esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
These standard techniques, however, present common drawbacks: The control of the size and shape of NDs is poor, and the synthesis process often introduces contaminants, thus requiring post-production processes to clean ND surfaces (usually strong chemical treatments are required) [22]. Moreover, the nitrogen doping of the NDs, which is the first step to obtain NV centers, is inefficient, since only the native nitrogen atoms in the carbon precursor are exploited, resulting in NDs with a small density of NVs. To increase the NV number, a multi-step, post-synthesis treatment of the NDs is required, consisting in nitrogen ions implantation and subsequent annealing at high temperatures to create the NV center [23]. An alternative means of NDs production is represented by pulsed laser ablation (PLA). PLA is a standard top-down technique for the synthesis of a wide variety of nanoparticles [24]. It consists on irradiating the surface of a bulk target with short (ps, ns) and intense (GW cm\({}^{-2}\)) laser pulses; the nanoparticles are mainly formed in a well-known physical phenomenon called phase explosion [25] or collisional cooling. Indeed, PLA can be performed in different environments, both liquid or gaseous, to cause chemical reactions between the ablated species and the atoms of the confining medium. When PLA is performed on a graphite target, the extreme thermodynamic conditions reached during laser irradiation, namely high temperature and pressure, allow for the transition of the nanodroplets expelled from the surface from liquid carbon into diamond. As is reported in this review, when laser ablation occurs in a nitrogen containing medium, direct synthesis of NDs containing NV centers is achieved. Standard production techniques will also be reviewed together with the applications of these NDs-based systems. In detail, the first part of this paper describes NDs synthesis techniques, focusing on the ones used for commercial production of NDs. Moreover, standard synthesis of fluorescent NDs is reported, together with the latest updates, in particular, regarding laser-assisted synthesis methods. The second part details the application of fluorescent NDs as sensors for environmental parameters, such as electromagnetic field and temperature. The subsequent section reviews the results obtained in catalysis by using NDs, where the number of investigated reactions is still limited, but the potential interest for these materials is high. Finally, the last section discusses an open astrophysical problem, the so-called extended red emission, and its possible relation with fluorescent NDs. The production of fluorescent NDs with PLA techniques allows us to establish the pressure and temperature conditions necessary to obtain these nanosystems for study, in addition to the correct relative composition of carbon and nitrogen. The study of these specific conditions is more difficult when using traditional techniques.
# Path Loss Model for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz Bands in Cascaded Tunnel Environments
## 6 Conclusions  
Combining the waveguide mode with the method of shooting and bouncing ray, this paper studied the extra loss in the far-field region, which can be modeled as a linear function of the propagation distances in the curvature section of the tunnel, and an expression for ELC was proposed. Then, channel measurements at 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz bands  
Figure 14: The comparison between the RT model in [32] and the proposed model at 5.6 GHz. (a) R = 500 m; (b) R = 1000 m.  
Figure 13: The comparison between the RT model in [32] and the proposed model at 3.5 GHz. (a) R = 500 m; (b) R = 1000 m.  
were conducted in a real subway tunnel environment and the material parameters of RT simulation were calibrated according to path loss observed in the measurement campaign. An empirical formula between the extra loss coefficient and the radius of the curvature was determined for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz bands.  
The model proposed in this paper achieved comparable accuracy with existing RT models, with significant savings in execution time and memory. It is applicable to a straight tunnel followed by a curved tunnel with a given radius of curvature. A more general path-loss model for longer cascades with multiple straight and curved tunnels is an interesting topic for future research and deserves further investigation. Moreover, the impacts of polarization, antenna position and tunnel dimension on the extra loss coefficient need to be further studied, which will be helpful for establishing a more unified and adaptable path-loss model in cascaded tunnel environments.  
Conceptualization, J.Q. and G.Z.; data curation, J.Q. and Y.W.; formal analysis, J.Q.; funding acquisition, G.Z. and Y.W.; investigation, J.Q. and Y.W.; methodology, J.Q. and G.Z.; project administration, J.Q. and A.S.; resources, J.Q. and G.Z.; software, J.Q.; validation, J.Q.; writing--original draft, J.Q.; writing--review and editing, J.Q., A.S., G.Z. and Y.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Results and Discussion  
This section is dedicated to the presentation and analysis of the results obtained. Different metrics and techniques for measuring and analyzing the aforementioned performances are used: Prediction Accuracy, Precision, Recall, Confusion Matrix, and Brier Score Loss.  
Let us first analyze the data used for the training and testing phases. The data set was divided using the Train Test-Split functionality [27] from the Sklearn library to test the performances with 80-20, respectively, 90-10 ratios for the training data, respectively, test data. The test_size parameter set to 0.2 will generate the first mentioned ratio, and the value 0.1, will generate the second ratio. Train vectors and test vectors are further used in training and prediction analysis. Following the training process, the prediction method is used to obtain the classification of the data in the two categories, which we then analyze the obtained labels. For the data set of 86,460 posts, when using a 90-10 data split ratio, there are 8646 in the test data, while using an 80-20 ratio, there are 17,292 entries as test data.
## 4 Natural Antioxidants and Their Role in Cosmetics
### Selected Plant Species with Antioxidant Activity  
#### 4.11.1 Silybum marianum ([PERSON]  
Milk thistle (_Silybum marianum ([PERSON]_), a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, has a long history of medicinal use spanning over 2000 years. Originally native to Southern Europe and parts of Asia, it has since become widespread across the globe. Fruits are so-called achenes, which contain a complex of flavonolignans, referred to as silymarin. Silymarin has a number of protective and regenerative effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and detoxifying effects. In addition to flavonolignans, the raw material of the milk thistle contains quercetin, thymine, histamine, phytosterols, mucus, tannins, mineral compounds, organic acids, water, and vitamins C and K [199,200].  
Moreover, milk thistle seed oil is a source of natural vitamin E, which is much better absorbed by humans than its synthetic equivalent. Vitamin E and silymarin, as a very good source of antioxidants in the milk thistle plant, improve the activity of cytochrome P450--multifunctional enzymatic proteins that catalyze the biosynthesis of endogenous compounds, mainly lipids and their derivatives. These prevent the development of liver diseases and counteract the development of cancers [201,202].  
Some studies suggest that, in addition to its therapeutic effect, silymarin can also be used to prevent lipid oxidation in pharmaceuticals, maintain nutritional value, delay the formation of toxic oxidation products, and extend the shelf life of pharmaceutical products [203].  
Silibinin, a primary bioactive compound derived from silymarin, has garnered attention in high-end moisturizers due to its potent ability to mitigate cutaneous oxidative damage and photoaging. Substantial scientific evidence underscores silibinin's efficacy in protecting the skin from a variety of toxic chemicals and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with minimal or no reported side effects. These attributes position silibinin as a promising candidate for incorporation into cosmeceutical formulations [204].  
Once harvested, the seeds undergo extraction processes to isolate the active compounds, primarily silymarin, which comprises flavonolignans such as silybin and taxifolin. Common extraction techniques include solvent extraction, using ethanol or methanol to extract flavonolignans from the seeds, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction. An innovative approach involves the bio-fermentation of milk thistle extracts. This process utilizes microbial fermentation to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of the active compounds. Studies have shown that both extracts and bio-ferments from defatted milk thistle seeds exhibit high antioxidant activity. Incorporating these into cosmetic formulations can enhance their antioxidant potential [205].
## 6 Results
### Trust Threshold-Based Selection Mode
#### 6.1.2 Results Using Trust Threshold 50%  
* Random waypoint movement model  
Figure 6 presents the result with the random way model. The routing schemes maintain the same behavior. More specifically, using a threshold of 50% forces mobile nodes to select closer hosts, resulting in better privacy preservation. A larger network means more opportunities for message forwarding. Therefore, the probability of meeting good candidates who satisfy the privacy preservation criteria increases with the number of hosts in the network. We observe a 100% enhancement in privacy with minor degradation in the network performance except for the transmission time for Epidemic and Prophet, which slightly increased due to the restriction about relaying nodes. Spray and Wait gives the best packet delivery rate with a distinct weakness in its delivery time.  
Figure 4: The result of trust threshold 30% and the bus movement model.  
Figure 5: The result of trust thresholds 30% and working day movement model.  
Figure 6: The results of thresholds 50% and random way model.  
* Bus movement model Figure 7 shows the results for the movement bus model. Prophet and Epidemic behave the same, while the Spray and Wait protocol keeps the highest performance. They gain 100% privacy preservation with minor degradation of network performance. Spray and Wait gives the best packet delivery rate with a distinct weakness in delivery time, while Epidemic has a high overhead with a larger network.
* Working day movement model Figure 8 shows the results for the working day movement model. We observe that Epidemic's privacy is improved by 140% with a small-size network and goes down to 50% with a medium size. Then, it rises again with a larger network. The large space and longer time scenario narrows the opportunities to encounter new mobile nodes when the network contains few users. Also, the high threshold hardens the next hop choice. While the Prophet protocol has low improvement with a small network, it becomes better with medium sizes. The three protocols become closer to each other when the network overpasses 180 with acceptable network performance. The higher threshold combined with the Prophet probabilities of success increases the privacy protection rate.
# Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop AF Relaying with Non-Linear/Linear Energy Harvesting
## Appendix D Calculation of Average Powers  
The average harvested powers at S and R are given as  
\[P^{L}(\Xi,i,\rho)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\rho f_{\rho}(\rho){\rm d} \rho=\Xi\Gamma[m_{\rho}+1]/\phi_{\rho}^{m_{\rho}+1} \tag{34}\]  
and  
\[P^{NL}(\Xi,i,\rho)=\int_{0}^{P_{\rm fib}}\rho f_{\rho}(\rho){ \rm d}\rho+P_{\rm fib}B_{i}=\Xi\gamma(m_{\rho}+1,P_{\rm fib}\phi_{\rho})/\phi_ {\rho}^{m_{\rho}+1}+P_{\rm fib}B_{i} \tag{35}\]  
for linear and non-linear EH models, and are calculated by applying ([50], 3.326-2) and ([50], 3.351-1), respectively. Considering (34), the average powers at both S and R for the linear EH model are \(P_{s}^{L}=P^{L}(D,2,z)\) and \(P_{r}^{L}=P^{L}(I,1,w)\), while the average powers of S and R for the non-linear EH model are obtained considering (35) as \(P_{s}^{NL}=P^{L}(D,2,z)\) and \(P_{r}^{NL}=P^{L}(I,1,w)\), respectively. Here, \(f_{Z}(z)\) and \(f_{\rm W}(w)\) are given in (21) and (23) and \(B_{1}\) as well as \(B_{2}\) are defined and calculated in (22) and (20), respectively.
## 7 RF-EH Circuit
### Antenna Configurations
#### 7.1.2 Broadband/Wideband Antennas  
Broadband and wideband antennas are designed to harvest energy from various sources over a wide frequency range. The study on broadband antennas has been reported in several works of literature. In [110], the authors show how a flower-shaped slot in a cross-dipole antenna can improve impedance matching between 1.8 GHz and 2.5 GHz. A compact and wideband slotted antenna at the LTE band was demonstrated by reference [111] and performed well with a wide bandwidth of 2 GHz to 3.1 GHz. Even with wide band antennas, it is difficult to cover all the communication band channels dispersed distribution in both the ISM and communication bands. Author [112] was able to achieve broad wide-angle ambient wireless energy harvesting (WEH) and directional wireless power transfer (WPT) for 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G communication bands and ISM-2.4 GHz and ISM-5.1 using a novel back-to-back microstrip antenna. The first textile-based antenna to cover the fifth generation (5G) spectrum is shown for wearable applications as a broadband textile antenna [113]. The author in [114] demonstrated the compact wideband rectenna using an inverted L open circuit stub for the matching network (MN) and a voltage double for the rectifying circuit with a minimal footprint size (58 \(\times\) 55 mm\({}^{2}\)). In addition to WiMAX signals, the proposedretenna can use transmissions from wireless applications such as WLAN 802.11a, UMTS 2100, GSM 1800, band g systems, and WiMAX up to 28% for power conversion. [PERSON] et al. [115] combined an underlying narrow rectangular notch slot in the ground plane and the DRA to widen the antenna bandwidth (BW). Millimeter-wave applications are being addressed by a single-layered multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating at 28 GHz and loaded with compact planar-patterned metamaterial (MTM) structures [116].
# Search Space Reduction for Localization and Tracking of an Acoustic Source
## 1 Introduction
The approach described in this discussion looks forward to the reduction of the search space for 3D localization through the identification of reliable bearings; to this end, source localization starts with a \"2D initial guess\", which is nothing more than the result of 2D localization obtained under the assumption that the waveguide is flat. The 2D initial guess is then combined with ESP to identify regions of reliable bearings, and these reliable bearings are further reduced to a single bearing by searching over the bearing/range space. This search provides a unique bearing and a new range, which, together with the source depth of the 2D initial guess, represent the center of a reduced neighborhood in which the 3D search can take place. Certainly, there are cases, like cross-slope propagation in a wedge environment [14], for which it is very unlikely to obtain a reliable 2D initial guess. However, the diversity of scenarios for which the 2D initial guess can be obtained is too broad to be considered here; it would be necessary to compare vertical versus horizontal arrays, narrowband versus broadband processing, mild versus rough bathymetries, single versus multiple hydrophone arrays, etc. This complex issue deserves to be addressed in future independent discussions. The proposed approach is exemplified here using the exceptional data from the SACLANTCEN 1993 Mediterranean Experiment, which are available online. ([[http://spib.linese.ufsc.br/sonar.html](http://spib.linese.ufsc.br/sonar.html)]([http://spib.linese.ufsc.br/sonar.html](http://spib.linese.ufsc.br/sonar.html)) accessed on: 14 June 2023) [15]. The experiment itself is described in brief in Section 2, together with the corresponding experimental data and the 2D initial guess. Localization and tracking are discussed in Section 3, while conclusions and future work are presented in Section 4.
## 2 Data Processing  
### MOT Modeling  
In practice, the 3-D site displacement due to OTL is calculated by:  
\[\Delta c=\sum_{j}A_{\omega_{j}}\cos(\chi_{j}(t)-\phi_{\omega_{j}}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Delta c\) denotes a displacement component (radial, west and south) at a particular site at time \(t\), \(j\) denotes the tidal component set, amplitudes \(A_{\omega_{j}}\)and phases \(\phi_{\omega_{j}}\) describe the loading response for the chosen site. Conventionally, only the impacts of 11 main tides (\(j=11\)) are considered in GPS precise positioning (see previous section for details). The astronomical argument \(\chi_{j}(t)\)for the 11 main tides can be computed with the subroutine ARG2.F provided by IERS Conventions 2010 [31], while the site-dependent amplitudes and phases for these 11 tides can be obtained from the official ocean loading service mentioned in the previous section.  
The amplitudes and phases for other tidal component can be calculated from the above 11 main tides by a variety of approximation methods. For instance, if one wishes to correct for the modulating effect of the 18.6-year lunar node, then:  
\[\Delta c=\sum_{k=1}^{11}f_{k}A_{\Delta c}\cos(\chi_{k}(t)+u_{k}-\phi_{\Delta c}) \tag{2}\]  
where \(f_{k}\) and \(u_{k}\) depend on the longitude of the lunar node [4,32]. In more complete methods, the lesser tides are handled by interpolation of the admittances using some full tidal potential development [33], and one of these methods has been chosen as the conventional method to compute the site displacement caused by OTL [4].  
Here, we use the conventional routine hardisp.f recommend by IERS Conventions 2010 to model the MOT effects [34]. In hardisp.f, the amplitude and phase of each tidal component of the total 342 ocean tidal constituents is yielded though spline interpolation technique from the 11 main tides, and then the 3-D site displacement caused by the total 342 constituents is calculated from Equation (1) with j equals to 342 [17]. By subtracting the displacement induced by only the 11 main tides, we could obtain the MOT loading time series for a given site. During the calculation, the amplitude and phase of the 11 main tides is derived from the FES2004 model provided by the ocean loading service, and center of mass (CM) correction has been applied.
# Tourism Sentiment Chain Representation Model and Construction from Tourist Reviews
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Spatial-Semantic Integrated Model for Tourist Attraction Representation  
During the tourism decision-making process, tourists' choice of attractions is a complex process involving the integration of multiple dimensions and heterogeneous data. It encompasses not only objective attributes like service amenities and geographical accessibility but also subjective elements such as thematic interests and emotional inclinations. Despite this complexity, traditional studies predominantly focus on single-dimensional analyses, neglecting a systematic characterization of attractions' comprehensive attributes. To bridge this gap, we introduce the Spatial-Semantic Integrated Model for Tourist Attraction Representation (SSIM-TAR). This model consolidates multidimensional information--including foundational services, geographical positioning, thematic categories, and sentiment polarities--into structured feature vectors. By doing so, SSIM-TAR facilitates refined modeling for tourism planning, supporting more nuanced itinerary development.
# Development of Quantum Private Queries Protocol on Collective-Dephasing Noise Channel
## 2 Background  
### Logical Bell State on Collective-Dephasing Noise  
With the change of collective-dephasing noise [12; 13; 14; 15], the horizontally polarized state of a photon \(|0\rangle\) will remain, the vertically polarized state of a photon \(|1\rangle\) will be turned into \(e^{i\varphi}|1\rangle\), that \(\varphi\) is the parameter of the collective-dephasing noise changing with time. Two logical qubits are defined as \(|0_{dp}\rangle=|01\rangle\) and \(|1_{dp}\rangle=|10\rangle\), they can resist the collective-dephasing noise [16]. Their superposition state is \(|\pm_{dp}\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0_{dp}\rangle\pm|1_{dp}\rangle)=\frac{1 }{\sqrt{2}}(|01\rangle\pm|10\rangle)\). The entanglement swapping between the four logical Bell states described in formula (1) can also immune to the collective-dephasing noise. Over here \(|\varphi^{\pm}\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|00\rangle\pm|11\rangle)\) and \(|\psi^{\pm}\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|01\rangle\pm|10\rangle)\) are four original Bell state [17]. Clearly, these logical Bell states can be distinguished from one another by applying two Bell state measurements to the first and third qubits [18].  
\[|\Phi^{+}_{dp}\rangle_{L} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0_{dp}\rangle_{L}|0_{dp}\rangle_{L}+|1_{dp} \rangle_{L}|1_{dp}\rangle_{L})\] \[= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\phi^{+}\rangle_{13}|\phi^{+}\rangle_{24}-| \phi^{-}\rangle_{13}|\phi^{-}\rangle_{24})\] \[|\Phi^{-}_{dp}\rangle_{L} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0_{dp}\rangle_{L}|0_{dp}\rangle_{L}-|1_{dp} \rangle_{L}|1_{dp}\rangle_{L})\] \[= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\phi^{-}\rangle_{13}|\phi^{+}\rangle_{24}-| \phi^{+}\rangle_{13}|\phi^{-}\rangle_{24}) \tag{1}\] \[|\Psi^{+}_{dp}\rangle_{L} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0_{dp}\rangle_{L}|1_{dp}\rangle_{L}+|1_{dp} \rangle_{L}|0_{dp}\rangle_{L})\] \[= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\psi^{+}\rangle_{13}|\psi^{+}\rangle_{24}-| \psi^{-}\rangle_{13}|\psi^{-}\rangle_{24})\] \[|\Psi^{-}_{dp}\rangle_{L} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0_{dp}\rangle_{L}|1_{dp}\rangle_{L}-|1_{dp} \rangle_{L}|0_{dp}\rangle_{L})\] \[= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\psi^{-}\rangle_{13}|\psi^{+}\rangle_{24}-| \psi^{+}\rangle_{13}|\psi^{-}\rangle_{24})\]
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Electrical Characterization
#### 3.3.1 Conventional Module  
The performance of the ARC was analyzed by placing the CaF\({}_{2}\)-CG on an SC, as shown in Figure 4. The structure represents the conventional module model in which the Un CG is replaced by the CaF\({}_{2}\)-CG.  
Figure 3: (**a**) Influence of the different incident angles on the reflectance and transmittance; (**b**) refractive index.  
Figure 2: Comparison of the simulated and experimentally obtained optical spectra of: (**a**) the uncoated and (**b**) the CaF\({}_{2}\)-coated borosilicate glass (BSG).  
Table 1 shows a comparison of the different PV parameters of the Un CG and CG samples on SC, having average and corresponding standard deviation values. The data were analyzed after recording the performance data of five different samples.  
Statistical Analysis  
The analysis showed that there is a reasonable improvement being observed in \(J_{sc}\) and \(\eta\) as a result of applying ARC on glass. The CG on SC have an average \(J_{sc}\) and standard deviation of \(39.03\pm 0.45\) with an effective \(\eta\) of \(20.39\pm 0.24\), respectively, as compared to SC having Un CG with \(J_{sc}\) and standard deviation of \(38.10\pm 0.43\), with an effective \(\eta\) of \(19.88\pm 0.24\), respectively, as shown in Figure 5a. The CG couples, lighter in the device, enhance the \(J_{sc}\) and \(\eta\) of the structure [32]. The increase in effective \(\eta\) of \(2.40\%\) is observed by increasing the transmittance of \(\sim\)4% after applying ARC on glass as compared to Un CG. The relation between the current-voltage (\(I\)-\(V\)) curve for the Un CG and CG on SC, measured under 1 sun illumination (100 mW/cm\({}^{2}\)) is shown in Figure 5b.  
Supporting Documents show the \(J\)-\(V\) curve for five different PV module structures.