## 3 Results and Discussion
(D—BC1, 1 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L; D1—BC1, 4 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L; E—BC2, 1 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L; E1—BC2, 4 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L; F—BC3, 1 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L; F1—BC1, 4 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L). The antibacterial action in a biocompposite containing TS, FS, and SW results from the combined effects of their individual antimicrobial properties. Tapioca starch, acting as a matrix, facilitates the dispersion and release of antimicrobial agents from the other components. Flax seed gel contributes bioactive compounds [38], such as polyphenols and lignans, which can disrupt bacterial cell walls and membranes. With its flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, Siam weed extract [19] further enhances the antibacterial activity by potentially interfering with bacterial enzymes and DNA replication. The synergistic effects of these components, along with the physical properties of the biocompposite, create a formulation that may effectively inhibit bacterial growth and provide a promising avenue for antibacterial applications. The water solubilities of the samples were studied by immersing them in water for 24 h and 48 h, and the process was repeated seven times. The percentage variation in the weights for the biocompposites is shown in Figure 10a. The water solubility study of biocompposites holds significant importance due to its implications across various fields. This analysis is crucial for assessing the environmental impact and biodegradability of biocompposites and provides insights into their behaviour in moist or wet conditions. The study helps understand bioactive compounds' release kinetics, influencing applications in drug delivery, agriculture, and food packaging. Additionally, it serves as a quality control measure during manufacturing, ensuring consistent properties and reliability. In biomedical and agricultural applications, knowledge of the water solubility of a material is vital for evaluating its safety and predicting its lifespan in specific environments. Figure 10a shows that the BC2 and BC3 samples remained insoluble for up to 24 h, indicated by the positive percentage variation in their weights. However, all three samples showed weight loss after 48 h of immersion in water. It is worth noting that the maximum weight loss percentage was only 31.4% after 48 h of immersion in water. Hence, the samples can exhibit good stability against atmospheric humidity variation when they are used for packaging. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Sample** & **Radius (mm)** \\ \hline Control & Streptomycin & 2.1 \\  & BC1 & 4 mg/uL & 1.2 \\ _Staphylococcus aureus_ & 1 mg/uL & 0.8 \\ (Gram-positive) & BC2 & 4 mg/uL & 1.5 \\  & BC3 & 1 mg/uL & 1.1 \\ \hline _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & BC1 & 4 mg/uL and \\ (Gram-negative) & BC3 & 1 mg/uL & No zone \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Zone diameters of samples against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Figure 10: Percentage variation in weights of biocompposites (**a**) after soaking for 24 h and 48 h and (**b**) heated at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h after soaking for 48 h.  
The temperature study of biocomposites is pivotal for optimising manufacturing processes, assessing the thermal stability, and predicting the material performance. Understanding how biocomposites respond to temperature variations is crucial for ensuring the integrity of their structures and functional properties during processing and potential exposure to different environments. This knowledge informs the selection of appropriate materials for specific applications. Temperature studies enhance biocomposites' overall reliability, durability, and efficiency. The samples, soaked for 48 h in water, were heated at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h in an air oven, and the percentage variation in the weights for the samples is shown in Figure 10b. The study reveals that the weight loss was minimal (5.8%) for sample BC2, and the maximum weight loss obtained was only 9.8% for sample BC3. The study points to the thermal stability of the composites.