esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
A software-controllable, consumer-grade, single-chip transceiver integrated circuit (IC) has multiple applications because it can generate a continuous-wave beacon while providing the basic functions of frequency shift keying digital communication as well. In addition, such ICs are low-cost. The above characteristics are advantageous for CubeSats with limited space and for university satellites with development cost constraints. In this study, we conduct radiation tolerance evaluation and Doppler shift tolerance tests to evaluate the feasibility of a single-chip consumer transceiver IC for space applications. In the radiation tolerance evaluation test, we compare the IC radiation tolerance to that of a single-chip microcomputer implemented in space and confirm the good resistance of the former based on the predictive analysis of the single-event upset incidence. Through the Doppler frequency shift tolerance test, we confirm suitable receiving sensitivity. Furthermore, we develop a transceiver IC as a CubeSat-class satellite component and successfully establish communication in an in-orbit demonstration, where the transceiver IC is employed as a CubeSat communication module released from the International Space Station. Thus, the feasability of space utilization of the consumer communication IC is demonstrated, which has implications for the development of more flexible and challenging system designs using newly introduced consumer devices.  
CubeSat; integrated circuits; radiation effects; satellites; transceiver system; UHF digital communication +
Footnote †: journal: _aerospace_
# Blockchain Based Delay and Energy Harvest Aware Healthcare Monitoring System in WBAN Environment
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Comparative Analysis
#### 5.2.4 Authentication Time  
It is an attack mitigation metric that calculates to avoid intrusions from failures as authentication time. The authentication procedure is different for symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. When compared to the asymmetric, symmetric algorithms consume less energy since they are fast at default. The comparison of authentication time for B-DEAH and 1W-hashing is depicted in Figure 13.  
From Figure 13, we can prove that the proposed B-DEAH scheme requires less time for authentication. In PCA, traditional algorithms are used for encryption, i.e., ECC, which consumes more time and energy from sensors. Authentication time must be less for any kind of security mechanism. In 1W-hashing, smartcard-based authentication is implemented by a hashing algorithm. Our proposed three factored security scheme has had a greater impact than previous works. Key registration and authentication are efficiently performed in the proposed work with lightweight algorithms, which reduce the authentication time and increase security. This comparison confirms that the proposed B-DEAH architecture \(\cong\) 65% reduces the authentication time.  
Figure 12: Packet loss rate vs. simulation rounds.  
Figure 13: Authentication time vs. number of nodes.
# Microscopic Simulation of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow on Multi-Lane Ring Roads and Highways
## 3 Simulation Framework  
A simulation featuring mixed traffic flow with HDVs, AVs, and CAVs, and incorporating two vehicle types (cars and trucks), has been established to analyze traffic performance. The developed simulation framework is illustrated in Figure 1. All experiments are conducted on a computer set up with Python 3.8 and SUMO 1.19 to simulate and capture the characteristics of heterogeneous traffic flow.  
The simulation framework consists of the following steps. Firstly, various traffic scenarios (multi-lane ring road and highway) are generated using the visual road network editor (Netedit). Secondly, the vehicle model is employed to characterize the physical and dynamic properties of various vehicle types, such as passenger cars and trucks, ensuring that the vehicular behavior in the simulation accurately mirrors real-world conditions. The JAD strategy functions as the primary decision-making module, governing the longitudinal (acceleration, deceleration) and lateral (lane-changing) movements of vehicles. It does so by leveraging perception information, including road environment information and the status of the leading vehicle, alongside vehicle-specific parameters such as speed, acceleration, and current position. Through its control over these driving behaviors, the JAD strategy shapes vehicle trajectories and speed fluctuations, thereby exerting a significant impact on the overall traffic flow dynamics. Thirdly, the longitudinal and lateral driving behaviors of vehicles are described by the car-following model and the lane-changing model, respectively. In mixed traffic flow, different car-following models are commonly employed to accurately simulate the driving behaviors of different vehicle types. Specifically, the intelligent driver model (IDM) model, adaptive cruise control (ACC) model, and CACC model are used to capture the driving behaviors of HDVs, AVs, and CAVs, respectively. By integrating the IDM, ACC, and CACC models, this study can more thoroughly simulate the complex interactions between cars and trucks equipped with HDVs, AVs, and CAVs in mixed traffic, thereby analyzing and optimizing the dynamic characteristics and operational efficiency of the traffic flow. Subsequently, traffic simulations are carried out in SUMO using the vehicle configuration files, route files, and heterogeneous traffic flow files. Finally, to assess the traffic efficiency, dynamics, safety, and environment of heterogeneous traffic flow, a detailed analysis of the simulation output data is conducted. This is of practical significance for alleviating traffic congestion, reducing traffic accidents, ensuring traffic safety and efficiency, and improving the development of ITSs.
## 1 Introduction
Aiming at the shortcomings of CS in the denoising of MS signals, this paper proposes a compressed sensing soft-thresholding denoising method based on EMD, which improves the denoising of CS for MS signals and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of MS signals. Compared with other methods, the proposed method has two key advantages. First, the EMD_CS_ST algorithm can be effectively applied to the noise reduction of elastic wave signals generated by rock mass micro-fracture in geotechnical engineering. Once the rock is micro-ruptured, the MS signal will be collected by the acceleration sensor, and the MS signal needs to be processed for noise reduction and effective data reconstruction. Even though the independent theories of EMD, CS, and ST have matured and have certain applications, this is the first time that EMD, CS, and ST have been used together, and MS signals in geotechnical engineering have been used to reduce noise. In addition, even if the noise levels are different in different engineering environments, the proposed methods can effectively remove different levels of noise. This paper analyzes the simulation signal and the actual signal and compares and analyzes the commonly used denoising methods and the noise reduction effect under different levels of noise conditions. The proposed denoising method shows excellent performance in the denoising processing of rock mass MS signals. The rest of this article is organized as follows. The second part mainly introduces the basic algorithm and EMD_CS_ST algorithm. In the third part, the signal is denoised by numerical simulation experiments, the application process of the algorithm is introduced in detail, the advantages and disadvantages of different noise reduction methods are compared, and the effect of noise reduction at different noise levels is discussed. The fourth part briefly introduces the source of the actual MS signal and mainly analyzes the denoising of the actual MS signal. Finally, the conclusions of this article are explained in detail.
# Reactive Powder Concrete: Durability and Applications
## 5 Conclusions  
After studying several types of UHPCs, the following conclusions can be made:  
1. UHPC can be considered a material, usually with several types of small size fibers in the mix. All of the components are densely packed, and contain relatively large amounts of anhydrous cement particles due to the low water/binder ratios, which are below 0.35.
2. UHPCs have porosities lower than 5% by volume, in the range of 0.01 \(\upmu\)m.
3. Not all UHPCs possess the same durability. Those tested here presented an air permeability coefficient about 50 times lower in RPC200 than in C80, and the effective chloride coefficient was about 30 times lower. In addition, the carbonation depth in RPC200 after two years of natural exposure was almost nil. Regarding the corrosion parameters, similar results were found, i.e., the corrosion rate was much lower (25 times) in RPC200 than in C80. Furthermore, its resistivity was about half of the value found in C80.
4. It was shown that by optimizing the procedure to reinforce the matrix with fibers, it is possible to achieve an adequate tensile performance to manufacture structural members without reinforcement. This leads to UHPFRC.
5. This material has high potential of application, in terms of sustainability, but also when considering the lifecycle cost analysis. Although the initial price is higher than other concretes, its greater durability makes its application cost-effective for special structures.  
One drawback with the reactive powder concrete is the absence of a robust standardization system and regulatory framework.  
Conceptualization, M.A.S. and C.A.; methodology, M.A.S. and C.A.; investigation, M.A.S.; resources, C.A.; writing--original draft preparation, M.A.S.; writing--review and editing, M.A.S. and C.A. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable contributions of [PERSON] and [PERSON] (Bouygues).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Study on the Influence of a Rigid Wall on Cavitation in Underwater Explosions Near the Free Surface
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Effect of Rigid Wall on Large-Charge Underwater Explosion near Free Surface
It is evident that the presence of a rigid wall results in the compression of cavitation before it reaches its maximum volume, as observed in the free-field environment. Consequently, the cavitation volume experiences a sharp decrease and remains at a smaller volume for an extended period, without completely disappearing. Figure 19 presents the pressure-time history curves recorded at two measurement points: one located 2 m underwater and the other at horizontal distances of 4 m and 8 m from the axis of symmetry. The impact of the solid wall boundary becomes apparent in the significant differences observed in the collapse time and collapse pressure of the cavitation domain. Due to the presence of the rigid wall, the collapse time of cavitation is advanced from \(t=34\) ms to \(t=32\) ms, and the peak pressure of cavitation collapse at 4 m increases from 1.24 MPa to 3.14 MPa. The change in the collapse time for the cavity at 8 m is similar to that at 4 m, but the peak pressure of cavitation collapse decreases from 2.66 MPa to 0.96 MPa. The decrease in the peak pressure at 8 m can be attributed to the fact that this position is not within the cavitation region, and the influence of the cavitation collapse is diminished. Figure 16: Numerical results of density (**top**), pressure (**middle**), and cavitation domain (**bottom**) under the condition of an underwater explosion near the free surface without a rigid wall at \(t=0.8\), 12.1, 6.2, 20.2, 30.4, and 6.0 ms (from left to right). The red area represents the cavitation domain in the bottom contour plots. Figure 17: Numerical results of density (top), pressure (middle), and cavitation domain (bottom) under the condition of an underwater explosion near the free surface with a rigid wall at \(t\) = 6, 14, 18, 20, 25, 30, 36, and 40 ms (from left to right). The red area represents the cavitation domain in the bottom contour plots.
## 3 Research Method and Procedures
### Programming Integration
#### 3.2.1 Information Model Fusion  
Considering the future application scope, modeling software should not be limited in the process of information fusion between the 3D geometric model and the nongeometric abstract data. Any software that can be used to model historic buildings and cultural heritage sites can be used as a tool for geometric modeling. This study used SketchUp for the construction demonstration. In addition, the GIS attribute table was used to provide architectural information, the geometric model and nongeometric data of the historical block were imported into the Unity scene through the fbx format and csv file, respectively, and the entity model was linked to the attribute data table through the object-oriented programming of the Unity3D game engine.  
The FBX (Filmbox) format is a popular 3D data interchange format utilized between 3D editors and game engines and enables all those applications to share 3D data. As SketchUp Pro can export an FBX file (.fbx), we created scenes in SketchUp and then exported that data to FBX for use with other applications that support FBX. CSV (comma separated values) is a common data exchange format that typically stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, in which case each line will have the same number of fields. We exported the feature attributes or a table to a CSV file (.csv), in ArcGIS. Unity supports FBX files which export from many 3D modeling applications. The attribute tables of corresponding buildings were extracted from the 3D-GIS model to conduct automatic information matching with the entity model, multiple applications of the GIS database were effectively activated to avoid information loss of transfer files between platforms, and spatial exploration was optimized in the Unity3D virtual environment (Figure 7).  
Through the collaboration of the game engine and the database, the whole building life cycle can be adjusted in the VR environment, and the different LODs can be achieved through scene transformation. In the future, it is expected that the entity model and the attribute data can both be updated.
## 5 Conclusions  
We started this paper by reviewing the three most common distributional assumptions for BNs: discrete BNs, Gaussian BNs (GBNs) and conditional linear Gaussian BNs (CLGBNs). Firstly, we reviewed the link between the respective global and local distributions, and we formalised the computational complexity of decomposing the former into the latter (and vice versa).  
We then leveraged these results to study the complexity of computing [PERSON]'s entropy. We can, of course, compute the entropy of a BN from its global distribution using standard results from the literature. (In the case of discrete BNs and CLGBNS, only for small networks because \(|\Theta|\) grows combinatorially.) However, this is not computationally efficient because we incur the cost of composing the global distribution. While the entropy does not decompose along with the local distributions for either discrete BNs or CLGBNS, we show that it is nevertheless efficient to compute it from them.  
Computing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between two BNs following the little material found in the literature is more demanding. The discrete case has been thoroughly investigated by [PERSON] et al. [21]. However, the literature typically relies on composing the global distributions for GBNs and CGBNs. Using the local distributions, thus leveraging the intrinsic sparsity of BNs, we showed how to compute the Kullback-Leibler divergence exactly with greater efficiency. For GBNs, we showed how to compute the Kullback-Leibler divergence approximately with quadratic complexity (instead of cubic). If the two GBNs have compatible node orderings and their parameters are estimated from the same data, we can also approximate their Kullback-Leibler divergence with complexity that scales with the number of parents of each node. All these results are summarised in Table 1 in Appendix A.  
Finally, we provided step-by-step numeric examples of how to compute Shannon's entropy and the Kullback-Leibler divergence for discrete BNs, GBNs and CLGBNs. (See also Appendix B). Considering this is a highly technical topic, and no such examples are available anywhere in the literature, we feel that they are helpful in demystifying this topic and in integrating BNs into many general machine learning approaches.
_Appl. Sci._**2015**, \(5\), 1922-1941; doi:10.3390/app5041922  
_applied sciences_  
**ISSN 2076-3417**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci  
Self-Seeded RSOA-Fiber Cavity Lasers _vs._ ASE Spectrum-Sliced or Externally Seeded Transmitters--A Comparative Study  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4, [PERSON] 4, [PERSON] 4, [PERSON] 5, [PERSON] 5, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1**  
Footnote 1: [[http://www.springer.com/article/](http://www.springer.com/article/)]([http://www.springer.com/article/](http://www.springer.com/article/))  
sources. It is shown that an RSOA-FCL offers a higher output power over an ASE spectrum-sliced source with SNR, RIN and frequency response characteristics halfway between an ASE spectrum-sliced and a more expensive externally seeded RSOA. The results show that the RSOA-FCL is a cost-efficient WDM-PON upstream source, borrowing simplicity and cost-efficiency from ASE spectrum slicing with characteristics that are, in many instances, good enough to perform short-haul transmission. To substantiate our statement and to quantitatively compare the potential of the three schemes, we perform data transmission experiments at 5 and 10 Gbit/s.  
keywords:reflective semiconductor optical amplifier; ASE spectrum sliced; self-seeded RSOA fiber cavity laser; externally seeded RSOA; colorless WDM-PON
# Superimposed Perfect Binary Array-Aided Channel Estimation for OTFS Systems
## 4 Spectral Efficiency and Optimal Power Ratio
### Optimal Power Ratio  
According to (40), SE is proportional to \(\text{SINR}_{\text{eff}}\). To maximize the SE, we now maximize the \(\text{SINR}_{\text{eff}}\) in (47). The upper bound on the MMSE from (39) is substituted into (47) to obtain the lower bound on the effective SINR, as follows:  
\[\underline{\text{SINR}}_{\text{eff}}=\frac{\Big{(}\sigma_{H}^{2}-\overline{ \sigma^{2}}_{\text{MMSE}}\Big{)}(1-\beta)\gamma_{\text{SNR}}}{\sigma^{2}_{ \text{MMSE}}(1-\beta)\gamma_{\text{SNR}}+P\overline{\sigma^{2}}_{\text{MMSE }}\beta\gamma_{\text{SNR}}+1}, \tag{48}\]  
where \(\gamma_{\text{SNR}}=\rho/\sigma_{\omega}^{2}\). According to (48), the lower bound on the effective SINR is the function of the power ratio \(\beta\). To maximize the \(\text{SINR}_{\text{eff}}\) and calculate the optimal power ratio, we take the derivative of \(\underline{\text{SINR}}_{\text{eff}}\) and equate it to zero. Under this condition, the lower bound on the effective SINR will reach the optimal value. Using (39), the derivative result is as follows:  
\[\frac{\partial\underline{\text{SINR}}_{\text{eff}}}{\partial\beta}=\frac{A \beta^{2}-B\beta+C}{\left(f(\beta)\right)^{2}}=0, \tag{49}\]  
where  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}A=MN\big{(}-\sigma_{H}^{6}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}^{3}MN +2\sigma_{H}^{6}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}^{3}P-\sigma_{H}^{6}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}^{ 3}P^{2}\\ +\sigma_{H}^{8}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}^{4}P\big{)}\\ B=MN\big{(}2\sigma_{H}^{4}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}^{2}P+4\sigma_{H}^{6}\gamma_{ \text{SNR}}^{3}P+2\sigma_{H}^{8}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}^{4}P\big{)}\\ C=MN\big{(}\sigma_{H}^{4}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}^{2}P+2\sigma_{H}^{6}\gamma_{ \text{SNR}}^{3}P+\sigma_{H}^{8}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}^{4}P\big{)}\\ f(\beta)=\beta\sigma_{H}^{2}MN\gamma_{\text{SNR}}\\ \qquad-B\sigma_{H}^{2}P^{2}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}\Big{(}(\beta-1)\sigma_{H}^{2} \gamma_{\text{SNR}}-1\Big{)}\\ \qquad+P\Big{(}(\beta-1)\sigma_{H}^{2}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}-1\Big{)}^{2}\\ \qquad+P\Big{(}(\beta-1)\sigma_{H}^{2}\gamma_{\text{SNR}}-1\Big{)}^{2}\\ \end{array}\right.. \tag{50}\]  
According to (50), because of \(f(\beta)\
eq 0\), the positive solution to (49) is the optimal power ratio, given as  
\[\beta_{\text{opt}}=\frac{B-\sqrt{B^{2}-4 AC}}{2A}. \tag{51}\]  
When the optimal power ratio above is used, the proposed method can achieve better channel estimation and SE performance.
# Rapidly Deployable IoT Architecture with Data Security: Implementation and Experimental Evaluation
## 3 Lab-in-a-Box (LiB) Architecture
### Modular System Architecture
#### 3.1.5 Internet Gateway  
The Internet gateway is a device that accumulates data from all edge devices in the network and pushes it into the application management cloud server. Generally, an internet gateway device is a microprocessor that can handle large streams of data, has enough processing power to analyze the data and has internet connectivity to send the data to servers for further analysis and storage. In most cases, the internet gateway device in an IoT system is a single board computer with onboard Ethernet and/or Wi-Fi connectivity. This device is always powered on and is mains powered. Usually, data is stored locally for back-up and these data packets are sent to the server at regular intervals. This device also receives instructions from the server and configures the sensor network accordingly.
# A Survey of Candidate Waveforms for beyond 5G Systems
## 3 Candidate Waveforms
### Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing  
The GFDM waveform concept introduces additional degrees of freedom when compared to traditional OFDM, by allowing a more flexible multi-carrier transmission regarding time-frequency structure design [42]. The main difference between GFDM and OFDM is that, in GFDM, the total number of modulated constellation symbols per frame is \(N_{s}N\), using \(N_{s}\) sub-symbols with different time-slots and \(N\) sub-carriers [53]. The basic architecture of a GFDM transmitter and receiver is presented in Figure 3.