## 2 Literature Review
### Transition from Industry 4.0 to 5.0--Evolutionary Perspective and Transformational Challenges  
The transformation from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 is gaining momentum in response to the growing demand for industrial systems that are not only efficient but also resilient, sustainable, and human-centric. The need for a strategic reorientation that considers social and ethical values as well as technological innovation is increasingly emphasized in the scientific and technical literature. The transformation from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 is not merely a continuation of the previous paradigm but rather a qualitative change in which technologies support humans, rather than replace them. This evolution brings with it significant shifts in values, goals, and human-technology relationships. [PERSON] [34] emphasizes that Industry 5.0 represents a shift from efficiency and automation towards human-centricity, sustainable development, and cooperation between humansand intelligent systems. [PERSON] et al. [35] provide a concise comparison of Industry 4.0 and 5.0, highlighting different assumptions regarding the role of humans, approaches to innovation, and expectations of implemented technologies. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36] focus on the transformation within supply chain management and human resources, emphasizing the need to integrate social values in organizational strategies. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37] propose a framework of Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0, aimed at the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Their approach demonstrates the potential of synergy between technology and social good in building resilient, inclusive cities and communities. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [38] analyse the evolution of artificial intelligence--from automation to systems that incorporate ethics and human well-being. [PERSON] et al. [39] review technological trends and implementation challenges, highlighting the key role of edge computing, blockchain, 6G, and cobots in shaping Industry 5.0 environments. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [40] argue that Industry 5.0 is a response to the shortcomings of the purely technocratic approach of Industry 4.0--through strategic innovations that enhance organizational resilience. [PERSON] et al. [41] provide an overview of digital transformation in VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) environments, emphasizing the growing importance of the human-centric approach. A practical example of such systems is presented by [PERSON] et al. [42], who design low-cost thermal imaging systems using mist and edge computing aligning with the principle of Industry 5.0. [PERSON] et al. [43] highlight that Industry 5.0 smart factories integrate advanced technologies with human creativity, fostering personalization and sustainable development. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [43] emphasize the development of smart factories, analysing human-machine relations in the context of emerging technologies and sustainability. Similarly, [PERSON] [44] introduces Industry 5.0 as a human-centric solution supporting personalization and well-being in industrial processes. Among the key technologies enabling the transition to Industry 5.0 is 3D printing--[PERSON] and [PERSON] [45] examine the mechanisms of human-machine interaction in the context of additive manufacturing. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [46] demonstrate how large language models (LLMs) can support the analysis of organizational attitudes related to human-centric management. [PERSON] et al. [47] and [PERSON] et al. [48] systematize the challenges and opportunities of the transformation, emphasizing the necessity of parallel technological, organizational, and social development. Their analyses provide a roadmap for the integration of Industry 5.0 into modern industrial structures. The presented research confirms that the transition from Industry 4.0 to 5.0 is not merely a technological shift but above all a transformation of the management paradigm, in which humans play a central role as co-creators of intelligent, sustainable, and resilient industrial systems.