# Investigating BIM Implementation Barriers and Issues in Pakistan Using ISM Approach
## 3 Results and Discussions
### ISM Methodology  
To analyze interrelationships among different factors, the Analytical Network Process (ANP) and ISM are mostly used. However, the analytical network process fails to show complete dependencies [39], whereas ISM authorizes intuition into interrelationships among different elements with ranking and direction [40]. In the construction management field, researchers used ISM to analyze factors that affect a construction worker's productivity [41], plus the design phase of construction risks [42]. This paper  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Barriers** \\ \hline
1 & The high initial cost of BIM \\
2 & Lack of awareness of BIM \\
3 & Firms don’t accept or train their employees on new technologies \\
4 & Resistance to change \\
5 & The traditional method of contracting \\
6 & Lack of BIM expertise \\
7 & The complexity of BIM software \\
8 & The top management and policy makers don’t support the change \\
9 & Learning curve and training are costly \\
10 & BIM learning difficulty \\
11 & Clients don’t require it \\
12 & Unavailability of time to experience new technologies \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Barriers in other Asian countries data obtained from [36; 37; 38].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Developing} & \multirow{4}{*}{UAE} & Complex and incomplete design & \multirow{4}{*}{[31]} \\  & & Lack of collaboration between contractors and professionals in the design phase & \\  & & Lack of IBM standards & \\  & & Lack of knowledge about BIM & \\  & & Poor communication between stakeholders & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{Malaysia} & Lack of top management attitude for change & \multirow{4}{*}{[32]} \\  & & Unawareness of the BIM construction applications & \\  & & Enhanced collaboration, coordinated drawing and interoperability issues & \\  & & Non-availability of parametric library & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Uganda} & \multirow{4}{*}{Uganda} & Poor communication & \multirow{4}{*}{[33]} \\  & & Management skills & \\  & & Poor teamwork, constructible design & \\  & & People and process related issues & \\  & & Economic related issues & \\  & & Technology related issue & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{Libya} & Lack of knowledge and inadequate skills & \\  & & Lack of ability to measure progress & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Lack of shared vision, group culture and consensus & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Lack of organizational culture supporting teamwork & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{Ghana} & Industry fragmented nature & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Lack of technical and management skills & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Subcontracting most of the work & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Delays in making decisions & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Lack of consistency in government policies & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Lack of BIM-related codes and designs & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Resistance to change from traditional setups & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Lack of interest from clients and markets & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Risk and uncertainties involved in new technologies & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: _Cont._generates the structural mapping of complicated interconnections of BIM implementation barriers in Pakistan's construction industry. The methodology adopted for ISM can be seen in Figure 5.