esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Practical Resource Management Scheme for Cellular Underlaid D2D Networks
## 4 Proposed Resource Management for Cellular Underlaid D2D Networks
All other D2D receivers except \(\hat{t}\) stop their timers right after receiving the response packet from \(\hat{t}\). The set of D2D transmitters to transmit data simultaneously can be determined by \(\mathcal{T}\triangleq\{\hat{t}\}\cup\left\{\hat{t}\middle|\frac{|g_{\hat{i} \hat{i}}|^{2}}{|g_{\hat{i}\hat{i}}|^{2}}\geq\eta,\ \hat{i}\in\mathcal{E}\setminus\{\hat{t}\}\right\}\), satisfying the interference constraint. The D2D pairs with higher channel gain and lower generating interference to the receiver \(\hat{t}\) are more likely to be selected to transmit data along with the D2D pair \(\hat{t}\). In summary, the proposed scheme is based on a well-known fact that opportunistic resource management schemes can greatly reduce the complexity [21]. Moreover, the proposed scheme selects one user with the highest channel gain out of an eligible set and extra users out of the eligible set satisfying Equation (8) in a decentralized manner to remove most of the complexity and feedback overhead. For a given threshold \(\eta\), the SINR of a D2D pair \(i\) in \(\mathcal{T}\) can be calculated as  
\[\gamma_{i\in\mathcal{T}}^{\text{prop}}(\eta)=\frac{\rho|g_{ii}|^{2}}{\sum_{k \in(\mathcal{T}\setminus\{\hat{t}\})}\rho|g_{ki}|^{2}+\rho|g_{\hat{i}\hat{i}}| ^{2}+1}, \tag{9}\]and then the sum-rate of the proposed scheme can be obtained as \(\sum_{i\in\mathcal{T}}\log_{2}\left(1+\gamma_{i}^{\mathbf{prop}}(\eta)\right).\)  
Finally, note that the optimal scheme should carry out \(2^{N}\) iterations to calculate sum-rates with the entire channel information feedback at each frame and thus we can not afford the complexity as \(N\) increases, while the proposed scheme only requires an \(N\)-bit message that is broadcast by BS to inform an eligible set.
## 2 Theoretical Analysis
### Transfer Matrix of Bridge Responses in a VBI System
In existing studies, particularly those employing machine learning techniques, scholars often endeavor to model the relationship between time-varying external loading and structural responses, typically framing it as a complex nonlinear time-series forecasting challenge. However, as demonstrated in Equations (7) and (8), our approach reframes response reconstruction as a multiple linear regression problem, focusing on simulating the transfer matrix among responses at various cross-sections. A significant advantage of our proposed method is the elimination of the need to acquire data on time-varying external loading conditions, which simplifies the process and enhances its applicability in real-world scenarios. In this study, our focus is specifically on medium-span and short-span linear bridge structures. For long-span bridges or structures that exhibit significant nonlinear characteristics, the transfer matrix may no longer maintain time-invariance, and consequently, the proposed method may not be applicable for response reconstruction in these cases. Moreover, the mode shape function for the whole bridge is not necessary to calculate \(T_{low}\) and \(T_{low,incl}\). These two features are the two advantages of using the transfer matrix for response reconstruction as follows.
# MANET Routing Protocols' Performance Assessment Under Dynamic Network Conditions
## 5 Results and Comparative Analysis
### Comparative Analysis of Routing Protocols with Homogeneous Nodes
These understandings are essential for choosing the best routing protocol depending on particular network needs, guaranteeing dependable and effective network performance. By comprehending the subtle trade-offs between numerous protocol types, network designers can modify their strategy to satisfy the requirements of diverse network scenarios, thus improving overall performance and dependability.
# Portable X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Organic Amendments: A Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Other Measurement Conditions  
Despite the portable nature of pXRF instruments, most previous studies have been dedicated to standardizing the conditions for the comparisons and calibrations they performed, and thus used the instrument under laboratory conditions. The most common is to place the dry and finely ground sample in XRF sample cups (Figure 2a,b), which are covered with a sufficiently thin protective plastic film (Figure 2c). The most used films are 4 \(\upmu\)m prolene [34; 35; 37; 39] and 4 \(\upmu\)m polypropylene [33; 36; 40; 43], although some researchers made the measurements directly in plastic (unspecified) bags [28; 31; 32] (Figure 2d). The thin film between the sample and the X-ray detector can attenuate or scatter fluorescence signals. Thin films attenuate to some extent the low-energy fluorescence signatures from light elements (e.g., Al) but exert negligible attenuation effects on heavier elements. The use of thicker protective barriers such as plastic bags can cause significant effects on measurements for lighter elements. A 50 \(\upmu\)m polypropylene barrier attenuates 94% of the aluminum K\(\upalpha\) signal [56]. The effects of protective films should be determined for each intended application. Measurements can be made by positioning the capsule or plastic bag directly on the nose of the instrument, or in the opening of a radiation protection stand that allows the instrument to be attached (Figure 2e).  
The aforementioned studies on amendments also show wide variations in terms of sample thickness. The sample thicknesses used range from a maximum of 10 cm to 32 mm, 23 mm or greater than 2 cm. In many cases, they do not refer to thickness but to sample weight, from 0.5 g to 10 g, which will reach a different thickness depending on the volume of the sample cup. In their review of factors affecting the environmental assessment of soils with pXRF, [PERSON] et al. [56] indicated that the literature is inconsistent regarding required sample thickness and a consensus has not been reached. The pXRF analysis must be performed on infinitely thick samples or: in other words, with a thickness (and diameter) greater than the specific critical thickness of the analyte. If the samples are not infinitely thick, the detected intensities may decrease because the area from which the signal contribution should occur may be replaced by air. The incident beam can penetrate more into organic matrices, so the critical thicknesses in these cases can be greater. As there is no consensus regarding the critical thicknesses (there are published values from 5 to 25 mm) nor a standard procedure to determine them, it must be ensured that the thickness of the infinitely thick sample is reached in each type of matrix [56].  
Until we have more precise indications of the dimensions of the sample, the maximum possible should be used and it should be verified that an increase or decrease in the thickness used does not produce different results for the analytes of interest.
###### Abstract  
Improving the altimetric precision under the requirement of ensuring the along-track resolution is of great significance to the application of iGNSS-R satellite ocean altimetry. The results obtained by using the empirical integration time need to be improved. Optimizing the integration time can suppress the noise interference from different sources to the greatest extent, thereby improving the altimetric precision. The inverse relationship between along-track resolution and signal integration time leads to the latter not being infinite. To obtain the optimal combination of integral parameters, this study first constructs an analytical model whose precision varies with coherent integration time. Second, the model is verified using airborne experimental data. The result shows that the average deviation between the model and the measured precision is about 0.16 m. The two are consistent. Third, we apply the model to obtain the optimal coherent integration time of the airborne experimental scenario. Compared with the empirical coherent integration parameters, the measured precision is improved by about 0.1 m. Fourth, the verified model is extrapolated to different spaceborne scenarios. Then, the optimal coherent integration time and the improvement of measured precision under various conditions are estimated. It was found that the optimal coherent integration time of the spaceborne scene is shorter than that of the airborne scene. Depending on the orbital altitude and the roughness of the sea surface, its value may also vary. Moreover, the model can significantly improve the precision for low signal-to-noise ratios. The coherent integration time optimization model proposed in this paper can enhance the altimetric precision. It would provide theoretical support for the signal optimization processing and sea surface height retrieval of iGNSS-R altimetry satellites with high precision and high along-track resolution in the future.  
oeherent integration time optimization model; global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R); ocean altimetry precision; waveform correlation; signal optimization processing 2021
## 1 Introduction  
The specification stage is the basis for the efficient development of any product. This stage, if properly managed, avoids future failures in the development process [1]. The first step in designing or manufacturing an electric motor is to specify its requirements explicitly. Large manufacturers usually create guidelines or custom-forms with the specifications customers should take into account. In this way, they can supply a motor fitting their application (either from stock or tailor-made) [2; 3]. In [4], it is stated that a motor technical specification should define performance requirements, identify reliability indicators describing the environment in which it operates, and state maintenance conditions to help the user with its management plan. [5] presents some factors that affect decisions making when purchasing motors: product quality and reliability, price, service quality, brand reputation, energy efficiency, lead times, and policies. The weight of each factor varies according to the perspective of the end-users, for example, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or distributors.  
Literature offers general requirement engineering frameworks [6] as well as specialized in different disciplines [7; 8; 9]. However, there is a lack of specialized frameworks for electric motor development. Usually, literature regarding electric motors starts with well-defined requirements, so the phase of the specification stage is not mentioned.  
Moreover, large electric motor manufacturers have enough economic resources to develop new products and to automate their plants and processes. Manufacturers from emerging countries offer low-cost competitive products. In this context, small-medium size electric motors design/manufacturing companies have survived due to their offer of specialized tailor-made products [10].  
Therefore, to support these companies to cope with the specification stage, this paper aims to contribute to the field of requirement engineering for electric motors by providing a new macro-process framework with a systematic approach derived from the experience of the authors. The framework is made from the designer/manufacturer's perspective and it emphasizes the derivation of requirements from a higher level to lower level requirements.  
The authors have used and proven the approach herein described on several industrial projects. Furthermore, a use case example is presented to demonstrate the use of the framework.  
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 overviews current requirements engineering approaches on electric motors. In Section 3, the framework is presented. Section 4 shows a use case example on deriving electromagnetic requirements for an elevator application. Finally, Section 5 discussed the work.
## 5 Implementation and Experiments
### Assessment through Experiments
#### 5.3.1 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Learning
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Coverage of PL Constructs**} \\ \hline Q1 & Does the entire foundation content represent the essential features and constructs of the target programming language? \\ \hline Q2 & Does the entire example content align with the provided foundational content? \\ \hline Q3 & Does the entire exercise content align with the provided foundational content? \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Personalization of Contents**} \\ \hline Q4 & Is the entire foundational content tailored to your background and proficiency level? \\ \hline Q5 & Is the entire example content tailored to your background and domains of your interest? \\ \hline Q6 & Is the entire exercise content tailored to your background and proficiency level? \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Evaluation of Exercise Submissions**} \\ \hline Q7 & Is the overall assessment of your exercise submissions conducted accurately? \\ \hline Q8 & Is the overall explanatory feedback on assessments both reasonable and comprehensive? \\ \hline Q9 & Is the overall assessment of exercise submissions consistent and equitable for all students? \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Usability of the System**} \\ \hline Q10 & Revised: Does the system offer high usability through its user interface and functionality? \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Assessment questionnaire for evaluating learning effectiveness. The faculty group gave the highest overall rating of 4.67, equivalent to 93.4%, while the student group gave the lowest at 4.4, translating to 88%. * The capability of personalizing learning contents was rated the highest at 4.72, equivalent to 94.4%. This suggests that the system's personalization feature, specifically ChatGPT, is highly effective. * The evaluation quality of coding exercise submissions received the lowest rating of 4.43, which translates to 87%. Nonetheless, as academic authors, we fully understand the challenges associated with grading coding exercises and ensuring consistent evaluation across student submissions. Therefore, this rating of 87% should be regarded as commendably high. * The cumulative average for learning effectiveness across the three groups is 4.55 out of 5.0, or 91%. This overall rating of 91% is much higher than the authors' initial anticipation. This suggests that GPT-based personalized eLearning is viable and holds potential for official implementation in university courses. The experimental results are visualized in a line chart, shown in Figure 18.  
The chart visualizes the difference between the three groups. The faculty group, having professional experience and in-depth knowledge of programming languages, gave the highest overall evaluation. The student group, who began to acquire knowledge of the programming language and coding experience, gave the lowest overall evaluation. The developer group, having rich programming experience, gave a relatively high level of evaluation.
# Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings: Classification, Properties, and Applications
## 3 Characterizations/Properties of DLC Coatings  
### DLC Substrate Compatibility  
The main challenge for substrate compatibility with DLC and DLC coatings is the way of showing good adhesion. Table 1 illustrates the substrates that were used in the PECVD reactor for DLC treatment. In some cases, the DLC cannot adhere directly to the substrate (treated stainless steel). At the same time, the DLC coatings were completed using intermediate layer materials to improve the adhesion properties.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of the Antioxidant Activity
#### 2.7.2 ABTS* Radical Scavenging Assay  
The scavenging activity of lupin protein hydrolyses has been evaluated against 2,2\({}^{\prime}\) -azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical action (ABTS*+) using the methodology of [PERSON] et al. [56]. For the ABTS*+ radical scavenging assay, to produce (ABTS*+) radical cation, a mixture of ABTS stock solution (7 mM) with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate (final concentration) is left at room temperature in the dark for at least 12 h. The ABTS*+ solution was then diluted with 96% ethanol until reaching an absorbance of 0.70 (\(\pm\)0.02) at 734 nm and a temperature of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Then, 10 \(\mu\)L of the hydrolysate was added to 1 mL ABTS solution and the light absorption was measured at 734 nm after 6 min incubation and temperature 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C using SPECTROstar Nano Microplate Reader (BMG LABTECH, Ortenberg, Germany). The control sample was a solution made in the same way as the experimental sample, but with distilled water in its place.  
The radical scavenging activity was calculated as follows:  
\[\text{Radical scavenging activity, \%=(Acontrol-Asample)/Acontrol\times 100} \tag{2}\]The percentage of radical scavenging activity was calculated as a function of the concentration of Trolox standard (TEAC, M TE/100 g protein).
## 5 Computational Analysis
### Computational Model
#### 5.1.2 Turbulence Model  
The velocity field in turbulent flows continuously varies with time and space. Therefore, the transport equations' quantities, such as momentum, energy, and species concentration, also fluctuate. In order to capture all these fluctuations, which can be small or large, it is expensive to capture all these computationally. The alternate way to simulate such a phenomenon is to introduce a modified set of equations. These equations are time-averaged Navier stokes equations which are computationally less expensive to be solved by replacing the instantaneous governing equations to remove the small time scale fluctuations. However, the modifications of the instantaneous governing equations introduce new unknown variables. Therefore, many turbulence models have been developed to determine these new unknown variables (such as Reynolds stresses or higher-order terms in terms of known variables or low-order terms. The k-\(\varepsilon\) model, a two-equation model, is used in all the simulations of gas-solid flows in the gasifier. The k-\(\varepsilon\) model is further categorized into three types as Standard k-\(\varepsilon\) model, the RNG k-\(\varepsilon\) model, and the Realizable k-\(\varepsilon\) model. The standard k-\(\varepsilon\) model is employed for the simulations.
# Force-Based Self-Organizing MANET/FANET with a UAV Swarm
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work
### Conclusions  
We conclude that the force-based approach is suitable to deploy and maintain a MANET comprised of individual nodes making autonomous decisions based on locally available information only, without the need for explicit planning or coordination, which has clear advantages for flexibility and scalability. In the proposed method, the only aspect that is centrally managed regards the decision of dispatching an additional unit to a certain region of the network, based on the stress level reported by the already deployed nodes. The choice of three distinct forces reflects the constraints that apply, namely the necessity to target regions of higher demand (\"pull\" exerted by the clients), to avoid bunching (\"push\" exerted by nodes on each other), and to balance overall reach against the risk of degraded link quality (\"push-pull\" exerted by the parent node on its children). The proposed and used values for the weighting parameter applying to these three forces are based on trial-and-error and are unlikely to be optimal, even though they were shown to perform well in the chosen region of the other parameters' space.  
Our work realizes a MANET through a self-organizing drone swarm. Without a central control element, the swarm (1) dynamically creates a network that connects (potentially mobile) terminals and (2) maintains a topology that ensures all drones are connected to the base station through an unambiguous multi-hop path.
# A Review of Fault Diagnosing Methods in Power Transmission Systems
## 2 Disclose the Valuable Information
### Modal Transformation  
Clarke transformation (CT), a model transformation technique, is used in [40; 41; 42] to decouple and transform three-phase quantities a, b and c to \(\alpha\), \(\beta\) and 0. Then, fault-type by relating the modal components and phase quantities are characterized [42]. Calculations for fault detection and location indices were carried out in [40; 41]. Researchers used CT with little modifications called Clarke-Concordia transformation [43; 44] and Karrenbauer transformation [45], respectively, to expedite the implementation of fault characteristics.
## 3 Results
### Analysis of the Regioslectivity of Methyl Transfer  
The methyl group may be transferred to either end of the alkyne bond. To maintain consistency with the nomenclature common in the field [20; 21], we will refer to the methyl addition to the heteroatom-substituted alkyne carbon as \"the branched reaction\", and refer to the methyl addition to the other end as \"the linear reaction\". Analysis of the potential energy surface reveals that the transition state (TS1) leading to the experimentally-obtained \"linear\" intermediate **Int1** (Figure 5A) is 17.6 kcal-mol\({}^{-1}\) more stable than the transition state (TS1\({}^{\prime}\)) leading to the \"branched\" isomer (**Int1\({}^{\prime}\)**) (Figure 5B). The transition states differ most markedly in the length of the bonds between Cu\({}^{+}\) and the alkyne bond atoms and in the presence or absence of a Mg\({}^{2+}\)-carbonyl bond (which is not compatible with the short distance between the organometallic methyl and the ring-proximal alkyne carbon atom in TS1\({}^{\prime}\)). The reaction products arising from these transition states differ in energy by a non-negligible amount (8.6 kcal-mol\({}^{-1}\)), in spite of having very similar Mg-O and Cu\({}^{+}\)-alkyne distances. This suggested that other factors govern the relative stabilities of the \"linear\" and \"branched\" isomers. Analysis of the energies of the different fragments in these intermediates (the organic moiety, CuI-THF and MgBr-THF) shows that most of the extra stability of the linear isomer is due to the higher stability of the linear organic moiety, rather than (as postulated earlier) on the existence of more favorable interactions between the organic portion and the metals in the linear isomer (Table 1). Those interactions are, however, crucial in the kinetic preference of the \"linear\" pathway over the pathway leading to the \"branched\" product.
# Design of Time-Synchronized Switch Based on Zynq
## 4 Clock Synchronization Module Design
### TX TSU Module  
The TX TSU module collects the TX timestamps of Ethernet frames sent from all available endpoints in the switch. These timestamps are stored inside a FIFO queue and can be retrieved by the software running on the CPU, along with the frame ID (FID) and port ID (PID). The CPU uses this additional information to link the timestamps with the corresponding frames sent through the NIC module and one (or more) endpoints.