## 3 Selected Case Study Buildings
### Case Study A  
Case A is a healthcare building that was constructed in 2001, housing the hospital's emergency room, offices, on-call rooms, storage, etc. The building is located in the Capital region of Denmark. Certain information was unavailable and has therefore been assumed based on the technical manager's feedback and responses. This includes some information about the domestic hot water units as well as certain elements of the heating and ventilation system. The heating demand is covered by district heating, and the supply is controlled on an individual room level, with a thermostatic valve. The supply temperature is based on automatic central control, which depends on the filtered outside temperature. The pumps running the system have multi-stage control. The operation of heating system is based on a fixed time schedule. There is no reported thermal energy storage (TES) in this building. For reporting of heating system performance, a central reporting of current performance is in use where less than 50% of the relevant heating loads are metered. For domestic hot water, there is automatic on/off control of the charging of the storage, as well as automatic control of the temperature. The pump providing the flow employs a demand-driven control. This means that temperature and flow sensors are implemented, allowing variable pumping rates based on the demand. There is no reporting on domestic hot water usage. The cooling provided in the building has similar controls as the heating, the only difference being that it has an automatic central control, instead of individual room control. The associated pumps have multi-stage control, the distribution is time scheduled, while the reporting is only central, and there is less than 50% of the cooling loads being metered. For the ventilation system, there is a central level control which is based on information from air quality sensors such as CO\({}_{2}\) and humidity. The supply airflow rate depends on occupancy, meaning that the rate increases when occupancy is detected. The airflow control is automatic and based on air pressure, and there is overheating control, making sure the supply air is not overheated. There is no icing heat recovery control, meaning that if there is high humidity and low outside temperature, the exhaust air is not protected against freezing. The setpoint is constant and can only be changed manually. There is no control of the use of outside air to cool down the internal fabric or inside air. Reporting of the indoor air quality is in real-time using CO\({}_{2}\) sensors, and the performance of the ventilation system have central reporting of current performance. The lighting system uses predominantly manual on/off switches, and there are no adjustments of intensity based on the daylight levels. In terms of the dynamic envelope, the blinds control is manual, the windows are manually opened, and no windows have the possibility to change transparency as smart windows. This also means that there is no control of the building's dynamic envelope performance at any level. There is some locally produced electricity on the premise with installed PVs, though due to the legislative constraints, this electricity produced is not allowed to be stored, and the consumption is not optimized since it is a public healthcare building. If there is the availability of electricity production, it will be used onsite. In case of excess production, it will be fed to the grid, with no payment for the hospital. The current generation of locally generated electricity is reported, together with historical data, and the electricity consumption of the building is given as real-time feedback. Less than 50% of relevant electricity loads are metered. It is possible to charge EVs on the premise but with no reporting for the occupants. For the overall monitoring and control in the building, some general areas are covered. For example, it is not possible to heat and cool at the same time.