## 3 Results
After 60 min of extraction, it was possible to observe a clear decrease in the oil extraction rate, due to the decreasing availability of oil inside the matrix, as the extraction process proceeded. Maximum oil \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Solvents** & **(mglycopene/gdry TP)** & **Solvents** & **(mglycopene/gdry TP)** \\ \hline N-hexane a & 0.0054 & N-hexane: Acetone: Ethanol a & 0.0559 \\ Acetone a & 0.0379 & Acetone: Ethyl acetate a & 0.0791 \\ Petroleum ether a & 0.0048 & Acetone: Ethanol a & 0.0352 \\ Ethanol a & 0.0115 & Petroleum Ether: Ethanol a & 0.0275 \\ Ethyl acetate a & 0.0118 & Noroflurane b & 0.0031 \\ N-hexane: Acetone a & 0.0125 & Noroflurane: TS oil c & 0.0628 \\ N-hexane: Ethanol a & 0.0314 & Noroflurane: WGF oil d & 0.1057 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Lycopene content in tomato peels extracts obtained by common organic solvents and Noroflurane with tomato seeds (TS) and wheat germ flour (WGF) oils. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**\#Trial/(Sample)** & \(\eta_{L}\) & \(\eta_{Bc}\) & \(\mathbf{C_{L}}\) & \(\mathbf{C_{\beta c}}\) \\  & **(mg/mg)** & **(mg/mg)** & **(mg/g\({}_{\text{o}\text{i}\text{i}}\))** & **(mg/g\({}_{\text{o}\text{i}\text{i}}\))** \\ \hline
1/(P) & 0.005 \(\pm\) 0.001 a & 0.074 \(\pm\) 0.002 a & no co-matrix \\
2/(BPS) & 0.063 \(\pm\) 0.004 b & 0.421 \(\pm\) 0.023 b & 0.240 \(\pm\) 0.004 a & 0.600 \(\pm\) 0.011 a \\
3/(BPWGF) & 0.106 \(\pm\) 0.009 c & 0.292 \(\pm\) 0.013 c & 0.270 \(\pm\) 0.0123 b & 0.263 \(\pm\) 0.007 b \\
4/(LSP) & 0.132 \(\pm\) 0.010 d & 0.733 \(\pm\) 0.037 d & 0.328 \(\pm\) 0.163 c & 0.952 \(\pm\) 0.002 c \\
5/(LWGFP) & 0.123 \(\pm\) 0.008 d & 0.842 \(\pm\) 0.043 e & 0.309 \(\pm\) 0.012 c & 0.733 \(\pm\) 0.038 d \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values marked with different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene extraction yields (\(\eta_{\text{L}}\) and \(\eta_{\beta c}\)) and lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene concentrations, \(\mathbf{C_{L}}\) and \(\mathbf{C_{\beta c}}\), reached in tomato seed and wheat germ flour oils after 2 h extractions. yields of approximately 0.82 mg/mg and 0.96 mg/mg were obtained from tomato seeds and wheat germ flour, respectively, after 2 h of process. Lower values of TS oil extraction efficiency were presumably due to the semipermeable coat of tomato seeds, which offered a greater resistance to the extraction. Figure 3 shows the cumulative lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene extraction yields evaluated during trials #6/(LSP) and #7/(LWGFP). For each carotenoid, the yields obtained with the two typologies of co-matrices were very similar, and all showed a decrease in the extraction rate after 40-60 min of process, due to a lowering of the extraction rate of lipid fraction. Moreover, the extraction efficiencies obtained after 120 min of process were slightly higher than 10%, for lycopene, and 80% for \(\beta\)-carotene. Figure 3: Lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene extraction yield (\(\eta_{\rm{L}}\) and \(\eta_{\rm{\beta},c}\)) vs. extraction time, evaluated during trials #6 and #7 performed with layered configurations (LSP and LWGFP, respectively). For each layered configuration, non-significant differences (\(p>0.05\)) between the experimental points were found. Figure 2: Tomato seed and wheat germ flour oil extraction yields (\(\eta_{\rm{0}}\)) vs. extraction time, evaluated during trials #6 and #7 performed with layered configurations (LSP and LWGFP, respectively). \(p>0.05\) for all the points marked with asterisks, *. In Figures 4 and 5, the amounts of oil and carotenoids extracted during trials #6 and #7 and the corresponding concentrations of lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene are reported. The ideal concentrations obtainable if all the oil and all the carotenoids were completely extracted during the process are indicated as theoretical.