## 4 Potential of Bioactive Compounds Obtained from By-Products of the Wine Industry  
### Health and Cosmetics  
The discovery that the by-products of wineries can generate compounds that are beneficial for human health has resulted in a growing market for various items, such as functional foods, nutraceuticalals, food additives, and cosmetics [22]. Polyphenols, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial properties, have been linked to the bioactive ability of grapes, wine, and winery by-products [139] (Table 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Compounds** & **By-Product** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Extraction Methods and Detection Method**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Concentrations**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{**Function**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{**References**} \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Resveratrol} & \multirow{4}{*}{Grape pomace} & Resveratrol extraction with a 50\% mixture of water and EtOH for 24 h at room temperature and determination by the HPLC. & Trans-resveratrol 23.54 \(\mu\)g. mL\({}^{-1}\) concentration in extract; Cis-resveratrol 2.01 \(\mu\)g. mL\({}^{-1}\) concentration in the extract. & Anti-aging and sun protector & [140] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Catechin} & \multirow{4}{*}{Grape pomace (more in seed)} & Catechin extraction with and without the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. & Under conventional conditions (94\% EtOH; 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 55 min), the value for total celebrations was 0.95 mg.g\({}^{-1}\) DW. & & \\  & & The optimized MAE & Under microwave extraction condition is 94\% ethanol, 170 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature, and a duration of 55 min, & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Epicatechin} & \multirow{4}{*}{Stem and seed} & Epicatechin extraction with and without the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. & Under conventional conditions (94\% EtOH, 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 55 min), the value for total epicatechns was 1.04 mg.g\({}^{-1}\) DW. & & \\  & & The optimized MAE & Under microwave extraction conditions (94\% ethanol, 170 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 170 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature, and a duration of 55 min). & Anti-aging & [25] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Gallic acid} & \multirow{4}{*}{Grape pomace} & Gallic acid extraction with 25 mL of each solvent (ethanol 800 g.L\({}^{-1}\) or acetone 800 g.L\({}^{-1}\)) in bath water. The optimized solvent is acetone at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 45 min. & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Bioactive compounds reported in grape by-products with health and cosmetics interests. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**By-Product** & **Variety** & **Origin** & **Compounds** & **Extraction Methods and Detection Method** & **Concentrations** & **Forenters** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fennance} & \multirow{4}{*}{Tata Reni\({}^{\circ}\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Heredade de Eppansion, Portugal} & \multirow{4}{*}{Polyphenyl} & Used a Scholar suit to determine the most efficient hydrodronic composition in the extraction extraction of genetic compounds by varying the environmental composition (3) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) & Total phenolic compounds (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) & Total phenolic compounds (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)  
Polyphenols can prevent health-related diseases contributing to pandemics, such as COVID-19 [145,146]. At the molecular level, these inhibitors have shown great promise in preventing viral proteases from replicating, with minimal risk of toxicity. However, research into natural methods for combating viral diseases is still in its nascent phases. Research on secondary metabolites with health benefits has revealed the extensive utilization of polyphenols, which possess advantageous dietary impacts on humans' well-being [146, 147, 148]. Various cellular pathways can be influenced by wine polyphenols at a biochemical level [149].