# Effect of MXene Nanosheet Sticking on Supercapacitor Device Performance
## 4 Approaches for Preventing Sticking of MXenes
### Electrode Processing Optimization
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**MXene Composite** & **Application/Enhancement** & **Key Findings** \\ \hline MXene–carbon quantum dots (CQD) & Superior capacitance & \begin{tabular}{c} Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\) MXene–CQD composite electrode \\ demonstrated capacitance of 441.3 F g\({}^{-1}\) at 1 A \\ g\({}^{-1}\) with 100\% retention after 10,000 cycles [33]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\)/NiO\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{4}\) & Enhanced gravimetric capacitance, cyclic stability & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Gravimetric capacitance of 2326 F g\({}^{-1}\) at 1 A \\ g\({}^{-1}\) with cyclic stability of 93.8\% at \\ 10 A g\({}^{-1}\), resulting in quasi-solid-state flexible supercapacitor [34]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Zinc ion hybrid micro supercapacitors & Utilizing hydrogel electrolytes for improved performance &
\begin{tabular}{c} Constructed with V\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) cathode and Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\) \\ MXene anode in PAM hydrogel electrolyte, offering 129 mF cm\({}^{-2}\) areal capacitance and 48.9 mWh cm\({}^{-2}\) energy density with 77\% capacitance retention over 10,000 cycles [35]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**MXene–Polymer Composites** & **Application/Enhancement** & **Key Findings** \\ \hline MXene–polypyrrole (PPy) composite & Enhanced specific capacitance & \begin{tabular}{c} Electrodeposited composite (PPy) on MXene \\ textile electrodes resulted in specific \\ capacitance of 343.20 F g\({}^{-1}\) compared to \\ pristine MXene \\ electrodes [37]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline MXene–PPy composite & Improved tensile strength, specific capacitance & \begin{tabular}{c} Specific capacitance of 614 F g\({}^{-1}\) at \\ 1 A g\({}^{-1}\), retaining 100\% capacitance over \\ 10,000 cycles [38]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PPy–MXene–IL–mic composite & Enhanced energy density, capacitance retention & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy density of 31.2 Wh kg\({}^{-1}\), capacitance \\ retention of 91\% over \\ 2000 cycles and 91\% coulombic efficiency \\ across temperature range of 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C to \\ 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C [39]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline MXene–Polyaniline (PANI) composite & \begin{tabular}{c} Volumetric and gravimetric capacitance improvement \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Synthesized composite exhibited volumetric \\ capacitance of 1682 F cm\({}^{-3}\) and gravimetric \\ capacitance of 503 F g\({}^{-1}\), with specific \\ capacitance reaching \\ 336 F g\({}^{-1}\) with 98.3\% capacitance retention \\ over 10,000 cycles [40]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Functionalization with silylation reagents & Tailoring surface wetting properties & \begin{tabular}{c} Functionalization with silylation agents can \\ modify MXene flake hydrophobicity, \\ hindering water contact and promoting \\ hydrophobic characteristics [54]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Ion irradiation for & Altering surface chemistry to & \begin{tabular}{c} N\({}^{+}\) ion irradiation method selectively \\ eliminates surface-terminating groups, leading \\ to a hydrophobic nature in MXenes, enhancing \\ electrical conductivity [58]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Additive manufacturing for & \begin{tabular}{c} Electrochemically activating 3D-printed \\ nanocarbon electrodes and functionalizing \\ with Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\) demonstrated enhanced \\ electrochemical capacitance in \\ Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)@3D\({}_{n}\)CEs [68]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Surface functionalization and passivation & Enhancement of interfacial shear strength in & \begin{tabular}{c} Functionalization of acid-treated carbon fiber \\ using Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\) led to a 186\% increase in interfacial shear strength. Modified carbon \\ fibers enhanced mechanical engagement effect during debonding, showing improved tensile strength compared to non-coated fibers [74]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Integration with polymer matrices & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Prevention of sticking, enhancement of \\ dispersion stability, improved \\ electrode performance \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Integration of MXenes within \\ P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) polymer matrices prevented \\ sticking, provided dispersion stability, and \\ improved electrode performance. MXene \\ flakes were evenly dispersed throughout the polymer matrix without forming aggregates, showing improved dielectric permittivity [80]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}