esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Testing and Measuring Performance: Analysis of PSO, GWO, and Hybrid PSO-GWO Methods
### Particle Swarm Optimization: Testing and Performance
#### Fitness Function:  
The fitness function evaluates how well a given set of parameters (in this case, the traffic light schedules) perform in optimizing traffic movement and reducing delays. The objective is to minimize traffic congestion and improve overall traffic precision. The parameters of the fitness function define how each traffic light operates, affecting the duration of green, yellow, and red phases. In the case of traffic light optimization, the objective function is expressed as follows:  
\[\mathrm{J}=\mathrm{w}_{1}\times\mathrm{totaldelay}+\mathrm{w}_{2}\times \mathrm{totalwaittime}-\mathrm{w}_{3}\times\mathrm{totalthroughput} \tag{1}\]  
where the total delay is the sum of delays experienced by cars at intersections (measured in seconds). The totalwaittime is the total time cars spend waiting at the traffic lights (measured in seconds). Total throughput is the number of cars passing through the intersection within a given time period (measured in minutes). Weights \(\mathrm{w}_{1},\mathrm{w}_{2},\mathrm{and}\mathrm{w}_{3}\) are used to prioritize different aspects of performance. Typically, delays and wait times are minimized, while throughput is maximized.
# An Overview of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Its Application in Multiple Sclerosis
## 2 Basic Principles of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)  
TMS involves the generation of a magnetic field through an external wire coil to non-invasively stimulate the conductive structures of the adjacent brain. A large pulse of current is passed through a wire coil located on the scalp which results in a strong, brief magnetic field being generated. This resulting field excites neurons and triggers an action potential in a specific area of the brain. TMS can be applied with a variety of frequencies to achieve different purposes. Single- or paired-pulse TMS is often used to explore brain and conductive pathway function, while repetitive TMS (rTMS) can be employed to modulate brain activity for therapeutic purposes in neurological conditions such as depression and Parkinson's disease [4; 5]. In the case of MS, single- and pulse-paired TMS are predominantly employed as useful tools for the purposes of diagnosis, prognostication, and monitoring [6].
# Study on the Aging Behavior of Asphalt Binder Exposed to Different Environmental Factors
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Outdoor Exposure on the Macroscopic Properties of Asphalt Binder
#### 3.2.2 Effect of Outdoor Exposure on the G-R Parameter of Different Asphalt Binder  
Notably, G\({}^{\prime}\)(n\({}^{\prime}\)/G\({}^{\prime}\)) exhibited a strong correlation with 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C ductility, effectively characterizing the hardening and fatigue cracking tendencies of the asphalt binder. Furthermore, the correlation between the fracture energy of asphalt mixtures and G\({}^{\prime}\)(n\({}^{\prime}\)/G\({}^{\prime}\)) exceeded 90%, making it a valuable index for evaluating the cracking resistance of asphalt binder [22]. In this study, the G-R parameter for various asphalt binder samples was obtained by using Equation (1).  
Figure 9 reveals a significant increase in the risk of fatigue cracking upon the addition of the SBS modifier to virgin asphalt binder. The G-R parameter for unaged virgin asphalt binder measured a mere 0.60 kPa, while that for SBS-modified asphalt binder was already at 4.41 kPa. The SBS modifier also demonstrated improved anti-aging properties during the TFOT aging process. The G-R parameter for SBS-modified asphalt binder increased by 10% after TFOT aging, in contrast to a 101.7% increase for virgin asphalt binder. However, during the exposure process, the SBS modifier did not exhibit anti-aging effects. The G-R parameter for SBS-modified asphalt binder increased by 156.9% following O-aging, whereas the G-R parameter for virgin asphalt binder increased by 94.2% after O-aging. Outdoor exposure significantly impacted the fatigue resistance of both virgin asphalt binder and SBS-modified asphalt binder. It is noteworthy that SBS modifiers mitigated the adverse effects of UV radiation on asphalt binder properties. The G-R parameter for O+UV-aged virgin asphalt binder increased by 49.4% compared to O-aged virgin asphalt binder, while the G-R parameter for O+UV-aged SBS-modified asphalt binder increased by only 6.0% compared to O-aged SBS-modified asphalt binder. In summary, it is evident that temperature and  
Figure 8: Complex modulus master curve of SBS-modified asphalt binder.  
oxygen have a more pronounced effect on the performance of SBS-modified asphalt binder, while ultraviolet light has a more significant impact on virgin asphalt binder.
## 2 Irrigation Modernisation and Automation
### On-Farm Irrigation Development  
In the recent past, a number of on-farm research and development projects aimed at improving the WUE have been undertaken. The funding scheme discussed above mainly focused on large irrigation schemes, but the Australian Government also initiated the On-farm Irrigation Efficiency Program to help individual irrigators improve their irrigation infrastructure or change irrigation practices (e.g., convert to more efficient irrigation methods) in order to save water. The most significant developments, especially in the surface system, appear to be automatic gates or outlets, water metering and use of telemetry systems. Some of the on-farm modernisation and automation projects have also been funded by the irrigators themselves.  
Gates are structures placed in irrigation channels or bay/basin outlets to control flow of water, and be may be controlled by a mechanical timer or electric solenoid. Some gates also have the capacity to measure the flow rate. There has been an increase in the use of telemetry systems in irrigation to allow for remote measurement and control of various parameters. The mode of communication used by these telemetry systems include radio, telephone, infrared, satellite and internet. In Australia, there are commercially available on-farm irrigation telemetry systems manufactured by local companies, such as AWMA and Rubicon that utilise the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) platform.  
These on-farm automation developments may appear to be focussed on reducing the irrigation labour requirement especially in the surface systems, but they also play a role in improving the WUE. This is because, with automated systems, there is less chance of human error that may lead to water loss. A good example of this is that in manual surface irrigation systems, inflow is turned on and off at the completion of the irrigation by an operator. A delay of cutting off the flow will therefore lead to water losses. Improvement of application efficiencies of well-managed automated-bay-irrigated fields in Northern Victoria was demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [11].
# Detection of Weak Radar Return Signals Based on Pseudo-Time Domain Algorithm
## 1 Introduction
This method constructs a two-stage processing flow comprising pure noise/signal analysis and received signal parsing through spectral data mapping into pseudo-time-domain sequences. On the satellite end, the spectral data of received signals undergoes preprocessing via frequency-domain filters to compress transmission data volume. During the ground-based offline processing stage, noise suppression and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement are achieved through a time-domain wavelet transform algorithm in the pseudo-time-domain. Experimental results demonstrate that the pseudo-time-domain-based denoising process significantly improves the SNR of weak echo signals, enhances detection success rates and accuracy, achieves breakthroughs in detection precision under SNR conditions as low as \(-40\) dB, and simultaneously opens new dimensions for applying deep learning to spaceborne radar signal processing.
###### Abstract  
Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential part of the future fifth generation (5G) system that can be seen as a \"network of networks,\" consisting of multiple seamlessly-integrated radio access technologies (RATs). Public safety communications, autonomous driving, socially-aware networking, and infotainment services are example use cases of D2D technology. High data rate communications and use of several active air interfaces in the described network create energy consumption challenges for both base stations and the end user devices. In this paper, we review the status of 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) standardization, which is the most important standardization body for 5G systems. We define a set of application scenarios for D2D communications in 5G networks. We use the recent models of 3 GPP long term evolution (LTE) and WiFi interfaces in analyzing the power consumption from both the infrastructure and user device perspectives. The results indicate that with the latest radio interfaces, the best option for energy saving is the minimization of active interfaces and sending the data with the best possible data rate. Multiple recommendations on how to exploit the results in future networks are given.  
D2D communications; 5G systems; power efficiency +
Footnote †: journal: Future Internet
# Potential Role of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Against Foodborne Pathogens
## 3 Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals against Bacteria Causing Foodborne Diseases
### Vibrio cholerae  
_V. cholerae_, a Gram-negative curved rod from family _Vibrionaceae_ has two major virulence factors including cholera toxin, causing profuse rice-watery diarrhoea and toxin-coregulated pilus that is mediated in intestinal colonization [178]. Cholera caused by toxicgenic _V. cholerae_ is a major public health problem particularly in less developed regions of the world with poor sanitation facilities [179]. The extracts of _Ocinum basilicum_ L., _Opuntia ficus-indica_ ([PERSON] [PERSON], _Acacia farnesiana_ ([PERSON] and _Artemisia ludoviciana_ Nutt. were found active against _V. cholera_, with MBCs values ranging from 0.5-3.0-mg/mL [180]. Recently, solvent-based extracts from red chili, sweet fennel and white pepper were reported to inhibit cholera toxin production. Further, capsaicin the active ingredient of chili prevented the synthesis of cholera toxin in different strains of _V. cholerae_. Capsaicin declined the expression of virulent genes (_ctxA_, _tcpA_ and _taxT_) yet increased the expression of _lns_ gene that transcribes a global prokaryotic gene regulator (H-NS) [181]. Solvents based extracts from 32 Mexician plants were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against _V. cholera_ strains (O1, O139). Among these, _Acacia farnesiana_ and _Artemisia ludoviciana_ ethanolic extracts were more effective with minimum Bactericidal Concentrations of 4.0-7.0 and 4.0-6.0-mg/mL respectively [182]. In another study, the extracts of _Terminalia chebula_ [PERSON] and _Syzygium cumini_ (L.) Skeels exhibited considerable activity against _V. cholerae_, _Aeromonas hydroplila_ and _Bacillus subtilis_, with MBCs (0.25-4 mg/mL). These results favor the use of ethnopharmacological important plants in the management of diarrhea, especially those associated with cholera [183].
# Sillcom: A Communication-Efficient Privacy-Preserving Scheme for Indoor Localization
## 1 Introduction
### Our Contributions  
To achieve the above goals, we design a high-performance secure indoor localization scheme in this paper. The main contributions are listed as follows:  
* Overall, we propose Sillcom, which combines replicated secret sharing and function secret sharing in the outsourcing model, with the aim of reducing the user's computational burden and minimizing server online communication cost, thus enabling secure indoor localization with low communication.
* To further enhance performance, we employ a multi-branch tree structure and multi-thread parallelism to optimize both offline phase overhead and online query time.
* We validate the performance of Sillcom through extensive experiments. Compared to the state-of-the-art scheme, FAPRIL [14], our improved design provides secure localization services with \(1/15\) of the online communication and \(1/4\) of the end-to-end query time.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Thermal Diffusivity  
In the analysis of thermal diffusivity by the thermal wave resonator cavity (TWRC), in which the sample is enclosed in a chamber formed by a copper foil and a pyroelectric temperature sensor, the chamber should be of variable length so that the thickness of the sample (\(l_{s}\)) can be modified. In this technique, thermal waves are generated at the sample surface opposite to the pyroelectric source, and a lock-in amplifier is used to modulate the laser beam frequency to obtain the pyroelectric signal (Figure 2). The generated thermal waves travel through the sample with the same modulation frequency (\(f\)) as the incident beam. The oscillation temperature caused by the thermal waves is measured with a pyroelectric sensor (PE) as a function of the thickness of the sample \(l_{s}\). For a thermally thick PE detector (\(l_{p}\gg\mu_{p}\)), and a thermally thick sample (\(l_{s}>\mu_{s}\)), the output voltage can be indicated by Equation (2) [7,29]:  
\[V\ =\ A\bigg{(}\frac{\eta_{s}\alpha_{p}}{k_{p}(1+b)\omega}\bigg{)}\text{ exp}[-a_{s}l_{s}]\text{exp}\Big{\{}-i\Big{[}\frac{\pi}{2}+a_{s}l_{s}\Big{]} \Big{\}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(A\) is an instrumental factor, \(\eta_{s}\) is the non-radioactive conversion efficiency for the absorbent sample, and \(k_{p}\) is the thermal conductivity of the pyroelectric sensor. When the light modulation frequency is fixed, only exponential terms are length-dependent; the other terms can be considered constant and grouped into a second constant (\(B\)). Therefore, the output voltage can be expressed as  
\[V\ =\ B\exp[-a_{s}l_{s}]\exp\Big{\{}-i\Big{[}\frac{\pi}{2}+a_{s}l_{s}\Big{]} \Big{\}} \tag{3}\]  
In Equation (3), the pyroelectric signal only depends on the thermal diffusion coefficient \(a_{s}\ =\ 1/\mu_{s}\), \(\mu_{s}\) is a thermal diffusivity function, and \(l_{s}\) is the thickness of the sample; therefore, thermal diffusivity is calculated from the logarithm's slope of the photopyroelectric signal (PPE) phase as a function of \(l_{s}\)[8,29].  
Figure 2: Scheme of the experimental setup of the TWRC.
## 2 Equivalence Model of IBDG
### Control Characteristics of Low Voltage Ride-Through  
According to the new international and Chinese standards for grid connection [28; 29], medium and large IBDGs must have LVRT capability. When the grid is disturbed, or a fault occurs, IBDGs need to inject reactive current as a priority to support the grid voltage during LVRT. Taking the standard of the latest Chinese grid connection as an example, the dynamic reactive current injected during LVRT operation can be expressed as [29; 30]  
\[I_{\text{q\_ref}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}0\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  
After faults occur, the IBDG mainly outputs inductive reactive power [32], i.e., the \(\mathbf{U}_{\text{pcc\_d}}\) phase is ahead of the \(\mathbf{I}_{\text{IBDG}}\) phase. According to the phase relationship in Figure 2, the instantaneous values of the three-phase current provided by the IBDG can be found as  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}i_{\text{a}}=I_{\text{IBDG}}\cos(\omega t+\alpha_{0}) \\ i_{\text{b}}=I_{\text{IBDG}}\cos(\omega t+\alpha_{0}+120^{\circ})\\ i_{\text{c}}=I_{\text{IBDG}}\cos(\omega t+\alpha_{0}-120^{\circ})\end{array}\right. \tag{5}\]  
where, \(I_{\text{IBDG}}\) and \(\alpha_{0}\) are the amplitude and initial phase of the IBDG output current universal phasor \(I_{\text{IBDG}}\), respectively, and \(\omega\) is the grid angular frequency.  
By triangulating the A-phase instantaneous current in Equation (5), it can be expressed as  
\[\begin{array}{l}i_{\text{a}}=I_{\text{IBDG}}\cos((\delta_{0}-\alpha_{0})-( \omega t+\delta_{0}))\\ =I_{\text{IBDG}\_d}\cos(\omega t+\delta_{0})+I_{\text{IBDG}\_q}\sin(\omega t+ \delta_{0})\end{array} \tag{6}\]  
where \(\delta_{0}\) is the initial phase of \(\mathbf{U}_{\text{pcc\_d}}\), due to suppressing negative-sequence currents, the three-phase current provided by the IBDG is symmetrical.  
According to Equation (6), the instantaneous values of B-phase and C-phase currents expressed in terms of d-axis and q-axis components can be introduced as  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}i_{\text{b}}=I_{\text{IBDG}\_d}\cos(\omega t+\delta_{ 0}-120^{\circ})+I_{\text{IBDG}\_q}\sin(\omega t+\delta_{0}-120^{\circ})\\ i_{\text{c}}=I_{\text{IBDG}\_d}\cos(\omega t+\delta_{0}+120^{\circ})+I_{ \text{IBDG}\_q}\sin(\omega t+\delta_{0}+120^{\circ})\end{array}\right. \tag{7}\]  
From Equations (5)-(7), \(I_{\text{IBDG}}\) can be derived as  
\[\dot{I}_{\text{IBDG}}=\sqrt{(I_{\text{IBDG}\_q})^{2}+(I_{\text{IBDG}\_d})^{ 2}}\angle\alpha_{0} \tag{8}\]  
According to the phasor relation in Figure 2, it can be seen that  
\[\alpha_{0}=\arg(I_{\text{IBDG}\_d}-jI_{\text{IBDG}\_q})+\delta_{0} \tag{9}\]
# Feasibility Investigation of SIW Cavity-Backed Patch Antenna Array for Ku Band Applications
## 6 Conclusions  
A SIW cavity-backed patch antenna array was designed and optimized for operation in the Ku band. The design aimed to achieve a broad bandwidth, high gain, and low-cost implementation. A square patch antenna with all corners truncated and with two cuts on the sides was designed and a SIW backing cavity was optimized to increase the radiation performance. Standard, low cost PCB technology was employed for fabricating the prototypes.  
The characterization of the antenna bandwidth and gain, performed with a StarLab Antenna Measurement Systems-Satimo(r) had good agreement with the simulation performed with CST Studio 2013(r). The array with 256 elements (16 \(\times\) 16 array) operated in a very wide range of frequencies of about 4 GHz with a flat gain. The half power beam width (HPBW) was about 4.8\({}^{\circ}\). By considering the beam shape, the negligible main lobe squint, and the other measured characteristics, these planar antenna arrays seem feasible for niche applications in the field of satellite communication when a low profile/small thickness/flat shape is required.  
Figure 27: Engineered prototype, Taconic RF35 A2, 16 \(\times\) 16, dual layer, SIW cavity backed antenna array: (**a**) top view; (**b**) bottom view.  
Figure 26: Assembled prototype with screws, Taconic RF35 A2, 16 \(\times\) 16, dual layer, SIW cavity backed antenna array: (**a**) top view; (**b**) bottom view.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Investigation, and Methodology, O.L., G.V., D.M., V.P., and F.P.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, O.L., F.P.; Review and Editing, all authors; Supervision, F.P.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work has been partially supported within the MIUR plan: PON01_01224 Sviluppo di tecnologie in guida d'onda integrata (SIW) per applicazioni ICT a microonde.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Nitrate-Polluted Waterbodies Remediation: Global Insights into Treatments for Compliance
## 4 Nitrate Removal Technologies in Waterbodies
### Separation-Based Technologies
#### 4.1.1 Ion Exchange  
The ion exchange technology for nitrate removal is efficient and simple, with a low running cost of operation [45]. Anionic resins charged with chloride ions are used, which are exchanged with the nitrate ions present in the water. These systems basically consist of closed pressure vessels containing the synthetic resin. Physically, ion exchange resins take the form of very small beads (resin beads), insoluble in water, acids, and bases, with an average diameter of about 0.5 millimetres. As water is passed through the resin, NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) and other anions are exchanged with Cl\({}^{-}\) in the resin, thus increasing chloride concentration into the water.  
The typical anion exchange resins generally have sequential anion selectivity of sulphate > nitrate > chloride > bicarbonate [46]. This is a drawback in waterbodies with high sulphate levels as the effectiveness against nitrates is reduced by the presence of sulphate. Besides conventional anion exchange resins, there are also nitrate ion selective resins such as Indion NSSR [47], Purolite A520E [48] or Amberlite IRA 958-Cl [49]. These resins allow satisfactory operation without being limited by other anions that may decrease their efficiency.  
Magnetic anion exchange resins with iron oxide particles in the polymeric matrix have also been tested for nitrate removal. Magnetic resin MD218 exhibited high retention capacity and increased selectivity for NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) in the presence of dissolved organic matter, while magnetic resin MD217 was highly effective in waterbodies with high SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) levels. Both resins were prepared on the polymer polyglycidylmethacrylate (PGMA) added with \(\gamma\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)[50; 51].  
After continuous use, the resins become saturated, but they are regenerable and can be reused multiple times. The ion exchange approach is suitable for automatic control, and is not temperature sensitive in the normal operational range. The main drawback of ion exchange is the treatment of the brine solution resulting from the regeneration of the resins. Proper management of this waste must be performed in a sustainable manner to avoid any further environmental problem [43].
## 3 Topside Effective Scale Height Calculation Methodology  
The topside effective scale height calculation methodology here proposed is based on the NeQuick model topside \(N_{\rm e}\) representation [11], with an empirical linear topside effective scale height. The parameters of the linear topside scale height are obtained through \(N_{\rm e}\) observations from in situ LEO satellites, COSMIC--1 RO profiles, and IRI-modeled F2-layer peak characteristics.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Eligibility Criteria  
The inclusion and exclusion criteria were guided by the Participants, Intervention/Exposure, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS/PECOS) framework and is summarized in Table 1. In more detail, studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) written in English and peer-reviewed; (2) full-text available; (3) discussed ACLI screening tests; (4) an athlete cohort described as professional, semi-professional, collegiate, or National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); (5) males; (6) field team sport [29, 31]. A recent international framework defined \"elite\" athletes under professional, semi-professional, and university [32]. The definition of \"professional athlete\" was limited to an individual who generated their primary income through their sport and played in a professional league [21, 23]. \"Semi-professional athlete\" was defined as an individual receiving moderate payment and/or commercial sponsorship whilst relying on supplementary income sources [32, 33]. \"University athlete\" was defined as an individual competing in the NCAA Division 1 [32]. \"Field team sport\" was defined as invasion sports played on grass (natural or artificial) and not on hard court.  
Studies were excluded if (1) the participants were female only; (2) the participants did not fall under the elite category as defined by the recent international framework that defined elite athletes (recreational/amateur/sub-elite/high school, \(\leq\)division 2 NCAA) [32]; (3) the study was of non-field-based team sport; (4) the participants were \(<\)18 years old; (5) we were unable to differentiate between sexes or sport type in results; (6) the injury examined was knee injury and not ACLI specific; (7) the study was of ACLI re-injury; (8) the study was a review paper [29; 31]. No time filters were applied to allow for the broadest scope of the literature to be included in the screening process.