## 3 Data and Methods
### Lithospheric Data  
From a lithospheric point of view, a seismological analysis was carried out to characterize the seismicity of the area affected by the M\({}_{\rm L}\) = 5.7 EQ under inspection, paying particular attention to the area mainly affected by the imminent seismic event. The seismic data provided by the Italian INGV Catalog [47] were used by selecting a circular area with a radius of 150 km around the epicenter and imposing a depth limit of 100 km, covering the period from 1 January 2012 to 8 November 2022 (Figure 4). The temporal and spatial reso  
Figure 3: Seismotectonic framework of the coastal area of the Marche region. The light blue squares represent the seismic sequence from 9 November 2022 to 14 February 2023; the first event is marked with a yellow star and the second event is shown with a green star. Historical and instrumental earthquakes from CPTII5 [45] are indicated with colored squares, with earthquakes of Mw \(\geq\) 5.5 highlighted in red. The surface projections of seismogenic zones are depicted with orange ribbons [41]. The focal mechanisms of the 9 November 2022 earthquake and the event of 30 October 1930, represented by the grey and white balls, come from TDMT (Time Domain Moment Tensor) and Vannoli et al. [46], respectively (modified from [30]). lutions of the used catalog in terms of earthquake detection (with associated information) are of the order of seconds (or even fractions of a second) and a few km, respectively. To evaluate R-AMR [48; 49], the magnitude completeness (Mc) of the catalog, which represents the minimum value of magnitude for detection, was estimated using the method of maximum curvature [50]. The estimation of Mc was performed as a function of time by sliding time windows, each containing 150 EQs and stepping by five events. The uneven distribution of events within the selected circular area, due to the lack of seismometers on the Adriatic seabed, was taken into consideration. However, the presence of a seismic station located in Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina), named BLY, allowed for precise event localization. Based on these considerations, an Mc = 2.2 was chosen, resulting in a catalog of 9.099 events. Figure 5 depicts the events (blue and red points) that contributed to the acceleration identified by the R-AMR analysis. Several studies (e.g., [51; 52]) suggested that before significant EQs, there is an accelerated seismic activity under specific conditions. This phenomenon, explained by the Critical Point Theory, likens the main EQ to a phase transition occurring at a \"time-to-failure\", \(t_{f}\)  
Figure 4: Spatial distribution of the 174.723 events extracted from the INGV Catalog during the period 2012–2022 within a circular radius of 150 km from the epicenter of the main EQ, highlighted by the yellow star. The grey and white sphere represents the focal mechanism of the earthquake on 9 November 2022. The chosen radius includes the Central Italy sequence (2016), identifiable by the cluster of events to the south near the edge of the area. The seismicity preceding the mainshock, often hidden in catalogs, can be revealed through methods like Accelerated Moment Release (AMR), particularly its revised version, known as R-AMR ([48; 49]). The R-AMR algorithm was applied to EQ data in the Marche region before the Fano EQ. Acceleration in seismicity is measured by examining the accumulation of seismic Benioff strain \(s_{i}=\sqrt{E_{i}}\), where each event releases strain proportional to the square root of its energy \(E_{i}=10^{(1.5M_{i}+4.8)}\) J. The cumulative strain, \(s(t)=\sum s_{i}\), is known as Cumulative Benioff Strain. The regional increase in the cumulative Benioff deformation before a large shock is expressed by a power-law time-to-failure functional relation:  
\[s(t)=A+B\Big{(}t_{f}-t\Big{)}^{m} \tag{1}\]  
where \(t_{f}\) is the time-to-failure (i.e., the occurrence of the mainshock) and \(m\) is an inverse measure of how quickly the acceleration grows around \(t_{f}\).