## 2 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **RT (min)** & **Name** & **RI** & **EDT \({}^{\textbf{a}}\)** & **EDN \({}^{\textbf{b}}\)** & **SZT \({}^{\textbf{c}}\)** & **SZS \({}^{\textbf{d}}\)** \\ \hline
1 & 5.84 & 3-Hexen-1-ol & 807 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
2 & 8.01 & Linalool & 1083 & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 1.78 \(\pm\) 0.32 \\
3 & 8.78 & Borneol & 1162 & 0.00 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.02 & - & - \\
4 & 8.96 & 4-Terpineol & 1170 & 0.73 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.34 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
5 & 9.03 & \(p\)-Cymene-8-ol & 1175 & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\  & & **Alcohols** & **Total** & **1.30** & **0.89** & **0.40** & **1.97** \\ \hline
6 & 4.17 & Hexanal & 734 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\
7 & 6.70 & Benzaldehyde & 937 & 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 1.43 \(\pm\) 0.50 & 0.93 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\
8 & 7.24 & \(n\)-Octanal & 984 & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 1.98 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 1.67 \(\pm\) 0.29 \\
9 & 8.09 & Nonanal & 1091 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\
10 & 9.59 & Cumin aldehyde & 1234 & 1.94 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 1.04 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.54 \(\pm\) 0.15 \\
11 & 9.73 & \(p\)-Anisaldehyde & 1247 & 0.62 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 1.63 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 7.51 \(\pm\) 2.12 \\  & & **Aldehydes** & **Total** & **3.79** & **3.50** & **4.59** & **10.24** \\ \hline
12 & 6.48 & Styrene & 853 & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.10 \\
13 & 7.27 & \(\beta\)-Cymene & 1003 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
14 & 7.99 & \(p\)-Dimethylstyrene & 1080 & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\
15 & 11.81 & \(\alpha\)-Curcumene & 1461 & 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 0.56 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\  & & **Aromatics** & **Total** & **1.46** & **1.17** & **0.56** & **0.88** \\
16 & 6.87 & \(n\)-Caproic acid & 955 & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 1.66 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.34 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
17 & 8.74 & \(n\)-Caprylic acid & 1149 & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\  & & **Carboxylic acids** & **Total** & **0.83** & **1.87** & **0.50** & **0.37** \\ \hline
18 & 9.49 & Fenchyl acetate & 1226 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\
19 & 10.60 & Terpinyl acetate & 1339 & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 1.96 \(\pm\) 0.25 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\
20 & 10.84 & Geranyl acetate & 1364 & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 1.09 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
21 & 11.36 & Ethyl linoleicate & 1453 & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
22 & 11.79 & Methyl linoleicidate & 1459 & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\  & & **Esters** & **Total** & **0.97** & **3.30** & **0.21** & **0.31** \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Relative percentage of volatile components in Egyptian dukkah and Syrian za’atar analyzed using headspace SPME-GCMS. Each presented value is a mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n\) = 3). Alcohols (0.40-1.97%): Five alcohols were detected, with linalool (1.78%) and 4-terpineol (0.73%) being the most abundant, particularly in sumac-based Syrian za'atar and thyme-based Egyptian dukkah, respectively. Linalool, previously detected in fennel [13], and different types of thyme [14] demonstrated significant antibacterial action  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**No.