## 6 Kinesiophobia in Chronic Diseases
### Chronic Respiratory Diseases  
A.Y. [PERSON] et al. conducted a study assessing the prevalence of kinesiophobia among 62 patients with stable asthma, comparing them to a control group of 50 individuals. The analysis revealed that 54.8% of asthma patients exhibited a high level of fear of movement. Furthermore, the authors observed that kinesiophobia directly impacted disease burden and negatively affected quality of life (r = \(-\)0.820; \(p\) < 0.001). Linear regression analysis demonstrated that kinesiophobia accounted for 84.4% of the variance in quality of life, underscoring its profound impact on this aspect among asthma patients [61]. A study conducted by [PERSON] et al. among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aimed to assess kinesiophobia levels over a six-month period following hospital discharge and to identify potential subgroups within the COPD population. In their analysis, the authors employed Latent Class Growth Modeling (LCGM) to classify participants into three kinesiophobia subgroups: 43.4% fell into the moderate kinesiophobia group, 31.4% into the low kinesiophobia group, and 25.2% into the high kinesiophobia group. Notably, the group with high kinesiophobia levels predominantly comprised older individuals with multiple comorbidities, most of whom continued smoking. The authors suggested that continued smoking contributed to increased dyspnea, worsened sleep quality, and impaired physical recovery, ultimately reducing rehabilitation effort. An analysis of demographic factors influencing kinesiophobia within the study population revealed statistically significant differences in relation to gender, age, smoking status, BMI, employment status, and education level (\(p\) < 0.001). The findings indicated that women, older individuals, patients with lower education levels, and those with a high BMI were significantly more likely to be classified in the high kinesiophobia group. Moreover, dyspnea and fatigue among COPD patients were positively correlated with kinesiophobia levels (\(p\) < 0.001) [80]. This conclusion aligns with the research of [PERSON] et al. conducted among 210 COPD patients, which confirmed a significant correlation between kinesiophobia and both fatigue and dyspnea [81]. Similarly, the study by [PERSON] et al. emphasized a strong association between dyspnea perception (r = 0.676, \(p\) < 0.001) and fatigue (r = 0.524, \(p\) = 0.005) and kinesiophobia, further corroborating the findings of [PERSON] et al. Additionally, the published study reported that 93% of patients with moderate to severe COPD exhibited fear of movement, suggesting a higher prevalence of kinesiophobia compared to the findings of [PERSON] et al. However, it is important to acknowledge that the study sample consisted of only 31 individuals, which may have directly contributed to the high reported prevalence of kinesiopobia in this cohort [82]. These findings collectively underscore the need for integrating psychological and rehabilitation strategies to address movement-related fear in asthma and COPD patients. Tailored educational programs, pulmonary rehabilitation interventions, and behavioral therapies should be considered to mitigate kinesiopobia, improve quality of life, and enhance physical activity engagement among individuals with chronic respiratory conditions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Condition** & **Sample Size** & **Prevalence of** & **Average** & **Assessment Tool** & **Factors** & **Influencing** & **Reference** \\  & & & & & **Fuseinophobia** & & **Kinesiopobia** & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & Patients with & & & & & & & \\  & stable coronary (2019) & 135 & 76\% & & & & & \\  & artery disease  
Data analysis revealed that the prevalence of kinesiopbobia across various chronic diseases ranges from 51.4% (respiratory diseases) to 69.5% (cardiovascular diseases). The average prevalence rate across the entire analyzed population was 63.6%, highlighting the significance of this issue regardless of disease type.