## 4 Discussion  
Based on the nature of the spatial alignment between the urban areas and the heat islands, the temporal and spatial changes in LULC, especially built-up areas, can necessarily be summed up by a change in the spatial spreading of heat islands. The results of this study, in which the spatial autocorrelation technique was employed, was in agreement with many similar studies which had confirmed that urban expansion greatly contributes to increasing LST compared to green cover. For example, with reference to the impact of urban expansion over cities, [PERSON] (2016) determined that urban growth and reducing the vegetated area in the Zhujiang Delta in China from 1989-1997 elevated the surface temperature by an average of 13.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The temperature contrast between urban and rural areas increasing through urbanization has led to an increase in UHIs in some cities. Investigations into the increase of UHIs in the city of Tehran revealed that urbanization features directly affected the increase in daytime surface UHIs by 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C due to the difference between urban and non-urban maximum surface heat ([PERSON] et al., 2018). [PERSON] et al. (2018) claimed that urban growth has increased  
Figure 9: The resultant spatial autocorrelation between LST and NDBI, in which (**a**) represents BiLISA cluster, (**b**) significance maps, and (**c**) Moran’s \(I\), for the year 2020.  
the mean LST over Bangkok city from 26 \(\pm\) 6 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 38 \(\pm\) 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C in 2009. A much more substantial UHI influence of Shanghai resulted from urban growth, and it was identified as a primary cause of supplemental hot days and heat waves that increased heat-related deaths in the metropolis [68]. [PERSON] et al. [69] indicated that about 60% of the total LST variance was described by impervious surface areas (ISA) in relation to urban settlements within forest lands in mid-to-high latitudes worldwide. [PERSON] et al. [70] claimed a strong positive relationship between LST and ISA in Shanghai. It is worth noting that urban growth at Al-Ahsa has incidentally influenced agriculture because of the rapid development. The most apparent reason for this was the oil exploitation in the region, which has brought about an escalation in urban area occupancy. Though the oil industry has led to direct occupation on the oilfields, unplanned service prospects have also emerged in towns all over the kingdom. Prior work has shown that the high rate of urban expansion has been a result of the fast growth in migration to the urbanized areas, as well as population growth [71], and its continuous increase towards agricultural land may transform the area into forests of cement and black surfaces [72]. On the other hand, the interplay of LULC and climatic variables (temperature, pressure, etc.) have had an impact on ecosystem evolution, as specified in earlier research [73] indicating that the temporal and spatial variations in LULC are the result of the underlying environmental impact of economic revolution. [PERSON] et al. [31] highlighted the danger of urbanization over Al-Ahsa green cover to the surrounding area. In addition, they argued that such urbanization, without considering the future, may lead to undesirable consequences for the local environment, as well as for community life. Supporting the spatial autocorrelation between urbanization and LST over the study area, [PERSON] [74] further suggested that variant kinds of LULC have variant LSTs, which is considerably affected by vegetation cover. Comparable results concerning LULC in the Al-Ahsa Oasis were likewise perceived by other researchers [31; 75]. It is likely that demographic deviations triggered by urban development will ultimately lead to a destruction of land values [76]. This research concluded that changes in LULC caused by urbanization in the Al-Ahsa Oasis could have destructive effects on the area's local climate.