esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Latency Mitigation Strategies
### Initiatives, Standardisation Efforts, and Guidelines  
Standards bodies and industry alliances play a crucial role in maintaining quality, consistency, interoperability, and reliability across industries and domains by providing formal guidelines, products, services, responsibilities, specifications, and requirements. There are numerous standards for vehicular communications. For example, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) developed standards for dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) (IEEE 802.11p or IEEE 1609 based) [145; 146] and cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) [146]. The 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) develops standards for wireless networks, inclining towards cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) [145]. The IEEE developed communication protocols and standards for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and intelligent transport systems (ITSs) among various interfaces, including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and so on [31]. Standards for CAVs have been established by SAE standard J3016 since 2014, which has defined taxonomies on driving automation systems and levels [10; 14; 147], where SAE J3016 focuses on defining remote assistance and remote driving. However, there is not a sufficient number of standards for vehicle teleoperation that provide the requirements and responsibilities of remote driving. Recognising this gap, the BSI has developed several publicly available specifications (PASs) for the remote teleoperation of CAVs. According to BSI PAS 1886, the roles of remote operators include remote monitoring, remote assistance, and remote driving to supervise, support, and directly control the vehicle, respectively [9]. The remote operator is responsible for continuously monitoring remotely at all SAE levels, including fully automated vehicles [10]. SAE levels 0-3 require remote driving from human operators as a fallback solution to achieve MRC, sometimes including level 4. Remote assistance is primarily performed in SAE levels 3-5. Furthermore, BSI PAS 1884 includes a section on training for remote operators, ensuring the quality and proficiency of this critical role [148]. In addition to standards, some efforts from white papers and industry reports address the current state, use cases, and requirements for safe CAV teleoperation. Projects such as Endeavour-WP15B [149], 5 GAA [24; 106], 5 GcroCo [108; 109], and 5 GMobix [110] have contributed insights and recommendations, particularly concerning impacts and requirements for CAV teleoperation and network latency. Moreover, the initial deliverable of the SAVOR project [150] undertakes experiments and provides recommendations on remote monitoring and teleoperation of CAVs. Other famous initiatives from corporate companies aim to develop self-driving systems, including Openpilot Level 2 [151], Nissan's ProPilot Level 2 [152], BMW's Personal
# Interference-Aware Radio Resource Management for Cognitive High-Throughput Satellite Systems
## 4 Interference-Aware RRM Strategy  
In the considered cognitive HTS system, there exist various kinds of interference in the forward link of satellite communications. Firstly, FFR among beams would inevitably cause intra-system interference, which severely degrades the performance of satellite communications so that interference mitigation techniques are mandatory. In this context, an efficient resource management scheme is crucial to managing intra-beam interference without compromising the complexity of single-antenna receivers. Moreover, although frequency reuse between satellite and terrestrial communications can accommodate more users and services within the limited spectrum, it is always accompanied by inter-system interference at primary terrestrial receivers. Thus, when designing the resource management scheme, it is essential to take the protection of the primary terrestrial system into account.  
Regarding the aforementioned design challenges of RRM for cognitive HTS systems, we first propose a JSDM-based RRM framework for the cognitive HTS system in this section. Based on the proposed framework, user grouping and two-stage precoding are studied, in order to combat the performance degradation caused by interference.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Proximate and Amino Acid Compositions of FBP
The content of imino acid in SFBP was similar to that of collagen extracted from tilapia scales, through extrusion-hydrox extraction (187.7) [37], but higher than that of popsin-solubilized collagen from bighead carp bones (174) and swim bladders (175), through traditional acid/alkali extraction [9]. These results reflect the high effectiveness of steam explosion-assisted extraction, for the release of proline and hydroxproline from the native fish backbone materials. In the FBP, the contents of histidine, threonine, cysteine + methionine, valine, phenylalanine + tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine were 4.2 and 6.5 mg/g, 10.7 and 14.4 mg/g, 57.7 and 64.9 mg/g, 17.5 and 21.1 mg/g, 18.5 and 24.2 mg/g, 10.5 and 13.7 mg/g, 20.3 and 25.5 mg/g, 25.4 and 29.5 mg/g, respectively. All the essential amino acids (EAAs) totaled 17.50% and 19.57% in the total amino acids for SFBP and HFBP, respectively. In spite of the low levels of some EAAs, the FBP may be used as a food additive, to improve the functional properties of protein gel [4; 38]. Moreover, many studies have found a good correlation between certain amino acid residues and the bioactivity of food-borne hydrolysates. The antioxidant activity of peptides is mostly dependent on the composition and sequence of amino acids [29]. Accordingly, glycine and hydrophobic amino acids (alanine, proline, hydroxyproline, valine, and leucine) are key factors for potential antioxidant activity, by improving the scavenging effect of hydrolysates on free radicals [35; 39]. A recent study showed that several antioxidant small peptides, such as glycine-proline-proline (GPP) and glycine-alanine-alanine-alanine (GAA), are encrypted in the amino acid sequences of salmon viscera extracts [40]. Furthermore, acidic amino acids, such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid, can quench unpaired electrons and free radicals, by providing protons [41]. In the present study, the recovered proteins, by hydrothermal pretreatment, might be a good source when seeking to extract bioactive ingredients, due to the high levels of certain amino acid residues, such as glycine, alanine, and proline.
## 2 Architectural Framework of IBSN and Its Components
### Communication Strategies
#### 2.5.5 Security  
Security is paramount in IBSN as the wireless transfer mainly includes life-critical data and any interference to the data can cause fatalities. IEEE 802.15.6 standard presents a strict guideline for authentication of devices complying with level 2 security in the data-link layer [23]. Innovative security keys which use bio-signals for encryption and authentication are available, however the limited resources of IBSN make the implementation of security mechanisms challenging.
# Multi-Scale Convolutional Network for Space-Based ADS-B Signal Separation with Single Antenna
## 4 Experiment  
### Implementation Details  
Our proposed MConv-TasNet is performed in the SR-ADSB Dataset. The PyTorch and RTX 6000 GPU are used in experiments. The Adam optimization function is used in all experiments. The initial learning rate is set to 0.001. When the validation accuracy is not improved in three consecutive epochs, the learning rate is decayed by ten. Gradient clipping with maximum \(L_{2}\)-norm of 5 is applied during training. The batch-size is set to 32. \(C\), \(K\) and \(L\) are 512, 16, and 16,400, respectively, in this paper.
# SOUNET: Self-Organized Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
## 4 Construction and Operation of SOUNET
### Phase 2: Network Maintenance
#### 4.2.1 Data Transfer  
On acquiring data, the sensor node sends _DATA_ packets to the parent. Then the parent replies with an acknowledge packet, _ACK_. Such an exchange of _DATA_ and _ACK_ continues along the branch until the _DATA_ reaches the sink. During data transfer, if necessary, the associated sensor nodes update the neighbor table.
# An Empirical Study of a Trustworthy Cloud Common Data Model Using Decentralized Identifiers
## 3 The Extended to Identify Management Scheme for Cloud CDM
### Credential Definition of Identity  
Self-sovereign identity consists of an identifier and identifier data. In cloud CDM, identifiers use DID, and identifier data consists of several attribute information. The main attribute information for identity consists of personal information, credentials, and verifiable presentation. A legal entity's identity (i.e., an individual or an organization) can be represented using a set of attributes associated with the entity (such as name and role). The identity of the CDM providing and consuming institutions and the participant of these institutions is expressed in various attribute information. Identity management provides the functions for maintaining the identity data and their access control. IRB identity is defined based on its schema. The identity certificate is issued by the IRB provider. Figure 7 is the schema definition for CDM identity stored in Indy DLT.  
The following shows the schema defined for the issued CDM identity stored in the DLT. It shows that the schema was created by the IRB through the credential definition ID.  
* Schema ID: T8j4 DNmf7 Us8 tTzpvoKoNo:2:IRB schema:51.1.53
* Cred def ID: T8j4 DNmf7 Us8 tTzpvoKoNo:3:CL:38:irb.agent.IRB_schema
* Type: CRED_DEF
* Reference: 38
* Signature type: CL
* Tag: irb.agent.IRB_schema
* Attributes: affiliation, approved_date, gcp, irb_no, master_secret, name, role, timestamp  
After the IRB agent starts up, the researcher agent establishes a trust channel with the IRB agent, and then the IRB performs DID exchange with the researcher. Algorithm 1 describes the steps for establishing a connection between these agents.  
```
1:Researcher agent exchanges DIDs with the IRB agent to establish a DIDComm channel.
2:IRB offers an audited researcher credential over this channel.
3:Researcher accepts and stores the credential in their wallet. + Audited researcher credential is specified by IRB.
```  
**Algorithm 1** Establishing Trusted Connections
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Model Performance
It is worth emphasizing that although the modified Gompertz equation facilitates biological interpretation of its parameters, it requires the fulfillment of certain assumptions related to the data structure. The advantage of the elaborated model based on the B-spline and genetic algorithms over the one based on the kinetic equation is that, similar to ANNs, it does not need to meet any initial assumptions. In turn, comparing the model proposed in this study with the one developed using ANN showed that the model combining B-splines with the genetic algorithm provided slightly worse results. However, on the other hand, it was characterized by a smaller number of control parameters (18 in the case of the newly proposed algorithm versus 26 (15 [3 \(\times\) 5] weights between input and hidden layers, plus five [5 \(\times\) 1] weights between hidden and output layers, plus six biases [one for each neuron in the hidden and the output layer] in the case of ANNs). The evaluation of the developed hybrid model showed its high usefulness for assessing the mycological state of malting barley ecosystems stored in a wide range of humidity and temperature conditions that may occur in agricultural practice. As the model describes the dynamics of fungal development in the grain ecosystem, it may be useful for assessing the allowable time of its safe storage and selection of an appropriate method of its preservation based on the temperature and humidity conditions prevailing in the grain mass. Moreover, as the proposed modeling approach is universal in character, it can be used in other approximation areas.
## 2 The Assignment Problem Model  
In most common problem formulation, we have \(n\) workers who need to be assigned \(n\) tasks in such a way that each worker is assigned a single task and each task is solved by a single worker.  
For each worker-task pair, we know the time it takes the worker to complete the task. The task is to find an assignment that minimizes the total time to complete all tasks.  
Let \(c_{ij}\) denote the time taken by the \(i\)th worker for the \(j\)th task. The decision variables are binary, \(x_{ij}=1\) if the \(i\)th worker is assigned the \(j\)th task, \(x_{ij}=0\) in the opposite case. Then, the problem can be formulated as follows:  
\[z=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{n}c_{ij}x_{ij}\rightarrow\min \tag{1}\]  
subject to  
\[\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{ij}=1,\ j=1,\ \ldots,\ n \tag{2}\]  
\[\sum_{j=1}^{n}x_{ij}=1,\ i=1,\ \ldots,\ n \tag{3}\]  
\[x_{ij}\in\{0,\ 1\},\ i=1,\ \ldots,\ n,\ j=1,\ \ldots,\ n \tag{4}\]  
Equation (2) ensures that each task is assigned to a single worker, and Equation (3) ensures that each worker is assigned a single task.  
The assignment problem can also be viewed as a problem of finding a permutation  
\[\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1&2&...&n\\ \pi_{1}&\pi_{2}&...&\pi_{n}\end{array}\right),\]  
where \(i\)th worker is assigned to task \(\pi_{i}\) and  
\[z=\sum_{i=1}^{n}c_{i\pi_{i}}\rightarrow\min\]  
Since the number of different permutations of \(n\) elements is \(n!\), it is not possible to find the optimal solution for large instances in the available time by enumerating all possibilities. However, due to the Hungarian method mentioned above, we no longer use this approach.
## 3 Experiment 1: Frequency Dependence of Vibration-Weight Illusion
### Task 1-1: Grip Force at Different Frequencies
#### 3.3.2 Analysis  
The outputs from the load cell were submitted to a moving-average low-pass filter with a window size of 0.1 s. The grip forces before and after the presentation of the stimuli were compared to evaluate the increase in the grip force for each vibratory stimulus. The grip force before the presentation of the vibration was the mean of the 0.5 s immediately before the presentation of a stimulus (\(-\)0.5-0 s), as in Figure 2, where 0 s was the onset of the vibration. The grip force after the presentation of the stimulus was the mean during the 0.5 s, 1 s after the start of the presentation (1-1.5 s). The grip forces were transient for 0-1 s, and this period was not used for the analysis. The means and standard errors of the change in the grip force for each vibratory frequency were calculated, and two-tailed \(t\)-tests were conducted to confirm whether the stimuli changed the grip forces significantly.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Frequency** & **Acceleration** & **Amplitude** & **Voltage** \\ \hline
30 Hz & 5.5 m/s\({}^{2}\) & 156 \(\upmu\)m & 2.44 V \\
60 Hz & 11.9 m/s\({}^{2}\) & 84 \(\upmu\)m & 0.86 V \\
100 Hz & 17.4 m/s\({}^{2}\) & 44 \(\upmu\)m & 1.06 V \\
200 Hz & 75.3 m/s\({}^{2}\) & 48 \(\upmu\)m & 4.06 V \\
300 Hz & 138.1 m/s\({}^{2}\) & 39 \(\upmu\)m & 7.82 V \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Acceleration, amplitude, and input voltage at each frequency of the vibratory stimuli used in Experiment 1. Accelerations and amplitudes of the stimuli were 3 dB higher than the thresholds at which the vibration-weight illusions were observed at individual frequencies. Voltage indicates the amplitude of the voltage applied to the voice coil motor (half to peak-to-peak).
# Emerging Technologies for Advanced Power Electronics and Machine Design in Electric Drives
## 2 Topologies of Electric Drives
### Multiphase Electric Drive Topologies  
Intensified electrification of transportation and the introduction of renewables (e.g., wind turbines) are placing ever greater demands on the performance of electric drives [79]. In high-current applications, the technological limits of available high-power electronic components dictate the parallel connection of power switches, which can be a challenge in terms of system integration and long-term reliability. Similarly, high currents can lead to uneven distribution of power losses in the electric machine. A more practical approach is to increase the number of phases, resulting in a multiphase drive consisting of a custom-made converter and an electric machine. The use of more than three phases allows the power to be distributed over a larger number of inverter legs and thus the use of faster semiconductor switches with lower-rated current [12].  
The multiphase drive (having more than three phases, where each phase is supplied by a two- or more-level voltage source [79]) can generate the same power output with lower phase currents without a simultaneous increase in phase voltages. For this reason, the field of multiphase drives has been well researched academically [12; 80]. Multiphase drives have been used for several years in marine applications (as main propulsion or  
Figure 7: Three-phase inverter with multiple parallel branches (transistor leg with a connecting inductor) connected to a three-phase machine.  
power generators) [81] and are increasingly used in wind farms [82] and in the automotive industry [83].  
Another advantage of a multiphase design is better fault tolerance, as a larger number of phases allows independent flux and torque control even in the event of a fault [12]. These additional degrees of freedom can be used for various improvements in control [84], such as increasing torque [85], minimizing torque ripple [86], increasing redundancy with associated additional safety [14; 15; 87], and developing fault-tolerant strategies [88]. Further advantages are higher-rated power, lower power losses [89], and the possibility of synthetic loading, which enables a simplified measurement of the drive's power losses [90].  
In practice, multiphase drives are mainly used in high-power applications and are relatively rare in low-power applications. The main reasons for this phenomenon are (a) the development of a multiphase drive requires much more collaboration between engineers from different fields (machine design, power electronics, control, etc.), which complicates the development cycle of the device, and (b) an increase in number of power electronics switches necessitates a corresponding rise in the quantity of other electronic components (driver circuits, power supply circuits, etc.), which increases the overall production cost and may make the product uncompetitive or less attractive for the market.
# Type-1 Fuzzy Sets and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets +
## 1 Introduction  
In 1965, [PERSON] introduced the concept of fuzzy sets [1]. They are now one of the most serious and prospective directions for the development of [PERSON]'s set theory. In spite of the concerns and critical remarks against fuzzy sets voiced by some of the most prominent specialists in the area of mathematical logic in the second half of the 1960s, fuzzy sets have been firmly established as a fruitful area of research, as well as of a tool for the evaluation of different objects and processes in nature and society. Soon after their launch, fuzzy sets became an object of extensions by themselves. Chronologically, the first of these extensions, \(L\)-fuzzy sets, were introduced by [PERSON] in 1969 [2]. The second extension was from [PERSON] [3], who introduced the idea of interval-valued fuzzy sets. The third extension is the rough sets, which were defined by [PERSON] in 1981 [4, 5]. The fourth was intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs), introduced in 1983 [6]. In recent years, many other extensions of fuzzy sets have been proposed. It is now clear that a significant part of these are trivial modifications of other existing fuzzy set extensions which have been \"re-branded\" under new names.  
In recent years, some authors have introduced the term \"type-1 fuzzy set\" (T1 FS) as a synonym of [PERSON]'s fuzzy set (e.g., [7, 8, 9]), emphasizing that T1 FSs are the basis of the fuzzy sets extensions. Preserving this name, in the present paper, we discuss what is common and what is different between T1 FSs and IFSs.  
In Section 2, we discuss the basic concepts in IFS theory that do not have analogues in T1 FS theory and the reasons for this. In Section 3, we discuss the possibility for the transformation of some concepts from IFSs theory to T1 FSs theory. So, we show some new directions for development of T1 FS theory. The author is not aware of similar research.  
The author would like to mention that his first research in the area of IFS was based on [PERSON]'s book [10], whose Russian translation was the first book on fuzzy sets that appeared in Bulgaria in the early 1980s. For this reason, the theory of IFSs uses the notation of [10].
## 4 Rectenna Performance
### DC-DC Boost Measurement  
In application, the low available electromagnetic power density limits the use of rectenna in WEH applications. In addition, the ultra-low power makes it impossible to directly supply power to sensors. Therefore, a DC-DC boost converter is proposed to handle the smaller voltage and store the DC energy in the storage element.  
The proposed rectenna is used as the source of the BQ25504, which can be activated when the input DC power reaches 330 mV. The DC-DC boost converter can reach an output voltage of 3.2 V.  
As shown in Figure 20a, we connect the BQ25504-674 EVM to a supercapacitor (BZ015A503 ZSB). Then the voltage across the supercapacitor is measured in the oscilloscope shown in Figure 20b. It can be seen that the voltage value across the supercapacitor increases from 1.4 V to 3.2 V within 50 s. The stored power can be calculated as:  
\[P_{store}=\frac{1}{2}C\Big{(}V_{after}{}^{2}-V_{before}{}^{2}\Big{)}, \tag{3}\]  
where \(P_{store}\) is the stored power, C is the capacitance of the supercapacitor, \(V_{after}\) is the voltage after charging and \(V_{before}\) is the voltage before charging. The capacitance of the selected supercapacitor is 50 mF, so the supercapacitor stores 0.207 J within 50 s. This indicates that the proposed rectifier has the potential to provide energy for low-power devices.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Bale Dimensions Equilibrium and Near-Equilibrium
#### 2.3.3. Equal Optimal Dimensions  
In this case the optimal bale diameter is equal to bale height, i.e., by Equation (2)  
\[D_{b}^{*}=H_{b}^{*}=\sqrt[3]{\frac{4V_{b0}}{\pi}}, \tag{19}\]  
and the optimality condition expressed by Equation (1) is satisfied, simultaneously. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium are given by the following proposition, which results directly from Proposition 1 for \(\varepsilon_{0}=0\).  
**Proposition 3**.: _For given: bale volume \(V_{b0}\), width of the film \(b_{f}\) and its mechanical parameters \(v_{f}\), \(\varepsilon_{lf}\), numbers of film layers \(p_{b}\), \(p_{u}\) and the overlaps \(\delta\), \(k_{f0}\), \(k_{f}\), such that the applicability condition expressed by Equation (A4) holds, the optimal bale diameter \(D_{b}^{*}\) is equal to its optimal height \(H_{b}^{*}\) if and only if one (and only one) of the conditions is satisfied:_  
1. _the bale, film and wrapping parameters are related by the equation_ \[\frac{p_{b}\Omega\Big{(}k_{f}\Big{)}\left(2\delta-b_{fr}k_{f0}\right)}{p_{b} \Omega\Big{(}k_{f}\Big{)}-p_{u}\Big{(}1-k_{fb}\Big{)}}=\sqrt[3]{\frac{4V_{b0}} {\pi}},\]
2. _the equation_ \[p_{b}\Omega\Big{(}k_{f}\Big{)}=p_{u}\Big{(}1-k_{fb}\Big{)}\] _and Equation (_9_) are satisfied, simultaneously. The optimal bale dimensions are given directly by Equation (_19_) for fixed volume_ \(V_{b0}\) _in case (i) or for arbitrary volume in case (ii)._  
Note, that in case (i) the necessary condition for bale dimensions equilibrium expressed by Equation (10) takes the form  
\[\frac{2\delta-b_{fr}k_{fb}}{p_{b}\Omega\Big{(}k_{f}\Big{)}-p_{u}\Big{(}1-k_{fb }\Big{)}}>0.\]