# Assessing Abrasion Resistance in Concrete Pavements: A Review
## 5 New Materials and Techniques  
The use of various new materials and techniques to enhance the abrasion resistance of concrete is being widely studied. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to increase the durability of PCC pavements has been the subject of extensive investigation. A few areas have been the focus of the most current SCM research: investigating new materials, increasing replacement amounts, creating improved test procedures, treating or altering materials, and employing additives to enhance the PCC's performance [71]. For instance, a study on using additional cementitious ingredients such as silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (SL), and type F fly ash (FA) on highly abrasion-resistant concrete mix designs was carried out to lessen rutting damage in cold areas. The highly abrasion-resistant concrete mix was then found by testing the fresh, mechanical, and durability qualities of different mix designs. Specifically, the mix containing 31% type F fly ash (FA) and 4% silica fume (SF) showed the lowest mass loss, while those containing 4% SF, 12% ground granulated blast furnace slag (SL), and 1% FA had the lowest volumetric loss when abrasion resistance was measured using combined mass and volumetric loss. In addition to the reduced construction costs and reduced rutting damage in cold climates, it was found that the use of precisely calibrated ternary mixes can provide increased resistance to chloride and the alkali-silica reaction (ASR), as well as greater resistance to scaling and reduced degradation during freeze-thaw cycles. Since the varied mixes show different performances, some mixes can exhibit moderate to severe scaling from deicing salts, while some may have poor freeze-thaw resistance [71]. The kind of cement used for concrete mixes may also influence abrasion resistance. For example, concrete made with particular blended cement types or extra cementitious materials (such as fly ash or slag) may have different abrasion resistance properties [72]. It has been discovered that despite having a lower compressive strength than cement mortar, polymer-modified cement mortar has significantly greater abrasion resistance and flexural strength [73]. Both the compressive strength and the moisture content add to this. [PERSON] et al. carried out a study using nanoparticles to comprehend the effects of abrasion of concrete in pavement and showed improved abrasion resistance of concrete with nano-TiO\({}_{2}\) and nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) additives, where Nano-TiO\({}_{2}\) was observed to enhance abrasion resistance more than nano-SiO\({}_{2}\). However, the study had the limitation that the improvement in abrasion resistance decreased as the nanoparticle content increased, which was attributed to the higher water demand of cement paste and may have had an adverse effect on the concrete's workability and overall durability [8]. Furthermore, another study was conducted to understand the effects of nanosilica on the abrasion response of concrete materials used in rigid pavements. It was found that the use of nanosilica in concrete enhanced the abrasion for both broom and smooth finishing, which further improved the pavement macrotexture and is important in delivering long-term friction performance. However, while these benefits are promising, using nanoparticles could have economic implications, and a life-cycle analysis could provide a better understanding of it [17]. A study on the use of waste rubber tire as a fractional substitute of fine aggregates in normal and high-strength concrete mixture was carried out to understand its effect on abrasion resistance, with the findings suggesting that adding tire rubber particles to concrete can increase its resistance to abrasion, making it a viable option to use in areas where there are abrasive forces. This makes rubberized concrete a sustainable and durable alternative for various construction applications [74].