# Sustainability Assessment on an Urban Scale: Context, Challenges, and Most Relevant Indicators
## 3 Results and Discussion Regarding the Selected Indicators within the Potential Categories
### Local and Cultural Identity  
This category focuses on analysing the local and cultural identity issues by analysing the elements of an area that contribute to its attractiveness and the sense of place and belonging, which are essential for the improved mental health and psychological well-being of its inhabitants [72]. Sense of place is often intricately linked to history, cultural identity, and social relations [73]. Moreover, according to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, the right to sufficient housing should be understood as the right to live somewhere in safety, peace, and dignity [74]. In this context, SDG 11 asked governments to promote approaches to protect heritage, cultural and natural identity, as well as providing adequate housing, etc. Aside from this, ISO 37120 has promoted the assessment of access to recreational facilities, the number of cultural institutions and sporting facilities in the neighbourhoods, and the municipal budget allocated to these facilities. Moreover, SDG 4 encourages all stakeholders to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, citizenship, and the appreciation of cultural diversity and culture's contribution to sustainable development. Therefore, defining the strategies that enable a monitoring of the local and cultural identity of the neighbourhoods can support decision makers in limiting the impacts. According to the findings (Figure 11), the essential indicators for assessing the local and cultural identity of an area are structured around two sustainability assessment indicators, including:  
Access to public spaces: This indicator promotes the assessment of the availability and quality of existing or planned public spaces, enhances community participation, improves public health, and strengthens the local identity of the area. This indicator is addressed by SBToolPT_Urban (2018), BREEAM-C (2012), and LEED-ND (2018), and supported by SDGs and ISO 37120.  
Valuing heritage: The natural and cultural heritage includes environmental and natural resources such as forests, the wilderness, scenic landscapes, rivers, lakes, and marine areas, as well as cultural resources, such as historic buildings, structures, or other human influences on the natural environment that we pass on to future generations [75]. This constitutes different assets that provide a variety of market and non-market benefits to inhabitants. Therefore, the objective of this indicator is to promote the maintenance of the built and natural historical heritage of the place. It also intends to promote public use and boost the heritage of its market and non-market benefits, which motivate a certain level of conservation or protection. This indicator is covered by SBToolPT_Urban (2018), BREEAM-C (2012), and LEED-ND (2018), and supported by SDGs and ISO 37120.  
Social inclusion and integration: The concept for this indicator comprises housing provision and social involvement, which aims to ensure that the development contributes to the demographic needs and priorities of the area. These issues have been promoted in separated indicators, through SNTool (2020), BREEAM-C (2012), and LEED ND (2018), but developed in a combined form, through SBToolPT_Urban (2018). Therefore, this study proposes a combined form of the indicator due to the close relationship between the criteria.