## 4 Geomagnetic Activities Affecting Ionospheric Scintillation
Figure 3 illustrates fluctuations in geomagnetic indices during the specific months of January, March, and July for the years 2015 and 2020, providing a basis for discussing the intensity of geomagnetic activities driven by solar phenomena over the observation period. For this purpose, a suite of geomagnetic parameters, including the international geomagnetic index Kp, solar flux, the Dst index, and sunspot numbers was employed. These parameters are recognized as significant influencers of ionospheric scintillations. Previous studies, referenced as [30; 62; 63; 31], have similarly utilized these geomagnetic components to investigate ionospheric scintillations. Consequently, this research integrates these components within the modeling of specified time frames to elucidate the underlying geomagnetic activities. Data presented in Table 1 and Figure 3 detail the influence of geomagnetic parameters on ionospheric scintillation. Figure 3 provides a geographical representation of the variations in geomagnetic indices observed during the specific months of January, March, and July for the years 2015 and 2020. This graphical representation is instrumental in illustrating the temporal fluctuations in geomagnetic activity over these selected observation periods. Notably, 2015, a year marked by peak solar activity, exhibited higher values for these parameters compared to 2020. Figure 3 and Table 1 provide a comprehensive overview of the geomagnetic and solar activity patterns observed during the study period, highlighting significant fluctuations in the Kp and Dst indices, as well as the F10.7 solar flux and sunspot numbers (SSN). In 2015, the geomagnetic Kp index exhibited pronounced peaks during January and March, reaching near 8 in mid-March, the highest value observed in the study period. This peak coincided with a geomagnetic storm, significantly influencing the Dst index, which averaged \(-\)27.75 in March. Earlier in January, the Kp index approached 7, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Period of Time**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Dst (nT)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Kp**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sunspot Number (SSN)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Solar Flux F10.7**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **Mean** & **Max** & **Mean** & **Max** & **Mean** & **Max** & **Mean** & **Max** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(\text{Kp}\)} & January & \(-\)20.56 & 36 & 1.96 & 6.33 & 93.65 & 153 & 137.32 & 171.80 \\ \cline{2-10}  & March & \(-\)27.75 & 45 & 2.46 & 7.66 & 54.18 & 108 & 126.29 & 145.60 \\ \cline{2-10}  & July & \(-\)19.43 & 28 & 1.71 & 5.66 & 65.78 & 123 & 106.91 & 133.40 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(\text{Kp}\)} & January & \(-\)3.63 & 21 & 1.02 & 3.66 & 6.18 & 19 & 72.23 & 74.70 \\ \cline{2-10}  & March & \(-\)5.76 & 12 & 1.34 & 4.33 & 1.84 & 16 & 70.12 & 72.10 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & July & \(-\)4.73 & 22 & 0.96 & 4 & 6.68 & 26 & 69.57 & 73.30 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Mean and maximum values of Dst, Kp, sunspot number (SSN), and solar flux F10.7 during the months of January, March, and July for the years 2015 and 2020.  
with an average value of 1.96, substantially higher than the July average of 1.71. In contrast, the year 2020 displayed a general reduction in geomagnetic disturbances. Nonetheless, March 2020 still recorded the highest average Kp value for the year, followed by January and July, mirroring the activity pattern of 2015. The Dst index trends paralleled those observed in the Kp index, with the most significant decrease in Dst also occurring in March 2015. In comparison, January 2015 recorded a lower, albeit substantial, average Dst value of \(-\)20.56. In 2020, despite an overall reduction in geomagnetic activity, March continued to exhibit the highest average Dst value of the year, with the values for July surpassing those in January. The F10.7 index, a measure of solar flux, was higher in January 2015 (137.32) compared to March (126.29) of the same year.