# Forest Fire Detection Using New Routing Protocol
## 2 Related Work
However, this method does not take into account the sleep mode of nodes, where a node can consume more energy when receiving and sending data. A system of forest fire detection was presented by using a hardware design based on a Data Aggregation Routing Protocol (DARP) [29]. This design aims to achieve an energy-efficient WSN. In addition, there are four stages presented in this method, where the first stage is referred to as the user node that broadcasts the temperature data, the second scenario is the coordinator node, where this node will receive the temperature information, stores, and sends this information. Subsequently, in the third stage, the user node will store the temperature data in the cache for the purpose of speeding up the recall of temperature data. In the fourth stage, the destination node will respond to the temperature information via gradient routing. In addition, the results of this method showed that a 16 m distance is the best routing with the most energy efficiency. However, this method was implemented in a limited environment with four nodes only. Moreover, the energy of sensor nodes was not evaluated in terms of EC. Another research study was proposed in [30], where the authors presented a cost-effective system for detecting wildfires early by employing narrow-beam Far-Infrared (FIR) sensors. This system aims to protect localized zones, for example, villages, camping places, or remote houses in the forest. The FIR sensor nodes are able to detect strong heat with a range of up to 50 m. Furthermore, these sensors are linked to STM32 L432 KC nodes, which perform in a master-slave topology. The Slave nodes are used to read and pre-process temperature data by flame sensors and present these data to the master node. In addition, the master node will receive the temperature data, and because the master node is connected to the internet, it is responsible for forest monitoring and releasing the alarm in real-time. This system is applied with automatic countermeasures such as sprinklers for protecting small areas of interest exposed to forest fires. These sprinklers are activated with latching valves, which can maintain their status even if the power is lost. In [31], the authors presented a new design based on WSNs for wildfire detection. This design aims to specify the scale and intensity of the forest fire by using the Fire Weather Index (FWI). In addition, a data communication solution is proposed in the simulation environment to create dynamic routing paths. There are different parameters (e.g., the weather index, the weight, the energy, and the security) that are used to develop these dynamic paths. In this system, the client application is presented and connected to the web services to update the received information from the WSN, where if a fire occurs in the forest, the client will specify the fire zone, temperature, index date, and wind speed. These parameters are used to calculate the FWI and are then sent to the base station. Furthermore, the Microsoft Framework was used to implement the simulation experiments. The results of this method showed the efficiency of detecting fires with fewer overhead data packets and less EC.