## 7 Fog Computing
### Fog Computing for Smart Cities
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Step** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Implementation Procedures**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & Use cases identification & - & Determining specific smart city use cases and applications for the implementation. These include real-time monitoring, video surveillance, traffic management, environmental sensing, and energy management. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & \multirow{3}{*}{Design the appropriate topology} & - & Identifying the suitable topology for implementing the identified use cases. This includes identifying suitable locations within the smart city where fog nodes can be deployed. \\  & & - & Fog nodes can be existing infrastructure, e.g., lampposts, utility poles, or dedicated devices. \\  & & - & Defining a mobility model for each fog node. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & Data processing and analytics & - & Determine the data processing and analytics requirements for each use case. Fog nodes can perform real-time data processing, filtering, aggregation, and analytics at the network edge. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & \multirow{3}{*}{Hardware selection} & - & Specifying the hardware requirements for fog nodes, considering processing power, memory, storage, and connectivity options. \\  & & - & Selecting appropriate hardware. \\  & & - & Fog nodes should be equipped with communication modules to collect and process data. \\  & & - & Ensuring reliable and high-bandwidth connectivity between fog nodes and the central cloud infrastructure. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & \multirow{3}{*}{Software setup} & - & Installing fog computing software on the fog nodes. \\  & & - & Several open-source platforms, e.g., OpenFog and EdgeX Foundry, facilitate fog computing deployments [80]. \\  & & - & These platforms provide middleware, application programming interfaces (APIs), and tools for data ingestion, processing, analytics, and communication between fog units and the cloud. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{6} & Offloading scheme & - & Developing an efficient offloading approach for data management. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{7} & \multirow{3}{*}{Network security} & - & Implementing robust security mechanisms to protect data and ensure privacy in the smart city network. \\  & & - & This includes secure communication protocols, encryption, access controls, and authentication mechanisms. \\  & & - & Considering data anonymization techniques to protect individual privacy when handling sensitive data. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{8} & \multirow{3}{*}{Integration} & - & Establishing seamless integration between fog nodes and the central cloud infrastructure. \\  & & - & This enables data synchronization, synchronization, and coordination between fog nodes and cloud-based applications. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{9} & \multirow{3}{*}{Monitoring} & - & Implementing monitoring and management tools to oversee the fog computing infrastructure. \\  & & - & This includes real-time monitoring of fog nodes, network connectivity, resource utilization, and application performance. \\  & & - & Using centralized management systems to configure, update, and maintain the fog computing environment. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{10} & \multirow{3}{*}{Testing} & - & Conducting testing and optimization to investigate the effectiveness of the fog implementation. \\  & & - & Validating the fog nodes’ performance, reliability, functionality, and overall smart city network. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Steps of implementing fog computing for smart cities.