# Enhanced Scalability and Security in Blockchain-Based Transportation Systems for Mass Gatherings
## 2 Literature Review  
The applications of blockchain technology in transportation systems, including those for mass gatherings, have experienced significant growth. Currently, studies focus solely on technical details, including real-time tracking, scalability, hybrid blockchain architecture, ticketing, and smart contracts. However, an extensive transportation network that employs blockchain should address the lack of privacy and security. In [4], [PERSON] et al. study blockchain for real-time vehicle and passenger tracking, highlighting its feasibility and noting the privacy risks of exposing real-time location data. [PERSON] et al. [5] also highlighted the benefits of adopting blockchain for public transportation, aiming for further improvement in efficiency, but did not consider the potential threats that may arise due to significant data processing security risks. A system of transportation that has proven to be efficient in tracking without compromising privacy preservation, in the form of preventing unauthorized data access, must be fully integrated into a blockchain. Additionally, it is still a challenge to scale such a system to large-scale transportation networks. As in [PERSON] et al. [6], layer 2 scaling solutions for accelerating off-chain transactions require further exploration to determine whether they inherently introduce security threats or can be effectively scaled to handle large-scale transactions with high transaction volumes in the face of such threats. Furthermore, blockchain technology  
Figure 3: Scalability and security in Blockchain. has been widely implemented in various industries, including food supply chains, product recall systems, supply chain traceability, and healthcare data management. Blockchain enhances effective communication and traceability in the food supply chain [7]. Similarly, blockchain traceability systems have been implemented in product recalls, ensuring accountability for defective products [8]. Further, blockchain has been applied in supply chains to improve logistics and traceability, although it has not been developed for transportation systems [10]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [3] proposed a hybrid blockchain and cloud model for transportation, which reduces latency and improves computational efficiency; however, it does not examine the role of edge computing in enhancing security. They extend their work by considering edge computing for real-time decision-making in dense transport networks. However, data privacy is still not something that can be guaranteed, as decentralized nodes must strictly comply with data protection laws. Likewise, blockchain-based ticketing systems have been explored as an alternative to those used today, which are relatively insecure and lack transparency. Another ticketing model based on blockchain is proposed by [12]. However, integration with real-time tracking and payment processing is not addressed. The right thing to do is to ensure secure ticketing transactions that prevent fraud by proper user data protection laws. To protect user identities from data leakage and unauthorized ticket sales, adequate encryption and control mechanisms must be implemented. Moreover, the use of blockchain in the healthcare field ensures the secure management of data, although it primarily focuses on tracking healthcare services [13]. Likewise, transactions in transportation networks have been considered for automation using smart contracts. [PERSON] et al. [14] examined their application but did not fix scalability challenges. With smart contracts being irreversible, their implementation still requires careful consideration to avoid errors and prevent fraud. Security can be further enhanced in the privacy-based smart contract architecture, for instance, through the use of zero-knowledge proofs and confidential transactions. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [16] evaluated the efficiency of blockchain for Hajj transportation without generalizing it to other contexts.