# The Effects of Plasma-Activated Water on Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water Spinach
## 3 Results and Discussion
### BCF of Vegetables Planted in Contaminated Soils  
Bioaccumulation or bioconcentration refers to an increase in particular chemicals or elements in organisms over a period of time, which may harm the organism itself or its predators [43]. The BCF of Cd and Pb were calculated, and the results are depicted in Table 5 and Figure S7. Overall, BCF of Cd in water spinach (0.543-0.864) was higher when compared to that of Pb (0.003-0.006). The treatment of NTS + NTW indicated the highest BCF of Cd in water spinach, followed by PTS + PAW and NTS + PAW, while PTS + NTW showed the lowest BCF of Cd in water spinach. The BCF of Cd in water spinach decreased from 0.864 to 0.543 following the plasma treatment, while the BCF of Pb was low and did not show any significant changes. These results are similar to those reported by [PERSON] et al. [44], which showed that the BCF of Cd in two water spinach cultivars was much greater than that of BCFs of Pb, irrespective of whether it was in the leaf, stem, or root. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**C. Combination: Plasma Treatment on Seeds and Water**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Author**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Target**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Plasma Generation**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Parameters**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Outcomes**} \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & **Seed** & **Plant** \\  & & & & **Germination** & **Growth** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. [42] \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} \\ _Arabidopsis thaliana_ \\ (Early stage) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Floating electrode \\ dielectric-barrier \\ discharge (FE-DBD) \\ \end{tabular} } & Ambient air, & & & \\  & & & 10 kV for the voltage, & & \\  & & & 9.7 kHz for the & & \\  & & & & 1\% pulse duration, & & \\  & & & & 15 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Distilled water and \\ tap water \\ (Later stage) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Plasma jet, the floating \\ electrode-dielectric \\ barrier discharges \\ (FE-DBD) \\ \end{tabular} } & Helium gas, & & & \\  & & & 10 kV, & & \\  & & & 9.7 kHz, & & \\  & & & 1\% pulse duration, & & \\  & & & 3 L/min, & & \\  & & & 15 min, & & \\  & & & 30 mL water used in & & \\  & & & & each treatment & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ et al. [26] \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Vylindrical double DBD \\ reactor in air under \\ atmospheric pressure \\ and room temp \\ \end{tabular} } & Synthetic Air & & & \\  & & & (Air Liquide), & & \\  & & & Flow rate = 1 L/min, & & \\  & & & Pulse width: 120 ns; & & \\  & & & 2.4 A; & & \\  & & & 400 Hz; & & \\  & & & Max energy: 7 mJ, & & \\  & & & 250 mL DI water & & \\  & & & activated for 15 min and & & \\  & & & 30 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Radish, Tomato, \\ Sweet Pepper \\ seeds \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{6}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Plate-to-plate double \\ DBD reactor in air under \\ atmospheric pressure \\ and room temp \\ \end{tabular} } & Synthetic Air & & & \\  & & & Liquide), & & \\  & & Flow rate = 1 L/min, & & \\  & & & Pulse width: 120 ns; & & \\  & & & 21 kV; & & \\  & & & 18 A; & & \\  & & & 200 Hz; & & \\  & & and room temp & Max energy: 57 mJ, & & \\  & & & 10 min; & \\  & & & Plasma discharge & \\  & & & volume: 130 W/cm & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._[PERSON] et al. [45] showed that the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of Cd in water spinach was slightly higher than that of Pb, albeit not significant. [PERSON] et al. [46] mentioned that several factors may affect the amount and speed of uptake and transpiration of Pb into plants, such as soil particle size, soil cation-exchange capacity, root surface area, organic matter content, root exudation, mycorrhizal transpiration rate, and soil pH values. In addition, Pb absorption by plants may also be affected by the life stage and passive environmental factors.