## 4 Advancements in Remote Sensing Technologies for Coastal Monitoring
### Ground Truth Data for Enhanced Coastal Monitoring
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Geographical and Temporal Scope** & **Ground Truth** & **Satellite Data** & **Shoreline Change Metrics** & **Key Findings** & **Unique Features** & **GCP Measurement Method** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[2]} & Purba Medinipur & \multicolumn{5}{c}{Erosion rate of – 8.80 m/year} \\  & to Balance coast coast coast (90 km stretch), & Landsat TM, validation data & ETR+, OLI (30 m) & ETR, Kalman Filter for predictions & coast coasting future shoreline positions for 2013 and 2014 & Forecasting with Kalman Filter & GPS (no RTK/RT) or GNSS specified; \\  & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India & India & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India & India & India (1990-2020) & \multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ \cline{4-6}  & & India & India & India & India \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Integration of Ground Truth Data for enhanced shoreline change detection, providing insights into the key findings of each research study and unique features. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Geographical and Temporal Scope** & **GIS Usage** & **Satellite Data** & **Shoreline Change Metrics** & **Key Findings** & **Unique Features** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[12]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Ganjam district, \\ Odisha, India, \\ 1990–2019 \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} DSA in ArcGIS \\ for future \\ projections (2030–2040), \\ 1990–2019 \\ extraction with \\ NDWI \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Landsat sensors \\ (TM, ETM, OLI) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} EPR, WLR, NDWI, \\ mNDWI, future \\ (TM, ETM, OLI) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Shoreline rate \\ propagated positional \\ and digitizing errors; \\ shoreline \\ predictions for \\ 2030–2040 \\ NDWI \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Short-term and \\ future shoreline \\ changes \\ physiological \\ physiological \\ 2030–2040 \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Projections for \\ future shoreline \\ changes \\ physiological \\ 2030–2040 \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{4-6}  & & & India & India & India & India \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Geographical and Temporal Scope** & **Ground Truth** & **Satellite Data** & **Shoreline Change Metrics** & **Key Findings** & **Unique Features** & **GCP Measurement Method** \\ \hline
[15] & Large-scale coastal regions (global, Australia) & Ground Control Points (GCPs) & Landsat 5,7,8 & EPR, LRR & Validated long-term & & & \\  & & & & & shoreline trends using DEA-backed high-tide & GCP-supported global shoreline & GCPs used; instrument/method not \\  & Large-scale coastal regions (global, Australia) & Ground Control Points (GCPs) & Landsat 5,7,8 & EPR, LRR & improved shoreline & policy-oriented & specified in the paper \\  & & & & & multi-decadal and continental scales. & & \\ \hline
[34] & Language de & & & Severe erosion observed along the Language de Barbarie & Integration of GCPs for future & GCPs collected; instrument not \\  & Barbarie, Senegal (2003–2020) & GCPs collected during field visits & Landsat + Sentinel-2 & EPR, Kalman Filter & Kalman Filter and GCPs produced highly accurate shoreline evolution forecasts. & Integration of GCPs collected; instrument not \\  & (2003–2020) & & & & & in a dynamic & specified \\  & & & & & shoreline evolution forecasts.