## 3 Results
### Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation of hDPSCs
#### 3.2.1 PCR Arrays for Odonto/Osteogenic Signaling Pathway
Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) was significantly downregulated among all treated groups (\(p<0.05\)), whereas the matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) gene was upregulated among all treated groups; the significant difference was observed in both control groups (\(p<0.05\)), while BD upregulated the expression without any statistical difference. For collagen synthesis and formation, COL10A was significantly downregulated, except for the BD-treated group, as the downregulation was insignificant (fold change less than two), compared to the other treated groups. COL2A, COL14A1 and COL15A 1 were \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Up\(-\)Down Regulation (Comparing to Control Group)**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Symbol** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**BD**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Positive Control**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Negative Control**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Fold Regulation** & \(p\) **Value** & **Fold Regulation** & \(p\) **Value** & **Fold Regulation** & \(p\) **Value** \\ \hline BGLAP & \(-1.30\) & \(0.356363\) & \(-2.17\) & \(0.000020\) & \(-1.88\) & \(0.023708\) \\ \hline BMP2 & \(6.94\) & \(0.063191\) & \(6.76\) & \(0.000001\) & \(5.24\) & \(0.000075\) \\ \hline BMP3 & \(4.70\) & \(0.060118\) & \(5.60\) & \(0.000256\) & \(3.82\) & \(0.020257\) \\ \hline BMP4 & \(-10.33\) & \(0.000000\) & \(-2.68\) & \(0.511734\) & \(-3.95\) & \(0.000000\) \\ \hline BMP5 & \(5.12\) & \(0.046668\) & \(6.11\) & \(0.000051\) & \(4.16\) & \(0.009006\) \\ \hline BMP6 & \(-2.04\) & \(0.093800\) & \(1.17\) & \(0.440566\) & \(-1.31\) & \(0.388649\) \\ \hline BMP7 & \(6.64\) & \(0.028578\) & \(7.91\) & \(0.000001\) & \(5.39\) & \(0.001793\) \\ \hline BMPR1A & \(-2.79\) & \(0.071691\) & \(-1.15\) & \(0.938805\) & \(-1.03\) & \(0.897948\) \\ \hline BMPR1B & \(-2.44\) & \(0.020348\) & \(-1.31\) & \(0.563774\) & \(1.11\) & \(0.496108\) \\ \hline BMPR2 & \(-4.41\) & \(0.008592\) & \(-1.30\) & \(0.483172\) & \(-1.32\) & \(0.542680\) \\ \hline CDH11 & \(-6.00\) & \(0.000008\) & \(1.11\) & \(0.450717\) & \(-2.85\) & \(0.005088\) \\ \hline DLX5 & \(8.12\) & \(0.024341\) & \(9.67\) & \(0.000000\) & \(6.59\) & \(0.001195\) \\ \hline GDF10 & \(5.57\) & \(0.037773\) & \(6.64\) & \(0.000010\) & \(4.52\) & \(0.004392\) \\ \hline GLII & \(8.12\) & \(0.024341\) & \(9.67\) & \(0.000000\) & \(6.59\) & \(0.001195\) \\ \hline ICAM1 & \(1.42\) & \(0.112959\) & \(2.50\) & \(0.024031\) & \(3.22\) & \(0.102427\) \\ \hline IGF1 & \(3.07\) & \(0.073945\) & \(8.28\) & \(0.040665\) & \(2.72\) & \(0.010881\) \\ \hline IGF1R & \(-2.93\) & \(0.000207\) & \(-1.20\) & \(0.953262\) & \(1.07\) & \(0.263772\) \\ \hline IGF2 & \(1.40\) & \(0.278557\) & \(3.64\) & \(0.117069\) & \(4.22\) & \(0.006362\) \\ \hline IHH & \(8.12\) & \(0.024341\) & \(9.67\) & \(0.000000\) & \(6.59\) & \(0.001195\) \\ \hline MMP2 & \(-2.99\) & \(0.000058\) & \(-2.43\) & \(0.010297\) & \(-2.95\) & \(0.000422\) \\ \hline MMP9 & \(4.77\) & \(0.059368\) & \(5.68\) & \(0.000245\) & \(3.88\) & \(0.019653\) \\ \hline NOG & \(1.17\) & \(0.488601\) & \(2.41\) & \(0.102990\) & \(1.22\) & \(0.402647\) \\ \hline SMAD1 & \(-2.30\) & \(0.0000404\) & \(-1.01\) & \(0.988875\) & \(1.03\) & \(0.715177\) \\ \hline SP7 & \(6.55\) & \(0.047188\) & \(7.43\) & \(0.000002\) & \(8.67\) & \(0.447590\) \\ \hline SPP1 & \(5.48\) & \(0.039164\) & \(6.53\) & \(0.000014\) & \(4.45\) & \(0.004967\) \\ \hline TGFB2 & \(-4.13\) & \(0.069790\) & \(1.22\) & \(0.363399\) & \(1.51\) & \(0.260642\) \\ \hline TNF & \(6.73\) & \(0.028147\) & \(8.02\) & \(0.000001\) & \(5.47\) & \(0.001717\) \\ \hline TNFSF11 & \(3.37\) & \(0.133685\) & \(3.36\) & \(0.000807\) & \(2.29\) & \(0.059883\) \\ \hline TWIST1 & \(-2.09\) & \(0.000312\) & \(-1.52\) & \(0.074148\) & \(1.49\) & \(0.013689\) \\ \hline FGFR2 & \(-2.27\) & \(0.016590\) & \(1.23\) & \(0.401179\) & \(-2.80\) & \(0.000057\) \\ \hline AHSG & \(8.12\) & \(0.024341\) & \(9.67\) & \(0.000000\) & \(6.59\) & \(0.001195\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}