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An Eco-Friendly Multimodal Route Guidance System for Urban Areas Using Multi-Agent Technology  
**[PERSON] 1,*(r)**, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 3  
and [PERSON] 4  
1 Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia; al. [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (A.T.). [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.A.)  
2 Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Booth Street West, Manchester M15 6 PB, UK; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
3 Eurotech Ltd., Cambridge CB1 7 BN, UK; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
4 School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4 PQ, UK; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
*Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel: +966-598-009-417  
**Featured Application: The proposed research is beneficial in two main ways. Firstly, commuters are empowered to receive route guidance that incorporates a mix of transport modes, including cars, buses, trams, bicycles, and walking, in a bid to reduce travel-related carbon emissions and encourage sustainable travel behavior. Secondly, the traffic control and management authorities may use the multi-agent traffic recommender system to view and monitor the live status of the traffic, thus empowering them to take appropriate road traffic control actions to optimize the traffic streams.**  
The use and coordination of multiple modes of travel efficiently, although beneficial, remains an overarching challenge for urban cities. This paper implements a distributed architecture of an eco-friendly transport guidance system by employing the agent-based paradigm. The paradigm uses software agents to model and represent the complex transport infrastructure of urban environments, including roads, buses, trolleybuses, metros, trams, bicycles, and walking. The system exploits live traffic data (e.g., traffic flow, density, and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions) collected from multiple data sources (e.g., road sensors and SCOOT) to provide multimodal route recommendations for travelers through a dedicated application. Moreover, the proposed system empowers the transport management authorities to monitor the traffic flow and conditions of a city in real-time through a dedicated web visualization. We exhibit the advantages of using different types of agents to represent the versatile nature of transport networks and realize the concept of smart transportation. Commuters are supplied with multimodal routes that endeavor to reduce travel times and transport carbon footprint. A technical simulation was executed using various parameters to demonstrate the scalability of our multimodal traffic management architecture. Subsequently, two real user trials were carried out in Nottingham (United Kingdom) and Sofia (Bulgaria) to show the practicality and ease of use of our multimodal travel information system in providing eco-friendly route guidance. Our validation results demonstrate the effectiveness of personalized multimodal route guidance in inducing a positive travel behavior change and the ability of the agent-based route planning system to scale to satisfy the requirements of traffic infrastructure in diverse urban environments.  
**Keywords:** multimodal transportation; travel information system; trip planner; multi-agent systems; co-modal transport; route planning; traffic congestion; eco-routing; transport emissions