# Expected Impacts of the Massive Increase in Electric Vehicles in Slovakia
## 3 Impact of the Increase in Electromobility on Ecology
### The Rest of the Emissions  
Other significant emissions are nitrogen oxides, commonly referred to as NO\({}_{x}\), most commonly referred to as nitric oxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO\({}_{2}\). Due to these and other pollutants, EURO emission standards have been introduced in the European Union since 1992. These standards control and regulate the amount of not only nitrogen oxides, but also carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) per kilometer driven. These standards are gradually being modernized, adjusted and new ones are being published at intervals of about five years. Newly issued standards are numbered depending on the type of vehicles for which they are intended. For passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles, the standard is given in Arabic numerals and for buses and heavy trucks, the standards are indicated by Roman numerals. It is important to mention that the standard only applies to vehicles that are newly introduced on the market. The latest valid standard is EURO 6, which came into force in 2015 (see Table 6), which was later further tightened by version 6.2. A new emission measurement methodology has started to be applied, which is more demanding, more accurate and better suited to real driving style. It is a method of laboratory testing WLTP (worldwide harmonized light vehicle test procedure). In addition to laboratory testing, the RDE (real driving emissions) cycle is also used to measure emissions, so measurements are made directly on the road. The new standard applies to all manufactured vehicles, including older models. For car manufacturers, this means modifying selected engines [21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. The emissions of the EV will be related to the value of emissions released into the air by the power plants in the production of the required electricity, similarly as it was for the determination of carbon dioxide emissions. In the calculation, it is necessary to know the emission factor of different types of power plants producing harmful emissions in relation to the amount of electricity produced, which is shown in Table 7.  
\[ \begin{array}{c}m_{NO_{X}}=\left(\frac{\varepsilon_{Cold}}{1000}p_{coal} \right)+\left(\frac{\varepsilon_{EC}}{1000}\,p_{BC}\right)+\left(\frac{ \varepsilon_{gas}}{1000}\,p_{gas}\right)=\\ \left(\frac{1724}{1000}\frac{14.2}{100}\right)+\left(\frac{1333}{1000}\frac{27 8}{100}\right)+\left(\frac{2841}{1000}\frac{13.17}{100}\right)=0.9228917\,g/kWh,\\ \\ m_{CO}=\left(\frac{\varepsilon_{Cold}}{1000}\,p_{coal}\right)+\left(\frac{ \varepsilon_{EC}}{1000}\,p_{BC}\right)+\left(\frac{\varepsilon_{gas}}{1000}\, p_{gas}\right)=\\ \left(\frac{62.64}{1000}\frac{14.2}{100}\right)+\left(\frac{164.8}{1000}\frac{2.28}{100}\right)+\left(\frac{956.2}{1000}\right)\frac{13.17}{100}\right)=0.1724 0082\,g/kWh,\\ \\ m_{PM}=\left(\frac{\varepsilon_{Cold}}{1000}p_{coal}\right)+\left(\frac{ \varepsilon_{BC}}{1000}\,p_{BC}\right)+\left(\frac{\varepsilon_{gas}}{1000}\, p_{gas}\right)=\\ \left(\frac{54.89}{1000}\frac{14.2}{100}\right)+\left(\frac{74.58}{1000}\, \frac{22.8}{100}\right)+\left(\frac{0.043}{1000}\frac{13.17}{100}\right)=0.02480 428\,g/kWh,\\ \end{array}  \tag{18}\]  
where \(m_{NO_{X}}\), \(m_{CO}\), \(m_{PM}\) are the amounts of NO\({}_{X}\), CO and PM emissions from selected types of power plants (g/kWh), \(\varepsilon_{n}\) is the emission factor of the power plant (g/MWh) and \(p_{n}\) represents the percentage ratio of individual energy sources in the energy mix of Slovakia. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **CO (g/km)** & **NO\({}_{x}\) (g/km)** & **PM (g/km)** \\ \hline
**Gasoline** & 1.00 & 0.06 & 0.005 \({}^{*}\) \\
**Diesel** & 0.50 & 0.08 & 0.005 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)Direct injection only.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Overview of EURO 6 emission limits [22].