# Improvement of Perception Layer Routing Protocol with Static Nodes in IoT-Based Microgrids
## 1 Introduction  
The Internet of Things (IoT) is allowing organizations to cost-effectively implement smart grids, also known as microgrids. Through IoT-based energy technologies, companies could revolutionize the distribution of electricity around the world. Microgrids create smaller groups from the larger electrical utility grid, which provides greater control to organizations on how they use their energy supply. Through this ability to disconnect and operate on the grid or in island mode, organizations can make smarter use of their power. A microgrid can operate on islanded mode which refers to the ability of microgrid owners to improve resiliency when the grid is not supplying enough power [1, 2]. Microgrid owners are able to produce their own power when needed. An IoT-based microgrid as shown in Figure 1 gives organizations power--both literally and figuratively. With the installation of an IoT-based microgrid, owners are able to improve the efficiency of their energy consumption. In addition to giving owners the ability to generate their own energy, microgrids also reduce dependency on utilities by helping to reduce costs and avoid peak usage charges. The technology even has the ability to produce revenue should the microgrid produce a surplus of power, which could be sold to a utility. Although IoTs are widely adopted for monitoring, their use for control and automation of plants and processes is still very limited. Key concerns hampering wider adoption are the reliability of communication and the stability and magnitude of its latency. Controllers in microgrids depend on the reliable and timely communication of relatively small data packets containing measurements and commands, generated frequently at the sensorsand controller. Guaranteeing these properties is challenging in the large-scale, multi-hop scenarios that are often the main reason for a wireless approach. Moreover, staple applications for wireless control rely on battery-powered sensors, which places energy efficiency in the limelight as replacing batteries is often costly or impractical. In this respect, it is well-known that radio activity, both listening and transmitting, is the main source of energy consumption. To optimize the energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of the whole network, a stationary-node energy-based routing protocol is worthy of attention. The IoT [3; 4; 5] collects various bottom-level data through the perception layer, groups them into the network layer transmission center through the gateway, and finally summarizes them to the application terminal, providing a data guarantee for customers to analyze and operate the entire Internet of Things. The Internet of Things completes information acquisition and data transmission by relying on the perception layer network [6; 7]. The perception layer [8], also known as the sensing layer, includes all IoT devices, sensors and actuators, as well as supporting short-distance communication techniques and information collaborative processing techniques. Sensors sense and collect data from objects, machines and people in the real world. The actuators execute operations based on the perceived data or the request from the user. At the same time, the self-organizing network technique and routing protocols [9; 10; 11] are the key objects of research on the perception layer, and efficient routing protocols can improve the efficiency of sensor node data fusion and the overall life cycle of the network. However, the method of randomly selecting cluster heads can easily give rise to problems such as uneven clustering and uncoordinated cluster sizes. The number of clusters required should vary depending on network sizes. All of these problems will affect the energy consumption of networks to different extents. The random selection of cluster heads in the LEACH [12; 13; 14] protocol makes the network energy consumption more uniform, but its disadvantages are also very significant. Subsequently, a wide range of improved protocols for dealing with the disadvantages of LEACH were proposed.