## 3 Review Results
### Note on the Methodologies Applied in the Studies
#### 3.9.1 Research Design
Since the data are often collected from a representative sample, the findings can be extrapolated to a larger group, providing insights that are broadly applicable to higher education settings. This capability is particularly valuable for policymakers and educational institutions looking to implement or promote ChatGPT. However, the quantitative research approach also has disadvantages. One notable limitation is that it can sometimes overlook the depth and nuance of individual experiences. While numerical data can provide a broad overview, they may not capture the complexity of users' interactions with ChatGPT or the contextual factors influencing their adoption decisions. Additionally, the reliance on structured surveys means that the insights are limited to the questions asked, potentially missing unanticipated variables or emerging themes that might be uncovered through more exploratory qualitative methods. In summary, while the quantitative research approach offers significant advantages in identifying patterns, testing hypotheses, and making generalizations, it may not fully capture the richness of individual experiences and contextual influences. Balancing quantitative methods with qualitative insights can provide a more comprehensive understanding of ChatGPT adoption in higher education. **Mixed-Methods Approach:**  
Some studies have used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods to understand the adoption phenomena comprehensively. This approach allows researchers to explore the depth and breadth of user experiences and attitudes towards ChatGPT [15; 21]. By integrating both types of data, researchers can benefit from the strengths of each method, offering a more holistic view of the factors influencing ChatGPT adoption. The mixed-methods approach has several advantages. Firstly, it enables a more thorough exploration of the research problem. Quantitative data can identify broad trends and patterns, while qualitative data can provide detailed insights into individual experiences and contextual factors. This combination enables researchers to validate and enrich their findings, ensuring that the results are both statistically robust and deeply contextualized. Secondly, mixed-methods research can address the limitations of using only one method. For example, while quantitative surveys can measure the prevalence of certain attitudes or behaviors, qualitative interviews or focus groups can explain why these attitudes or behaviors exist. This dual perspective can uncover nuances and complexities that might be missed by a single-method approach, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of the adoption process. However, the mixed-methods approach also has some disadvantages. One significant challenge involves the increased complexity and resource requirements. Quantitative and qualitative research simultaneously demand more time, effort, and expertise. Researchers need to be skilled in both types of methods and integrate and interpret the data cohesively. Additionally, the analysis and interpretation process can be more complicated, requiring careful consideration to ensure that the findings from both methods complement and enhance each other. In summary, the mixed-methods approach offers significant benefits by providing a comprehensive understanding of ChatGPT adoption, combining the statistical power of quantitative data with the depth and richness of qualitative insights. Despite its challenges, this approach can yield more nuanced and actionable insights into user experiences and attitudes toward ChatGPT, making it a valuable method for studying complex phenomena in higher education.