esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Synthesis of Crown Ethers and Their Derivatives
### Anticancer Potential  
Cytotoxic potential of aza-crown ether-squaramide conjugates (**17a-d**) were measured through MTT assay at the concentration of 50 uM choosing three cancer cell lines; human lung carcinoma (A549), human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human liver cancer (HepG2). The inhibitory concentration (IC\({}_{50}\)) in cell growth was compared with the doxorubicin drug. Results have shown that compounds **17b** and **17d** given in Figure 7. displayed moderate anti-proliferative activity as compared to others (Table 3). Furthermore, the compounds enhanced cytotoxicity in HeLa cells in the presence of chloride or sodium ions that move across the cell membrane and promote cell apoptosis [55]. Another study reported in vitro anti-proliferative potential of the crown ether acyl derivatives in HBL-100, HeLa, SW1573, and WiDr human solid carcinomas, using cisplatin and etoposide as positive controls. The derivative showed comparable activity against WiDr cell line [63]. Two aza-crown ethers, \(N\),\(N^{\prime}\)-bis (dithiocarbamate)-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 (L\({}^{2-}\)) were studied for their anticancer potential human cervix carcinoma cell line HeLa-229, the human ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780, and cisplatin-resistant mutant A2780 cis cells. The analysis revealed a new strategy to design metal-based drugs. The aza-crown ether Pt complex ligand increases affinity for antitumor activity (Table 3), whereas the addition of Na or K salts further boosts the activity as compared to cisplatin, taken as reference drug [64].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Studied Compounds**} & _A\(\underline{\text{\emph{S}}}\)pergillus niger_ & _A\(\underline{\text{\emph{S}}}\)pergillus oryzae_ \\ \cline{2-3}  & **500 ppm** & **500 ppm** \\ \hline
**16d** & 24 & 28.5 \\ \hline DMF & - & - \\ \hline Bavistin & 33 & 22 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Antifungal activity of 18-crown-6 and drugs.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Studied Compounds**} & **Hela Cell Line** \\ \hline
**17b** & \textgreater{}50 \\ \hline
**17d** & \textgreater{}50 \\ \hline Doxorubicin & \(0.13\pm 0.01\) \\ \hline Aza-crown ether Pt complex & \(6.4\pm 0.2\) \\ \hline Cisplatin & \(0.53\pm 0.6\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Anticancer potential of crown ethers and drugs in HeLa cells.  
Figure 7: Structures of aza-crown ether-squaramide **17b**, **17d**.
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper presents an LED-based VLC system for ITS applications where the head and tail lights of vehicles are used as transmitter and receiver, respectively. The proposed VLC system is presented using analytical modeling and analysis is performed using simulations for SISO and MISO-based transmission. Different cases are considered to explore the system model in the presence of strong reflections and interference signal for transmission distances of up to 15 m. It is concluded that multipath reflections have negligible effect due to their small amplitude and comparatively large area  
Figure 10: BER performance using SISO and \(4\times 1\) MISO processing with the conventional and proposed optimum receiver against the received optical power for a fixed transmission distance of 6 m.  
Figure 9: BER performance using \(4\times 1\) MISO processing with the proposed optimum receiver for the cases when the receiver detects MIMO-encoded (i) LOS signal; (ii) LOS signal with a reflected version; (iii) LOS, reflected signal and an interference signal.  
of the photodetector, but strong sunlight or interference from a neighboring vehicle severely affects the performance. Simulation results show that forward error correction (FEC) threshold of BER \(3.8\times 10^{-3}\) can be achieved using the proposed MISO receiver model at much longer distances, as compared to conventional SISO and MISO operation. The optimized receiver design also shows improvements in the sensitivity of the receiver, and hence can be used as a promising solution for future VLC-based ITS applications.  
Future work includes additional signal processing to discriminate between a vehicle in close proximity or strong sunlight, in case of a sudden increase in illumination. The formation of a VLC-based vehicular network can also be considered for improved coordination and road safety.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Physicochemical Properties
#### 3.1.3 pH Analysis  
The dilution of all tested NADES with water led to a linear statistically significant increase in pH. The pH of LA-based NADES ranges from 0.11 (NADES1) to 1.74 (NADES2 with 40% water at room temperature (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C), which refers to acidic NADES (Figure 3). The pH value as a function of water content could be described by the following functions: \(y_{1}=0.019x+0.170\) (\(R^{2}=0.977\)), \(y_{2}=0.011x+1.269\) (\(R^{2}=0.959\)), \(y_{3}=0.018x+0.509\) (\(R^{2}=0.950\)) for NADES1, NADES2, and NADES3, respectively (where \(y_{i}\): pH; \(x_{i}\): added water content percentage for relevant NADES). The pH values of NADES can be predicted for a known quantity of diluted water by following the formulas above:  
The pH is a vital parameter for the design and implementation of laboratory and industrial processes and their optimization [46; 47]. pH has an important impact on the extraction of plant metabolites. The acid-based properties of some DES have been addressed [48]; however, the impact of pH on extraction is underinvestigated. Depending on the components, the dilution of NADES with water resulted in a dual effect. The increase in pH was observed for NADES of betaine with CA (1:1) and ChCl with proline and malic acid (1:1:1) after water addition. In contrast, the acidy of NADES comprising ChCl with CA or NADES (proline-malic acid) was decreased after dilution with water [49]. The nature of the HBD significantly affects the acidity of the DES [44]. The ChCl which contained NADES  
Figure 2: The density of tested NADES as a function of added water content at room temperature. NADES1—LA:ChCl (3:1); NADES2—LA: SL (1:3); NADES3—LA:GL-W (3:5:1).  
with organic acid HBDs (such as CA, glycolic acid, LA, malic acid, malonic acid, and oxalic acid) had the highest acidity. The pH was increased with polyols HBDs (ethylene glycol, glycerol) > sugars (fructose and glucose) > amines (ethanolamine and diethanolamine).  
The Pearson correlation analysis of our results showed a strong positive correlation between the strength of the hydrogen bond and pH (\(r\) = 0.674 \(p\) = 0.0082 \(<p\) = 0.05). Thus, the observed change in pH with the addition of water can be interpreted by the fact that the pH property depends significantly on the interaction at the molecular level between HBA and HBD.
## 4 Discussion
However, the motion artefacts in SC measurements may limit the use of wrist-based wearable devices in a driving environment. Since physical contact between the electrodes and the skin surface plays an essential role in signal quality, flexible EDA sensor electrodes, made of conductive fabric, mounted on the steering wheel or on a wearable sensor glove, are becoming increasingly attractive for continuous monitoring while driving. To develop more robust and reliable monitoring systems in dynamic driving environments, the sensor data fusion approach can be applied. It can be implemented by using different sensor modalities or multiple sensors of the same modality placed at different locations, or even a combination of both, to obtain higher sensitivity and accuracy in monitoring a single physiological parameter. For example, a potential solution for continuous heart rate monitoring is to combine data from a radar sensor placed next to the rearview mirror with data from a smart ring with a PPG sensor. In this way, the gaps in the radar HR data collection due to artefacts from vehicle and driver body movements can be filled in with HR data from a smart ring. The ring sensor operates in a more static area with good contact with the driver's finger and is less affected by motion artefacts. Additionally, the radar sensor can provide data for RR monitoring, and the smart ring can monitor HRV, which in combination with HR monitoring has been shown to provide valuable information for early detection of life-threatening medical conditions.
## 3 Topological Path Planning (TPP)  
This section presents the proposed method, the scenarios, and the evaluation metrics used in performance assessment. We consider the context of collaborative robotics, where different scenarios containing static obstacles can occur.  
SCARA manipulator path planning is obtained by connecting a set of points in a global map \(M\) of obstacles represented by an \(N_{1}\times N_{2}\) grid. The workspace of the SCARA manipulator must be respected and the result path must avoid collisions with the obstacles. It is desired that the robot perform the shortest path possible using smooth movements.  
In industrial applications, a collaborative robotic manipulator must achieve three main objectives when moving from \(q_{start}\) to \(q_{goal}\): (i) avoid collisions, (ii) minimize the distance  
Figure 2: Skeleton (dark line) by maximum disks (blue).  
traveled, and (iii) perform smooth movements. Thus, the main objective of our algorithm is to avoid obstacles in the manipulator's workspace and to find the shortest path from the initial point \(q_{start}\) to the final point \(q_{goal}\) that minimizes the rate of acceleration (jerk) during its trajectory.  
Our proposal estimates a topological-constrained set of connected points on the free space, the area inside the manipulator workspace that contains no obstacles. These points, represented in a grid, provide many homotopic and non-homotopic topological paths [39]. A topological path roughly corresponds to the mid-distance between obstacles, thus providing a collision-free path for the manipulator. The TPP algorithm creates a topological-constrained set of connected points and finds the shortest topological path in this set. TPP is defined as follows.
# Joint Optimization of Data Transmission and Energy Harvesting in Relay Satellite Networks
## 5 Performance Analysis
### Optimization Performance  
In Theorem 4, we give the analysis of the optimization performance for DTEM, which shows the gap of system utility between DTEM and the optimal solution.  
**Theorem 4**.: _The time-average system utility of DTEM is denoted as \(\overline{\mathcal{H}}\) and the optimal system utility as \(\mathcal{H}^{*}\). We have_  
\[\overline{\mathcal{H}}\geq\mathcal{H}^{*}-\frac{B}{V} \tag{27}\]  
Proof of Theorem 4.: See Appendix D. Theorem 4 shows that the gap of optimality is within \(\mathcal{O}(1/V)\) for \(\overline{Q}\) and \(Q^{*}\). According to (27), the system utility \(\overline{Q}\) will approach the optimal system utility \(Q^{*}\) by increasing \(V\).
# Impact of Partial Replacement of Cement with a Blend of Marble and Granite Waste Powder on Mortar
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of MGWP on Microstructure Properties of Mortar
#### 3.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy  
The SEM investigations were carried out on mortar samples cured for 28 days using a JEOL JCM-6000 Plus Bench Top scanning electron microscopy equipment in X 3000 magnification mode. The results of these investigations are depicted in Figure 13. In the control mix (Figure 13a), the C-S-H gel appeared as a foil-like structure. In mortar containing 10% of MGWP (Figure 13b), there is a significant presence of C-S-H gel formation, which fills the voids and pores. Additionally, there is evidence of C-H bonding, which is observed in the form of a plate-like structure. Mortar containing 30% of MGWP (Figure 13c) displayed similar characteristics as the 10% MGWP mix. However, there were additional observations of more voids, which were distinguishable by their dark appearance, and needle-like structures of ettringite in this mix. The presence of a larger void space within the mortar containing 30% MGWP resulted in a reduced contact area between solid particles. Consequently, this led to decreased strength when compared to the mortar containing 10% MGWP, as there were fewer points of contact to resist compressive forces.
## 5 Security Analysis
### Transactional Data Privacy  
To achieve faster encryption and decryption processes for transactional data privacy, RSA cryptosystem speedup techniques [33] were used. The decryption process is achieved using the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT), while the encryption process is achieved by choosing a very small value for the public ID. The objective is to provide a fast, secure and lighter cryptographic approach to the IoT-based resource-constraining devices for their transactional data privacy:  
**Proposition 2**.: _A secure encryption process can be accomplished with a relatively low prime value for a public ID \(e\) while at the same time achieving absolute speeding up of the entire process for data transactions._  
**Remark 1**.: _The use of such public IDs, particularly those with a number of ones in binary representation (low hamming weight) such as \(e=3\), \(e=17\) and \(e=2^{16}+1\), can result in a low number of exponentiation operations, thus speeding up the encryption process [33]._  
Proof.: For a given encryption or decryption process, the RSA bit length of the modulus \(n\) is given as \(t+1\) (i.e., \(\left\lfloor\log_{2}n\right\rfloor=t+1\)), where \(t\) is some integers. Therefore, the private ID \(d\) does not have its complete bit length of \(t+1\) yet, even with small value for \(e\). As a result, the RSA cryptosystem is still secure with these short public keys, as described in Proposition 2.  
**Proposition 3**.: _A secure decryption speeding up process with a factor of four can be achieved using the CRT technique._  
**Remark 2**.: _In CRT exponentiation, all associated values (i.e., \(d_{p},d_{q},x_{p}\) and \(x_{q}\)) are bounded by \(p\) and \(q\) and also have a bit length almost equal to \(t/2\) bits, where \(p\) and \(q\) are prime figures, \(x\) is the base element and \(d\) is the decryption exponent. If the square-and-multiply method is used to compute two exponentiations, then each requires an average of \(1.5t/2\) modular multiplications and squarings. In total, the number of modular multiplications and squarings is given as [33]_  
\[SQ+MULT=2\times 1.5t/2=1.5t. \tag{11}\]  
Proof.: The CRT version of decryption requires both primes \(p\) and \(q\) as well as the decryption exponent \(d\), so this may seem to be an extra source of insecurity. Nevertheless, factoring in the modulus \(n\) may be easy if the decryption exponent \(d\) is given, and therefore no security is lost while using this technique.  
From Equation (11), we can observe that the computational complexity is the same with regular exponentiation without the CRT. Nevertheless, all the values associated with the process have \(t/2\) bits, which contrasts with operation without the CRT, where \(t\) bit variables are computed for each multiplication. In a nutshell, it can be observed that the complexity of the multiplication increases quadratically with the increase in the bit length. As a result, each \(t/2\) bit multiplication is four times faster than a \(t\) bit multiplication.
# Development and Proposal of a Novel Scoring System to Classify Dry Month Severity
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Description of Selected Parameters for DMSS  
The GXQ is a single-item question to evaluate the frequency of dry mouth: How often does your mouth feel dry? It has four alternative responses: never, occasionally, frequently  
Figure 2: The practical step-wise approach, cut-off values, and scoring table to determine the Dry Mouth Severity Score. DMSS: The Dry Mouth Severity Score; GXQ: The General Xerostomia Question; SXI: Summated Xerostomia Inventory; UWS: Unstimulated Whole Saliva; CODS: Clinical Oral Dryness Score; SWS: Stimulated Whole Saliva.  
or always, scoring 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. [PERSON] et al. recommended that the GXQ be used together with SXI as a validity check, therefore, we decided to follow this advice [19].  
The SXI is an assessment of the subjective severity of xerostomia where the patient evaluates the frequency of complaints regarding five statements, as listed in Table 2[19]. Each statement has three possible replies: never, occasionally, or often, scoring 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The SXI has a score range from 5 to 15, where a maximum score indicates severe problems related to dry mouth [19]. If SXI was excluded as a parameter, three of the controls (5%) received a DMSS of 2, which seemed incorrect. Thus, SXI was included as a parameter.  
CODS is a semi-quantitative score of clinical oral dryness; the score ranges from 0 to 10, where each clinical feature of oral dryness scores one point [23; 24]. The ten features are listed in Table 2. An attempt was made in the present study to shorten the CODS by including only the most frequent features reported in our Dry Mouth Clinic, but as the DMSS results of the dataset showed no improvement, it was decided to preserve all the features of CODS.  
UWS was collected by instructing the participants to allow all saliva produced for 15 min (5 min for the psychiatric patients) to drip passively into a plastic cup. For SWS, the participants chewed on a paraffin wax tablet (Paraffin pellets, Ivoclar Vivadent, Shaan, Lichenstein) for approximately 30 s first, then they were instructed to swallow any saliva in the mouth before starting the collection of SWS for 5 min into the plastic cup. The saliva samples were weighed, and saliva secretion rates were calculated for both UWS and SWS (g/min = mL/min) [25]. The patients were instructed not to have anything in their mouth the last hour before the appointment. To make the clinical examination less time-consuming, an attempt was made to exclude SWS from the DMSS. The major changes were seen in the two highest scores: DMSS 2 now increased from 29 patients (22%) to 46 patients (35%), and DMSS 3 decreased from 56 patients (43%) to 35 patients (27%). To ensure that the majority of these dry mouth patients received a high score of dry mouth severity, SWS was kept as a parameter.
## 1 Introduction
Follow-up works using the DGA resin reported an increase in the distribution coefficient of trivalent lanthanides with increasing nitric acid (HNO\({}_{3}\)) or hydrochloric acid (HCI) concentration [29; 30]. Moreover, octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutyl carbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide (CMPO) has been found to extract REEs [28; 31; 32]. Based on these developments, Triskem has developed a combination of the extractants DGA and CMPO into a new chromatographic resin called TK221. Although this resin has been applied in the pharmaceutical industry and in the study of actinide concentration in water [33] andscandium extraction [34], its utilization for bulk extraction of REEs from leachates has not yet been explored. Thus, this study aims to characterize the particle size, chemical composition, and functional groups of TK221, as well as determine the adsorption properties of Nd, Ce, Er, and Fe on this resin. The first objective was achieved via attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) while the second objective was attained by performing kinetic rate law and adsorption isotherm experiments.
# Deep Learning-Based Automatic Summarization of Chinese Maritime Judgment Documents
## 2 Related Work
### Literature Comments  
Extractive summarization provides a faster and more straightforward approach to producing summaries compared to abstractive summarization. Extractive models generate summaries by directly selecting salient sentences from source texts, offering advantages in grammatical compliance and output controllability. However, they are susceptible to redundant information in source texts, and the mechanical concatenation of extracted sentences often compromises summary coherence, thereby adversely affecting readability and information density. In contrast, abstractive models synthesize human-like summaries through semantic reconstruction, but face challenges in long-text processing--particularly in effectively capturing deep syntactic structures and word order patterns. These limitations may lead to semantic misinterpretations, grammatical errors, logical discontinuities, and information loss, ultimately constraining comprehensive quality improvement of abstractive summaries. Typical models such as BERTSUM (extractive) and PEGASUS (abstractive), while mature in general domains, are, respectively, constrained by the inherent limitations of extractive and abstractive paradigms, and neither has been tailored for optimization in domain-specific tasks such as legal document summarization.  
As outlined in Section 2.3, a review of automatic summarization research on judgment documents reveals that international scholars predominately employ extractive summarization methods based on discourse structures or legal knowledge. These approaches, constrained by surface-level feature matching, often fail to capture underlying semantic relationships. While domestic research has achieved progress in summarizing civil and commercial judgment documents, automatic summarization for maritime judgments remains in an exploratory stage. This gap primarily stems from the domain-specific complexity of maritime cases. Maritime judgments exhibits the intricate structure, rigorous logic, and terminological density common to legal texts, while additionally involving cross-border jurisdictional elements such as the invocation of multinational legal provisions and applications of international conventions. Furthermore, cross-border maritime cases impose heightened demands on factual precision, legal argument completeness, and interpretive adaptability. These specialized requirements significantly increase the complexity of accurately comprehending and distilling key information from maritime judgments by automatic summarization models.  
Based on these existing studies, we focus on maritime judgment documents publicly released by 11 maritime courts across China, addressing their characteristic challenges of excessive length, dense professional terminology, and complex logical structures. By integrating the strengths of extractive and abstractive summarization methods, we develop a deep learning-based framework for automatic summarization of Chinese maritime judgment documents, aiming to produce concise and coherent summaries that adhere to judicial norms.