## 3 Results
### Techno-Functional Properties of Raw Materials and High-Moisture Extrudates  
The properties of the raw material and their respective extrudates related to techno functionality and appearance are presented in Table 2.  
The different ability of the raw material and respective extrudates to hydrate or absorb water in a non-destructive method shows that at the raw material level, the addition of OP to the pea mixture significantly increased the powder's WAC and the extrudates as compared to OA addition or pea alone. On the extruded material level, the addition of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Material**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**PP**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**PP\_OP**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**PP\_OA**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{WAC \%} & RM & 169.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 212.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 167.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\  & HME & 85.2 \(\pm\) 19.4 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 112.6 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 115.7 \(\pm\) 8.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \multirow{3}{*}{OAC \%} & RM & 129.7 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 132.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 128.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\  & HME & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 2.8 \(\pm\) 1.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.7 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Cooking Yield \%} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & 128.2 \(\pm\) 3.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 128.0 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 130.0 \(\pm\) 4.0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{OAC \%} & \multirow{3}{*}{OAC \%} & \(L^{\star}\) & 51.4 \(\pm\) 0.7 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 43.3 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 55.5 \(\pm\) 1.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\  & & \(\sigma^{\star}\) & 10.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 9.4 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 7.4 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \multirow{9}{*}{OAC \%} & \multirow{3}{*}{OAC \%} & \(b^{\star}\) & 26.5 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 18.4 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 25.5 \(\pm\) 1.8 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\  & & _Yellowness_ & 58.2 \(\pm\) 1.1 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 49.9 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 54.7 \(\pm\) 2.9 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \cline{3-5}  & & \(L^{\star}\) & 67.1 \(\pm\) 1.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 65.7 \(\pm\) 1.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 61.5 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \multirow{9}{*}{OAC \%} & \multirow{3}{*}{OAC \%} & \(a^{\star}\) & 8.6 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 8.1 \(\pm\) 0.0 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 5.4 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\  & & \(b^{\star}\) & 21.7 \(\pm\) 2.0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 21.7 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 20.7 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \cline{3-5}  & & \(L^{\star}\) & 44.5 \(\pm\) 3.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 44.9 \(\pm\) 0.7 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 45.2 \(\pm\) 1.8 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \multirow{9}{*}{OAC \%} & \multirow{3}{*}{OAC \%} & \(L^{\star}\) & 38.2 \(\pm\) 1.1 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 39.6 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 39.7 \(\pm\) 1.6 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\  & & \(a^{\star}\) & 11.7 \(\pm\) 1.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 10.4 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 13.4 \(\pm\) 2.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \multirow{9}{*}{OAC \%} & \multirow{3}{*}{OAC \%} & \(b^{\star}\) & 14.0 \(\pm\) 2.1 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 14.7 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 16.2 \(\pm\) 1.3 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\  & & _Yellowness_ & 44.1 \(\pm\) 3.7 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 44.9 \(\pm\) 1.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 47.7 \(\pm\) 2.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\text{a}}\) Means that do not share a superscript within a row are significantly different (\(p\) < 0.05). PP (50% PFC: 50% PPI), PP_OP (45% PFC:45% PPI:10% OA), RM: raw material; HME: high-moisture extrudates; \(L^{\star}\) = lightness; \(\sigma^{\star}\) = redness; \(b^{\star}\) = yellowness. \({}^{\star}\) Water or oil-treated measurements were performed on samples from WAC and OAC tests.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Properties of high-moisture extrudates: water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), cooking yield, and color measurements. out showed a slight tendency to increase the WAC. A good correlation (r = 0.72) was found between the WAC of the raw material and its respective HME.