esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Diamond-Based 1D Metal Oxide Heterojunction Classes
### D N-ZnO/P-Diamond Heterojunction
#### 4.1.4. NDR for 1D N-ZnO/P-Degenerated BDD Heterojunction at Elevated Temperatures  
When p-diamond is degraded by heavy boron-doping (higher carrier concentration, 10\({}^{20}\) orders of magnitude), the heterojunction exhibits the NDR phenomenon. The n-ZnO/p-degenerated BDD heterojunction provides a new way to form an NDR tunneling diode. The NDR phenomenon of 1D n-ZnO NRs/p-degenerate BDD was observed by [PERSON] et al. [23],  
Figure 12: (**a**) Sensor response curve of pure ZnO NRs, ZnO NRs/ultra-nanocrystalline diamond, metallic glass/ultra-nanocrystalline diamond/ZnO NRs. (**b**) _I-V_ characteristics and electron field emission properties of ZnO nanotubes incorporating diamond nanowires (NWs) in the dark and under UV illumination, respectively [85; 86].  
Figure 13: SEM morphology of (**a**) the plan view of the BDD film, (**b**) ZnO NWs deposited on the BDD film [30].  
and the forward _I-V_ plots can be divided into three regions. The NDR phenomenon occurs with the peak-valley current ratios (PVCR) of \(\sim\)10 (Figure 16a). The generation of NDR is caused by the tunneling current in the ZnO and p-degenerated BDD structures.  
Figure 14: (**a**) _I-V_ characteristics of the n-ZnO NWs/p-BDD and n-ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunctions, respectively. The top inset shows the schematic diagram of n-ZnO NWs/p-BDD heterojunction; the bottom inset shows ohmic contacts measurements for Ag/ZnO and Ag/BDD [30]. (**b**) _I-V_ characteristics of n-ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunction with UV illumination and dark, respectively [22].  
Figure 15: _I-V_ plots of n-ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunction at the temperatures of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 125 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The inset of the top presents the curve of the ln (_I_)-V. The bottom inset shows the ln (_I_) vs. \(1/kT\) curve [24].  
In our most recent study [31], we reported on n-ZnO NRs/p-degenerated BDD tunnel diode and its NDR characteristics with temperature change as well as carrier tunnel injection behavior. The results show that the prepared heterojunction exhibits NDR performance at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Subsequently, NDR disappears, and rectifying properties become visible at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 16b). The PVCR is reduced at higher temperatures. The tunneling current from diamond valence states to ZnO deep levels leads to the reduction in the turn-on voltage at higher temperatures and promotes the appearance of NDR. The high-temperature NDR phenomenon of 1D n-ZnO NRs/p-degenerated BDD heterojunction may extend the resistance switches and resonant tunneling diode applications to high-temperature and high-power environments.  
Table 1 provides an overview of a portion of recent investigations based on 1D n-ZnO/p-diamond heterojunction for various applications and properties.
## 2 Related Work
### Mobility Applications in Literature  
Many works regarding mobility management and applications have been proposed in literature, so we will briefly describe some of them.  
In [34] the importance of mobility management is considered, by taking into account several monitoring issues (large-scale monitoring, search and rescue tasks, pursuit and escape operations, etc.). The authors propose a novel algorithm to improve the monitoring efficiency of mobile wireless nodes, considering the reduction of the overlapping rate of the involved wireless nodes (avoiding wastage of covered area).  
In [35], another interesting application of mobility management is described: the authors propose a new algorithm able to guarantee a periodical cooperative sweep of mobile sensors, in order to cover all the desired Point of Interests (PoIs) of a given surveillance region. The novelty of the proposed idea consists in the cooperation of sensor nodes, by deploying them on the same trajectory, in order to reduce the sweep time.  
The authors of [36] propose a new optimization algorithm, able to manage nodes mobility with the main aim of reducing the total energy consumption, while maintaining the optimal coverage of the considered area. Their idea is based both on Fuzzy Logic (a Fuzzy Inference System governs sensor movements) and Swarm Intelligence and it is able to achieve the minimum energy consumption while optimizing sensors movements, in order to cover the maximum achievable area.  
In [37; 38] the authors underline the importance of having real mobility traces (naturalistic mobility) instead of synthetic ones, as well as the difficulty to retrieve mobility logs extracted from general scenario, not constrained to specific situations, events and contexts. In order to solve this impractical issue and to have the possibility to collect a huge set of data, useful for research activity, the authors propose to map naturalistic driving information with the Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In this way it is possible to arrange a very deep understanding of human driving behavior, avoiding the drawbacks of the traditional methodologies and measuring a great number of parameters at high temporal frequencies, having the possibility to manage also the relative and absolute errors, which can occur and can be located by the cartographic representation of GIS.
# A Resilient LoRa-Based Solution to Support Pervasive Sensing
## 1 Introduction
In summary, our holistic solution includes the following:  
* Synchronization capability among nodes to ensure self-initialization and self-maintenance, including reliable message delivery within scheduled time windows;
* A multi-hop routing protocol to enable communication of the sensed data and commands beyond the transmission range;
* An adaptive spreading factor mechanism that automatically adjusts the spreading factor used by the nodes to the network conditions to maintain efficient and stable connections. To evaluate the performance of LoRa technology, we conducted outdoor and indoor tests, considering factors such as spreading factor, distance, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), packet delivery ratio (PDR), sending times, and throughput. The results demonstrated that higher spreading factors increased transmission range, leading to longer sending times and reduced throughput. The mesh solution successfully delivered messages between the sender and receiver nodes in various scenarios. However, our solution has limitations. Firstly, using high spreading factors with LoRa is, by design, associated with a lower bandwidth, thus increasing sending times and negatively affecting the network performance. Secondly, our solution lacks connectivity to the Internet, limiting data exchange and the ability to synchronize with accurate time information from the cloud. Thirdly, we did not address security concerns or encryption of data transmitted over the mesh network, leaving it vulnerable to unauthorized access and potential data breaches. Our solution provides a framework for creating a mesh network using LoRa technology. Nevertheless, it is crucial to consider the limitations regarding throughput, internet connectivity, and security when implementing the solution in real-life scenarios. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a background of LoRa. Section 3 reviews previous relevant literature and limitations. Section 4 presents our study and the proposed solution. Section 5 describes the devices used in this project. Afterward, it discusses our findings and results and their implications in different scenarios and contexts. Finally, Section 6 summarizes the main points, offers recommendations based on the study's outcomes, explores the study's potential limitations, and suggests avenues for future research.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Content of TPC Using the Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent Method
#### 3.1.3 Extracts Obtained with Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE)  
Based on the results obtained for individual extracts obtained with accelerated solvent extraction, a chart was prepared showing the content of total polyphenols in these extracts, expressed in mg GAE/1 g of DW (Figure 2).  
In the case of extracts made using the ASE method, the one-way analysis of variance showed that the apple leaf cultivar does not significantly affect the content of total polyphenols, but the influence of the solvent used for extraction is significant. Water-methanol extracts had the significantly highest average content of phenolic compounds (65.6 mg GAE/1 g of DW), and water-ethanol and water extracts did not differ significantly from each other.  
As in the case of extracts obtained with the UAE and SSE methods, also among the extracts prepared with the ASE method, the water and methanol extract from the apple leaves of the Ligol cultivar (76.6 mg GAE/1 g of DW) had the significantly highest content of total polyphenols. Water-methanol extracts from the leaves of the Gala and Gloster cultivars did not differ significantly (61.5 and 58.6 mg GAE/1 g of DW); however, they contained significantly more total polyphenols than all water-ethanol and water extracts. The water extract from the apple leaves of the Gloster cultivar had the lowest content of polyphenols (32.6 mg GAE/1 g of DW); however, it did not differ significantly from other water extracts or from its water-ethanol counterpart but contained significantly fewer phenolic compounds than water and ethanol extracts from the leaves of the Ligol and Gala cultivars (42.2 and 40.3 mg GAE/1 g of DW, respectively). The latter did not differ significantly from each other.
## 3 Fn Application and Involvement in Biomaterials and Medical Device Engineering  
As already established, one of the main challenges in material implantation is appropriate bio-integration that conditions the successful performance of the implant in the human body. Implant-host tissue crosstalk must be improved through interfacial strategies. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the functionalization of surfaces with protein coatings, since the first event to occur right after implantation is the interaction between the implant and circulating blood components, leading to the adsorption of ECM proteins. Consequently, cells do not interact directly with the implant but interact with protein coatings [23] that influence cell behavior (recruitment, adhesion, and differentiation). In this context, proteins from the ECM are of particular interest. As described above, due to its intrinsic biochemical properties and specific biophysical multi-modular structuration, Fn plays a key role in mediating cell behavior, from adhesion, growth, and migration to differentiation.  
Many studies have described strategies based on the selection of a discriminant part of Fn. For instance, studies report the extensive use of functional fragments of Fn, such as specific Fn peptides or moieties containing integrin-binding domains (RGD and PHRRN), to improve implant integration [24; 25; 26]. Despite numerous opportunities, these strategies present drawbacks due to the lack of synergy and cooperation between different modules.  
A full-length Fn protein, instead of small peptides, could provide secondary actions linked to the presence of other binding sites, and it is more biomimetic of the ECM and also fully integrates the dimension of the protein dynamic which is essential for representing the structural molecular rearrangement involved during the remodeling of the cell microenvironment.  
Different strategies can be used to functionalize materials with Fn:  
* Simple molecular two-dimensional (2D) coatings at interfaces via covalent binding or adsorption and the use of aptamers to favor Fn adsorption in monolayers;
* Complex coated interfaces, where Fn is combined with other molecules in order to form bioengineered multilayered interfaces generating thin films and interfaces in 2.5D;
* Fn distribution in a three-dimensional (3D) volume entrapped in hydrogels via physical dispersion and covalent cross-linking.  
These biofunctionalized interfaces recreate, at different levels, various pertinent and representative biomimetic cell microenvironments between the implant and the surrounding tissues.
# Segmented Hybrid Impedance Control for Hyper-Redundant Space Manipulators
## 5 Object Manipulation Control
### Final Control Input  
The final controller in this paper is the base controller. The base attitude is controller can be expressed as follows:  
\[\frac{\text{d}}{\text{dt}}\text{H}=\text{U}-\omega\times\text{H}, \tag{62}\]  
where H is the angular momentum vector, U is the control torque input calculated by the controller and \(\omega\) is the angular velocity vector of the base. The control input U can be expressed as follows:  
\[\text{U}=\text{K}_{\text{P}}\text{e}_{\text{A}}+\text{K}_{\text{d}}\text{e}_{ \text{\AA}}, \tag{63}\]  
where \(\text{e}_{\text{A}}\) and \(\text{e}_{\text{\AA}}\) are the attitude error and rate of change error, respectively. \(\text{K}_{\text{P}}\) and \(\text{K}_{\text{d}}\) are the proportional and derivative gain constants.  
The final controller output designed can be summarized in the following equation:  
\[\begin{array}{c}\tau_{\text{all}}=\text{UM}_{\text{b}}+\text{P}(\text{q})( \text{M}(\text{q})(\text{\ddot{q}}_{\text{H}}(\text{t})+\text{K}_{\text{P}1}( \text{d}_{\text{d}}-\text{q})+\text{K}_{\text{d}1}(\text{\dot{q}}_{\text{H} }-\text{q})))\\ +(\text{I}-\text{P}(\text{q}))(\text{J}^{\text{T}}(\text{q})(\text{F}_{\text{ d}}+\text{K}_{\text{fp}}\text{F}_{\text{e}}+\text{K}_{\text{fi}}\int\text{F}_{\text{e}}( \text{t})\text{dt}-\text{K}_{\text{damp}}\
u))+\tau_{\text{Hybrid}}\\ +\tau_{\text{avoidance}}+\tau_{\text{self-avoidance}},\end{array} \tag{64}\]  
with \(\text{M}_{\text{b}}\) representing the base mass.
# EC-GAN: Emotion-Controllable GAN for Face Image Completion
## 4 Experiments
### Experiments on CelebA-HQ  
#### 4.2.1 Qualitative Comparisons of the Emotion Controllability for Single-Image Completion  
To evaluate the performance of the emotion controllability of our model, we first utilized a \(128\times 120\) center mask to cover the main facial components. In this way, the eyes, nose, mouth, and ears are essentially invisible, so it seems more plausible to obtain diverse results with different expressions. We compared our model with five representative state-of-the-art methods, including PEN-Net (2019) [12], MISF (2022) [31], AOT-GAN (2022) [32], PIC-Net (2019) [13], and VQ-VAE (2021) [33]. Among them, the first three methods produced one single result for one image, and the last two yielded multiple results.  
For CelebA-HQ [11], since there only exists the \"smiling or not\" label among all the attribute labels, we completed images with a label, 1 indicating _smiling_ expression and 0 indicating _neutral_. Figure 4 shows some comparative experiment results of faces with various skin tones, expressions, and facial postures.  
The visual inspection reveals that although PIC-Net [13] and VQ-VAE [33] can provide many results, the expressions are not controllable, so for each image, it takes approximately 2 min to manually select two results with clearly contrasting expressions, which is time consuming and impractical. Moreover, the faces generated by PIC-Net [13] are slightly stiff, whereas VQ-VAE [33] produces faces with distortions in the five facial features. Additionally, VQ-VAE [33] is unstable during testing. In contrast, EC-GAN can produce visually natural and realistic faces with two obviously different emotions. Additionally, our model manages to transform the happy face into a neutral one with lifelike expressions and rich details. Meanwhile, the expressions generated by EC-GAN are more natural than those produced by PIC-Net [13] and VQ-VAE [33].  
The remaining three methods (producing only one result for one image without emotion controllability) behave differently. PEN-Net [12] yields soft results lacking texture details, MISF [31] produces faces with unnatural expressions (especially in the mouth areas), and AOT-GAN [32] generates results with apparent inconsistencies along the boundaries. We also noticed that the completed faces from PEN-Net [12], MISF [31], and AOT-GAN [32] are slightly blurred. This experiment shows that the completion of facial images with large-size missing areas remains challenging.  
Figure 4: Completion results on CelebA-HQ [11] for center mask PEN-Net [12], MISF [31], AOT-GAN [32], PIC-Net [13] (Smiling), PIC-Net [13] (Neutral), VQ-VAE [33] (Smiling), VQ-VAE [33] (Neutral).
# Evaluating Resilience and Thermal Comfort in Mediterranean Dwellings: A Level(s) Framework Approach
## 1 Introduction
### Innovative Aspects of the Study  
The study presents an innovative approach to urban sustainability by prioritizing the rehabilitation of existing housing stock over constructing new buildings. This shift aligns with the principles of the circular economy, promoting resource conservation and reducing waste while improving the resilience and functionality of ageing buildings. Urban regeneration through housing rehabilitation not only has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of construction but also contributes to revitalizing communities and creating more inclusive and accessible spaces.  
The research employs the Level(s) framework, a comprehensive EU sustainability tool, to guide the development of adaptable and energy-efficient housing solutions. By integrating key Level(s) indicators such as adaptability (Indicator 2.3) and thermal comfort (Indicator 4.2), the study presents an innovative methodology for assessing both the environmental and social dimensions of building performance throughout its lifecycle. This integration enables a holistic approach that considers not only energy efficiency but also the capacity of buildings to adapt to changing occupant needs, particularly in the context of an ever-evolving urban environment.  
A key innovation of the study is the thermal comfort assessment for older adults, a demographic increasingly affected by energy poverty and inadequate housing. The study explores how poor thermal conditions negatively impact this group and provides a framework for improving housing solutions to meet their specific needs better. This contributes to the development of age-friendly housing, ensuring energy efficiency and a healthy and comfortable living environment for this vulnerable population.
## 3 Checkpointing Scheme for Clustering Routing Protocols  
In this section, we present the design of a checkpointing scheme for clustering routing protocols in detail. First, the essential concept of the clustering routing protocols and its features is described. Then, the design of our scheme and the model for finding the optimal checkpointing interval are presented.
# Anomalous Humidity Dependence in Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of CO Explained by Kinetic Cooling
###### Abstract  
Water affects the amplitude of photoacoustic signals from many gas phase molecules. In quartz-enhanced photoacoustic (QEPAS) measurements of CO excited at the fundamental vibrational resonance of CO, the photoacoustic signal decreases with increasing humidity, reaches a pronounced minimum at \(\sim\)0.19%v, and increases with humidity for higher water contents. This peculiar trend is explained by competing endothermal and exothermal pathways of the vibrational relaxation of CO in N\({}_{2}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O. Near-resonant vibrational-vibrational transfer from CO to N\({}_{2}\), whose vibrational frequency is 188 cm\({}^{-1}\) higher than in CO, consumes thermal energy, yielding a kinetic cooling effect. In contrast, vibrational relaxation via H\({}_{2}\)O is fast and exothermal, and hence counteracts kinetic cooling, explaining the observed trend. A detailed kinetic model for collisional relaxation of CO in N\({}_{2}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O is presented. Simulations using rate constants obtained from literature were performed and compared to humidity dependent QEPAS experiments at varying pressure. Agreement between the experiments and simulations confirmed the validity of the model. The kinetic model can be used to identify optimized experimental conditions for sensing CO and can be readily adapted to include further collision partners.  
photoacoustic spectroscopy; QEPAS; carbon monoxide; collisional energy transfer; kinetic cooling 2020 10 843 19 January 2020 24 January 2020
## 3 Proposed Model and Methodology
### IoT System Architecture
Moreover, the central servers implement advanced anomaly detection protocols, which analyze network behavior and identify potential security risks. These analyzes can include long-term behavioral studies, which help identify abnormal trends or potential security breaches, even before they become a significant problem. In this way, the central server not only protects data, but also ensures proactive security management, preventing attacks and reducing their impact.
# Force-Based Self-Organizing MANET/FANET with a UAV Swarm
## 3 Modeling MANETs
### Miscellaneous Modeling Choices  
#### 3.4.1 Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT)  
As mentioned in Section 3.1, we assume that all nodes are at all times able to determine their exact position using, e.g., conventional GPS signals. We understand that this is a reasonable assumption for two of target scenarios (namely disaster response, cf. Section 2.3.1 and wilderness exploration, cf. Section 2.3.2) but that this is a questionable assumption for the third scenario (contested or hostile environments, cf. Section 2.3.3).  
The military domain is indeed a major application area for PNT precisely because (a) the importance of knowing one's exact location and (b) the ease with which the standard GPS signals can be denied or spoofed. However, several approaches do not need GPS reception to deliver good or even GPS-like positioning information (for example, research into stand-alone systems such as TOPS or positioning approaches using a mega-constellation such as Starlink [49; 50]). In addition, nodes in the MANET could use the strength of the received signal to infer the distance to the sender and simply base their assessment on this. We argue that the presented approach would work under these settings as well. This assumption (that the location is always known) reduces the complexity of this manuscript without significantly impacting the applicability of the approach in the suggested target application areas.