# Toward Predicting Student's Academic Performance Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
## 4 Results
### Predictors and Outcome Variables  
Specific patterns were detected in the collected data; the results in Table 3 describe the independent and dependent variables used in the selected studies. The predictors differ from one study to another. In addition to the results of the subjects, some researchers include \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Objective** & **Level of Education** & **Years** & **Sample Size** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON], 2016)[20]} & Aims to see how efficient Artificial Neural Networks are at predicting student achievement in terms of prediction precision & Bachelor degree & 2015–2016 & 265 \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & \\ \hline ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2019) & Evaluate the graduation reults based on the & & & \\ [21] & performance in the first three years. & Bachelor degree & 2002–2014 & 1841 \\ \hline ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013)[22] & Comparative analysis between the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Linear Regression (LR) & & & \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2015) & The success of a sophomore student enrolled in engineering majors & Bachelor degree & NA & 150 \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2019) [24] & Forecast residents’ success on preboard exams & Bachelor degree & 2004 and 2014 & 841 \\ \hline ([PERSON], 2020)[25] & Testing whether students who use e-learning related learning systems will have predictive outcomes & Higher Education & NA & 641 \\ \hline ([PERSON], 2019)[26] & Student Academic Performance Prediction & Secondary and Bachelor degree & NA & 649, 260, 20,000 \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2013)[27] & Student cognitive and non-cognitive indicators along with context data to develop predictive student learning models using ANN & Bachelor degree & 2009–2011 & 864 \\ \hline ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2015)[28] & Understand the effect of the current profile of the core courses on students’ study success & Bachelor degree & 2009–2013 & 13,640 \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2021)[29] & Understand the factors that influence the university learning process in Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) & Masters degree & NA & 32; 593 \\ \hline ([PERSON], 2020)[30] & Predict student performance & Bachelor degree & 2017–2018 & 3518 \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2014)[31] & Propose a model that predicts student performance & Bachelor degree & 2011–2012 & 653 \\ \hline ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2019)[32] & Predict the performance of students and find the factors that increase their success & Bachelor degree & 2019 & 161 \\ \hline ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2014)[33] & Investigate the prediction ability of neural networks trained by two recent heuristic algorithms inspired by the behaviors of natural phenomena, namely, the Cuckoo search and gravitational search algorithms & Bachelor degree & 2011–2012 & 653 \\ \hline ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2016) & Find a relationship between students’ outcomes of a particular course and their social backgrounds, previous achievements, and the academic environments by using Artificial Intelligence & Bachelor degree & 2012/2013 & 500 \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2018)[35] & Evaluate the achievements of honors education and to make a guidance for honor educators, it is necessary to predict the performance of honors students effectively & Bachelor degree & 2015–2016 & 501 \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2021)[36] & Predict team’s academic performance during learning and production phases & Bachelor degree & 2012–2015 & 383 \\ \hline ([PERSON] and [PERSON] 2020) & Examine factors that predict at-risk & NA & 2012–2016 & 2156 \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2019)[37] & Predict student performance & Bachelor degree & 2011–2013 & 1000 \\ \hline ([PERSON] 2021)[38] & Predict academic performance & Bachelor degree & 2016 & 162,030 \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al., 2020)[39] & Predict student failure & NA & NA & 1308 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of the reviewed literature indicating the objectives, years, sample size, and level of education. the students' activities such as total length of internet time, book-borrowing numbers, and traffic to school.