## 3 Results
### Spatial Variability of Annual and Seasonal Mean LST
#### 3.1.1 Nighttime LST
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**SI.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**City**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Population** (Millions)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total Change (\({}^{\circ}\)C)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total Change (\({}^{\circ}\)C)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Annual**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SUHI (AMJ)**,**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SUHI (ADJ)**,** Winter**} \\  & & & **(Annual)–LST** & **(MJ))–LST** & **Average (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Onset of Monsoon, \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **Seson, \({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Delhi & 28.51 & \(-\)0.81 & 2.02 & 1.42 & 3.01 & 30.26 & 19.77 & \(-\)0.77 & 1.87 & 0.58 & 1.84 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Mumbai & 19.98 & \(-\)1.38 & 1.24 & \(-\)0.42 & 2.04 & 33.29 & 22.49 & \(-\)0.67 & 0.20 & 0.49 & 0.66 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Dhaka & 19.58 & 1.50 & 0.09 & 3.34 & \(-\)0.15 & 28.82 & 22.11 & 0.96 & 0.32 & 0.80 & 0.94 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Karachi & 15.40 & \(-\)1.28 & 1.60 & 0.02 & 1.83 & 33.83 & 21.72 & \(-\)0.49 & 0.30 & \(-\)0.53 & 1.29 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Kolkata & 14.68 & 0.61 & 0.91 & 1.78 & 0.93 & 29.61 & 22.57 & 0.99 & 0.61 & 0.73 & 1.38 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Lahore & 11.74 & \(-\)0.23 & 1.68 & 2.10 & 2.31 & 29.89 & 19.25 & 1.01 & 2.33 & 0.84 & 1.68 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Bengaluru & 11.44 & \(-\)1.37 & 1.18 & \(-\)1.42 & 1.07 & 31.26 & 20.44 & \(-\)0.65 & 0.92 & \(-\)0.71 & 1.15 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Chennai & 10.46 & \(-\)0.37 & 1.10 & \(-\)0.72 & 1.20 & 34.19 & 25.48 & \(-\)0.18 & 0.60 & 0.63 & 1.00 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Hyderabad & 9.48 & \(-\)1.90 & 1.48 & \(-\)1.41 & 1.82 & 34.14 & 22.89 & \(-\)0.93 & 1.32 & \(-\)0.84 & 1.81 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Ahmedabad & 7.68 & \(-\)1.60 & 1.90 & \(-\)0.23 & 3.70 & 35.21 & 22.85 & \(-\)0.56 & 1.47 & 0.53 & 2.56 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Surat & 6.56 & \(-\)0.62 & 1.94 & 0.88 & 2.78 & 33.44 & 22.29 & 0.66 & 0.65 & 0.17 & 1.67 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Pune & 6.28 & \(-\)3.25 & 1.59 & \(-\)0.89 & 2.46 & 34.88 & 20.61 & \(-\)0.53 & 1.01 & \(-\)0.31 & 1.27 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Yangon & 5.16 & 0.32 & 1.56 & 3.52 & 2.77 & 33.29 & 23.59 & 0.34 & 0.33 & 0.41 & 1.36 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Lucknow & 3.50 & \(-\)0.59 & 1.72 & 2.58 & 2.33 & 31.03 & 20.90 & 0.36 & 1.69 & 0.72 & 1.72 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Faisalabad & 3.20 & \(-\)0.29 & 1.43 & 1.51 & 1.75 & 30.82 & 19.27 & 1.07 & 1.61 & 0.66 & 1.67 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Jaipur & 3.05 & \(-\)2.37 & 1.35 & 0.52 & 2.24 & 33.37 & 20.55 & \(-\)1.48 & 2.17 & \(-\)0.52 & 2.63 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Kanpur & 2.77 & \(-\)0.89 & 1.32 & 2.62 & 2.08 & 31.22 & 20.77 & \(-\)0.91 & 1.42 & 0.60 & 1.64 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Dhambad & 1.16 & \(-\)1.21 & 0.53 & 0.08 & 1.23 & 31.77 & 20.47 & 0.10 & 0.45 & 0.33 & 0.55 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Coimbatore & 1.05 & \(-\)1.75 & 1.17 & \(-\)1.96 & 1.45 & 35.55 & 22.39 & 0.06 & 0.53 & \(-\)0.08 & 0.53 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & Colombo & 0.65 & 1.57 & 0.83 & 1.68 & 0.77 & 31.44 & 22.88 & 1.25 & 0.21 & 1.27 & 0.33 \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & & & & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of total change (based on trend component) in LST and SUHI effect over major populated cities in India and surrounding countries (2000–2023). Figure 2 clearly portrays that the highest nighttime warming over India occurred during the month of May specifically in central India and spreading out to northern and northeastern India during June. This gradual warming of nighttime LST from April to June in the northern Indo-Gangetic plains is clearly visible in Figure 2, which indicates the formation of the low-pressure zone leading to the onset of monsoon. July and August showed a substantial drop in nighttime LST due to the monsoons.