esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Haedoksamul-tang (HST), also known as Onchungeum in Korea, Wen-Qing-Yin in China, and Unsei-in in Japan, is a traditional medical prescription comprising Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HHT) and Samul-tang (SMT). According to the Donguibogam (principles and practice of eastern medicine), HST has been traditionally used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding and abdominal pain in women or to treat flooding accompanied by a yellowish complexion, stomach aches, and alternating chills [1]. According to several studies, HST exhibits diverse therapeutic effects on inflammation [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7], atopic dermatitis [8; 9; 10; 11], blood stasis [12; 13], Behcet's syndrome [14; 15], hyperlipidemia [16], and oxidative stress [17; 18; 19; 20].  
HST consists of eight medicinal herbs: _Angelica gigas_ (Apiaceae), _Cnidium officinal_ (Umbelliferae), _Coptis japonica_ (Ranunculaceae), _Gardenia jasminoides_ (Rubiaceae), _Paeonia lactiflora_ (Paeoniaceae), _Phellodendron amureense_ (Rutaceae), _Relmannia glutinosa_ (Orobanchaceae), and _Scutellaria bacialensis_(Lamiaceae). The major components of the eight medicinal herbs in HST are: flavones (e.g., baicalin, wogonin, and baicalein) from _Scutellaria bacialensis_[21], alkaloids (e.g., berberine, palmatine, coptisine, jattorrhizine, and epiberberine) from _Coptis japonica_[22], alkaloids (e.g., palmatine, phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and berberine) from _Phellodend amurense_[23], iridoids (e.g., geniposide, genipin, genipin-1-\(\beta\) gentiobioside, and geniposidic acid) from _Gardenia jasminoides_[24], iridoids (e.g., catalpol) from _Rehmannia glutinosa_[25], coumarins (e.g., decursinol, decursinol angelate, and nodakenin) from _Angelica gigas_[26], monoterpenoids (e.g., paeoniflora, albiforin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, and oxypaeoniflorin) and phenols (e.g., paeonol and (+)-catechin) from _Paeonia lactisiflora_[27], and phthalides (e.g., senskyunolideA, Z-ligustilide, and Z-butylidenephthalide) and ferulic acid from _Cnitium officinal_[28]. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of HHT and SMT by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using photodiode array (PDA) detectors have been previously reported [29; 30; 31; 32]. Recently, a method for simultaneous quantification of six biomarkers (berberine, baicalin, ferulic acid, geniposide, hydroxymethoxylfurfural, and paeoniflorin) in HST by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed [33]. However, analysis results depended on geographic sources and cultivation environments, and the analysis data was inadequate for standardizing HST quality. In the present study, we devised and validated a HPLC-PDA method for the simultaneous determination of four biomarkers in HST (berberine from _Coptis japonica_, palmatine from _Phellodend amurense_, geniposide from _Gardenia jasminoides_, paeoniflorin from _Paeonia lactisiflora_).
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria  
A total of 30 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the healthy plant tissues of _V. anthellinitica_. Among them, 10 isolates were identified and selected for future investigation (Figure 1). The primary screening of these crude extracts showed satisfactory antimicrobial activity. All selected bacterial strains were identified using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) and compared to similar strains from GenBank in NCBI, registered under accession numbers MW820297, MW876136, MW876143, MW876161, MW876130, MW876137, MW876158, MW876133, MW876135, and MW876157 (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (Figure 2 and Table 2). The most numerous were species of the order _Bacillus_ genera (_B. haynesi_ XJB-5, _B. proteolytic_ XJB-16, _B. halotolerans_ XJB-35, _B. safensis_ XJB-71,). The remaining strains belonged to the _Pseudomonas_ (_P. punonensis_ XJB-7), _Lysinibacillus_ (_L. fusiformis_ XJB-17), _Streptococcus_ (_S. lutetiensis_ XJB-66), _Leclercia_ (_L. adearboxylata_ XJB-12), _Paneibacillus_ (_P. alvei_ XJB-14) and _Pantoea_ (_P. agglomerans_ XJB-62) genera. In our previous work [24], we isolated other species belonging to the _Bacillus_ genera namely _B. megaterium_ VERA2, _B. endophyticicus_ VERA6, and _B. atrophaeus_ VERA9 from the root of _V. anthellinitica_. Moreover, others of strains _P. chlorororaphis_ VERA3, _P. kilonetsis_ VERA 4, and _P. ananantis_ VERA8 were isolated and identified, and they belong to the _Pseudomonas_ and _Pantoea_ genera associated with the _V. anthellinitica_ root.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Isolated Strains Sequences**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Closest Match among Bacteria**} \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Deposited in GenBank**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(16S rRNA Genes) (GenBankK)**} \\ \hline
**Strains** & **Accession Number** & **Species** & **Source** & **ID\%** \\ \hline XJB-5 & MW820297 & _B. haynesi_ & stem & 99.26\% \\ XJB-16 & MW876136 & _B. proteolytic_ & stem & 99.79\% \\ XJB-35 & MW876143 & _B. halotolerans_ & stem & 99.93\% \\ XJB-71 & MW876161 & _B. safensis_ & stem & 100\% \\ XJB-7 & MW876130 & _P. punonensis_ & stem & 99.65\% \\ XJB-17 & MW876137 & _L. fusiformis_ & stem & 99.86\% \\ XJB-66 & MW876158 & _S. lutetiensis_ & stem & 99.79\% \\ XJB-12 & MW876133 & _L. adearboxylata_ & stem & 99.08\% \\ XJB-14 & MW876135 & _P. alvei_ & stem & 99.94\% \\ XJB-62 & MW876157 & _P. agglomerans_ & stem & 100\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Sequence similarities of bacterial endophytes isolated from the stem of _V. anthellinitica_ with sequences registered in GenBank.  
Figure 1: Isolated bacterial endophytes of _V. anthelminitia_ stem.  
Figure 2: The phylogenetic tree of bacterial endophytes isolated from _V. anthelminitia_ and their closest relatives from the GenBank of NCBI.
# HS-SPME Combined with GC-MS/O to Analyze the Flavor of Strong Aroma Baijiu _Daqu_
## 1 Introduction
At present, the pretreatment methods applied to the analysis of volatile components in solid samples are mainly solid phase microextraction (SPME), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), etc. In this paper, HS-SPME was used to extract the aroma of _Daqu_. Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is an incomplete method, which is easily affected by the matrix effect in the quantitative analysis of compounds in solid samples, which leads to inaccurate quantification. Multiple headspace solid phase microextraction (MHS-SPME) is a quantitative method developed based on HS-SPME. MHS-SPME  
Figure 1: Relationship between 12 flavors of baijiu and the types of \(Qu\)**(a)**, the primary process of _Daqu_-making (**b**). has nothing to do with the distribution between the two phases, which can eliminate the matrix effect of the sample. At present, MHS-SPME has been successfully applied to the quantification of some volatile compounds in mushrooms [9; 10], tomatoes [11], cheese [12], dry fermented sausage [13], wine [14; 15] and alcoholic beverages [16]. This paper is the initial stage of the application of MHS-SPME to the analysis of volatiles in _Daqu_ as we know it. Direct gas chromatography olfactory (DI-GC-O) is a direct and effective technique to evaluate sensory flavor [17]. The extract was injected into a short unfilled capillary column directly connected to the GC sniffing port. Since there was no chromatographic separation, the method could evaluate the overall olfaction of the extract [18]. As shown in Figure 2, the volatile odors not separated by the chromatographic column (a) are smelled more quickly and directly than the column with packing (b). It has been used in the detection of orange juice [17], soy sauce [18], and baijiu samples [19; 20] at present. Many researchers select extraction fiber according to the peak area of compounds. However, some studies showed that the aroma intensity detected by DI-GC-O correlated with the total peak area analyzed by GC-MS [18]. Therefore, DI-GC-O is listed as a good choice. The application of this method in solid samples such as _Daqu_ has not been reported. This research will introduce from the following aspects: (1) the extraction fiber was chosen with DI-GC-O; (2) analyses of aroma-active compounds from different maturity stages _Daqu_ by HS-SPME combined with GC-MS/O; (3) key odor compounds of _Daqu_ based on MHS-SPME quantitative analysis and aroma active value (OAV) calculation; and (4) it provides scientific support for the use of the stored _Daqu_ in actual production in terms of its aroma richness.
# Interference Challenges and Management in B5G Network Design: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Interference in B5G Networks
### Heterogeneous Networks
#### 4.1.4 Related Works in HetNet
* Hybrid Interference Solutions  
In [79], the authors proposed a novel interference mitigation and power allocation technique for downlinking with the MIMO technique in HetNet. The proposed technique, called Power Allocation-Based Interference Alignment and Coordinating Beamforming (PA-IA-CB), consists of two phases. The first phase consists of two steps of IA-CB, the first step constructs the transmit and receive beamforming vectors of Sus and SBSs to cancel inter-cluster and co-tier interference among SCs. The second step involves constructing transmit and receive beamforming vectors at macro users (Mus) and MBS, to eliminate inter-cluster interference within the MC. On the other hand, the cross-tier interference between the MC and the SCs is handled by the second phase. In this phase, that cross-tier interference can be eliminated by adjusting the amount of power allocated to the MBS and SBSs and selecting SBS frequency resources that are different from those allotted to MBS. Simulation results stated that the proposed technique can be superior to the traditional MIMO-orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and MIMO-non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based HetNet in terms of overall system sum rate and outage probability at various SNRs levels and the ranges of coverage distance. Additionally, the results indicated that the proposed technique has the advantage of decreasing the signaling overhead because of the channel state information (CSI) sharing among SCs and MC. However, when the SNR value was extremely high, the system sum rate of the suggested technique decreased. This is because the impact of residue cross-tier interference becomes prominent in comparison with the noise level, which minimizes the sum rate of the proposed technique. In [80], the model based on game theory which includes dynamic channel allocation, and a self-power optimization control method was proposed to address access exposure depending on priority by utilizing the idea of primary and secondary users. According to the simulation results, the suggested scheme was able to maximize the SINR level, channel usage, and system throughput capacity, as well as minimize outage probability, loopholes, and interference. Additionally, the proposed scheme assures high income for the operators while guaranteeing fair service costs for consumers. Nonetheless, the mobility of indoor and outdoor Ues that affect the system's power consumption was not considered in this model. Table 2 illustrates the summary of the related works of HetNets discussed in this section.
## 4 Bandwidth
For this purpose, we terminated both ends of LOMF 100/125 by conventional FC fiber optic connector with an adhesive and polishing ferrules and utilized MMF 50/125 LC patch-cords via fiber optic adapter FC/LC for connection to analyzer transceivers. During typical 70 h measurements, no errors were detected, and BER stayed zero (BER = 0). Therefore, first time we demonstrated guaranteed successful laser-based 1 Gbps bit rate data transmission over 520 m MMF link with proposed LOMF 100/125 under 1000 Base-LX interface without any special launching conditions.
# Applications for Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors in Advanced Instrumentation
## 3 MKID Applications in Observational Astronomy
### Observational Astronomy: Infrared to Microwaves
#### 3.1.1 MKID on-Chip Spectrometers
Due to this significant size and weight advantage it is proposed to replace huge and heavy, classic far-IR diffraction grating spectrometers in balloon based and space missions. The balloon born instrument EXCLAIM (the EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping) [23] plans to use six Micro-Spec spectrometers to do a low spatial resolution intensity mapping of the night sky in the 420-540 GHz (710-560 \(\upmu\)m) range.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Desirability Method  
Most of the research performed on the topic proposes a single-objective optimization approach. However, some recent works have been proposing a multi-objective optimization approach for determining the drilling mechanics parameters [55,56], accounting for the optimum ROP and MSE concomitantly. A multi-objective analysis may be applicable when several drilling performance indicators are analyzed simultaneously.  
One of the most used methods for addressing multi-objective approaches is known as the total desirability (D), which basically transforms the equations that model each of the answers into individual functions and then proceeds to optimize a global function [57]. This method consists of three stages: (1) data collection, (2) model building, and (3) optimization [58].  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] (1980) proposed individual desirability functions based on three response types as follows: nominal-the-best (NTB), larger-the-best (LTB), and smaller-the-best (STB) answers [59].  
* Nominal-the-best (NTB): The value of the estimated response [\(\hat{y}\)(x)] is expected to achieve a particular target value (T). The NTB response is defined as per Equation (2). \[\mathrm{d}=\begin{cases}\left[\frac{\hat{y}-\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{T}-\mathrm{L} }\right]^{\mathrm{S}}\mathrm{L}\leq\hat{y}\leq\mathrm{T}\\ \left[\frac{\hat{y}-\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{T}-\mathrm{U}}\right]^{\mathrm{R}} \mathrm{T}\leq\hat{y}\leq\mathrm{U}\\ 0\text{ if }\hat{y}<\mathrm{L}\text{ or }\hat{y}>\mathrm{U}\end{cases}\] (2)
* Larger-the-best (LTB): The target value (T) must reach the maximum value of the function. For this response type, the individual desirability function is defined as per Equation (3). \[\mathrm{d}=\begin{cases}\begin{array}{cc}0&\hat{y}<\mathrm{L}\\ \left[\frac{\hat{y}-\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{U}-\mathrm{L}}\right]^{\mathrm{R}} \mathrm{L}\leq\hat{y}\leq\mathrm{U}\\ 1&\hat{y}>\mathrm{U}\end{array}\end{cases}\] (3)
* Smaller-the-best (STB): The target value (T) must reach the minimum value of the function. For this response type, the individual desirability function is defined as per Equation (4). \[\mathrm{d}=\begin{cases}\begin{array}{cc}0&\hat{y}<\mathrm{U}\\ \left[\frac{\hat{y}-\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{U}}\right]^{\mathrm{R}} \mathrm{L}\leq\hat{y}\leq\mathrm{U}\\ 1&\hat{y}<\mathrm{L}\end{array}\end{cases}\] (4)  
In the sequence, the optimization of the responses can be performed using the global function, as represented by Equation (5).  
\[\mathrm{D}=(\mathrm{d}_{1}\cdot\mathrm{d}_{2}\cdot\mathrm{d}_{3}\cdot\ldots \cdot\mathrm{d}_{n})^{\left(\frac{
# GSFedSec: Group Signature-Based Secure Aggregation for Privacy Preservation in Federated Learning
## 5 Performance Analysis
### Computation Overhead
#### 5.1.2 Computation Cost on the Server Side (\(C_{Server}\))  
The computation cost on the server side consists of the decryption, verification, and aggregation costs; these are computed as the formula given in Equation (18):  
\[C_{Server}=C_{DEC}+C_{VER}+C_{AGG}. \tag{18}\]  
1. Decryption Cost (\(C_{DEC}\)): This is the cost of decrypting a single message sent by the client. The total cost can be obtained by multiplying this by the number of clients selected for learning.
2. Verification Cost (\(C_{VER}\)): This is the cost of verifying the signature at the receiver end. When the receiver receives the signed message, it first verifies its signature to confirm the authenticity of the signer. For this, it computes binding variables using the parameters sent by the signer via the formula given in Equation (19): \[C_{VER}=C_{BV}+C_{HASH},\] (19) where \(C_{BV}=9C_{M}+8C_{EXP}+5C_{BP}=9\times 0.612+8\times 1+5\times 4.51=36.058 \text{ ms}\) and \(C_{VER}=36.058+0.067=36.125\) ms.
3. Aggregation Cost (\(C_{AGG}\)): The aggregation cost is directly dependent upon the number of clients participating in the learning process. The aggregation of FedAvg is computed as \(\Sigma_{k=1}^{K}p_{k}w_{t+1}^{k}\). Hence, for a total of \(K\) participating clients, the total cost is \(K\times(C_{EXP}+C_{M})\).  
Suppose there are 1000 clients in the FL model. Then, the total cost of the server can be given as the sum of the above-computed algorithm: \(C_{Server}=C_{DEC}+36.125+1000\times(1+0.612)=C_{DEC}+1612+36.125=1648.125+C_{DEC}\) ms.  
Hence, the total computational cost of the FL algorithm is calculated as the following formula given in Equation (20):  
\[C_{Alg}=C_{Server}+C_{Client}. \tag{20}\]  
For our proposed algorithm, the total computational cost is computed as the formula given in Equation (21):  
\[\begin{split} C_{Proposed}&=C_{Server}+C_{Client}\\ &=1648.125\text{ ms}+C_{DEC}+27.947\text{ ms}+C_{ENC}\\ &=1676.072\text{ ms}+C_{DEC}+C_{ENC}.\end{split} \tag{21}\]
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, the aerodynamic and flow characteristics of the vertical tail are studied utilizing wind tunnel experiments, starting from a series of problems such as flow field characteristics under typical conditions of the vertical tail scale model. The vertical tail's essential aerodynamic characteristics and flow characteristics are studied when the control is not applied, and we investigate the influence of different parameters on the flow control law and control effect of the vertical tail when the oscillating jet control is used. The control  
Figure 17: Vertical tail model lateral force coefficient increment curves under different control positions: (**a**) \(\mathrm{C}\mu=0.083\%\); (**b**) \(\mathrm{C}\mu=0.166\%\); (**c**) \(\mathrm{C}\mu=0.332\%\) (\(\beta=-10^{\circ}\), \(Re=2.12\times 10^{5}\)).  
mechanism of oscillating jet control on the vertical tail is summarized by studying the vertical tail surface, the spatial flow field distribution, and the pressure characteristics of the rudder surface. The specific conclusions are as follows:  
1. The oscillating jet applied to the trailing edge of the stabilizer can significantly increase the vertical tail lateral force. At a \(-10^{\circ}\) sideslip angle, \(40^{\circ}\) rudder deflection angle, and \(2.12\times 10^{5}\) experimental Reynolds number conditions, the increment of the lateral force can reach 36.5% when flow control is applied.
2. With the increase in the deflection angle of the vertical tail rudder, apparent flow separation occurs on the rudder, which is the main reason for reducing the vertical tail rudder efficiency. After the oscillating jet flow control is applied, the flow separation on the rudder is suppressed, and the rudder effect of the vertical tail is restored. In addition, high-speed jet injection accelerates the flow on the vertical tail stabilizer, and the increase in the vertical tail circulation further improves the lateral force coefficient.
3. We can improve the lateral force coefficient of the vertical tail model by applying oscillating jet flow control alone at different spanwise positions. Because the rudder area and flow separation are different at different spanwise locations, the energy required for flow control and the flow control effect are different, which will provide a basis for the optimal layout of actuators and engineering practice.  
Data curation: [PERSON] and Y.G.; formal analysis: [PERSON] and K.C.; investigation: [PERSON] and [PERSON]; supervision: [PERSON] and [PERSON]; investigation, X.C. and F.Z.; writing, X.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Numerical Wind Tunnel Project of China number 0747-2266 SCCMY003, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) number 11872208, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities number NF2020001.  
Not applicable.  
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
# Agriculture 5.0 in Colombia: Opportunities Through the Emerging 6G Network
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Future Challenges for 6G Implementation in Colombia
Although Colombia has been recognized in the past for its effective spectrum management [59], it is necessary to acknowledge that economic constraints limit the country's ability to lead changes in spectrum governance, as well as the technological and regulatory transformations required for the rapid deployment of 5G and 6G. For instance, Colombia's economy is not among the 30 largest in the world [60], and its population of just over 52 million exhibits high levels of monetary poverty (33%) and a low gross domestic product per capita (ranked 93 out of 196 countries), which limits the purchasing power of a large portion of its citizens [61]. Therefore, although Colombia actively participates in international discussions regarding future spectrum allocation for 6G, it is other stakeholders who will ultimately play a decisive role in shaping those decisions. Consequently, the country's national actions are mainly limited to conducting studies and adopting the decisions established during ITU Radiocommunication Assemblies. There are numerous, yet essential, actions that the Colombian government must undertake to lay a solid foundation for the agile and efficient implementation of 6G technology. For instance, it is central to accelerate the deployment of 5G infrastructure throughout the national territory. Although mobile network operators are meeting the deadlines established in the agreements of the 2023 spectrum auction, it is necessary to develop policies that facilitate access to technology and resources to maximize the potential of the various 5G deployment scenarios, given that this technology could serve as the foundation upon which 6G will be built. Another key aspect to consider is the definition of the spectrum that Colombia will allocate to IMT services in frequencies above 6 GHz. In addition to promoting the development and rollout of both 5G and 6G, this will also require updating the current spectrum caps, which remain low compared to those of other Latin American countries. Finally, it is necessary to create favorable conditions so that major international companies with sufficient economic capacity and technical expertise can participate in the upcoming IMT spectrum auction. This would enhance competition and improve the quality of services provided to the population, thereby reducing the likelihood of situations like that of the Telecall operator, which, one year after winning one of the 5G deployment blocks, has yet to begin operations. Figure 4: IMT bands with assignment of IMT spectrum use permits in Colombia. Source: [55].