# Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade-Off in UAV-Based Olive Irrigation Systems
### 5G/6G in Precision Agriculture  
Third and fourth generation wireless communication technologies are not guaranteed to meet the requirements of smart agriculture applications (particularly precise irrigation), mainly in terms of their delay, speed, scalability, and bandwidth. Therefore, recent studies proposed deploying 5G/6G technology in the agricultural field to overcome the limitations mentioned above (see, for example, [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11] and the references therein). In fact, 5G/6G networks are characterized by ultra-low delays, super large-scale connections, and high speeds. These systems have been integrated into precision agriculture in several applications like real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, virtual consultation, artificially intelligent robotics, and data analytics. In [4], the authors thoroughly surveyed 5G networks in the agricultural industry. The authors also detailed the benefits of 5G in smart and precision farming and its applications. In [4], [PERSON] et al. discussed how deploying 5G technologies will alter the agricultural field to boost productivity. In [6], the author developed the MERLIN (sMart framwork foR agricuLture In iNdia) project in India. Indeed, MERLIN is an intelligent framework based on artificial intelligence, a 5G wireless communication system, and the IoT. The proposed project used cloud-based (supervised and semi-supervised) databases to acquire data and further process them for decision making. The author showed that the proposed 5G-based framework significantly improves production. In [7], the authors proposed an intelligent farming system using 5G communications. The authors showed that the proposed innovative system could transfer data at high speeds of up to 20 Gbps, and could link massive amounts of IoT devices in a square kilometer. The work in [8] was based on studying architecture for smart agriculture environments based on robotics, MEC (Mobile Edge Computing), and 5G technologies. The principal purpose of this study was to design a system appropriate for a huge-scale adoption of robotics in agriculture. In [9], the authors explored the opportunities and challenges of applying 5G/6G technology in precision agriculture. In [10], [PERSON] et al. presented a survey on the development status of 5G networks and the IoT in precision agriculture in recent years. This work analyzed the related key technologies and challenges and raised some critical scientific problems. [PERSON] et al. also showed the development trend and application value of 5G networks and the IoT in precision agriculture. [PERSON] et al. explained in [11] how smart farming can improve Agriculture 4.0 and increase efficiency, productivity, and sustainability. In this research, the authors emphasize using cutting-edge technologies, namely, cloud computing, edge computing, AI, the IoT, big data, and 6G in agriculture. The authors also discuss the benefits of \"smart farming\", including precision farming, resource optimization, and predictive maintenance. Furthermore, they explore the problems related to traditional farming, such as increasing food production, water scarcity, and the need for climate change.