esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Simulation of the Infiltration of Fractured Rock in the Unsaturated Zone
## 2 Mathematical Model
### Solving the Pressure and Transport Equations  
The pressure Equation (6) is solved by applying the standard linear finite element method. The discretised form of this equation leads to definite integrals for each element  
\[\int_{\Omega}\
abla N^{T}\mathbf{k}\lambda_{t}\
abla\mathbf{N}d\Omega\ \mathbf{p}=\int_{ \Gamma}\mathbf{N}^{T}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{q}_{s}d\Gamma+\int_{\Omega}\mathbf{N}^{T}\mathbf{N}\mathbf{q}_{t }d\Omega+\int_{\Omega}\
abla\mathbf{N}^{T}\mathbf{k}g\mathbf{N}(\lambda_{\mathbf{n}}\mathbf{p}_{n}+ \lambda_{\mathbf{w}}\mathbf{p}_{w})d\Omega \tag{9}\]  
Here, \(\mathbf{N}\) is the vector of finite element basis functions. An assembly process iterates over all the finite elements accumulating the algebraic system of equations. Solving this system delivers the global pressure at the finite element nodes. Whether the pressure across multiplicated nodes needs to be coupled or not, depends on whether there is cross-flow over the corresponding interfaces. Several methods can be employed to solve this constrained system of equations, for instance, Lagrange multipliers, augmented Lagrange, and-or penalty methods, see [PERSON] and [PERSON] [63]. Like [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49], we modify off-diagonal terms of the global conductance matrix and right-hand vector to collapse nodal degrees of freedom as necessary. Once the global pressure has been found, the total velocity is retrieved from [PERSON]'s law in a post-processing operation. Next, the finite volume method is applied to solve Equation (7). The forward Euler time marching scheme advances the wetting phase saturation.  
\[\frac{S_{w}^{t+\Delta t}-S_{w}^{\Delta t}}{\Delta t}\Delta V=-\sum_{i=1}^{N}F_{ w,i}+q_{w,i} \tag{10}\]  
where \(\Delta V\) is the pore volume of the control volume. The wetting-phase flux over a finite volume facet is computed by  
\[F_{w,i}=\oint_{\Gamma_{i}}\mathbf{v}_{w,i}\mathbf{n}_{i}d\Gamma\approx(f_{w,i}^{up}\mathbf{ v}_{i,i}+\lambda_{i}^{up}\mathbf{k}_{i}(\
abla p_{c}-(\rho_{w}-\rho_{n})\mathbf{g})).A_{i}. \mathbf{n}_{i} \tag{11}\]  
This method works everywhere in the model except at material interfaces where fluxes between disjoint mesh patches need to be computed.
# Holographic Mixed Reality System for Air Traffic Control and Management
## 4 Proposed Mixed Reality System
### Three-Dimensional Spatial Audio Signals  
Immersive audio plays a vital role in giving a signal to someone because it gives a sense about the direction of sound to the listener. The 3D spatial sound was also made available with the airplane. It helped the air traffic controller to easily understand the location of an airplane within the mixed reality environment while monitoring the airfield. There were two main audio signals: The airplane's engine sound in normal cases and the alarm sound in the case of an emergency situation. In this way, the controller could get an alarm about approaching flights or any emergency situation in a timely way. Moreover, with spatial sound effects, the controller could easily navigate to the right location of the airplane.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### PCR Analysis  
Plants from the T3 generation were grown, and after 30 days, leaves from lines 3A, 5A, and 6B 355::TPS1-TPS2 and 1A, 1B, 1C, and 6B rd29A::TPS1-TPS2 were used to analyze the inserted T-DNA. The PCR reaction was performed using genomic DNA isolated from transformed leaves (200 mg). In the first reaction, 200 ng DNA was used as template, and the primers 5\({}^{\prime}\)-GTTCCTGCAGAGACACTTCCC-3\({}^{\prime}\) and 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CGTCAGTGAAAGTCATCACCC-3\({}^{\prime}\) were used to amplify an internal 1800 bp fragment of the _ScTPS1-TPS2_ construct (Figure 1a). The reaction conditions were one cycle at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min; 40 cycles of 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s; 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 min; 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 min; and a final extension of 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min. In the second reaction, a 1:500 dilution of the first reaction product was used as template, and oligonucleotides 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CTGTGCAATGAGTTGTC-3\({}^{\prime}\) and 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CTACGCTTAGCCTTGCTTGTAG-3\({}^{\prime}\) were used to amplify an internal 680 bp fragment of the _ScTPS1-TPS2_ construct (Figure 1a). Reaction conditions were one cycle at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min; 40 cycles of 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s; 57 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 min; 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 min; and a final extension of 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min. Taq DNA polymerase (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) was used for the PCR analysis.  
Figure 1: Bifunctional enzyme transgene detection. (**a**) PCR products of internal 1800 bp and 680 bp region of inserted construction. (**b**) PCR product of an internal 680 bp region of inserted construction. Negative control (Neg.); positive control (Pos.); transformed lines with 355::TPS1-TPS2 (355-3 and 355-2 lines) or rd29A::TPS1-TPS2 (rd-1C and rd-1B) constructs; non-transformed lines (NT).
## 6 Experimental Results  
To examine the new insights provided by the new expressions for the log likelihood ratio, we study the log likelihood ratio for three important speech codecs that have been used extensively in the past, namely G.726 [17], G.729 [18], and AMR-NB [19], at different transmitted bit rates. Note that we do not study the newest standardized voice codec, designated Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) [20], since it is not widely deployed at present. Further, AMR was standardized in December 2000 and has been the default codec in 3 GPP cellular systems, including Long Term Evolution (LTE), through 2014, when the new EVS codec was standardized [19; 21]. LTE will still be widely used until there is a larger installed base of the EVS codec. AMR is also the codec (more specifically, its wideband version) that is planned for use in U.S. next generation emergency first respondanceation systems [22]. For more information on these codecs, the speech coding techniques, and the cellular applications, see [PERSON] [23].  
We use two different speech sequences as inputs, \"We were away a year ago\", spoken by a male speaker, and \"A lathe is a big tool\", spoken by a female speaker, filtered to 200 to 3400 Hz, often called _narrowband speech_, and sampled at 8000 samples/s. In addition to calculating the log likelihood ratio, we also use the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality-Mean Opinion Score (PESQ-MOS) [24] to give a general guideline as to the speech quality obtained in each case.  
After processing the original speech through each of the codecs, we employed a 25 ms Hamming window and calculated the log likelihood ratio over nonoverlapping 25 ms segments. Studies of the effect of overlapping the windows by 5 ms and 10 ms showed that the results and conclusions remain the same as for the nonoverlapping case.  
Common thresholds designated in past studies for the log likelihood ratio, \(d\), are what is called a statistically significant threshold of 0.3 and a perceptually significant threshold of 0.9. Of course, neither threshold is a precise delineation, and we show in our studies that refinements are needed. We also follow prior conventions and study a transformation of \(d\) that takes into account the effects of the chosen window [8], namely, \(D=N_{eff}\cdot d\), where \(N_{eff}\) is the effective window length, which for the Hamming window is \(N_{eff}=0.3975\times N\approx 80\), where \(N\) is the rectangular window length of \(N=200\) for 25 ms and 8000 samples/s [4]. With these values, we set the statistically significant and perceptually significant thresholds for \(D\) at 24 and 72, respectively.
# Physical and Functional Characteristics of Extrudates Prepared from Quinoa Enriched with Goji Berry
## 4 Conclusions  
The physical and functional characteristics of extrudates from quinoa enriched with goji berries depended on the goji berries' amount and the feed moisture content. The increase in moisture content from 13 to 19% resulted in extrudates with a lower expansion ratio, water absorption index, water solubility index, specific mechanical energy, and a higher density and hardness of the extrudates. The increase in goji berry's amount from 1 to 5% caused a decrease in the expansion ratio, water absorption index and hardness, and an increase in density, water solubility index, and specific mechanical energy. Optimal extrusion conditions to produce extrudates from quinoa enriched with goji berry were established at 16.3% feed moisture content and 1.32% goji berry amount. The results showed that it is possible to add a small amount of dried goji berry without a significant deterioration of the physical and functional characteristics of the extrudate.  
Conceptualization, M.D. and A.S., methodology, M.D. and A.S.; software, M.D. and A.S.; validation, M.D. and N.M.; formal analysis, M.D., A.S. and T.P.; investigation, M.D., A.S. and T.P.; resources, M.D. and N.M.; data curation, M.D., A.S., T.P. and N.M.; writing--original draft preparation, M.D., A.S. and N.M.; writing--review and editing, M.D., A.S., N.M., I.D. and D.M.; visualization, M.D., A.S. and N.M.; supervision, M.D. and N.M.; project administration, M.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Response Variable** & **Value** \\ \hline ER & 2.03 \\ BD & 0.17 g/cm\({}^{3}\) \\ WAI & 7.16 g/g \\ WSI & 21.36\% \\ HD & 25.19 N \\ SME & 51.28 Wh/kg \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Physical characteristics of extrudates at the optimal combination of independent variables.
## 5 Case Study
### Characterization of the Measurement Error and Its Effect
To perform a reliability assessment of such approximation, the Kaplan-Meier method can be considered to define the reliability function. In order to assess the goodness of fit of the four stochastic processes we consider a graphical method such as the Q-Q plots. In Figure 7, the Q-Q plots for the different stochastic processes are presented for the true degradation. Figure 6: Illustration of differences between the observed degradation paths and true degradation paths. Figure 7: Q-Q plots for true degradation under different stochastic processes. It can be noted from Figure 7 that the gamma process seems to have a better fit. In addition to the Q-Q plots, we also performed the Cramer-von Mises goodness of fit test for all the models. The obtained Cramer-von Mises statistics were, for gamma 0.056918, for IG 0.20057, for GBM 0.1748 and for Wiener 0.18345. By considering the critical value for the Cramer-von Mises statistic for a significance level of 0.1 of 0.173, it can be noted that the gamma process is the only one not rejected. Thus, we consider the gamma process to govern the true deconvoluted degradation.
## 6 Case Application
For a complex-mechanism product such as TWTA, different parameters have their own special contribution to the performance of the product, and it may overestimate the reliability of the TWTA if considering only the degradation of a single performance parameter, and the reliability of the product between the final prediction and the actual value discrepancy will increase with time if taking no account of the correlation of different degradation parameters. Combined with the reliability definition in Equation (20), it can be seen that there is a competitive relationship between the two performance characteristics. Reliability evaluations are more conservative than a single index and are more influenced by the performance index of the helix current that reaches the failure threshold first. In addition, there is a correlation between the helix current and anode voltage, as we described in Section 2.1. Consequently, it is unreasonable to assume complete independence between them. This is also illustrated by the differences between reliability evaluation results based on mutual independence and correlation, as shown in Figure 5.  
Besides, the mean time to failure (MTTF) evaluated by the model proposed in this paper is 127.86 months, that is, 10.655 years. This is in line with the engineering estimation because there were still some key technologies of TWTA that had not been completely \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Copula Function** & **[PERSON]** & **Gumbel** & **Clayton** \\ \hline \(\hat{\theta}\) & 3.267 & 1.65 & 2.394 \\ AIC & \(-\)3072.3 & \(-\)3048.2 & \(-\)3011.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: AIC values of each Copula function. Figure 6: Reliability function curves of different cases. broken through when they started the in-orbit application. Meanwhile, in engineering, it is generally agreed that the life of the TWTA is mainly determined by the cathode's life, while the helix current is a comprehensive index of the TWTA, and its variation is affected by many factors. It is difficult to describe the relationship between the helix current and the life of the TWTA by an equation and is worth further studying the failure mechanism of TWTA with the helix current.
## 3 Dynamic Modified Numerical Model of RC Columns
### Influences of Model Complexity on the Simulated Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Geometric Size**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(f_{e}\)} & \(f_{g}\) & \(\lambda\) & \(\rho_{I}\) & \(S\) & \(n_{0}\) & **Failure Mode** \\  & **(mm)** & **(MPa)** & **(MPa)** & **(\%)** & **(mm)** & **(mm)** & **(\%)** & **(mm)** & **(\%)** \\ \hline Case-1 & 300 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 800 & 50 & 500 & 2.67 & 2.26\% & 50 & 0.4 & Flexural \\ Case-2 & 300 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 550 & 50 & 400 & 1.83 & 2.26\% & 50 & 0.2 & Flexural-shear \\ Case-3 & 300 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 550 & 30 & 335 & 1.83 & 2.26\% & 50 & 0.4 & Shear \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: \(\lambda\) = shear span ratio of RC column members; \(\rho_{I}\) = longitudinal reinforcement ratio; \(S\) = stirrup spacing and \(n_{0}\) = axial load ratio.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Design parameters of RC columns for case study. modification was more obvious for columns under flexural-shear and shear failure modes; when the shear sub-element was further incorporated for columns under flexural-shear failure mode (Figure 9f), the hysteretic curve exhibited accelerated degradation in the failure stage. For columns under shear failure mode, the degradation of bearing capacity and stiffness in Model-6 (Figure 10f) was comparatively more significant. Furthermore, the results of bearing capacity and displacement ductility between the numerical models with and without the dynamic modification are quantitatively compared in Table 6. For the three representative cases, it was found that the dynamic modification to a single sub-element led to an increase of bearing capacity and an increase of ductility, while the dynamic modification to two and three sub-elements led to an increase of bearing capacity and a decrease of ductility. Due to the fact that in most dynamic loading test results the ductility of RC columns exhibited a decreasing trend [6; 7], it was more reliable to simulate the hysteretic behavior of RC columns with bond-slip and shear sub-elements. Moreover, to more accurately simulate the mechanical behaviors of RC columns under seismic loading rate, dynamic modification also needed to be taken into account.
## 1 Introduction  
Owing to the rapid increase in the ageing population, more ophthalmic diseases than ever require regular diagnosis and early prevention; thus, the demand for ophthalmic medicals has increased. As technology has progressed, ophthalmic diagnostic equipment technology has been enhanced [1; 2], from the early stages, when doctors diagnosed using eye observation, it has evolved into the current indirect tomography scans. An ophthalmoscope is one of the most important pieces of equipment in ophthalmology clinics. To enhance the convenience of a diagnosis, the ophthalmoscope has evolved from a handheld instrument into an indirect ophthalmoscope and a headset ophthalmoscope. Since the requirements for optical system specifications have increased, system module expansions requiringcomplicated operation are necessary to obtain good imaging quality [3,4]. However, so far there has been no breakthrough that obviates the need for the traditional ophthalmoscope. Therefore, the new generation of optical design requires more innovative breakthrough ideas for ophthalmic medical applications. At the same time, current electronic equipment is gradually raising the system requirements and moving toward creating business opportunities for wearable electronics, which allow users to take advantage of science and technology. This goal is a shared vision for academics and manufacturers to study and hopefully make breakthroughs. Ophthalmoscope equipment is mostly stored in hospitals for use by doctors; thus, patients need to go to a hospital for diagnosis and treatment. However, the development of the cloud and big data technology has made it technically feasible for today's patients to receive medical care at home. If it were possible to use an ophthalmoscope at home, patients could operate the equipment themselves and transfer the data to the hospital using the cloud. This would improve the convenience of being diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. Starting with the demand for a home-use ophthalmoscope, this paper proposes a novel glasses-type 3D ophthalmoscope design. The glasses-type 3D ophthalmoscope design is primarily based on the specifications of indirect ophthalmoscope requirements and two working spectrums: one near infrared and the other the visible spectrum. The ophthalmoscope is based on right angle prism to design a 2.5x magnification telecentric relay system with fixed focal length and F/# = 2.0. As a result, the infrared spectrums at 965 nm and 985 nm have better transmittance towards human eye tissue. The visible and the near-infrared spectra are applied to assist increasing the basis of a physician's diagnosis. In this research, we conclude that a wearable ophthalmoscope can be designed optically and mechanically with 3D technology, infrared and visible working spectrum and further, possibly in cooperation with the cloud and big data analysis.
# A FBG Intensity Modulation System Combined with an Optical Whispering Gallery Mode Edge Filter
## 4 Results and Discussion  
In this study, we utilized a FBG sensor combined with a WGM edge filter to establish an intensity modulation system. We measured the opto-electrical signals of the modulation system and the strain signals of the strain gauge in two distinct modes. First, we used the vibrating interrogation system to perform static mode experiments and calibrate the system. In the next step, we utilized the modulation system to interrogate the signals under different vibrating frequencies generated by the PZT. Figure 7 shows the relationships between the opto-electrical signals and the strain values of the strain gauge for the different resonant wavelengths of the WGM edge filter. The sensitivities of the intensity modulation system were \(4.919\times 10^{-5},4.573\times 10^{-5}\), \(3.395\times 10^{-5}\) and \(3.02\times 10^{-5}\) V/\(\upmu\epsilon\). According to the results of the experiments, we can state that when the trough of the WGM edge filter gets closer to the FBG resonant peak, the sensitivity of the modulation system would be lower. Consequently, we can utilize the voltage as a function of strain to calculate the measured signals from the system. Figure 8a-f shows the dynamic voltage signals of the FBG intensity modulation system and the oscillating strain values of the strain gauge. The dip of the resonant wavelength for the WGM edge filter was 1535.10 nm. As the vibrating frequency was at 5, 20, 60, 100, 400, and 1000 Hz, the values of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were 21.2, 19.07, 22.55, 23.14, 20.72, and 22.69, respectively. From the results of the experiment, we discovered that the FBG sensor interrogation system would have better efficiency in terms of filtration and a small noise signal at 100 Hz but that the voltage and the strain signals would exhibit phase differences when the frequency of the PZT was over 100 Hz. The SNRs of the other three sets of dynamic mode tests with different wavelengths of the WGM edge filter are summarized in Table 1. Based on the results of the experiments, we found that when the wavelength of the WGM edge filter was 1535.10 nm, the lowest noise signal and the best efficiency in terms of filtration were acquired within 100 Hz and that the voltage signals were consistent with the signals of the strain gauge. It can be seen from Table 1 that as the wavelength of the WGM edge filter was 1542.05 nm, the highest SNRs were measured at the frequencies of 400 and 1000 Hz. The results also showed that when the peak of the resonant wavelength of the FBG corresponded to the positive slope region of the  
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the experimental structure of the FBG intensity modulation system based on a WGM edge filter. PD: photo detector.
## 5 Discussion
The paper of [PERSON] [23] proposed a lightweight and secure authentication scheme between brokers and IoT devices for a publish-subscribe protocol (MQTT) in a distributed fog computing architecture using the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral (ECDHE) key exchange algorithm along with the pre-shared key (PSK). Based on the proposed design of the distributed MQTT architecture, a broker can connect multiple brokers. However, the paper did not handle the authentication mechanism between brokers. In addition, broker communication requires mutual authentication, which is a complex and non-feasible operation with the proposed architecture due to each broker being authenticated more than once at the same time (based on the number of brokers it is connected to). This increases communication overhead, network congestion, and security threats. Figure 12: Storage overhead for clients and brokers in Diro’s scheme and our scheme. Although [PERSON]'s scheme uses the pre-shared key authentication instead of the heavyweight certificate-based authentication, the communication overhead is extremely high. Compared with our scheme, there is a vast disparity in the communication overhead. As shown in Figure 13, the communication overhead in [PERSON]'s scheme require 83,760 bits and 25,920 bits for the client and fog gateway (broker), respectively. This is much greater than our scheme which cost 1136 bits for client, 1776 bits for FB, and 640 bits for CB. The level of overhead in our scheme is highly acceptable for the FB because it can offer processing and storage resources with much higher capabilities than resource-constrained devices. Furthermore, the condition of the increased communication overhead of our scheme can be justified since it presents several advantages. Beside the lightweight mutual authentication, our proposed architecture provides scalability by scaling the brokers and their associated AMs horizontally and vertically so that the proposed architecture can accommodate the rapid growth of IoT devices and to handle the massive amount of communication, processing and storage requirements. In addition, deploying the authentication manager in each broker facilitates security management and reduces the flow of a large number of authentication requests because each group of Cs is handled independently. This leads to decreased network congestion and bottlenecks, and in cases where a broker and its AM are compromised, the whole system is not compromised.