## 4 IEC's Challenges  
According to the special use of IEC in commercial deployment, there are some important factors that must be taken into consideration. Primarily,y challenges include:  
* _Network openness:_ major challenges are related to mobile networks edge openness, where mobile operators work to control over the entire industry chain, and business risks from each other among equipment suppliers. * _Multiple services and processes:_ Several types of third-party providers such as application developers, content providers, OTT operators, and network equipment vendors work with service type creation and IEC server cluster management. All participants have to face the challenge of new business models and the value chain. * _Durability and Resiliency:_ When integrating smart networks into a mobile base station, the robustness of the IEC server must be ensured and that the integration between them does not affect the availability of the mobile network. * _Privacy and Security:_ Integration of intelligence edge computing and other communication systems raise many challenges about the security and privacy of users and organizations. For instance, security threats of cyber-attacks with more of consideration about privacy protection when analyzing data of different users or parties. Furthermore, according to survey studies about IEC, here is a list of some open issues and challenges. These challenges are categorized as open issues that need further research and investigation. _The standard protocol:_ IEC is a modern technology that advances through the implementation phases and requires standardization arising from the collaboration of industry and researchers across an agreed platform [7]. _Effective deployment:_ The latency can be reduced to a minimum with optimized use of bandwidth through efficient deployment of IEC. However, it may look hard to optimize spectrum use with reliance on complex system components. _Mobility User and transparency:_ Providing uninterrupted services to an \"always on the go\" customer is another challenge in the IEC environment with a transparent migration process and platform heterogeneity. _Heterogeneity and scalability:_ Since high-end devices use different access technologies including 4G, 5G, Wi-Fi and Wi-Max, so the heterogeneity aspect of the smooth performance of IEC operations must be met. This also entails providing scalability to different platforms with varying numbers of users [53; 54]. _Availability and security:_ Resource availability often depends on server capacity and wireless access to ensure consistent service. Besides availability, the security of data and applications from any hacker must be provided with physical measures. _Interworking between fog clouds:_ there are three different aspects to consider in any end-to-end system when it comes to communication challenges for gates and/or fog nodes. Communication difference, which is the communications between the gateway/haze nodes and the cloud service (public or private) and the connections between the gateway/haze node and the edge/objects/sensor networks or the connections between the gateways/fog nodes themselves, so that they can share data without the need for a cloud connection. _Data management:_ The required data management capabilities include (but are not limited to) [18]:  
1. _Data normalization_, which is the assimilation, alignment, and enrichment of data from various sources (objects, devices, and sensors) into a common data model with well-understood connotations. 2. _Filter and query data_, so apps and analytics can efficiently access and use related data. 3. _Integration with Edge Analytics_ Because the whole reason this data is captured is the ability to analyze it, create new actionable insights, make decisions, and put these decisions into action. Converting data into different representations and formats for integration with the (IoT) ecosystem. 4. _Compiling abstract data and /or metadata_, as preparation for local analyzes or pushing them to cloud services [18].