## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, a self-developed combined dynamic and dynamic load similar simulation experiment platform is used to study the evolution characteristics of force and energy and the progressive damage mechanism during the process of mining and excava  
Figure 6: Progressive failure process of roadway surrounding rock disturbed by mining: (**a**) 0.1 m; (**b**) 0.3 m; (**c**) 0.5 m; (**d**) 0.7 m; (**e**) 0.9 m; (**f**) 1.1 m; (**g**) 1.3 m.  
tion disturbance and analyze the disturbance-induced thrust-induced process of roadway surrounding rock under the influence of mining and excavation. The conclusions are as follows:  
1. The evolution law of rock force and energy and the migration characteristics of overburdened rock in the process of excavation is revealed. Under the action of dynamic and static stress in the mining face, the stress evolution process of surrounding rock along with mining can be roughly divided into three stages: the rapid rise and slight decrease in the early stage, continuous increase to the peak in the middle stage and then step-like decline, and slow rise in the late stage;
2. The stress distribution characteristics of disturbed surrounding rock under impact dynamic load with different strengths are analyzed. The oncoming side of the roadway is greatly affected by the impact of dynamic load disturbance, and the energy of the vibration wave at the back side is absorbed after transmission attenuation, and the disturbance influence is reduced. The measured critical induced thrusting energy of the driving face is 2.29 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) J, while the measured critical induced thrusting energy of the mining face is 5.24 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) J, indicating that the disturbance effect of the same external dynamic load on the stability of surrounding rock in the driving face is significantly stronger than that of the mining face;
3. The dynamic response characteristics of parameters such as acceleration of roadway surrounding rock in different regions are compared and analyzed. The left side of the heading face is closest to the source, the acceleration duration is short and the attenuation is relatively fast, and it is also the area prone to the earliest impact failure among the disturbance objects facing the mining. When the pendulum height is greater than 0.9 m, the roadway begins to appear in a progressive damage trend and the plastic damage degree of the roadway surrounding rock increases until it becomes completely unstable. The impact risk of the central roadway is the highest under the superimposed influence of the static mining stress and the input dynamic stress of the opposite mining face.  
Conceptualization, J.B.; project administration, L.D. and X.L.; writing, J.B. and X.M.; investigation, F.L. and Z.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was carried out with the funded projects: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52227901, 51934007) and National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022 YC3004603). The first author also acknowledges the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX21_2342).  
Not applicable.  
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.  
We appreciate the support from the State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.