## 2 Materials and Methods
### Land Cover Change and Fragmentation  
To estimate land use changes between 2008 and 2018, we created an intersection matrix taking 2008 (LUSES2008) as the initial year. First, we intersected deforested and reforested layers to identify three different cases of land use change between 2008 and 2018 (only reforested, only deforested and deforested+reforested). Then, this layer was intersected with the LUSES2008 layer and LUSES2018 to identify land use changes. In this analysis, we considered four different groups of land use classes derived from the initial classification: native forests, agriculture land, anthropic zones, water, and other natural terrain (Table 1). To estimate fragmentation metrics, we elaborated four scenarios of land use using the full list of classes (see Table 1): (i) LUSES2008, (ii) LUSES2018, (iii) LUSES2018 + deforestation (the areas deforested between 2008-2018 are added as native forest in LUSES2018) and (iv) LUSES2018 + forested (the areas reforested between 2008-2018 are added as native forest in LUSES2018). Then, three fragmentation metrics were calculated for the native forest class in each scenario: number of patches, average patch size and edge density [31]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Name**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Group**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Definition**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Cost**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Native forest} & \multirow{3}{*}{Native forest} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Arboreal ecosystem, primary or secondary, regenerated by natural} \\  & & & succession; it is characterized by the presence of trees of different \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Forest Plantation} & & & native no dry forest species, varied ages and sizes, with one or \\  & & & more strata. \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Shrub vegetation} & \multirow{3}{*}{Other natural terrain} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Anthropically established tree mass with one or more forest species.} \\  & & & Areas with a substantial component of non-tree native woody \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Herbaceous Vegetation} & \multirow{3}{*}{Other natural terrain} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{species. Includes degraded areas in transition to dense canopy} \\  & & & coverage and paramo. \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Natural water} & \multirow{3}{*}{Water} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Areas made up of native herbaceous species with spontaneous} \\  & & & growth, which do not receive special care, and are used for sporadic \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Artificial water} & \multirow{3}{*}{Water} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{grazing, wildlife, or protection purposes.} \\  & & & Surface and associated volume of static or moving water. \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Populated Area} & \multirow{3}{*}{Water} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surface and associated volume of static or moving water associated} \\  & & & with anthropic activities and the management of water resources. \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Infrastructure} & \multirow{3}{*}{Anthropic zones} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Areas mainly occupied by homes and buildings intended for} \\  & & & communities or public services. \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Area without vegetation cover} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Anthropic zones} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Areas for transport, communication, agro-industrial and social.} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Agricultural Land} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Other natural terrain} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Areas generally devoid of vegetation, which due to their edaphic, climatic, topographic or anthropic limitations, are not used for agricultural or forestry use; however, they may have other uses.} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5} \multirow{3}{*}{Agricultural Land} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Agricultural Land} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Area under agricultural cultivation and planted pastures, or within a rotation between them, includes areas of annual crops, semi-permanent crops, permanent crops, grasslands and agricultural mosaic.