## 3 Results and Discussion
This last operation proved, by calculating speed and travel times in an automatic manner, that the greater the slope in the direction of the topographic descent, the greater the speed and the lower the travel time, and the greater the slope in the direction of the ascent, the lower the speed and the greater the travel time. Speed varied from 5.5 to 6 km/h in the downhill direction and from 3.8 to 4.6 km/h in the uphill direction. Moreover, two topographic profiles were established to show the importance of topographic roughness in pedestrian accessibility. These profiles were analyzed using GIS network analysis tools to check the effects of slope on speed and travel time: Example 1: Distance = 2.2 km, time = 36 min, average speed = 3.66 km/h; Example 2: Distance = 2.2 km, time = 22 min, average speed = 6 km/h. The obtained results seem to be logical; in fact, the speed in example 1 (route with rugged topography) is lower than the speed in example 2 (route with less rugged topography); it shows that the slope of the path influences the speed (Figure 14). Many studies about pedestrian crossing were established around the world using GIS as the study of [PERSON] et al. in 2012 [42], who presented a GIS-based methodology for identifying pedestriancrossing patterns in order to store and integrate information on pedestrian trips and crossings made during trips with other geographical information, including road network, traffic, and facilities, in the region of Villeneuve d'Ascq-Lille in France. We can also cite the study of [PERSON] et al. in 2020 [43] who conducted a GIS and microsimulation-based multicriteria decision analysis for the evaluation of pedestrian crossings in Turkey. Figure 14: The two profiles used as examples to show the variation of time and speed according to slope. Concerning accessibility in using vehicle transport, seven categories of roads with different reference speeds have been considered: Motorways, Motorway junction, Primary roads (National roads), Collector roads, Secondary roads (Local roads), Tertiary roads (Unslassified roads), and Quaternary roads (Agricultural tracks) with the following respective maximum speeds: 100, 60, 80, 70, 60, 40, and 30 km/h. GIS tools were carried out on the transport network using several criteria: speed, time, and hierarchy. Many network analyses were established in our study, such as the determination of the shortest path between one of the MV/LV transformer stations and the source station located in the region of \"Oued Zarga.\" In this case, the extracted length of the shortest path is 19.2 km with a travel time of 24 min (Figure 15). Assuming, for example, that the RN5 national road is cut due to road works, the shortest path extracted will be different with a length of 25.5 km and a travel time of 38 min. The route is shorter in the first scenario, and this can be explained by different factors such as the speed limit in the type of path crossed, which differs from one type of path to another. Other analyses of the calculation of routes according to a chosen impedance (best route with distance impedance; best route with time impedance) were also established. Many studies have been conducted around the world about road network analysis, such as the study of [PERSON] et al. in India (2019) [44]. In that study, the authors made a road network map of Guwahati city to find the shortest route to solve traffic problems. We can also cite the study established by [PERSON] et al. (2017) [45] on which GIS was used as a system for managing and analyzing urban accidents on the road network by applying a combination of spatial and statistical methods. An Origin Destination Cost Matrix was also established by using GIS to calculate average transport distances between the service points at different localities (cities and villages) and the MV/LV transformer stations. The same analysis was performed using time impedance. The following data must considered to calculate the transport cost: type of vehicle, average consumption, and fuel price.