# Graphene-Based Functional Hybrid Membranes for Antimicrobial Applications: A Review
## 4 Functional Tailoring of Graphene-Based Membranes
### Others  
[PERSON] et al. developed a spray-mediated, bio-inspired Ag assembly on reduced graphene-sodium alginate nanocomposite films for efficient wound healing [83]. The composite membrane can effectively inactivate _PAO1_, _Escherichia coli_ and _C. albicans_, and has the  
Figure 3: (**a**) Schematic diagram of the chemical surface modification process of benzophenone. (Printed image with permission from Ref. [74], copyright 2019, American Chemistry Society). (**b**) Schematic illustration of the two-step synthesis process of GO functionalized zwitterionic polyampholyte hydrogel polyethersulfone (PES) membrane. (Printed image with permission from Ref. [76], copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd.). ability to protect wounds from infection by pathogenic microorganisms. [PERSON] et al. studied the direct deposition of graphene films on germanium surfaces with different coverage areas by controlling the growth time [84]. Compared with bare graphene, the presence of graphene films enables graphene to have a good antibacterial ability against _S. aureus_ and acceptable antibacterial ability against _E. coli_, and the underlying mechanism is thought to be phospholipids. The combined effect of interference and electron extraction occurs at the interface between graphene and biofilm (Figure 4). Electrostatic interactions between positively charged pristine graphene and negatively charged bacterial membranes bind the phospholipids to the graphene membranes. At the same time, this contact may cause translocation and the flipping of phospholipids, allowing for phospholipids to interact with hydrophobic tails due to hydrophobic interactions, further disrupting the function of the membrane. [PERSON] et al. found that nanocomposites containing PVA, rGO, and Cu\({}_{2}\)O or TiO\({}_{2}\) exhibited good inhibition against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _oral Streptococcus_, _Escherichia coli_, and _POA1_[85]. [PERSON] et al. synthesized zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) on the surface of GO by an in-situ synthesis, and used it as a novel efficient fungicide to prepare antibacterial membranes using the interfacial polymerization (IP) process [86]. The results showed that the ZIF-8/GO nanocomposites have good antioxidant properties, and the improvement in the antibacterial efficiency of ZIF/GO functionalized films was mainly due to the synergy of ZIF-8 (Zn\({}^{2+}\) release) and GO (oxidative stress) towards the antibacterial effect. In another study, [PERSON] et al. recently reported a 3D porous membrane composed of GO and the antimicrobial peptide nisin, which was able to efficiently identify, separate, and disinfect water from methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) [29]. In the study by [PERSON] et al. [87], hydrophilic metal-organic framework (UiO-66) nanoparticles were embedded into GO layers as microporous fillers to form ultrathin \"sandwich\" membranes to improve forward osmosis (FO) performance, the results showed that the nano-thick film matrix formed by the GO layer has antibacterial activity (90% antibacterial activity). [PERSON] et al. prepared a novel, functionalized, GO-based cellulose acetate (CA) membrane using a phase inversion method [88]. The addition of a hydrophilic aminated graphene oxide (AGO) additive to the CA film enhanced the antibacterial activity of the AGO-CA film and improved the thermal stability of the film. [PERSON] et al. fabricated a series of TFN reverse osmosis membranes by incorporating nanofiller p-aminophen-modified graphene oxide (mGO) into the PA skin layer by interfacial polymerization [89]. The bactericidal phenolic functional group's effect on mGO, the oxidative stress response of bacteria and the hydroxyl group's effect on aminophenol can cause an antibacterial effect. Statistics show that the sterilization rate of TFN reverse osmosis membrane with GO on _Escherichia coli_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_ with the addition of 0.005 wt% is 96.78% and 95.26%, respectively, which is much higher than the reverse osmosis membrane with GO added and original reverse osmosis membrane.