## 2 Background

Table 3: Message types used in substation communication for smart grids. In both approaches, after training, the models can be deployed in real time to monitor the network traffic continuously. They can generate alerts or trigger actions when they detect abnormal traffic patterns, helping in the quick identification and mitigation of potential network threats. It is worth noting that these AI-aided approaches require ongoing model management. This involves periodically retraining the models with new data to ensure their accuracy over time, as network traffic patterns can evolve due to changes in user behavior, network configurations, or emerging cyber threats. By combining machine learning or deep learning with network traffic classification, organizations can build more robust and dynamic systems that improve network performance, security, and resource utilization as shown in Figure 4[40]. Smart grid power supply reliability pertains to the consistent and dependable provision of electric power, minimizing disruptions and outages. Achi  
Figure 4: Block scheme for smart grid data flow for substation data acquisition [40]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Message Type** & **Description** & **Parameters** \\ \hline Configuration Messages & Messages to configure or update settings of devices, meters, and communication protocols. & Update Meter Settings, Configure Relay \\ \hline Synchronization Messages & Messages to synchronize time across devices within the substation for accurate event logging. & Sync Time with GPS, Time Stamp Request \\ \hline Data Request Messages & Requests for specific data or reports from the substation to the control center for analysis. & Request Load Profile, Data Query \\ \hline Control Action Messages & Messages indicating actions taken by devices in response to commands or automatic decisions. & Tap Changer Adjusted, Load \\ \hline Health and Diagnostic Messages & Messages providing health status and diagnostics data of devices and equipment. & Transformer Health: Good, Relay Diagnostics \\ \hline Security and Authentication Messages & Messages related to security protocols and authentication for secure communication. & Authentication Request, Encryption Key Exchange \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._technologies, it employs automation to swiftly identify and address disturbances, integrating distributed generation like renewables to ensure localized supply, and utilizing energy storage to maintain stability during peak demand or outages as mentioned in [41]. Demand response initiatives further balance grid loads. On the other hand, communication reliability in smart grids focuses on the consistent and secure exchange of information between grid components as mentioned in [42]. Redundant networks, resilience against disruptions, low latency, and robust security measures are pivotal in maintaining effective communication. By enhancing power supply reliability and ensuring communication reliability, smart grids bolster grid resilience, efficient management, and prompt response to fluctuations or disturbances, benefiting both utility providers and consumers as shown in Figure 5 [43].