# Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Use in Biomedical Field
## 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives  
In recent years, there has been a substantial surge in research and development focused on magnetic nanoparticles intended for biomedical applications. The capacity to precisely control the size, shape, and surface characteristics of these nanoparticles has sparked widespread exploration of their potential uses. Magnetic nanoparticles offer distinct advantages, including their applicability in treatments like hyperthermia and the ability to be precisely directed to specific locations within the body using an alternating magnetic field. With a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, magnetic nanoparticles facilitate substantial substitution levels, making them well-suited for drug delivery. Furthermore, their incorporation into composites such as magnetic hydrogels or liposomes generating new classes of multifunctional hybrid nanostructures enhances their biocompatibility and broadens their potential in medical applications.  
Several challenges persist with these systems. Firstly, the efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is significantly influenced by their size and shape, necessitating the development of appropriate synthetic procedures and subsequent studies to ascertain optimal behavior of the resulting materials. Another concern is the aggregation of MNPs, which can impact their efficiency and pose potential toxicity issues. While toxicity studies must be conducted, it is worth noting that iron oxide nanoparticles, among those proposed for biomedical applications, are generally considered to be less toxic than many other nanoparticle types.  
Continued research and innovation in these directions are likely to pave the way for more effective and personalized biomedical interventions using magnetic nanoparticles. Smart MNPs (SMNPs) possess additional functionalities beyond their basic magnetic properties. Such structures are designed to respond to specific stimuli or conditions, allowing for controlled and targeted TDD, MHT, MRI, MF applications. SMNPs can be designed to respond to specific local stimuli, such as changes in pH, temperature, or the presence of certain biomolecules. Moreover, external stimuli, such as magnetic fields, can allow the remote activation and manipulation of SMNPs within the body [201].  
To establish the foundations for potentially clinically applicable results, it is imperative to conduct a literature review with a very strong interdisciplinary perspective. Therefore, the collaboration between nanomaterials and bioengineering can certainly provide synergistic effects in biomedical applications.  
Conceptualization, G.F.S. and R.I.S.; methodology, G.F.S.; software, R.I.S.; validation, G.F.S. and R.I.S.; formal analysis, G.F.S.; investigation, G.F.S.; resources, G.F.S.; data curation, R.I.S.; writing--original draft preparation, G.F.S. and R.I.S.; writing--review and editing, R.I.S.; visualization, G.F.S.; supervision, R.I.S.; project administration, R.I.S.; funding acquisition, R.I.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the following projects: WIDESPREAD-06-2020-ERA Chairs/H2020 ERA-Chair projects--grant agreement No. 952390/2020.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.