# A Public Infrastructure for a Trusted Wireless World
## 4 Literature Review  
The idea of using blockchain for an e-voting system is not new. There is the Universiti Tun Hussein Omn Malaysia (UTHM) e-voting system. It is based on common blockchain concepts from Nakamoto and offers no registration process as a method to ensure anonymity. A group of students from UTHM designed the e-voting system using the web browser as the frontend of the system, where it was never explained how a voter would be authenticated. Then, the browser acting as the client sends the user's vote to the blockchain e-voting system's backend [21].  
An e-voting system using blockchain that consists of a voter list, administration management services, and election preparation services has also been proposed [22]. It hals all of the integrity benefits and warns of the risks of central authority control but using no trusted digital identities. There is nothing similar to PKI to ensure the integrity of the system nor ensure the system itself is tamper-proof.  
Blockchain as a service for e-voting has also been proposed. It works by using a permissioned Proof-of-Authority (POA) blockchain that consists of two types of nodes: a district node and a bootnode. A district node represents a voting district, while the bootnode is a service that allows the districts to communicate with each other. This system allows the users to authenticate themselves as well as authenticate their vote [23]. It would take little effort for individuals to vote multiple times within this proposed blockchain as a service e-voting machine.  
Another idea for blockchain-based e-voting is e-vote-as-a-service. This system would be hosted within a cloud and is business/corporation-structured. It does have a clear voter authentication mechanism using tokens and places voters from a list into a pool. The purpose of this pool seems to be a way to loosely define a county or a district so the e-vote can be a service. The voting session established by the use of a token can provide some voter anonymity until the vote is placed on a blockchain via the blockchain configurator [24].  
Building upon the e-vote-as-a-service is the blockchain e-voting within a smart city concept called smart e-voting. The proposed framework relies heavily upon existing blockchain infrastructures and [PERSON]'s algorithm for trust [25]. However, it is quick to see that a random trust value does not provide the same level of trust that a PKI framework can provide. Blockchain-based PKI has built-in trust that meets all tenets of ZTA.  
Finally, there is VoteChain, which is, as its name makes clear, a blockchain-based e-voting system. VoteChain makes use of three nodes and a gateway node. This blockchain network consists of a 6-core processor, 1 TB SSD storage, and a 1 Gbps local area network. Each vote block has the previous block's hash value, proof of work, and a root of the Merkle tree of votes. Each vote contains a hash of the entire vote, timestamp, vote data, voter identification, which is a unique ID to verify a user's identity, and a one-time password [26]. This system would not work in the real world. Not all voters have 1 Gbps networks, nor do they have multicore processors, much less 6-core processors. Plus, how many voters want their name tied to their vote?