# The Future of Autonomous Vehicles in the Opinion of Automotive Market Users
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Barriers and Challenges in the Field of Autonomous Vehicles  
There are also barriers and factors that slow down the large-scale introduction of AVs. Some of them result from the mentality of the society--attitudes, preferences and approaches to using this type of vehicle. It was indicated that a large part of potential users do not feel safe in a vehicle without a driver. Moreover, they are not prepared to give up the freedom and independence that comes with owning and driving their own vehicle. On the other hand, potential users are concerned about the need to control and react quickly in emergency situations, such as a failure of the automation or the vehicle exceeding its functional limits [45]. It is also likely that the infrastructure and the applicable legal regulations (regulating the principles of operation of AVs or insurance regulations) will block the widespread introduction of self-driving cars. It should be remembered that AVs must learn to drive not only in predictable conditions, but also in imperfect and dynamic conditions, in which both human behavior, weather and various other obstacles may create difficult situations on the road. In addition, attention is drawn to the high cost of acquiring such a vehicle due to the complexity of software and cybersecurity, extensive hardware requirements for video systems and the challenges of large-scale network management. As argued by [PERSON] et al. [52], the greatest obstacles to mass AV adaptation may be psychological, not technological. If AVs are not widely accepted by the society, road safety cannot be improved and the anticipated benefits for society and the environment cannot be achieved [53]. Adapting AVs to public roads is therefore associated with many challenges. Such vehicles will have to be more integrated with national intelligent transport infrastructures and systems, such as satellite navigation systems in vehicles, traffic signal control systems, information about parking lots, weather forecasts, de-icing bridges, automatic number plate recognition systems or speed cameras for monitoring related applications. Research carried out by [PERSON] et al. on technology acceptance, adoption and application of automation technology in vehicles has gained great value in research in the field of transport [54]. They conducted a survey addressed to focus groups in California, New Jersey and Illinois in the USA, asking for their opinion on AVs. It was found that respondents would be more interested in adopting AVs if they received incentives such as autonomous vehicle lanes. In addition, people over 60 and people aged 18 to 25 showed the highest readiness for this type of solution. In contrast, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [55] surveyed public opinion on autonomous and AVs among 1533 respondents in the USA, Great Britain and Australia. The survey found that most respondents were interested in having a fully self-contained vehicle technology, but most respondents said they would not be willing to pay extra for this technology. Respondents in the USA expressed greater concern than those in the UK or Australia regarding data privacy, interactions with self-driving vehicles, learning to use vehicles and operating the vehicle in bad weather. On the other hand, [PERSON] [56] examined the opinion of 217 transport experts on automated vehicles. Respondents identified legal accountability and regulation as the most difficult barriers to deploying fully automated vehicles, and social and consumer acceptance was considered the least difficult. Moreover, other recent opinion polls have shown that the general public shows some resistance or a neutral attitude to AV technology [24; 45]. The own research conducted by the authors of this study also revealed various barriers that may be key in the perception of the development of the concept of AVs. Further analysis was carried out in the breakdown of respondents by age and gender. Women aged 19-25 see the greatest barrier in the costs of purchasing such a vehicle (21.9% of responses) and safety issues (17.8%).