## 3 Sustainability Aspects of Asphalt and Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements
### Contaminant Concentrations from Pavement Infiltration  
An increased traffic density leads to a higher concentration of contaminants on the pavement's surface. Regarding the pollutants, there are suspended solids (TSS) and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). In addition, the pollutants are chemical oxygen demand (COD), and nutrients, which are total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonia (NH\({}_{3}\)), causing water pollution [85]. A heavy metal concentration above this criterion can affect human health, harming the central nervous system, lungs, kidneys, liver, and blood composition at sub-lethal levels [86]. Furthermore, nitrification is a microbial process that causes a reduction in the nitrogen compounds concentration, such as NH\({}_{3}\), via oxidation to nitrite (NO\({}_{2}\)-) and nitrate (NO\({}_{3}\)-) [87]. This process can be a reason for the nitrogen compounds of permeable AP and ICBP infiltrates in open-air experimental fields [88]. As concrete for CPBs has pores in its structure, pollutants can be effectively retained inside the pervious ICBP system using filtration, sedimentation, and microbial removal [39]. Furthermore, the pervious AP consists of porous AC on the surface layer, and this pavement can contribute to the retention of contaminants such as ICBP. Runoff water quality samples of AP and ICBP in two replicates were collected during research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [89]. An analysis was made weekly for 22 months, and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Authors** & **Types of Pavements** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Experimental Descriptions**} & **Key Findings** \\ \hline
[38] & [PERSON] et al. & AP ICBP & - & Six test sections, with each having dimensions of 4 m \(\times\) 4 m & Under dry conditions, ICBP sections (average albedo of 0.27) were cooler than the AP section (average albedo of 0.08) by approximately 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Then, the ICBP embedded into the near-surface air. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} \\ \hline
[83] & [PERSON] et al. & AP ICBP & - & A stretch of pedestrian walkway and a bicycle lane, each 200 m long, using ICBP and AP, respectively; & In summer, after a dry period, the ICBP pedestrian walkway was cooler than the AP bicycle lane by 6.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while in winter, this difference decreased to 2.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. It showed that as the air temperature decreased, the performance of AP and ICBP about the HIE became more equivalent. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} \\ \hline
[84] & [PERSON] et al. & AP ICBP & - & Two ICBP (WR25 and WR13 with 25\% and 13\% reflectance, respectively) and an AP (AS with 8\% reflectance) with dimensions of 7 m \(\times\) 7 m & In summer conditions, as reflective pavements tend to absorb less solar energy, the surface temperature was the highest on AS (52.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C), lower on WR13 (40.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and lowest on WR25 (39.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Then, the lower the solar reflectance, the higher the pavement surface temperature. & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Effect of AP and ICBP on urban heat island. the following data were total TSS and TP. The results showed that AC presented higher pollutant concentrations (TSS = 47.8 mg/L; TP = 0.244 mg/L) than CPBs (TSS = 15.8 mg/L; TP = 0.162 mg/L). Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [90] compared the winter quality of stormwater outflows between two ICBP structures and an AP control structure. Then, compared to AP, the ICBP systems performed similarly in reducing the total pollutant loadings for Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by 62%, 70%, 86%, and 80%, respectively. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [91] investigated two ICBP sites with a control AP. Then, regarding runoff through the pavement section, NO\({}_{2}\)- + NO\({}_{3}\)- concentration from ICBP (0.44 mg/L) was 46.7% higher than AP (0.30 mg/L).