esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
significance. The application spectrum of semiconductors is wide. Thus, choosing the appropriate types of devices based on various aspects for a specific application is also important. Complex and specialized applications also require the optimal selection of devices. In the traditional transistor structure, the gate that controls the flow of the current can only control the ON and OFF states of the circuit on one side of the gate, which belongs to a planar structure. As a 3D architecture, a FinFET can also control the connection and disconnection of the circuit on both sides of the gate. The gate surrounds the channel from three sides and the three-dimensional structure is used to replace the planar device to enhance the control ability of the gate. However, owing to the quasi-planar structure, the width of the FinFET can only be increased in line with the quanta of the fin height [4]. The width quantization results in numerous issues in FinFET-based circuit design, especially in terms of the static random access memory, which has self-conflicting design requirements and requires appropriate transistor sizing for cell stability [5]. SOI FinFETs are multi-gate structures that can reduce the leakage current and improve the control of the device [6]. Combined with the SOI process already applied in the traditional two-dimensional planar MOSFET, a novel and improved FinFET called SOI FinFET is fabricated. As the technology enters the nano-node generation, seeking a better device structure compatible with the Si-based process flow is a good way to promote the drive current and product competition [7]. By adopting various novel FinFET-based technologies, some problems can be properly resolved. This device combines the advantages of the two devices, leading to effective integration. The unique structure of SOI devices has many advantages: (1) as an insulating layer with an insulation function, the oxide layer can reduce the parasitic capacitance of the source and drain, meaning it has a lower delay and dynamic power consumption than bulk silicon devices; (2) owing to the existence of the insulation layer, an additional back gate bias can be exerted, and this structure also has little influence on the threshold voltage, meaning SOI devices are more suitable for low-power applications; (3) SOI devices also have better subthreshold characteristics than other devices and the leakage current is also smaller; (4) SOI devices do not have the latch-up problem, which can be effectively resolved.
# Enhancing Image Dehazing with a Multi-DCP Approach with Adaptive Airlight and Gamma Correction
## 4 Proposed Method
### Enhanced Transmission Map  
For image dehazing, precise identification of haze presence and intensity is paramount for enhancing image quality. By taking a product of \(t^{rev}\) and \(t^{e}\), we aim to preserve authentic foreground features while enhancing image contrast, as depicted in Figure 2a. However, the product operation may lead to a darkening effect, necessitating a compensatory stretching process. Thus, \(t^{fea}\) is determined as follows (Figure 2b):  
\[t^{fea}(x)=\sqrt{t^{rev}(x)\cdot t^{e}(x)} \tag{7}\]  
Nonetheless, such contrast adjustment could potentially obscure or eliminate specific image details. Therefore, we take an average of \(t^{fea}\) and \(t^{or}\), yielding \(t^{avg}(x)\), which results in darker structural elements and brighter hazy regions, as illustrated in Figure 2c.  
\[t^{avg}(x)=\frac{t^{fea}(x)+t^{or}(x)}{2} \tag{8}\]  
While this operation aligns with hazy image characteristics, it comes at the expense of reduced structural intricacy. To address this issue, an enhanced transmission map, \(t^{eh}(x)\), as shown in Figure 2d, is obtained by averaging the \(I^{e}(x)\) with \(t^{avg}(x)\):  
\[t^{eh}(x)=\frac{t^{avg}(x)+I^{e}(x)}{2} \tag{9}\]  
The averaging process enhances structural details and mitigates distortions in the sky region. Structures farther away are typically shrouded in denser fog, necessitating more extensive restoration efforts. Conversely, corrections applied to the sky region are relatively modest. Meanwhile, structures in closer proximity are presumed to encounter lighter fog, thus undergoing a more subdued correction process.
# A Compact Ultra-Thin 4 \(\times\) 4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna
## 2 Antenna Design  
The general perspective of the four-port ultra-thin AP system is indicated in Figure 1. The overall size of the substrate FR4 with a loss tangent value of 0.02 and relative permittivity of 4.4 was 145 \(\times\) 75 \(\times\) 0.8 mm\({}^{3}\). Two AP blocks were printed on the inner surface of the lateral board with a dimension of 145 \(\times\) 4.2 \(\times\) 0.8 mm\({}^{3}\). The grounding plane with an area of 145 \(\times\) 71.4 mm\({}^{2}\) was printed on the bottom substrates. Two ground clearances (145 \(\times\) 1.8 mm\({}^{2}\)) contribute to the impedance matching and resonant frequency adjustment. Each antenna element was excited through a 50 \(\Omega\) microstrip line (2 \(\times\) 10 mm\({}^{2}\)) and an SMA connector from the back of the design substrate. Figure 1b presents the detailed values of the proposed AP. The distance between two radiating elements was only 1 mm, which is shorter than the published AP systems [15; 12; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. Three crucial variables (\(L1\), \(L2\), and \(L3\)) affect antenna performance relatively distinctly and the width (\(Lcl\)) of the ground clearance, which is to be analyzed in a later section.  
The simulated S-parameters of this AP system are depicted in Figure 2. Since two AP blocks were placed symmetrically, only \(S_{11}\) and \(S_{22}\) emerged, and the transmission coefficients between Ant. 1 and Ant. 2, Ant. 1 and Ant. 3, and Ant. 1 and Ant. 4 are presented to evaluate the isolation performance. As displayed in Figure 2, the \(-\)10 dB impedance bandwidth of the AP was 0.45 GHz (3.31-3.76 GHz), which can entirely cover the target band of 3.4-3.6 GHz. Due to the introduction of a T-shaped open-ended slot on the ground plane, the mutual magnetic coupling between Ant. 1 and Ant. 2 was successfully enhanced to 15 dB within the desired band. In comparison, \(S_{13}\) and \(S_{14}\) were separately larger than 23 dB and 34 dB in the essential operating band.
## 2 Biosensor Application of Electrodeposited Nanoparticles
### Constant Current Deposition  
Electrodeposition at either a fixed potential or during potential cycling are the two most widely reported approaches, but constant current approaches have also been reported. Gold nanoparticles deposited under conditions of fixed current density were prepared [36]. Electrodeposition was performed onto ITO-coated glass electrodes from 2 mM of HAuCl\({}_{4}\) in 0.2 M of HCl. At a current density of 11 mA cm\({}^{-2}\), smaller nanoparticles near 14 nm were obtained, but lowering the current density to 5.92 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) gave larger nanoparticles near 18 nm. Increasing the total charge passed increased the surface density of the nanoparticles. Electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of ascorbic acid was observed. Platinum containing zinc oxide nanospheres were electrodeposited onto GCE from a solution of 0.01 M of ZnO\({}_{3}\), 0.01 M of hexamethylenetramine, and 0.01 M of H\({}_{2}\)PtCl\({}_{6}\) at 1 V (versus Hg/Hg\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)) and 7.073 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) current for one hour [37]. The atomic percentage of Pt in the structures was 2%. The electrodeposited structures showed separate 10 to 200-nm spherical agglomerates on the surface of the first one and the overall diameter was 0.2 to 3.5 \(\upmu\)m. Cholesterol oxidase was physisorbed onto these structures to make an amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on the detection of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) at +0.2 V. The sensor had a linear range of 0.5 to 15 \(\upmu\)M of cholesterol, with a maximum response at pH 6.8 and near 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and retaining 95% activity after storage for 30 days.
## 2 Proposed SoC-Balancing Strategy without Saturation
### Estimation of SoC  
SoC estimation is expressed as  
\[SoC_{k}=SoC_{k0}-\frac{\int i_{k}dt}{Q},k=1,2,\cdot\cdot\cdot,m \tag{3}\]  
where \(Q\) is the rated capacity of the ESU and \(SoC_{k0}\) is the initial SoC level of ESU#\(k\). To make the best of the coulomb-counting method and the open-circuited voltage (OCV) method [24], a joint method is used here to estimate SoC. The latter is used to obtain the initial SoC, while the former is employed to calculate the depth of discharge.  
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the proposed SoC-balancing strategy.  
In this paper, the ESUs are lead-acid batteries, and the rated voltage is 12 V. Based on actual data, the characteristic curve of OCV versus SoC is plotted in Figure 4. Using the polynomial style to perform curve fitting, the relationship can be formulated as follows:  
\[OCV=0.5692\times SoC^{3}-1.14\times SoC^{2}+1.765\times SoC+11.11 \tag{4}\]
## 1 Introduction
In [25], the authors proposed a new technique that allowed for the 204-fold increase of the peak-to-noise ratio. Another group of scientists proposed the system that uses the full-polarization optical digital-phase conjugation and doubles the peak-to-noise ratio [26]. In [27], programmable acoustic optic deflectors were used to obtain the images of the targets in the living tissue. Bimorph deformable mirrors, as well as stacked-actuator mirrors, are also used to increase the radiation energy in the far field while focusing a laser beam through a scattering medium [28; 29; 30], turbulent medium [31; 32], or a pinhole [33] for free-space optical communication systems. Spatial-light modulators are widely used in different areas of research; their use is not limited to the imaging and focusing applications only. Spatial-light modulators also show vast potential in such applications as micro- and nano-scale fabrication [34], and laser beam shaping [35; 36]. In this particular paper, we will not concentrate on the problem of compensating distortions. Instead, we present the hybrid model for (1) The simulation of laser beam propagation through the moderately scattering medium using the Monte Carlo technique; and (2) Measuring distortions obtained by the laser beam by means of the numerical model of the Shack-Hartmann sensor. The proposed model was briefly mentioned in the authors' previous paper [37], which was devoted to the compensation of measured laser beam distortions using bimorph deformable mirrors. In this paper, we would like to describe the proposed model in detail and provide the results of the numerical analysis, as well as the experimental validation of the model. The research is organized as follows. First, a radiative transfer equation and its possible solutions are presented. Second, a Monte Carlo technique to solve the radiative transfer equation is described; its software implementation and verification are provided. Third, the Shack-Hartmann principle is explained, and the developed numerical model is described. Fourth, the laboratory experimental setup with the Shack-Hartmann sensor is shown. A comparison and discussion of numerical and experimental results obtained are presented.
## 4 EE Improvement Issues for Each Component
### Antenna Size  
Since an LSAS is a system that integrates a large number of TX antennas in a limited space, the size and form factor of the installation site could be a problem. The antenna spacing should be at least 0.5\(\lambda\), and in addition, since LSASs transmit different signals from each antenna, it is necessary to further increase the antenna spacing to reduce the correlation among the antennas. We present an example of antenna form factors in Figure 3. In Figure 3, we assume that we use 400 (20 \(\times\) 20) antennas with antenna spacing 0.5\(\lambda\)\(\sim\)2\(\lambda\), and carrier frequencies of 2 GHz and 6 GHz. As observed, the required size of the LSAS is 1.5\(\sim\)6 m for a 2 GHz carrier frequency, and 0.5\(\sim\)2 m for a 6 GHz carrier frequency. If larger antenna spacing is required, the size of the LSAS can be larger. There are also discussions on the realization of LSAS in the mmWave frequency range, such as 28 GHz band, to secure higher bandwidth and reduce antenna size. Using higher carrier frequencies gives the benefit of a compact antenna system; however, poor channel conditions such as large path loss and small diffraction must be overcome. Various studies are on-going for compact antenna architecture with less correlation [31; 32; 33]. In [31], a Light Radio architecture was introduced with an innovative five-inch cube design, which integrates radio, antenna, and baseband processing elements. The cube can be stacked together, up to 8 or 10 units, to reach the desired capacity. In [32], a compact dual band antenna operating simultaneously at 5.4 GHz and 15 GHz was presented. It is a planar array composed of a grid of \(6\times 8\) (48) patch antennas working at 5.4 GHz and \(7\times 9\) (63) patch antennas working at 15 GHz. The whole antenna array occupies an area of 150 mm \(\times\) 180 mm which fits the ordinary size requirement of wireless access point. Another compact multi antenna system was presented in [33], and the concept is based on the simultaneous excitation of different characteristic modes on each antenna element by multiple decoupled ports.  
Figure 2: Change of Performance metric from TP to EE.
# Error Sources of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellites
## 3 Systematic Errors
### Propagation Path (Atmosphere)
To avoid using misleading language, we will refer to the phenomenon that occurred within the ionosphere as \"ionospheric advance\" rather than \"ionospheric delay\", as was commonly reported in prior research. Additionally, it is essential to acknowledge that the \"phase delay or advance\" that occurs during a single acquisition does not generate errors in interferograms, but rather the differences between two acquisitions. For example, if we assume the signal delay or advance in the first and second acquisitions were both 6 mm, there are virtually no atmospheric effects in this set of images. If the variation (difference between two acquisitions) exists with a value other than zero, the difference will create extra fringe patterns in the interferogram, resulting in a systematic error in the InSAR measurements. As a result, the errors caused by ionospheric advance, tropospheric delay, and liquid water delay are strongly reliant on the medium's spatiotemporal variability.
## 4 Modeling of the System Components  
The different components of the ORC system are represented by semi-empirical models tuned using the experimental data obtained during the tests. Hence, it is possible to assess: (i) the volumetric efficiency of the hot fluid pump; (ii) the heat transfer in the plate heat exchangers (PHEs); (iii) the volumetric, isentropic, and electromechanical efficiencies of the refrigerant pump; (iv) and the scroll expander isentropic and volumetric efficiencies.  
The system solver was developed in MATLAB(r), and these models are referred to by the solver as functions. The solver is used to map the net electric performances of the system by changing the heat source temperature and the expander shaft speed when the other boundaries are fixed.  
Figure 10: Pump back-work ratio (BWR) with expander produced electric power (**left**), and ORC system gross efficiency with flow rate (**right**).  
Figure 9: ORC system net electric efficiency (**left**), and net electric power with flow rate (**right**).  
The models are presented in the following, except for the model of the scroll expander that was discussed in detail by some authors of this work in [17]. The calculation of the uncertainties of the measurements was performed according to Appendix B.
# LoS Theoretical and Experimental MIMO Study from 1-40 GHz in Indoor Environments
## 2 Description of the Experimental Setup
### System Configuration  
In each position, the Tx and Rx antennas are moved virtually using a uniform rectangular array (URA) and a uniform linear array (ULA), respectively. For the ULA, ten elements were equally spaced along the Y direction; for the URA, measurements were performed over a \(6\times 6\) uniform rectangular grid along the X and Y directions. The inter-element distance was set to 3 mm for both arrays which is less than \(\uplambda\)2 at 40 GHz. The Y direction corresponds to the vertical axis of Figure 2.
# Experimental Study on Milling CFRP with Staggered PCD Cutter
## 2 Experimental Design  
In order to study the wear mechanism of staggered PCD cutters and the effect of tool wear on the machining surface quality of CFRP, a side milling test of CFRP was designed in this paper. The test was conducted on the three-axis milling machine VDL-1000E, Direct CNC, Dinnington, UK, CRFP T700 was selected as the workpiece material, it was 3.5 mm thick, and its main performance and structural parameters are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The test system is shown in Figure 1, in which the cutting edge of the staggered PCD cutter had an inclination angle of 5\({}^{\circ}\), while the inclination angle of its adjacent cutting edge was in the opposite direction, and staggered along the circumferential direction of the tool.  
In terms of the milling parameters, the milling speed was 150 m/min, the feed per tooth was 0.02 mm/z, and the cutting width was 1 mm. The staggered and straight-teeth PCD cutters were used sequentially for the cutting test. In order to study the effect of tool wear on machining surface quality, both cutter and workpiece were examined after milling every 3 m until obvious burr defects appeared in the machining surface, so that the wear topography and surface quality could be  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Filament** & **Filament** & **Longitudinal** & **Transversal** & **Shear** & **Elongation** & **Density** \\
**Diameter** & **Radius** & **Young Modulus** & **Young Modulus** & **Modulus** & **Elongation** & **Density** \\ \hline
12000 & 7 \(\mu\)m & 142 GPa & 8.4 GPa & 3.8 GPa & 2.11\% & 1.8 g/cm\({}^{3}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The performance parameters of T700 carbon fiber.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ply Sequences** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Carbon Fiber** \\ **Volume Fraction** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Reinforcing** \\ **Material** \\ \end{tabular} & **Matrix Material** & **Specification (mm)** \\ \hline \(0^{\circ}/45^{\circ}/135^{\circ}/90^{\circ}\) & \(60\pm 5\%\) & T700 & AG-80 epoxy resin & \(300\times 150\times 3.5\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The structural parameters of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP).  
detected. The tool wear and burr defects were detected by the extended depth of field microscope VHX-1000 and scanning electron microscope, while the surface morphology of CFRP was measured by white-light interferometer TaySurf CCI, [PERSON], Leicester, UK, and scanning electron microscope FEI Sirion 200.
# Selective Control by _Pistacia vera_ L. and Its Carotenoid Zaxanthin on SARS-CoV-2 Virus
## 2 Results  
### Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Binding by Pistachio Extracts  
In order to investigate the role of pistachio extracts as potential entry inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, we employed a safe and convenient assay by generating a luciferase (Luc)expressing pseudovirus containing the wild-type or mutant S protein of SARS-CoV-2 in the envelope-defective lentiviral backbone (Figure S1). The experimental procedure aimed to generate coronavirus (CoV-2) spike (S) fusion protein pseudotyped particles using a Lentivirus core and luciferase reporter in a transient transfection of HEK-293T cells. The construction of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses is detailed in Material and Methods [20]. The efficiency of yielded-pseudotyped particles was measured by gene reporter expression (Figure S1). Then, we evaluated the compounds' cytotoxicity on A549 cells to determine the CC\({}_{50}\) value (Figure S2, Table S1). This value is essential in establishing a safe and effective dosage for the antiviral treatment without causing undue cell harm. Thus, \(\alpha\)- and o-SARS-CoV-2 pseudotypes were pretreated with pistachio extracts identified as NRRE (Natural raw polyphenols-rich extract) and RURE (Roasted unsalted polyphenols-rich extract) [21], detailed in Material and Methods, for 1 h at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C and used to transduce the A549 cells.  
The inhibitory binding activity of both NRRE and RURE on the two SARS-CoV-2 pseudototypes was assessed by measuring the luciferase activity, and the results were reported as relative luciferase units (RLU) and compared to untreated cells. The procedure is graphically reported in Figure 1 Panel a. The results showed that both extracts reduced the entry of \(\alpha\) (Figure 1, panels b and c) and o-SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses (Figure 1, panels d and e).
# Effective Risk Detection for Natural Gas Pipelines Using Low-Resolution Satellite Images
## 1 Introduction
(We use high-resolution for 0.5 m and low-resolution for 3 m imagery. In the literature, these definitions vary and change over time as the resolution increases with better sensors). **Problem Statement:** We want to address the problems of the accuracy, costs, and environmental impact of helicopter flights for pipeline monitoring through automatic pipeline monitoring utilizing satellite imagery. We propose to formulate the problem of pipeline monitoring as a CD task and present how ChangeFormer [9], a state-of-the-art transformer-based architecture for CD, can detect pipeline risks effectively. We collect a pipeline risk dataset using 3 m resolution PlanetScope satellite imagery, showing that transformer-based architectures can achieve good results even when working with low-resolution data. We also illustrate how ChangeFormer predicts risks and how its predictions can be tailored to meet the requirements of automated pipeline monitoring by adjusting for costs. We begin by presenting how we collected our dataset and explain which changes are relevant for pipeline risk detection (Section 2). Next, we introduce the detection model (Section 3), provide quantitative and qualitative evaluations, and compare the model against other deep learning architectures (Section 4). Before concluding, we touch upon the related work (Section 5).