esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Microclimatic and Biological Monitoring
#### 3.1.1 Indoor Air Temperature and Relative Humidity

Table 10: Performance indices (PI) for the comparative analysis of indoor air temperature and relative humidity. Figure 8: Lifetime multiplier of the cellulose molecule of books kept in K0 (**a**) and K1 (**b**). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **1 May 2021** & **1 September 2021** & **18 October 2021** & **16 April 2022** \\  & & **31 August 2021** & **17 October 2021** & **15 April 2022** & **31 May 2022** \\  & & **Heating** & **OFF** & **OFF** & **ON** & **OFF** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Filled**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**Filled**} & UR\({}_{\text{max}}\) (\%) & 61.3 & 61.5 & 62.0 & 58.4 \\  & & UR\({}_{\text{ave}}\) (\%) & 52.9 & 46.6 & 51.6 & 50.2 \\  & & UR\({}_{\text{min}}\) (\%) & 38.1 & 37.2 & 30.9 & 41.4 \\  & & \(\Delta\)UR\({}_{\text{24 max}}\) (\%) & 11.9 & 15.0 & 13.9 & 8.7 \\  & & \(\Delta\)UR\({}_{\text{24 ave}}\) (\%) & 1.8 & 2.7 & 1.8 & 2.5 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Filled**} & UR\({}_{\text{max}}\) (\%) & 59.5 & 57.4 & 64.2 & 59.3 \\  & & UR\({}_{\text{ave}}\) (\%) & 53.9 & 49.5 & 54.5 & 52.3 \\  & & UR\({}_{\text{min}}\) (\%) & 41.3 & 42.0 & 32.9 & 40.9 \\  & & \(\Delta\)UR\({}_{\text{24 max}}  
percentage of both positions, about 40%, registered temperatures outside the recommended range. This phenomenon occurred especially in Summer when indoor temperatures were too high, particularly on the side of the mezzanine level opposite the windows, which received direct solar radiation, increasing temperature. This consequently raised questions linked to the acceleration of the rate of degradation which can occur when high temperatures are maintained for a long period. Finally, the most relevant aspects concerning thermo-hygrometric parameters can be summarized as follows:  
* During the summer, the temperature reaches high values, approximately 29 \({}^{\circ}\)C; this condition can accelerate the rate of paper degradation processes, as previous studies have highlighted the correlation between high temperatures and book embrittlement;
* In the mezzanine, on the opposite side of the windows, there are daily temperature peaks due to direct sunlight;
* In winter, the effect of heating by radiators is noticeable, causing daily temperature fluctuations (daily and weekly switching on/off of the heating);
* Regarding relative humidity, this parameter does not exceed the suggested maximum value (60%), and its fluctuations are limited.
# Stability Analysis of the Huasushu Slope Under the Coupling of Reservoir Level Decline and Rainfall
## 7 Discussion
### Model Strengths and Applicability  
A three-dimensional numerical model can more accurately identify the location of slope instability than a two-dimensional analysis, especially in a region where deformation is locally concentrated and shows higher spatial resolution ability. This study shows that there is a certain threshold for triggering the landslide response: when the water level drops and the rainfall intensity exceeds the critical value at the same time, the slope will be significantly displaced. This finding is of great significance for the development of scientific warning thresholds and identifying high-risk periods.  
From the perspective of engineering, the results of this study emphasize that (1) landslide risk assessment should consider both the reservoir water level and rainfall changes; (2) the strain concentration trend in the local weak zones in a slope should considered; and (3) the numerical prediction model can provide technical support for a real-time early warning system for landslides, with the prospect of engineering integration and application.
# An Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Adversarial Perturbation +
## 3 The Proposed Methodology  
### Overview of Framework  
The AAW algorithm conducts the watermark embedding by adding tiny perturbations into the host audio. The diagram of the algorithm (embedding stage) is shown in Figure 2.  
The host audio \(\mathbf{x}(n)\) with a tiny perturbation \(\delta(n)\) passes sequentially through the attack simulation layer (ASL) \(f_{ast}\), the pre-trained module (PTM) \(f_{ptm}\), and the whitening layer (WL) \(f_{wl}\). The output \(\mathbf{o}_{wl}\) of the whitening layer has the same dimension \(m\) as the  
Figure 2: Diagram of the AAW algorithm (embedding stage), where ASL, PTM, and WL denote the attack simulation layer, pre-trained module, and whitening layer, respectively. \(\mathcal{L}\) denotes the optimization objective (loss function). The feedback link denotes the update of the tiny perturbation according to the loss function.  
binary watermark \(\mathbf{w}\). The distance between \(\mathbf{o}_{wl}\) and \(\mathbf{w}\) is calculated by the loss function \(\mathcal{L}\). The perturbation \(\delta(n)\) is optimally updated so that the output \(\mathbf{o}_{wl}\) is approximated with the watermark \(\mathbf{w}\). Watermark embedding is performed in iterative optimization of tiny perturbations. Finally, when the iteration stops, the watermarked audio \(\mathbf{x}_{w}(n)=\mathbf{x}(n)+\delta(n)\), where \(\delta\) is \(\delta\) when the iteration stops.  
The remainder of this section describes in detail the individual components in Figure 2 and the embedding and extraction of watermarks.
# Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn Cavities Coated by Tin Vapor Diffusion Method at Peking University
## 3 Results Analysis
### Cavity Vertical Tests  
All the coated Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn cavities were vertically tested at 4.2 K temperature at PKU. The Nb\({}_{3}\)Sn cavities received the standard HPR procedure before the vertical test. The ambient magnetic field was less than 2 mg. A slow cooling rate of 5-10 min/K was applied from 25 K to 15 K to minimize additional flux penetration originated by the Seebeck effect. The transition temperatures of cavities without Sn segregation were near 18 K, measured during the vertical test. The results of the cavity vertical tests are shown in Figures 16 and 17. Obviously, the 15 th-19 th cavities without the tin segregation effect have a better performance than the 12 th and 14 th cavities whose grains are incomplete and have holes. The Q of the NS02 cavity from the 16 th experiment reached 4.82 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) @ 0.7 MV/m but decreased with \(E_{acc}\) rapidly.  
The 19 th, 22 nd, and 23 rd cavities coated with an annealing stage have relatively flat Q-E curves. The 19 th NS04 cavity reaches a maximum gradient of 17.3 MV/m limited by power, and the 23 rd NS02 cavity has a similar performance. We believe that two types of curves from cavities with and without annealing have different patterns because the tin contents vary. [PERSON]'s work proposed that grain boundary tin segregation can cause the Q value to degrade with the accelerating field [16]. The annealing stage may improve the situation of excess tin inside the grain or grain boundary after the coating stage, corresponding to the EDS results from the witness samples. Excess tin atoms inside the grain lattice are dangerous for cavity superconductivity; once the Sn atoms form normal conducting lattices larger than the coherence length, the cavity would quench. Here, we give three possible reasons for these Q values being lower than \(1\times 10^{10}\).
* Carbon contamination was found on the surface of samples from most coating experiments;
* Recrystallization of niobium cavities due to long time baking, which might cause the nucleation non-uniformity among Nb grains with different orientations, forming patchy regions and increasing the surface roughness;
* Excess tin in the grain would help trap more flux and create extra surface resistance.
## 2 Field Measurements
### Measurement Results
In addition, the distribution of lateral rail displacement and rail bending stress were found to be similar before and after rail pad replacement, as shown in Figures 10 and 11. Figure 8: Measured displacement of the rail by train type. (**a**) Before rail pad replacement and (**b**) after rail pad replacement. Figure 10: Measured lateral displacement of the rail by train type. (**a**) Before rail pad replacement and (**b**) after rail pad replacement. Figure 9: Measured displacement of the track girder by train type. (**a**) Before rail pad replacement and (**b**) after rail pad replacement. The vertical displacements of the rail were found to be relatively large, as shown in Table 2. It was likely caused by the displacement of the track girder, as the rail bending stress was found to be lower than the rail bending stress (approximately 60 MPa) of the other types of railway track system (i.e., ballasted track, slab track, rail floating system, and sleeper floating system [2]). This study accordingly compared the dynamic responses of the rail and track girder to estimate the effects of rail pad replacement using measured acceleration data from the direct fixation track, as shown in Figure 12. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AREX**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**KTX**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Before** & **After** & **Before** & **After** \\ \hline Wheel load (kN) & 55–70 & 60–71 & 85–108 & 83–101 \\ Lateral wheel load (kN) & 2–6 & 1–5 & 5–9 & 4–8 \\ Vertical rail displacement (mm) & 2.48–294 & 2.44–2.75 & 3.48–4.08 & 3.59–4.01 \\ Lateral rail displacement (mm) & 0.18–0.41 & 0.17–0.55 & 0.33–0.83 & 0.24–0.90 \\ Track girder displacement (mm) & 2.62–3.15 & 2.61–2.92 & 3.56–4.24 & 3.52–4.15 \\ Benzding stress of rail (MPa) & 17–27 & 17–24 & 29–36 & 31–39 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Ranges of the rail before and after rail pad replacements. Figure 11: Measured bending stress of the rail by train type. (**a**) Before rail pad replacement and (**b**) after rail pad replacement. Figure 12: Comparison of the measured vertical acceleration of the rail and track girder. (**a**) Before rail pad replacement for AREX; (**b**) after rail pad replacement for AREX; (**c**) before rail pad replacement for KTX; and (**d**) after rail pad replacement for KTX. The vertical acceleration of the rail and track girder is shown in Figure 11 for different train types and at each speed. According to rail pad replacement, the variation was low (i.e., approximately 4%). The reason for this is that the rail pad in the direct fixation track system was supported by a relatively hard material; therefore, the rail and track girder of the direct fixation track system on the Yeongjong Grand Bridge exhibits integrated behavior [2,4]. This indicates that the influence of the spring stiffness of the rail pad on the dynamic response of the direct fixation track system of the Yeongjong Grand Bridge was insignificant.
## 4 Security Analysis  
We examine the security and privacy properties of the protocol, based on the relevant requirements set in Section 3. As already stated we assume that CA and SA are honest but curious entities. However, we will show that unframeability holds even if the authorities are corrupted. Adversaries are modeled by probabilistic polynomial time Turing machines (PPT). A negligible function \(negl\), is a function \(negl:\mathbb{N}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) such that for every positive integer \(c\) there exists an integer \(n_{c}\) such that for all \(x>n_{c}\) we have \(|negl(x)|<\frac{1}{x^{c}}\).
## 3 Methods
### Trend Analysis  
The Theil-Sen Median trend analysis is a robust trend statistical method [22; 23]. This analysis calculates the median slopes between all \(n\) (\(n-1\))/2 pair-wise combinations of the time series data, which is particularly effective for the estimation of trends in small series [27]. The slope determined by the Theil-Sen Median analysis can represent the increase or decrease in the tree cover over the 15 years between 2000 and 2014 on a pixel scale and was calculated as follows:  
\[slope=\text{Median}(\frac{x_{j}-x_{i}}{j-i}) \tag{4}\]  
where, _slope_ refers to the Theil-Sen median, and \(x_{j}\) and \(x_{i}\) represent the tree cover value of years \(i\) and \(j\). When the _slope_ > 0 the tree cover is characterized by a rising trend, alternatively when the _slope_ < 0 the cover is in a decreasing trend.  
The Mann-Kendall test is a non-parametric statistical test [34; 35]. It has the advantage that samples do not need to obey certain distributions and is free from the interference of outliers [36]. The calculation formula of M-K test is as follows:  
The variable \(Z\) is defined as:  
\[Z=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{S-1}{\sqrt{\text{var}(S)}}\ S>0\\ 0\ S=0\\ \frac{S+1}{\sqrt{\text{var}(S)}}\ S<0\end{array}\right. \tag{5}\]  
\[S=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\sum_{j=i+1}^{n}sgn(x_{j}-x_{i}) \tag{6}\]  
Figure 2: The process of determining tree cover classification.  
\[\text{sgn}\big{(}x_{j}-x_{i}\big{)}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}1\ x_{j}-x_{i}<0\\ 0\ x_{j}-x_{i}=0\\ -1\ x_{j}-x_{i}>0\end{array}\right. \tag{7}\]  
\[Var(S)=\frac{n(n-1)(2n+5)}{18} \tag{8}\]  
where, \(n\) is the number of the data, \(x_{i}\) and \(x_{j}\) are the data values in the times series \(i\) and \(j\), respectively (in this study, \(x_{j}\) and \(x_{j}\) represent the tree cover value of years \(i\) and \(j\), \(2000\leq i<j\leq 2014\)); sgn is a sign function; and the \(Z\) value range (\(-\infty\), \(+\infty\)). A given significance level, \(1\,Z\,|>\)u\({}_{1-\alpha/2}\), signifies that the times series have significant variations on the level of \(\alpha\). Generally, the value of \(\alpha\) is 0.05, and here, we choose \(\alpha=0.05\) (\(1\,Z\,|>1.96\)).
###### Abstract  
There have been large developments in the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) industry over the last decade. Although UAV development was mainly for military related use in the beginning and despite there being fear surrounding the release of this technology to the open market for quite a long time, nowadays, there are a variety of applications where UAVs are used extensively, such as in agriculture, infrastructure inspection and monitoring, mobile retranslation relays for communications, etc. One of the weaknesses of electrically propelled UAVs is flight autonomy; there is often a difficult trade-of between the weight of the payload, batteries, and surface to be surveyed that is necessary to determine. There have been many attempts to use photovoltaic cells to increase the flight time for UAVs; however, a reliable solution has not yet been developed. The present paper presents improvements that have been conducted to extend the autonomy of electrically derived UAVs: instead of gluing photovoltaic cells on the wings, the new approach embeds the solar cells into the wing structure as well as develops a new wing that is significantly lighter to compensate for the weight added by the photovoltaic cells. It was demonstrated that by using this approach, a 33% increase in the flight time can be achieved with only one modified wing in a prototype vehicle.  
photovoltaic integration; microstructures; ultra-light wing; UAV +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 NOAA Ocean Satellite Course
### Data Access Tools
#### 2.3.3. Environmental Data Connector (EDC) for ArcGIS  
Many fisheries and marine resource managers use ArcGIS [11], which has had limited options for importing raster satellite data. To mitigate this issue, we oversaw the development of a plug-in for ArcGIS, the Environmental Data Connector (EDC) [16], which provides a user-friendly interface for accessing raster datasets served on ERDDAP or THREDDS servers. With the EDC, datasets can be subset spatially and temporally, and then imported directly into ArcGIS. Many of the features found in the rerddapXtracto R package are also available in the EDC, including matching satellite data to an animal track or a ship's station locations.
# An Efficient Digital Channelized Receiver for Low SNR and Wideband Chirp Signals Detection
## 2 Methodology
### Proposed Algorithm Description  
This section proposes a digital channelized receiver architecture for wideband low SNR chirp signal detection. A non-critical sampling channelization structure is adopted, eliminating signal spectral aliasing in the channel. An adaptive threshold generation algorithm is proposed to detect signals without prior conditions. A CORDIC-based IFM algorithm is proposed, improving chirp signals' frequency estimation accuracy. Moreover, a channel arbitration logic is proposed to complete the cross-channel combination of wideband signals. The detailed flow of the proposed digital channelized receiver architecture is shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: The channel division method: (**a**) non-overlapping channel dividing; (**b**) overlapping channel dividing.
###### Abstract  
The size of ships has increased considerably in recent decades. This growth impacts the stress magnitude in the bottom hull plates, which constantly suffer from biaxial compression and lateral water pressure, potentially leading to buckling. Adding stiffeners is an effective alternative to increase mechanical buckling resistance if placed in a proper way. Several researchers have investigated the influence of stiffeners on plates under different loading conditions. However, the behavior under combined biaxial compression and lateral pressure has not yet been widely explored. This work aims to verify and validate a computational model to analyze the elastoplastic buckling of plates under biaxial compression and lateral pressure, applying it in a case study to define the ideal geometric configuration to increase ultimate buckling resistance, using the constructal design method and exhaustive search technique. In this study, a portion of the volume from a reference plate without stiffeners was converted into stiffeners to determine the optimal geometry for maximizing ultimate buckling resistance. The numerical model was verified and validated, and the case study identified the optimal plate configuration with five longitudinal and four transverse stiffeners, with a height-to-thickness ratio of 8.70, achieving a 284% increase in ultimate buckling resistance compared to the reference plate. These results highlight the importance of geometric evaluation in structural engineering problems.  
elastoplasmic buckling; combined loadings; finite element method; constructal design; exhaustive search; ultimate strength Article
# Cosmo ArduSiPM: An All-in-One Scintillation-Based Particle Detector for Earth and Space Application
## 3 Overview of the Discrete Analog Functional Blocks of ArduSiPM
### Fast Discriminator  
We employ one of the fastest single-ended comparators available on the market as a discriminator. It features an impressively quick propagation time of just 7 ns (refer to Figure 5). This comparator excels in detecting pulses that exceed a preset threshold, thus aiding the SAMV71 counter in recording narrow-width pulses. The discriminator can handle the SiPM's maximum repetition rate, which is in the tens of MHz range, well below the SAMV71 counters' upper limit of 160 MHz. Moreover, it exhibits a time jitter of less than 1 ns, bettering the 6.6 ns time resolution required for Time of Arrival (ToA) measurements, which depend on the processor's internal clock. The threshold and width settings of the discriminator are adjustable via the microcontroller, offering flexibility for specific needs. Additionally, the discriminator's output can be accessed through an output pin, allowing for the external triggering of connected modules or synchronization with other devices, including the second channel of the Cosmo ArduSiPM for achieving hardware coincidence.  
Figure 4: Response of the LNA to an injected signal pulse studied using a 12-bit oscilloscope Lecroy WaveRunner HRO 64 Zi (LeCroy Corporation, Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA). The green waveform represents the input signal from a pulse generator. The pulse is 1 mV, with a width of 8 ns and a transient time of 5 ns, closely resembling a few-photon pulse from a SiPM. The blue signal is the output of the LNA in the standard configuration of the Cosmo ArduSiPM.
## 3 Results  
### Fabrication of ALG-PIC Fibers by Wet Spinning  
ALG-Ca fibers were prepared using wet spinning techniques (Figure 2A). The fabrication was performed referring to [PERSON]'s report with several modifications [52]. The ALG solution injected from the syringe was gelled in the CaCl\({}_{2}\) bath immediately, and transparent fibers were formed. The diameter of the obtained fibers was similar to that of a syringe needle (220 \(\pm\) 30 \(\upmu\)m). Afterward, the transparent fibers were washed and dried, and the ALG-Ca fibers were obtained (Figure 3A). The diameter of the ALG-Ca fibers was 170.1 \(\pm\) 6.9 \(\upmu\)m, which is thinner than that before drying (Figure S1). It indicated that the ALG-Ca fibers showed high swelling properties in an aqueous solution.  
Figure 3: Photographs (**top**) and optical microscopic images (**bottom**) of (**A**) ALG-Ca fibers and (**B**) ALG-PICs fibers. (Grid: 0.5 \(\times\) 0.5 cm\({}^{2}\)).  
The ALG-PIC coaxial fibers were prepared by coating PIC layers composed of CS and CHI over the ALG-Ca fibers (Figure 2B). The fabrication was conducted in a similar way to the PIC fibers using interface-spinning techniques [47; 48]. The PIC layer and ALG-Ca fiber were pulled up simultaneously. A hand-made apparatus was used for rolling up the obtained fibers. The winding rate was 1.3 cm/sec. To obtain ALG-PIC fibers with different thicknesses of PIC layer, four species of concentration of CHI solution (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) for interface spinning were used. With any concentration of CHI solution, the ALG-PICs fibers were successfully fabricated (denoted ALG-PIC-0.1 wt%, ALG-PIC-0.3 wt%, ALG-PIC-0.5 wt%, and ALG-PIC-1.0 wt%, respectively). Under optical microscopic observation, the surface of the ALG-Ca fiber was smooth (Figure 3A). However, the surface of the ALG-PICs fiber was rough, indicating that the difference in swelling ratio between ALG-Ca and the PIC layer caused some wrinkling with drying. Further, the diameters of each fiber were estimated from the optical microscopic images (Figure S1). In the case of using 0.1 wt% CHI solution, the diameter of ALG-PIC-0.1 wt% was 143.0 \(\pm\) 6.9 \(\upmu\)m, which is thinner than that of the ALG-Ca fiber. It was suggested that the winding fibers were exposed to tension and elongated slightly. The viscosity of 0.1 wt% CHI solution is low, and therefore the PIC layer on the ALC-Ca core fiber was thin. Accordingly, the diameter of the fiber after coating the PIC layer was thinner than that before coating. When a high concentration of CHI solution was used, the layer thickness increased because the viscosity of the CHI solution increased. In particular, 1.0 wt% CHI solution provided ALG-PIC-1.0 wt% fibers with 261.2 \(\pm\) 36.8 \(\upmu\)m of diameter. Thus, the use of a high concentration of CHI solution gave ALG-PIC fibers a thick layer of PIC.