## 3 Results and Discussion
### Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Both Asphalt Mixtures
#### 3.2.2 LCA Global Results for Asphalt Mixtures
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**AC14-NA**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**AC14-RCA**} \\ \cline{3-8}
**Impact Category** & **Unit** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**A1**} & **A2** & **A3** & **A1** & **A2** & **A3** \\ \hline GWP—total & kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq. & 1.97 \(\times\) 10 & 1.96 & 1.88 \(\times\) 10 & 1.48 \(\times\) 10 & 7.27 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 2.22 \(\times\) 10 \\ GWP—fossil & kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq. & 1.95 \(\times\) 10 & 1.95 & 1.88 \(\times\) 10 & 1.48 \(\times\) 10 & 7.26 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 2.22 \(\times\) 10 \\ GWP—biogenic & kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq. & 1.31 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 1.99 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 8.13 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.46 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 7.05 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 9.57 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) \\ GWP—luuc & kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq. & 1.56 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 7.02 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.08 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 4.17 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.61 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 5.79 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) \\ ODP & kg CFC 11 eq. & 1.71 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) & 4.66 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) & 2.73 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) & 1.87 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) & 1.73 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) & 3.30 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) \\ AP & mol H\({}^{+}\) eq. & 1.50 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 8.15 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.23 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 1.34 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 3.03 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.41 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) \\ EP—freshwater & kg P eq. & 5.50 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.22 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 5.32 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.50 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.52 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & 4.30 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\ EP—marine & kg N eq. & 3.78 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 2.49 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 5.26 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.19 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 9.24 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.27 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) \\ EP—terrestrial & mol N eq. & 4.31 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 2.72 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 5.69 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 4.63 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 1.01 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 6.80 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) \\ POCP & kg NMVOC eq. & 1.10\(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 8.75 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.90 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 1.21 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 3.25 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.62 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) \\ ADP—minerals & kg Sb eq. & 1.03 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 4.48 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) & 4.97 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) & 2.30 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & 1.66 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) & 4.52 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) \\ ADP—fossil & MJ, net & & & & & & \\ fuels & calorific value & 2.46 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & 3.04 \(\times\) 10 & 3.16 \(\times\) 10\({}^{2}\) & 2.40 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & 1.13 \(\times\) 10 & 3.75 \(\times\) 10\({}^{2}\) \\ WDP & m\({}^{3}\) world eq. deprived & 6.79 \(\times\) 10 & 1.05 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 5.05 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 4.47 & 3.89 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 3.02 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 14: Core environmental impacts of the AC14-NA and AC14-RCA mixtures. Figure 9: Core environmental impacts of the AC14-RCA in Stage A per module (A1, A2, and A3). Bitumen's environmental impact is significant, particularly regarding its carbon footprint, as evidenced by the GWP, AP, and POCP categories. These findings highlight substantial greenhouse gas emissions, potential acidification, and ozone formation associated with bitumen production. Furthermore, bitumen notably influences the eutrophication potential in marine (EPm) and terrestrial (EPt) environments, suggesting that its production can contribute to nutrient runoff in marine and land ecosystems. The extraction of NA, a crucial component of asphalt production, reveals complex environmental impacts, contributing to various categories, including GWPb and GWPI, pointing to emissions and land-use changes related to global warming. Moreover, natural aggregate extraction influences EPf, implying potential issues related to nutrient runoff.