## 3 Result
Throughout the 100 A step discharge, the heat generation was remarkably higher than that of the 40 A and 13 A step discharge throughout the discharge process. The maximum heat generation for 13 A step discharge cycles was from 88.64% state of charge to 87% state of charge, and for 40 A and 100 A step discharge cycles were from 76.36% state of charge to 75.75% state of charge and 77.29% to 76.82% state of charge correspondingly. The minimum heat generation for 13 A step discharge cycles was from 78.5% to 78.07% state of charge while for 40 A, it was from 80.07% to 79.46% state of charge and for 100 A step discharge cycles were from 76.36% state of charge to 75.75% state of charge. This dissimilarity might correspond to phase alterations, charge transfer overpotentials, alterations in the system's heat capacity, and  
Figure 2: Origin and solution of heat production of lithium-ion batteries [40]. other parameters. a decrease of SOC from 76.36 to 75.75 the transferred heat is 0.132 Wh, 0.77 Wh, and 0.62 Wh for 13 A, 40 A and 100 A step discharge accordingly. Table 4 demonstrates a complete description of the test matrix for Case C. Thermal characterizations of a lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery for case C are illustrated in Figure 5. In the case of C, three different current profiles were applied to the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery. Nineteen different step time duration was considered for the state of charge. The collected energy in the lithium-ion battery cells increased while it was greater charged or discharged. The aforementioned causes the heat flux curves to begin to swerve from each other, and the deviation raises at the end of the charge and discharges experiments. At 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, discharging from 100% to 90.43% state of charge, the heat generation was 0.396 Wh, 0.437 Wh, and 0.498 Wh for 40 A, 50 A, and 60 A step discharge rates, respectively. It can be observed from Figure 5 that until the state of charge of 90.43%, heat generation rate curves for the 40 A, 50 A, and 60 A approximately overlap each other. As the energy collected in these cells is more discharged, the three curves commence deviating apart. By raising the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery discharging and charging current rates, the electrochemical reaction velocity increases, causing more significant heat exchange and molecular interaction. In the state of charge range of 90.43% to 78.68%, the average heat generation rate quantified for the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery cell during 60 A step discharge cycles was more significant by 0.068 Wh and 0.136 Wh than that observed for the 50 A and 40 A step discharge proportionately. A decrease of state of charge from 76.29 to 75.68 the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Current**} & **Cut-Off** & **State of** & **Heat** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Current**} & **Cut-Off** & **State of** & **Heat** \\  & **Voltage** & **Charge** & **Generation** & & **Voltage** & **Charge** & **Generation** \\ \hline
3.25 A-CCC & 1.500 & 0 & & 3.25 A-CCD & 2.543 & 90.820 & \\ \hline
3.25 A-CCD & 2.800 & 100 & 2.368 & 3.25 A-CCC & 1.500 & 0 & 3.7  
transferred heat is 0.416 Wh, 0.507 Wh, and 0.59 Wh for 40 A, 50 A, and 60 A step discharge accordingly. The maximum heat generation for 40 A, 50 A, and 60 A step discharge cycles was 76.29% state of charge to 75.68% state of charge. The minimum heat generation for 40 A step discharge cycles was from 86.93% to 85.43% state of charge, while for 50 A, it was from 84% to 82.79% state of charge and for 60 A step discharge cycles were from 100% state of charge to 90.43% state of charge. The heat generation during 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C was more significant than 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This could express the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery cell's lesser internal resistance at a more significant temperature. Nevertheless, there was some exception for operational temperature 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C at individual current rates.