## 3 Typical Applications of IoT in Smart Agriculture
### Monitoring
Moreover, forests play a vital role in the carbon cycle and provide a habitat for more than two-thirds of animal species in the world. Forests also have the effect of protecting watersheds, limiting floods, and mitigating climate change. The main factors that need to be monitored in a forest include soil ingredients, air temperature, humidity, and concentration of several different gases, such as oxygen, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide. A series of forest control systems and solutions are presented in [88; 89] based on IoT and big data analytics. In [90], the authors designed a peatland forest environmental monitoring system. This forest area plays a very vital role in the rainforest ecosystem of Brunei. However, the peatland forest type is very burnt. This work designed an IoT system to monitor environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, wind direction, barometric pressure, and manage possible disasters. For the purpose of enhancing feasibility, IoT devices use the solar-powered system and communicate with the monitoring centre based on the LoRa network. In [91], the authors proposed a solution to control forest changes and vitality by using high-resolution RapidEye satellite imagery. This solution has been deployed commercially in several states in Germany and has detected leaf diseases in a pine forest affected by pests. Survey results indicate that monitoring in forestry focuses on providing early warning systems against forest fires, pest control, or deforestation. Livestock Farming: It is defined as the process of raising domesticated animals, such as cows, pigs, sheep, and goats, chickens, etc., in an agricultural environment to obtain traction, serve production, and obtain products such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, etc. In this area, the factors to be monitored depend on the type and number of farming animals [92]. In [93], the authors designed a support system for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases for livestock called VetLink. This system can provide recommendations for animal health for farmers in rural areas where it is difficult to access veterinary doctors immediately. In [94], the authors proposed a noncontact temperature measurement system and monitoring of animals to ensure early detection of diseases and animal health. This system can be used for remote monitoring of animal health and timely anomaly detection. In [95], the authors introduced a monitoring system for large-scale pig farms based on IoT. The specific solution is to attach an IC tag on each pig to monitor the behaviour of each pig, such as their period of feeding and resting and exercise. Data from sensors are collected and combined with data analytics solutions that can make recommendations for pig health. The monitoring data of water, feed, and animal health for livestock in the farming process helps farmers set up livestock plans, reduce labour costs, and enhance production efficiency. While a series of solutions has been provided for monitoring large-scale farms, their application in small and medium-sized farms is very limited, especially in developing countries. This can be attributed to the high cost and the lack of knowledge needed to set up, manage, and operate IoT systems. Therefore, effective and low-cost solutions for agricultural IoT have much potential.