# Empirical Analysis of Parallel Corpora and In-Depth Analysis Using LIWC
## 3 Analyzing the AI Hub Corpus Using LIWC
### Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Features (Label)** \\ \hline Summary & Analytical thinking (Analytic), Clout (Clout), \\ language variables & Authenticity (Authentic), Emotional tone (Tone) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Linguistic} & Words per sentence (WPS), Percent of target words captured by the dictionary (Dic), \\  & Percent of words in the text that are longer than six letters (Siktr), Word count (WC), \\  & Articles (article), Prepositions (prep), Total pronouns (pronoun), Personal pronouns (pron), \\ Dimension & 1 st pers singular (i), 1 st pers plural (we), 2 nd person (you), \\  & 3 rd pers singular (shehe), 3 rd pers plural (they), Impersonal pronouns (ipron) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Grammars} & Auxiliary verbs (auxverb), Common verbs (verb), Common Adverbs (adverb), \\  & Conjunctions (conj), Negations (negate), Common adjectives (adj), Comparisons (compare), \\  & Interrogatives (interrog), Number (number), Quantifiers (quant) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Affect process} & Total affect process (affect), Positive emotion (posemo), \\  & Negative emotion (negemo), Anxiety (anx), Anger (anger), Sadness (sad) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Cognitive process} & Total cognitive process (cogproc), Insight (insight), Cause (cause), \\  & Discrepanics (discrep), Tentativeness (tentat), Certainty (certain), Differentiation (differ) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Social process} & Total social process (social), Family (family), Friends (friend), \\  & Female referents (female), Male referents (male) \\ \hline Perceptual process & Total perceptual process (percept), Seeing (see), Hearing (hear), Feeling (feel) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Biological process} & Total biological process (bio), Body (body), Health/Illness (health), \\  & Sexuality (sexual), Ingesting (ingest) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Drives} & Total drives (drives), Affiliation (affiliation), Achievement (achieve), \\  & Power (power), Reward focus (reward), Risk focus (risk) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Time orientations} & Past focus (focuspast), Present focus (focuspresent), Future focus (focusfuture) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Relativity} & Total relativity (relativ), Motion (motion), Space (space), Time (time) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Personal concerns} & Work (work), Home (home), Money (money), \\  & Leisure activities (leisure), Religion (relig), Death (death) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Informal language markers} & Total informal language markers (Informal), Assents (assert), \\  & Fillers (filler), Swear words (swear), Netspeak (netspeak), Nonfluencies (nonfl) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Punctuations} & Total punctuation (Allpunc), Semicolons (SemiC), Commas (Comma), Colons (Colon), \\  & Parantheses (Parenth), Question marks (QMark), Exclamation marks (Exclam), \\ \cline{1-1}  & Periods (Period), Apostrophes (Apostro), Quoatation marks (Quote) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Dashes (Dash), Other puntuation (OtherP) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Overview of features in LIWC. language variables, general descriptors, time orientation, punctuation, and informal language markers categories, enables the analysis of sentence syntax. Third, semantic analysis through the inspection of various topics, including cognitive, social, perceptual, and biological process, as well as relativity and personal concerns, can be implemented. Fourth, we can conduct sentimental analysis through the affect process, which involves positive and negative emotions. Finally, the social category, which contains male and female referents, enables the analysis of gender bias. Specifically, in the field of NMT, numerous studies have been conducted to reduce the prevalence of gender bias [49; 50]. In the future, this approach can be used to inspect the performance of MT systems. LIWC is mainly leveraged in the field of psychology, especially during the investigation of linguistic characteristics revealed in the writings of psychiatric patients [21; 51].