## 1 Introduction  
Coupling between the lithospheric atmosphere and ionospheric disturbances due to natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, as well as artificial hazards, such as nuclear explosions, has been reported by various scientists (e.g., [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7]). These studies discussed this linkage using the lithospheric-atmospheric-ionospheric coupling theory. Atmospheric gravity waves due to the explosion process and electrostatic coupling complement the full theory of ionospheric disturbances for both the created travelling ionospheric disturbances and the generated eclectic field, which propagates to the conjugate hemispheric point and likely causes mirrored ionospheric drift. Several authors have attributed the conjugate ionospheric disturbances to the E \(\times\) B drift associated with earthquakes or nuclear explosions [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. In the case of earthquake events, the electric field is thought to be generated by a complex process owing to the rupture of lithospheric rocks. Alternatively, [PERSON]. [15; 16] proposed a mechanism involving seismo-travelling atmospheric disturbances (STADs), where infrasonic waves propagate vertically into the ionosphere, altering its conductivity and thereby generating an ionospheric electric field. [PERSON]. [17] suggested that the polarisation electric field associated with the Medium Scale Travelling Ionospheric disturbances in an airglow event is transmitted directly to its conjugate point, causing a mirrored disturbance. Despite their different perspectives on how the electric field is generated according to the phenomenon of interest, all these studies agree that it propagates along geomagnetic field lines from the epicentral region. Whether triggered by an earthquake, a nuclear explosion, or modified ionospheric conductivity, the electric field reaches its conjugate point, where it induces ionospheric drift through the E \(\times\) B process [18; 19; 20]. Alfven wave magnetic perturbations are another mechanism of conjugate hemispheric perturbations [21]. Through this mechanism, the Alfven waves propagate along the magnetic field lines from one hemisphere, leading to plasma drift in the other hemisphere owing to electromagnetic coupling, rather than the electrostatic theory explained earlier [22]. There have been few studies on conjugate hemispheric disturbances owing to the scarcity of events and datasets. Therefore, studying such large earthquake events or nuclear explosions using different datasets and investigating their temporal and spatial behaviours would reveal more features around their ionospheric features, propagations around the epicentral point, or their propagation to its conjugate hemispheric point. The Beirut Port, Lebanon, 2020 catastrophic chemical explosion claimed 204 lives and injured more than 7000 individuals, with a property loss of approximately 15 billion US dollars. This explosion is considered to be the largest single-fired ammonium nitrate (AN) explosion documented in history [23]. The quantities of exploded AN were estimated to be approximately 950.3 tons [24], 800-1100 tons [25], 407-936 tons [26], and 700-1000 tons [27]. This catastrophic explosion provided several indications of geosystem alteration and interactions with the ground, water, and air. [PERSON]. [25] studied the temporal and spatial source characteristics of the Beirut 2020 explosion using seismic and acoustic methods. An extensive study based on this coupling in the case of the Beirut explosion was performed by [28]. They reported an N-shaped wave of \(\sim\)1.3 min period propagating southward at 800 m/s by confirming the ionospheric variability due to the explosion. Furthermore, Ref. [29] investigated the ionospheric disturbance caused by the blast using ionospheric total electron content observations from a Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite. They showed that the induced wave structures arrived in the ionosphere 10 \(\pm\) 2 min after theexplosion, which can be explained by acoustic gravity wave activity.