esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Seismic Exploration Methods for Structural Studies and for Active Fault Characterization: A Review
## 3 Developments in Seismic Imaging
### Seismic Ray Tomography  
Seismic ray tomography [35; 36] is a powerful technique used to image the subsurface structure of the earth. It involves the use of an iterative inversion procedure which computes the theoretical traveltimes of seismic waves traced within an \"a priori\" model of subsurface and compares them with the traveltimes observed during an actual seismic survey [37]. The inversion procedure aims at minimizing the traveltime differences by iteratively updating the seismic velocities of the \"a priori\" model [38]. The method produces images of the distribution of P-wave and/or S-wave velocity in the subsurface, with velocity variations highlighting changes in rock properties, such as lithology, porosity, and fluid content [39].  
When refracted waves (i.e., first arrivals) are used, the method is also called refraction tomography or First Arrival Tomography (FAT). One of the advantages of FAT, when applied to data recorded by dense WA arrays, is its ability to provide high-resolution images of the subsurface at relatively shallow depths [32], making this technique well-suited for imaging near-surface seismogenic faults, as demonstrated by several studies. For example, [PERSON] et al. [40] verified the capability of FAT in identifying faults across the Wasatch Fault Zone near Mapleton, Utah. On their tomograms, faults were identified by imaging the associated colluvial wedges, which were seen as low-velocity zones in the tomogram. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [41] and [PERSON] et al. [42] estimated high-resolution Vp models of the Middle Aterno basin, in central Italy, by applying multi-scale non-linear tomography to data recorded by dense WA profiles acquired on the hanging wall of the Paganica-S. Demetrio Fault (see Figure 2). This fault is the source of the 6 April 2009 (Mw 6.1) L'Aquila normal-faulting earthquake.  
Figure 1: Comparison between narrow aperture (orange) and wide-aperture (yellow) seismic recording (**a**) for a crustal-scale exploration of the entire crust (**b**), which in the example is about 25 km thick (figure modified from [PERSON] et al. [34]). The star indicates the position of the seismic source. Generally, a narrow-aperture array has the same or less aperture of the deepest reflector to be imaged, while a wide aperture is about 4 times larger than the maximum depth.  
However, seismic ray tomography does have some limitations. One challenge is that the accuracy of the results can be influenced by the complexity of the subsurface geology, which can make it difficult to model accurately seismic wave propagation [40]. Moreover, since the method uses a smooth model parameterization, it is unable to detect sharp stratigraphic and structural discontinuities. Discontinuities as faults can only be inferred through the analysis of velocity patterns and gradients. Finally, resolution decreases rapidly with depth at the edges of the velocity models, due to poor ray sampling [43].
## 3 Isolation Effect
### Isolation Effectiveness  
In order to obtain the natural frequency of the proposed MDOF isolation platform and its isolation effectiveness, random excitation is proposed on the base and the response of the experimental prototype. The frequency domain of the random excitation is from 0 to 100 Hz. The structural parameters of the experimental prototype are \(n=2\), \(l=0.1\), \(l_{2}=0.285\), \(l_{1}=0.105\), \(M_{2}=0.22\), \(M_{1}=0\), \(L_{1}=L_{2}=L_{3}=0\), and other structural parameters \(\theta\) and \(k_{\mathrm{l}}\) could be adjusted easily for different isolation requirements. In Figure 10, two cases of isolation effectiveness are shown with \(\theta=\pi/3\) and \(k_{\mathrm{l}}=900\).  
Figure 11 shows the comparison between the theoretical results and experimental results for the periodic excitation with \(z_{e}=0.03\), \(x_{e}=y_{e}=\phi_{xx}=\phi_{yw}=\phi_{ze}=0\), \(\theta=\pi/3\), and \(k_{\mathrm{l}}=900\). The signals of the measured base and the up plate are acceleration signals and the acceleration signals are converted to displacement signals by dividing the square of the frequency since the vibrations are periodic motions.  
Figure 9: The comparison of the isolation effectiveness in the \(x\) direction between the platform with springs and SLSs for \(n=2\), \(\theta=\pi/4\), and \(l=0.2\) (case 1) and \(n=3\), \(\theta=\pi/6\), and \(l=0.2\) (case 2).  
From Figure 11, the natural frequency of the proposed isolation platform could be reduced by adjusting the structural parameters of the SLSs for different structural parameters. When utilizing four springs with \(k_{l}=900\) in a normal spring-damping isolator, the vertical-direction natural frequency is as \(\sqrt{\frac{4\times 900}{0.22}}=128\) rad/s \(\approx 20.38\) Hz, while for utilizing the SLSs the natural frequency could be reduced to about 6.4, Hz as shown in Figure 11 for \(\theta=\pi/3\), \(k_{l}=900\). Therefore, using SLSs instead of springs could improve the isolation effectiveness, based on the fact that the natural frequency is reduced and the effective isolation range is increased.
## 2 Preliminaries
### Visible Light Communication Systems  
VLC, a technology that concurrently addresses indoor lighting and data exchange, is inherently energy-efficient. It holds substantial potential for application in wireless communication.  
Indoor VLC systems commonly employ Intensity Modulation Direct Detection (IM/DD) technology, a choice made for its cost-effectiveness and simplicity [19]. The mathematical representation of the associated channel is  
\[y=hx+n, \tag{1}\]  
where \(h\) represents the instantaneous gain of the VLC channel, \(n\) denotes the signal-independent noise, \(x\) signifies the transmitted sequence, and \(y\) indicates the received sequence.  
Considering the existence of a line of sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver, there are two types of VLC channels: the LOS model and the non-line of sight (NLOS) model [20]. Furthermore, it is important to note that signal transmission is inevitably influenced by indoor factors like room dimensions, the reflectivity of walls, and the directivity characteristics of the transmitting and receiving devices. For the sake of practicality in our experiment, we opt for the NLOS model in simulations. The VLC NLOS channel model includes not only direct signals but also those indirectly reflected by the walls. The room's dimensions are 5 m long, 5 m wide, and 3 m high. Both the transmitter and receiver are centrally positioned within the room, with a communication distance of 2.15 m between them. The transmitter has a semi-angle of 70 degrees, whereas the receiver's field of view spans 60 degrees. The physical area of the photodetector measures 1 square centimeter, and the surrounding walls possess a reflection coefficient of 0.8.  
Regarding the NLOS model, the received light power is  
\[P_{r}=(H_{LOS}+H_{NLOS})P_{t}=\left(H_{LOS}+\sum_{refl}H_{refl}\right)P_{t}. \tag{2}\]  
In this context, \(H_{LOS}\) and \(H_{NLOS}\) denote the transfer functions for the direct and non-direct links, respectively. The transfer function of the reflected link is represented by \(H_{refl}\). Additionally, \(P_{t}\) indicates the power of the transmitted light, while \(P_{r}\) refers to the power of the received light.  
As shown in Figure 1, when node A endeavors to transmit data to node B, a node that lies beyond the reach of direct communication, the utilization of a relay node becomes crucial for maintaining smooth communication between them, leading to the relay-assisted VLC system model. The dimensions of the studied model are 6 m in length, 6 m in width, and 3 m in height. The relay node \(R\), located at the coordinates \((3,3,3)\), is positioned centrally within the space. Nodes \(A\) and \(B\), symmetrically placed relative to the relay node, are mounted on the ceiling. Their exact coordinates are \((1.5,1.5,0.85)\) and \((4.5,4.5,0.85)\), respectively.
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
The dataset, named \"Huatuo-26M\" [30] is one of the largest Chinese medical Q&A datasets currently available, compiled from multiple reliable sources, as detailed in Table 1. It contains over 26 million high-quality medical Q&A pairs, primarily sourced from public medical Q&A forums on the internet. The forums feature responses from certified medical professionals, with verifiable personal and employment details, ensuring data reliability and credibility.  
The dataset includes diverse Q&A pairs, with internet forum data being particularly valuable due to their detailed patient-related information, aligning well with this study's experimental environment. For this paper, data from these forums were meticulously gathered and cleaned to build a preliminary dataset. By applying a set of keywords specific to the mental and psychological domain, high-quality Q&A data were filtered and saved as pairs, with questions containing detailed information such as names, symptoms, medications, and patients' personal information. The answer section consists of expert treatment methods, guidance, and suggestions, totaling approximately 1 million entries.  
To date, several studies have utilized the \"Huatuo-26M\" dataset to construct and evaluate medical question-and-answer systems [31; 32; 33], demonstrating its advantages in improving the accuracy and practicality of medical Q&A. The \"Huatuo-26M\" dataset encompasses a wide range of medical fields, including internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and obstetrics and gynecology, among others. The content of the Q&A covers the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of common diseases, primarily focusing on general medical knowledge. Additionally, it includes a substantial number of Q&A pairs in both the mental and psychological domains, thereby forming a comprehensive medical question-and-answer knowledge base.  
Data for constructing the domain-knowledge graph in mental and psychological health were sourced from online medical encyclopedias, medical websites, books, academic papers, and other resources.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Data Fields** \\ \hline Online Medical Encyclopedia & Huatuo\_encyclopedia\_qa \\ Medical-Knowledge Graph & Huatuo\_knowledge\_graph\_qa \\ Public Online Medical Q\&A Forums & Huatuo\_consultation\_qa \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Huatuo-26M dataset information.  
The data used to construct the knowledge graph in the field of mental and psychological health were collected from various sources, including online medical encyclopedias, medical information websites, medical books, and academic papers. The entire graph includes 5 types of entities, with a total of 2430 instances; 8 types of attributes; and 9 types of entity relationships, with 5575 instances, as shown in Table 2 below.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Identification of Branch Modes  
Effective mass fraction was used to identify which branch modes contribute the most to the overall dynamic response. The frequencies corresponding to these branch modes are defined as crown frequencies. The calculation process is described as follows.  
The generalized mass matrix, \(\hat{m}\), is  
\[\hat{m}=\Phi^{T}M\Phi \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Phi\) is the eigenvector matrix, and \(M\) is the mass matrix.  
The influence vector, \(\overline{r}\), represents the specified arbitrary displacements with initiating the free vibration of a system [33]. Defining the coefficient vector, \(\overline{L}\), as  
\[\overline{L}=\Phi^{T}M\overline{r} \tag{2}\]  
the modal participation factor, \(\Gamma_{i}\), for mode \(i\) is  
\[\Gamma_{i}=\frac{\overline{L}_{i}}{\hat{m}_{ii}} \tag{3}\]  
Then, the modal participating mass, \(\mathrm{Y}_{i}\), for mode \(i\) is obtained as  
\[\mathrm{Y}_{i}=\hat{m}_{ii}\Gamma_{i}^{2} \tag{4}\]  
The effective mass fraction, \(\Psi_{i}\), for mode \(i\) is obtained as  
\[\Psi_{i}=\frac{\hat{m}_{ii}\Gamma_{i}^{2}}{\sum_{a=1}^{N}\hat{m}_{aa}\Gamma_{ a}^{2}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(N\) is total number of modes.
# Analysis and Comparison of Electromagnetic Microrobotic Platforms for Biomedical Applications
## 3 The Electromagnetic Microrobotic Systems
### Three-Dimensional Manipulation
#### 3.2.3 Platform HMUGr  
Generally, the EMA system constructed from Helmholtz and Maxwell coils takes up a large space. In order to get a smaller volume of the platform and the less consumption of driving energy, in [62; 67] the authors have developed an EMA system based on uniform and gradient saddle coils for the 3D locomotion of a microrobot. Referring to the structure given in [67], the pair of Maxwell-Helmholtz coils and the pair of the uniform-gradient saddle coils are perpendicularly fixed (see also Figure 15). Such arranged configuration can realize the 2D locomotion of a microrobot.  
Similarly, the designed EMA system expands the 2D to the 3D actuation by rotating saddle coil pairs. With such structure of rotating saddle coils, the considered system actually provides a more flexible and accessible workspace. In the Figure 15a, the 2D control of orientation of microrobot is realized by using one pair of Helmholtz coils fixed along \(x\)-axis, and one pair of uniform saddle coils placed around the \(x\)-axis. Once the microrobot is aligned along the desired angle, the pairs of Maxwell and gradient saddle coils will produce the necessary propulsion force owing to the induced magnetic gradient.  
It is noted in [62; 67; 93] that the systems with the structure of saddle coil allow the less power consumption with a more compact setup. Moreover, such structures are suitable for the actuation of the medical microrobot in vivo.  
Figure 14: 2H2 Mr EMA platform developed by [PERSON] et al. [61]: (**a**) scheme of the concept; and (**b**) a photograph of the built system.  
Figure 15: HMUGr EMA platform developed by [PERSON] et al. [67]: (**a**) scheme of the concept; and (**b**) a photograph of the built system.
## 3 Results
### Limitations of This Approach
#### 3.1.4 Simple Pairwise Comparison
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Abbreviation** & **Criteria** & **Formula** & **Weight** \\ \hline (P) & Purchase Price & 6 points/14 points & =0.30/0.233 \\ (R) & Reliability & 5 points/13 points & =0.25/0.217 \\ (S) & Safety & 4 points/12 points & =0.20/0.20 \\ (A) & Attractiveness & 3 point/11 points & =0.15/0.183 \\ (G) & Gas Mileage & 2 points/10 points & =0.10/0.167 \\  & Sum & 20 points/60 points & =1.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Weights for pairwise method using offsets. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Abbreviation** & **Criteria** & **Formula** & **Weight** \\ \hline (P) & Purchase Price & 6 points/14 points & =0.30/0.233 \\ (R) & Reliability & 5 points/13 points & =0.25/0.217 \\ (S) & Safety & 4 points/12 points & =0.20/0.20 \\ (A) & Attractiveness & 3 point/11 points & =0.15/0.183 \\ (G) & Gas Mileage & 2 points/10 points & =0.10/0.167 \\  & Sum & 20 points/60 points & =1.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Weights for pairwise method. judgments. Weights can be readily recalculated with the addition of new attributes simply by incorporating all additional pairwise comparisons. Limitations of This Approach  
This approach does not employ any checks of internal consistency (i.e., for transitivity). It is up to the user to check to see whether the results make sense and are consistent. For instance, if A > B (i.e., A is preferred to B), and B > C, then logically A > C; however, there is nothing in the process that ensures that intransitive assessments must be made. A Special Case of Pairwise Comparison: The Analytic Hierarchy Process  
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a common process used to elicit decision maker priorities using a series of pairwise comparisons ([PERSON], 2017). Its use has increased in popularity ([PERSON], 2017) because of the ease of explanation, ease of facilitating a group in the process, and availability of user-friendly software to implement the process. However, it is generally not looked upon favorably within the decision analysis community because of several drawbacks. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017) identify problems due to interdependence between criteria and alternatives, the potential for inconsistency between judgment and ranking criteria, and the possibility of rank reversal ([PERSON], 2017) as disadvantages of the method. It is worth noting that, with every weighting approach, there will be drawbacks.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Rsid\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Field Kits and Rsid\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader Experiments  
In these experiments the RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Field kit protocol was followed. Briefly, an extract was prepared from the RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Field kit O-ring tubes and four drops of this extract, using the supplied disposable transfer pipette, was applied to the sample well of RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) cassettes; in other words the extracts were used without further dilution. Using our standard body fluid swab (_i.e._, 50 \(\mu\)L of the cognate body fluid) and assuming 100% extraction efficiency, the field kit protocol would measure \(\sim\)5.3 \(\mu\)L of blood, saliva, or semen, respectively. The RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Field Kit for Urine uses 1 mL of RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Urine buffer for extraction and therefore using our standard urine body fluid swab (100 \(\mu\)L) this test would then measure \(\sim\)8.0 \(\mu\)L of urine. Two different Readers were evaluated in this study, each with two sets of RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) cassette replicates. All results were concordant.  
Extraction Blank and Cross-Reactivity controls were read as \"negative\", while samples that contained body fluids were read as \"positive\" by the RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Readers. Figure 6 shows results of the RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Field Kit tests for undiluted extracts of blood, saliva, semen and urine as they appear in a digital image (Nikon's Coolpix 5600) and from images taken from the RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader. A weak Test Line signal for samples with an estimated 5.3 \(\mu\)L of semen is due to the High Dose Hook Effect [4], but was still scored positive by the RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader.  
Figure 5: Results of RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Urine and RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader Experiments. Results of two replicates for each analyzed urine volume from one Reader are shown. Cassette number and calculated volume of urine added to each cassette are shown **(top)**. Digital camera capture of cassettes and RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader images are shown below, respectively. **Top**—Digital photograph of the cassettes (C—Control; T—Test lines) with analyzed urine volumes indicated above. **Bottom**—Images taken from RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader. RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader results (positive [+] or negative [-]) are indicated under each RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader image. Note: Camera capture or RSID\({}^{\text{TM}}\) Reader images are slightly _less_ sensitive than visual observation of the cassettes.
# Self-Organizing Networks for 5G and Beyond: A View from the Top
## 3 SON Applications
### The Key SON Applications Leading to Full Automation
#### 3.2.3 Input for ANR and Triggering  
The following thresholds and parameters are set as input to the SON ANR algorithm, which evaluates the existing neighbor list and creates a candidate list for deletion and addition actions [66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72]:  
* DCR (Drop Call Rate) for a defined sample period or bad quality (SNR ratio).
* Minimum number of calls served (low or high usability of a cell).
* Importance and usability of existing neighbor relations according to the ratio of handovers for a specific neighbor relation compared to the total number of handovers of the cell.
* Missing neighbor events (collection of network counters reporting missing neighbors).
* Intersection (coverage pattern of each cell and overlap among them).
* Cell coverage including propagation delay counters collected from the OSS.
* Layer Management Strategy (LMS): Policy followed by the operator regarding the inter-frequency relations (i.e., three carriers are used (F1, F2, and F3) if a handover is allowed).
# Eco-Friendly Metadome-Antenna Innovations for Wearable Millimeter Wave Radar Sensing
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Eco-Friendly Materials Used for the Antenna and the Metasurface
#### 2.1.1 Eco-Friendly Dielectric Substrate: Polypropylene (PP)  
Polypropylene (PP) is a flexible, light, resistant to fatigue, inherently hydrophobic (due to its nonpolar chemical structure) and eco-friendly thermoplastic polymer. PP does not release as many toxins and CO\({}_{2}\) as other plastics (PVC, PET and PS) and can be recycled multiple times [24; 25; 26]. It is much cheaper than the dielectrics commonly used for antennas. As a reference, an A4-like-sized panel of RT-Duroid 5850 costs more than 400 euros whereas an A4-sized PP sheet cost only cents of a euro. Furthermore, neither PTFE (Teflon(r)), ABS, PVC, PLA, and ASA plastics nor KYDEX, FRP, synthetic foams, prepregs, or ceramic materials used for radomes are eco-friendly.  
For conventional radome applications the material properties to consider include: low relative dielectric permittivity, dissipation factor (loss tangent) and water absorption, high impact resistance, strength and modulus, weatherability, rain erosion and UV resistances,surface hydrophobia, as well as machining and fabrication characteristics. PP properties make it an excellent option.  
PP was introduced as a substrate for antennas in [27], achieving a device operating in the low range of microwave frequencies (more specifically at 2.45 GHz) and other authors successfully used it thereafter [28; 29; 30]. Recently, its use at mm-wave frequencies has been explored [32; 33; 34]. However, its suitability for metaradomes has not yet been investigated and there are also pending challenges for mm-wave antenna applications. In fact, it must be taken into account that, at high frequencies, any small variation in the dimensions of the device (antenna, metaradome) during manufacturing can result in a significant shift in the operating frequency band, resulting in a useless device, hence the relevance of being able to fabricate with suitable techniques, in addition to starting from a correct electromagnetic characterization of the novel material at the design stage.  
The electromagnetic properties of PP in the 24 GHz ISM band have recently been determined [33] using a combination of resonant cavity, microstrip line and T-resonator methods. The resulting values, relative dielectric permittivity \(\epsilon_{\mathrm{r}}\) = 2.2 and loss tangent tan\(\delta\) = 0.002 are used in this contribution.