# Exploring the Evolution of Autonomous Vehicle Acceptance through Hands-On Demonstrations
## 1 Introduction  
The emergence of commercial vehicles equipped with autonomous driving systems will be directly linked to a reduction in human intervention in this task. This evolution is expected to ultimately lead to complete human non-involvement in vehicles that achieve level 5 automation according to the SAE levels established by the automotive industry [1]. The reduction in driver involvement and responsibility is poised to reshape the driving landscape. Altering a task as ubiquitous and routine as driving may elicit resistance from individuals comfortable with traditional manual control. Hence, it is imperative, firstly, to allow individuals the opportunity to test these emerging technologies using prototypesand research platforms. This aims to ensure both the safety and user comfort of such systems. Secondly, it is crucial to investigate firsthand how the testing of this technology impacts its acceptance within the general population. This involves contrasting the perspectives of those who have experienced autonomous vehicles with those individuals in the automotive sector who, despite their expertise, may not have firsthand experience with autonomous driving. In addition, the diminishing role of drivers will undoubtedly lead to a shift in responsibilities in the event of an accident, which will cause significant disruption in the insurance industry as these developments will lead to changes in ownership patterns, vehicle usage, and associated risks [2]. In Spain, this reassignment of responsibilities will be accompanied by revisions of the existing legislation regulating the use of motor vehicles. These modifications will impact the Law on Civil Liability and Insurance in Motor Vehicle Traffic, which currently establishes the driver's liability in the event of an accident based on the risks associated with their vehicle's operation. Furthermore, the law attributes to the driver the responsibility for any material and/or personal damages caused by their actions [3]. Until now, not only have lower levels of automation required significant driver involvement, but data compiled by the European Commission credits human error to be a contributing factor in approximately 90% of all accidents [4; 5]. This reality has led both the automotive industry and government institutions to perceive autonomous driving as a paradigm shift in mobility and human-vehicle interactions [6]. As a result, not only is research in this field progressing rapidly but European legislation is also actively working in this direction. Since July 2022, several Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become mandatory for new vehicle homologous [7]. Moreover, as of July 2024, systems such as ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation), LKS (the Lane-Keeping System), and AEB (Autonomous Emergency Braking) will become mandatory for all newly registered vehicles [8; 9]. These systems involve the vehicle's electronics assuming control to modify its trajectory or speed. Consequently, all vehicles sold from 2024 onward will be elevated to level 2 automation on the SAE scale. The introduction of these systems as a preliminary step towards autonomous driving already represents a leap forward in the realm of mobility. Their complete integration is anticipated to lead to a reduction in accidents, the alleviation of traffic congestion, and optimized fuel consumption through more efficient operations, as highlighted in studies like [10; 11]. While the growing integration of ADAS in commercial vehicles suggests a positive societal response, it is essential to acknowledge potential challenges. The transition to driverless systems may be perceived as a threat by specific segments of the population linked to driving professions, including cab drivers, truck drivers, and bus service operators. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of the societal impact of these technologies is imperative, aiming to address concerns and dispel negative perceptions.