## 5 Conclusions
Red markers correspond to the profiles associated with the Beirut port explosion, while other colors represent profiles from the preceding hour. Red arrows indicate approximate times of interest. Panels (c) and (d) show quiet-time COSMIC profiles from 14:00-15:00 UT in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively. Panels (e) and (f) display disturbed profiles recorded from 15:00-16:00 UT in the Northern (e) and Southern (f) Hemispheres; Figure S3. (a) Projections of the Swarm-B satellite within the longitude of the Beirut port explosion and during the 15:00-19:30 UT window, corresponding to the explosion time and the paths of Swarm-B detected ionospheric disturbances on 4 August 2020. The color bar indicates the UT for 9 August and 10 August 2020 paths. Panels (b), (c), and (d) show the residuals of the first-time derivative of electron density for 4 August, 9 August, and 10 August, respectively; Figure S4. (a) The Pc3_act and Pc4_act indices are shown as solid and dashed blue lines, respectively, with their corresponding Flag \(\geq\) 1 events indicated by cyan and magenta filled circles. (b) Matched Universal Time (UT) instances where PcX_Flag \(\geq\) 1 coincide with Quality_e \(\geq\) 3 are marked by black stars and magenta dots, representing confirmed Pc3 and Pc4 events, respectively. Blue stars marking those PcX events with quality median values \(\geq\) 3. X denotes the type of Pc pulsations 3 or 4; Figure S5. (a) Geographic locations of the PEG and HER stations. (b) and (c) show the ULF pulsations for the PEG and HBK stations, respectively, with red and black lines indicating Pc3 and Pc4 ULF pulsations respectively. Conceptualisation, formal software analysis, A.F. ; investigation, data curation, visualisation, validation, and writing--original draft preparation, A.F., Y.O., E.G., R.P., and A.I.S.F. ; project administration, funding acquisition, M.F. ; writing--review and editing, A.F., Y.O., E.G., A.I.S.F., D.M., R.P., and M.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was funded by the UAE University fund no. 12N264. Data Availability Statement: Data for this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. We gratefully acknowledge the use of data from DMSP, Swarm, and COSMIC-2 satellites in this study. E.G. and D.M. acknowledge ISSI and ISSI-BJ for supporting the International Team. The DMSP observational data used in this study are available from the Madrigal Database ([[http://cedar.openmadrigal.org/](http://cedar.openmadrigal.org/)]([http://cedar.openmadrigal.org/](http://cedar.openmadrigal.org/)); accessed on 16 April 2025). The Swarm mission data are freely accessible on the ESA Swarm Dissemination Server ([[https://swarm-diss.ee.esa.int](https://swarm-diss.ee.esa.int)]([https://swarm-diss.ee.esa.int](https://swarm-diss.ee.esa.int)); accessed on 25 April 2025). COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC): [[https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/products.html](https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/products.html)]([https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/products.html](https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/products.html)), accessed on 2 March 2025. E.G. and D.M. acknowledge ISSI-BJ for supporting the International Team 23-583 (57) \"Investigation of the Lithosphere Atmosphere Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Mechanism before the Natural Hazards\" led by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The authors sincerely thank the anonymous reviewers for their thorough evaluation and constructive feedback. Their insightful comments and suggestions have greatly contributed to improving the scientific quality and presentation of this manuscript. The authors declare no conflict of interest.