## 6 Perspectives: Greenhouse Artificial Neural Networks Application
### Agriculture 4.0 and the ANNs
#### 6.1.1 Precision Agriculture and Internet of Things  
The PA integrates the new technologies derived from the information age with the agricultural industry. It consists of a crop management system that tries to optimize the type and quantity of inputs with the real needs of crops for small areas within an agricultural field. PA uses crop inputs more effectively, including fertilizers, pesticides, tillage, and irrigation water [174]. As a management tool, PA consists of five elements: geographic positioning (GPS), information gathering, decision support, variable-rate treatment, and performance mapping. Yield mapping allows the farmer to monitor the actual result of the different inputs, being a tool for collecting information on previous years. For this reason, large data set (big data) are required to interpret specific variables. In this area, new technologies are still under development [175]. Mapping many different factors of soil, crops, and the environment produces large amounts of data. Farmer data overload must be overcome by integrating expert systems and decision support systems [176], which in turn must be based on models such as those that have been exposed throughout this paper. PAhas been applied and developed in greenhouses [177; 178; 179], as well as the use of NNs as a support tool [180]. Being the real-time monitoring systems for the management of the greenhouse to control environmental parameters, this is the area in which it is necessary to go deeper [181]. Likewise, SA broadens the concept of PA, since the tasks for decision management are reinforced by knowledge of the situation. This in turn causes real-time assistance resources to be required to perform agile actions such as the IoT [182]. IoT is the interaction between a variety of physical things or objects that use specific addressing schemes to connect to the internet, and this type of technology allows the inherent reduction of environmental impact by real-time reaction to alert events such as detections of weeds, pests or diseases, climate or soil monitoring warnings, which allow a reduction and the adequate use of inputs such as agrochemicals or water [183; 184]. One of the advantages of IoT is its ability to control other devices remotely transversely based on the existing system, which makes a good interrelation between the physical world and different computer-based frameworks and creates possibilities for greater financial effectiveness advantages and precision. In the near future, IoT will be trusted with numerous administrative functions [185]. Currently, IoT has been implemented in crop care. [PERSON] et al. [186] applied IoT to determine the date of tomato harvest, for this they carried out a monitoring of the 6 different stages of tomato cultivation, using as parameter the visible wavelength as a characteristic in the classification of support vector machines (SVM). Climatic data such as temperature, humidity, illuminance, among others, were recorded daily during tomato cultivation, these data and the data obtained from the SVM classification were used for the training of a NN, the results applied to the elaboration of an automated system by using IoT to support greenhouse growers in the future. [PERSON] [187] studied the effectiveness of IoT in quality control during vegetable storage. During the storage of potatoes, it determined that for the proper control of temperature and other parameters, multiple measurement points are required in different locations to guarantee the desired behaviors for the entire volume. [PERSON] et al. [188] verified that the data loss rate between the data acquisition unit and the gateway was 1.52%, and the data loss rate was 0.4% between the gateway and the server, making the IoT system feasible for monitoring greenhouses. IoT has emerged as an alternative for optimizing the agricultural sector since it allows farmers to monitor their agricultural fields in real time and receive recommendations to produce good quality crops while maximizing their overall profits on the products sold [189].