esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Modeling Network-Controlled Device-to-Device Communications in SimuLTE
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Evaluation of D2D-Enabled Simulation Scenarios
In the latter, new IP packets are buffered and MS is deferred until all the transmitter's RLC buffer has been transmitted on the SL. We assume that the transmitter sends a burst of 20 packets every 10 ms using UDP as transport-layer protocol. Figure 22 shows the sequence of packets sent and received at the application level with the above two schemes. In the first case, a burst of packets is lost but packets sent just after the MS are not affected. On the other hand, deferred MS allows all the packets to reach the destination at the cost of increasing the delay of packets sent after the MS (dashed arrow in the figure). The effects of MS are amplified when TCP is used instead of UDP. Considering a file-transfer application in the same scenario as above, Figure 23 compares the evolution of the TCP congestion window with the two MS schemes. With the instantaneous MS, the discard of the RLC buffer triggers TCP congestion control: the sender receives duplicate acknowledgements and reduces its congestion window accordingly. Moreover, since the number of unacknowledged segments exceeds the new congestion window, the sender's transmissions are halted until the retransmission timer expires (typically, after one second). With deferred MS, instead, the increased delay at the MS does not affect  
Figure 21: Simulation scenario for assessing the impact of MS.  
Figure 22: Effects of MS on a UDP-based application. the congestion window (unless it exceeds the TCP timeout, which is not the case here). Figure 24 shows that the instantaneous application-level throughput is hardly affected in this case, its slight decrease being due to the larger round-trip time on the two-hop infrastructure path.
# Increasing Compressed Gas Energy Storage Density Using CO\({}_{2}\)-N\({}_{2}\) Gas Mixture
## 3 Methodology  
The energy stored in GLIDES is from compression work that is done by a compression liquid column on a gas in a vessel and is given by:  
\[W=-\int_{V_{0}}^{V_{f}}P\;dV,\;V_{f}<V_{0} \tag{1}\]  
To maximize ED of GLIDES, one needs to either maximize the pressure, maximize the change of volume or maximize both.  
In the absence of phase change, pressure rise is coupled with the change in volume under isothermal compression. In this case, the maximum ED achievable using a certain vessel is limited by  
Figure 2: Simplest configuration of Ground-Level Integrated Diverse Energy Storage (GLIDES): (a) charging and (b) discharging.  
the maximum allowable working pressure of the vessel. However, increasing the maximum allowable working pressure requires stronger storage vessels and more safety inspections which increases the cost of GLIDES on a kWh basis. If, on the other hand, a gas is used such that when compressed it condenses into liquid, pressure is decoupled from the change of volume under isothermal compression. Since the density of the condensed fluid is higher than its density in vapor phase, the volume that can be utilized for energy storage is increased. In this case, the maximum ED achievable is limited by the volume of the vessel and the saturation pressure of the gas under the working temperature. These two cases are illustrated in Figure 3.  
An inexpensive, non-toxic, non-flammable, and readily available gas that condenses at relatively high pressure at room temperature is CO2. Although, using CO2 maximizes the volume of the vessel that can be utilized for energy storage, the pressure is restricted to approximately 60 bar, depending on the ambient temperature. This pressure is much lower than the existing vessel's maximum allowable working pressure of 140 bar [21]. The goal of this study is to determine whether using a mixture of air and CO2 can result in higher ED than using air alone. To do so, we model the process of compressing a mixture of a non-condensable gas under the working temperature and pressure (N2) and a condensable gas (CO2). N2 is used to represent air to simplify the model. The model predicts the instantaneous composition of the mixture, the pressure and the volume of the gas mixture. ED is then calculated by numerically integrating the pressure over the volume bounds. The model was run parametrically to analyze the effect of the initial mole fraction and the initial pressure on the ED of the system
# Impact of Direction Parameter in Performance of Modified AODV in VANET
## VANET Component Model
### Obstacle Shadowing Model  
The signal shadowing effects are heavily impacted by radio transmission. Therefore, obtaining the real signal is important in VANET in both urban and suburban areas, where buildings and infrastructure block radio propagation. In the simulation, we include a calibrated and validated obstacle shadowing model against realistic obstacle measurement [18]. This model accurately captures the effect of blocking transmission by large buildings. In other words, while strong transmissions can be hindered by the presence of infrastructure in the line of sight, weak transmissions can be blocked by something as small as a short wall.
# A Cooperative Transmission Scheme in Radio Frequency Energy-Harvesting WBANs
## 6 Conclusions  
A cooperative RF energy harvesting-based WBAN is studied in this article, whereby sensors harvest energy before transmission and adaptively adjust transmission strategy to enhance network performance. We proposed a classification method to categorize sensors into potential relay nodes and common nodes. A centralized scheduling scheme is employed, and the coordinator is responsible for calculating the optimal cooperation scheme based on the real-time network status. Cooperative transmission can be realized among sensors, during which sensors with sufficient energy can forward packets received from common nodes. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme ensures maximum reliability of the data transmission. Compared with the common single-hop network, our proposed scheme achieves higher energy efficiency, larger network throughput, and better packet delivery ratio.  
In our future work, we plan to extend this study to unsaturated networks where sensors upload packets only when necessary and the coordinator adjusts the superframe accordingly to satisfy sensors' energy charging and data transmission requirements. Additionally, we plan to explore the optimization of collaboration mechanisms among nodes using deep learning methods.  
Figure 4: Analysis of improved packet arrival rate.  
Figure 5: Analysis of packet reception rate in a random location scenario.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.H. and S.L.; methodology, J.H.; software, S.L.; validation, J.H., G.X. and L.H.; formal analysis, S.L.; investigation, G.X. and L.H.; resources, L.H.; data curation, G.X.; writing--original draft preparation, S.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 61701190 and Project of Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission Grant No. 2019 FGWTZC001.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# CPM-OFDM Performance over Underwater Acoustic Channels
## 6 Conclusions  
Through computer simulations, it has been shown that CPM-OFDM is an attractive candidate for underwater acoustic communication. This scheme offers an excellent error performance without employing any equalization technique. The best error performance is achieved when the CPM modulation index \(h\) is chosen as either \(7/16\) or \(9/16\). Moreover, acceptable error performance is observed up to a transmitter-receiver distance of 500 m. The PAPR performance of CPM-OFDM has also been evaluated and shown to be similar to those offered by other traditional OFDM schemes. Hence, a PAPR reduction technique is mandatory when employing CPM-OFDM for underwater acoustic communication. In this work, we evaluated the performance of binary CPM-OFDM and without any PAPR reduction technique. The performance of M-ary CPM-OFDM with PAPR reduction technique remains to be studied.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the idea and the block diagram of the system. [PERSON] and [PERSON] implemented the model in MATLAB, ran the simulations, and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON] conceived and designed the UWA channel model used and contributed to the discussion section. [PERSON] and [PERSON] reviewed the final version of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The publication of this article has been funded by the Universidad de Malaga, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucia Tech.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 10: PAPR performance of CPM-OFDM as a function of 23 values of \(h\) with \(N=512\) and transmitter-receiver distance 500 m.  
**Acknowledgments:** Authors express their gratitude to the Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria de Telecomunicacion, and the Instituto de Ingenieria Oceanica, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain. We would also like to thank College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Specific Applications of Wastewater Bioprocessing with Simultaneous Biofuel Production
### Dairy Wastewater and Biodiesel Production  
Lipid production with simultaneous bioremediation of effluents and CO\({}_{2}\) capture, through appropriate microalgae is also achieved in highly burdened waste such as that of dairy farms. In the study of [PERSON] et al. in 2018, a new strain was isolated from a local cattle dairy farm (Babolsar, Iran), _Coelastrium_ sp. The waste used for the cultivation of the microalgae was the output from the solid material separator of the waste treatment plant and was burdened with COD: 34.949 (mg/L), TKN (Kjeldahl nitrogen): 2794 (mg/L), and TP (total phosphorus): 316.67 (mg/L). _Coelastrium_ sp., after a latency that lasted two days, adapted to waste conditions and entered an exponential growth phase. The experiments were conducted in four COD concentrations (600, 750, 900, and 1050 mg/L), where it was found that the optimal concentration for biomass production and CO\({}_{2}\) capture was in the COD sample of 750 mg/L. Biomass productivity reached 0.266 g/L/d and CO\({}_{2}\) capture reached 53.12 mg/L/d. In addition, the mean elimination efficacy in optimal conditions was COD: 53.45%, TKN: 91.18%, and TP: 100%. Simultaneously with the above, the study investigated the effect of light, as light intensity is one of the main factors affecting the growth and accumulation of lipids in microalgae biomass. The light intensity in optimal biomass growth conditions was 6900 Lux, while for lipid production, measurements were made under different lighting intensities and the maximum lipid productivity reached 11.08 mg/L/d under 2300 Lux lighting. The explanation for the fact that optimal lipid production was at a lower light intensity than biomass production is due to the dependence of lipid synthesis on chlorophyll, through ATP and NADPH photosynthetic action. The production of chlorophyll by chloroplasts decreases when light is unlimited, but at high light intensities chlorophyll can be degraded, resulting in a decrease in production. In conclusion, the results of the study, according to the authors, demonstrated that _Coelastrium_ sp. is a suitable strain for wastewater bioremediation, binding CO\({}_{2}\), and fatty acid production [46].
# Planar Array Failed Element(s) Radiation Pattern Correction: A Comparison
## 2 Design Methodology
### Problem Formulation
#### 2.1.2. Failed Beam Pattern Generation  
Failed array weights, \(w_{fx}(q)\) and \(w_{fy}(q)\), are used to simulate failed beam patterns. Failed element weights in \(w_{fx}(q)\) and \(w_{fy}(q)\) were assigned as zero instead of one in \(w_{x}(m)\) and \(w_{y}(n)\). For this purpose, elements from Rows 4 and 7 (24 elements) in the array are failed in an 8 \(\times\) 8 element array. The beam pattern formulation of failed elements is as (8).  
\[G_{pf}(\theta,\varphi)=\left[\sum_{m=1}^{M}w_{fx}(m)e^{i(2n-M-1)*arg_{x}} \right]\sum_{n=1}^{N}w_{fy}(n)e^{i(2n-N-1)*arg_{y}} \tag{8}\]  
Figure 3 shows the planar array with Row 4 and Row 7 failed elements. The failed elements in the figure below are not shaded, while the functional elements are shaded.  
Figure 2: \(M\times N\) elements in an array with uniform inter-element distance.
## 2 Methods  
Quantifying the potential savings for extending the set-point temperature can be complex, especially by the necessity of various simulations. To reduce the complexity of the simulation process, previous works for residential buildings have focused their studies on one building model and typology and a few locations [13; 26; 27; 29; 31] or on one building typology [23; 32].  
This work, using a different approach, considered six geometries (three multifamily buildings and three single-family buildings), five thermal envelopes, and two construction years, resulting in a total of sixty building models. In addition, full coverage of all nine Koppen-Geiger climates of the Spanish peninsular region was guaranteed by considering a typical meteorological year (TMY) for each municipality, 8034 in total. For the heating and cooling, four and six values, respectively, for the static set-point temperature were considered. Combining all the variables, we obtained a total of 96,408 cases to simulate. To perform this massive simulation, we developed a VBA Excel(r) script that was able to generate an IDF file according to the building model and their location, run a simulation on EnergyPlus for each temperature set-point, and save the results. Figure 1 schematises the simulation procedure considered.  
An ideal load model of EnergyPlus was used to determine the heating and cooling load. This model simulates an ideal system to supply conditioned air to the zone that meets all the load requirements. However, to determine the final energy, we considered the HVAC template models of EnergyPlus for the typical heating and cooling technologies of Spanish homes, which included a gas boiler (\(\eta\) = 0.92), an electric radiator (\(\eta\) = 1.00) and an air-conditioner (split unit, COP = 2.90), according to Building Technical Code Standard DB-HE0 [40] and the housing characteristics survey [41].  
The occupancy profile was defined according to [PERSON] et al. [42]. Also considered were the suggested appliances and lighting usage profiles for residential buildings [42]. Regarding the last household survey in Spain [43], a nominal occupancy of 3 persons  
Figure 1: Scheme of the energy demand calculation procedure.  
was assumed for each dwelling. The ideal load model considered the minimum outdoor airflow to ensure indoor air quality, which corresponded to 0.15 L/s-m\({}^{2}\) of floor area and 3.5 L/s-person [44], where no natural ventilative cooling strategy was considered.  
In Section 2.1, the considered set-point temperatures for heating and cooling are presented. The generation of the TMY data and the exploration of climates are discussed in Section 2.2. Furthermore, Section 2.3 provides a summary of the building models utilized in the study.
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Related Work
#### 2.2.2 Connected Car Security Testing Tools  
Sprient developed a V2X emulator to test the V2X functions and performance and test the conformance of the WAVE and C-V2X protocol stacks [33]. It can perform U.S. OmniAir-compliant tests, including messages' conformity and security function tests [27]. Furthermore, if call simulator equipment is used, WAVE and C-V2X full-stack signals can be generated [34]. By applying a driving scenario, we can build a virtual C-ITS HIL environment through node configuration, in which messages are sent/received. If a HIL environment is built by connecting to a specific DuT, a security evaluation can be performed for the message processing part mounted on the DuT. However, one cannot perform an application-level test or verification of the nodes implemented virtually before product development. Vector CANoe Option.Car2X can implement V2X nodes and directly implement the handler of transmitted/received messages through CAPL [35]. Therefore, simulations for implementing a DuT virtually and performing security evaluations of the message handling part for the DuT can be performed based on security evaluation scenarios using CANoe. In this study, we propose applying security evaluation scenarios of vehicle nodes using CANoe Option.Car2X, and explain this in Section 5. Sprient V2X test simulation provides ITS full stack and can perform simulations similar to reality. However, in order to perform the application level tests, tools capable of the application message handling, such as CANoe, should be used. Since CANoe does not basically provide an application level security test, a security evaluation must be performed through the CANoe-based simulation by linking objects that can generate the application event messages.
## 2 **Introduction**
Pakistan accounts for a total potato production of 4,869,312 tonnes in 2019, while sweet potato remained at around 0.01 million tonnes [17]. Sweet potatoes are a rich source of phytochemicals, carbohydrates, minerals, dietary fibres, and \(\beta\)-carotenoids, but their quantity and type of sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, vary from variety to variety [18]. These phytochemicals showed various activities, including antioxidants, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiulcer, and immune-modulatory. Anthocyanins and choline in sweet potatoes are the best remedies against chronic inflammation. Research studies established that sweet potatoes also improved haematological parameters in animal models [19; 20]. Anthocyanins are the phenolic compounds that impart purple and blue colours to many vegetables and fruits. Evidence has revealed that polyphenols (anthocyanins) are helpful in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis because they reduce inflammation [21; 22]. Sweet potatoes contain a high level of \(\beta\)-carotene ranging from 0.2 to 226 \(\mu\)g/g FW (fresh weight) in 19 different varieties of sweet potato [23]. [PERSON] et al. [24] showeda total phenolic content of approximately 192.7-1159.0 mg GAE/100 g DW (dry weight) among five different Philippine sweet potato varieties and observed a negative correlation between EC50 of antioxidant DPPH assay and total phenolic content, suggesting that phenolic content is a leading contributor to their free radical scavenging activity. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [25] demonstrated that five cultivars of sweet potatoes showed 213 different metabolites, including 27 phenolic acids and 29 flavonoids. They also observed that quinic acids, anthocyanins, and ferulic acids were the primarily phenolic acids in OFSP (orange flesh sweet potato) and WESP (white flesh sweet potato). [PERSON] and co-workers [18] showed that purple-fleshed sweet potato extract (PSPE) exhibited the total pelargonidin-3-O-(6-malonyl-glucoside), petunidin-3-O-(6-malonyl-glucoside), and peonidin-3-O-glucose levels of 30.77%, 16.86%, and 12.56%. They also revealed that chitosan-PSPE I and chitosan-PSPE II showed the maximum antioxidant DPPH scavenging activity of 50% and 60% after 60 min. [PERSON] et al. [26] reported that twelve different types of anthocyanins were observed in Chinese purple-fleshed sweet potatoes and stated that peonidin-based extract of purple sweet potatoes showed better antioxidant scavenger free radicle properties followed by good Fe\({}^{2+}\) chelating power and reducing ability. The data of biological activities of different varieties of sweet potatoes in different parts of the world are known, but there are very limited data regarding the biological activities of WFSP and WFP in Pakistan. The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity of a locally grown variety of WFSP and WFP in Pakistan. In addition, it defines the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, proximate analysis, minerals, and powder colour properties of WFSP and WFP.
# LDM-Ex-FDM: A Novel Multi-Service Transmission Scheme for the ATSC 3.0 System
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### LDM-Ex-FDM Performance with Non-Equal Interval Symbol Puncturing (NEISP)  
This subsection simulates the multi-service transmission performance of the LDM-Ex-FDM scheme with NEISP. The BER performance of the traditional _LDM_ scheme and the proposed LDM-Ex-FDM scheme for receiving mobile service and fixed service in the multipath fading channel is shown in Figure 18.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scheme**} & **Bit Rate for Mobile Service** & **Improvement of the BER Performance for Fixed Service** \\  & **(QPSK-5/15)** & **under AWGN/Multipath Channel** \\ \hline Traditional _LDM_ & 3.21 Mbps & - \\ \hline LDM-Ex-FDM & 2.94 Mbps & 0.45 dB/1.8 dB \\ Puncturing Rate = 1/12 & 2.67 Mbps & 0.90 dB/2.5 dB \\ \hline LDM-Ex-FDM & 2.67 Mbps & 0.90 dB/2.5 dB \\ Puncturing Rate = 1/6 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Bit rate for mobile service and the improvement of the BER performance for fixed service under the AWGN and multipath channels.  
Figure 18: BER performance of mobile service and fixed service in ATSC 3.0 system with and without LDM-Ex-FDM scheme with perfect channel impulse response (CIR) under the multipath channel, where the parameters of the ATSC 3.0 system was set to \(\Delta=0\) dB, the _CL_ constellation was set to QPSK, the _EL_ constellation was set to NU\(-\)64 QAM, and the puncturing rate of the LDM-Ex-FDM scheme was set to \(1/12\).  
The BER performance of the mobile service and the fixed service in the LDM-Ex-FDM multi-service transmission scheme proposed in this paper is better than that of the traditional _LDM_ scheme by approximately [0.90, 1.05] dB. This is due to the fact that the use of NEISP effectively reduces the occupancy rate of constellation overlap, thereby improving the performance of mobile services. On the other hand, the symbols removed by puncturing occupy part of the subcarriers transmission alone and therefore have a higher SNR at the receiving end, which can improve the decoding performance of the fixed service.