# Electric Vehicles: Benefits, Challenges, and Potential Solutions for Widespread Adaptation
## 5 Discussion  
The analytical arrangements of the key studies are offered in this section to address all the research questions specified in Table 1.  
RQ1: What are the main challenges and facilitators of electric vehicle implementation in smart cities, and what collaborative efforts are necessary for successful integration? The main challenges faced in adopting electric vehicles in smart cities include range anxiety, high cost, lack of charging infrastructure, battery life and performance, and overall public acceptance and awareness of the benefits of EVs [85]. Additionally, integrating EVs into existing transportation systems and policies, such as public transit and urban planning, can pose challenges, as described in Section 3. Section 4.3 greatly describes the answer to this question. Firstly, with better battery technology, electric vehicles can have longer driving ranges, alleviating the range anxiety issue for drivers. In this regard, Figure 6 shows the battery capacity development from 1980-2025, how battery technology evolved, and how it still needs improvement. Secondly, more efficient, cost-effective batteries can lead to lower vehicle costs, making electric vehicles more accessible to a wider range of consumers. Section 4.3.1 describes the latest technology in batteries in this regard. Additionally, Table 2 shows the battery types and their characteristics. We can see that better battery technology can also enable faster charging times and more extended battery lifetimes, improving electric vehicles' overall convenience and usability. However, focus should be on using renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, so that batteries can be charged without relying on traditional fossil fuels, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability. Section 4.4 explains how to improve the EV charging infrastructure that facilitates the implementation of electric vehicles. The authors extracted the data from recent research papers and divided the proposed strategies into flow and network stability models. To answer the question, the authors briefly summarized that the development of charging infrastructure and transportation could facilitate the implementation of electric vehicles in smart cities by addressing the challenges of range anxiety and a lack of charging stations. It involves deploying a charging station network in strategic locations such as parking lots, public spaces, and highways. The charging infrastructure should be convenient, reliable, and accessible to users. Promoting public transportation can encourage the use of electric buses and trains, reducing the number of personal vehicles on the road and reducing carbon emissions. Additionally, battery swapping stations might be utilized in place of battery charging stations to lessen range anxiety. In this regard, Figure 7 demonstrates the working mechanism of battery switching stations. RQ2: How have electric vehicles contributed to reducing carbon emissions, and what is their global market share trend over time? Section 2.3 thoroughly overviewed the electric vehicles, their classification, and their benefits to answer this question. Figure 2 shows the global electric car stock country-wise, including battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The global market share of electric vehicles has been steadily increasing over the past decade, and it is expected to continue to grow in the future. As of 2023, sales of electric vehicles (EVs) surged by 60%, and 1 in 7 automobiles produced worldwide are now EVs, according to reports [85]. This growth has reduced carbon emissions by replacing traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles, which are major contributors to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. As electric vehicles become more prevalent and the electricity grid becomes cleaner, the potential for even greater carbon emissions reductions will continue to increase. Figure 1 shows the energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in the US, China, and Europe from 1983 to 2023.