esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Maximum Life Optimization of Slewing Ball Bearing  
### Life Calculation Equations of Slewing Ball Bearing  
Bearing life calculation conforms to L-P theory [27]. The bearings discussed in this paper are single-row four-point contact ball bearings. When calculating the rated life of the bearing, the following steps are required: first, the basic rated dynamic load of the bearing is calculated according to the model of the bearing. Secondly, the equivalent dynamic load of the corresponding contact of the four-point contact ball bearing on the upper and lower raceways is calculated according to the contact load obtained by the equilibrium equation; and the rated life of inner and outer rings of bearing are calculated, where the rated life of a single ring is the fitted value of two rings in contact with the steel ball. Finally, inner and outer raceway life are fitted to calculate the rated life of the bearing [28].  
For four-point contact ball bearings, the basic rated dynamic load of the bearing ring is:  
\[Q_{ci(o)j}=98.1\lambda\eta\left(\frac{2f_{i(o)}}{2f_{i(o)}-1}\right)^{0.41} \frac{(1\mp\gamma)^{1.39}}{(1\pm\gamma)^{1/3}}\cdot\left(\frac{D_{w}}{D_{pw}} \right)^{0.3}Z^{-1/3}3.624D_{w}^{1.4} \tag{19}\]  
The sign above the formula is the rated dynamic load of the inner ring, and the sign below is that of the outer ring; \(f_{i}\) and \(f_{o}\) are the curvature coefficients of the inner and outer raceways of the bearing, \(\lambda\), respectively; and \(\eta\) is the correction coefficient of the ball bearing, whose value can be found in [29].  
In this article, the outer ring is fixed and the inner ring rotates, so the equivalent roller load on the inner raceway \(j\) is:  
\[Q_{euj}=\left(\frac{1}{Z}\sum_{\psi=0}^{2\pi}Q_{j\psi}^{3}\right)^{1/3} \tag{20}\]  
where \(Q_{j\psi}\) is the rolling contact load, \(N\).  
The rated life of each raceway on the inner ring is:  
\[L_{10 ij}=\left(Q_{cij}\right/Q_{euj}\right)^{3} \tag{21}\]  
The rated life of the inner ring is:  
\[L_{10i}=\left(\sum_{j=1}^{2}L_{10i/j}^{-10/3}\right)^{-0.9} \tag{22}\]The equivalent roller load on the outer ring raceway \(j\) is:  
\[Q_{evj}=\left(\frac{1}{Z}\sum_{\psi=0}^{2\pi}Q_{j\psi}^{10/3}\right)^{0.3} \tag{23}\]  
The rated life of each raceway on the outer ring is:  
\[L_{100j}=\left(Q_{evj}\left/Q_{evj}\right.\right)^{3} \tag{24}\]  
The outer ring rated life is:  
\[L_{100}=\left(\sum_{j=1}^{2}L_{100j}^{-10/9}\right)^{-0.9} \tag{25}\]  
The rated life of four-point contact ball bearings can be calculated as:  
\[L_{10}=\left(L_{10i}^{-10/9}+L_{100}^{-10/9}\right)^{-0.9} \tag{26}\]
# Zero-Shot Learning for Cross-Lingual News Sentiment Classification
## 1 Introduction
The paper presents the advances achieved in the scope of the European project H2020 EMBEDDIA (www.embeddedia.eu, duration 2019-2021), which focuses on the development of cross-lingual techniques to transfer natural language processing tools to less-resourced European languages with applications to the news media industry. In this paper, we present our approach to cross-lingual news sentiment analysis, where given an available sentiment-annotated dataset of news in Slovene [3], we propose a news sentiment classification model for other languages. In this paper, we focus on Croatian, where the news dataset is provided by 24 sata, one of the leading portals in Croatia, and was labeled with the same sentiment annotation scheme as the Slovenian dataset in order to allow comparison in a zero-shot learning setting where no annotations in the target language are expected. We identify three main contributions of this paper focusing mainly on the cross-lingual zero-shot learning setting. First, we gathered a sentiment-annotated corpus of Croatian news, where the annotation guidelines follow the annotation scheme of the Slovenian sentiment-annotated news dataset [3], therefore enabling cross-lingual zero-shot learning sentiment evaluation. Second, we tested several document representation techniques to overcome one of the shortcomings of the BERT models of not being capable of efficiently processing longer text documents. Last, but not least, we propose a novel intermediate training step to directly enrich the BERT model with sentiment information in order to produce input representations of better quality for sentiment classification tasks. These representations were then tested both in a monolingual setting, as well as in the zero-shot cross-lingual setting, where the model was tested on a different language without any additional target language training. Our experiments show that these representations improve the results in the monolingual setting and achieve a substantially better result than the majority baseline classifier in the cross-lingual setting. The article is structured as follows. In Section 2, we first present the related work upon which our study builds. In Section 3, we present two datasets of news articles that are manually labeled in terms of sentiment: the existing Slovenian dataset [3] and the newly constructed Croatian test set. Section 4, where we present the methodology, is followed by Section 5, explaining the experimental setup, with the training regime applied and the evaluation method. Section 6 presents the results of the experiments and discusses their impact, which is followed by qualitative inspection of the models in Section 7. Section 9 presents the conclusions of this work and ideas for future research.
# WiFi-Based Gesture Recognition for Vehicular Infotainment System--An Integrated Approach
## 4 Methodology
### Gesture Detection  
In the CSI data, both amplitude and phase information have the capability to be used for gesture detection [48]. Our gesture detection algorithm is based on the variance of amplitude and phase to characterize gestures from CSI filtered data. In this scheme, all subcarriers are aggregated to evaluate the variance. We normalized the variance and estimated the corresponding energy of CSI amplitude and phase over a specific time window.  
Let \(\
u_{i}\) indicate the variance of a single link for all the subcarriers belonging to packet index \(i\). For \(N\) number of received packets, variance \(\
u=\{\
u_{1},\
u_{2},\ldots,\
u_{N}\}\) obeys Gaussian distribution with  
Figure 2: Implementation of weighted moving average (WMA) on single subcarrier.  
\(N(\mu,\sigma^{2})\). We normalized \(\
u\) to represent normalized amplitude and phase as \(V_{A}\) and \(V_{P}\), respectively. Let \(E_{A}\) and \(E_{P}\) are the corresponding energy of normalized amplitude (\(V_{A}\)) and phase (\(V_{P}\)), respectively. We can estimate the energy over a length of time window \(\tau\) and compare it with the threshold \(\eta_{th}\) as:  
\[E_{A}=\sum_{k=1}^{length(\tau)}(V_{A}(k))^{2} \tag{9}\]  
and  
\[E_{P}=\sum_{k=1}^{length(\tau)}(V_{P}(k))^{2}. \tag{10}\]  
We set a threshold (\(\eta_{th}=100\)) for gesture detection based on our preliminary measurements depending on different conditions and scenarios. Corresponding to this threshold, the gesture is detected as:  
\[\phi=\begin{cases}max(V),&E\geq\ \eta_{th}\\ 0,&\text{otherwise}.\end{cases} \tag{11}\]  
If the energy \(E\) is greater than or equal to the threshold \(\eta_{th}\), the system takes it as a gesture and records the maximum value of normalized variance over this window, and when it goes lower than the threshold it is considered as a non-gesture.
###### Abstract  
The present work reports the preparation of twelve new heterocyclic scaffolds containing an antipyrinyl-thiazole hybrid through the reaction of 4-antipyrinyl-2-chloroacetamido-thiazoles **1** and **6** with various types of nucleophiles, namely; ethyl thioglycolate, 2-mercaptoethanolbenzothiazole, 2-mercaptoethanol, ammonium thiocyanate, malononitrile, and salicaldehydehyde. The constructed compounds were characterized by conventional spectroscopic techniques (IR, \({}^{1}\)H NMR, \({}^{13}\)C NMR, and mass analysis). A DFT method (material studio package) was used to predict the geometry, bond lengths, bond angles, and dipole moments as well as other global chemical reactivities of the constructed antipyrinyl-thiazole compounds. Also, their semi-core pseudopods calculations (dspp) were carried out with DNP (double numerical basis sets plus polarization functional) to predict the properties of materials. In addition, the antioxidant activity of these antipyrinyl-thiazole scaffolds has been screened by the ABTS method. The results indicated that 2-(4-antipyrinylthiazolylamino)-5-substituitedbenzylidene-thiazol-4(5_H_)-ones **10b** and **10c** exhibited the best antioxidant activity with a percentage inhibition of 85.74% and 83.51%, respectively.  
2-amino-4-antipyrinylthiazole; chloroacetyl chloride; 2-chloroacetamido-4-antipyrinylthiazole; salicaldehyde; ammonium thiocyanate; \(N\)-(thiazol-2-yl)-benzofuran-2-carboxamide; ABTS
# An Overview of Cube-Satellite Propulsion Technologies and Trends
## 11 Miscellaneous Propulsion Technologies and Design Methodologies
### Propulsion Technologies
As the sun light interacts with the nano-structure, the surface plasmons are excited generating a strong gradient optical force field. The nano-particles (in nano-structure) are then accelerated by the force field and expelled at high speeds, thereby generating thrust through momentum exchange with the expelled particles [139].
# Mineral Powder Extraction by the Natural Drying of Water from the Public Springs in Borsec
###### Abstract  
Borsec is one of the most important mineral water spa resorts in Romania and is also an important mineral water bottling facility. There are several public springs with significant mineral content. The present paper focuses on mineral powder extraction by the drying of water samples collected from springs no. 3, 5, 6, 10, and 11. These springs have a continuous flow being available for everyone who wants to fill a bottle; meanwhile, the rest of the water is discarded into the river. Thus, the dissolved ions such as Ca\({}^{2+}\), Mg\({}^{2+}\), Na\({}^{+}\), and Cl\({}^{-}\) are wasted. This study aims to investigate the possibility of mineral content extraction as crystalline powder by drying. The dissolved ions' reaction with carbonic acid generates carbonates which crystallize progressively with the water evaporation. Mineralogical investigation including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized light optical microscopy (POM) reveal that calcite (rhombohedral and pseudo-hexagonal crystals of about 5-25 \(\upmu\)m) is the dominant mineral followed by pseudo-dolomite (columnar crystals of about 5-20 \(\upmu\)m), arginine (rhombic and granular crystals of 2.5-15 \(\upmu\)m), and neutron (prismatic crystals of about 5-20 \(\upmu\)m), in addition to small amounts of halite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation combined with energy dispersive (EDS) elemental analysis indicates that traces of K are uniformly distributed in the calcite mass and some S traces for springs 3 and 11 are distributed predominantly into the pseudo-dolomite crystals. The crystalline germs precipitate from the supersaturated solution via homogeneous germination and progressively grow. The latest stage is characterized by the formation of a dendritic crust of calcite mixed with halite that embeds the individually grown crystals. The amount of the formed crystals strongly depends on the water's total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity: the springs with high TDS and salinity form a large number of crystals and spectacular dendritic crusts such as spring 10 followed by springs 6 and 5. Lower mineralization was observed in springs 3 and 5, which was related with the S traces. Also, it is evident that mineralization is seasonally dependent: the mineral amount was lower in November 2023 than for the samples collected in March 2024. The obtained mineral powder might be used for spa baths or for the electrolytic balance regulation in dietary supplements due to the high calcium and magnesium content.  
Borsec; mineral water; mineral powder; spa bath; electrolytic balance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Artificial Neural Network  
In our research, ANN was carried out to classify the samples of VOs by FA composition. As the input layer could consist of FAs as independent variables, in our work, 18 FA compound datasets were used as the input layer, as shown in Figure 6. The seven types of VOs' FA compounds were subsequently classified into three categories, which corresponded with three hidden layers (in Figure 5, marked as H1, H2, H3). Finally, the output layer consisted of VO type. The structure of ANN is 18:3:1. Our ANN analysis used error functions like the sum of squared errors (SSEs) and root-mean-square error (RMSE), as shown in Supplementary Materials (Table S1). In the process of predicting the FA compounds, the regression coefficients were calculated as 0.99, except for cottonseed oil (0.96). According to the Supplementary Materials (Table S1), the RMSE coefficients of sunflower, maize, linseed, soybean and rapeseed oils varied between 0.004 and 0.08, whereas the RMSE coefficients of safflower and cottonseed oils were higher, at 0.10 and 0.20, respectively. According to the Supplementary Materials (Figures S3 and S4), all the VOs along with other types of oils had negative profiles. ANN analysis is widely used to classify and predict VOs by FA composition [74; 75]. The obtained FA data can be used for optimizing the pretreatment parameters of the analysis to achieve a higher value-added biodiesel [76].
# Adaptive Wavelet Coding Applied in a Wireless Control System
###### Abstract  
Wireless control systems can sense, control and act on the information exchanged between the wireless sensor nodes in a control loop. However, the exchanged information becomes susceptible to the degenerative effects produced by the multipath propagation. In order to minimize the destructive effects characteristic of wireless channels, several techniques have been investigated recently. Among them, wavelet coding is a good alternative for wireless communications for its robustness to the effects of multipath and its low computational complexity. This work proposes an adaptive wavelet coding whose parameters of code rate and signal constellation can vary according to the fading level and evaluates the use of this transmission system in a control loop implemented by wireless sensor nodes. The performance of the adaptive system was evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER) versus \(E_{b}/N_{0}\) and spectral efficiency, considering a time-varying channel with flat Rayleigh fading, and in terms of processing overhead on a control system with wireless communication. The results obtained through computational simulations and experimental tests show performance gains obtained by insertion of the adaptive wavelet coding in a control loop with nodes interconnected by wireless link. These results enable the use of this technique in a wireless link control loop.  
wireless communications; wavelet coding; time diversity; Rayleigh fading; control loop Article  
Adaptive Wavelet Coding Applied in a Wireless Control System  
[PERSON] 1,  
1  
Footnote 1: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 2: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
# Survey of Localization for Internet of Things Nodes: Approaches, Challenges and Open Issues
## 3 Measurement Techniques
### Range-Based Technique
#### 3.1.3 Time Difference of Arrival  
The time difference of arrival (TDoA) technique is based on the variations in the signal arrival time. The transmitter must be positioned on a hyperboloid in a TDoA measurement setup with the continual difference in the range among any two measuring components. These types of measurement are withdrawn from distinct pairs of reference points with knowledge about their positions. As well, instead of absolute time dimensions at every receiving node, corresponding time dimensions are utilized. In this technique, synchronization of time source is not required, but receivers must be synchronized. TDoA measurement techniques is also known as multilateral. The estimated position lies in the intersection of multiple hyperbolic curves, as represented in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Time of arrival.  
Precision is dependent on environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity along with synchronization error. If the source and receiving nodes are well gauged before communicating, it offers decent precision. However, the TDoA technique is not well suited for low-power sensor network devices [23; 24].
## 2 Antenna Design Stages
### Antenna Design and Configuration
This increases the effective resonant length and lowers the resonant frequency. Additionally, center slots suppress symmetric modes, affecting bandwidth and polarization [28]. The shape and placement of the slots significantly impact the antenna's overall performance, influencing resonance, impedance matching, and polarization characteristics [23]. Notches placed near the feed arm of the rectangular patch influence surface currents and create new resonances. Their effect on the primary resonance is minimal due to their proximity to the feed arm. The depth of the bottom slot plays a critical role in forming a secondary resonance, while also affecting coupling coefficients and enabling impedance matching [29; 30].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Data and Preprocessing  
Our data consisted of (i) a set \(S_{1}\) of 74 patients for whom we had delineated CT scans and (ii) a set \(S_{2}\) of 63 patients (different from the 74 patients mentioned above) for whom we had delineated planning CT scans and delineated daily CBCT scans. The contours of bladder, rectum, and prostate were delineated on the CT scans during the clinical workflow. The contours on the CBCT scans were delineated by a trained expert specifically for this study. Within set \(S_{1}\), 18 and 56 patients underwent EBRT for prostate cancer at two teaching hospitals, CHU-Charleroi Hopital Andre Vesale and CHU-UCL-Namur, respectively. Within set \(S_{2}\), 23 and 40 patients underwent EBRT for prostate cancer at CHU-Charleroi Hopital Andre Vesale (CBCT scans acquired with a Varian TrueBeam STx version 1.5) and CHU-UCL-Namur (CBCT scans acquired with a Varian OBI cone beam CT), respectively. The use of these retrospective, anonymized data for this study was approved by each hospital's ethics committee (dates of approval: 24 May 2017 for CHU-Charleroi Hopital Andre Vesale and 12 May 2017 for CHU-UCL-Namur). In order to ensure data uniformity across the entire dataset, all 3D CT and CBCT scans (as well as the 3D binary masks representing the manual segmentations) were re-sampled on a 1.2 \(\times\) 1.2 \(\times\) 1.5 mm regular grid. All re-sampled image volumes and binary mask volumes were cropped to volumes of 160 \(\times\) 160 \(\times\) 128 voxels containing bladder, rectum, and prostate.  
The case selection procedure is described in Figure 2. Patients with an artificial hip were excluded from this study because the presence of an artificial hip degraded the image too much for the organs to be segmented accurately by a human expert. Patients for whom prostate was not contoured on the planning CT scan were also excluded. This corresponded to patients for whom the clinical target volume (CTV) differed from that of prostate, either because this organ had been surgically removed or because the CTV included other areas in addition to prostate. Note that it is common in radiotherapy to inject contrast media into bladder. Different inter-subject levels of contrast product increased the variability of this organ's appearance, making its automatic contouring more challenging. Since our case selection procedure included all patients regardless of the use of contrast media, our method was supposed to be robust to such variability.  
Figure 1: Comparison of CT and CBCT scans.
## 5 LPWAN Security Analysis
### Confidentiality  
Confidentiality requirements refer to a situation whereby only the senders and the recipients of packets can access transmitted data among nodes i.e., sensitive data should be protected from unauthorized accesses [56; 57]. Two of the most common confidentiality attacks is the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and compromised key attack. MITM refers to an attack whereby intruders furtively alter the communications between two nodes who assume there is no third-party involved in
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Discussion  
Overall influences of pressure and inclination on the upward spreading process with various heat transfer mechanisms are proposed in Figure 4. When compared to Figure 8 in [9] for downward spread, obvious differences could be found by these two spreading forms. The core distinction is in Figure 4c, where preheating (to preheated zone) keeps increasing, meanwhile, heat feed back (to pyrolysis zone) is decreasing with enlarged \(\theta\) for upward spread as interpreted in Section 3.1, owing to a stretched and tilted flame (Figure 4a). With ratio variation between convection and radiation preheating as described in Section 3.3, apparent index \(\alpha\) is plotted in Figure 4b, which is validated by experimental data in general tendency.  
Furthermore, the FSR shows a similar trend with preheating as in Figure 4d by Equation (9), also, it shows a positive correlation with the size of the burning area in Figure 4c. At last, the increase in burning rate with inclination will be slowed down by Equation (12) as a result of the decaying heat feedback, which is also in agreement with experimental data in Figure 3.
## 1 Introduction
[11] investigated the internal damage and damage patterns of graywackes at various stages under multiple loading conditions using acoustic emission ringing and acoustic emission energy. In an investigation of acoustic emission localization, [PERSON] et al. [12] utilized PFC simulation to validate the intrinsic correlation between acoustic emission localization and actual internal damage. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [13] identified fractal characteristics in the distribution of acoustic emission localization points in sandstone through acoustic emission localization techniques. Building upon this, [PERSON] et al. [14] suggested projecting acoustic emission localization points onto the X-Y and Y-Z planes and analyzing them using fractal dimensions for a more comprehensive depiction of the spatial evolution of these points. Overall, these studies illustrate how acoustic emission parameters can delineate changes in internal cracks during the rock damage process, while acoustic emission localization can portray the internal crack distribution. However, the current research still exhibits some limitations regarding the quantitative analysis of the positional distribution of localization points and the energy development process associated with these points. At present, under the action of temperature and different loading rates, the change in the mechanical properties of granite and damage characterization of granite is generally focused on the damage of granite above 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, but the highest engineering temperature encountered in current traffic tunnel construction is below 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Hence, uniaxial loading tests were conducted on granite below 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, employing various loading rates. Using acoustic emission technology, this study analyzed the internal damage and development process of granite under the influence of temperature and loading rate. By integrating the acoustic emission b-value and ringing energy, along with the evolution of the acoustic emission localization during the granite loading process, this research aims to offer valuable insights into the strain-rate dependency of the internal microscopic damage and rupture mechanisms of granite under different temperatures and loading rates.