esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Climate issues are nowadays one of the most pressing societal challenges, with cities being identified among the landmarks for climate change. This study investigates the effect of urban land cover composition on a relevant climate-related variable, i.e., the air temperature. The analysis exploits different big geo-data sources, namely high-resolution satellite imagery and in-situ air temperature observations, using the city of Milan (Northern Italy) as a case study. Satellite imagery from the Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, and RapidEye missions are used to derive Local Climate Zone (LCZ) maps depicting land cover compositions across the study area. Correlation tests are run to investigate and measure the influence of land cover composition on air temperature. Results show an underlying connection between the two variables by detecting an average temperature offset of about 1.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C between heavily urbanized and vegetated urban areas. The approach looks promising in investigating urban climate at a local scale and explaining effects through maps and exploratory graphs, which are valuable tools for urban planners to implement climate change mitigation strategies. The availability of worldwide coverage datasets, as well as the exclusive use of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), provide the analysis with a potential to be empowered, replicated, and improved.  
urban climate, geo-data; Free and Open Source Software; Geographic Information Systems; satellite imagery; local climate zones; air temperature +
Footnote †: journal: Geo-Inform
## 2 Rf Model: Simulation Results vs. Experimental Measurements
### Driven Results  
In this section we describe driven RF simulations in order to analyze wave propagation, coupling and impedance matching thanks to the \(|S_{11}|\)-parameter evaluation at the RF power coupler port. A tunable capacitive coupler is used to couple the RF power from the coaxial feeder line to the cavity. In our driven RF simulation, the input port is a coaxial surface at the bottom part of the coupler design (see Figure 6). A detailed view of the electric field in the region close to the coupler is shown in Figure 6: it is possible to see the high electric field corresponding with the two gaps between the Dee and the Liner walls. Around the coupler tip, the electric field corresponds to the surface facing the Dee and in the small gap between the coupler and its supporting flange on the bottom part of the Liner. Because of this small gap and high electric field gradient, a finer meshing of this region is crucial for the quality and accuracy of the power coupling simulation.  
The coaxial-to-cavity impedance matching is obtained by varying the distance \(d\) between the movable coupler tip and the cavity median plane (see Figure 6). The coupling capacitor has a stroke of 50 mm in the interval from \(d=96\) mm to \(d=146\) mm. The optimal coupler-to-median plane distance, which gives the best impedance matching, depends on the cavity operating frequency. The behavior of the system has been well-reproduced by our model exemplified with fixed shorts position giving a resonant frequency of 33.7416 MHz. In Figure 7 the simulated \(|S_{11}|\)-parameter variation can be analyzed when the coupler is moved along its entire stroke with steps of 2.5 mm. It is relevant to notice that the trend of the S-parameter by moving the coupler is in accordance with the experimental behavior.  
Figure 6: Vertical (\(yz\) plane) cut showing the electric field intensity in the proximity of the coupler used for RF injection. The distance \(d\) between the coupler tip and the median plane is indicated. Note: arbitrary electric field normalization has been applied.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Preliminaries
#### 2.1.2 Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning  
MARL is a branch of RL in which each agent selects actions based on its own observations of the environment and receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties. The actions of all agents influence one another and collectively determine the overall system performance.  
Figure 1: Interaction between the agent and the environment.  
In MARL, agents operate in a Decentralized Partially-Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP) [20]\(\langle I,S,\{A_{i}\},P,\{O_{i}\},R,\gamma\rangle\) with partial observations \(o_{i}\sim O_{i}(s)\). The CTDE paradigm [21; 22] addresses the challenges of non-stationarity and partial observations:  
* Centralized Training: Joint policies are learned using the global information (e.g., all agents' observations).
* Decentralized Execution: Agents act independently using local observations.  
Key CTDE-based algorithms include:  
* COMA [23]: Counterfactual baselines are used for credit assignment by marginalizing individual agents' actions while keeping others fixed.
* QMIX [22]: The joint Q-value \(Q_{tot}\) is decomposed by a monotonic mixing network; this ensures that \(\frac{\partial Q_{tot}}{\partial Q_{i}}\geq 0\), enabling decentralized argmax operations.
* QTRAN [24]: QMIX's monotonicity constraint is relaxed through a transformed joint Q-value \[Q_{tot}=\sum_{i}Q_{i}+V(s)+\max_{\mathbf{u}^{\prime}}\left(\sum_{i}Q_{i}^{ \prime}-Q_{tot}^{\prime}\right),\] (1) where \(V(s)\) is a state-dependent baseline.
## 5 Local Pre-Rerouting Algorithm
### Solve for the Optimal Path Set  
In the previous section, we obtained three alternative paths through calculation, namely the shortest path path1, the second shortest path path2 and the detour path3. Our goal is to select a path for each service in the link that is about to fail so that the total propagation delay is the shortest and the link load in the limited area does not exceed the set threshold \(\beta\).  
The set of paths enabled by all services is \(C\), \(\delta_{p}\) represents whether path \(p\) is enabled,  
\[\delta_{p}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1,&\text{ }p\in C\\ 0,&\text{ }p\
otin C\end{array}\right.. \tag{14}\]  
\(A\) is the set of inter-satellite links in the entire network, \(k_{e}\) is the cost of link \(e\), \(k_{p}\) is the cost of path \(p\),  
\[k_{p}=\sum_{e\in A}y_{e}^{p}k_{e}. \tag{15}\]  
\(l_{e}\) represents the current load of link \(e\), \(\beta\) represents the set maximum link bandwidth, \(u_{e}\) represents the remaining bandwidth of link \(e\),  
\[u_{e}=\beta-l_{e}^{new}. \tag{16}\]Note the set of inter-satellite links in the limited area as \(E\), the set of business requirements in the link that is about to fail as \(D\), the set of paths of all services as \(P\) and \(w^{d}\) represents the total traffic between the source address and the destination address of business \(d\). The set of feasible paths for a specific service is recorded as \(P^{d}\), and the total propagation delay is \(Z\). The problem of traffic redistribution of failed links within a limited area can be described as:  
\[Min\ Z(\delta)=\sum_{d\in D}\sum_{p\in P^{d}}w^{d}\delta_{p}k_{p} \tag{17}\]  
\[\text{\emph{Subject to}}:\]  
\[\sum_{p\in P^{d}}\delta_{p}=1,\forall d\in D \tag{18a}\]  
\[\sum_{d\in D}\sum_{p\in P^{d}}w^{d}\delta_{p}\leq u_{e},\forall e\in E \tag{18b}\]  
\[\delta_{p}\in\{0,1\}\,\forall p\in P \tag{18c}\]  
Constraints (18a) and (18c) represent that service \(d\) has, and only has, one path that can be used for transmission, and constraint (18b) represents that the sum of all services transmitted on link \(e\) is less than the remaining capacity of the link. The optimization problem is a 0-1 type integer linear programming problem that can be solved using the implicit enumeration method. If the link maximum load \(\beta\) is set too small, the problem may not be solved. In this case, the value of \(\beta\) can be gradually increased to solve the problem.  
Due to the existence of limited areas, traffic distribution only considers load balancing within the area rather than global load balancing. The algorithm calculates three alternative paths for each source-destination node pair, and finally obtains a set of enabled paths. Considering that space routers have limited cache capabilities and insufficient support for multi-path routing, the algorithm proposed in this article only selects one of the paths. In different scenarios, the algorithm constraints can also be modified so that the traffic of specific services is distributed among different paths.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Effect of Electrode Material  
Tocopherols represent phenolic compounds differing in the number of methyl groups in the chromatol ring. An electrochemical oxidation of chromatol ring can be carried out at different electrode materials in pure MeCN, as shown in Figure 2. GCE provided the most suitable peaks separation, namely \(\alpha\)-TOH at 0.645 V, \(\gamma\)-TOH at 0.752 V, and \(\delta\)-TOH at 0.857 V, due to slower charge transfer at carbon-based over metal-based electrodes [28]. Hence, other carbon-based electrode materials were compared with GCE; however, no improvement was observed.  
Figure 2: SWV of 50 \(\upmu\)mol L\({}^{-1}\)\(\alpha\)-TOH, \(\gamma\)-TOH, and \(\delta\)-TOH at different tested working electrodes. The corresponding experiments were performed in 99.9% MeCN containing 0.1 mol L\({}^{-1}\) LiClO\({}_{4}\) at \(E_{\text{step}}\) = 5 mV, \(E_{\text{ampl}}\) = 25 mV, and \(f\) = 20 Hz.  
In 2006, [PERSON] et al. explained the electrochemical behaviour of all tocopherol forms and proposed ECE mechanism [5]. Furthermore, they observed a dependence of their anodic peak potentials on numbers of methyl groups on the chromanol ring [5]. Fundamentally, methyl groups have a positive inductive effect, and therefore they release electron density into the benzene ring since these methyl groups, being sp3 hybridized, are less electronegative than the sp2 hybridized aromatic carbons [5]. Accordingly, investigated tocopherols are anodically oxidized in the following order: \(\alpha\)-TOH (three), \(\beta\)-TOH (two), \(\gamma\)-TOH (two), and \(\delta\)-TOH (one) methyl groups [24].
# Robust CNN Compression Framework for Security-Sensitive Embedded Systems
## 4 Experiments
### Computational and Space Complexity  
To show the computational and memory efficiency of APD in comparison to other methods, here we provide a short analysis without big O notations. The most dominant part of the training procedure of CNNs in terms of computational complexity is the forward and backward operations. For a given network and input data, we denoted the amount of computation for a forward as \(F\) and the amount of computation for a backward as \(B\). In addition, we supposed that the number of iterations for training given network is \(I_{T}\) and the number of iterations for generating adversarial example as \(I_{A}\). Then, the computational complexity of most of the pruning methods such as FPGM is \(I_{T}\times(F+B)\). DD contains additional forward operations for generating the SoftMax output of the teacher network resulting in \(I_{T}\times(2F+B)\). A relatively large increase of computational complexity for APD and [PERSON] et al. is inevitable since the adversarial training requires an iterative adversarial attack for every iteration. Considering this, the computational complexity of [PERSON] et al. is \(I_{T}\times(F+B+I_{A}\times F)\), where APD requires \(I_{T}\times(2F+B+I_{A}\times F)\) since it contains both adversarial training and knowledge distillation.  
On the other hand, the most dominant part of the space complexity of the training procedure is the number of learning parameters. To describe the space complexity, let us denote the number of weights of the given network as \(P\). FPGM requires no additional parameter and therefore its complexity is \(P\). The space complexity of DD and APD are \(2P\) since they require a teacher and a student network to perform knowledge distillation. [PERSON] et al. requires two additional parameters for ADMM and a large \(3P\) space complexity in result. Compared to [PERSON] et al., the analysis shows that APD requires far less memory with the cost of an additional forward step.
###### Abstract  
To investigate the influence of varied mechanical parameters of coal mass on rock burst occurrence during deep roadway tunneling, the surrounding coal and rock mass of a deep roadway were taken as the research objects. A geometric model of roadway tunneling was developed using 3 DEC numerical simulation software, and the failure characteristics of the coal mass in the roadway side were analyzed based on the rock burst mechanism and stress difference gradient theory for deep mining. The risk of rock burst during roadway tunneling was quantitatively assessed using the change rate of the stress difference gradient (\(D_{gc}\)), thereby elucidating the burst failure patterns of the deep roadway under the influence of varied mechanical parameters. The findings indicate that the coal mass in the roadway side zone is more prone to burst failure due to stress disturbances during deep excavation compared to the coal and rock mass in the roof and floor zones, and that the released kinetic energy and the risk of burst failure are positively correlated with the magnitude of the ground stress. The variation of the mechanical properties of coal mass has a significant effect on the rock burst risk during roadway tunneling. The variation of both internal friction angle and cohesion significantly affects rock burst, with cohesion exerting a greater influence. Conversely, the elastic modulus does not significantly impact the risk. The tendency of bursting in the coal mass is positively correlated with the coefficient of variation (COV) in cohesion and negatively correlated with the COV in internal friction angle. These research findings offer valuable insights for the quantitative assessment of rock burst risk during roadway tunneling.  
variation of coal mass parameter; rock burst; 3 DEC numerical simulation; change rate of stress difference gradient +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
doi:10.3390/app14188211
## 3 Shake-Table Tests of Model with Innovative Infill Connection (Model IW-SB)
### Ground Motion for Shake-Table Tests  
The input ground motion used for the shake-table experiments was the recorded seismic event from the Herceg-Novi station during the 15 April 1979 Montenegro earthquake (Figure 18). This earthquake had a moment magnitude (Mw) of 6.9 and a hypocentral depth of approximately 12 km. The Herceg-Novi acceleration record was selected due to its relevance to the seismotectonic conditions of the Balkan region. Recorded in the Dinaric seismic zone--a highly active area influenced by the Adriatic-Eurasian plate interaction--it captures ground motion characteristics typical for the Balkans. The record reflects near-field effects of a shallow crustal earthquake, with appropriate PGA values and frequency content that align well with the expected seismic demands on these kinds of structures in the region. Furthermore, given the limited availability of strong-motion data from past regional events, Herceg-Novi stands out as one of the few reliable and representative records for dynamic analysis in this context.  
To accommodate the 1:2.5 geometric scaling of the tested structure, the original seismic record was time-scaled by compressing its duration by a factor of 2.5, consistent with similitude  
Figure 18: Acceleration time histories and frequency content of the applied earthquake.  
requirements. Prior to scaling, the record was subjected to baseline correction to eliminate any low-frequency drifts. Subsequently, the signal was amplitude-scaled to generate input motions corresponding to different target levels of peak ground acceleration (PGA).  
A total of 14 shake-table tests were conducted, of which 12 constituted seismic response tests. These tests involved incremental increases of the PGA from 0.05 g up to 1.6 g, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the structural behavior across the full seismic intensity spectrum. This approach allowed for systematic observation of the structure's response, capturing the transition from linear elastic behavior, through the initiation of cracking in the masonry infill walls, to the progressive development of failure mechanisms.
## 4 Discussion
We confirmed similar polyphenol levels and radical scavenging properties in our beer samples; a greater scavenging capacity against the ABTS radical was also highlighted for beer with 0.25% \(w/v\) spirulina compared to beer, thus suggesting that some compounds found in spirulina, such as fatty acids and/or sugars, may contribute to the increase in antioxidant power [47; 48]. Using confocal microscopy, riboflavin autofluorescence can be observed in yeast cells, providing relevant information on this important cofactor [27]. In general, riboflavin fluorescence is influenced by several factors, including pH and the presence of other molecules [49]. Through this technique, it is possible to trace the amount of riboflavin inside the yeast cells under different conditions. Because riboflavin is known to play a vital role in ROS detoxification through its ability to act as an antioxidant, the obtained data in our investigation suggest that cells treated with spirulina are presumably more stressed than yeast cells grown without spirulina. Therefore, it can be inferred that beer with spirulina contains more riboflavin, which may be beneficial. The sample of beer with spirulina 0.25% \(w/v\) also showed increased cytoprotective properties towards the oxidative damage induced by tBOOH, improving the cell viability and lowering the intracellular ROS levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the cytoprotective antioxidant properties of beer before and after the addition of spirulina. A previous study showed the ability of an alcoholic dark beer extract to confer protection against the oxidative damage of hydrogen peroxide in brain cell models [50]. Our results also showed that spirulina was able to increase the basal cytosolic Nrf levels, although without counteracting the lowering induced by tBOOH; moreover, it strengthened the ability of beer to counteract the oxidative damage of tBOOH and to increase the cytosolic levels of Nrf2. Our results are in agreement with previous studies that highlighted the ability of spirulina to upregulate the expression of Nrf2 and detoxification antioxidant genes, such as CAT and NQO-1 [4; 37; 51]. Although future studies are required to clarify the kind of interaction between spirulina and beer and the mechanisms of action, adding spirulina seems to be an interesting strategy to protect hepatic cells from oxidative damage via an Nrf2 response stimulation.
# Experimental Study of Influence of Plant Roots on Dynamic Characteristics of Clay
###### Abstract  
Conducting research on the dynamic behavior of root-soil systems is crucial for accurately assessing the seismic response of ecological slopes, thereby providing a scientific foundation for the development of appropriate seismic design measures. Documentation of the improvement of soil dynamics through vegetation root systems is insufficient in the current research. This study utilizes resonance column tests to explore how root systems influence the dynamic properties of clayey soil and to uncover the mechanisms behind this enhancement. The results indicate that both root distribution and mass density have a significant impact on the soil's dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio. When roots are distributed in the upper part of the soil, the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of the soil are higher than in cases of even distribution or concentration in the lower part. The dynamic shear modulus initially increases and then decreases with the increase in root mass density, reaching its peak at a root mass density of 1.5% g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\). The damping ratio is influenced by both root mass density and confining pressure, with different critical root mass densities observed under varying confining pressures. The maximum enhancement in dynamic shear modulus is 27.6%, achieved at a 3% root mass density, with a peak damping ratio of 5.39%. Variations in both dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain follow the Hardin-Drarevich hyperbolic curve.  
plant roots and clay; resonant column test; dynamic characteristics; dynamic shear modulus; damping ratio; root mass density Article
# Simultaneous Measurement of Refractive Index and Flow Rate Using a Co\({}^{2+}\)-Doped Microfiber
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper has presented an integrated Co-MFBGS, which can measure the LRI and LFR simultaneously. A single straight Bragg grating was written in a section of Co\({}^{2+}\)-doped fiber and then immersed into aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution to fabricate a Co-MFBGS with a diameter of 16.7 \(\mu\)m. The Co-MFBGS of the proposed sensor provides well-defined resonances in reflection; by detecting the wavelength of the cladding mode and core mode, the LRI and LFR can be measured, respectively, and they can be distinguished by the change of wavelength separation between cladding mode and core mode, and the temperature cross-impact of LRI measurements is also eliminated. The experimental results show that in aqueous glycerin solution the maximum measurement sensitivity for LRI detection is \(-\)7.85 nm/RIU, and the LFR sensitivity is \(-\)1.93 nm/(\(\mu\)L/s) at a flow rate 0.21 \(\mu\)L/s. The proposed Co-MFBGS can potentially be used in bioengineering, medicine, environmental protection, etc.  
Conceptualization, D.L., R.G. and Z.L.; Data curation, D.L. and R.G.; Formal analysis, D.L.; Funding acquisition, R.G.; Investigation, D.L. and R.G.; Methodology, D.L., R.G. and Z.L.; Project administration, R.G.; Resources, D.L., R.G. and A.Q.; Software, R.G. and A.Q.; Supervision, R.G.; Validation, R.G.; Writing--original draft, D.L.; Writing--review and editing, D.L., R.G., Z.L. and A.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62022016, 61835002, 61727817), in part by the Open Fund of IPOC (Beijing University of Posts and Telecom- munications), grant numbers IPOC2020A007 and IPOC2020A006.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Result and Discussion  
This section discusses various comparative experiments and evaluation metrics to analyze and demonstrate that the CEEMDAN-MIC-FCBF-BiLSTM model outperforms current state-of-the-art data-driven models in accurately predicting energy consumption in large public buildings. The research goal of this paper is to design an energy consumption prediction model suitable for large public buildings with complex functional zones.