# Design Strategies for Mobile Click-and-Load Waiting Scenarios
## 4 Results  
### Waiting Interface Strategies in Page-Level Transitions  
#### 4.1.1 Tab Page Hierarchical Navigation Scenario  
In the tab page scenario, repeated measure of ANOVA were conducted on various indicators under different interface strategies. The results revealed a significant effect of interface strategy on time perception in parallel page transitions (F = 8.292, \(p\) < 0.001). All interface strategies led to an underestimation of the objective's 4 s waiting time. Ordered by mean time perception from shortest to longest, the interfaces were ranked as follows: Interface 5 (blank screen + loading spinner) < Interface 4 (spinner + skeleton screen) < Interface 3 (skeleton screen) < Interface 1 (blank screen) < Interface 2 (spinner). This indicates that Interface 5 produced the shortest perceived duration. Significant differences were also found in loading speed across the interface strategies (F = 7.876, \(p\) < 0.001). The ranking from highest to lowest for the mean perceived speed was Interface 5 > Interface 4 > Interface 2 > Interface 3 > Interface 1. Satisfaction ratings showed a significant effect as well (F = 3.665, \(p\) < 0.01), with the interfaces ranked by mean satisfaction as follows: Interface 5 > Interface 2 > Interface 3 > Interface 4 > Interface 1. For emotional valence, a significant difference was observed (F = 3.117, \(p\) < 0.05), with the mean scores ranked as Interface 5 > Interface 2 > Interface 4 > Interface 3 > Interface 1. No significant difference was found in arousal levels, though Interface 5 recorded the lowest mean arousal level score. For all within-subject factors showing significant effects, LSD post hoc tests were conducted. The detailed results are presented in Figure 8, with error bars indicating standard deviations.  
1. Time Perception: The time perception for Interface 5 was significantly lower than that for Interfaces 1, 2, 3, and 4, indicating that users perceived a shorter duration when interacting with Interface 5. Moreover, the time perception for Interface 4 was significantly lower than for Interface 2. This suggests that within the group of loading animations featuring a spinner, the addition of a two-stage skeleton screen (as shown in Interface 4) reduced users' perceived waiting time.
2. Satisfaction: Satisfaction ratings for Interface 5 were significantly higher than those for Interfaces 1, 3, and 4, indicating that users were more satisfied with Interface 5 compared to the other three.
3. Loading Speed: Interface 5 was rated significantly higher in loading speed than Interfaces 1, 2, and 3. Given that the objective waiting time remained constant across  
Figure 8: Results of interface strategy for the tab page scenario (Experiment 1). Vertical lines: standard deviations (SDs). ***: \(p\) < 0.001, ***: \(p\) < 0.01, *: \(p\) < 0.05.  
all conditions, this result implies that users subjectively experienced Interface 5 to be faster.
4. Emotional Valence: Interface 5 received significantly higher ratings for emotional valence compared to Interface 1, suggesting that it elicited more positive emotions. Interface 1, as a blank screen without any feedback during the waiting period, failed to provide users with a sense of progress, potentially contributing to more negative emotional responses.