# Optimization of Electricity Generation Technologies to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Egypt
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Energy Optimization  
Figure 6 shows the electricity production of the first scenario. There is no limitation on CO2 emission and no constraint on electricity production from fossil fuel. It shows that gas power plants, gas power plants with steam turbine, and gas power plant combine cycle are predominantly used to generate electricity to meet the final electricity demand in the system. Over 45 years, the average contribution of gas power plants and wind energy is projected to be 76% and 19%, respectively. In 2060 the contribution of gas power plant is projected to decrease by 61% and the oil increase to 38.5%. Whereas there is projected to be no contribution of nuclear power plants and a slight annual contribution from hydropower plants of approximately a 2.6% average.  
Figure 7 shows the electricity production of the second scenario. In this scenario, we assumed constraint on the CO2 emission from gas power plant. The average contribution of gas power plants will reduce to 30%, while the average contribution of oil power plants will increase to 48.6% by 2060. The contribution of wind, solar, and hydropower plants towards electricity generation remains unchanged.  
Figure 8 shows the electricity production of the third scenario. We imposed a limit of CO2 emission from oil and gas power plants. The average contribution of gas power plants is projected to be 46.1% while the average contribution of nuclear power plant is projected to be 35% over a period of years. The contribution of electricity from other technologies remains constant. Gas power plants reach 89% in 2033, then this contribution decreases and its replaced with a nuclear power plant in 2034. In 2060, the contribution of nuclear power plant is shown to reach 81%, whereas the contribution of gas power plant is 17%. It is clearly shown that by that time fossil fuel has been replaced by nuclear energy.  
Figure 6: Balance of electricity production of all power plants for first scenario.  
gas, the nuclear energy will have a higher contribution to electricity production up to 81% in 2060, whereas oil power plant will contribute 9% and gas will contribute 9.4%.  
The energy mix for the fifth scenario is portrayed in Figure 10. In this scenario, we neglected nuclear energy and then assumed a case where the Egyptian government relies entirely on renewable energy sources. Wind energy is the first case in this scenario. Because the investment cost of wind energy is lower than that of solar energy, and due to the constraints of power production from oil and gas, wind technology prevails over other technologies. Wind technology is projected to contribute 51.38% on average for a period of 45 years whereas oil and gas power plants are projected to contribute an average of 27.6% and 17.3%, respectively.  
Figure 11 presents the second case of the fifth scenario, in which solar energy dominates. To accomplish this conclusion, we assumed that the investment cost of solar technology is cut in half from the initial cost as shown in Table 2. Over 45 years, the average contribution of solar technology is projected to increase to 29.6% while wind technology is projected to contribute 22.7%.  
According to Figures 10 and 11, wind and solar technology are projected to contribute 79% by 2060, while oil and gas power plants will contribute 7.7% and 12.5%, respectively. It is apparent that at that time, wind and solar energy will have largely replaced fossil fuels. Hydropower technology's contribution is constantly 2.6% in all scenarios. Egypt has only one high dam on the Nile River, the only river in the country. Figure 12 shows the average contribution of each technology in each scenario over a 45-year period.  
Figure 9: Balance of electricity production of all power plants for fourth scenario.