## 1 Introduction
### Applications for VR and AR in Medical Education and Surgical Planning
[29] compared the one-year clinical internship performance and graduation examination (OSCE) outcomes between a VR-based Achilles tendon suturing training group and a traditional training group. They found that the VR training group demonstrated stronger career determination, greater motivation for active learning, and higher performance in physical examination, suturing and knotting, and image interpretation. [PERSON] et al. [30] demonstrated that immersive VR is effective in improving surgical strategy adjustments and anatomical understanding in patient-specific preoperative planning, while emphasizing the need for further research to facilitate clinical integration. [PERSON] et al. [31] confirmed that a patient-specific immersive VR simulation system for preoperative planning of robot-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) enhances anatomical understanding, contributes to surgical strategy adjustments, and is effective in improving surgical safety and accuracy. There are also research cases involving AR-based education, surgical guidance and navigation. [PERSON] et al. [32] developed an AR-based microsurgery simulator that enables micro-manipulation training through AR glasses and verified its educational usefulness with 50 trainees. [PERSON] et al. [33] developed an AR-based dental surgery training simulator using the ARToolkit [34] algorithm and a haptic device. Through evaluations by trainees and specialists, they confirmed the potential of AR technology in dental surgery education. [PERSON] et al. [35] developed an AR simulator for brain tumor resection training by augmenting a 3D brain model based on CT data onto a 3D-printed skull model. The simulator utilized HoloLens (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) [36] and two haptic devices. [PERSON] et al. [37] developed a VR and AR system capable of teaching the anatomical structure of the liver to multiple users. [PERSON] et al. [38] conducted a study with 69 nursing students, comparing AR-based anatomy simulation modules and traditional education methods for teaching gastrointestinal intubation. Through surveys, they found that learning with AR-based simulation modules was more beneficial than traditional educational methods. [PERSON] et al. [39] confirmed that an AR-based spinal surgery guide can improve the accuracy of pilot hole drilling for screw insertion and enhance the surgical skills of novice physicians. [PERSON] et al. [40] confirmed that an AR-based surgical guide demonstrates high accuracy and feasibility in catheter insertion and hematoma evacuation during hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage surgery. [PERSON] et al. [41] applied projector-based AR technology in maxillectomy for maxillary cancer treatment, finding that AR-assisted surgery demonstrated high accuracy in virtual surgery. [PERSON] et al. [42] proposed and developed a protocol for planning implant surgery using artificial intelligence and augmented reality technology, confirming that implant surgery could be planned without relying on radiographic guide software. [PERSON] et al. [43] investigated and analyzed cases where AR technology was applied in spinal surgery, confirming that AR can serve as a promising auxiliary tool in spinal surgery. [PERSON] et al. [44] developed an AR-based breast surgery guide for breast-conserving surgery, demonstrating that it achieved similar accuracy to traditional 3D printing-based breast surgery guides. [PERSON] et al. [45] confirmed that an AR navigation system provides high accuracy and safety in pelvic trauma surgeries, offering a more intuitive solution and reducing radiation exposure compared to conventional methods. [PERSON] et al. [46] demonstrated that an AR-based 3D navigation system offers superior visualization and navigation capabilities over traditional 2D imaging in brachial plexus tumor surgeries, improving surgical accuracy and safety. [PERSON] et al. [47] found that the integration of an AR HMD and dynamic navigation enhances surgical accuracy, increases surgeons' focus, and maintains operational efficiency during the removal of maxillary molar posts.