# Performance Optimization of Grounding System for Multi-Voltage Electrical Installation
## 5 Comparative Analysis of Grounding Performance
### 35 kV System (High-Voltage) Grounding
Mitigation techniques vary according to voltage levels: for 400 V systems, grounding can be achieved using simple rods combined with bentonite to enhance soil conductivity; for 10 kV networks, a more robust approach incorporating deep grounding rods and grounding grids is required; whereas for 35 kV transmission systems, an extensive grounding infrastructure involving counterpoise wires and deep wells is essential to effectively manage fault currents. Regardless of voltage, all grounding systems require step and touch voltage analyses to ensure compliance with IEEE 80 and NEC 250.56 standards, thereby guaranteeing personnel safety and system reliability. Table 12 shows the mitigation strategies for each grounding system. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Voltage Level** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Fault** \\ **Current** \\ **(kA)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Ground** \\ **Resistance** \\ **(\Omega)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Lightning Surge** \\ **Impact** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Short Circuit** \\ **Impact** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Safety** \\ **Compliance** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
400 V (LV) & 5–10 & 3–5 & 15,000–25,000 & \begin{tabular}{c} Moderate \\ transient rise (up to 40 kV) if no \\ surge arresters \\ installed \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Short-duration \\ arc faults may \\ raise step voltage \\ above threshold \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Unsafe; needs \\ multiple rods, \\ equipotential \\ bonding, surge \\ protection \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
10 kV (MV) & 10–25 & 1–3 & 15,000–30,000 & \begin{tabular}{c} High risk of \\ insulation \\ flashover; \\ transient GPR up \\ to 80 kV \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Can cause \\ persistent high \\ touch voltages \\ without grid \\ enhancement \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Unsafe; requires \\ enhanced \\ grounding grids, \\ bentonite backfill, \\ and surge \\ suppressors \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
35 kV (HV) & 15–40 & \textless{}1 & 10,000–40,000 & \begin{tabular}{c} Severe \\ overvoltages \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Long-duration \\ faults may result \\ in sustained GPR \\ above tolerable \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Marginally safe \\ with deep wells, \\ counterpoise, and \\ dynamic \\ protection \\ measures \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Comparative fault current dissipation results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Voltage Level** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Primary Mitigation Methods** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Additional Enhancements** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
400 V & Multiple rods, copper grid & Use of bentonite, grounding mesh \\ \hline
10 kV & Deep rods, chemical electrodes &
\begin{tabular}{c} Grid expansion, equipotential \\ bonding \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
35 kV & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Counterpoise grounding, deep wells \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Extensive grounding networks, \\ resistivity reduction \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Mitigation strategies for each grounding system.