## 5 Simulation Approach and Considerations
### Interpretation  
To evaluate the tracking capabilities of the conventional DTC and the suggested GA-DTC, optimized utilizing the ISE, IAE, and ITAE functions, independently, as well as the  
Figure 10: GA-DTC-weighted performances. (**a**) The electromagnetic torque response. (**b**) The fluxes response. (**c**,**d**) The stator and rotor currents. (**e**,**f**) Harmonic spectra of the stator and rotor currents. weighted combination of these three functions as objective functions, speed and torque setpoints were introduced. The weighting factors associated with each of the combined objective functions were as follows: w3 = 04; w2 = 0.2; and w1 = 0.4. Therewas no analytical method to choose the weights of the weighted function; it was based on the principle of chance.Each time we proposed values and ran the simulation, we saved the results and modified the weights again, comparing the results of each weight and taking the weights that had the greatest impact on the results that were estimated as optimal weights; in our study, we proposed the weights mentioned above. The responses in Figure 5 show that the controllers can train the MADA to follow the variability in the reference speed at no load and at load, as the set speed varied respectively in the range of [78.5 rad/s, 157 rad/s] and [\(-\)157 rad/s, \(-\)78.5 rad/s] during the progressive variation. It is quite remarkable that, as shown in Figure 5, the motor speed settled on the reference for the AG-CDC control withISE, IAE, and ITAEused separately and with weighted objective functions, and required less response time than the CDC control, especially the weighted AG-CDC control, with an improvement of 39.8% (40.2 ms for the classical CDC control and 40.2 ms for the weighted AG-CDC control).So, we sawthat the cancellation of the overshoot for the AG-CDC-ISE and weighted control registered a 100% reduction during the whole training phase, as well as a significant reduction of the undershoot by 6.25% (3.2 rad/s in terms of the conventional CDC control and 3 rad/s in terms of the weighted AG-CDC control); on the other hand, the rejection time necessary for the machine speed to reach its reference after the application of a load torque showed an improvement of 14.53% for the weighted control (1.17 ms for the conventional CDC control and 1 ms for the weighted AG-CDC control), which means an absolute adaptation of the speed to each disturbance.On the other hand, the different techniques showed good speed tracking throughout the reference, with a difference in response time and overshoot, finding that the GA-DTC-ISE control and a combined control allowed to have a perfect use of rotational speed, which proved the efficiency of the proposed control, especially with the ISE function and with a combination of objective functions. Table 3 shows the different performance measures of speed, torque, and flux ripples, as well as the THDs of the stator/rotor currents. From Figures 6a-10a can notice that the control proposed with the use of ISE, ITAE, and IAE, separately and combined, allowed to have a very acceptable follow-up profit, especially with a sudden variation of the load, which confirmed the effectiveness of the pro