## 3 Results
### Statistical Analysis
Dual users also reported relatively low conflict levels, with a score of 1.89, while traditional cigarette smokers had the highest level of conflict among the groups, scoring 2.00. These results suggest that families are more accepting of e-cigarette use, potentially due to its perceived reduced risks compared to traditional smoking. Meanwhile, the higher conflict scores among traditional cigarette smokers may stem from the stronger stigma and health concerns associated with conventional smoking. The dimension of family togetherness revealed additional differences. E-cigarette users reported the highest levels of togetherness, averaging 3.26, which underscores a greater engagement with family activities. Traditional cigarette smokers scored slightly lower at 3.12, while dual users reported the least amount of shared time, with an average score of 2.83. The results indicate that social actions need improvement through educational interventions, which tackle how families understand e-cigarettes differently from traditional cigarettes. The perceived lower risk of e-cigarettes explains why families show more acceptance toward their use so educational campaigns should deliver accurate scientific information about both products' actual dangers. The programs should create opportunities for families to discuss nicotine use without confrontation to minimize conflict and reduce stigma. When families focus on mutual health protection goals, they might transform accusatory dialogues into supportive exchanges that lead to better cessation and prevention practices. The Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PSECDI) (Table 2) is a validated tool designed to assess the degree of dependence among users of electronic cigarettes, which ranges from 0 to 20, and was used to evaluate nicotine dependence among e-cigarette users. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Indicator** & \begin{tabular}{c} **E-Cigarette** \\ **Smokers** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Traditional** \\ **Smokers** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Dual** \\ **Users** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{FRAC} & Family Support (mean) & 4.22 & 3.50 & 3.67 \\  & Family Conflict (mean) & 1.81 & 2.00 & 1.89 \\  & Family Togetherness (mean) & 3.26 & 3.12 & 2.83 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{PSECDI} & No Dependence (\%) & 0.00 & 4.76 & 0.00 \\  & Low Dependence (\%) & 21.05 & 33.33 & 16.67 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Moderate Dependence (\%) & 31.58 & 19.05 & 33.33 \\ \cline{1-1}  & High Dependence (\%) & 47.37 & 42.86 & 50.00 \\ \cline{1-1}  & PSECDI Score (mean) & 13.11 & 12.05 & 13.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of family relationship indicators (FRAC) and nicotine dependence (PSECDI) across smoking groups. Dependence levels were categorized as follows: no (0), low (1-4), moderate (5-8) and high (\(\geq\)9) dependence. Its adaptation for the current study allows for comparative analysis of dependence levels across three groups: e-cigarette smokers, traditional cigarette smokers, and both types of cigarettes smokers. PSECDI results are presented both as percentages of respondents falling into each dependence category and as a mean score for each group, reflecting the average level of nicotine dependence. This dual presentation enables both categorical comparison and identification of trends in severity within each smoking group. The levels of dependence, categorized as no dependence, low dependence, moderate dependence, and high dependence, varied significantly between the groups. Among e-cigarette users, 47.37% fell into the high-dependence category, while 31.58% exhibited moderate dependence, and 21.05% reported low dependence. Notably, no respondents in this group reported an absence of dependence. For traditional cigarette smokers, the distribution was more diverse. While 42.86% demonstrated high dependence, 33.33% exhibited low dependence, and 19.05% fell into the moderate dependence category.