# Green Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Rubber Seed Trees: A Path to Sustainability
## 6 Valuable Compounds in Rubber Seeds
### Tocpherols and Toctoriends  
Rubber seed oil is a noteworthy source of tocopherols, vitamin E and tocotrienols [31; 39; 40]. These compounds belong to the vitamin E family. They are renowned for their potent antioxidant properties, which have far-reaching implications in promoting health and their applications in the food and cosmetic industries. Tocpherols are a group of four closely related compounds: alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and delta-tocopherol [41]. Among them, alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is recognized as a crucial nutrient with remarkable antioxidant abilities [42]. These compounds protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals, highly reactive molecules that can harm DNA, proteins, and lipids. In rubber seed oil, tocopherols can significantly enhance its oxidative stability, prevent the oil from becoming rancid, and extend its shelf life [43].  
Tocotrienols are structurally similar to tocopherols but possess a unique molecular configuration that enables them to penetrate cell membranes more effectively [44]. This property sets tocotrienols apart and enhances their bioavailability. Emerging research has highlighted the potential health benefits of tocotrienols, which include their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties [45]. Tocotrienols have shown promise in managing conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. In rubber seed oil, tocotrienols contribute to its overall antioxidant profile, bolstering its stability and making it an attractive choice for various applications.  
Tocpherols and tocotrienols extracted from rubber seed oil can be applied in the food industry as natural antioxidants. They serve as alternatives to synthetic antioxidants like BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and BHA (butylated hydroxynisole), often used to extend the shelf life of food products [46]. Tocpherols and tocotrienols are incorporated into various food products, including oils, baked goods, snacks, and nutritional supplements, to prevent oxidative rancidity, maintain product quality, and enhance food safety.  
The findings of [PERSON] et al. [47], as indicated by the Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectra, unveiled the composition of the obtained rubber seed oil (RSO). The analysis revealed that RSO comprises 13.17% inolenic acid, 39.86% linoleic acid, 27.06% oleic acid, and 19.91% saturated fatty acids. This detailed breakdown provides valuable insights into the fatty acid profile of rubber seed oil, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of its chemical composition.  
The cosmetic industry also harnesses the antioxidant power of tocopherols and tocotrienols in rubber seed oil [48]. These compounds protect the skin from oxidative stress, UV radiation, and environmental pollutants. They play a vital role in promoting skin health, reducing the signs of ageing, and maintaining skin elasticity and hydration. Rubber seed oil and its derivatives formulate skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and anti-ageing creams, offering consumers natural and effective solutions for their skincare needs.  
In summary, tocopherols andtoctrienols in rubber seed oil are potent antioxidants known for their health benefits [40]. These compounds play a pivotal role in enhancing the oxidative stability of rubber seed oil, making it an ideal choice for applications in the food and cosmetic industries.