## 3 Results
### Findings from the Literature Review
Different models have been applied to assess the social, economic, environmental and demographic variables, which influence the ability and decision-making of communities in the uptake of DES [27,28]. [PERSON] et al. (2007) assesses technical and non-technical criteria to understand the communities' strengths and weaknesses relevant for technology adoption, including physical, financial, social and human assets--together these create the conditions for technology uptake and institutional innovation [27]. [PERSON] (2019) applies an empirical model to explore microgrid adoption in the United States, the study focuses on local conditions, including demographic aspects, institutional and economic incentives. For example, [PERSON] (2019) considers positive GDP growth as an indicator that is contributing to microgrid uptake ([PERSON], 2018). Other modelling approaches solely focus on technical and financial parameters when assessing the adoption of DES solutions to mitigation climate change in rural China ([PERSON], 2018). In the literature, data are largely derived from publicly available sources or from empirical research. For example, [PERSON] (2019) sourced the majority of data on microgrid adoption in the US from documents and databases published by federal government agencies ([PERSON], 2018). [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) derived data from extensive empirical research. More than 2000 interviews were conducted, through a market research agency, on the public acceptance of Germany's energy transition, the collected data were then analysed using a statistical model ([PERSON], 2018). In developing countries, collecting field data is important to ensure trust implementation and O&M of DES. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2011) conducted interviews on influences of DES uptake in Bangladesh, their empirical data complemented energy market data (electricity prices, cost savings, etc.) ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2011). The following section discusses the literature findings on the applications of DES in Australian states and territories. Our desktop research found that DES projects exist across almost all Australian states and territories and more projects are planned (Table 2). While the majority of DES have been driven by remoteness and economic advantages (e.g., installations on islands), the impacts of the Black Summer wildfires on energy infrastructure and a recent rule changes at the regulator level have accelerated DES technology uptake through Distribution Network Service Providers (DNSPs) ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2011). The rule change by the Australian Electricity Market Commission (AEMC) means that electricity distributors can now help customers to transition to off-grid supply \"where it would be economically efficient to do so\". AEMC has mapped potential sites for SAPS aiming to reduce the high \"costs of providing a grid-connected service [in] remote areas, at the fringes of the grid\" (_ibid_). Table 2 lists examples of existing domestic DES projects and announced potential DES sites. Across Australia, numerous examples of DES are being deployed to improve accessibility, affordability, and reliability of energy for communities. While some projects, such as King and Flinders Island, are being driven by the desire to replace costly to run diesel generators, others such as the project in Gippsland, are being proposed as a way of better serving fringe of grid communities. In both cases, the deployment of DES technologies can also serve to provide energy resilience during wildfires and other extreme events.