###### Abstract
These substances can be found in a wide range of products, including but not limited to aqueous film-forming foam, nonstick cookware, fast food wrappers, stain-resistant carpets and fabrics, cleaning products, and personal care items [1; 8; 9]. Major sources of PFOA and PFOS in municipal wastewater, as revealed by a survey, include fluoropolymer industrial wastewater, foam fire extinguishing agents, and chromium mist inhibitors [10]. Additionally, PFASs are commonly employed in the semiconductor and photolithography industries due to their excellent chemical resistance and thermal stability, and they can be found in fire extinguishers, firefighting foams, and fabric protectors [11]. Throughout the production and application processes of these products, PFASs have the potential to be released into the environment, subsequently being transported across different media, such as air, water, soil, and even food. As a result, aquatic organisms, plants, and humans can uptake these compounds, leading to their presence in various biological systems. A comprehensive review by [PERSON] et al. [12] examined PFAS concentrations reported in numerous countries. Between 2004 and 2010, surface water samples from 41 cities across 15 countries were analyzed, revealing the presence of PFOS and PFOA in all samples. The average concentrations ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 70.1 ng/L for PFOS and 0.2 to 1630.2 ng/L for PFOA [13]. Notably, the study found that rivers in the UK exhibited maximum mean concentrations of PFOS at 19 ng/L, while surface waters in Osaka, Japan, recorded maximum concentrations of PFOA at 1630.2 ng/L. The average PFOA concentrations in other cities included in the study area generally remained below 100 ng/L. In Eastern Spain, PFASs were detected in the Jucar River across different environmental compartments. Water samples exhibited concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 83.1 ng/L, sediments ranged from 0.22 to 11.5 ng/g, and biota concentrations spanned from 0.63 to 274 ug/kg [14]. [PERSON] et al. [15] reviewed the concentrations of PFASs in wastewater, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water across multiple countries and found that the general order of concentration was wastewater > groundwater \(\geq\) surface water > drinking water. Among different types of wastewaters, domestic wastewaters, which originate from sources such as food packaging, dust, and household equipment, exhibited the lowest concentrations of PFASs (>100 ng/L). Wastewater from non-intensive industries, such as chrome plating and hospitals, had average PFAS concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 ng/L. On the other hand, wastewaters from intensive industries involved in activities like water-proofing agents and aqueous film-forming foam showed average PFAS concentrations exceeding 1000 ng/L. This trend highlights the prevalence of short-chain PFASs in the manufacturing of PFAS products, as the concentration of short-chain PFASs was found to be at least 50 times greater than that of long-chain PFASs. Compared to wastewater, groundwater had much lower concentrations, ranging from 1 to 100 ng/L, surpassing the concentrations observed in surface water by more than two orders of magnitude. For drinking water, the mean concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.1 to more than 1 ng/L. However, other studies have consistently reported elevated concentrations of PFASs in drinking water across various regions in the United States, particularly in proximity to industrial sites involved in their production or use [4]. Investigations cited by [PERSON] et al. [4] have revealed contamination of many civilian airports and military fire training areas due to the presence of PFASs in AFFFs, which are extensively utilized during firefighting training exercises. The groundwater and surface waters surrounding these sites had been found to contain PFAS concentrations that are three to four orders of magnitude higher than the drinking water health advisory level set by the US EPA at 70 ng/L. [PERSON] et al.