esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
This paper addresses the issues of voltage fluctuations, increased network losses, and reduced economic benefits in UDNs caused by the high penetration of DG and the integration of novel electrical loads. It proposes a strategy for efficient proactive voltage control of UDNs incorporating VPPs based on an ITLCO algorithm.  
* Firstly, dynamic regulation models for 5G base stations and IDCs are constructed, quantifying their power regulation potential as flexible resources within VPPs. This approach overcomes the deficiencies in modeling the characteristics of novel loads in existing studies.
* Secondly, the improvement of the TLCO algorithm via chaotic mapping initialization and the incremental pheromone update model significantly boosts its global optimization ability and convergence efficiency in high-dimensional solution spaces.
* Thirdly, simulation experiments demonstrate that compared to traditional metaheuristic algorithms such as the ALO, IFA, and IISOA, the proposed method reduces the voltage deviation in the improved IEEE 33-bus system by 4.09% to 14.59%, decreases network losses by 6.65% to 37.52%, and shortens the computation time to 1.49 s.
* Finally, the reconfiguration scheme considering novel load resources can increase the voltage at distant buses by 7.5% and achieve the collaborative optimization of peak-valley difference and network losses, providing theoretical support for the planning and operation of UDNs incorporating VPPs.  
Future research can further explore multi-time scale optimization frameworks, collaborative scheduling mechanisms for heterogeneous loads, and the engineering adaptability of the algorithm in larger-scale actual distribution networks.  
Conceptualization, Y.L. and Z.L.; methodology, Y.L.; software, Y.Y.; validation, Y.L., C.K. and R.Q.; formal analysis, Y.Y.; investigation, R.Q.; resources, C.L.; data curation, Z.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.L.; writing--review and editing, C.L.; visualization, Y.Y.; supervision, Z.L.; project administration, Z.L.; funding acquisition, C.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Science and Technology Project Funding [Project Title: \"Research on Voltage Safety Prevention and Control of New Urban Distribution Grid Taking into Account the Response Characteristics of Virtual Power Plants (52060124000C)\"].  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
Conflicts of Interest: Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] are employed by the State Grid Jinan Power Supply Company. Author [PERSON] and [PERSON] are employed by the Key Laboratory of Power System Intelligent Dispatch and Control of Ministry of Education, Shandong University. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 4 Performance Analysis
### Complexity Analysis  
Assuming that \(Q\) far-field targets impact \(G\) observation stations and each observation location is outfitted with a ULA of \(M\) elements. The number of snapshots is \(K\). \(G_{x}\), \(G_{y}\) and \(G_{\theta}\) stand for search grids of \(x\), \(y\) and angles. The proposed NC-Euler-WESPRIT-DPD algorithm mainly includes four steps: estimate \(R_{g}\), EVD on \(R_{g}\), EVD on Equation (51) and the calculation of the spectral function. The corresponding computational complexity is \(O\bigl{(}GKM^{2}\bigr{)}\), \(O\bigl{(}2 GM^{3}\bigr{)}\) and \(O\Bigl{(}4M^{2}QG+\frac{3}{2}MQ^{2}G+\frac{1}{2}Q^{3}G\bigr{)}\). Since the spectral function of the proposed algorithm does not need complex multiplication and its computational complexity is difficult to measure, the average running time of the algorithm is used to measure the computational complexity. It is noted that the acquisition of weight \(\frac{\hat{P}_{x}}{\hat{\sigma}_{n,\theta}^{2}}\) only needs simple real number operation and its computational complexity is basically negligible [28]. Table 1 shows the comparison of complexity.  
Considering \(Q=4\), \(G=6\), \(K=300\), \(M=5\), \(SNR=15\) dB. \(G_{x}\), \(G_{y}\) and \(G_{\theta}\) take the same value and change from 200 to 900. Figure 2 simulates the running time of different algorithms varying with the number of search grids. From Figure 2, NC-Euler-WESPRIT has lower complexity than NC-ESPRIT because of the conversion of complex number calculation into real number operation. Although the complexity of NC-Euler-WESPRIT is higher than two-step localization technology [12], its localization performance is better. Specially, the spectral function of the proposed NC-Euler-WESPRIT algorithm does not need complex multiplication, its computational complexity is significantly reduced compared with SDF algorithm [27].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Algorithms** & **Complexity** \\ \hline Two-step [12] & \(O\bigl{(}GM^{3}+(GK+G_{\theta})M^{2}-G_{\theta}QM+GQG_{x}G_{y}\bigr{)}\) \\ SDF [27] & \(O\bigl{(}GKM^{2}+GM^{3}+GG_{x}G_{y}\bigl{(}M^{2}(M-Q)+M^{2}+M\bigr{)}\bigr{)}\) \\ NC-ESPRIT & \(O\bigl{(}4 GKM^{2}+8 GM^{3}+16M^{2}QG+6 MQ^{2}G+2Q^{3}G\bigr{)}\) \\ NC-Euler-ESPRIT & \(O\bigl{(}GKM^{2}+2 GM^{3}+4M^{2}QG+\frac{3}{2}MQ^{2}G+\frac{1}{2}Q^{3}G\bigr{)}\) \\ NC-Euler-WESPRIT & \(O\bigl{(}GKM^{2}+2 GM^{3}+4M^{2}QG+\frac{3}{2}MQ^{2}G+\frac{1}{2}Q^{3}G\bigr{)}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of complexity.
## 3 Graph Theory and Sensor Networks
### Eulerian Paths  
Let us note that in a sensor network associated with a Delaunay graph, a Eulerian path represents a trail on the network that visits every communication link once. Studying this type of path can be useful to analyze network connectivity, optimize data transmission, avoid fault tolerance, and improve robustness.  
First, computing Eulerian paths helps to find connectivity patterns among sensors and provides a systematic way to go through the whole network. The analysis of Eulerian path existence is crucial for identifying potential bottlenecks, ensuring uniform data distribution, and enhancing overall network resilience.  
Next, this type of path contributes to optimizing the data transmission in a sensor network. By following these paths, data can be transmitted efficiently from one sensor to another, minimizing the risk of congestion. It can also help to reduce energy consumption.  
Finally, Eulerian paths also play a very important role in enhancing the fault tolerance and robustness of a sensor network. By identifying alternative paths, the network can be adapted to changes such as sensor failures or environmental disruptions. This adaptability is essential for maintaining continuous data flow.  
In order to show an example of this kind of trail, the Delaunay graph from Figure 3 is Eulerian. In fact, a Eulerian cycle is given by \(\{v_{1},v_{2},v_{3},v_{4},v_{5},v_{3},v_{7},v_{5},v_{6},v_{7},v_{2},v_{6},v_ {1}\}\) since it is a closed trail on the network visiting every communication link (edge) once.
# A Lab-Made E-Nose-MOS Device for Assessing the Bacterial Growth in a Solid Culture Medium
###### Abstract  
The detection and level assessment of microorganisms is a practical quality/contamination indicator of food and water samples. Conventional analytical procedures (e.g., culture methods, immunological techniques, and polymerase chain reactions), while accurate and widely used, are time-consuming, costly, and generate a large amount of waste. Electronic noses (E-noses), combined with chemometrics, provide a direct, green, and non-invasive assessment of the volatile fraction without the need for sample pre-treatments. The unique olfactory fingerprint generated during each microorganism's growth can be a vehicle for its detection using gas sensors. A lab-made E-nose, comprising metal oxide semiconductor sensors was applied, to analyze solid medium containing Gram-positive (_Enterococcus faecalis_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_) or Gram-negative (_Escherichia coli_ and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_) bacteria. The electrical-resistance signals generated by the E-nose coupled with linear discriminant analysis allowed the discrimination of the four bacteria (90% of correct classifications for leave-one-out cross-validation). Furthermore, multiple linear regression models were also established allowing quantifying the number of colony-forming units (CFU) (\(0.9428\leq R^{2}\leq 0.9946\)), with maximum root mean square errors lower than 4 CFU. Overall, the E-nose showed to be a powerful qualitative-quantitative device for bacteria preliminary analysis, being envisaged its possible application in solid food matrices.  
electronic noses; metal oxide semiconductor sensors; bacteria identification; Gram-positive; Gram-negative; colony-forming units; linear discriminant analysis; multiple linear regression models; simulated annealing algorithm +
Footnote †: journal:  
Accepted: 22 December 2022  
published: 24 December 2022
# Wireless Energy Harvesting with Cooperative Relaying under the Best Relay Selection Scheme
###### Abstract  
One of the most notable challenges in wireless communications is energy scarcity, which has attracted considerable attention in Fifth Generation (5G) wireless network research. This paper investigates the performance of energy harvesting (EH) relays under the best relay selection (BRS) scheme. The results show degradation of spectral efficiency (SE) due to EH relaying compared with conventional cooperative relaying (CR). Conversely, EH relaying provides a positive gain compared with conventional CR, increasing the lifetime of the network and decreasing energy consumption (EC) and operational cost. Moreover, the EH relaying network has better energy efficiency (EE) compared with conventional relaying networks. Results show that when EH relaying is applied, EE is improved through an increased number of relays. Finally, the SE-EE metric is presented for both conventional and EH relays. Results show that the performance of the proposed technique was able to achieve a maximum SE of 1.4 bits/s/Hz and maximum EE at 0.6 bits/s/Hz, and for the case of conventional relays, a maximum SE of 2 bits/s/Hz and EE at 1.1 bits/s/Hz. This result implies that the proposed EH scheme provides an optimum solution for energy-constrained wireless CR systems.  
energy harvesting; simultaneous wireless information and power transfer; outage probability; spectral efficiency; energy efficiency +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Article_
# Data Structure and Management Protocol to Enhance Name Resolving in Named Data Networking
## 3 Proposed Solution  
Our proposed two-element solution is shown in Figure 1. The first element of the solution involves improving a two-column mapping table data structure and streamlining insertions, deletions, and lookups through the introduction of the Enhanced Coding Hash Trie (ECHT) data structure. The second element of the solution entails the implementation of the PNP management protocol, aimed at automating and enhancing the efficiency of the population and operations within the mapping table.  
Figure 1: Proposed two-element solution.
## 5 Experiment of Imaging Detection  
The Composition of the Multi-Frame Imaging Detection Test System for the Left-Rank Arc Sparse Array of Ultrasonic Guided Waves in the Welded Structure Plate  
To assess the viability of imaging detection, a test system for multi-frame imaging detection was developed for the left-rank arc sparse array of ultrasonic guided waves. This system comprises various components, including an imaging computer, a transducer array, a pulse transmission/reception instrument, and a sample of welded structure steel plate, as depicted in Figure 3. The arc array serves as the foundation for the arc sparse array, with the radius of 1542 mm. The welded structure steel plate sample used in the experiment replicated the bottom plate structure of an oil storage tank, measuring 2250 mm \(\times\) 1000 mm \(\times\) 4.0 mm in size. The material employed is Q345. Artificial defect holes labeled \(A\), \(B\), \(C\), \(D\), and \(E\), were created within the plate. These holes are through-holes with diameters of 5 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, and 8 mm, respectively. Their sizes are deliberately chosen to be comparable to the wavelength of the guided wave. In this experiment, a self-developed ultrasonic guided wave transducer is utilized as the array element to generate a single horizontal shear-guided wave of the SH0 mode. This transducer was specifically designed by the author's research team for the purpose of multi-frame imaging detection using the left-rank arc sparse array of ultrasonic guided waves in welded structure steel plates. The central frequency of the ultrasonic guided wave emitted by the left-rank arc sparse array is set at 0.65 MHz, with a corresponding wavelength of the excited horizontal guided wave measured at 4.97 mm. The left-rank arc sparse array consists of 14 array elements. To drive the transducer array, a pulse transmission/reception instrument is employed, which transmits a square wave negative pulse with a voltage of 300 V to each individual array element. The received array signals are collected, stored, and processed by an industrial control computer, enabling the multi-frame imaging detection of the left-rank arc sparse array of ultrasonic guided waves.  
Figure 3: The schematic diagram of the ultrasonic guided wave left-rank arc sparse array imaging detection system.
## 3 Proposed Methodology
### Clustering Management
Equation (5) is used to calculate the value of \(\beta\): \[\beta(n)=\frac{\sum_{j=1,\ j\
eq n}^{\Omega}d_{nj}}{\Omega}\] (5) where \(\Omega\) is the number of WSN nodes located in each cluster. Moreover, Equation (6) can be used to work out the distance threshold for each WSN node: \[\mathrm{d_{T}}=\left(\sqrt{\frac{\beta_{\mathrm{fsm}}}{\beta_{\mathrm{trm}}}}\right)\] (6)
4. The shortest path to AP (\(d_{A}\)) must be calculated. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) between WSN nodes and the AP can be used to measure the \(d_{A}\) value. The AP can also use GPS to calculate the positions of all WSN nodes [61]. The ideal CH is evaluated using these parameters, depending on the highest weight value measured using (7): \[\mathrm{d_{T}}=\left(\omega=\frac{\Omega*2\mathrm{E*}\beta}{d_{A}}\right)\] (7) According to (7), the ideal value of CH has the highest energy, is located near the AP location, and is located at the middle of the other WSN nodes in each cluster. Moreover, we tried to give the residual energy parameter a higher score than the rest of the parameters due to its importance. Therefore, in this case, the consumption of communication energy between the WSN nodes and their CH, as well as between the CH and the AP, will be the lowest. In this study, we use the AP to pick the CHs from the nodes deployed in the AP area. This collection is allocated to the numerous zoning regions covering the AP, after which CH_Rotations will be self-organized. The CH then sends the \(adv\_CH\) message, which broadcasts its ID within its own domain. Algorithm 1 has a detailed discussion of CH_Rotations in the new LEACH protocol in each zone area. The algorithm always starts by counting the loop and then in each cluster will search for the best CH to cluster group through computing \(\omega\) for each WSN node.
Different materials and compounds have been incorporated to TiO\({}_{2}\) with the purpose of improving its photocatalytic activity. Among them, silica [18; 19], noble metals [20], di-atomic [21] and activated carbon [22; 23] can be highlighted. The latter is gaining attention due to several advantages, mostly for being low cost, non-toxic, and its affinity for the adsorption of most organic molecules [24]. Its porosity is tailored as desired with the suitable combination of experimental conditions, fitting most coveted applications. Nevertheless, the exploited raw materials (residues or by-products) are biodegradable and available with high content of cellulose [25; 26]. Using these precursors encourages both valorization and recycling of wastes, which helps to reduce environmental issues. Thus, preparing and using activated carbon is beneficial from both an economic and environmental point of view. In recent years the use of carbon materials, especially activated carbons (ACs), as supports/additives for TiO\({}_{2}\) particles is being widely investigated [27; 28; 29; 30]. When studying photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in liquid media reactions, the AC textural properties are very interesting. The characteristic porous structure promotes it to be a suitable support for the titania particles, as its developed surface area permits a good dispersion of titania particles on the surface leading to a better catalyst/pollutant interaction [31]. To increase the contact between the catalyst and the target compounds, activated carbon performs as a co-adsorbent able to transfer the pollutants to the TiO\({}_{2}\) surface [15; 32]. Moreover, activated carbon can confer higher thermal stability and hinder crystalline phase transformation upon heat treatment, [11]. In addition, it is worth noting the ease of recovery of the photocatalysts by simple filtration or sedimentation from the reaction solution in comparison with the colloidal TiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles. In the present study, an activated carbon derived from a scarcely exploited biomass residue, _Luffa cylindrica_ fibers, has been prepared and used as an _additive_ to commercial titanium dioxide, P25. The purpose was to investigate its performance on the removal of a model cationic dye, methylene blue (MB), from the solution and also, to find out if the incorporation of this activated carbon, named LAC, could lead to _adsorbent-catalyst_ composite materials with improved MB removal from solution, especially by photocatalytic degradation. Two TiO\({}_{2}\)/LAC samples with different compositions have been prepared by mechanical mixing in a mortar and have been thoroughly characterized. The composite materials have been evaluated under two different scenarios: MB photodegradation under UV-light after some adsorption (dark) period or, directly, MB removal under UV-light once the liquid effluent and the _AdsCats_ are in contact. Attention is paid to the relative importance of adsorption and photodegradation.
# Effects of Caprolactam Wastewater on Algal Growth and Nutrients Removal by _Arthrospira platensis_
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Removal of N and P from WCP by A. platensis Cultivated in a Circular Photobioreactor
platensis_ was not observed, thereby indicating that a smaller amount of WCP addition (1.25%) every day was less toxic to the algae. Based on the changes in the NO3\({}^{-}\)-N and inorganic P concentrations in the culture suspension, the removal ratios (%) and removal rates [g/(m\({}^{2}\)-d)] of N and P were calculated (Table 6). The removal ratios of N and P reached 100%. _Arthospira platensis_ could absorb and utilize all the added N and P from the wastewater within 24 h. The ability to efficiently remove N and P from WCP might be due to the ability of luxury absorption of N and P of _A. platensis_. The luxury absorption of N and P by microalgae means that the amount of N and P absorbed exceeds the N and P demand in cell cycles [45; 46]. The excessive absorbed N and P are stored in cells in some form to cope with the possible lack of N and P in the future. As long as the nutrient input (wastewater addition) is properly regulated, _A. platensis_ can absorb all the N and P from the wastewater. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Removal** & **Removal Ratio of** & **Removal Ratio of** & **Protein** & ** Biomass** \\
**Rate of Nitrogen (g/m\({}^{2}\)/d)** & **Nitrogen (\%)** & **Rate of Phosphorus** & **Phosphorus (\%)** & **Productivity** & **Productivity** \\  & & **(g/m\({}^{2}\)/d)** & **(g/m\({}^{2}\)/d)** & **(g/m\({}^{2}\)/d)** \\ \hline
2.04 & 100\% & 0.12 & 100\% & 12.03 \(\pm\) 0.50 & 17.48 \(\pm\) 0.94 \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: N, P removal rate and removal ratio, biomass and protein productivities of _Arthospira platensis_ cultivated in a circular photobioreactor. Figure 8: Growth curve of _Arthospira platensis_ cultivated in a circular photobioreactor and changes in residual NO3\({}^{-}\)-N and total inorganic phosphorus concentration. The average biomass and protein productivities of _A. platensis_, the N and P removal ratios, and the average removal rates are summarized in Table 6. The algal suspension depth of the circular photob bioreactor was 15 cm, which was similar to the culture depth (approximately 20 cm) of a raceway pond. The light intensity was 1300 mol photons/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\)s) with a 14 h/10 h light/dark cycle, and the culture temperature was maintained at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The culture conditions were similar to those of an open raceway pond in good production season. Therefore, the N and P removal capacities of _A. platensis_ cultivated in an open raceway pond can be calculated based on the data shown in Tables 5 and 6. Assuming an _Arthrospira_ biomass yield of 15 g/(m\({}^{2}\cdot\)d) and a protein content of 65%, a 10,000 m\({}^{2}\) culture area can assimilate all the N and P from 12,000 L of WCP and produce 150 kg of biomass each day. This result illustrates the feasibility of growing _Arthrospira_ on WCP for biomass production and N and P removal.