## 7 Applications
in 2017 [29] applied FPSE to the trace-level determination of four selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), namely: fluoranthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene, in environmental water samples using a nonpolar sol-gel C18 coated FPSE media. Extraction efficiency was optimized. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were found to be at pg/mL levels: 0.1-1 pg/mL and 0.3-3 pg/mL, respectively. Average absolute recovery rates were in the range of 88.1-90.5%. The applicability of the developed FPSE-HPLC-FLD protocol was proved by the analysis of eight environmental water samples and proved to be simple, green, fast, and cost effective, with adequate sensitivity, and thus it can be applied for routine monitoring of water quality and safety. [PERSON] et al. in 2017 [30] investigated the synergistic combination of the advanced material properties offered by sol-gel graphene sorbent and the simplicity of the fabric phase sorptive extraction approach in selectively extracting bisphenol A and residual monomers including bisphenol A glycerolatedimetheacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate-derived dental restorative materials from cow and human breast milk samples. After evaluation of the extraction efficiency of different coatings, sol-gel graphene coated media proved to show the best results. The main experimental parameters affecting the analytes' extraction, namely: sorbent chemistry used, sample loading conditions, elution solvent, sorption stirring time, elution time, impact of protein precipitation, amount of sample, and matrix effect, were investigated and optimized. Absolute recovery values from standard solutions were 50% for bisphenolA, 78% for triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 110% for urethane dimethacrylate, and 103% for bisphenol A glyceroldimethacrylate, while respective absolute recovery values from milk were 30%, 52%, 104%, and 42%. The developed method was validated according to European Decision 657/2002/EC. [PERSON] et al. in 2017 [31] proposed a simple, fast, and sensitive analyte extraction method based on fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis for the analysis of 12 volatile and semi-volatile compounds, namely: furfuryl alcohol, butyric acid, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl butyrate, vanillin, ethyl isovalerate, linalool, 1-octen-3-one, eugenol, octanal, ethyl octanoate, and limone, which represent most of the principal chemical families possessing different polarities and volatilities. Five FPSE membranes coated with different sol-gel sorbent chemistries having different polarities and selectivities were evaluated: long chain poly(dimethylsiloxane) (sol-gel PDMS), short chain poly(tetrahydrofuran) (sol-gel PTHF), Carbowax 20M (sol-gel CW20M), short chain poly(dimethyl siloxane) (sol-gel SC PDMS), and polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol-polyethylene glycol triblock copolymer (sol-gel PEG-PPG-PEG). Sol-gel CW20M coated FPSE media showed the best extraction performance. The developed methodology was applied to the analysis of orange juice obtained from fresh oranges and oranges after storing at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C for two months in order to identify the best chemical markers, both volatiles and non-volatiles, attributed to the freshness of the orange. [PERSON] et al. in 2017 [32] developed an FPSE based method for the analysis of seven cytostatic drug compounds that are commonly used in anti-cancer therapies prior to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The extraction protocol was optimized after investigation of the major parameters that affect the extraction efficiency. The detection limit of the method was within the values at which these compounds are usually found in environmental water (0.20 ng L\({}^{-1}\) to 80 ng L\({}^{-1}\)).