# The Enhanced-Earned Value Management (E-EVM) Model: A Proposal for the Aerospace Industry
## 3 The EVM in the Aerospace Industry  
### The Aerospace Industry  
Among all sectors, aerospace is one of the most important industries in the world. Until now, its technological and industrial development has been driven almost exclusively by the US and Europe, specifically through their main companies (Boeing and Airbus, respectively). This means that global aeronautical production is concentrated in a small number of countries.  
An important milestone in the evolution of the European aeronautical sector was the creation of the Airbus Industry Consortium in 1970, with the aim of manufacturing a commercial aircraft which would lead to competition with Boeing. This process culminated in 2000 with the emergence of EADS (European Aeronautic, Defence and Space Company). In the last forty years, European aeronautics has been characterized by an increasing collaboration among several countries in the development of programs, by an accelerated process of national and international mergers, acquisitions, and alliances, a progressive consolidation of the sector, and a rise in the civil with respect to the military aeronautics.  
In this way, France, the United Kingdom, and Germany represent more than 70% of the sector in terms of income and employment, Spain occupying fifth place in the European ranking. According to the Spanish Association of Technological Defence, Aeronautical and Space Companies [30] (hereinafter, TEDAE), in 2018 a turnover equivalent to EUR 11,838 million was generated, contributing to 6.1% of the GDP in Spain. Moreover, this sector is one of the most \"technological\" industries as 75% of employees have an academic profile in some engineering or technical discipline related to the sector, generating almost 57,000 direct jobs.  
The aerospace sector, considered a strategic industry \"supervised\" by governments, encompasses all activities related to the design, manufacture, marketing, and maintenance of aircrafts [31] (airplanes, helicopters, drones, missiles, etc.) and space products (satellites, equipment, communication, etc.). Despite the relevance of aircraft manufacturing (44% civil aviation and 32% military products) [30], we cannot forget that land and ground communication equipment represents 15% and that the remaining 8% corresponds to space products. Moreover, there are a series of differentiating features (civil and military branch, interdependent but separate, high technological requirements, long-term business cycle, high capital needs, etc.) which make it a sector with numerous specificities requiring detailed study.  
The aerospace sector is a technology-based industry where innovation, technological components, and knowledge have been applied in a massive way [32]. Some scholars [31] also indicate that the structure of the sector has undergone a profound transformation in recent decades, with an increasing degree of concentration due to the dominance and competition by Airbus and Boeing, especially in the civil branch. The changes produced in the buyers and suppliers, as well as the entry of new companies, has increased the level of competition between the two main manufacturers, spreading throughout the entire value chain of the industry and especially affecting suppliers.