## 1 Introduction
Moreover, UV-C LEDs maintain consistent intensity regardless of temperature fluctuations and deliver maximum output instantly without requiring a warm-up period. In addition, UV-C LEDs are also eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and long-lasting, require no warm-up, and are compact. Ref. [6] investigates the application of UV-C LED arrays in indoor-type air disinfection systems. In ref. [6], the inactivation of aerosolized viruses, bacteria, and fungi was investigated. Sixteen UV-C LED package chips were connected and linearly arranged on a printed circuit board (PCB). An 11 mm distance between the UV-C LEDs with 40 mm of free space on both sides was provided for cooling, and the UV-C LED arrays were operated at a voltage of 12 V and a current of 1.6 A. Ref. [6] concluded that UV-C LEDs can effectively inactivate microorganisms, regardless of their classification, and can be used in indoor air disinfection systems. Ref. [24] utilized UV-C LED modules for the sterilization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ten UV-C LED modules with different wavelengths were used to evaluate the experimental results and validate the effectiveness of the UV-C LED module for different UV light flow and current consumption, wavelength spectral distribution, and disinfection rate results at two humidity levels. In addition, it is important to ensure safety and compliance with regulatory standards for UV exposure and electrical safety. When using UV-C LED sterilization and germicidal lamps, avoid looking directly at the UV light source as deep UV radiation can cause skin erythema, conjunctival irritation, and fatigue. Additionally, excessive or prolonged use of these UV-C LED disinfection and germicidal lamps, or direct exposure to UV radiation,may result in skin and eye damage. Proper precautions should always be taken to minimize risks. The safety precautions when using UV-C LED sterilizing lamps include the following: (1) Avoid direct exposure of skin and eyes: UV-C light may cause burns to the skin and eyes, and may even lead to long-term damage (e.g., keratitis or skin cancer). (2) It is recommended to wear appropriate protective equipment such as UV-protective glasses and protective gloves. (3) Make sure no one is in the disinfection area when using UV-C LED disinfection lamps. (4) Provide shielding: shielding devices or warning signs should be provided in areas where UV-C LED lamps are used. (5) Keep away from flammable materials: UV-C LED sterilization lamps may generate heat and should be kept away from flammable materials. (6) Keep UV-C LED sterilization lamps away from children and animals to prevent accidental contact or exposure. With regard to UV safety standards, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established maximum exposure limits for personnel to UV rays, including the UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C spectra [25]. For UV-C, the ICNIRP recommends that exposure to UV at 270 nm should not exceed 30 mJ/cm\({}^{2}\), and the above recommended value is an 8 h exposure standard. A previous study [26] successfully developed a power electronic converter for a UV-C LED sterilization and germicidal lamp, utilizing a two-stage circuit design compatible with AC input voltage sources. The first stage of this driver [26] features an AC-DC converter with a filter, rectifier, power factor corrector, and capacitor. The second stage employs a Cuk converter operating in continuous conduction mode to ensure smooth input and output currents, reducing switching stress and supplying necessary DC power for UV-C LED sterilization and germicidal lamp. While efficient, the overall performance of this circuit is constrained by the two-stage power conversion approach. In recent years, numerous UV-C LED products designed for household disinfection have entered the market, with UV-C LED applications available in various forms, such as handheld and portable ultraviolet disinfection lamps. These devices typically operate on direct current (DC) voltage or battery power. In addition, ref.