# Generative Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Facility Layout Design Paradigm
## 2 Evolution of Facility Layout Design Paradigms
### Facility Layout Design 3.0: Simulation-Based Systems Engineering  
As industries evolved further into Industry 3.0, the introduction of information technology, automation, and more complex production systems necessitated a more sophisticated approach to facility layout design. This period marked the rise of FLD 3.0, characterized by the adoption of digital models and visualized simulation. FLD 3.0 relies on digital models and simulation-based approaches to create dynamic and adaptable layouts. This approach is highly effective in addressing the growing complexity of Industry 3.0, where automated machinery, robots, and interconnected systems required a more holistic approach to layout design. This simulation-oriented method marks a key shift from the optimization models of FLD 2.0, as it emphasizes the value of continuous feedback loops, real-time visualization, and predictive analytics. One critical application of simulation is in workshop layout design, where software solutions such as FlexSim ([[https://www.flexsim.com/](https://www.flexsim.com/)]([https://www.flexsim.com/](https://www.flexsim.com/))), AnyLogic ([[https://www.anylogic.com/](https://www.anylogic.com/)]([https://www.anylogic.com/](https://www.anylogic.com/))), and Plant Simulation ([[https://plm.sw.siemens.com/en-US/tecnomatix/plant-simulation-software/](https://plm.sw.siemens.com/en-US/tecnomatix/plant-simulation-software/)]([https://plm.sw.siemens.com/en-US/tecnomatix/plant-simulation-software/](https://plm.sw.siemens.com/en-US/tecnomatix/plant-simulation-software/)), accessed on 16 May 2025) provide powerful functionalities to visualize and evaluate different configurations before implementation [49; 50]. By using discrete event simulation (DES), these applications allow users to model systems where changes occur at distinct time intervals due to specific events. By analyzing different layout options, businesses can identify the optimal configurations that minimize travel times, reduce bottlenecks, and streamline workflows [51]. Continuous simulation may also play a role by modeling how dynamic factors like inventory levels and production rates influence layout effectiveness over time. The purpose of these simulations extends beyond mere design; they are instrumental in performance evaluation [52; 53]. From the data handling perspective, these simulation tools support both deterministic and stochastic simulations. Deterministic simulations assume all parameters are known and predictable, yielding consistent outputs that are beneficial for structured environments [54]. In contrast, stochastic simulations incorporate variability and uncertainty in the inputs,leading to more-realistic modeling of real-world conditions--particularly relevant in workshop settings where demand fluctuations, processing times, and resource availability are common [55]. What-if analysis capabilities further allow businesses to explore hypothetical scenarios related to layout changes, helping to inform decision making and strategic planning concerning facility design and logistics optimization. In addition, simulation allows for risk-free experimentation, permitting organizations to explore various layout designs and operational strategies without incurring the costs and risks associated with physical changes. This capability supports data-driven decision making by integrating real data into models, thereby leading to informed choices based on empirical evidence. Enhanced communication is another benefit, as visual and analytical outputs facilitate better dialogue among project stakeholders, ensuring alignment regarding layout and operational changes. However, despite these advantages, practical engineering projects encounter several difficulties. The complexity of creating accurate simulation models can be time-consuming, particularly for intricate systems with many interacting components, and simplifying these models may lead to oversights [56; 57].