## Abbreviations  
CA Centella asiatic  
TLC Thin layer chromatography  
TLC-MS Thin layer chromatography-mass spectrometry  
UVS Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy  
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography  
HPTLC High performance thin layer chromatography  
HPLC-ESI-MS HPLC-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry  
HPLC-UV HPLC-ultraviolet  
HPLC-ELSD HPLC-paired with evaporative light scattering detector  
HPAEC-PAD High-performance anion-exchange chromatography combined with  
HPLC-PAD HPLC- pulsed amperometric detection  
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay  
cmax Maximum plasma concentration  
BBB Blood brain barrier  
t1/2 Hal-life  
AUCO-24 Area under plasma concentration-time curve from 0-24 h  
LD50 Median lethal dose  
Vd/f Apparent volume of distribution  
Ke Elimination rate constant  
CIA Collagen-induced arthritis  
HUVEC Human umbilical vein endothelial cell  
MAPK Mitogen activated protein kinases  
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor  
MCP-1 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1  
UV Ultraviolet  
UVA Ultraviolet A  
UVB Ultraviolet B  
PAR-2 Protease activator receptor 2  
COX-2 Cyclooxygenase 2  
PGE2 Prostaglandin E2  
PGF2\(\alpha\) Prostaglandin F2 alpha IMQ Imiquimod  
IL Interleukin  
TGF\(\beta\)  
Tranforming growth factor beta  
T\(\beta\)RI TGF \(\beta\) receptor type I  
T\(\beta\)RII TGF \(\beta\) receptor type II  
MITF Microthalmia-associated transcription factor  
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid  
AGE Advanced glycation end-products  
ROS Reactive oxygen species  
MMP-2 Matrix metalloproteinase-2  
KF Keelid fibroblasts  
Bel-2 B-cell lymphoma 2  
PI3K Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase  
AKT Protein kinase B  
GDF-9 Growth differentiation factor-9  
PAI-1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1  
PPAR-\(\gamma\)  
Peroxisome proliferatorator-activated receptor gamma  
RA Rheumatoid arthritis  
CII Collagen II  
TNF-\(\alpha\)  
Tumor necrosis factor alpha  
FLS Fibroblast-like synovioocytes  
NF-kB Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells  
AD Alzheimer's disease  
PD Parkinson disease  
A\(\beta\)  
Amyloid \(\beta\)  
BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor  
PSD Postsynaptic density protein  
ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinases  
LC 3-I Light chain 3-I  
LC 3-II Light chain 3-II  
TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4  
MyD88 Myeloid differentiation primary response 88  
TRAF6 TNF receptor associated factor 6  
hBMEC Human brain microvascular endothelial cells  
SAMP8 Senes Senescence accelerated Mouse-Prone 8  
ACh Acetylcholine  
AChE Acetylcholine esterase  
AIC13 Aluminum chloride  
NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  
RAGE Receptor for advanced glycation end products  
MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropropylidine  
MDA Malondialdehydedehyde  
GSH Glutathione CREB  
cAMP response element-binding protein  
I/R Ischemia-reperfusion  
NO Nitrogen oxide  
OGD/R Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion  
iNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase  
LPS Lipopolysaccharideaccharide  
STAT Signal transducer and activator of transcription  
QA Quinolinolic acid  
MI Myocardial infarction  
CK Creatine kinase  
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase  
SOD Superoxide dismutase  
CRP C-reactive protein  
GSK-3\(\beta\) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta