## 1 Introduction
### Experimental Protocol
#### 2.2.2 Dynamic Driving Simulation Test  
(1) Test Working Conditions  
The present test was a 4-factor, 4-level test, in which the interactions were not considered. With an orthogonal table being most appropriate, four factors occupied a total of four columns, choose L\({}_{16}\) (4\({}^{5}\)), and there was one empty column (E) that served as a test error to measure the reliability of the test. A total of 16 groups of illumination test protocols were tested, as articulated in Table 3.  
(2) Test Model and Parameters  
DIALux was utilized to build the animation model required for the present experiment. To maximize the real driving situation, the tunnel lighting entrance section, middle section, and exit section were established in accordance with China's current \"Highway Tunnel Lighting Design Rules\" [21]. Concurrently, the tunnel simulation model was built corresponding to the Highway Tunnel Design Specification (JTG337.1-2018). The experimental model was a two-lane tunnel with a net width of 10.25 m, i.e., \(3.75\times 2\) (traffic lane) + 0.75 \(\times\) 2 (maintenance lane) + 0.5 (left-hand width) + 0.75 (right-hand width), with a height limit of 5.0 m and a section height of 7.12 m. The traffic characteristics were one-way traffic and the design speed was 60 km/h. In order to guarantee the stability and dependability \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Lamp Arrangement Method** & **Single-Side Lamp Spacing/m** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Single Lamp Luminous** \\ **Flux/lm** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Midline} & 10 & 9000 \\ Lateralized midline & 10 & 9000 \\ Staggered on both sides & 20 & 9000 \\ bilateral symmetry & 10 & 4500 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Layout of Lamps and Lanterns. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Level** & **Factors** & **Lamp Placement Method** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Sidewall Reflective** \\ **Coating Laying Height/m** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sidewall Reflective** \\ **Paint Color** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **LED Light Source** \\ **Color Temperature/K** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
1 & Midline & 2 & Yellow & 3500 \\
2 & Lateralized midline & 2.5 & White & 4500 \\
3 & Staggered on both sides & 3 & Blue & 5500 \\
4 & bilateral symmetry & 3.5 & Green & 6500 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Table of experimental factor levels. of the experimental outcomes, it was imperative that the length of the tunnel not be excessively short. Following the calibration of the tunnel model (Figure 1), a final length of 400 m was determined. The middle section lighting settings adhered to the \"highway tunnel ventilation lighting design specifications\" and were designed for the average luminance of 1.5 cd/m\({}^{2}\), that is, the average illuminance of 5 Lx. The tunnel lighting settings for the entrance and exit sections are shown in Table 4.  
Following the creation of the model, the required video was exported via the \"Save 3D video\" menu of the DIALux software. Before exporting the video the camera path had to be defined (Table 5). Regarding the modeling process, the X-axis was used as the centerline of the tunnel in spatial coordinates and the camera path was the X-axis. A sample screenshot of the simulation animation video (centerline light + 2 m + yellow + 3500 K) is illustrated in Figure 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Projects** & **Length/m** & **Lamp Model** & **Layout** & **Single-Side** \\  & & & & **Lamp Spacing** \\ \hline Entrance section & 40 & 180 W LED & Staggered on both sides & 2.5 \\ Export section & 40 & 180 W LED & Staggered on both sides & 5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Entrance section and exit section tunnel lighting settings. Figure 1: Picture of the experimental model. (3) Experimental Testing  
The simulation tests were conducted on an indoor simulation platform developed specifically for the present study.