## 1 Introduction
### Factors Affecting Bond Vibrations
In another study, they incorporated Ca in the NASH binder and thereby noticed the impact of cation attachment on Si-O-Si bond vibration [45; 65]. They attempted to understand the effects of alkali and aluminum in geopolymer binders [37], thereby establishing the fact that aluminum and alkali affected the AAS by increasing silicate polymerization. This points to the fact that FTIR could be used to determine the degree of aluminosilicate polymerization qualitatively and comparatively between different samples. Other instruments they used together with FTIR include TEM, EDX, and XRD. Different types of silicate chain structures (cyclic structures of siloxane, Si-O-Si) could be predicted through FTIR spectra [68]. In 2012, [PERSON] et al. [23] identified two major broadband peaks for alite in OPC binders for symmetric and asymmetric stretching at 870 and 940 cm\({}^{-1}\) due to vibration of the tetrahedral silicate unit (SiO\({}_{4}\)), while symmetric and asymmetric bending were observed at 525 and 450 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Belite (C\({}_{2}\)S) was also noticed to have a silicate tetrahedral unit phase that vibrates with more energy within 800-1000 cm\({}^{-1}\), while bending vibration absorption bands were noticed at 520 cm\({}^{-1}\) with a shoulder at 538 cm\({}^{-1}\). Additionally, tricalcium silicates (C\({}_{3}\)A) were identified through Al-O\({}_{4}\) tetrahedral groups with two different peaks at 650-950 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 380-500 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Other Al-O maxima peaks can be found near 820-900 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 705-780 cm\({}^{-1}\) for the tetrahedral (AlO\({}_{4}\)) unit, and at 414-520 cm\({}^{-1}\) for the octahedral (AlO\({}_{6}\)) unit. The vibration peaks of calcium tetrahedra-aluminoferite (C\({}_{4}\)AF) due to stretching of ([Fe,Al)O\({}_{4}\)S\({}^{-}\)] were at a wavenumber range of 800-830 cm\({}^{-1}\) with a maximum close to 720 cm\({}^{-1}\), while a less intense broad peak with several maximums at 620 and 670 cm\({}^{-1}\) was also reported. [PERSON] [69] further explored the characterization of alternative binders to CSH in traditional mortar and concrete production. They identified various factors affecting the activation of AAB, such as curing temperature, alkaline activators, and silica modulus or percentage compositions of SiO\({}_{2}\), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), and CaO. The mechanisms of framework and the silicate network of different binders for OPC, geopolymers, and alkaline activation were identified as CSH and NASH, respectively. However, using FTIR, the latter evolved into C-N-A-S-H and (C,N)-A-S-H. These products were observed to be distinctively different from CSH in an OPC binder. [PERSON] et al. [39] distinguished the quality of concrete produced from different admixtures and their combinations, which include air entrainers, accelerators, retarders, and water reducers, by using the correlation coefficient of an IR scan in accordance with ASTM C 494. This suggests that FTIR can identify the framework of aluminosilicate bonds in geopolymer products and linear chains of tobermorite gel in OPC binders [22]. [PERSON] et al. [14] also identified FTIR to differentiate bonds existing within different radicals by showing how Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) and CaCO\({}_{4}\) could be identified differently. They also indicated the peaks and vibration modes for hydroxyl bonds (Si-OH) (3164-3630/1610-1630 cm\({}^{-1}\)) [70], carbonates (702-715 cm\({}^{-1}\)/866-878/1390-1420 cm\({}^{-1}\)) [70], and sulfate with their crystallization water (658-668 cm\({}^{-1}\) /triplet band, 1100-1160 cm\({}^{-1}\)) [66]. This finding also aligns with [PERSON] et al. 's [71] ascription of the 1624 cm\({}^{-1}\) wavenumber to water H-O-H or -OH molecule bending vibrations.