esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Systematic Review of Discrete Event Simulation in Healthcare and Statistics Distributions
## 4 Discussion
### Improvements  
Our analysis of DES implementations in healthcare settings reveals significant patterns in achieved improvements, building upon previous research that identifies efficiency enhancement, quality improvement, and cost reduction as fundamental healthcare objectives [PERSON] et al. (2016). The findings demonstrate how simulation projects offer multiple benefits, including reduced experimentation costs, shorter project times, and enhanced outcomes [PERSON] et al. (2016).  
A key methodological aspect of these improvements lies in the simulation's scalability to create events and times for medical departments across various scenario lengths. The robustness of results is ensured through multiple model replications using real patient data in each iteration, a practice that aligns with established simulation methodologies in healthcare research.  
As illustrated in Figure 5, our analysis revealed several significant improvements across the analyzed case studies:  
* Waiting time (WT) reduction in 111 publications (31.8%).
* Service cost reduction in 84 studies (24%).
* Service capacity increase in 63 cases (18%).  
Notably, only 16 publications (4.6%) reported no quantitative improvements, while the majority achieved at least one measurable enhancement. A particularly significant finding is that 83 case studies (23.7% of the total) achieved multiple improvements simultaneously,  
Figure 5: Results of the simulation.  
suggesting the potential for DES to address multiple healthcare challenges concurrently. This aligns with previous research [45] demonstrating that DES enables process improvement without directly impacting patient care during the simulation process.  
The fact that the sum of improvements in Figure 5 exceeds the 349 case studies analyzed indicates a trend toward comprehensive optimization, where single DES implementations often yield multiple benefits. This finding has important implications for healthcare institutions considering DES implementation, suggesting the following:  
* DES can simultaneously address multiple operational challenges.
* Investment in DES might yield broader benefits than initially targeted.
* Healthcare institutions should consider multiple improvement metrics when evaluating DES success.
* These results point to several promising directions for future research:
* Investigation of factors contributing to multiple simultaneous improvements.
* Development of frameworks for maximizing multiple benefits from single DES implementations.
* Exploration of potential synergies between different types of improvements.
* Analysis of long-term sustainability of achieved improvements.
## 4 Conclusions  
This study aimed to investigate the influence of storage conditions on the quality parameters (TSS, color, and firmness) of hydroponically grown tomato fruits (varieties Ghandowra-F1, Forester-F1, and Feisty-Red) subjected to varying salinity levels (2.5, 6.0, and 9.5 dS m\({}^{-1}\)) in the nutrient solution. Postharvest, tomatoes were stored under controlled conditions: refrigerated at 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C (75 \(\pm\) 5% RH) for periods of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 days, while room temperature storage (22 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 40 \(\pm\) 5% RH) was limited to 12 days due to observed spoilage. Key findings indicate that salinity levels significantly influenced the quality attributes of the tomatoes, with the highest TSS and firmness values observed at 9.5 dS m\({}^{-1}\) and optimal color retention at 6.0 dS m\({}^{-1}\). Furthermore, storage conditions exhibited significant impacts (\(p<0.0001\)) on TSS, color, and firmness, with lower temperatures (12 \({}^{\circ}\)C) preserving higher TSS and firmness compared to higher temperatures (22 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Varietal differences were also evident, with Ghandowra-F1 demonstrating the highest TSS and firmness values, and Forester-F1 exhibiting the highest color intensity.  
Conceptualization, K.A.-G., A.M.Z. and E.T.; Data curation, A.M.Z., E.T. and K.A.M.A.; Formal analysis, A.M.Z., E.T., K.A.M.A. and A.M.A.; Investigation, K.A.A.-G., R.M. and M.K.E.; Methodology, A.M.Z., E.T., K.A.M.A. and M.K.E.; Resources, A.M.Z. and E.T.; Supervision, K.A.A.-G., E.T., A.M.A. and R.M.; Writing-original draft, A.M.Z.; Writing-review and editing, K.A.A.-G. and E.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, for funding this study through the Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Gold Nanoparticles and Nanorods in Nuclear Medicine: A Mini Review
## 4 Gold Nanoparticle and Nanorods: Clinical Aspects
### Radionuclide \({}^{99m}\)Tc  
Pure \(\gamma\) emitter. Technetium-99m-labeled AuNPs conjugated to the hydrazinonicotinamide-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 (HYNIC-GGC) peptide and to a thiol-triazole-mannose (\({}^{99m}\)Tc-AuNP-mannose) showed high specific activity and satisfactory pharmacokinetics for targeted imaging: \({}^{99m}\)Tc-AuNP-mannose, showing a radiochemical purity of \(\geq\)95%, was demonstrated as stable in human serum and in the popliteal lymph node of rats within 24 h from the injection (see Figure 9). Therefore, \({}^{99m}\)Tc-AuNP-mannose should be considered a valid candidate for the detection of the sentinel lymph nodes [87].  
Figure 9: Image obtained from a microSPECT/CT acquisition 2 h after \({}^{99m}\)Tc–AuNP–mannose injection with the sentinel lymph node identification. Reproduced from [87] with permission from the journal _Nuclear Medicine and Biology_.  
A recent study aimed to evaluate the synthesis, characterization, and use of \({}^{99\text{m}}\)Tc-labeled dendrimer-entrapped AuNPs (\({}^{99\text{m}}\)Tc-Au DENPs) for targeted SPECT/CT imaging of chemotherapy-induced tumor apoptosis [128]. Indeed, \({}^{99\text{m}}\)Tc-Au DENPs allowed the targeted imaging of apoptotic cancer cells in vitro and of tumor apoptosis after doxorubicin treatment in nude mice bearing C6 glioma cells and xenografted tumors.
# Opportunistic Multipath Routing in Long-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks
## 1 Introduction
In these schemes, a source node selects an arbitrary node in every packet transmission to the destination according to the appraisals of each path, from the source node to the destination in the learning phase. Through the appraisal, the source node finds the best path with the highest packet delivery ratio to transmit the packet. Although this scheme could transmit the packet through the best path found in the learning phase, it does not prevent the degradation of the packet delivery ratio in a long-hop sensor network because it exploits only one path. To address these problems, we propose an opportunistic multipath routing to improve the packet delivery ratio with low energy consumption in long-hop WSNs. In the proposed scheme, an intermediate node forecasts a required number of paths based on improved link reliability by the opportunistic routing. As an improvement to the link reliability leads to a packet delivery ratio, the proposed scheme could satisfy the required packet delivery ratio with a fewer number of paths compared with the existing multipath routing. To construct the multipath, the proposed scheme grants the transmission opportunity to the neighbor nodes of the intermediate node and the nodes with the required number of paths are selected. As the bifurcation process is performed locally, it could flexibly cope with the path failure problem of existing multipath routing protocols caused by exploiting the fixed paths to the destination. Through simulation, the proposed scheme improves the packet delivery ratio by at least 25% and up to 70%. In addition, the energy consumption is reduced by at least 33% and up to 65% compared with existing routing protocols under the 80% link success ratio in the long-hop sensor network. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the existing research on improvements of the packet delivery ratio. In Section 3, we explain the proposed multipath routing using opportunistic routing for energy efficiency and reliability in long-hop WSNs. The performance evaluation results are provided in Section 4. Finally, the proposed scheme is summarized and simulation results are presented.
## 3 Predicted Results and Experimental Validation  
In this section, the input parameters of the 3-DOF stability model, i.e., the CWE, the layered cutting force coefficients, and the modal parameters, are initially determined. Subsequently, these parameters are utilized to plot the SLD for the 3-DOF milling system using the SDM. In the end, a series of chatter verification tests are conducted to validate the predictions.  
It should be pointed out that the tool wear effect is not considered in this article. In other words, the wear state of the cutter is assumed to be constant over a short machining time. This does not mean that tool wear can be ignored during machining. In the actual milling experiments, a new bull-nose end mill is used. Furthermore, the layered cutting force coefficients are also detected with this cutter.  
The basic information about the cutter and the workpiece involved in the verification experiments is described here. A TiAlN-coated solid carbide bull-nose end mill is employed as the cutter, whose detailed specifications are presented in Table 1. A thin-walled cylindrical part made of stainless steel is employed as the workpiece, whose geometric and physical parameters are presented in Table 2.
# Study of the Phenolic Compound Profile of _Arbutus unedo_ L.
###### Abstract  
_Arbutus unedo_ L. berries have traditionally been used as edible and medicinal fruits in folk medicine for the treatment of some pathologies. Besides their good nutritional properties, these berries are rich in bioactive compounds. Accordingly, a HPLC-triple quadrupole (TQ)-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the first time to characterize the changes produced in the phenolic composition profile of _A. unedo_ L. fruits through three ripening stages. Several hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids were detected, gallic acid being the highest phenolic acid quantified. Quercetin, quercetin-3-\(\beta\)-glucosidase, rutin, and kaempfer were found in similar amounts at the different maturity stages. High amounts of (+)-catechin, procyanidin B2, epigallocatechin, and (\(-\))-epigallocatechin gallate were observed in the unripe fruits. Naringin and vitexin were also quantified. Stilbenes, such as _trans_-resveratrol and _trans_-picied, were identified for the first time in these fruits. Total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanin compounds, and radical scavenging activity were also determined in the fruits harvested at different years in several locations of the Iberian Peninsula at different ripening stages. The results confirmed that these fruits are an excellent source of these bioactive compounds (mainly flavanols) with high antioxidant activity, which could be used as a new source for preparation of nutraceuticalI or functional foods.  
Keywords:strawberry tree fruit; phenolic compounds; ripening stages; HPLC-TQ-MS/MS analysis; antioxidant activity; total anthocyanin
# Deep Learning Architectures for Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation Metric  
The metric used in this work is the Sorensen-Dice coefficient, commonly known as DICE. It is, in conjunction with the Intersection over Union (IoU), a highly used metric in semantic segmentation problems, preferred when robustness at evaluation time is desired. The main advantage of such metrics, compared to simpler ones such as accuracy, is that they are more robust to class imbalances, which are frequently present in the segmentation context. DICE is calculated as the intersection between the ground truth label and the prediction over the sum of both areas, which is expressed as  
\[DICE=\frac{2|X\cap Y|}{|X|+|Y|}=\frac{2 TP}{2 TP+FP+FN} \tag{1}\]  
where \(X\) and \(Y\) are the real and predicted labels. In our problem, both are binary masks with values 0 for the retinal background and 1 for the blood vessels. It should be noted that DICE values can range from 0, when there is no overlap between the real and predicted labels, to 1, when there is a perfect prediction of the label.  
It is worth mentioning that the metric can also be computed by using True Positive (\(TP\)), False Positive (\(FP\)) and False Negative (\(FN\)) values of the confusion matrix between the two classes represented by 0 and 1 mask pixels. In this binary scenario, the DICE coefficient is equivalent to the \(F_{1}\) classification score, so the problem can be interpreted as a semantic segmentation problem evaluated with the DICE metric or even as a pixel-wise classification task evaluated with the \(F_{1}\) score.
## 2 Nonlinear Simulation Analysis of a Single-Keyed Dry Joint
### Nonlinear Behavior under Direct Shear  
Apparently, the nonlinear behavior development of the single-keyed dry joint showed in Figure 6 could be divided into three stages. The first stage is indicated as OA. At this stage, the load is linear to the displacement, but small local stress concentration appeared on the underside of the key root. In this small area, the concrete has shown tensile damage, which corresponded to the initial cracks occurred in the tests. See Figure 7a.  
With the increase of displacement, the load-displacement curve showed a bit nonlinear at the second stage, AB. The ultimate shear bearing capacity of the single-keyed dry joint was reached at B point. Meanwhile, the concrete tensile damage area on the underside of the key continues to expand upward until it penetrated the entire key root. The same is true for the development of concrete cracks in the test specimens. See Figure 7b.  
At the stage BC, the bearing capacity of the single-keyed dry joint decreased quickly with the increase of displacement, while the concrete tensile damaged area expanded more seriously. Finally, there were two strips of concrete tensile damage area that started from the key root. One is developed diagonally upwards 45\({}^{\circ}\), and the other is developed upward vertically along the key root section. Experimental results [31] showed that the cracks in the concrete of test specimens also increased and developed in this way. See Figure 7c.  
Both FE simulation results and experimental results demonstrated concrete tensile strength at the key root is critical to the ultimate bearing capacity of the single-keyed dry joint under the direct shear loading.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Test Specimen** & **FE Results (kN)** & **Test Results (kN)** \\ \hline F1.0-d35-A0.714-B100-H100 & 82.27 & 89.70 \\ F2.0-d35-A0.714-B100-H100 & 105.86 & 113.87 \\ F1.0-d25-A1-B100-H100 & 74.86 & 80.79 \\ F1.0-d50-A0.5-B100-H100 & 88.90 & 94.47 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: The symbol meanings of the test specimen name are as follows: F, lateral pre-compressive stress, in MPa; \(d\), depth of the key, in mm; A, inclination tangent value of the key pressure surface; B, key width, in mm; H, key height, in mm.  
\end{table}
Table 1: The ultimate shear capacity comparison between finite element (FE) and test results.  
Figure 6: Load-displacement curve of F1.0-\(d35\)-A25/35-B100 specimen.
## 2 Drilling Data Collection
### Signal Acquisition Method While Drilling
#### 2.2.2 Signal Acquisition Process  
When drilling on the roadway, the LWD tester is connected to the roof bolter for signal acquisition. The torque sensor and cable-type distance sensor are connected to the host using dedicated cables, and the real-time monitoring interface is accessed upon startup.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Technical Parameter** & **Range** & **Unit** \\ \hline Working air pressure & 0.4–0.63 & MPa \\ Rated air pressure & 0.5 & MPa \\ Rated speed & 440 & r/min \\ Rated torque & 35 & N\(\cdot\)m \\ Stall torque & 55 & N\(\cdot\)m \\ Gas consumption & 4 & M\({}^{3}\)/min \\ Flushing water pressure & 0.6–1.2 & MPa \\ Overall weight & 13.5 & kg \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Drilling rig parameters.  
Figure 1: Research ideas.  
The device will initiate real-time monitoring immediately after startup. At this point, the current inclination angle, speed, and depth will fluctuate based on the data collected by the corresponding sensors. The pressure, torque, and vibration windows will display real-time waveforms. When reviewing data, different files can be selected from the data list window. Data communication is established by connecting the device to a computer using the USB cable provided with the device. The data stored on the device can be copied to the computer and exported to the upper computer analysis software for further viewing and processing.  
According to the drilling data obtained, the mine borehole imager is utilized to drill the corresponding boreholes to acquire lithological information at various depths. The peep probe is extended into the measured borehole, allowing for the movement of the probe to observe images and positions within the borehole while ensuring proper image storage. A total of 460 sets of effective data were collected during this test. Based on the geological report and borehole histogram of the Xiaobadong No. 1 coal mine, the average value of the uniaxial compressive strength of the lithology was determined by analyzing the surrounding rock structure of the roadway roof, as presented in Table 2.
## 5 Engineering Test Validation  
### Introduction to the Test Platform  
To further validate the superiority of the method described in this paper and mitigate the randomness of a single test, this study employed a bearing accelerated full-life testing machine to collect real bearing vibration signals for the validation of the proposed model. The overall structure primarily consists of a structural main body, a drive motor, and acceleration vibration sensors. The installation positions of the sensors are illustrated in Figure 17. This testing machine can simultaneously conduct synchronous life tests on two groups of bearings. The vibration signal sampling frequency was set at 25.6 kHz, with a sampling time of 0.32 s per acquisition and a sampling interval of 15 s; the data were continuously acquired. When the signal amplitude collected by the acceleration vibration sensor exceeded 20 g, the bearing was deemed to have completely failed.  
The vibration data encompassed the complete lifecycle of vibration measurements for bearings, ranging from normal operation to failure. Each test involved two bearings, and a total of four test sets were conducted. The data from the first three sets served as the training set, while the data from the fourth test set were utilized as the test set. The bearings in the test set are designated as 4-A and 4-B.  
Figure 17: Bearing life testing machine.
# Automatic Understanding and Mapping of Regions in Cities Using Google Street View Images
## 1 Introduction
Our approach needs GPS information to obtain GSV images, and we then use other online and open access tools to obtain such information and thus create the experimental dataset. The proposed system is able to build a semantic map of a given city. A semantic map of a city might have categories such as residential areas, alley, parking lot, or plaza. Our system is able to build the semantic map using third party images (GSV). In so doing, there is no need to take additional pictures from the city, and the process is conducted offline. Nonetheless, the proposed system depends on the GSV updates, i.e., it will show the city at the moment the pictures are taken from GSV. The map can be easily updated when required. The main contribution of this work is to provide a new approach to generate a map within semantic information for each area of the city using pictures of these regions. This semantic information is useful for driving and localization approaches in both operated and autonomous systems. For example, when driving in an unknown city, the presence of semantics can be useful for planning a driving route or for the analysis of urban plans and smart city approaches. This information is also suitable for autonomous driving vehicles, allowing them to obtain data about regions of a city before entering their streets. Furthermore, the method is semi-supervised: we do not define the categories a city has, but the method is able to obtain them using information from images. The rest of the work is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the related works, while Section 3 describes our proposal. Section 4 explains how the maps will be generated and describes the tools to do so. Sections 5 and 6 then explain the experiments and the results obtained, respectively. Finally, Section 7 outlines future work and concludes the paper.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a novel robust algorithm which is based on CNN is proposed to be used in the deeply coupled GNSS/INS integrated system. It improves the accuracy of identifying the fault channel by solving the fault propagation problem. The validity of the proposed robust algorithm is verified by two types of experiments: artificial fault injection and outdoor occlusion. Whether it is the fault injection of a single satellite or the occlusion of multiple satellites, the fault propagation problem is confirmed to exist in the vector tracking loop. After using the proposed robust algorithm, the fault propagation problem is solved. As a result, there is no obvious deviation in the positioning results  
Figure 16: The graph of fault identification statistics during occlusion: (**a**) before using a robust algorithm; (**b**) after using a robust algorithm.  
Figure 17: Position errors in 3D direction after isolating the fault channels.  
and code phase errors. The accuracy of gradual fault identification is increased by 21%, and the accuracy of abrupt fault identification is increased by 25%. The experiment results prove that the fault identification ability of deeply integrated GNSS/INS system is improved.  
Conceptualization, X.Z.; methodology, X.Z.; software, X.Z.; validation, X.Z. and P.W. writing--original draft preparation, X.Z.; writing--review and editing, B.L. and P.W.; supervision, B.L.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61803310.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.