# Linguistic Summarization and Outlier Detection of Blended Learning Data
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Experimental Results and Discussion
#### 4.3.3 Extraction of Linguistic Summaries Expressing Outliers  
The extracted linguistic summaries expressing exceptional cases or outliers of both learning courses are shown in Table 6. We can see that most outliers express the cases that although the student's learning activities in the learning processes are remarkable, their exam scores or learning outcomes are poor and not suitable to their activity's endeavors. The linguistic summaries, which have significant attention, are in rows 5 and 6 of the table. The linguistic summary in row 5 shows that _extremely few_ students with trivial (_low_ and _few_) learning activity participation (quizzes, videos, slides) achieve _high_ final exam scores. It provides educators with valuable insights into student engagement and performance patterns. In practical aspects, it highlights the importance of continuous participation throughout the course, suggesting that students who engage minimally with the course activities are unlikely to achieve high scores on the final exam. This can suggest to educators that they should have their early intervention to encourage participation. Moreover, it represents an exceptional case that deviates from common student performance patterns, and it has practical significance for educators as follows:Students have exceptional learning strategies: It may indicate that some students have good learning outcomes despite minimal engagement, possibly due to alternative study methods, prior knowledge, or external resources. Therefore, educators can explore those strategies and consider integrating them into the course design and try to apply them to the next learning courses. * There may be some curriculum gaps or limitations: In case a student achieves a high final exam score without participating much in the course activities, it might suggest that the course assessments do not fully reflect engagement-based learning, signaling a need to redesign the course's curriculum. * Students have personalized learning abilities: Educators can investigate whether exceptional students have different backgrounds, learning preferences, or unique cognitive abilities. Understanding these factors may help them with tailoring support for diverse learners. The linguistic summary in row 6 shows that the final exam scores are remarkable (_high_) and consistent with the student's learning activities. However, the quantifier words in this sentence are _extremely few_. This means that _very few_ students with remarkable learning activities obtain _high_ final exam scores. It also means that _extremely many_ students with remarkable learning activities obtain _low_ final exam scores. Therefore, this linguistic summary suggests an interesting, possibly anomalous pattern in student performance. The practical significance of this observation for educators includes the following:  
* There may be assessment misalignment: If students achieve a high maximum quiz score but struggle in the final exam, it could indicate that the quizzes do not accurately reflect the depth of knowledge required for the exam. It means that some quizzes are too easy. Therefore, educators need to review quiz difficulty and consistency to align quizzes more closely with final assessment expectations. * Domination of memorization rather than deep understanding: Frequent quiz attempts and high scores might indicate that students rely on memorization rather than deep comprehension. This could signal a need to redesign quizzes to incorporate more critical thinking and problem-solving questions. * Students may face difficulties in exam conditions: Students may excel in quizzes, which are often in lower difficulty levels, but struggle in high-pressure exam environments. Educators might consider strategies to reduce stress or use alternative assessment methods to support students in achieving better learning outcomes. * Students may face test-taking challenges: Test anxiety, fatigue, and unfamiliarity with the exam format can be difficulties that students may face.