esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Convergence Gain in Compressive Deconvolution: Application to Medical Ultrasound Imaging
## 2 Method
### Algorithm  
In this section, we will present our new algorithm to solve Equation (4). However, we first present the iterative scheme by using the standard strictly contractive Peaceman-Rechford splitting method with two different relaxation factors:  
\[z_{1}^{k+1}=\arg\min_{z_{1}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\mathcal{L}_{\beta}(z_{1},z_{2}^ {k},\lambda^{k}), \tag{24a}\] \[\lambda^{k+\frac{1}{2}}=\lambda^{k}-\rho\beta(Az_{1}^{k+1}-Bz_{2}^{k+1}),\] (24b) \[z_{2}^{k+1}=\arg\min_{z_{2}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\mathcal{L}_{\beta}(z_{1}^{k},z_ {2},\lambda^{k+\frac{1}{2}}),\] (24c) \[\lambda^{k+1}=\lambda^{k+\frac{1}{2}}-\varrho\beta(Az_{1}^{k+1}-Bz_{2}^{k+1}). \tag{24d}\]  
By introducing a customized proximal term, especially for ultrasound imaging, our improved compressive deconvolution (ICD) method has the iterative scheme:  
\[z_{1}^{k+1}=\arg\min_{z_{1}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\mathcal{L}_{\beta}(z_{1},z_{2}^ {k},\lambda^{k})+\tfrac{1}{2}\|\;z_{1}-z_{1}^{k}\;\|_{R}^{2}, \tag{25a}\] \[\lambda^{k+\frac{1}{2}}=\lambda^{k}-\rho\beta(Az_{1}^{k+1}-Bz_{2}^{k+1}),\] (25b) \[z_{2}^{k+1}=\arg\min_{z_{2}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\mathcal{L}_{\beta}(z_{1}^{k},z_ {2},\lambda^{k+\frac{1}{2}}),\] (25c) \[\lambda^{k+1}=\lambda^{k+\frac{1}{2}}-\varrho\beta(Az_{1}^{k+1}-Bz_{2}^{k+1}), \tag{25d}\]  
where \(R=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\beta}{\tau}-\beta\mathbb{V}^{\mathsf{T}} \Psi&0\\ 0&\frac{\beta}{\gamma}-\beta H^{\mathsf{T}}H\end{array}\right)\) is a customized semi-definite matrix. Note that the equivalence of Equations (25b)-(25d) and Equations (6c)-(6e) is evident, while the relationship between the closed-form solution expressed by Equation (25a) and Equations (6a) and (6b) is not evident. We illustrate the latter in Appendix A.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### GBC-68 Cask Criticality Analysis
#### 5.2.4 Removal of Boral Panels from the GBC-68 Cask  
This section explores the possibility of removal of boral panels from the storage cask filled with BWR spent fuel with realistic characteristics. The criticality analysis was performed for the GBC-68 storage cask loaded with 5% least burnt BWR GE14 fuel assemblies from the least optimal SP_C distribution with target burnup 50 GWd/tU and one year cooling time which represents the worst-case scenario for the reactor core and shuffling procedures investigated here.  
The effective multiplication factor of the described above cask loading was determined to be 0.8622 compared to 0.7529 with the same loading but with boral panels present, 0.9684 for the fresh fuel approach and 0.7728 for the peak reactivity. The k\({}_{\text{eff}}\) of the cask without boral panels with spent fuel from L\({}_{5\%\text{LL}}\) load is 10,700 pcm lower than the NRC requirements of 0.95 k\({}_{\text{eff}}\) value for accident conditions (storage rack flooded with unborated water) [30], and 27,000 pcm lower when boral panels are included. The fresh fuel approach exceeds the safety limit by 2000 pcm, while the peak reactivity approach results are 24,000 pcm lower.  
According to the estimation of the 2005 year, the cost of installation and manufacturing of the absorber panel is approximately USD 7000 [36; 37]. The calculations were performed for Metamic(tm) panels containing Al-B4C mix, similar to boral panels used in this study [37]. The GBC-68 storage cask contains 156 panels resulting in a total cost 156 \(\times\) USD 7000 = USD 1,092,000 for one cask. Considering that reactor core described here has 200 FAs from the third cycle, around three casks are needed to store the discharged fuel after one cycle of the reactor operation and may result in a cost of 3 \(\times\) USD 1,092,000 = USD 3,276,000 per cycle. It should be noted that the estimation of the costs is approximate and presented here for illustrative purposes.  
To summarise, the application of the model developed here based on the realistic spent fuel properties can potentially reduce SF transport and storage costs. It is also necessary to invest in the burnup credit method development, especially for high-enriched modern BWR assembly configurations. For example, the safety limit under the conservative fresh fuel approach was exceeded for GBC-68 storage cask loaded with GE14 fuel assembly.
## 1 Introduction
However, the use of SAR data in an operational way has been limited by the availability of time series of SAR acquisitions and the pre-processing requirements [21]. The new European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel satellites (funded by the European Union and ESA member states) are expected to provide useful information for a wide range of land applications [22]. The two first missions, Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) operational since October 2014 and December 2015, respectively, provide time series that can already be assessed for monitoring tropical forests. For the mapping of burnt areas, optical satellite data from the Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) on S2 with a potential five-day temporal resolution (when the two satellites are operational) fits the requirement for a higher spatial resolution burnt area product. Images from the radar C-SAR sensor on S1 can overcome cloud cover limitations in tropical evergreen forests. The complementarity of the two sensors can be used for the design of a joint passive and active burnt area mapping products at regular intervals for this region. The objective of this study is to review the recent occurrence of forest fires in the north of the Republic of Congo and to evaluate the potential of a joint use of S1 and S2 satellites to detect and monitor burnt areas in tropical evergreen forests. The exceptional character of the fire event for this region and the rainfall anomaly will be illustrated by reviewing climatic data and historical fire record. The vegetation types in the study area will be investigated to assess which type of forest has been burnt. Active fires detected by the MODIS sensor on board the Aqua and Terra satellites are used as a first evidence of the location and timing of this event. S1 and S2 time series are used to map the location, extent and speed at which these fires have progressed. The burnt area maps produced are used to validate the hypothesis that the fires happened almost exclusively in Marantaceae forests. The proximity of the burnt areas to logging roads is also evaluated.
# Urban Free-Space Optical Network Optimization
## 1 Introduction
### Our Contributions  
This paper presents a general framework for optimizing FSO urban networks. The ever-growing demand for bandwidth requires frequent upgrading of the transport layer of networks, in particular in dense cities and urban regions. Using FSO for backhauling allows a cost-effective alternative to fiber-optic cables and RF links. FSO requires neither frequency licensing nor performing road construction, which are both expensive and time consuming. Therefore, the use of FSO in urban regions may increase dramatically along with the adaption of 5G technology. In this paper, we present a generic method for optimizing large-scale FSO networks. The suggested heuristic is based on genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that it often outperforms the existing Steiner approximation algorithm [26] as implemented in the Networkx package [27]; the genetic algorithm has better run-time performance on real-world scenarios (above 1000 vertices). Moreover, most importantly, the suggested algorithm is applicable on a wide range of network constrains and problems, while the existing algorithms for the Steiner problem are only applicable for the simplified version of the FSO optimization problem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that suggests a generic optimization method suitable for solving multi-constraint real-world FSO problems.
## 3 An Architecture for Self-Organization
### Agents for Monitoring and Control of the Network's Size  
The monitoring is an important factor for the knowledge of the system to be managed. Being observed this importance, the software agents' technology was proposed to do the monitoring of the  
Figure 2: General vision of the self-organization model proposed, adapted to the networks in WMN.  
nodes gateways inside the mesh of the network. Besides the monitoring, the agents are responsible to maintain the list of the network's nodes updated, in other words, the number of equipments in the network connected in certain periods of time.  
That information is relevant so that the self-configuration process through the size of the network, it can configure the parameters of the routing protocols in a dynamic way. It chose to use software agents due to the characteristics found in this approach type such as a fault tolerance (has abilities to react dynamically to adverse situations), autonomous interaction and asynchronous, (it's capable to hold in an autonomous way with other agents) and dynamic adaptation (Saint capable to adapt to changes in the atmosphere). Among a lot of characteristics found in the software agents' behavior, those are the most desirable in the context of this work. Another important factor for the software agents' choice as approach for distributed monitoring, is that approaches as SNMP possess as characteristics models centralized that they are not applied in WMN, leaving like this an only point of flaws, carting problems in the modules that need that functionality.  
The agents that compose the layer application play a specific role in the architecture and are described to proceed:  
* **(A) _TD-Agents:_** Mobile agents that are placed in the mesh router and in each association of the client node of a mesh router. The agent has specific functions in the discovery of the network density, which can vary between the small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale. The values for scales (small, medium and large) are defined under [28]. A suite of _TD-Agents_ forms the basis of **self configuration** capability of the AODV and OLSR protocols.
* **(B) _NM-Agents:_** Responsible for the monitoring of network behavior, including the packet loss rate, delay, signal range, throughput, latency, and active and inactive nodes, as well as information about the link state. They are fixed agents in the mesh routers, and facility the self-optimization capability in the AODV and OLSR protocols.  
Figure 3: Vision of the architecture for Self-Organization for a node-gateway in mesh.
## 3 Methodology
### Feature Selection (FS)  
Feature selection can be called attribute selection or variable selection, which is defined as the procedure of selecting a subset of relevant features to construct the classification model [54]. Moreover, it is known as reducing dimensionality by creating new combinations of attributes. For various reasons, including the performance of classification algorithms that are adversely affected when dealing with the large number of dimensions features, VSM has a large number of terms (dimensions) that are irrelevant to the classification assignment and can be removed without affecting classification accuracy. Furthermore, the over-fitting problem may occur when the classification model is trained on all features. Finally, some features are standard and happen in all or most classes. Thus, feature selection methods are important to minimize the feature dimensions to improve the machine learning models. In reality, utilizing feature selection or reduction is the key to improving the classifiers' performance. Several feature selection and reduction methods are used in TC; it is tough to say which approach is typically better for others because the method's success is dependent on several factors. As a result of this research, a set of feature selection approaches such as chi-square testing were used (Chi2) [55], Information Gain (IG) [56], Relief (RFF) [57], Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) [58], Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [59] are addressed and described as follows:
## 2 Baselines in the Literature
### Baseline Methodologies
#### 2.2.3 Prognosis  
The prognosis or nomination methodology uses an ex-ante prognosis, describing the expected behaviour of the flexibility sources. This method is for example applied in the universal smart energy framework (USEF) [7; 8], where the aggregator provides the DSO with a prognosis. Another example is the settlement process of system imbalances. Balance responsible parties (BRPs) provide the transmission system operator with a prognosis, based on which the system imbalance will be settled ex-post [22].  
This baselining methodology is transparent for market parties and easy to understand. Information and communication technology (ICT) is required to enable market parties to provide their prognoses to the DSO. The required protocols and interfaces are not yet standardised, complicating practical implementation. The accuracy depends on the ability of market parties to estimate their future behaviour accurately, for which the law of large numbers applies. While on transmission level BRPs are able to provide relatively accurate prognoses, at low-voltage level individual flexibility sources are highly unpredictable. This is in particular the case for EVs [23].  
The proneness to manipulation depends largely on the way a prognosis baseline is implemented. The USEF implementation does not penalise aggregators for a deviation of their baseline, leaving it prone to manipulation [7; 8]. On the other hand, transmission system operators settle the imbalance costs with BRPs based on the provided baselines, providing BRPs an incentive not to cause system problems by deviating from their program [24; 25].
# Microbial Application to Improve Olive Mill Wastewater Phenolic Extracts
###### Abstract  
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) contains valuable and interesting bioactive compounds, among which is hydroxytrosol, which is characterized by a remarkable antioxidant activity. Due to the health claims related to olive polyphenols, the aim of this study was to obtain an extract from OMW with an increased level of hydroxytrosol by means of microbial enzymatic activity. For this purpose, four commercial adsorbent resins were selected and tested. The beta-glucosidase and esterase activity of strains of _Wickerhamomyces anomalies_, _Lacitplantiobacillus plantarum_, and _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ were also investigated and compared to those of a commercial enzyme and an _Aspergillus niger_ strain. The _W. anomalies_ strain showed the best enzymatic performances. The SP207 resin showed the best efficiency in selective recovery of hydroxytrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, and total phenols. The bioconversion test of the OMW extract was assessed by using both culture broths and pellets of the tested strains. The results demonstrated that the pellets of _W. anomalies_ and _L. plantarum_ were the most effective in hydroxytrosol increasing in phenolic extract. The interesting results suggest the possibility to study new formulations of OMW phenolic extracts with multifunctional microorganisms.  
adsorbent resins; beta-glucosidase; esterase; hydroxytrosol; _Lacitplantiobacillus plantarum_; oleuropein; tyrosol; _Wickerhamomyces anomalies_
# Acoustic Shooting and Bounce Ray Method for Calculating Echoes of Complex Underwater Targets
## 6 PA Calculation Is Accelerated  
In the ASBR method, after the intersection and reflection judgment of the acoustic beam pipeline of GA, and after the target surface element is completed, the final PA calculation needs to be completed on the aperture plane of the acoustic beam pipeline. Equation (16) can be used to complete the integral dimension reduction of the aperture surface element. It is noted that, when \(\mathbf{u}=0\), that is, when the observation point vector coincides with the incident wave vector, the calculation result of the integral formula of Equation (16) is numerically reduced to the 50 area of the aperture plane element. In this case, the incident wave vector is perpendicular to the integrated aperture plane element, and the sound path difference at all points on the aperture plane element is 0.  
For the common plate element method, since the integration is carried out on the target surface element, the granularity of the surface element partition will directly determine the accuracy of the sound field solution and has a great impact on computational efficiency. For these reasons, the granularity of the surface element division is generally keener \(\
less 1\,\lambda\) when solving the acoustic scattering problem of large underwater targets. In this case, the time-domain integral formula must be solved normally, otherwise it will cause a large calculation error. However, in the ASBR method, the integration is performed on the aperture surface of the acoustic beam pipeline. When the target surface elements are divided according to a certain granularity, the algorithm accuracy is mainly determined by the granularity of the acoustic beam pipeline on the equivalent aperture surface. Since the realization process of the ASBR method naturally has a high parallelism of the beam pipeline as a unit, using high-performance parallel computing capability means that the aperture division granularity of the conventional underwater target can be \(\
less 0.1\,\lambda\) or smaller. In this case, the acoustic path difference in the integral formula of Equation (16) will also be constrained in a small range. On the premise of sacrificing a certain solution accuracy, the pipeline acoustic beam aperture plane can be regarded as an independent isophase plane, thus eliminating the plane integral solution process in Equation (16). This therefore improves the solution efficiency of the ASBR method.
# Millimetre-Wave Backhaul for 5G Networks: Challenges and Solutions
## 4 Emerging Mm-Wave Physical Layer Techniques
### Hybrid Beamforming  
Digital MIMO processing, e.g., singular value decomposition, offers great flexibility and high performance, but suffers from high complexity and power consumption in mm-wave systems. Traditional mm-wave analogue beamforming is used in antenna arrays to form highly directional  
Figure 2: Physical layer techniques: hybrid beamforming and full duplexing.  
beams, which has low complexity in the RF domain, but its potential is limited by single-stream transmission and the constraints of the quantized phase shifters. Therefore, by combining them together, hybrid beamforming offers a desired performance and complexity trade-off [16; 17]. As can be seen from Figure 2, transmitted signals go through a digital baseband precoder, an RF analogue transmit and receive beamformer and a digital baseband combiner. Multiple RF chains allow multi-stream multiplexing between the transmitter and the receiver, which can largely enhance the overall throughput if adopted in backhaul. Hybrid beamforming is also applicable in multiuser scenarios, enabling the transmitter to send multiple streams to independent users simultaneously [18], which may further improve the backhaul network capacity by supporting concurrent multiuser transmissions.
## 3 Network Background
### Ultra-Dense 5G/6G Cellular Networks
#### 3.3.3 UDN in 5G Cellular Networks  
According to ITU-R Report M.2320 [39], UDNs are recognized as a key technological trend to meet the high-throughput demands of 5G cellular networks. The report highlights several critical aspects of UDN development. First, enhancements in the network architecture and protocol procedures are necessary to optimize data and control paths, mobility management, and signaling processes, ultimately reducing the end-to-end latency and overhead. Second, effective interference avoidance and inter-cell coordination will improve interference management, enhancing overall system throughput and ensuring a seamless user experience. Additionally, energy efficiency plays a crucial role, encompassing both network energy conservation and user equipment (UE) power savings. Lastly, the concept of an SON is introduced to ease network optimization for operators while increasing the flexibility of deployments. These advancements collectively contribute to the efficient and scalable implementation of UDNs in future 5G networks and beyond.
# Wildlife Monitoring Using a Multi-UAV System with Optimal Transport Theory
## 4 Simulation Results
### Variation in Exploration Time
From the statistical data in Figure 9, it is clearly shown that OT (TV-Gauss) outperforms the other two strategies, where the time-varying scenarios cannot be incorporated. As a result, their animal detection rates are quite low compared to the proposed scheme OT (TV-Gauss). The average detection rate for OT (TV-Gauss) is up to 3.6 times higher than that for LM (TI-Uni) in the 3600 exploration time case. Therefore, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for the wildlife monitoring mission.
###### Abstract  
In order to solve the key technical problem of accurate perception of the straightness of a scraper conveyor in intelligent mining of coal mines, a three-dimensional (3D) curvature sensor of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is designed and developed based on the curvature sensing principle of FBG. The grating string embedded in the FBG curvature sensor is simulated under the radius of curvature of 100 m, 200 m, 300 m, 400 m and 500 m. The results show that the strain of the built-in FBG string is linearly related to the curvature at the bend of the FBG string. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical results, which verifies the rationality of the sensor design. Based on the discrete curvature information obtained by the 3D curvature sensor of FBG, the curve reconstruction algorithm is derived by using the method of fitting recursion, and the bending shape fitting perception and curve reconstruction of the scraper conveyor is realized. A test platform for the three-dimensional bending of the scraper conveyor is set up. The measuring effect of perceived and actual shape at the straight and bending states of the scraper conveyor is verified. The test results show that the measured curve is basically the same as the perceptual curve in the three-dimensional bending configuration of the scraper conveyor, and the error of the direction of each coordinate axis is not more than \(\pm 15\) mm, which can meet the requirements of the accuracy of detecting the straightness of the intelligent work.  
intelligent perception; straightness of scraper conveyor; curvature sensor; numerical simulation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences