## 3 Artificial Intervention in the Degradation of Antibiotics
### Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
Additionally, the reduction of Cu\({}^{2+}\) is easier than that of Fe\({}^{3+}\) because the standard redox potential of Cu\({}^{2+}\)/Cu\({}^{+}\) is lower. At a neutral pH, Cu\({}^{2+}\) can exist in the form of [Cu(H\({}_{2}\)O)\({}_{6}\)]\({}^{2+}\), which allows Cu-based catalysts to exhibit a better pH tolerance and higher catalytic activity [81]. Furthermore, in a study by [PERSON], solid-phase catalyst Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles were encapsulated in the lumen of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) through electrostatic interactions, forming a core-shell structured nano-reactor system that achieved a degradation rate of nearly 100% for 50 mg/L of AF within 120 min, significantly outperforming traditional heterogeneous Fenton catalysts (such as pure Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) NPs or Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)/HNTs composites) [82]. In recent years, research has focused on improving the efficiency of Fenton and Fenton-like reactions through catalyst modification and process optimization. Currently, common improved Fenton technologies include electro-Fenton technology, photo-Fenton technology, microwave Fenton technology, and ultrasound Fenton technology. For example, under acidic conditions in the electro-Fenton process, the anode generates a small amount of hydroxyl radicals (\(\bullet\)OH) through the oxidation of water, while the cathode generates hydrogen peroxide (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) in situ by reducing oxygen (O\({}_{2}\)). At this time, under the influence of the electric field, a potential difference is formed on the surface of conductive or adsorptive particle materials, creating microelectrodes that increase the electrochemical reaction surface area and shorten the migration distance of reactants, thereby enhancing the degradation effect of target pollutants. In the photocatalytic Fenton reaction, titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)) is typically used as a catalyst, absorbing visible light and generating electron-hole pairs. When light strikes the surface of the photocatalyst, the photogenerated electronsand holes can participate in redox reactions. The holes have strong oxidative capabilities and can oxidize iron ions (Fe\({}^{2+}\)) to generate high-valent iron ions (Fe\({}^{3+}\)), while the photo-generated electrons can reduce hydrogen peroxide (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) to generate hydroxyl radicals (\(\bullet\)OH) [83]. In addition, in microwave Fenton technology, microwave radiation rapidly and uniformly transfers energy to the catalysts and organic pollutants in the reaction system, raising the temperature of the reaction system [84]. This increases the reaction rate and the generation of free radicals, promoting the degradation of organic pollutants. Ultrasonic Fenton technology, on the other hand, utilizes powerful acoustic vibrations generated by ultrasound in liquids, causing the precipitation and re-dissolution of dissolved gases in the liquid, thereby increasing the surface area of the gas-liquid interface [85]. This allows more oxygen to come into contact with the catalysts and organic pollutants during the Fenton reaction, increasing the generation of free radicals and the likelihood of reactions. Additionally, when the tiny bubbles generated by cavitation collapse, the high-temperature and high-pressure localized areas formed can further promote the generation of free radicals [86], accelerating the degradation process of organic pollutants in the Fenton catalytic oxidation reaction. In addition, researchers are continuously developing emerging advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). For example, [PERSON] reviewed AOPs based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS), catalytic ozonation processes, cavitation-based AOPs, gamma radiation AOPs, and electrochemical AOPs. These processes generate highly reactive free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH) and sulfate radicals (SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)), which can partially or completely mineralize emerging pollutants in wastewater.