## 3 Results
### Metabolic Profiles Analyzed via GC-MS  
As illustrated in Table 2, we identified a total of 25 metabolites from 6 different groups--CON, IR-alone, HY, Sup-HY, HY + IR, and Sup-HY + IR--based on a compound matching degree of over 80% and RI. Specifically, 23 metabolites were identified in the CON group, 12 in the IR-alone group, 19 in the HY group, 16 in the Sup-HY group, 13 in the HY + IR group, and 10 in the Sup-HY + IR group. While some metabolites \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Stage** & **Conditions** & **Control** & **Irradiation** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Larvae} & Normoxia & \(3.09\pm 1.25\) bA & \(3.55\pm 1.52\) bB \\  & Hypoxia (5\%) & \(4.00\pm 1.51\) aA & \(4.02\pm 1.74\) aA \\  & Sup-Hypoxia (0.50\%) & \(4.05\pm 2.07\) aA & \(4.23\pm 1.94\) aA \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Pupa} & Normoxia & \(5.48\pm 0.70\) c & N.A. \\  & Hypoxia (5\%) & \(5.89\pm 0.51\) b & N.A. \\  & Sup-Hypoxia (0.50\%) & \(6.52\pm 0.78\) a & N.A. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Adult} & Normoxia & N.A. & N \\  & Hypoxia (5\%) & N.A. & N \\ \cline{1-1}  & Suppression-Hypoxia (0.50\%) & N.A. & N \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Different lowercase letters (a, b and c) indicate significantly different means within a row (\(p<0.05\)); and different uppercase letters (A and B) in the same columns are significantly different at the 0.05 level based on the one-way ANOVA and [PERSON]’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test. N.A. = Not Applicable; N = No data.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Developmental periods (days) (mean \(\pm\) SE) of the _B. dorsalis_ (Diptera: Tephrridae) larvae in the different treatment groups. Figure 2: Proportion of _B. dorsalis_ (Diptera: Tephrridae) larvae in the control (**A(I)**), hypoxia (**A(2)**), super hypoxia (**A(3)**), irradiation (**BI**)), hypoxia + irradiation (**B(2)**) and super-hypoxia + irradiation (**B(3)**) treatment groups. were ubiquitously expressed across all groups, others exhibited significant variations in specific groups. A one-way ANOVA, followed by [PERSON]'s LSD post hoc analysis, revealed significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) in the GC-MS response of 24 compounds, as depicted in Figure S1. Metabolites such as 4-methyl-heptadecane, 1-docosene, 2-pentadecanone, nonadecane, and squalene were found to be upregulated in the IR, HY, Sup-HY, HY+IR, and Sup-HY + IR groups. Conversely, metabolites like n-hexadecanoic acid, sitosterol, (E)-2-decenal, 2-dodecenal, and tetradecanal manifested a downregulation following these treatments. Notably, the majority of metabolites that were downregulated were co-clustered in the cluster analysis, suggesting a potential similarity in functions within the metabolic pathways of the _B. dorsalis_ larvae. To visually represent the expression patterns of the metabolites across different groups, a clustering heatmap was constructed to cluster the identified metabolites based on the similarity of their content changes. In this heatmap, each cell represents the average content of a metabolite, with blue indicating downregulation, and red indicating upregulation. As shown in Figure 3, the 24 metabolites subjected to hierarchical clustering in each group (CON, IR, HY, Sup-HY, HY + IR, and Sup-HY + IR) showed different regulatory directions significantly. This provides a clear representation, revealing the variations in the metabolite patterns of the _B. dorsalis_ larvae under different treatment conditions. To gain further insights into the metabolic responses of _B. dorsalis_ larvae to these five treatment methods, we will further employ multivariate statistical methods for analysis. Figure 3: Heatmap displaying the abundance changes of the metabolites significantly influenced by different treatment methods, with significance determined via one-way ANOVA at \(p<0.05\).