# Durability of Textile Reinforced Concrete: Existing Knowledge and Current Gaps
## 2 Durability
### Frost (Freeze-Thaw) Attack  
The existing studies on the effect of frost attack on the mechanical performance of TRCs [8; 10; 11; 12; 24; 25] are summarised in Table 2.  
Freeze-thaw conditions can lead to degradation and reduction of the cracking strength of the matrix, deterioration of the bond between the textile and the matrix (either due to thermal incompatibility between fibre and matrix or due to expansion of the water volume after freezing) and even deterioration of the textile (depending on the presence and type of coating). The deterioration level observed is therefore highly influenced by the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Fibre** & **Matrix** & **Standard** & **Conditions** & **Duration** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Post-Exposed** \\ **Tests Test** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[13] & \begin{tabular}{c} carbon and \\ PBO \\ \end{tabular} & cement & AC434 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-18\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)37.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (100\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 20 cycles (4 h freezing \\ and 12 h thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & tensile \\ \hline
[11] & glass & concrete & CSN 731322 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-18\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (immersing in \\ water) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 50, 100 and 150 cycles \\ (4 h freezing and 2 h \\ thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & tensile \\ \hline
[12] & \begin{tabular}{c} hybrid fabric \\ (carbon and \\ E-glass) \\ \end{tabular} & concrete & \begin{tabular}{c} GB/T \\ 50082-2009 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(-18\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)5 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ immersing in saline \\ [5\% NaCl] \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 50, 70 and 90 cycles (3 h \\ freezing and thawing) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} pull-out and \\ flexural \\ flexural \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[24] & AR-glass & cement & ASTM C666 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-18\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)4 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (100\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 25, 50, 100, 150 and \\ 500 cycles (30 min \\ freezing and 30 min \\ thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & tensile \\ \hline
[26] & AR-glass & cement & NBN EN 12467 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-20\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (100\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 50 cycles (2 h freezing \\ and 2 h thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & tensile \\ \hline
[18] & carbon & lime & AC434 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-18\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)37.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (100\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 20 cycles (4 h freezing \\ and 12 h thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & tensile \\ \hline
[16] & carbon & \begin{tabular}{c} cement, \\ lime \\ \end{tabular} & - & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-10\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)70 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (60\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 40 cycles (3 h freezing \\ and 3 h thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & pull-off \\ \hline
[27] & glass & lime & - & \begin{tabular}{c} \(-20\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)25 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (100\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 14 cycles (6 h freezing \\ and 2 h thawing) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} tensile and \\ flexural \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[28] & steel & cement & ASTM C666 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-18\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)4 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (100\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 100 cycles (30 min \\ freezing and 30 min \\ thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & pull-out \\ \hline
[20] & AR-glass & cement & - & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-18\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)40 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (100\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 40 cycles (12 h freezing \\ and 12 h thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & tensile \\ \hline
[29] & AR-glass & lime & - & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-10\,^{\circ}\)C\(\leftrightarrow\)30 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ (90\% RH) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 360 cycles (2 h freezing \\ and 2 h thawing) \\ \end{tabular} & pull-out \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of literature on frost attack.