# The Effect of Heat Sink Properties on Solar Cell Cooling Systems
## 3 Brief Algorithm  
Solar cells are commonly made of crystalline silicon, which can absorb photons from sunlight and release them as electrons. The flow of electric current is produced because a photoconductive cell receives sunlight. The characteristics of solar cells are known from the relationship between the current and the voltage generated on the I-V curve. Retrieval of I-V data uses a variable resistor. The I-V curve is obtained from the intensity of solar radiation which affects the current (I). Changes in solar cell temperature affect the voltage (V). Solar cells generate direct current (DC) electricity. The I-V curve is measured to obtain Open-Circuit Photovoltage (\(V_{\mathrm{OC}}\)), short-circuit photocurrent (\(Isc\)), fill factor (\(FF\)), and efficiency (\(\eta\)). Open circuit voltage (\(V_{\mathrm{OC}}\)) is the maximum voltage capacity when there is no current in the circuit. The maximum electric current when there is no resistance is called the short circuit current (\(I_{SC}\)). The maximum power point (\(P_{MPP}\)) is the point on the I-V curve. The comparisonbetween the maximum power (\(P_{MPP}\)) with \(V_{OC}\) and \(I_{SC}\) will produce an important parameter of solar cell performance, namely, the fill factor (\(FF\)) as shown in Equation (1).  
\[FF= \frac{P_{MPP}}{I_{SC}\times V_{OC}}=\frac{I_{MPP}\times V_{MPP}}{I_{SC}\times V _{OC}} \tag{1}\]  
A heat sink is a commonly used cooling device. Heat sinks generally have fins of varying sizes and shapes to release heat. The shape and size of the fins affect the efficiency of the heat sink which can be estimated by the ratio between the actual heat transfer rate and the ideal heat transfer rate. The ideal heat transfer rate condition is obtained when the entire surface of the fin has a constant initial temperature. The magnitude of the efficiency of the fin can be calculated using the approach shown in Equations (2) and (3) from [PERSON] [26]:  
\[A_{fin}=2w(L+\frac{1}{2}t) \tag{2}\]  
\[\zeta=L\sqrt{2h/kt} \tag{3}\]  
The effectiveness value (\(\varepsilon_{fin}\)) of a fin affects the heat sink heat dissipation ability. A heat sink is effective when heat transfer has effectiveness (\(\varepsilon_{fin}\)) \(>\) 1. This is calculated by Equation (4). Solar panel efficiency (\(\eta\)) is the ratio between the maximum powers (\(P_{MPP}\)) to the power from solar radiation received by the solar panel (\(P_{light}\)). Solar radiation power (\(P_{light}\)) is the product of sunlight intensity (\(I_{rad}\)) and the active area of the solar panel (\(A\)). Solar panels have good efficiency, so the power generated will be maximized. The panel efficiency can be calculated by Equation (5).  
\[\varepsilon_{fin}=\frac{Q_{total\ fin}}{Q_{total\ inf}}=\frac{h\left(A_{unfin}+ \eta_{fin}A_{fin}\right)(T_{b}-T_{\infty})}{hA_{no\ fin}(T_{b}-T_{\infty})} \tag{4}\]  
\[\eta=\frac{P_{MPP}}{P_{light}}=\frac{P_{MPP}}{I_{rad}\times A}=\frac{I_{SC} \times V_{OC}\times FF}{I_{rad}\times A} \tag{5}\]  
Modeling is a way of simplifying research. This can be achieved by the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a program that allows numerical analysis or simulation of an event or fluid behavior. CFD settlement is performed computationally by a computer program [27]. Fluid flow modeling is based on the laws of conservation of energy and mass as following discussions.