# Potential and Limitations of the New European Ground Motion Service in Landslides at a Local Scale
## 3 Results
### Daily Rainfall Records vs. Sentinel-1 A-DInSAR  
The analysis of the rainfall series (2015-2021) shows an average annual precipitation of 1255 l/m\({}^{2}\). Maximum accumulated rainfall for all periods of study was 6065.81/m\({}^{2}\). The daily rainfall records were compared with the deformation time series (Figure 6) and if the TS-Desc (Figure 6A) and the TS-Hor (Figure 6B) are observed in detail, it is possible to identify acceleration periods that can be explained by analyzing rainfall records.  
In the case of the TS-Desc (Figure 6A and Table 2), the period between January 2015 and January 2021 coincided with the accumulated rainfall trend. The observed period of rising deformation identified between January and August 2021 (from \(-\)38.8 to \(-\)58.0 mm)  
Figure 5: Damage evidence was observed in buildings and in roads with categories 3 and 4 (black arrows). (**A**) Vertical crack with several centimeters width in a house located in Los Campos neighborhood (Category 3). (**B**) New cracks with some centimeters width in a repaired facade in Los Campos neighborhood (Category 4). (**C**) Tension cracks in the road near damaged houses in Los Campos neighborhood. (**D**) Millimeter cracks were observed in the facade of a house located in the El Valle village (Category 3). (**E**) Centimeter open cracks in an old building in El Valle village (Category 3). (**F**) Tension cracks were observed in a path located at the foot of the landslide.  
matched with rainfall records between December 2020 and June 2021. These rainfall episodes recorded values from 30.8 to 40.41/m2 (Figure 6A and Table 2).  
On the other hand, in the TS-Hor (Figure 6B and Table 2), four periods of rising deformation can be directly related to precipitation events. The first period of deformation was from October 2018 to April 2019 (displacement increased from \(-19.1\) to \(-26.4\) mm).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **Deformation Period** & **Displacement (mm)** & **Accumulated Rainfall (l/m2)** & **R2** \\ \hline TS-Desc & 01/2021-08/2021 & \(-19.2\) & \(-5134.2\)—\(-5601.2\) & 30.8–40.4 & 0.84 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{TS-Hor} & 10/2018-04/2019 & \(-7.3\) & \(-3136.4\)—\(3549.0\) & 38.2–56.0 & 0.63 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 11/2019-01/2020 & \(-9.7\) & \(-3898.0\)—\(-4295.2\) & 50.2–50.8 & 0.65 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 10/2020-03/2021 & \(-8.1\) & \(-4744.4\)—\(-5364.4\) & 24.0–40.1 & 0.45 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 09/2021-12/2021 & \(-9.6\) & \(-5603.8\)—\(-6065.8\) & 58.2 & 0.91 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Correlation between deformation detected and rainfall episodes. It summarizes the Sentinel-1 A-DInSAR dataset, deformation period, accumulated displacement detected (mm), accumulated rainfall (l/m2), maximum rainfall registered (l/m2), and coefficient correlation (R2).  
Figure 6: Daily rainfall records vs deformation time series. **(A)** Comparison between daily rainfall and descending deformation time series (TS-Desc). **(B)** Comparison between daily rainfall and horizontal deformation time series (TS-Hor). The vertical bars indicate a coincidence between periods of deformation and heavy rainfall events.  
Two rainfall episodes were identified in this period: In October 2018 (56.01/m\({}^{2}\)) and in January 2019 (38.2 l/m\({}^{2}\)). The second period of deformation was from November 2019 to January 2020 (recorded displacement increased from \(-\)21.5 to \(-\)31.2 mm). During this period, there were two rainy episodes: the first in November 2019 (50.8 l/m\({}^{2}\)) and the second in December 2019 (50.2 l/m\({}^{2}\)). The third episode of deformation was recorded between October 2020 and March 2021 (displacements rose from \(-\)30.0 to \(-\)38.1 mm). During this time, rainfall episodes with peaks from 24.0 to 40.4 l/m\({}^{2}\) were recorded. Lastly, the fourth deformation period (September-December 2021), with displacements from \(-\)32.3 to \(-\)41.9 mm, coincided with rainy periods registered in November 2021 (58.2 l/m\({}^{2}\)) (Figure 6B and Table 2).