## 3 Results
### Comparison of Preoperative 3D Measurements between Groups S and A  
For all midline variables, the amount of the ANS, A, U1, L1, B, Pog, Me, and Gn deviation from the MSP exhibited more discrepancy in group A than in group S, but none of these parameters indicated a significant between-group difference before surgery (Table 3). A significant between-group difference was detected in maxillary anterior canting and maxillary posterior canting before surgery (Table 4). The extent of anterior and posterior canting was significantly larger in group A. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Symmetry**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Asymmetry**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Bilateral Variables** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**\(\Delta\)S**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**\(\Delta\)A**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} \\ \cline{2-7}  & & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{Maxilla} \\ \hline U3 to FHP & mm & 1.07 & 0.93 & 1.83 & 1.22 & 0.004 *** \\ \hline U6 to FHP & mm & 1.90 & 1.91 & 2.95 & 1.81 & 0.040 * \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{Mandible} \\ \hline Ramus height & mm & 3.90 & 4.16 & 5.98 & 5.23 & 0.235 \\ \hline Body length & mm & 3.64 & 3.11 & 2.22 & 1.54 & 0.195 \\ \hline Gonial angle & \({}^{\circ}\) & 8.53 & 18.09 & 2.54 & 1.67 & 0.062 \\ \hline Go to MSP & mm & 4.34 & 4.14 & 6.25 & 4.71 & 0.217 \\ \hline Go to CP & mm & 4.66 & 3.23 & 5.07 & 3.35 & 0.681 \\ \hline Go to FHP & mm & 1.88 & 1.77 & 5.25 & 4.51 & 0.015 * \\ \hline GF to MSP & mm & 1.52 & 1.01 & 2.08 & 1.64 & 0.517 \\ \hline GF to CP & mm & 1.46 & 1.07 & 2.52 & 2.52 & 0.569 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of 3D preoperative (T0) measurements of bilateral variables between symmetry and asymmetry outcome groups. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**PreOP Midline Variables**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Symmetry**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Asymmetry**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **(mm)** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Maxilla} & ANS to MSP & 1.11 & 0.78 & 1.18 & 1.03 & 0.987 \\  & A to MSP & 1.07 & 0.72 & 1.21 & 0.99 & 0.800 \\  & U1 to MSP & 1.66 & 1.40 & 2.15 & 1.64 & 0.289 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mandible} & L1 to MSP & 3.97 & 3.29 & 4.32 & 2.11 & 0.887 \\  & B to MSP & 5.01 & 4.11 & 5.77 & 2.93 & 0.268 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Pog to MSP & 6.36 & 5.07 & 8.03 & 3.94 & 0.117 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Gn to MSP & 6.62 & 5.31 & 8.27 & 4.14 & 0.174 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Me to MSP & 6.52 & 5.36 & 8.15 & 4.19 & 0.217 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of 3D preoperative (T0) measurements of midline variables between groups S and A. In the mandible, the Go-FHP distance exhibited a discrepancy between the two sides (\(\Delta\)Go to the FHP), which was \(1.88\pm 1.77\) mm in group S and 5.25 \(\pm\) 4.51 mm in group A (\(p=0.015\)). The discrepancy in the axis of the mandibular border to FH was also significantly different between the two groups (\(p=0.05\)) (Table 4). A significant difference was detected in five mandible variables at the deviated side in the distance between the coronal plane and the gonion, condyle, medial condylar pole, lateral condylar pole, and glenoid fossa (Table 5).