esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Experimental Design  
C57 BL/6 female mice of 4 weeks of age were purchased from Envigo laboratories (Gannat, France), housed in polypropylene cages at 21 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a normal light-dark cycle and free access to water (polpropylene bottles) and standard chow (LASvendi-16R; Soest, Germany). After a 1-week acclimatization period, mice were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HF) diet (from Envigo, MD.99249). One group of mice was fed a HF diet containing a mixture of pollutants, as described in [24]. Specifically, the mixture of pollutants was made of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenoxy-p-dioxin (TCDD, CAS no. 1746-01-6; LGC-Promochem, Molsheim, France), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 153 (CAS no. 35065-27-1), bisphenol A (BPA, CAS no. 80-05-7), and di-[2-ethylhexyl]-phthalate (DEHP, CAS no. 117-81-7) (all from Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Pollutants were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted in corn oil. Pollutant-free diet contained the same amount of DMSO (final concentration of 0.02% per kg of HF diet) and corn oil as the pollutant-containing food. The HF diets (with or without pollutants) contained 63% fat, 23.6% carbohydrate, and 13.4% protein in kcal, as detailed previously [19; 24]. Each pollutant was used at the TDI dose (DEHP, BPA, TCDD) or four times the TDI dose (PCB153). Preparation of the contaminated food is presented in Table S1.  
By 7 weeks of age, mice were either sham-operated (Sham) or underwent a bilateral ovariectomy (Ovx) followed by the implantation under the neck skin of Silastic implants filled either with vehicle or with 50 ug of 17\(\beta\)-estradiol-3-benzoate, E2 (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) in 30 \(\mu\)L of sesame oil. The procedure has been described previously [19]. Implants were renewed at 13 weeks of age since the E2 release was only effective for 6 weeks based on body weight monitoring (data not shown). Uteri were also weighed at the end of the experiment (i.e., 20 weeks of age), to validate ovariectomy and E2 supplementation [19]. Together, four groups of 6 to 8 mice per group were generated. It included sham mice fed an HF diet with no added pollutants (Sham); Ovx mice fed an HF diet with no added pollutants (Ovx); Ovx mice treated with E2 fed an HF diet with no added pollutants (Ovx+E2); and Ovx mice fed an HF diet containing the mixture of pollutants (Ovx+poll) (Table S1). All procedures were performed with the approval of the Regional Committee of Ethics for Animal Experiments (CECCAP) registered under number C2 EA15 by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research in accordance with European directive 2010/63. The experimental protocol received the number CECCAP_LS_2014_004.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization
#### 2.2.6 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC)  
The TSC method includes the thermal stimulation polarization current method (TSPC) and the thermal stimulation depolarization current method (TSDC). The TSDC method is more common in the measurement and characterization of traps in polymer insulation. Thus, the TSC method generally refers to the TSDC method. The TSDC method was used in this experiment. The thickness of the insulating sample and the semiconductive layer used for TSC was 300 and 500 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. A negative DC field strength of 10, 30, and 40 kV/mm was applied to both ends of the LDPE for 30 min at room temperature when the semiconductive composites with different LSC contents were used as the semiconductive layer, and then, the sample was rapidly cooled. Next, the temperature was raised from 293 K at a heating rate of 5 K/min to 363 K to measure the value of the thermal stimulation current during the heating process. The schematic diagram of the TSDC test is shown in Figure 3.
## 2 Methodologies and System Description
### Signal Preprocessing
#### 2.3.4 Power Spectral Density, PSD  
In this paper, FFT was used with the Hanning window method to achieve visualization, as shown in Figure 9. The Hanning window function is defined as W(\(t\)) (Equation (16)), and it was used to better reduce spectral energy leakage. The signal was transformed using a sampling rate of 10 Hz, and PSD integration was used to divide the signal into three frequency bands, Very Low Frequency (VLF: 0-0.2 Hz), Low Frequency (LF: 0.20-0.75 Hz), and High Frequency (HF: 0.75-3.0 Hz). Each band has a spectrum estimated by the Hanning window, and the area was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Finally, the LF/HF ratio was calculated to evaluate the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.  
\[\text{W}(t)=0.5\bigg{(}1-\cos\frac{2\pi t}{N-1}\bigg{)},t=1,\ldots,N \tag{16}\]
## 2 The Silence Period Management (SPM) Algorithm  
In the cognitive radio network, the SU carries on the spectrum sensing to the PU's frequency band to find the free band and wait for access [17]. In the process of spectrum sensing, the SU receives signals not only from PUs and noise, but also from other SUs. In order to avoid interference in the detection results, when the SU performs spectrum sensing, all SUs in the system need to stop any transmitting activities. This time in the periodic window is called the silence period. In order to enhance the time utilization rate, the length of the silence period needs to be reasonably optimized.  
Figure 1a is a schematic diagram of the slot division scheme in the traditional silent period algorithm. The sensing period is divided into the silent period and the sensing interval. The SU determines whether the data can be transmitted during the sensing interval based on the sensing results of the silence period. Figure 1b is a schematic diagram of the slot division scheme in the adaptive silence period algorithm. One of the most significant changes is the addition of a feedback slot at the end of each sensing period.  
As shown in the figure, \(T\) is the sensing period, \(T_{s}\) is the time length of the silence period, and \(T_{I}\) is the time length of the data transmission. In general, the parameter \(T\) is keeps constant. Additionally, in the traditional sensing period algorithm, \(T_{s}\) is equal within each sensing period. However, in the adaptive sensing period algorithm, \(T_{s}\) is different in each sensing period.
# Beam Training for Millimeter-Wave Communication Based on Tabu Table Enhanced Rosenbrock Algorithm
###### Abstract  
The codebook-based beamforming for millimeter-wave (mm Wave) communication systems is usually used to compensate the severe attenuation of the mm Wave region. The beam training process based on pre-specified beam codebooks is considered a global optimization problem in 2-D planes formed by the potential beam index. The Rosenbrock algorithm (RA) is adopted to implement optimum beam searching whereas the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is used to solve the problem of falling into the local optimum, due to the unavailable gradient information of the objective function. However, the RA implements rounding to the integer which leads to the problem of repeated search and beam space discontinuity caused by beam index will impair the powerful local search ability. Thus, in this paper, an enhanced RA based on tabu search and combined with SA algorithm is proposed as an alternative solution for beam search success rate. The proposed algorithm reduces the search times by forbidding the repeat search with tabu table and design of neighbor region. Moreover, to prevent the search failure, the search candidate index is defined to keep the local search ability of the original algorithm and wrap around of beam index is applied to maintain continuity of the search direction. Experimental simulations show that the proposed technique can improve the search efficiency in terms of reduced steps and increase search success rate during the beam training procedure compared to existing techniques.  
m +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Future Internet_**2019**, _11_, 214; doi:10.3390/f11100214
## 3 Problem Formulation
### Constraints  
The mentioned optimization problem is solved subject to the constraints as follows:  
* Demand-supply balance equation: the balance between the total active power production and consumption in both grid-connected and isolated modes of MG is presented as: \[P_{t}^{Grid}+\sum_{i=1}^{N_{G}}P_{i,t}+\sum_{w=1}^{N_{W}}P_{w,t}+\sum_{p=1}^{ N_{p}}P_{p,t}+\sum_{k=1}^{N_{dis}}P_{k,t}^{dis}=\sum_{j=1}^{N_{l}}D_{j,t}+ \sum_{k=1}^{N_{ch}}P_{k,t}^{ch}.\] (11)  
Figure 4: Piecewise linear cost curve of frequency deviation for an hour.  
The left-side of Label (11) corresponds to the total available power in the MG at time period \(t\) including the expected WT and PV generation, the scheduled discharged power from EVs, the power of DG units and the exchanged power with the utility. In addition, the right side of Label (11) represents the total load and the power fed to the EVs.
* EVs constraints: Equations (12) and (13) define the power bounds for both EVs charging and discharging processes: \[0\leq P_{k,t}^{ch}\leq P_{k}^{\max,ch},\] (12) \[0\leq P_{k,t}^{dis}\leq P_{k}^{\max,dis},\] (13) where \(P_{k,t}^{ch}\) and \(P_{k,t}^{dis}\) are charging and discharging power of \(k\)th EV. In addition, \(P_{k}^{\max,ch}\) and \(P_{k}^{\max,dis}\) are maximum charging and discharging power of \(k\)th EV, respectively.
* Power generation capacity: Active power output of a generation unit should be bounded within a range as follows: \[P_{i,t}\leq P_{i}^{\max}u_{i,t}-R_{i,t}^{U}\quad\forall i,\forall t,\] (14) \[P_{i,t}\geq P_{i}^{\min}u_{i,t}+R_{i,t}^{D}\quad\forall i,\forall t\] (15)
# Building Energy Retrofit Measures in Hot-Summer-Cold-Winter Climates: A Case Study in Shanghai
## 6 Common Challenges for Building Retrofit Measures in Shanghai
### Financial Barriers  
Most retrofit strategies imply that retrofit projects are cost-effective with high return rates. Nonetheless, numerous projects are unexecuted owing to a lack of funds given the high cost of retrofitting. An estimated 15 billion m\({}^{2}\) of urban existing buildings are deemed retrofittable for improved energy performance. Retrofitting these buildings costs approximately 2000 billion RMB at a rate of about 100-300 RMB/m\({}^{2}\) depending on the building type [98]. This challenge was ranked as the most challenging and accounted for about 42% of the survey. Besides this, the owners of the buildings may not have enough capital to finance retrofitting strategies [69]. Also, most owners are unwilling to invest in a short term retrofit project with long term benefit [101]. The savings from retrofit measures are quite small compared to the benefits of other economic investments [58]. Additionally, uncertainties over financial gain is also a significant deterrent for most building owners to invest in retrofit projects. The expected benefits from retrofits differ from the predicted due to uncertainties in parametric assumptions made during retrofit design, construction and operation [5; 69; 70]. However, if the government establishes policies that promote sustainability, this can produce a long-term positive impact on building owners' inclination towards retrofit projects.
# Effects of Tunnel and Its Ventilation Modes on the Aerodynamic Drag of a Subway Train
## 2 Measurement Details  
Measurements were conducted in the Tsuen Wan (TSW) to Central (CEN) line of MTR during its routine operation. The TSW-CEN line has a total distance of 14.6 km, including 16 stops. About 1.1 km of this line is exposed to open air and the remainder is in tunnels. The tested train consisted of eight carriages, with five powered and three unpowered. The two kinds of carriages were identical except for a pantograph on the roof of each powered carriage. The length and cross-sectional areas of the carriages were 22.85 m and 9.9 m\({}^{2}\), respectively. The cross-sectional area of the tunnel varied along the line, resulting in \(R=0.4\)-0.8. Two return test trips were made from TSW to CEN, with tunnel ventilation operated at recirculation and free-cooling mode, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the test was conducted during the routine operation of TSW to CEN line, with the possibility that other trains were running in the tunnel either in front of or behind the test train. Besides, the train might accelerate or decelerate frequently during its trips. Thus, it is impossible to keep the working conditions of the two test trips exactly the same. In the present paper, we only focus on the statistical results, rather than those at specific times, to uncover the possible effects of the tunnel and its ventilation modes on the aerodynamic forces on the test train. Measurements were performed to document the variation in \(\tau_{w}\) and \(D_{p}\) inside and outside the tunnel, or between different ventilation modes since the work aims to evaluate the effects of the tunnel and ventilation modes on the aerodynamic drag of the train, not to determine it accurately.
# Layered Double Hydroxides as Next-Generation Adsorbents for the Removal of Selenium from Water
## 3 Layered Double Hydroxides
### Layered Rare Earth Hydroxides  
Layered rare earth hydroxides (LRH), also known as RE-LDH, are a subclass of LDH that have rare earth elements in their cationic hydroxide layers. Although they have been synthesized relatively recently, they already have various applications in catalysis, adsorption, drug delivery, and environmental remediation. Preliminary environmental studies on LRH have confirmed their ability to exchange their interlayer anions (e.g., nitrate, chloride) with common inorganic anions (e.g., sulfate) as well as organic dicarboxylate anions [60, 61].  
In 2017, [PERSON] et al. [51] reported the synthesis of a novel compound, Y\({}_{2}\)(OH)\({}_{5}\)Cl.1.5H\({}_{2}\)O. The authors thoroughly characterized its chemical composition and demonstrated its potential for removing selenium species from aqueous samples. They conducted a series of experiments using a batch method to investigate the sorption kinetics, isotherms, selectivity, and desorption of selenite and selenate. The maximum sorption capacities for selenite and selenate were found to be 207 mg/g and 124 mg/g, respectively, ranking among the highest achieved for layered hydroxides (see Table 1). The sorption mechanisms were elucidatedthrough a combination of various techniques and methods. The results confirmed that selenate ions exchanged with chloride ions in the interlayer space, forming outer-sphere complexes. Selenite ions bound directly to the Y\({}^{3+}\) centers in the positively charged layer of [Y\({}_{2}\)(OH)\({}_{5}\)(H\({}_{2}\)O)]\({}^{+}\) through strong bidentate binuclear inner-sphere complexation, explaining the higher uptake of selenite compared with selenate. Furthermore, the authors drew an interesting conclusion from competitive experiments. In the low-concentration region, LRH almost completely removed selenium from aqueous matrices in the presence of all studied competitive anions, such as NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\), Cl\({}^{-}\), CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\), SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\), and HPO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\). However, the material exhibited some limitations, such as instability at relatively low pH levels and the inclusion of yttrium (Y), a critical rare earth element, restricting its broad practical use [62].
# Data Augmentation for Audio-Visual Emotion Recognition with an Efficient Multimodal Conditional GAN
## 3 Methodology  
### Overview  
In this paper, we design a multimodal GAN for data augmentation in the problem of audio-visual emotion recognition. The pipeline is shown in Figure 1. We first apply our proposed GAN to generate fake multimodal data that is as realistic as possible, then use the generated data to supplement the original training set. Finally, we train a DNN classifier to perform the classification task with the augmented training set. The architecture of our multimodal GAN is shown in Figure 2. It builds generators and discriminators for audio and visual modalities. Generators generate fake data to confuse discriminators, while discriminators are used to distinguish whether the input data is real or fake. They are implemented by parameterized neural networks, which are trained together.  
Suppose in the training process, we are given the training set \(D=\big{\{}(\mathbf{x}_{A}^{(i)},\mathbf{x}_{V}^{(i)},y^{(i)})\mid y^{(i)}\in \mathcal{Y}=\{1,2,\cdots,|\mathcal{Y}|\},i=1,\cdots,n\big{\}}\), where \(\mathbf{x}_{A}^{(i)}\) and \(\mathbf{x}_{V}^{(i)}\) represent the audio modality and the visual modality of the \(i\)-th sample, respectively. \(y^{(i)}\) is their corresponding category label. For simplicity, the superscript will be omitted in the following. We denote the generator and discriminator of the visual modality as \(G_{V}\) and \(D_{V}\), respectively. \(G_{A}\) and \(D_{A}\) are expressed in the same way. \(\mathbf{z}_{V}\) and \(\mathbf{z}_{A}\) are two independent Gaussian noise vectors that are used to generate the visual modality and audio modality, respectively.
# Non-Maximum Suppression Performs Later in Multi-Object Tracking
###### Abstract  
Multi-object tracking aims to assign a uniform ID for the same target in continuous frames, which is widely used in autonomous driving, security monitoring, etc. In the previous work, the low-scoring box, which inevitably contained occluded target, was filtered by Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) in a detection stage with a confidence threshold. In order to track occluded target effectively, in this paper, we propose a method of NMS performing later. The NMS works in tracking rather than the detection stage. More candidate boxes that contain the occluded target are reserved for trajectory matching. In addition, unrelated boxes are discarded according to the Intersection over Union (IOU) between the predicted and detected box. Furthermore, an unsupervised pre-trained person re-identification (ReID) model is applied to improve the domain adaptability. In addition, the bicubic interpolation is used to increase the resolution of low-scoring boxes. Extensive experiments on the MOT17 and MOT20 datasets have proven the effectiveness of tracking occluded targets of the proposed method, which achieves an MOTA of 78.3%.  
multi-object tracking; deep learning; person re-identification +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
1
Footnote 1: institutetext: College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China; [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (H.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.Z.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.Z.)
# Progressive Dynamic Registration Method for Tile Maps Based on Optimum Multi-Features
## 4 Experimental Results and Applications
### Vector Data Registration  
Some maps come with vector data services, and the coordinate system of the vector data is often the same as the map. For example, users can download the nodes, road lines, and area surfaces of a specified area from the official website of OpenStreetMap. The method of this paper is used to obtain the target area offset values and perform dynamic registration of the vector data.  
Figure 8a shows the effect of using Open Street Map as the base map and overlaying the downloaded vector road network of the Central South University (CSU), and Figure 8b shows the effect of using Amap as the base map and overlaying this vector road network, with an obvious offset.  
The offset value between Open Street Map and Amap is calculated using the method of this paper to register the vector data, and the calculation result is [\(-\)593.90, 474.35]. The result of the registration is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 8: Vector data of CSU with different base map. (**a**) Vector data of CSU with Open Street Map as the base map. (**b**) Vector data of CSU with Amap as the base map.  
Figure 9: Registration result of the vector data.
## 3 Simulation Analysis
### Optimization Parameter Analysis
#### 3.3.3 Influence of Average Gas Film Thickness on Static Performance  
When the gas film is thinner, the pressure dissipation of the compressed gas after throttling is smaller. Therefore, as shown in Figure 8, at the same eccentricity, reducing the film thickness can improve bearing capacity and reduce gas consumption. However, it should also be noted that smaller film thicknesses will challenge the difficulty of manufacturing and assembly.
## 4 Design Analysis
### Attitude Determination and Control Analysis
#### 4.6.1 Detumbling  
This mode is used whenever the norm of the angular velocity is higher than 5 deg/s. The common control law for this mode is the B-dot algorithm. The main idea is to use the rate of change of magnetometer readings of the Earth's magnetic field as a feedback to the controller to produce the required torque from the magnetorquers and to counter the undesired angular rates. Simulations for the algorithm were conducted to track the time required for bringing up the norm of the angular velocity from a certain undesired value to the desired 5 deg/s using the magnetorquers only. For the purpose of simulation, the Earth's magnetic field values were provided to the system from the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) [7]. The IGRF is a well-known mathematical model that is provided in the north-east down (NED) reference of frame. Therefore, rotation matrices are required to convert from NED to the Earth central inertial (ECI). Table 8 and Figure 9 summarize one of the simulated cases, i.e., from 17.32 deg/s (10 deg/s on each axis) to 5 deg/s.  
The result of the analysis showed that the time taken to derive the satellite's norm angular velocity from 17.32 to 5 deg/s is 40 min which is less than one orbit of 90 min.
# Immuno-PET for Glioma Imaging: An Update
## 2 Gliomas
### Clinical Management  
#### 2.3.1 Surgery  
Referring to the clinical therapy of gliomas, surgery is unquestionably essential. Numerous studies have shown that the first-line treatment that most improves survival is the maximally safe extent of tumoral resection (EOR). The current definition of EOR is as follows: \"EOR = preoperative tumor volume--postoperative tumor volume\ preoperative tumor volume\". This formula provides an accurate and objective calculation of the volume of a residual tumor. The surgical examination is now more detached from the subjective assessment of the surgeon thanks to this novel tumor volume-estimating technique [15]. Maintaining functional integrity while removing the maximum amount of the tumor is the primary objective of surgery for both high-grade and low-grade gliomas. Eloquent cortical areas and subcortical pathways--which are a component of the sophisticated motor and associative functions--are among the crucial brain regions that are most vital for maintaining the patients' quality of life. Utilizing an intraoperative strategy and anatomo-functional planning, surgical care for each patient must be customized. Frameless navigational systems, intraoperative imaging, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS), functional mapping, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, real-time neuropsychological assessment, and awake surgery are all essential tools used by contemporary neurosurgical oncologists [16]. Surgery alone is not curative, and radiotherapy either alone or in combination with chemotherapy is often needed.