## 3 Results  
### General Characteristics and Energy Flux  
#### 3.1.1 Surface Displacement Due to Internal Tides  
In this section, we first describe the general characteristics of the internal tides in the Arabian Sea and then examine their seasonal variabilities. A series of hourly snapshots of SSH revealed the generation and propagation features of mode-1 \(M_{2}\) internal tides in this region. One such snapshot is shown in Figure 3, which presents the distribution of the SSH caused by internal tides at 00:53:20 on 5 November 2015. The hourly snapshots show the existence of several internal tides' sources scattered across the study domain, including the eastern Arabian Sea, Abd al Kuri Island, the Arabian (or Persian) Gulf, and the Red Sea. The amplitude of internal tides is larger in the open Arabian Sea, particularly in the northeastern part, compared with those in the Red Sea and the Arabian (or Persian) Gulf. Figure 2: Amplitude (m) versus direction at (15\({}^{\circ}\)N, 68\({}^{\circ}\)E) as obtained from the plane-wave-fitting method within in a \(1.6^{\circ}\times 1.6^{\circ}\) window. Each lobe represents an internal wave. (**a**) All internal waves at (15\({}^{\circ}\)N, 68\({}^{\circ}\)E). (**b**) The residual waves after removing the largest lobe. (**c**) The residual waves after removing the first- and second-largest lobes. In the Arabian Sea, the internal tides are mainly generated at Abd al Kuri Island, the Carlsberg Ridge, the northeastern Arabian Sea, and the Maldive Islands. The waves generated at Abd al Kuri Island (Box A in Figure 3) propagate both northward and southward. The northward waves, with an SSH ranging from \(-1.28\) to \(1.32\) cm, are significantly more noticeable than the southward waves and exhibit more extensive coverage and a longer lifetime, reflected by a 200 km-wide crest line. The southward internal tides are more difficult to observe in the images, and they seem to rapidly dissipate after generation. More details regarding the southward internal tides are provided in Section 3.2. The Carlsberg Ridge, which is close to Abd al Kuri Island, also presents strong signals. As can be observed in the snapshot, the source location is around \(10^{\circ}\)N and features the sea ridge of the underwater topography. Moreover, the southward waves are weaker than the northward waves, with the former propagating over shorter distances and exhibiting a smaller SSH amplitude. Northward signals generated in the southern region beyond the study area may interact and suppress the southward internal tides generated from the Carlsberg Ridge. The northeastern region of the Arabian Sea, which has an extensive continental shelf, is another source of internal tides. As shown in Figure 3, the internal tides generated in this region have two main branches: one that propagates southwesterly to the center of the Arabian Sea (Branch 1) and the other that propagates nearly southward (Branch 2). When the northeastward barotropic tides pass over the shelf break, the perturbation triggered by the topography develops into baroclinic tides that propagate offshore in the southwesterly direction forming Branch 1. [PERSON] et al. [33] identified similar characteristics of internal tides from in situ observations. Internal tides generated in this region can propagate over more than 1000 km (Box B in Figure 3). Moreover, their SSH ranges between \(-1.18\) and \(1.18\) cm, suggesting that they are weaker than those generated at Abd al Kuri Island. When the southward waves (Branch 2) generated in the northeastern region of the Arabian Sea meet the northward waves generated at the Maldive Islands, strong superposition  
Figure 3: Snapshot of mode-1 \(M_{2}\) internal tides’ SSH at 00:53:20, 5 November 2015. Two primary generation sources of internal tides are suggested: Kilmia Island and the western India Peninsula, indicated by Rectangles A and B. The color represents the positive and negative values of the SSH. The three blue boxes indicate the generation locations of internal tides in the Red Sea.