esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adams-Bohart Model  
Iso-removal lines show the time versus bed depth (Figure 11) under constant experimental conditions except for bed depth (residence time of 10 min, inlet Cu(II) concentration of 0.5 mg/L). The BDST model was used to determine the efficiency of lime sand bricks in column mode. It is based on measuring the capacity of a fixed bed column at different breakthrough values and predicting the relationship between bed depth and time [47]. This relationship can be used to calculate the adsorptive capacity (\(N_{0}\)) which represents the time required for the adsorption zone to move through the adsorbent per unit length. The Adams-Bohart constant which characterizes the net effect of mass transfer in the liquid and solid phase, can also be evaluated from the equation. The main parameters of the BDST equation are sorption capacity, \(N_{0}\) (mg/L) and rate constant of adsorption, \(K_{\text{a}}\) (L/mg\(\cdot\)h) which characterizes that the rate of solute transfer from the liquid phase to the solid phase can be calculated from the slope and intercept of the respective lines (Table 9). The BDST curve was linear with a high correlation coefficient (>0.95) of Cu(II) indicating the validity of the BDST model of the present system. The values of \(N_{0}\) and \(K_{\text{a}}\) suggested that lime sand bricks have a high efficiency for the removal of Cu\({}^{2+}\) from an aqueous solution. The equation of the BDST model (Equation (5)) enables the service time of the sorption bed for a specified bed depth of the adsorbent to be determined. The service time and bed depth are related to the process parameters such as inlet concentration, solution residence time and sorption capacity.
# Remote-Sensing Image Encryption Algorithm Using the Advanced Encryption Standard
## 5 Experiments  
The experimental purpose is to encrypt the plain image with the proposed algorithm and three similar algorithms, i.e., [PERSON]'s algorithm, [PERSON]'s algorithm and [PERSON]'s algorithm. The plain image is Airfield as shown in Figure 4a, whose size is \(512\times 512\). The computer configuration used in the experiments is shown as follows: Yoga 2 notebook PC of Lenovo Group, Beijing, China, Intel [EMAIL_ADDRESS] GHz Processor, 8 GB RAM, Window 8 operating system and Matlab R2016a. \(K\) is the SHA-256 value of Airfield. Therefore, the variables \(x_{0}\) and \(q\) of PWLCM can be calculated with the method described in Section 2.3. For the proposed algorithm, [PERSON]'s algorithm, [PERSON]'s algorithm and [PERSON]'s algorithm, the AES keys are \(K_{1},~{}K_{2},~{}K_{3},~{}K_{4}\) respectively. The above variable values are given in Table 2.  
For the proposed algorithm, Figure 4b is its encrypted image. [PERSON] can decrypt the encrypted image with the key to obtain the plain image. The decrypted image is the same with Figure 4a. For three similar algorithms, the encrypted images are shown in Figure 4c-e, respectively. These encrypted images are very chaotic. Therefore, all these four algorithms have excellent encryption
# A Dynamic Distributed Deterministic Load-Balancer for Decentralized Hierarchical Infrastructures
## 8 Conclusions  
In this work, we presented a dynamic distributed deterministic structure called \(D^{3}\)-Tree. Our proposed structure introduces many enhancements over the solutions in literature and its predecessor regarding load-balancing and fault tolerance.  
Verifying the theory, we have proved through experiments that \(D^{3}\)-Tree outperforms other well-known tree-based structures by achieving an \(O(\log N)\) amortized bound in the most costly operation of load-balancing, even in a worst-case scenario.  
Moreover, investigating the structure's fault tolerance, both theoretically and through experiments, we proved that \(D^{3}\)-Tree is highly fault-tolerant, since, even for massive node failures of 30%, it achieves a significant success rate of 85% in element search, without increasing the cost considerably.  
Afterwards, we went one step further to achieve sub-logarithmic complexity and proposed the ART\({}^{+}\) structure, exploiting the excellent performance of \(D^{3}\)-Tree.  
We proved that the communication cost of query operations, element updates, and node join/leave operations of ART\({}^{+}\) scale sub-logarithmically as expected WHP. Moreover, the cost for the load-balancing operation is sub-logarithmic amortized. Experimental comparison to its predecessor, ART, showed slightly less efficiency towards search operations (single and range queries), but improved performance for the load-balancing operation and the search operations in case of node failures. Moreover, experiments confirmed that ART\({}^{+}\) is highly fault-tolerant in case of massive failures. Note that, so far, ART outperforms the state-of-the-art decentralized structures. In the near future, we would like to incorporate new fuzzy randomized load balancing techniques [22], based on machine learning, as well as parallelism and concurrency [23] to increase the performance of all operations. Finally, it's a big challenge to embed our novel techniques in real p2p architectures currently used in social networking, taking into account data privacy and anonymity issues [24]. In addition, we will incorporate algorithms and techniques that have recently been presented in the following decentralized systems [25; 26; 27; 28; 29].  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived of the idea, designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the results, drafted the initial manuscript and revised the final manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Operational Program (co-financed by EU and Greek national funds), under contract no. T2 EDK-03472 (project iDeliver).  
Figure 10: Cost of load-balancing operation.
# Design Approach and Mechanism Analysis for Cavitation-Tolerant Torque Converter Blades
## 4 Discussion
### Effect of Slot Position  
Figure 15 shows the suppression effect of the various slot positions on the stator cavitation. The slotting design from the pressure side to the suction side is studied, and the cavitation suppression effect of the stator at four different outlet positions is discussed. The findings indicate that the cavitation suppression effect is more obvious when the slot exit position is closer to the leading edge of the stator. The authors also discuss the cavitation suppression effect of the stator with slotted designs from the suction surface S0.15 to the suction surface at different positions. The results indicate that slotting at different suction surface positions can fully suppress the stator cavitation, and the suppression effect is almost the same. In general, the cavitation suppression effect of the stator designed with slots from the pressure surface to the suction surface is not as good as that of the stator with a slot on the suction surface. The slot position has a stronger effect on cavitation suppression than the slot width. The method of slotting the suction side has a better suppression effect on stator cavitation than the traditional method of slotting both sides of the pressure and suction sides. This slotting design technology is worthy of application in engineering.  
Figure 14: Effect of slot width on \(T_{\text{bg0}}\) and stator vapor volume under different slot designs.
# Robust and Accurate Recognition of Carriage Linear Array Images for Train Fault Detection
###### Abstract  
Train fault detection often relies on comparing collected images with reference images, making accurate image type recognition crucial. Current systems use Automatic Equipment Identification (AEI) devices to recognize carriage numbers while capturing images, but damaged Radio Frequency (RF) tags or blurred characters can hinder this process. Carriage linear array images, with their high resolution, extreme aspect ratios, and local nonlinear distortions, present challenges for recognition algorithms. This paper proposes a method tailored for recognizing such images. We apply an object detection algorithm to locate key components, simplifying image recognition into a sparse point set alignment task. To handle local distortions, we introduce a weighted radial basis function (RBF) and maximize the similarity between Gaussian mixtures of point sets to determine RBF weights. Experiments show 100% recognition accuracy under nonlinear distortions up to 15%. The algorithm also performs robustly with detection errors and identifies categories from 79 image classes in 24 ms on an \(\overline{7}\) CPU without GPU support. This method significantly reduces system costs and advances automatic exterior fault detection for trains.  
high-resolution image recognition; point set registration; weighted radial basis function; nonlinear scale distortion; Gaussian mixture model +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
# Advanced Scale-Propeller Design Using a MATLAB Optimization Code
### Aim of the Study  
The main aim of this work is to analyse the efficiency of scale propellers as used on small drones (see Figure 2) and to develop a MATLAB program which can accurately and easily optimise propeller geometry at operating conditions specified by the end user to improve efficiency and thereby increase endurance. The methodology used in this work follows the theory based around the Betz condition that a constant-displacement velocity across the propeller wake provides a propeller design with maximum efficiency.  
Figure 1: Propeller peak efficiency increase with pitch/diameter ratio (UUIC Database) [2]. Note: This data has been extracted and transformed by the authors to produce this graph.  
Figure 2: Example of a small Y6 drone (HALO), winner of the DARPA UAVForge challenge 2012.  
All propellers have spanwise or radial circulation distributions which minimise the kinetic energy loss associated with the generation of lift (thrust). By determining the geometry which results in these circulation distributions, one can determine the geometry of the propeller which results in the minimum losses (most efficient).
# Failure Mechanism of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors under Transient High Impact
## 2 Experimental Study on MLCC Parameter Fluctuation Failure
### MLCC High-Impact Test System  
An MLCC is often used as the main energy-storage element of a penetration fuze, which needs to withstand extreme environments, such as long pulse and high-g impact acceleration in the process of launching and penetrating. The impact can cause changes in the electrical parameters of the MLCC, among which the capacitance capacity and leakage current change are the most important to evaluate the capacitance failure. A Machete hammer is the most widely applied experimental system to research such extreme high-g impact environments, whose impact pulse width can reach hundreds of microseconds and impact value can reach up to tens of thousands of g. By adjusting the corresponding gear of a machete pawl, different acceleration values can be obtained upon releasing the pawl, which can simulate the actual mechanical environment of the fuze during the penetration process. The experimental system of the Machete hammer is shown in Figure 2.  
Four kinds of ceramic capacitors with different capacities and different withstand voltages were used in the experiment. The capacitors were welded onto the Printed Circuit Board surface and fixed to the Machete hammer using thread. A piezoresistive high-g sensor (214-BM1009 type) was used to measure the acceleration signal during the impact process, with a sensitivity of 3.0 \(\mu\)V/g and a maximum range of 30,000 g. A Wayne Kerr 6500B series precision impedance analyzer was used to monitor the change in ceramic capacitance. An electrochemical workstation (CHI600E Series) was selected to monitor the change in leakage current. The ceramic capacitance parameters and test parameters are shown in Table 1. The subsequent modeling and simulation in this paper are based on these real device parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Capacitor Type** & \(\delta\) **(\(\mu\)m)** & \(N\) & \(h\) **(\(\mu\)m)** & \(l\) **(\(\mu\)m)** & \(b\) **(\(\mu\)m)** & \(\delta\) **(mm\({}^{2}\))** \\ \hline \({}^{*}\)J\({}^{*}\)CT41G-1210-X5B-16V-22\(\mu\)F & 3.11 & 501 & 1.31 & 2945 & 2059 & 5.34 \\ \({}^{*}\)J\({}^{*}\)CT41G-1210-X5B-25V-22\(\mu\)F & 2.91 & 379 & 1.81 & 3165 & 2161 & 5.99 \\ \({}^{*}\)J\({}^{*}\)CT41G-1210-X5B-16V-47\(\mu\)F & 1.79 & 462 & 1.96 & 3238 & 2184 & 6.22 \\ \({}^{*}\)J\({}^{*}\)CT41G-1210-X5B-15V-47\(\mu\)F & 2.57 & 570 & 1.76 & 3364 & 2369 & 7.05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Where \(\delta\)–thickness of dielectric layer; \(N\)—number of electrode layers; \(h\)—thickness of electrode layer; \(l\)—electrode length; \(b\)—electrode width; and \(S\)—effective facing area.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Capacitance specifications and measurement parameters.  
Figure 2: Experimental system diagram: (**a**) schematic diagram of a [PERSON] hammer test system; (**b**) installation diagram of the capacitance and sensor.
# Thermal Optimization Design for a Small Flat-Panel Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite
## 3 Thermal Design Strategy
### Overall Thermal Design  
Taking into account the satellite layout and thermal control objectives, we have determined the basic strategy for thermal design. The planned overall heat transfer path of the satellite is illustrated in Figure 2. Let us begin with the antenna's support plate. The SAR antenna located above the support plate exhibits instantaneous high heat consumption and must adhere to temperature consistency requirements. Consequently, MLI is strategically placed on the Z-side and in the circumferential direction of the antenna, aiming to minimize disturbances from the external environment on that side. (Given that the Z-side of the SAR antenna is larger than the support plate, it is susceptible to the space thermal environment). The heat generated on the antenna is radiated to the space environment through the +Z surface, which is coated with polyimide germanium film and has good wave transmission capability, providing necessary protection for the antenna. Place 20 units of MLI between the support plate and antenna to minimize the impact of the SAR antenna on the temperature control of the support plate. The \(-\)Z direction of the support plate is oriented towards the satellite platform. Compared to SAR antennas, the platform offers greater flexibility in arranging heat dissipation surfaces. Through reasonable thermal design, a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Components List**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Permissible Temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C]**} \\
**Category** & **Item** & **T\({}_{\text{min}}\)** & **T\({}_{\text{max}}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{SAR antenna} & T/RM & \(-\)20 & 45 \\  & PM & \(-\)20 & 45 \\  & WPCU & \(-\)20 & 45 \\  & PS & 10 & 30 \\  & Battery & 10 & 30 \\  & DSU & \(-\)10 & 45 \\  & DCU & \(-\)10 & 45 \\  & MCU & \(-\)10 & 45 \\ Platform & RW & \(-\)10 & 45 \\  & PCDU & \(-\)10 & 55 \\  & DTCU & \(-\)20 & 45 \\  & ACU & \(-\)20 & 55 \\  & NRU & \(-\)20 & 55 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Permissible temperature limit for components.  
stable temperature level can be maintained inside the platform. Therefore, an MLI with only 1/4 of the conventional thickness is arranged between the support plate and the platform. By arranging appropriate coating radiators on the +Y side, -Y side, and -Z side of the satellite platform to maintain an average temperature of 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the required power of the heaters for the support plate can be less. For PS and the battery, their sections are relatively spacious, and the panels are wrapped in MLI, making their thermal control relatively straightforward.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Typical Profile Analysis
#### 3.2.4 Excavation Method Preference  
The von Mises stress changes in the base plate of the existing tunnel caused by the four underpass tunnel excavation methods are small and similar, and the existing tunnel structure is in a safe condition. Therefore, in this paper, the excavation methods are preferred by displacement control criteria [41]. The line static geometry allowable deviation management value, the high and low tilt values as the evaluation index, and the allowable management value are shown in Table 5.  
Assuming that the tilt value of the base plate and the tilt value of the railway track are equal, the operation acceptance tolerance value is selected as the high and low tilt value tolerance value, i.e., 0.0002. After excavation of the four methods, the tilt value of the base plate of the existing tunnel ranges from 6.57 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) to 4.30 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\), which is less than the evaluation tolerance value, and it meets the displacement and deformation control standard. Combined with the construction efficiency and cost [33], the upper and lower step blasting method is preferred and recommended for excavation. During the construction process, monitoring and measurement are strictly implemented, and 70% of the permissible value is set as the warning threshold and, when the warning threshold is reached, the excavation method should be adjusted to the CD blasting method.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Influence of Different Cu and Ni Contents on the Crystal Phase of Ferrite  
From the diffraction peaks of the XRD diffractograms of [Cu\({}_{x}\)Zn\({}_{1-x}\)] Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) with different Cu contents and proportions, it can be seen that the change in the proportions also affects the crystal phase strength. Cu\({}_{0.7}\)Zn\({}_{0.3}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) is the most integrated and the strongest crystal phase, while Cu\({}_{1}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) is the least integrated and the weakest one. Using the diffraction peaks and the Scherrer equation, the average particulate diameter was calculated. Based on the data, it can be seen that the particulate  
Figure 1: [M\({}_{x}\)Zn\({}_{1-x}\)]Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) ferrite synthesis.  
diameter changed along with the strength of the crystal phase. For a composition of Cu\({}_{0.7}\)Zn\({}_{0.3}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\), with the strongest strength of crystal phase, the average particulate diameter was also the largest (22.32 nm). For the composition of Cu\({}_{1}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\), the strength of the crystal phase was the weakest, and the average particulate diameter was the smallest (only 4.66 nm). Figure 2a shows the XRD diagram with different proportions of [Cu\({}_{x}\)Zn\({}_{1-x}\)]Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) sintered at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. For different proportions, sintering at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C (temperature increase of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, and kept at constant temperature for 2 h) was used to enhance the crystal phase and facilitate comparison. From the figure, it can be seen that when the Zn content was too low, Cu in [Cu\({}_{x}\)Zn\({}_{1-x}\)] Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) could be easily transformed into CuO, and when the Zn content was zero, the strength of the crystal phase of CuO was stronger.  
Figure 2b shows [Ni\({}_{x}\)Zn\({}_{1-x}\)] Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) ferrite. The proportion of Ni and Zn was changed to investigate the differences in the crystal phase. From the diffraction peaks, it can be seen that the change of the proportion also affects the strength of the crystal phase. The samples with strongest crystal phases were Ni\({}_{0.36}\)Zn\({}_{0.64}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\), Ni\({}_{0.5}\)Zn\({}_{0.5}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\), and Ni\({}_{0.64}\)Zn\({}_{0.36}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) ferrite, the saturated magnetization of these three sets of proportions was relatively stronger. The diffraction peaks were then used to calculate the particulate diameter that was in the range of 10.92 nm to 19.6 nm. The average particulate diameter of Ni\({}_{0.5}\)Zn\({}_{0.5}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) ferrite was the largest (about 19.60 nm). This was because Ni\({}_{0.5}\)Zn\({}_{0.5}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) ferrite, as it can be seen from the XRD results, exhibited the most integrated and the strongest crystal phase. Ni\({}_{0.2}\)Zn\({}_{0.8}\)Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) ferrite had the smallest particulate diameter of 10.92 nm. It can be seen from the XRD results that the crystal phase strength of this composition and proportion was the weakest.
## 2 Structure Design and Theoretical Analysis
### Multipole Decomposition Analysis
From the above analysis, we found that high frequency THz waves are more likely to induce higher-order resonance modes inside the unit cell. Moreover, at higher-order resonance, the electric and magnetic field distributions are more sensitive to the change in the dielectric environment surrounding the structure; thus, the sensing performance of the resonance in a higher frequency is better than that of the lower-order resonance. It is worth mentioning that [PERSON] et al. presented a similar design in the optical frequency range very recently [31], but their result is different from ours. Although the geometry of our structure is similar to that in their work, the physical mechanism of resonance excitation is quite different. Our metasurface can generate higher-order resonance (EQ and MQ modes) and lower-order resonance (ED and MD modes), which have different electric and magnetic field distributions from the bound states in the continuum in [PERSON]'s work, so the two structures show different responses to changes in the surrounding dielectric environment, resulting in opposite directions of frequency shift. For our periodic two-dimensional dielectric structure, the resonances are always excited at the frequencies that satisfy the phase matching condition. The frequency shift with the refractive index of the sensing samples depends on the change in equivalent refractive index, described by the equivalent medium theory. A detailed theoretical analysis can be found in our previous work [10], which showed the same frequency shift trend as this work.