## 3 Plant Extracts Pulsed DCs on In Vivo Cancer Immunotherapy  
Various studies have been conducted on animal models to evaluate the effects of different plant extract components on DC-based cancer immunotherapy in vivo (Table 5). Polysaccharides from _Astragalus membranaceus_ and _Astragalus mongholicus_ injected in laboratory mice inhibit the growth of metastatic lung cancer [59]. Treatment of H22-bearing mice (Hepatoma) with plant extracts polysaccharide LBP (_Lycium barbarum_) stimulated DCs enhances the anti-tumor function [60]. Another study found that an extract of _Larix leptolepsis_, one of the renowned woods in Hokkaido, Japan, promotes type \(1\) immune response and inhibits tumor growth in mice [61]. Furthermore, grape seed proanthocyanians decrease UV-induced immune function by repairing DNA on functional activation of DCs in mice [62]. _Tinospora cardiolia_ is an alcoholic extract that boosts the dendritic cell differentiation of tumor-associated macrophages, enhancing tumor cytotoxicity and increasing the survivability of tumor-bearing mice [28]. The immunostimulatory plant DNA CpG activates DCs and inhibits the growth of tumors in mice by stimulating the secretion of surface phenotypes of co-stimulatory molecules, MHC and IL-12 cytokines from BMDCs [63]. In mice, CM-Glucan (carboxymethylated Beta-(1,3) (1,6) glucan); brand name Immunox(r) injection) significantly inhibits tumor growth and increases the survivability of mice through activation of DCs via TLR4 and natural killer cells [64]. The fractions of polysaccharide derived from the root of _Ficus carica_ enhance the efficacy of DC-based cancer immunotherapy [52]. Plant-derived polysaccharide from _Carthamus tinctorius_ provides the anti-tumor activity of DC-derived vaccines via polarization of Th1 cytokines and promotes cytotoxic activity [46]. Reishi mushroom _Ganoderma lucidum_-derived plant polysaccharide has immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, and cytotoxic activity against tumors in mice [65]. The polysaccharide from _Dioscorea alata_ var. _Purpurea_ stimulates DCs and enhances anti-tumor activity in mice [26].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Plant Name/Extracts** & **DCs on Signaling Pathways** & **References** \\ \hline Polysaccharide (PLP) from _Pueraria lobata_ & DCs enhances T-cell stimulation through TLR4 & [27] \\  & signaling pathway & [27] \\ \hline Neem leaf glycoprotein (NLGP) & DCs activates FoxP3+ Treg downregulation, T-bet & \\  & upregulation, and STAT1 and STAT4 high & [4] \\  & phosphorylation, and low phosphorylation STAT3 & \\ \hline Polysaccharide from _Plantago Asatica_ & DCs maturation through TLR4 pathway & [54] \\ \hline Water extract of _Glycyrrhiza uralensis_ & DCs maturation and cytokines production through & [47] \\  & TLR4 signaling pathway & \\ \hline Polysaccharide-derived from _Mori fructus_ and & DCs mediated T-cell proliferation through MAPK and & [53; 56] \\  _Platycondon grandifloraum_ & NF-kB signaling pathway & [57; 58] \\ \hline _Lycium barbarum_ polysaccharides & TLR2 and TLR4 mediated functional activation of DCs & \\  & via activation of NF-kB & [57] \\ \hline Angelan from _Angelica gigas Nakai_ plant & DC mediated tumor immunotherapy through TLR & \\  & polysaccharide & where downstream target molecules are NF-kB/Rel & [43; 44] \\  & and MAPK & \\ \hline _Radix Glycyrrhizae_ polysaccharide & Maturation of DCs through NF-kB and MAPK & [58] \\ \hline Dioscorea phytoextrct (DsII) & DC-based cancer immunotherapy through PAMPs & \\  & signaling pathway & [58] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Plant extracts pulsed DCs on various signaling pathways in anti-tumor immunity.