### UHI Effect in Major Cities of World  
The UHI effect is a widely acknowledged phenomenon documented in major cities across the world. The impact of urban expansion on the climate within the United States from 1901 to 1984, utilizing data from a network of 1219 weather stations, was analyzed, andthe findings indicated that even in smaller U.S. towns, urbanization had led to temperature increases of up to 0.15 \({}^{\circ}\)C [25]. Later, in 1999, an analysis of 1221 weather stations from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network, categorized as urban, suburban, or rural based on data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (OLS), revealed that urban areas exhibited higher temperatures, with an average increase of 0.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C during summer months compared with other regions [26]. The surface temperature data in Tokyo, Japan, when examined using a mobile station, revealed a positive UHI effect in urban centers leading to higher surface temperatures [27]. The mean UHI intensity in London was found to be 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C during the daytime and 2.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C overnight during the summer of 1999 [28].  
The surface temperature record collected from 31 automatic weather stations over the course of one year (2001-2002) in Seoul exposed a more pronounced UHI effect during nighttime compared with daytime, which tended to diminish with increased wind speed and cloud cover [29]. UHI intensity in various Asian cities (Bangkok, Shanghai, Manila, and Tokyo), determined using satellite data spanning from 2001 to 2003, observed a positive correlation between the magnitude of the UHI effect and the population size [30]. In the same year, a maximum UHI intensity of around 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the commercial area in Singapore was recorded. The study focused on the temporal changes in the UHI effect at the canopy level in Singapore and found that the UHI effect tended to be more pronounced during the southwest monsoon season, which falls between May and August [31].  
The temperature records from the London Meteorological Office for 1931 to 1960 revealed that the average annual temperature in central London was 1.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher than temperatures in surrounding areas [32]. The significant influence of topography on the canopy level UHI within Muscat, Oman was investigated [33]. The UHI effect in Florence, Italy revealed an average temperature variation of nearly 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C between the warmest and coolest clusters across all seasons [34].  
Global analysis of the MODIS daytime and nighttime LST product in 428 big cities across the world with a population greater than 1 million in 2007 exhibited a positive surface UHI with diurnal variation [9; 35]. The UHI effect in Padua, Italy, during 2010-2011 was identified using fixed meteorological stations which indicated a 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher average annual temperature in urban stations compared with rural stations [36]. The UHI intensity in eight neighborhoods within Chicago, studied using remote sensing, indicated that variations in land cover played a significant role in nighttime UHIs, while upwind conditions had a notable impact on daytime UHIs [37]. The experimental observations on the size and features of the urban heat island for 101 cities and regions in Asia and Australia revealed a UHI effect ranging from 0.4 \({}^{\circ}\)K to 11.0 \({}^{\circ}\)K which varied by season, with the highest intensity typically occurring during the warmer months, except in cities with a humid climate, where the peak intensity was consistently observed during the dry season [38]. The UHI effect in Moscow, studied at different ground heights and depths, from stationary monitoring, radiosondes, and satellites, revealed a maximum UHI intensity of approximately 1.6-1.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the upper soil layer to a depth of 160 cm, about fifty years ago, while the average UHI intensity, particularly in the field of surface temperature, had increased to 2.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C in recent years [39].