## 3 Data Preparation and Analysis
### Selection of Evaluation Factors  
Environmental conditions (e.g., strong neotectonic movements, the development of fracture tectonics, structural fragility of geotechnical bodies, differential climate, and high seismic activity) can lead to geologic hazards (e.g., landslides, avalanches, and mudslides). The main factors in geotechnical proximity conditions cover landslides, vegetation cover, and the influence of human activities. Elevation is presented in Figure 5a. Slope (Figure 5b) is one of the important factors influencing landslides and an important parameter for assessing landslide susceptibility [52], which reflects the degree of inclination of the surface and can be used to measure the efficiency of material flow and energy transfer at the surface. Slope orientation (Figure 5c) takes on greater significance in mountain ecology [53]. Different slope orientations cause differences in temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunshine hours, and solar radiation intensity, which lead to differences in surface cover, which in turn causes differences in the effects of physical weathering and chemical differentiation, affecting the occurrence of landslides. Curvature (Figure 5d) is a factor that measures the change in distortion of the terrain surface, which is used to characterize the change in surface curvature in the vertical direction and to better reflect the complexity of the ground surface [54]. The curvature is calculated as Equation (2). \[Kv=-\frac{p^{2}r+2 pqs+q^{2}t}{(p^{2}+q^{2})(1+p^{2}+q^{2})^{\frac{3}{2}}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(p\) is the rate of change in elevation in the x-direction; \(q\) is the rate of change in elevation in the y-direction; \(r\) is the rate of change in elevation in the x-direction and y-direction; \(t\) is the rate of change in elevation in the y-direction. Figure 4: Drone aerial view of landslides. A large amount of precipitation (Figure 5e) will cause severe damage in the valley; precipitation will destroy the structure and material in the valley, and it may also change the landscape of the valley and cause changes in the vegetation and water, which may ultimately result in collapse, landslides, and mudslides in the valley. Vegetation is an important factor affecting the occurrence of landslides, which prevents soil erosion while improving the stability of slopes, regulating the climate, and reducing the wind speed, thus playing the role of fixing slopes and preventing the loss of soil by scouring. In this  
Figure 5: Distribution of evaluation factors. study, we used the NDVI (Figure 5f) as the surface vegetation cover status. NDVI satisfies Equation (3). \[NDVI=\frac{\rho NIR-\rho RED}{\rho NIR+\rho RED} \tag{3}\]  
where \(\rho NIR\) is the reflectance in the mid-infrared band; \(\rho RED\) is the reflectance in the near-infrared band. The stability of mountain slopes is greatly affected by the large-scale construction of roads (Figure 5g), which leads to more landslides on mountain slopes. Erosion, following out, and wave impacts by rivers (Figure 5h) will cause the rock layers at the bottom of valleys to be pushed away, resulting in cliffs at the bottom of valleys and creating a favorable environment for landslides to develop. Stratigraphic lithology (Figure 5i) is the material basis for the occurrence of landslides. Fractures (Figure 5j) play a significant role in the nurturing of landslides, and they are critical to the stability and security of the earth. Earthquakes (Figure 5k) can cause sudden loss of equilibrium in geotechnical bodies, collapse, and landslides. They can also cause slopes to be in a state of limiting equilibrium or to form landslide hazards and dangerous rock bodies. Thus, geologic hazards can easily be induced or aggravated in the vicinity of zones of strong seismic activity. As fractures continue to expand, they will severely destabilize the rock and soil on the upper and lower walls, and the entire surface, leading to more landslides.