# Dairy Waste and Potential of Small-Scale Biogas Digester for Rural Energy in India
## 3 Utilization of Livestock Waste and Renewable Energy Consumption Pattern in Rural India
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Animal Type**} & **Numbers** & **Manure (Million** & **Manure** (Tonnes/Year)** & **Remarks and References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sleep**} & \multirow{4}{*}{74.3} & \multirow{4}{*}{1.81} & \multirow{4}{*}{3.2833 million} & Annual manure production was calculated based on number of animals and manure production per animals. Average row numbers were obtained from National Dairy Development Board Database [14; 36]. \\  & & & & Annual manure production was calculated based on number of animals and manure production per animals. Average row numbers were obtained from National Dairy Development Board Database [36]. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Goat**} & \multirow{4}{*}{148.9} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.625} & \multirow{4}{*}{93.0625 million} & Annual manure production was calculated based on number of animals and manure production per animals. Average row numbers were obtained from National Dairy Development Board Database [36]. \\  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. In agriculture purpose, electricity is mainly used for irrigation. More than 18 million irrigation pumps are working across India, which are run by electricity [48; 49]. In cases where electricity is not available, pumps are run by diesel fuel (Figure 3) [50]. As shown in Figure 3, in each sector of energy consumption (domestic, agriculture, and transportation), biogas can play a substantial role in the use of existing technologies currently available for converting biogas produced from animal waste into electricity (with the help of generator) and transportation fuel (i.e., bio-CNG). The use of compressed natural gas (CNG) produced from biogas (bio-CNG) can be used as an alternative fuel to transportation fuels. Further, bio-CNG causes low greenhouse gas emission. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Livestock Type**} & **Production of** & **Waste Use as a** & **Waste Use as a** & **Waste Use for** & \\  & **Manure (Million** & **Source of** & **Source of** & **Biogas Production** & **Source** \\  & **Tonnes/Year**) & **Cooking Energy** & **Fertilizer** & **Using Biogas** & \\  & & & & **Digester** & \\ \hline Cow & 730 & Yes & Yes & Yes & [51] \\ Buffalo & 574 & Yes & Yes & Yes & [51] \\ Chicken & 6.25–8 & No & Yes & Yes & [52] \\ Sheep & 3.28 & No & Yes & Yes & [53] \\ Goat & 93.06 & No & Yes & Yes & [54] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Livestock waste and waste utilization for various purposes in India. Figure 3: Energy consumption in domestic, agriculture, and transportation sectors of India, and livestock contribution (data source: [42; 43; 45; 48; 50]. In addition, bio-gasification, which is a conversion of biomass into biogas, could assist further in meeting the energy demand for domestic, agriculture, and transportation fuel purposes. For bio-gasification, the required biomass is abundantly available in the majority of the rural regions in many countries. One of the challenges in the implementation of bio-gasification is the level of technology expertise required for the operation of bio-gasification plants. Compared to anaerobic digesters, which have minimal moving parts and require minimal maintenance, the bio-gasification process involves multiple thermo-chemical reactions and successful operations requires advanced scientific and technological skills, particularly when gaseous products of bio-gasification are converted into electricity using generator. In many developing countries, attempts to install of bio-gasification plants were not very successful because plants were often dysfunctional or below the optimal capacity due to the lack of maintenance of the gas engines.