# Exploring the Risks of Green Crowdsourcing in South Africa: The Case of Dilivari
## 1 Introduction  
Logistics are critical for social and economic development in Africa and beyond. The growth of crowdsourcing logistics has provided several options for improvements in social benefits such as resource sharing and community support [1] and economic benefits such as faster delivery, flexibility, and low-cost distribution. Several scholars have dealt extensively with the benefits of green crowdsourcing [2; 3; 4]. Green crowdsourcing applications benefit people and the economy [2] and address environmental problems [4]. Specifically, several scholars have emphasised the significance of crowdsourcing for peoples' livelihoods [5], profit [6; 7] and environment. Inadequate understanding of the risks associated with green crowdsourcing can erode these benefits, however. The previous literature covers the risks inherent in structured crowdsourcing in applications such as Piggy Baggy, Uber and Bolt, which have formalised mechanisms for risk management [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13]. Researchers have highlighted the risks of theft, loss and damage [10], risks to personal privacy, and vulnerability to criminal activity [8], and risks to standards of delivery and of loss or theft during delivery [9]. However, the crowdsourcing applications Uber, Bolt and Piggy Baggy have developed appropriate risk management strategies to ensure security from theft, robbery, and threats to privacy [8]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11] stress the point that structured crowdsourcing applications have developed appropriate techniques for minimising risks. These include rigorous selection processes, feedback systems, personal web pages or spaces, secure messaging systems, secure online payment systems and insurance. [PERSON] et al. [13] confirmed that Piggy Baggy had successfully pre-tested security features designed to address these risks. Techniques such as 'cyber manhunt' [14], 'human flesh search' [15] and 'cyber crowdsourcing' [16] have proved successful in combating risks associated with crowdsourcing applications. Furthermore,Mwaura [17] argues that formalised mechanisms for vetting participant drivers are effective in minimising the risks of crowdsourcing. In this paper, we define green crowdsourcing as 'unstructured information connectivity enabled marketplace concept that matches supply and demand, contributing to environment sustainability. Green crowdsourcing is dynamic and flexible' [8; 9; 13; 18; 19]. These applications optimise and exercise flexibility by using pre-existing travel routines [9], commuting trips [11] or delivery locations near the user's own destination [18], maximising car occupancy [20], utilisation of unexploited space [10], shared freight transportation [21], use of energy-saving transportation such as bicycles [22], with the objective of harnessing logistic efficiency and reducing carbon emissions [8]. Structured crowdsourcing applications such as the Uber and Bolt applications designate part of the crowd to drivers and other users during registration [17], as opposed to unstructured green crowdsourcing. These applications encourage shared occupancy, shared freight, the use of pre-existing routes, and delivery by drivers close to delivery locations. In addition, green crowdsourcing uses energy-saving transport such as velomobiles, bicycles, motorised bicycles, electric scooters, electric vehicles, solar cars and non-motorised forms of transport for deliveries. In order to assess the risks connected to green crowdsourcing, we piloted the Dilivari green crowdsourcing application in South Africa. This application was developed using a quantitative computer program as guided by decision science methodology [23]. The mobile application (App) provides an innovative solution to a multi-embedded grocery supply chain coordination by maximising car occupancy and shared freight for environmental sustainability. The \"Dilivari app\" was developed with green crowdsourcing principles: dynamic and flexible capabilities different from structured crowdsourcing existing apps like Uber and Bolt in dedicated trips.