related to local hazard and traffic information, hazard information collection sharing, basic safety, intersection safety, sensor sharing, and tele-operated driving (ToD) including AVP [19]. This paper, we will dive into two of these use cases: (i) vehicle operations management (i.e., vehicular software update, one of its particularizations) and (ii) the cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) use case regarding safety [20]. In the 2024-2030 roadmap, 5 GAA considers different types of V2X communication types (depending on the destination entity) in use cases that intend to achieve [19]:  
* _V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything Communication)_: V2X represents a comprehensive set of communication protocols developed under the 3 GPP framework. The cellular-V2X (C-V2X) paradigm encompasses all V2X technologies standardized by 3 GPP. As per the 5 GAA documentation, the imminent maturation of 5G-V2X is anticipated to establish a global standard specifically tailored for automotive applications within the 3 GPP 5G framework. This encompasses network-centric (Uu mode) and direct (PC5/Slidelink) communication modalities, with the potential of operating in conjunction or independently of LTE-V2X. It supports advanced vehicular functionalities and maintains previously established message types, ensuring seamless service continuity. * _V2P (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication)_: The emphasis on vulnerable road user (VRU) applications has been accentuated due to the escalating incidents involving pedestrians and cyclists. The 3 GPP framework is being adapted to seamlessly integrate with contemporary smartphones and connected consumer devices.