# Spatiotemporal Modeling of the Smart City Residents' Activity with Multi-Agent Systems
## 1 Introduction  
Many different disciplines use multi-agent systems as a research tool. One of them is the analysis of social relations in the city, as well as the interaction between residents and spatial objects (the background of the research). The open problem to address is an analysis of various factors that influence changes in the level of residents' social engagement in the process of social participation; above all, changes in the level of mutual trust amongst residents and their trust in social institutions. The multi-agent system (in further parts of the paper, the authors use MAS abbreviation) that models the process of changing the social engagement of residents, proposed by the authors of the article, is the main contribution to the scientific research integrating applied social sciences, geoinformation technologies, and multi-agent systems. In his 2007 article [1], [PERSON] introduces the concept of social assembling of spatial information by users identified as specific human agents. Implementing this idea brought about therapid development of the so-called VGI (volunteered geographic information), manifested by, e.g., social (crowdsourcing) creation of Open Street Map by over 3 million active users around the world. The purpose of this article is to develop the concept of smart cities' residents as active urban sensors represented by agents in the MAS. Consequently, city residents are considered elements of a specific geospatial multi-agent system. Mutual interactions of the residents, between the residents, as well as the impact the \"human agents\" have on spatial objects in the long-term influences the activeness of the residents. It should be emphasized that for this concept, the crucial assumption is that mutual interactions between residents and spatial objects are characteristic of a complex multi-agent system in a smart city. The non-linear exchange of packages of information between individual elements of the system, under special conditions, leads to reinforcing information and \"activating\" residents in the process of social participation. It is assumed that the residents (represented by agents) also interact with different features of the city, which tend to modify their trust. In recent decades, the crisis of participatory democracy has been particularly severe in urban centers and areas subject to urbanization. Its outcome is the weakening of the sense that the residents have a real impact on co-creating the vision for a city's development, revitalization of the neglected districts, or spatial order. When interpreting the term \"the right to the city,\" [PERSON] [2] emphasizes that it is not only the right to access its resources, but also the right to decide jointly on the direction of the city's development. A smart and sustainable city engages all of its residents in the most critical decision-making processes, making the process of creating spatial order more social, and encouraging the development of participatory and deliberative democracy. An increase in mutual trust among residents and their trust in public institutions are of crucial importance to stimulating the activity. Therefore, the goal of the authors is to model complex social interactions between the urban residents and to establish the level of trust, sense of identity, willingness to participate in the social (geo)participation processes, and the dynamics of changes over time. The devised model has been tested not only on the example of the \"model city,\" but also on the real urban agglomeration of Warsaw, Poland. The authors intend to develop a concept of a multi-agent decision support system that makes use of game theory, multi-agent systems, and market programming models to support the \"weakest link\" of the asymmetric urban network's triangle of \"municipal authorities\" (politics), \"business\" (urban developers, industrial investments, etc. ), and \"residents\".