## 3 Results
### Spatial Access Disparities to the MOH Healthcare Centers: Analysis of 2 SFCA Results
The largest part of the central districts is located in the highest indexed accessibility score, reflecting the higher provider-to-population ratios, where this part contains a large number of districts with a small area and high population density. In contrast, the lowest classification within the indexed accessibility score reflects the low provider-to-population ratios because the districts associated with such a classification are large in area compared to central districts. Consequently, there were fewer districts within the catchment of healthcare centers. Overall, a vast majority of the Jeddah population had a spatial accessibility to the healthcare centers. Table 2 summarizes the relevant results. It is clear from (Figure 5) that there is a relationship between a high accessibility and the spatial concentration for healthcare centers, as well as the road network. Districts with the greatest accessibility (e.g., central districts) have many healthcare centers and contain a good and highly efficient road network. Although there are the large number of central districts with a large population concentration, and although most of the central districts' roads have low speed limits and witness high traffic density that may increase the travel time between origin and service, the score of accessibility of these districts was high due to the spatial concentration of a large number of healthcare centers in such districts,  
Figure 4: Results of spatial accessibility score of healthcare centers using 2 SFCA method at the districts level within the ArcGIS Software. where a large number of the population falls within their catchments. In addition, it is also clear from Figure 5 the proximity of healthcare centers to the expressways and main roads that cross many central districts and taken by the population to access healthcare centers. These levels of roads also have high traffic density within certain segments of them, but, nevertheless, they contribute to reducing travel time between origin and service due to their high speed limits. In contrast, the score of accessibility of peripheral districts decreases and may reach zero, despite the proximity of healthcare centers to the population of these districts. This is attributed to the high population number compared to the number of healthcare centers available within the catchments. Consequently, the population of these districts should compete more for healthcare close to them or should take a longer travel time that may exceed the catchment threshold to access services. This is because these districts have fewer healthcare centers than the central districts; in addition, such healthcare centers are located far from the expressways and main roads. The spatial accessibility of the population of these districts can be improved by increasing the healthcare center-to-population ratios. This can be achieved through multiple approaches, such as allocating additional healthcare centers in the less-served areas (i.e., the southern districts), or optimizing locations of some centers to achieve a more equitable distribution. In addition, it is important to improve the infrastructure of the road network in the southern or even northern districts, along with completing the construction of some roads located in these districts. Furthermore, new roads should be built in the southern districts to enhance their connectivity with other parts of the city, especially given that these districts basically have a limited road network. This will greatly contribute to improving spatial equity in accessibility by reducing travel times taken between the population residing in these districts and healthcare facilities. Figure 6 shows the 2 SFCA results histogram of the healthcare centers at the districts level. The histogram shows that results depart from the normal distribution; however, the distribution of accessibility scores was not random, and the results were due to the interaction between supply, demand, and the travel-time threshold.