## 3 Methodology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Year** & **Techniques Utilized** & **Benefits** & **Limitations** \\ \hline
[39] & 2023 & \begin{tabular}{c} To decrease the distance, a \\ distance-based evaluation scheme was \\ utilized \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Improved PDR and \\ minimized EED \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Due to the decreased network \\ distance, overhead occurred in \\ this work \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[40] & 2022 & \begin{tabular}{c} A protocol for multipath routing was \\ utilized \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Decreased Jitter, EED, and \\ PL \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Latency was still not minimized \\ due to the network load \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[41] & 2022 & \begin{tabular}{c} A multichannel routing path for energy \\ efficiency was established \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Improved PDR and \\ decreased EC \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Energy consumption did not \\ decrease \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[42] & 2022 & \begin{tabular}{c} Network performance was improved \\ using a clustering approach \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Improved network \\ lifetime \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The path loss increased due to \\ not stable clusters \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[43] & 2023 & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy optimization was implemented \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Minimized EED and \\ maximized throughput \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lower integrity and reliability \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[44] & 2023 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Improved quality of service optimization \\ for marine sensor networks. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Increased PDR, decreased \\ Jitter \\ \end{tabular} & Occurrence of overhead routing \\ \hline
[47] & 2023 & \begin{tabular}{c} Network performance was improved \\ using a clustering approach \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Lower energy \\ consumption \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The PDR was ultimately \\ decreased \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[50] & 2023 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Focused on quality of service and \\ security while maintaining privacy \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Improved integrity, trust, \\ reliability \\ \end{tabular} & Non repudiate occurred \\ \hline
[51,52] & 2022 & \begin{tabular}{c} A cooperation scheme was introduced \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Improved overall network \\ performance \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The latency increased due to the \\ non-stable clustering approach \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[53] & 2023 & \begin{tabular}{c} A neighboring scheme was used to \\ recognize the nearest possible sensor \\ node for communication \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Less energy consumption \\ and minimal delay \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} No cooperation and relay \\ scheme was applied \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of the existing literature. The surface of the water and the underwater environment represent different communication scenarios; thus, each scenario uses different communication standards. The working procedure for the proposed protocol is illustrated in Figure 3. Each step and phase is implemented, from the first stage to the last stage, by moving further with simulation time and the passage stipulated by the methodology. A cooperation phase is implemented in the CR-NBEER methodology that begins at the beginning. The main reason for this is that the protocol focuses on cooperative routing, followed by a relay optimization phase, which represents the second main concern of the proposed protocol. The Residual Energy (RE) scheme has also been incorporated. Figure 3: Functionality flowchart of the proposed CR-NBEER protocol. Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the proposed cooperative-relay optimization protocol. The proposed CR-NBEER protocol was implemented using the MATLAB simulation environment. All of the relevant parameters were introduced, and the cooperation and relay optimization scheme was performed.