esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Limitation and Uncertainty  
This study focused on the responses of GPP in the YRB to the variations in climatic factors, and did not mention the GPP responses to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, the YRB had witnessed a series of ecological restoration initiatives, including programs like the Grain to Green Program and the Natural Forest Conservation Program, which played a significant role in enhancing China's forest coverage [55]. However, at the same time, urbanization (including population growth and economic development) can also exert negative impacts on vegetation growth. But we believed that this would not change the main conclusion of this study. As mentioned in the introduction, in this study, we only explored the impact of climate change on GPP. We applied PSLR method to explore the relationships between GPP and climate factors. The coefficients directly reflected the sensitivities of GPP to those three factors. However, it should be noted that the contribution analysis only reflected the \"relative\" contributions of those three factors and not their absolute contributions. Thus, we believed that the anthropogenic activities on GPP would not confound our conclusions. Our results showed that the lower reaches (i.e., the Taihu Lake Basin) had a decreasing GPP trend, which may be attributed to the rapid urbanization, as the Taihu Lake Basin stands in one of China's most prosperous areas,located at the core region of the YRD. It is challenging to directly quantify the impacts of human activities on GPP. In future research, based on our understanding of the response pattern of GPP to climatic factors in this research, efforts can be made to quantify the influences of anthropogenic activities on GPP.
# A Filter-Based and Parallel Unknown Tag Identification Protocol in Open RFID Systems
## 6 Evaluation
### Total Execution Time  
In this section, the total execution time of our protocol is analyzed and the proposed FPUI protocol is compared with some state-of-the-art protocols, including CU, BUIP and MUIP, and FUTI and IFUTI. In different applications, the number of unknown tags also varies. Therefore, in the following simulation experiments, the number \(N\) of known tags was fixed to 10,000 and the number \(M\) of unknown tags was changed in different applications. To thoroughly evaluate the performance of our protocol, two sets of simulations were conducted under two application scenarios: the scenario of low-density unknown tags and the scenario of high-density unknown tags. Furthermore, a set of simulations was conducted to evaluate the impact of the size \(m\) of the address code on the execution time.  
**Low-density unknown tags scenario:** In this scenario, a simulation was conducted for an RFID system under low-density unknown tags. Here, the number \(M\) of unknown tags varied from 100 to 1000 with a step of 100. As shown in Figure 7a, the simulation results demonstrated that our FPUI protocol outperformed the advanced protocols in [25,27]. Specifically, the took takes 5.6 s and MUIP 18.8 s to identify 200 unknown tags, respectively. By contrast, our proposed PFUI protocol just took 0.86 s to identify 200 unknown tags, showing 84.6% and 95.4% less execution time than the IFUTI and MUIP protocols, respectively.  
**High-density unknown tags scenario:** In this scenario, a simulation was conducted for an RFID system under high-density unknown tags. Here, the number \(M\) of unknown tags varied from 5000 to 14,000 with a step of 1000. As shown in Figure 7b, the simulation results demonstrated that our FPUI protocol also performed better than the existing protocols in [25,27]. Concretely, the IFUTI protocol took 42.7 s and the MUIP protocol 107.9 s to identify 12,000 unknown tags, respectively. By contrast, our proposed FPUI protocol only took 31.9 to identify 12,000 unknown tags, showing 25.3% and 70.4% less execution time than the IFUTI and MUIP protocols, respectively.  
The simulation results in Table 2 also show that our FPUI protocol was more efficient under the RFID scenario with low-density unknown tags and high-density unknown tags.
## 4 Conclusions  
After the realization of the importance and positive effects of implementation of the passivation layer at rear contact for both conventional and ultra-thin CIGS solar cells, nearly thirty studies were published which only focus on the rear surface passivation of CIGS solar cells.  
To conclude, remarkable progress has been made in creating dielectric-based rear contact passivation strategies for CIGS solar cells. A cell efficiency of 18.1% has been achieved with the conventional, i.e., 1.89 um thick absorber layer, CIGS solar cell which has a 5 nm thick atomic-layer-deposited Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) passivation layer with contact openings realized with photo-lithography [16]. For ultra-thin, i.e., 0.4 um thick absorber layer, CIGS solar cells, the highest efficiency value, 13.5%, was realized in [14]. In this study, a 5 nm thick atomic-layer-deposited Al\({}_{2}\)Opassivation layer was used in combination with a 100 nm thick MgF\({}_{2}\) layer. There are some techniques, like CBD of CdS NPs, ALD of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) etc., which were used as a proof of concept but can still be optimized and resulted in enhanced electrical and optical characteristics of the CIGS solar cells but with \(V_{\alpha}\) still far below the results for thick CIGS solar cells. The highest \(V_{\alpha}\) for thin CIGS was achieved for lithography [17]. However, additional Na has a considerable effect on \(V_{\alpha}\), and it is not always easy to reveal the effect of passivation layer alone. Nevertheless, there are still a lot of approaches that need optimization like using very thin passivation layers to allow tunneling or using different oxides, such as TiO\({}_{\rm x}\), HfO\({}_{\rm x}\), etc., as a passivation layer [31; 32]. Furthermore, passivation layers combined with light management techniques, like using Ag NP metallic mirrors below the passivation layers, require some improvements. In the near future, undoubtedly, most of these approaches will be optimized and many other approaches will be invented. From an industrial point of view, producing a highly efficient, low-cost CIGS solar cell is important to meet the need of building integrated photovoltaic technology (BIPV). Using the abovementioned approaches to passivate the rear surface of the CIGS solar cells, i.e., to increase the power conversion efficiency, it is more likely to increase the demand of the CIGS solar cells in industry.  
Conceptualization, G.B. and B.V.; Formal Analysis, G.B.; Investigation, G.B.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, G.B.; Writing-Review & Editing, G.B., J.d.W. and B.V.; Visualization, G.B.; Supervision, B.V. and J.d.W.; Project Administration, M.M. and J.P.; Funding Acquisition, B.V. This work received funding from the European Union's H2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 715027. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Beyond Human Vision: Unlocking the Potential of Augmented Reality for Spectral Imaging
## 2 Method  
The main objective of this manuscript is to introduce a versatile and user-friendly solution that allows the analysis of a spectral imaging dataset in an Augmented Reality (AR) environment. More specifically, we effectively capitalize on the interpretability and interactive capabilities of the latter, utilizing 3D models of the analyzed samples.  
Following the same rationale, for the purpose of this work, we will focus on headset wearable AR devices, specifically, the Hololens 2 Microsoft model, a robust low-latency and markerless tracking device. Indeed, although AR has advanced significantly in recent years, offering various solutions ranging from headsets to heads-up displays and projection methods [21; 22; 23], wearable devices are still the most suitable in providing user-centric interactive environments.  
In generic terms, the solution presented here consists of a three-step process that will be further detailed in the sections below. The first step concerns **data acquisition**, i.e., obtaining the spectral imaging dataset and the 3D model of the object. The second step focuses on **asset management** and consists of a processing pipeline to pre-process spectral imaging datasets and construct spectral maps, as well as their integration with the 3D models via mesh alignment. Finally, the third step focuses on the **development and deployment of AR software solution** as a user-friendly interface for the effective exploration of the acquired spectral data.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the tethered cable's influence on the UAV's stability is studied for the complete flight process (takeoff-hover-landing) of the tethered UAV. This paper proposed a system stability analysis method based on the Lyapunov exponent. The dynamic model of the tethered UAV is obtained based on the Euler-Poincare equation and catenary theory. Converted to a MATLAB program to calculate the Lyapunov exponential spectrum. The effect of tether cable on the stability of the tethered UAV is obtained by changing the density of the tether cable. At the same time, flight tests are conducted based on the built F450 tethered UAV prototype. On this basis, the test is conducted by replacing the tether cable with different materials. The results show that:  
(1) The overall stability of the tethered UAV during the takeoff phase is lower than during the landing phase, and the stability of the takeoff phase is more affected by the density of the tether cable.  
(2) The system's stability decreases with the increase in the tethered cable's density. In the takeoff stage, with the rise in density by 50% and 100%, the stability decreased by 32.47% and 61.07%, respectively. The hovering stage is similar to the takeoff stage. In the landing stage, with the increase in density by 50% and 100%, the stability decreased by 14.63% and 24.75%, respectively.  
(3) In the hovering stage, the stability of the tethered UAV is the best, and the UAV does not fluctuate greatly.  
(4) The comparison of the prototype test results and the simulation results shows that the simulation model established in this paper is feasible.  
All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [PERSON] and [PERSON] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by first author on request.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Beijing Institute of Construction Mechanization Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the re-search was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.  
Figure 15: Displacement in x- and y-directions during takeoff.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of AuNPs
#### 3.2.4 Electrokinetic Potential--pH\({}_{\rm PZC}\)  
The zeta or electrokinetic potential is the potential to move particles in a colloidal solution under an electric field [69]. It is a reproducible and easy-to-use tool for the detection of the stability of biosynthesized NPs. As shown, the zeta value of synthesized AuNPs was \(-28.8\) mV, which confirms the stability of nanoparticles (Figure 3C). For AuNPs synthesized in the presence of Red Dragon pulp and seed oil, [PERSON] [40] reported zeta potential values close to \(-18.4\) mV. The guideline for classifying the stability of NPs based on zeta potential analysis was reported as follows: \(\pm 0\)-\(10\) mV corresponds to highly unstable particles and \(\pm 10\)-\(20\) mV is defined as relatively stable, whereas \(\pm 20\)-\(30\) mV and \(\geq\pm 30\) mV are moderate and highly stable, respectively [70]. The results show that plant-based AuNPs have a relatively high negative surface charge and stability. This stability should be also investigated in the specific media where the NPs would be used for process optimization.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [71] compared the stability of AuNPs chemically synthesized and biosynthesized in different media (as synthesized and under physiological conditions simulated with pH 7.4 PBS solution). _Stachys lavandulifolia_ Vahl extract maintained a more stable zeta potential value with changing solution, in contrast to sodium-citrate-mediated AuNPs. This improvement in the stability of AuNPs could be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and polyphenic compounds that exist in plant extract [72]. These compounds increase the electrostatic forces. The stability of synthesized NPs increases in the colloidal solution when all particles are either positively or negatively charged; this increases the repulsion of particles from each other and prevents agglomeration or aggregation [73]. The zeta potential scan in the current study, which was performed on a wide scale (positive and negative scale), shows that all particles systematically bear a negative charge.
# Applications of Microseismic Monitoring Technique in Coal Mines: A State-of-the-Art Review
## 5 Some Prospects of the Microseismic Monitoring Technique in Coal Mines
### Efficient and Intelligent Processing of Microseismic Data  
Microseismic monitoring not only records coal/rock fracture signals but also noise signals such as the blast, mechanical vibration, and current interference. Engineers have to identify and locate useful microseismic events among the huge volume of seismic data, making it difficult to assess the risk of mining-induced instabilities in real time and implement countermeasures in a timely manner, as data processing is time-consuming. On the other hand, the effectiveness of microseismic data and the associated risk assessment is highly dependent on the experience of the engineers, presenting challenges for promoting the microseismic monitoring technique in coal mines. Therefore, the efficient and intelligent processing of microseismic data is critically important for the development of the microseismic monitoring technique in the future.  
Intelligent analysis of microseismic data will play a pivotal role in processing the vast seismic signals in coal mines and will avoid the high-intensity labor of manually identifying useful microseismic signals and the human factor in data-processing errors. [PERSON] et al. (2020) developed a novel depthwise spatial and channel attention module, and when integrated with a convolutional neural network, the module can emphasize useful information and mitigate noise interference. Additionally, the depthwise spatial and channel attention module and modified residual connections were embedded in a normal deep convolutional neural network, which improves the accuracy of microseismic waveform recognition in a deep tunnel. [PERSON] et al. (2020) employed various deep learning models to automatically recognize and classify microseismic waveforms with high accuracy rates of no less than 0.96 based on computer vision, and the image learning configuration and flow chart are demonstrated in Figure 12. With further development of the neural network algorithm, these data-processing methods can be effectively applied in coal mines for intelligent monitoring.
# Travel Time Prediction on Long-Distance Road Segments in Thailand
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Our Approach
#### 3.3.2 Filtering Method  
In this section, we used a filtering method to pre-process the time-series data TTR. There are several filtering methods, such as the Kalman, Savitzky-Golay, and Butterworth low-pass methods. In order to find a suitable filtering method, we conducted experiments as described in Section 3.4.3. Based on our experimental results in Section 4.3, we chose the Butterworth low-pass filter [28] as part of our model.
## 3 Phage-Mediated Bacterial Detection Approaches
### Reporter Phages  
Reporter bacteriophages are also engineered to integrate/insert a specific gene into the host bacterial genome to facilitate the visualization and subsequent detection of the host bacterium. Both lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages have been used for this purpose [14]. Currently, three types of phage engineering approaches have been reported: direct cloning, homologous recombination, and whole-genome activation. Reporter phages are designed to enable the detection of pathogens based on the enzymatic conversion of a chromogenic substrate [53]. Several reporter phages have been developed for the detection of foodborne bacteria. For instance, T7-ALP [54], \(\Phi\) V10 lux [55], \(\Phi\)V10 NanoLuc luciferase (Nluc) [56], T7-NRGp5 [57], and T4-NRGp17 [58] have been developed for the detection of different _E. coli_ strains from various food matrices [59].
## 6 Conclusions  
In this work, we studied a novel phase shift technique to enhance SHG reflected at the stress\(-\)free boundaries of thin solid samples, using annular array transducers. The received second harmonic amplitudes generated from various sound sources were compared through simulation, and their phase characteristics were analyzed. Based on the simulation results, the following conclusions are drawn:  
1. Plane or diffracted waves emitted by single\(-\)element transducers are difficult to use to generate second harmonic amplitudes or to measure the nonlinear properties of solids in the pulse-echo mode. This is because the two components of the second harmonic are out of phase with each other and cancel at the receiver position.
2. The transmission phase shift can be a useful tool in the pulse-echo SHG of relatively thin samples. Moreover, the design of four\(-\)element transducers can be optimized in terms of shape and size along with the amount of phase shift to obtain the maximum possible SHG. Array transducers with four elements offer distinct advantages over  
Figure 17: Comparison of uncorrected nonlinear parameter \(\beta^{\prime}\) for various simulation cases.  
two elements, as they give more options when applying the phase shift or adjusting the focal length.
3. To measure the nonlinear parameter (\(\beta\)) of a specimen with much improved second harmonic amplitude, compared to a single element transducer, a four\(-\)element array transducer using a beam focused at the specimen boundary may be a good alternative.  
Writing--review and editing, H.J.; visualization, H.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2019R1F1A1045480).  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON], Central South University, China for fruitful discussions of the simulation results.  
The author declares no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
The current trends in the development of the food industry are associated with an increase in the food product shelf life and preservation of their nutritional value. In order to solve this problem, non-thermal food processing technologies were proposed as an alternative to thermal technologies. In the present work, Arabica coffee beans (_Coffea arabica_) were treated by thermal (SF, FF, MWR, SF + MWR, FF + MWR) and non-thermal (CAP) methods in order to study their effect on the AOA of aqueous coffee extracts. The paper provides the first evidence that there is a strong positive correlation between the AOA of an aqueous coffee extract and MC in coffee beans, which indicates the possibility of predicting the yield of AOA during the extraction process by analyzing the total moisture. This study demonstrated that CAP treatment might lead to a more obvious decrease in the antioxidant status of coffee as compared to thermal treatments. The results obtained indicate that SF, FF, MWR and combined treatments may be applied at the pre-extraction stage of coffee bean preparation in order to increase the yield of antioxidant extractives. The effect of the studied treatments aimed at the highest AOA of aqueous extracts of Arabica coffee beans increases in the following sequence: FF > MWR > SF > FF + MWR > SF + MWR for green coffee and FF > SF > FF + MWR > SF + MWR for roasted coffee. It is also worth noting that treatments with SF, MWR and SF + MWR can be easily carried out by utilizing home electric appliances.  
Conceptualization, O.C. and N.S.; investigation, A.T., A.B. and I.M.; validation, A.T., A.B. and I.M.; formal analysis, A.T.; visualization, A.T. and I.M.; resources, A.T., I.M. and O.C.; writing--original draft preparation, A.T.; writing--review and editing, O.C. and N.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data can be obtained from the corresponding author on request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 4: Linear dependence between AOA of aqueous extract of coffee beans and MC in coffee beans.
# Targeted Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Lung Cancer Therapy
## 4 Surface Modification
### Passive and Active Targeting  
Drug delivery systems may achieve their objective, i.e., delivery of the drug to the desired site of action via various mechanisms. These include passive and active targeting.  
Passive targeting is highly associated with the inflammation caused by a tumour. APIs with a size larger than 40 kDa can easily permeate through the endothelium of the blood vessels that are created during tumour growing--the EPR effect [101]. An important disadvantage is that smaller molecules cannot be retained within the vessels and therefore cannot treat the newly created cancer cells; in these cases active targeting is preferable [102]. Another alternative is the PEGylation of these anticancer drugs which gives them a bigger size and total molecular mass and also an increased solubility as well as increased stability [103]. Due to the EPR effect, the anticancer drugs that are PEGylated have more chances to be more easily accumulated within the cancer cells and consequently kill them rather than the plain drugs themselves.  
The mechanism involved with passive targeting involves the circulation of the prepared drug delivery system within the human bloodstream. The targetability of the drug delivery system is directed through various factors such as molecular shape, temperature or pH and the targets include receptors or lipid components found on cancer cell membranes or antigens and proteins that can be found on cancer cell surfaces [104].  
Active targeting occurs when a moiety that is capable of targeting is attached directly to the delivery system in order to identify and connect to specific cancer cells; the main reason for the attachment is the difference in the surface biology that the cancer cells have compared to the surrounding healthy ones. The surface biology of the cancer cells is different due to the overexpression of some receptors, which only occurs in the presence of cancer; these receptors do not overexpress in healthy cells. Once the cancer cells are targeted and the moiety is attached to these specific overexpressed receptors, the drug delivery systems allow the release of the encapsulated drug [105].  
The mechanism regarding the active targeting varies depending on the receptor attached to the drug delivery system. Receptors which are overexpressed in cancer cells are not developed on healthy cells; this is the reason why ligands are used on the drugdelivery system's surface in order to be attached onto the overexpressed receptors of cancer cells [106].