## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dynamic Rheological Properties of Tomato Pomace Powder Suspension
#### 3.3.1 Effect of Concentration and Temperature on Dynamic Rheological Properties
At a low temperature of breaking (65 \({}^{\circ}\)C), the consistency indices and flow behavior indices increased by increasing the TP concentration from 15 to 25%, indicating a strongly aggregated gel of the suspension [44]. The changes in structure induced by processing can also be monitored by the study of complex viscosity (\(\eta^{\star}\)) of TP suspension. The relationships between \(\eta^{\star}\) and frequency of samples investigated are plotted in Figure 2. It is evident that the \(\eta^{\star}\) of all the tested samples decreased with the increasing frequency with complex viscosity direct dependency of the TP concentration. Suspension with TP at a level of 25% had the highest consistency. The highest value for \(\eta^{*}\) was observed for the HT3 sample which could be explained by its high soluble solids content. A similar finding was reported by [PERSON] et al. [45] who affirmed that the content of soluble substances is an important factor that affects the rheological properties of juice, including viscosity. The increase in \(\eta^{*}\) with temperature increase can result from mainly molecular movements and interfacial film formation [46]. The presence of rigid particles in the suspension led to the increase in inner deformation during oscillatory experiments [47]. The complex viscosity \(\eta^{*}\) increased with both TP concentration and heating temperature. This behavior could be due to the presence of simple sugars and disaccharides, which at a higher concentration have much higher viscosity value. The main substances responsible for creating the viscosity are pectins that mainly contain esterified 1,4-link \(\alpha\)-D-galactosyluronic residues [48]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(G^{{}^{\prime}}(\omega)\)=\(K^{{}^{\prime}}\cdot\omega^{n^{\prime}}\)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(G^{{}^{\prime\prime}}(\omega)\)=\(K^{{}^{\prime}}\cdot\omega^{n^{\prime}}\)} & \\ \cline{2-7}  & \(K^{\prime}\) (Pa s\({}^{\pi^{\prime}}\)) & \(n^{\prime}\) & \(R^{2}\) & \(K^{\prime\prime}\) (Pa s\({}^{\pi^{\prime\prime}}\)) & \(n^{\prime\prime}\) & \(R^{2}\) \\ \hline MT1 & 251.031 \(\pm\) 1.057 \({}^{\rm a}\) & 0.073 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 0.987 & 32.711 \(\pm\) 0.274 \({}^{\rm a}\) & 0.218 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 0.906 \\ MT2 & 1258.864 \(\pm\) 6.288 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 0.083 \(\pm\) 0.003 \({}^{\rm cd}\) & 0.990 & 165.410 \(\pm\) 0.601 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 0.244 \(\pm\) 0.004 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 0.925 \\ MT3 & 8678.545 \(\pm\) 29.673 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 0.044 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 0.978 & 611.086 \(\pm\) 5.035 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 0.192 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 0.865 \\ CT1 & 562.535 \(\pm\) 2.951 \({}^{\rm d}\) & 0.083 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm c}\) & 0.991 & 27.712 \(\pm\) 0.603 \({}^{\rm d}\) & 0.228 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm d}\) & 0.922 \\ CT2 & 1507.565 \(\pm\) 8.846 \({}^{\rm e}\) & 0.095 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm e}\) & 0.993 & 217.505 \(\pm\) 1.119 \({}^{\rm e}\) & 0.257 \(\pm\) 0.003 \({}^{\rm e}\) & 0.945 \\ CT3 & 6984.136 \(\pm\) 24.118 \({}^{\rm f}\) & 0.110 \(\pm\) 0.004 \({}^{\rm de}\) & 0.992 & 1163.265 \(\pm\) 6.306 \({}^{\rm f}\) & 0.272 \(\pm\) 0.003 \({}^{\rm d}\) & 0.965 \\ HT1 & 870.74 \(\pm\) 3.821 \({}^{\rm h}\) & 0.081 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm a}\) & 0.996 & 109.245 \(\pm\) 0.876 \({}^{\rm g}\) & 0.223 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm a}\) & 0.916 \\ HT2 & 2240.471 \(\pm\) 11.857 \({}^{\rm g}\) & 0.089 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm f}\) & 0.993 & 311.078 \(\pm\) 1.516 \({}^{\rm h}\) & 0.245\(\pm\) 0.004 \({}^{\rm f}\) & 0.928 \\ HT3 & 11,619.090 \(\pm\) 49.471 \({}^{\rm i}\) & 0.068 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 0.988 & 1278.633 \(\pm\) 5.788 \({}^{\rm i}\) & 0.216 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 0.864 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Power law models parameters for the suspension formulated with 15, 20 and 25% TP at 20 \({}^{\rm o}\)C (MT1, MT2, MT3) and treated at 60 \({}^{\rm o}\)C (CT1, CT2, CT3) and 95 \({}^{\rm o}\)C (HT1, HT2, HT3) breaking temperature.