esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Diet and Asthma: A Narrative Review
## 4 Diet and Asthma
### Fruits and Vegetables
Diets that have a high intake of fruits and vegetable are widely recommended for their health-promoting properties due to their mineral, vitamin, dietary fiber, and bioactive content [47]. Table 1 summarizes the results of different research studies on fruit and vegetable intake and asthma. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fruits and** & & & \\
**Vegetables** & & & \\ \hline
**Author, Year,** & & & \\
**Study Design** & **Sample, Age** & **Dietary** & **Results** \\ \hline  & A total of 208 children & Dietary intake assessed through a & \\  & (median age (years)) (quartiles & 108-item food frequency & \\  & (Q)25, Q75)), & questionnaire (FFQ): fruit and & Higher FVI: (+) inflammation. \\ Cross-sectional [54] & comprising 158 asthmatic & vegetable index (FVI); & Higher MDI: (+) lung function. \\  & children, 9.6 (7.9, 11.0 y), and & Mediterranean diet index (MDI) & \\  & fifty non-ashmatic children, 9.3 & were constructed. & \\  & (7.9, 11.5 y). & Dietary intake assessed by 4-point & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2007, & A total of 130 children with & FFQ: 8 food items (margarine, \\  & mild-to-moderate asthma were & butter, milk, fresh fruit, tomatoes, \\  & included (mean age: N/R). & salad, cooked vegetables & \\  & & and nuts). & \\ \hline  & & Vegetable intake and fruit intake & \\ [PERSON] et al., 2021, & In total, 647 children, with & were assessed by a single & Higher daily vegetable diversity \\  & 44 asthmatics, were included. & self-reported 24-h recall & intake: (+) asthma prevalence; \\  & mean age = 8.81 \(\pm\) 0.80 y. & questionnaire. A diversity score & (+) airway inflammation; \\  & & for fruits and vegetables & (+) breathing difficulties. \\  & & was built. & \\ \hline  & & Child’s food consumption were & \\  & In total, 3053 children, with & assessed by 3-day food records at & All fruits and vegetables intake: \\  & 184 incidents with asthma. & the age of 3 and 6 months, and at & (=) asthma prevalence. \\  & Children were evaluated up to & 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. & Leafy vegetables and \\  & 5 years of age. & Consumption of processed and & unprocessed vegetables intake: \\  & & unprocessed fruits and vegetables & (+) asthma prevalence. \\  & & was calculated. & \\ \hline  & & Follow-up of a low-antioxidant & \\  & & diet during 10 days, then & Lower intake of \\  & & commence of a randomized, & \\  & & cross-over trial involving & (\(-\)) asthma control; \\ Randomized & mean age \(\pm\) SEM = 52.1 \(\pm\) 2.4 y. & 3 \(\times\) 7-day treatment arms & \\  & (placebo, tomato extract (45 mg & \\  & lycopene/day) and tomato juice & \\  & (45 mg lycopene/day). & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Studies evaluating the effects of fruit and vegetable intake on asthma and asthmatics related outcomes.
The objective of this research was to test the method of non-invasive individual identification of the fish without a pattern on their body from the images and see if this approach is stable within a certain time. Therefore, in this study, we developed a fully automatic approach for the machine-vison photo-identification of individual fish and demonstrated this method on the ornamental fish Sumatra Barb [27]. This automatic approach uses the unique position of stripes on a fish's body for identification. This work studied 43 ornamental fish only; therefore, we updated the approach for the commercial species of Atlantic salmon. We [28] developed an automated system for individual-fish identification using a fisheye pattern. The identification accuracy was over 95% for 330 individuals over a short-term period. The long-term stability of the iris pattern was also studied for two, four, and six months of fish cultivation. The identification accuracy for 30 fish varied from 31% to 80%, decreasing with cultivation time. Ultimately, we focused on automatic identification based on the skin dots of Atlantic Salmon within the same fish collection. We [29] developed an approach combining convolutional neural networks for the detection of skin dots and dot distances, which were used for the identification. The identification accuracy was 100% for 328 fish under short-term cultivation and 100% for 30 fish under long-term cultivation (six months). We demonstrated that the skin patterns should be stable and unique for automatic long-term (six months) individual-fish identification and that this technique can be used as substitute for fish tagging. There are also other commercially important species such as the common carp _Cyprinus carpio_ and European seabass _Dicentrarchus labrax_ that do not have any obvious skin patterns and do not need individual identification. Some studies showed that the pattern of the scale position can be used for individual-fish identification. In a previous study [30], a rhombic squamation pattern was used to identify two genera of fish. The best results of the MANCOVA test (\(p\) = 0.079) were effective in detecting differences in the rhombic lamination patterns of scale between species, and cross-validated quadratic discriminant analyses (DAs) provided values of 75.8% (\(p\) = 0.001) based on the shape and 75.8% based on the form. [PERSON] et al. [22] demonstrated the possibility of identifying individual common carp using the scale position. Both studies were conducted manually by humans. The aim of this paper is to show that automatic photo-based identification is possible based on the patterns of the scale position without any other distinctive features. Organization of the paper follows the chapters: Introduction; materials and methods (which consists of the information about experimental animals, design of experiments, used methods and setups); results; discussion; and conclusions, limitations, and future research.
## 3 Research Methodology
### QPSO Process
#### 3.3.2 Positioning Algorithm  
In this research work, the positioning algorithm was developed within the frame of a search space quantization, in which a regular tessellation is generated. Training and testing points are assumed to belong to a rectangular tile whose spatial coordinates are numbered with integer values.  
The goal of the optimization process consists of finding optimal horizontal and vertical dimensions for the tiles, as well as an optimal starting point for the surface tessellation. For any given geometrical configuration, each experimental point belongs to a specific tile. The MLP was designed with the task of reducing--by Adam-driven descent--the error:  
\[err=\frac{1}{2}\sum\sum(\mathbf{out}-\mathbf{tar})^{2} \tag{13}\]  
as per the algorithm described in Section 3.3. The process was terminated after a predetermined number of iterations when the minimum value of the real space positioning error for the test data was supposedly reached. For this reason, several steps had to be performed at regular intervals during the MLP iterations. First, the output \(out_{test}\) of the test data was calculated and rescaled by inverting the expressions in Equation (7), and the result was rounded to the nearest integer in order to identify the output tile the test data was assigned to. Then, the horizontal and vertical tile mismatches were evaluated for each test point, with the absolute difference between the output tile numbers \([n_{x,out}\,,\,n_{y,out}]\) and the target values \([n_{x,tar},\,n_{y,tar}]\), which were calculated in Equation (6):  
\[\begin{cases}\Delta\mathbf{n}_{x}=\left|\mathbf{n}_{x,out}-\mathbf{n}_{x,tar}\right|\\ \Delta\mathbf{n}_{y}=\left|\mathbf{n}_{y,out}-\mathbf{n}_{y,tar}\right|\end{cases} \tag{14}\]  
Finally, the real horizontal and vertical mismatches were calculated, and the error in the test data was evaluated as the average of the distance errors in Euclidean metrics in the set of all test points:  
\[err_{real}=\left\langle\sqrt{\left(w\Delta n_{x}\right)^{2}+\big{(}h\Delta n_{ y}\big{)}^{2}}\right\rangle \tag{15}\]  
In order to perform a meaningful comparison between tiles of different dimensions during the optimization process, an amount was added on the basis that a point randomly located in a rectangular tile and relocated to the center carries an intrinsic error given by:\[err_{[h,w]}=\iint\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}dxdy=\frac{1}{6}\Bigg{[}\sqrt{h^{2}+w^{2}}+ \frac{h^{2}}{2w}ln\frac{\sqrt{h^{2}+w^{2}}+w}{h}+\frac{w^{2}}{2h}ln\frac{\sqrt{h^{ 2}+w^{2}}+h}{w}\Bigg{]} \tag{16}\]  
where the integral is calculated in a rectangle of dimensions \([h,\ w]\).
## 1 Introduction
### Case Introduction and Analysis of Dominant Controller Parameters
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**SSO-1** & **SSO-2** & **SupSO** \\ \hline \(-162.806\) + \(\mathfrak{j}87.342\) & \(-12.323\) + j126.933 & \(-497.152\) + \(\mathfrak{j}378.435\) \\ \(-162.806\) + \(\mathfrak{j}87.342\) & \(-12.323\) + j126.933 & \(-497.152\) + \(\mathfrak{j}378.435\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Eigenvalues corresponding to oscillation modes. Figure 2: The Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (D-PMSG) via Voltage Source Converter-based High-Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC) grid-connection system model. The corresponding frequencies and damping ratios of each mode are shown in Table 2.  
Because controller parameters have little influence on Low-Frequency Oscillation (LFO) and High-Frequency Oscillation (HFO) modes, this paper focuses on the Sub-Synchronous Oscillation (SSO)/Super-Synchronous Oscillation (SupSO) modes. The participating factors of each oscillation mode can be obtained, and the analysis suggests that the controller parameters, i.e., the d-axis outer-loop proportional coefficient \(\rm{h_{p1}}\), the integral coefficient \(\rm{h1}\) and the q-axis proportional coefficient \(\rm{h_{p3}}\), the integral coefficient \(\rm{h_{3}}\) of GSC, and the d-axis outer-loop proportional coefficient \(\rm{b_{p1}}\) and the integral coefficient \(\rm{b_{i1}}\) of SEC affect both the SSO-1 and SupSO mode. In other words, there is damping coupling between the SSO-1 and SupSO mode. When adjusting the parameters of these controllers, there are complex effects on the dynamic performance of the coupled modes. For this reason, this paper establishes a PSR to provide guidance for the adjustment of these coupled parameters. The strongly correlated state variables corresponding to the SSO/SupSO modes are as follows:  
SSO-1: \(\Delta u_{dc}\), \(\Delta x_{1}\), \(\Delta x_{3}\), \(\Delta y_{4}\);  
SSO-2: \(\Delta i_{q}\), \(\Delta u_{3}\);  
SupSO: \(\Delta u_{dc}\), \(\Delta i_{sd}\), \(\Delta i_{sq}\). The original 28-order state matrix is reduced by reserving the above strongly correlated state variables. In consequence, the 8-order state matrix is obtained, whose eigenvalues of the modes after order reduction process are in Table 3.  
Comparing Table 2 with Table 4, the mode frequency and damping ratio of the SSO modes are similar to those before order reduction, which means the order reduction process is successful.
## 5 Result and Discussion
### Optimization of Radii in Stacks
The values of \(r_{e}/\delta\) and \(r_{c}/\delta\) were set to the optimum values, namely 0.95 and 1.06, respectively, and \(\eta_{2,total}\) was calculated as a function of \(L/L_{loop}\). As shown in Figure 6, the optimum \(L/L_{loop}\) corresponded to 0.53, and this indicates a slight shift from 0.54. At this point, \(\eta_{2,total}\), \(\eta_{2,e}\), \(\eta_{2,c}\), and \(\eta_{tube}\) corresponded to 13 %, 75 %, 53 % and 33 %, respectively. This means that \(\eta_{2,c}\) increased when \(\eta_{2,e}\) was retained as a relatively high value as expected. However, the value of \(\eta_{tube}\) was still low when compared with the others. It is considered that it is important to determine ways to improve \(\eta_{tube}\) for practically using the looped tube thermoacoustic system with two stacks. Figure 6: The total efficiency \(\eta_{2,total}\) as a function of \(L/L_{loop}\). The value of \(\eta_{2,total}\) is calculated with the optimum \(r_{e}/\delta\) and \(r_{c}/\delta\), which are determined based on the results shown in Figure 5c.
# Resilient Formation Reconfiguration for Leader-Follower Multi-UAVs
## 4 Construction of the Hierarchical BRB Performance Assessment Model for UAVs
### Hierarchical Architecture Illustration  
As exhibited in Figure 2, two layers, the basic layer and the aggregation layer, are encompassed in the designed hierarchical architecture. Therein, the basic layer consists of two BRBs, where \(BRB_{11}\) is used to assess the kinematic performance for the \(i\)th follower, \(i=1,\ldots,N\), using the designed kinematic pivotal performance metrics \(\mathcal{M}_{11}^{i}(t)\) and \(\mathcal{M}_{12}^{i}(t)\) while \(BRB_{12}\) is used to assess the non-kinematic performance for the \(i\)th follower using the designed non-kinematic pivotal performance metrics \(\mathcal{M}_{21}^{i}(t)\) and \(\mathcal{M}_{22}^{i}\). The outputs of the BRBs in the basic layer for the \(i\)th follower \(\gamma_{1}^{i}(t)\) and \(\gamma_{2}^{i}(t)\) will be taken as the inputs of \(BRB_{21}\) in the aggregation layer to obtain the final performance assessment result \(Z_{i}(t)\) for the \(i\)th follower.  
**Remark 4**: _As clearly portrayed in Figure 2, the hierarchical BRB performance assessment model for UAVs is composed of two layers. In the first layer, namely, the basic layer, \(BRB_{11}\) and \(BRB_{12}\) are incorporated. Here, subscripts '11' and '12' indicate the \(1\)st BRB and the \(2\)nd BRB in the first layer, respectively. There is only \(BRB_{21}\) in the second layer, namely, the aggregation layer. Likewise, the subscript '21' indicates the \(1\)st BRB in the \(2\)nd layer. With respect to all parameters of \(BRB_{11}\), \(BRB_{12}\) and \(BRB_{21}\), '11', '12', and '21' are attached as the subscript or superscript accordingly._
# A Brief Review of Multipath TCP for Vehicular Networks
## 2 TCP and MPTCP
### Comparison of Single Path TCP and MPTCP
To shorten the transmission time for small size data, it is critical for MPTCP to choose a proper communication path. The reason is that, as analyzed in [40], for short flows the transmission can be completed soon by a faster regular TCP link. So MPTCP has limited effects on the transmission performance. The situation is similar to MPTCP. To complete transmission quickly, the selection of a proper path is very important. While choosing the primary path is also important for large data flows, applying correct congestion control to increase the bandwidth is more important. In this work, only coupled and decoupled congestion control mechanisms are utilized. On the other hand, on the extreme scenario such as highly heterogeneous networks, the TCP outperforms MPTCP. Therefore, it is very important to make correct decisions about whether to apply MPTCP and which paths to use in MPTCP based on the network environments. Several mobile phone applications are also analyzed to complement flow level analysis. [PERSON] et al. [42] conducted experiments to compare the performance of HTTP and SPDY over MPTCP and SPTCP. The result is that SPDY benefits more from MPTCP. SPDY protocol is developed based on multiplexing technology. However, they also discovered that MPTCP does not always bring performance improvements for mobile web applications. Some browsers such as Chrome perform even worse when using MPTCP at HTTP. In a mobile scenario, the IP address needs to be changed when an end host moves out of the coverage zone of an access point if using SPTCP. The on-going connections would be stopped or reset. The uncompleted data will be discarded in case of a reset. However, MPTCP can solve the disconnection problem in a moving environment [43, 44]. On the other hand, the signal strength is unstable in a mobile scenario. Frequent packet losses may occur in this situation, which would result in insufficient bandwidth usage. This is because the congestion window is not able to reach the fully utilized state. In case of MPTCP, this phenomenon can be mitigated by shifting the flows to the paths with stronger signal strength.
# A Web of Things-Based Emerging Sensor Network Architecture for Smart Control Systems
## 6 Conclusions  
The integration of WoT with smart services is a challenging task, since it involves unification of heterogeneous technologies and services. However, a seamless and ubiquitous communication can be achieved by translating and mapping the data from these various technologies into a web representational format. HTTP is one of the conventional protocols mainly adopted for this type of services. However, HTTP has several issues in its use for the constrained application services. Therefore, in this paper, we have come up with a solution to link smart homes with the Web using REST architecture. Moreover, the data from heterogeneous devices need translation to the standard protocol in order to send it over IP. Thus, a smart gateway is used to map the data from the MS to the Web. Moreover, a web client can check and alter the status of a household appliance anytime by accessing the Web. The MS is designed in such a way that it can perform automatic actions if the smart home user is not available or does not have access to the Web.  
The entire smart integration with the Web architecture is simulated and tested for various functionalities. The energy consumption of the smart home appliances is evaluated in the case of a pure WSN and under the proposed scheme. The results show that adding user initiated semi-automated control of the appliances has optimized the energy consumption of household appliances. The proposed Web architecture is tested in the context of discovering the household appliances attached with the sensors, response time of the sensors, and transmission failure. The results reveal that the proposed scheme efficiently reduces the transmission failure by splitting the requests generated by the Web clients in multiple processes. Moreover, the response time is significantly enhanced by discovering the sensors in less time. Similarly, this smart home use case scenario can be further extended to various smart building scenarios, i.e., factories, warehouses, and smart grids to facilitate service accessibility via the Web.
# Effects of Different Aboveground Structural Parts of Grass Strips on the Sediment-Trapping Process
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Overland Flow Regime
It is therefore necessary to investigate resistance to overland flow provided by the aboveground parts of the grass strips. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Treatment** & **Experiment Code** & \(V\) (m/s) & **Re** & **Fr** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Completed grass strips (CG)} & CG1 & 0.047–0.120 & 508–1016 & 0.14–0.49 \\  & CG2 & 0.042–0.116 & 653–1306 & 0.09–0.43 \\  & CG3 & 0.049–0.126 & 539–1346 & 0.12–0.49 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Remove green grass (RG)} & RG1 & 0.107–0.228 & 756–2647 & 0.35–0.69 \\  & RG2 & 0.097–0.186 & 802–3474 & 0.30–0.72 \\  & RG3 & 0.083–0.185 & 798–1730 & 0.24–0.78 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Remove green and widened grass (RGW)} & RGW1 & 0.154–0.250 & 603–1809 & 0.54–1.19 \\  & RGW2 & 0.138–0.221 & 660–1871 & 0.46–1.02 \\ \cline{1-1}  & RGW3 & 0.141–0.236 & 790–2212 & 0.49–1.22 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The ranges of the mean velocity (\(V\)), Reynolds number (Re), and Froude number (Fr) of overland flow in the different grass strip treatment experiments.
## 1 Introduction
Differences is the mechanical properties of aligners printed using DLP and LCD printers have been observed, attributed to the different technologies used to polymerize the entire resin layer. 3D-printed aligners' modulus of elasticity is higher compared to thermoformed aligners, suggesting that the former may generate higher counteracting forces for the same deformation [22]. Polyamide (PA) is used to produce medical devices by SLS 3D printing [23]. It is biocompatible with human tissues, has excellent mechanical properties, and can prevent bacterial transmission. Compared with other polymers, it is less vulnerable to chemical modifications and relatively inert [24]. Recent generations of polyamide have lower water absorption [25], higher dimensional stability, and greater mechanical strength, making them ideal materials for orthodontic devices 3D printing [26]. Noxi aligners (Sweden&Martina, [PERSON], Italy), developed at the University of Ferrara, are 3D-printed using SLS and made of polyamide. They exert higher forces and have lower stress relaxation than other commonly used thermoformed and 3D-printed materials [27]. They have differentiated thickness: thinner in the incisal area (0.7 mm) and progressively increasing up to 1 mm toward the gingival margin and in the posterior sectors of the dental arch [28]. This differentiated thickness addresses the need for greater orthodontic force for movement in teeth with larger root surfaces [29] and in the gingival and terminal arch portions, where force dissipation is higher. Artificial intelligence is an innovative tool that offers numerous advantages in orthodontic treatment. One of its applications is remote monitoring, which, for example, allows for the early detection of aligner fitting loss, enabling timely intervention. It can also monitor patient compliance and significantly reduce the number of refinements, which help shorten treatment duration and improve efficiency. AI can also be applied to diagnosis, treatment planning, and the design of customized orthodontic devices [30]. The null hypothesis was that there were no differences between various thermorformed and 3D-printed aligner configurations in different occlusal conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the retention effectiveness of 3D-printed polyamide aligners (Noxi) with different margin designs and thickness gradients and thermorformed Evoflex aligners (F22) with both straight and scalloped margins. The primary objective is to analyze how margin design and thickness gradients influence aligner retention under various occlusal conditions. Additionally, this study seeks to contribute to the scientific literature by exploring the potential applications of 3D-printed nylon aligners as an alternative to thermorformed aligners, focusing on their clinical effectiveness and emphasizing the predictability of therapeutic outcomes.
## 3 Measurement Technique and Data Reduction Methodologies
### Hot-Wire Anemometry
A slight time decay in the output signal was seen during the experiments, but the decay could be translated into velocity data properly by the temperature correction method, which will be described later. The orientation of the probe stem relative to the test surface is also important because the probe assembly can affect the extent of boundary layer disturbance. The probe orientation relative to the freestream was fixed so that the probe wire was perpendicular to the flow; the stem is also normal to the wall surface. Since the hot-wire probe is perpendicular to the flow, the streamwise component of the flow is considered to be the most sensitive, and hence the measured velocity was taken as the \(U\) velocity. Note that the uncertainty that may be inherent in the flow measurement caused by the spanwise andvertical velocity components will be discussed in a later section along with other uncertainty analysis. Based on the measured \(U\) velocity and resulting turbulent scales in their horizontal component, the reduction of skin friction drag will be evaluated. The reference height for the smooth wall was \(z=0\) mm and that for the riblet wall was \(z=50\) um where the riblet peak appeared at the measurement point. The same reference heights were used for the pitot-rake measurement as well.