## 1 Introduction
The growing population and rapid economic growth of South Korea have led to a steady increase in the amount of waste, especially industrial and household wastes. Such wastes may contain NORMs, posing a disposal concern to the public, and dose assessment is required to ensure that the site is safe for public use. In 2017, the total amount of waste generated was 429,531 tons/day, of which 12.5% and 87.5% were from industrial and household wastes, respectively. In South Korea, 61.6% of household wastes are recycled, 24.9% are incinerated, and approximately 13.5% are disposed in municipal landfills [10]. Managing MSW properly is a critical aspect of urban public health. However, landfill sustainability is a major concern, as increasing MSW takes up limited landfill space. Therefore, incinerating these wastes and reusing fly ash residues is a solution to reduce the burden on landfill space [11]. Landfills are used to dispose of a variety of garbage, and the level of control increases as the hazard level of waste increases, and they are classified according to the type of disposal and regulatory requirements [12]. Some researchers have used RESidual RADioactive (RESRAD)-ONSITE computer code to estimate environmental risk posed by mine tailing sites [13]. The nuclides in question were \({}^{40}\)K, \({}^{226}\)Ra, \({}^{232}\)Th, and \({}^{238}\)U with very low ACs, resulting in low doses below the public dose limit of 1 mV/year. RESRAD code has also been used to evaluate the risk of human exposure to NORMs in soil [14]. A radiological impact assessment report must be prepared to comply with the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984, Act 304, and the Guidelines LEM/TEK/30 SEM.2, September 1996, for the landfill disposal of NORM wastes in Malaysia. Most of Malaysia's NORM issues are related to tin mining, mineral sand processing, and oil production [15]. Several studies on the disposal of NORMs, technologically enhanced naturally occurringradioactive materials (TENORMS), VLLW, and other industrial wastes on landfills have been conducted, as well as studies on the use of RESRAD, HotSpot, and NORM and LegacY Site Assessment (NORMALYSA) codes. However, no study has been performed on the uncontrolled disposal of CPs containing NORMs via landfills and incineration, considering that such materials are used in everyday life and might be disposed of alongside other household wastes, which may result in uncontrolled radiation exposure ([PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2019; [PERSON] et al., 2020). Similar studies have also been conducted to model radiological doses from sites contaminated with artificial radionuclides such as \({}^{137}\)Cs, \({}^{129}\)I, and \({}^{14}\)C ([PERSON] et al., 2019). Several studies have been conducted to assess radiological dose from the use of CPs containing NORMs; however, less attention has been paid to assessing radiological dose from the landfill disposal of CPs containing NORMs. This study performs a radiological dose assessment from the landfill disposal of CPs containing NORMs to the public in South Korea. This study is critical because understanding the estimation of radiation doses to members of the public living around landfill sites enables the competent authority to determine how the general public can be protected from an uncontrolled radiation exposure.