# Analysing Near-Miss Incidents in Construction: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Results
### A Statistical Analysis of Publications
#### 4.2.1 Traditional Methods
The system is capable of analysing a range of data, including the time and location of the event, a description of the incident, any relevant photographs, the consequences of the incident and the factors that may have contributed to it. The system has been developed by Align Technologies. The recording of incidents may be conducted via a smartphone, tablet, or computer. [PERSON] et al. [48] have developed a cloud-based system for the purpose of recording safety information. The system employs a geographic information system (GIS) and mobile technologies to develop the Safety Information Management System (MapSafe). MapSafe facilitates the aggregation, archiving, and visualisation of safety-related data within the context of construction projects. The data are entered into the system via a variety of forms. The forms utilized for this purpose are the Pre-Start Meeting Record (PSM) form, Permit to Enter (PTO) form, Job Safety Analysis (JSA) form, and Safety Incident Report (SIR) form. The information stored in the forms can be displayed on a map or through Building Information Modelling (BIM) projects uploaded to the system. To ensure the maintenance of chronological order, the system automatically assigns a form number and provides a hyperlink to the form. The user is required to input data regarding the location and time of the incident, as well as details pertaining to the circumstances surrounding its occurrence. Upon submission of the form to the system, it is automatically generated as a PDF and transmitted via email to the designated supervisor and security department personnel. [PERSON] et al. [52] developed a cloud-based application that employs sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The system was designed with the objective monitoring the health status of workers and the environmental parameters of the workplace in real time. The sensors collect data pertaining to various environmental and physiological parameters, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, UV index, carbon dioxide levels, body temperature, and heart rate. These sensors, known as the safety node and the health node, are attached to the worker's helmet and body, respectively. The system is capable of distinguishing between indoor and outdoor locations. In the event of a hazardous situation, the system triggers an alarm. The Internet of Things (IoT) gateway functions as a standalone local server, facilitating the interconnection of the local sensor network with the cloud infrastructure. Additionally, it serves as a local server for users and performs edge computing. In a study based on safety report data from several construction sites for the extension of metro and railway networks in China, [PERSON] et al. [53] investigated the potential risks associated with such projects. The data were entered into an online system by engineers with extensive experience in documenting safety-related events. Information pertaining to near-miss incidents was duly recorded, encompassing the following details: location, time, name, description, safety level, categories, and photographs. A total of three instances of potential danger were classified into 170 distinct categories. Examples of these categories include steel processing and fabrication, the quality of the main concrete structure, personal protective equipment, and the working environment in the foundation excavation. * Surveys and interviews  
Furthermore, surveys and interviews can serve as a valuable source of information regarding near misses. For example, [PERSON] et al. [54] employed surveys on construction sites in Seattle to examine the impact of sleep deprivation on the incidence of hazardous incidents associated with the operation of heavy machinery and the utilisation of personal protective equipment. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [55] conducted surveys on construction sites in Hong Kong. The analysis of the results showed a relationship between the safety climate and the frequency with which workers reported near-miss incidents.