# Automated Image-Based User Interface Color Theme Generation
## 4 Model Framework and Architecture
### Selecting Color Candidates
However, these colors may not be in the image, which results in lower compatibility. A slightly lower percentage of affirmative responses was observed when using different options for dark mode and color selection. Although these differences are insignificant according to the Chi-square test of independence (\(\chi^{2}(1)=3.86\); \(p=0.056\), \(\chi^{2}(1)=0.21\); \(p=0.88\)), the binary logistic regression confirmed the negative influence of the dark mode. Figure 10: Percentages of affirmative responses for each question. According to the coefficients obtained from the logistic model, it is 1.5 times more likely that the colors will not be consistent with the image when dark mode is used (\(p\) = 0.045) and up to 3 times more likely (\(p\) < 0.01) when the analogous option is set for color harmony adjustment--compared to the option when color harmony is turned off (\(\chi^{2}(4)\) = 15.91; \(p\) = 0.003, Nagelkerke R\({}^{2}\) = 0.05). ### Color Theme Preference

Question 2 inquired whether participants preferred the color theme. The high percentage of positive responses (72.80%) indicates that users, in general, prefer color themes that are generated by our model (\(\chi^{2}(1)\) = 123.14; \(p\) < 0.01). Among all the settings, the highest percentage of positive responses was recorded for Settings 1 (87.1%), while the lowest was observed for Settings 8 (60.5%). The results of binary logistic regression analysis revealed that two individual settings, i.e., color harmony and dark mode, had a statistically significant impact (\(\chi^{2}(4)\) = 22.18; \(p\) < 0.01, Nagelkerke R\({}^{2}\) = 0.05). When color harmony was disabled, 78.6% of responses were positive. However, only 70.7% were positive with the monochromatic option and 63.5%

Figure 11: Percentages of affirmative responses for different settings. with the analogous option. Observed differences are statistically significant (\(\chi^{2}(2)=11.73\); \(p<0.01\)). The impact of color harmony is further confirmed by the coefficients of the logistic regression, indicating that adjustment for color harmony reduces the likelihood of generating preferred color themes by 1.8 times with the monochromatic option (\(p=0.03\)), and 2.5 times with the analogous option (\(p<0.01\)). As outlined in the previous section, when color harmony adjustment is disabled, all colors are derived from the image (if necessary, the model only adjusts the lightness of the colors to achieve sufficient contrast or differentiation). Therefore, it can be assumed that the preference for the color theme is influenced by how well the color theme matches the image. In order to test this assumption, we conducted a comparison of the responses received for Question 1 and Question 2. We observed that among the participants who agreed that the color theme was compatible with the image, 94.7% also expressed their preference for the color theme. Similarly, among those who assessed that the colors did not match the image, 75.5% also did not like the colors. The correlation between the compatibility with the image and preference for the color theme is statistically significant (\(\chi^{2}(1)=131.85\); \(p<0.01\)) and moderate (\(\varphi=0.47\), [PERSON]'s V = 0.47; \(p<0.01\)). ### Color Harmony

Out of all the participants, 81.08% confirmed that the colors were in harmony (\(\chi^{2}(1)=228.757\); \(p<0.01\)). The best result was achieved with Settings 3, where 98.6% of participants confirmed the harmony of colors, while the lowest percentage of affirmations was observed with Settings 8 (65.5%). Analysis of responses suggests that perceived color harmony is influenced by color harmony and dark mode settings but not color selection mode. The results show that monochromatic color themes received the highest proportion of affirmative responses (88.0%) compared to the other color harmony options. When color harmony was turned off, the proportion slightly decreased to 83.3%. On the other hand, analogous color themes received the lowest proportion of affirmative responses (69.6%).