# Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges
## 2 Research Progress in Smart Mobility and Gap Analysis
### Research Based on Smart Mobility Applications  
This section specifically discusses the articles on the applications of smart mobility for the citizens of the smart city. These papers include framework based, application and deployment based systems. In [5], the authors have presented a smart mobility application \"UTravel\", which is based on \"Universal Profiling and Recommendation (UPR)\". The UTravel application is based on context awareness and user profiling and recommends the optimal points of interest (POIs) depending on the user's location. The application has been developed and deployed on both Android and iPhone platforms. To evaluate the performance of the application, the authors have conducted real-world as well as simulated experimentations and observed that the recommendations provided by the proposed system exhibit high precision, coverage and recall. A traffic control system based on cooperative agents is presented in [6], which aims at reducing traffic jams at road intersections. For modelling road intersections, the authors have used smart agents, viz. \"View agents\" (to count cars), \"Traffic Light agents\" (to control the duration of traffic lights) and \"Intersection agents\" (to control the duration of a particular traffic light). The system has been developed for settings where several traffic lights operate in collaboration, i.e., \"Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure (I2I)\" communication. The system has been implemented using \"Java Agent Development Framework (Jade)\" and validated using \"Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO)\". The results show that the proposed system performs better traffic congestion reduction than \"Smart Traffic Lights System (STLS)\". In [7], the authors intend to evaluate and identify  
Figure 4: Steps in methodology adopted. smart mobility actions taking into account their Information and Communication Technology (ICT) content and objectives. The authors have introduced a novel action taxonomy involving a systematic approach to smart mobility and analyzed the role of ICT in improving the quality of life of people, increasing the public value and promoting smart mobility actions. A survey has been conducted that identifies three stages of smart mobility actions, viz. \"Starting\", \"Intermediate\" and \"Mature\". Moreover, the authors state that smart citizens are crucial for implementing a viable, successful and sustainable smart mobility framework. A framework for developing and implementing smart mobility applications, \"Smart Mobility for All (SMAII)\", is given in [8], which leverages the concept of \"microservices orchestration\" to improve the handling of multiple data sources and the creation of novel services. The proposed system is aimed at assisting elderly and/or disabled persons to move in an urban setting. To do this, a network of taxis is deployed to fulfil the need of each applicant and SMAII synchronizes the involved taxi operators, sometimes combining calls that are nearby in an effective manner. The authors maintain that the deployment of SMAII results in improved quality of service with lower administrative expense. To handle the issues regarding the security, privacy, scalability and management of \"Smart Mobility Data-market (BSMD)\", a six-layer Blockchain architecture is proposed in [9]. The architecture enables the exchange of encrypted data to the blockchain among users complying with the rules of the transaction provided by the data owner. The authors have assessed the performance of BSMD over a 370-node blockchain and established that BSMD safeguards the users' privacy and security by offering data access management control and preventing message interception and spoofing. Within the bounds of mobility, the authors have classified three important elements in a general blockchain, viz. \"shared ledger\", \"peer-to-peer network\" and \"consensus mechanisms\". Smart contracts are added into BSMD nodes to control access to the shared mobility information.