# Influence of Cutting Parameters and MQL on Surface Finish and Work Hardening of Inconel 617
## 3 Methods and Materials
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Application** & **Specification** \\ \hline Material UNS N06617 & ASTM B-166-11; ASME BPVC.ILB-2017 SB 166 [31,32] \\ \hline Combustion Analysis & ASTM E1019-18 [33] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Optical Emission Analysis} & ASTM E1086-14 [34] \\ \cline{2-2}  & ASTM E3047-16 [35] \\ \hline X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy & ASTM E572-13; ASTM E1085-16; ASTM E1621-13; ASTM E2465-19; ASTM B 166-11; ASME BPVC.ILB2017 SB 166; SAE AMS 5887 D [31,32,36,37,38,39,40] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Manufacturing and testing specifications for Inconel 617 provided by Bibus Metals AG. ISO standard in Section 8.2.2b. Flood coolant was used in this tool life test. Five different tool coatings were tested for their effects on the tool life, as can be seen in Table 5.  
Figure 1: (**a**) The Nakamura-Tome SC-450 CNC lathe with equipment used in the turning tests. (**b**) A schematic showing the turning setup, including the tool and dynamometer and coolant deposition methods. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Tool** & **Composition** & **Deposition Method** & **C Coating Thickness (\(\mu\)m)** \\ \hline Balzers Balinin\({}^{\oplus}\)Adura & TAIN /AICN & PVD & 7.052 \\ (Derikon Balzers, Balzers, Liechtenstein) & AITN & PVD & 8.695 \\ (Derikon Balzers, Balzers, Liechtenstein) & & & \\ Balzers Balinin\({}^{\oplus}\)B & & & \\ (Derikon Balzers, Balzers, Liechtenstein) & & & \\ (CemCon Hyperplex Plus & & & \\ (CemeCon AG, Wurselen, Germany & & & \\), Johnson & & & \\ (Ionbond Canada, Cambridge, ON, Canada) & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Coatings deposited on Kennametal K313 grade KenlocTM WC finishing inserts. Study B was conducted to investigate the influence of cutting parameters on the surface finish of the generated surface. The cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut were used as the controlled parameters with three values for each parameter. The cutting parameter ranges were selected to encompass a low, medium, and high value for each variable and were based on the literature of similar machinability studies performed on Inconel 718, such as the one performed by [PERSON] et al. [17]. [PERSON]'s L9 orthogonal array was used as a design of experiment methodology to determine the cutting tests [42]. Tests were conducted by cutting 50 mm passes across the Inconel 617 workpiece, measuring the surface finish with a Mitutoyo SJ201 (Mitutoyo Canada Inc, Mississauga, ON, Canada) portable surface profilometer, and repeating until the tool reached the length corresponding to the initial break-in region of the tool life. These tests are performed with a flood coolant. The cutting parameters that generated the best average roughness were used to conduct the MQL experiments. Study C was run to assess the effects of cutting parameters and coolant application to the work hardening characteristics of machining Inconel 617. Work hardening tests were performed on an Anton Paar NHT3 nano-indenter (Anton Paar Canada Inc., Montreal, ON, Canada) on cross-sectioned samples of the machined workpiece mounted in epoxy resin. Indentations were performed by loading a Berkovich BBF-24 tip until reaching 50 mN where it dwelled for 2 s before unloading. This process was performed five times across the depth of the sample, with 20 \(\upmu\)m of spacing between the centres and 5 \(\upmu\)m spacing between the sample edge and the first indentation. This provided a hardness profile of the workpiece across the depth. The surface texture was analyzed using an Alicona InfiniteFocus digital microscope (Bruker Alicona, Raaba, Austria). Images of the generated surface scanned at varying depths generate the topography of the surface. This was used to accurately measure and model the surface finish and analyze to detect surface defects.