## 4 Results and Discussion
### First Query: Use of AI on CFD
#### 4.1.3 Analysis of Funding Sponsor  
Both publications and research institutions require financial support to conduct investigations. Using data retrieved from the Scopus database, an analysis was conducted on the ten funding sponsors with the highest number of publications in this query. Figure 5 presents a relational graph illustrating the connection between funding sources, the number of publications they financed, and their country of origin, proportional to other nations with top 10 funding sources.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Affiliation Institutions** & **\# of Publications** & **Country** \\ \hline Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China & 206 & China \\ \hline Chinese Academy of Sciences & 119 & China \\ \hline Xi’an Jiao Tong University & 110 & China \\ \hline Zhejiang University & 108 & China \\ \hline Northwestern Polytechnical University & 105 & China \\ \hline Shanghai Jiao Tong University & 97 & China \\ \hline Tsinghua University & 95 & China \\ \hline Beihang University & 82 & China \\ \hline Harbin Institute of Technology & 82 & China \\ \hline Tianjin University & 79 & China \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Top 10 affiliated institutions with the highest number of publications for the first query made.  
The chart in Figure 5 once again highlights China's dominance in research, this time in terms of financial support, with 4 of the top 10 funding entities (39 in total). Among these, one key institution stands out: the National Natural Science Foundation of China [73], administered by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST) [74]. In 2017 alone, MOST allocated over USD 4.7 billion to the National Natural Science Foundation of China for research projects [75].  
Figure 5 also presents funding sponsors from the United States. In this case, both U.S. funding agencies are federal institutions dedicated to innovation and research. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [76], as its name suggests, oversees a broad range of initiatives beyond research. However, in 2022, it accounted for 30% of all research funding in the United States [77]. Meanwhile, the National Science Foundation (NSF) [78], a research-focused agency, received USD 9.6 billion in 2024 to fulfill its mission [79]. Although not all these funds were specifically allocated to the research area of this study, the data demonstrated the United States' commitment to maintaining its global competitiveness in scientific research.  
The remaining countries represented in Figure 5 include the United Kingdom, South Korea, and the European Union. Notably, the European Commission managed the Horizon 2020 funding program, an initiative designed for the period of 2014-2020 to drive European innovation in fields such as renewable energy, artificial intelligence, and other emerging technologies. This program allocated over EUR 80 billion over its six-year duration, of which EUR 7 billion were invested in more than 1900 AI-focused projects. Following its conclusion, the European Commission extended the program for the 2021-2027 period under the Horizon Europe initiative [80; 81; 82].  
An example of Horizon 2020 investment in the research area of this study was the CoE RAISE project, which focuses on AI applications and computational modeling in high-performance computing systems [83].