# Role of Nutribiotics in Skin Care
## 3 Skin Microbiome: Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
On the other hand, several studies concluded that the skin microbiome has a useful role in the protection against UV irradiation, which is linked with immune responses since TNF and IL-6 activity was observed [71]. Furthermore, using 16S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequencing to profile the microbiomes, [PERSON] et al. [72] studied the microbial communities of different ages and several pathways related to aging (e.g., base excision repair, biosynthesis of amino acids, pantotheanate and CoA biosynthesis, and D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, among others), concluding that the skin microbiomes may play key roles in skin aging by regulating immune responses, UV light resistance, and the biosynthesis of different substances involved in aging. Other authors postulated that climate change, pollution, and the loss of biodiversity, together with other external factors, such as the role of environmental substances (pollen, detergents, tobacco, as well as microplastics and nanoparticles) or the increase in the consumption of fatty acids in the diet, derange the epithelial barrier, causing a leaky epithelium and resulting in microbial dysbiosis--including commensals and opportunistic pathogens--and translocation of this content into the interepithelial and sub-epithelial compartments, inducing microinflammation [73]. Finally, the impact of antibiotics on the skin microbiota should be cited. The use of antibiotics in the treatment of skin diseases is effective but may have a great impact on skin microbiota diversity. For example, orally administered doxycycline significantly reduces the number of _C. acnes_[74]; minocycline decreases the abundance of _Cutibacterium_, _Corynebacterium_, _Prerotella_, _Lactobacillus_, and _Porphyromonas_[75]; lymphocytic reduces the presence of _Cutibacterium_ and increases the number of _Streptococcus_, _Staphylococcus_, _Microoccus_, and _Corynebacterium_[76], and fluoroquinolones (pefloxacin) and macrolides (erythromycin) significantly decrease the number of _C. acnes_[77]. Despite the lack of studies, some research showed that cosme may affect the skin microbiome's diversity. For example, [PERSON] et al. [78] reported that antiperspirants and foot powders increased the diversity of the skin microbiome, but the effect disappeared after stopping antiperspirant application, and, in contrast, arm and face lotions had little effect on bacterial communities and archaea. Other cosmetics, such as soap, effectively reduce the number of microorganisms. However, too frequent use of soap or other antiseptics for hand disinfection can alter the microbiome and reduce its diversity due to damage to the skin barrier, weakening its function [55]. So, more studies are needed to elucidate the effects of cosmetics on the skin microbiota. Clothing is also of interest when studying the skin microbiome. Skin-clothing contact can cause microorganism transference and the formation of a so-called textile and volatile microbiome. Microorganisms that adhere to the fibers can use the lipid components of sebum and dirt as a substrate and produce volatile substances as byproducts that contribute to unpleasant odors [55]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [79] investigated the role of clothing on the skin microbiome, finding that different textile compositions can lead to the growth or inhibitions of certain microorganisms. For example, _Staphylococcus hominis_ had a high affinity for cotton but did not grow in fleece and viscose; _Staphylococcus_ spp. showedsignificant adhesion to textile fibers; and cotton and wool enhanced the growth of different bacteria species, including _Staphylococcus epidermidis_, _Enhydrobacter_ spp., _Cutibacterium_ spp., and _Microococcus_ spp. Additionally, cellulose-based fibers exhibited low microbial growth rates for most axillary bacteria, except for _Staphylococcus_ spp., and polyester facilitated a greater growth of _Cutibacterium_ spp., _Enhydrobacter_ spp., and _Microococcus_ spp.