## 1 Introduction  
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a system made up of numerous spatially distributed devices that use sensors to interact with the physical world. For instance, they can control various conditions at different points, including temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, movement, or pollutants. The devices are stand-alone units that generally consist of a microcontroller, a power source, a radio transmitter, and a sensor, usually inexpensive [1]. Because of the energy limitations, the nodes are mainly designed with energy-saving mechanisms. Therefore, they are built so that they generally remain for a long time in low power consumption mode. The topology of a wireless sensor network depends on deploying a large number of densely distributed nodes accurately and on the maintenance of the network [2]; such tasks can be divided into three phases. (1) Pre-deployment and deployment, where wireless sensor nodes are placed in the field. (2) Post-deployment, in this phase, the topology varies due to the sensors' mobility, changes in the scenario, available power, malfunction, and network tasks. (3) Deployment of additional nodes, where defective nodes are replaced or new network requirements are met [3]. For certain industrial applications known as the Industrial Internet of Things, it may be required to implement low energy consumption mechanisms and protocols. The coverage range is not necessarily very extensive, since WSNs are deployed within industrial facilities. Nevertheless, the number of nodes can be high, since different machines and humans must communicate in various processes within the industrial environment [4]. Wireless Sensor Networks are important components of the Internet of Things, where communication is accomplished through collaborative mechanisms. One purpose of these networks and related technologies is to deliver valuable information to create new capabilities, richer experiences, and unprecedented economic opportunities for businesses, individuals, and countries. Most Wireless Sensor Networks are made of basic sensors and components, and they also can communicate by using frequency channels. When implementing a solution based on wireless sensor networks, one of the main aspects to be considered is the system's energy consumption, where different methods can be used to meet the requirements of the network [5]. Due to the devices' restrictions that make up the network, these mechanisms must offer an acceptable compromise between security and energy consumption. The intentional emission of interference, called jamming, can produce disruption of the network services, packet loss, delays, increased energy consumption, and losses in the nodes' links. Jamming can be a successful attack regardless of the communication protocols used by the nodes. In addition, these types of attacks may deplete the energy of the nodes more quickly [6]. Under reactive jamming, the attacker listens to the channel to cause collisions when a node emits data. Such malicious activity can be more difficult to be detected. Then, jamming attacks are very attractive to be mounted against these networks because its capacity of distorting the communication process using high noise levels [7]. Thus, a potential attacker prevents that legitimate data can reach its target and causes packets to collide. These attacks can be enhanced and easily mounted if potential attackers are aware about the technology and protocols, by accessing the communication channels of the sensors [8]. In wireless communications, the availability of routes and intermittence of links are important parameters for the network mechanisms and the communications protocols [9]. Interference resistance and avoidance, referred to as anti-jamming, can be a high energy-consuming task. Ideally, this interference can be detected and mitigated by the same routing protocol, optimizing its rules to target network areas with nodes under abnormal behavior [10].