## 3 Results
### Scaffold's Geometrical Parameters and Main Findings
#### 3.5.7 Biomechanical Properties  
Five studies [26; 27; 30; 33; 35] conducted biomechanical tests on the scaffolds, all evaluating compressive strength (Tables 3 and 4). Other parameters, such as toughness and energy absorption, were assessed only by [PERSON] et al. (2009) [33] and [PERSON] et al. (2019) [30], respectively. None of the studies measured stiffness (Table 4). The methodology used by each author, along with the main findings, is presented in Table 5. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Biomechanical Testing**} \\ \cline{3-6}
**Studies** & **Groups** & **Stiffness** & **Energy Absorption** & **Toughness** & **Mechanical Strengths** \\ \hline  & Group 1: TCP (n = 3); Group & & & & \\  & 2: PLGA/TCP (n = 3); Group & & & & \\  & 3: rhBMP-2-coated TCP & & & & \\  & (n = 3); Group \& & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [26] & (n = 3); Group \& & & & \\  & rhBMP-2-coated PLGA/TCP & No & No & No & Yes \\  & rhBMP-2-coated PLGA/TCP & & & & \\  & (n = 3); Group \& & & & \\  & prefabricated rhBMP-2-coated & & & & \\  & TCP (n = 3). & & & & \\ \hline  & Group 1: IA/TCP & & & & \\  & (n = 3); Group 2: DPNCC + & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 & HA/TCP (n = 3); Group 3: & & & & \\  & BMA + HA/TCP & No & No & No & Yes \\  & (n = 3); Group 4: native bone & & & & \\  & (n = 3). & & & & \\ \hline  & Group 1: 6 CP & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. 2009 [33] & (n = 10); Group 2: \& PCP of 8 & No & No & Yes & Yes \\  & weeks after implantation in & & & & \\  & muscle (n = 10). & & & & \\ \hline  & Group 1: BMSCs/gTCP & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. 2007 [35] & constructs (n = 6); Group 2: & No & No & No & Yes \\  & autograft group (n = 4); & & & \\  & Group 3: \&TCP (n = 6). & & & \\ \hline  & Group 1: HA (n = 3); Group 2: & & & & \\  & BCP CaP (n = 3). & No & Yes & No & Yes \\ \hline  & Abbreviations: TCP = Triclcium Phosphate; PLGA = Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); rhBMP-2 = Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2; HA = hydroxyapatite; DPNCC = dental pulp neural crest; BMA = bone marrow aspirate; BMSCs = bone marrow stromal cells; \&CP = beta-triclcium phosphate; CaP = calcium phosphate. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Biomechanical testing parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Compression and mechanical strength \\  & tests were performed on calvarial \\  & regenerated bone with DPNCCs and \\  & HA/TCP, comparing it with native \\  & bone. The test was conducted at three & \\  & locations within the defect area (with & or without bone regeneration) and at \\  & three locations on the surrounding & & \\  & native bone for each sample. The & & \\  & compressive arm moved at a rate of & \\  & (450 lbf) force capacity. & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Methods, systems, and main findings of the biomechanical tests. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [26] observed a significant increase in compressive strength when BMP was added to PLGA/TCP scaffolds, with the TCP-BMP group showing the highest strength (57.6 MPa). [PERSON] et al. (2021) [27] tested the compressive strength of regenerated bone with HA/TCP scaffolds, observing strength similar to native bone. [PERSON] et al. (2009) [33] found a substantial increase in the compressive strength of Ca-P ceramics implanted in living tissues, suggesting significant improvement after biological integration. The Ca-P ceramic showed remarkable improvements due to the integration of organic and inorganic elements, resulting in higher toughness. [PERSON] et al. (2007) [35] found that the BMSCs/b-TCP scaffold also exhibited bending properties similar to native bone, demonstrating its good biomechanical performance for bone regeneration in mandibles. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [30] found that the BCP implant had significantly better mechanical fixation than HA, suggesting better bone integration and long-term stability (Table 5).