## 4 Results and Discussion
### Stated Preferences for Daytime and Nighttime Travel Mode  
To analyze travel mode preferences at different times of day, several model specifications were estimated and compared. The process started with a baseline MNL model including only ASCs. Explanatory variables, such as level of service and other travel-related attributes, were then incrementally added. Model performance was assessed using LL and BIC, as previously described. To address potential IIA violations, several NL models with alternative structures were tested. Table 3 summarizes the results. The final NL model (NL extended) achieved the lowest BIC and the highest LL, indicating superior model fit. Moreover, all estimated nest-specific scale parameters (\(\lambda\)) lie strictly between 0 and 1 and are significantly different from 1, supporting the statistical validity of the nesting structure and justifying its selection for the final analysis. The estimated nested logit model reveals significant differences in travel mode preferences between daytime and nighttime contexts, as shown in Table 4. The findings suggest  
Figure 5: Trip purposes of RP nighttime usage (n = 90). Figure 6: Transport modes used before and after nighttime RP trips (n = 90). that individuals are less sensitive to travel times and costs when traveling by RP or private car at night. This is consistent, on the one hand, with findings by [PERSON] (2018) and [PERSON] et al. (2018), who report a significantly increased likelihood of nighttime car use. On the other hand, the results also align with [PERSON] et al. (2018) and [PERSON] et al. (2018), who found peak RP demand around midnight, particularly when PT options are limited. Moreover, access and egress times for RP services are perceived less negatively at night, indicating that users are more willing to accept longer walking distances to and from the service during nighttime hours. In terms of gender differences, women exhibit a lower preference for RP and walking at night compared to daytime, likely due to reduced perceived safety during nighttime, as documented by previous research (2018, 2019, 2020). Similarly, bicycle owners shift toward private car use at night, likely due to reduced visibility and safety concerns, though biking remains their dominant mode overall. Among individuals with mobility impairments, PT is preferred during the day, whereas taxis are more frequently chosen at night, suggesting that differences in service availability, accessibility, or perceived convenience may influence this shift. For trips to major transport hubs, RP appears to be the preferred mode during the day, particularly for accessing the main train station. At night, however, the distribution of mode choices becomes more balanced, with taxis slightly more frequently chosen than RP or PT, possibly due to their greater reliability as connecting modes to scheduled rail services. In contrast, for leisure and homebound trips, private car usage is less common at night than during the day. This pattern may be related to a higher prevalence of social activities in walkable areas, reducing the need for private car use during evening hours. In terms of service familiarity, individuals who are familiar with RP services are more likely to choose this mode both during the day and at night. Additionally, they show a significantly lower tendency to use the private car at night, suggesting that RP may function as a perceived substitute for private car use, especially in nighttime contexts. However, among frequent RP users, a stronger preference for RP is only evident during the daytime. This difference may be linked to lower demand or altered mobility patterns during nighttime. A similar day-night divide is observed in relation to PT pass ownership, which is positively associated with PT use and negatively associated with private car use during the day. These effects are not observed at night, which may be related to reduced PT service frequency, limited spatial coverage, or decreased perceived safety of transit systems during nighttime.