## 1 Introduction  
Water covers the Earth in different ways, in the form of oceans, rivers, and lakes. It is important for humans and other animals to have water in their lives and for other animals to have water as well. Advances in technology have made it possible to place sensor nodes in lakes, river environments, and natural forests so that they can be used to study them. It is possible for these sensor nodes to communicate with each other because they have smart computing and smart sensors built in. Networks called underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are made up of a lot of autonomous sensors that are limited in energy and homogeneous nodes [1]. These underwater sensors were used to look for things such as pressure, temperature, water quality, and current flow in the water. They were placedin seas and rivers. Based on the types of applications, the data processing station gathers these kinds of data. A summary of how it works can be found below. Infrastructure for underwater sensors is made up of different types of devices: an acoustic modem, a memory, and a sensor. They also have an on-board controller, a power supply, and a sensor interface circuitry. It is possible to use the underwater sensors to measure the density and temperature under the water, among other things. They could also be used to measure acidity, pH, conductivity, turbidity, hydrogen, and dissolved methane gas. [2] Figure 1 shows the network models used by UWSN. Onshore base station, underwater sensors, and sink node are all part of the UWSN (SN). The nodes were close to the SN and sent information to the sink, while another node made the clusters. Underwater sensors send information to the SN at the surface [3]. The data are then sent to a nearby base station (BS) [4]. One of the two types of transceivers that the SN nodes have is an acoustic transceiver that can communicate with the sensors. The other type is a radio transceiver that can communicate with the BSS using radio frequency. To send messages to other nodes, underwater nodes have an acoustic transceiver that is built into them. Communication in underwater environments is different from in terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSN) in terms of topology, channel modelling, and path loss. The UWSN is moved by current at a speed of about 1-3 m/s. There are different models for the acoustic and radio channels. The minimum clash probability routing underwater wireless sensor networks (MCR-UWSN) is made up of many underwater acoustic sensors that are placed in underwater monitoring areas to carry out surveillance, navigation, intrusion detection, data collection, and resource exploration [4; 5]. Another problem with the Ant Colony Optimization Clash probability Routing (ACOCR) UWSN is that it has a huge error rate, propagation delay, and a low bandwidth. It is very important for UWSN to come up with an energy-efficient way to send data in complicated underwater environments [6]. There are a lot of traditional ways to route in TWSN. However, in UWSN, they are almost always impossible. Multi-hop data transmissions for UWSN in long-distance transmissions are much more efficient than single-hop data transmissions [7]. Furthermore, to help with traffic load balance and data collision, it is important to have a consistent network topology [8]. In a lot of studies, it has been shown that cluster routing algorithms are good at avoiding collisions. They balance traffic loads, and they use multi-hop mechanisms to send data between clusters [8]. There are many groups of nodes in a cluster routing algorithm, and each group has a head node (CHN) and a lot of nodes called \"cluster member nodes\". As soon as clusters were made, the CHN allocates channels to send data through. The CMN sends data based on the distribution that might avoid collisions [9]. CHNs are then responsible  
Figure 1: Overview of cluster based UWSN. for aggregation, which might reduce data redundancy and cut down on the number of data packets that need to be sent to the SN, which saves energy [10].