## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Antibiotic Class** & **Antibiotic Examples** & **Primary Target** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Protein Synthesis Inhibitors**} \\ \hline Aminoglycosoides & Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin & 30S ribosomal subunit (causes tRNA misreading) \\ \hline Tetracyclines & Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, Tetracycline & 30S ribosomal subunit (blocks aminoacyl-tRNA binding) \\ \hline Macrolides & Erythromycin, Spiramycin, Azithromycin & 50S ribosomal subunit (inhibits elongation step) \\ \hline Phenicols & Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, Florfenicol & 50S ribosomal subunit (inhibits elongation step) \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors**} \\ \hline \(\beta\)-Lactams & Penicillin, Cephalosporins & Penicillin-binding proteins (disrupts cell wall synthesis) \\ \hline Glycopeptides & Ampicillin, Vanomycin & Peptidoglycan subunits (inhibits cell wall biosynthesis) \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DNA Synthesis Inhibitors**} \\ \hline Quinolones & Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin & Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase), Topoisomerase IV \\ \hline Sulfonamides & Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfadiazine & Competitive inhibitor of DHPS \\  & & (dihydroproteonate synthase) in folate synthesis \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**RNA Synthesis Inhibitors**} \\ \hline Rifamycins & Rifampin, Rifaximin & DNA-dependent RNA polymerase \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cell Membrane Disruptors**} \\ \hline Polymyxins & Polymyxin B, Polymyxin E (Colistin) & Bacterial lipopolysaccharide saccharide layer (increases membrane permeability) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Main classification and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics. near the farms. (5) Antibiotic production plants--antibiotic production plants generate large quantities of pharmaceutical wastewater containing high concentrations of antibiotics during their operation, and their antibiotic load in the environment is significantly higher than that of traditional sources, such as municipal and hospital wastewater (Figure 1). According to reports, extremely high concentrations of antibiotics are frequently detected in various sewage treatment plants and areas where manure is discharged. [PERSON] summarized that the highest median concentration of sulfamethoxazole in the Liao River in China reached 60.9 ng/L; the highest median concentration of ciprofloxacin in the Yellow River was 65.9 ng/L. Additionally, the highest median concentration of erythromycinycin in the sediments of the Pearl River was 72.6 ng/g [5]. [PERSON] et al. reported that the average concentrations of ciprofloxacin, sulfanilamide, tetracycline, and trimethoprim in industrial wastewater reached values as high as 3548.6 ug/L, 18,416.8 ug/L, 23,119.0 ug/L, and 3078.7 ug/L, respectively. In addition to the wastewater sources of these antibiotics, residues of various antibiotics have also been detected in surface water and groundwater worldwide, particularly at elevated levels in surface water near livestock farms [6]. For example, [PERSON] et al. found that the concentration of sulfamethoxazole in surface water near aquaculture shrimp ponds reached as high as 5.6 mg/L [7]. In the surface water around livestock farms in Jiangsu Province, China, sulfonamide antibiotics were detected at levels of 560-4660 ng/L, and tetracycline antibiotics were found at levels of 810-2420 ng/L [8]. [PERSON] et al. also noted that suburban areas along the river have intensive livestock activities and that the overall antibiotic contamination is more severe in the suburbs than in the cities [9]. Changes in antibiotic concentrations in the aquatic environment are consistent with changes in farm patterns, with residual concentrations of antibiotics in farms varying seasonally. Typically, detectable frequencies and average concentrations were higher in winter than in summer [10].