# A Survey on Energy Drainage Attacks and Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Security Issues in WSN
### Literature Review for Specific Attacks  
As indicated in Table 2, numerous studies focused on specific attacks and countermeasures in WSNs. In this section, we review outstanding survey papers for one security topic. [PERSON] et al. [12] analyzed secure data aggregation in WSNs in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. Subsequently, the authors categorize secure data aggregation methods based on several network environments, such as the network model and network topology. Furthermore, they evaluate the security requirements covered by the schemes. Each scheme is explained briefly in terms of their contribution. Strength and weakness, evaluation in terms of security requirements, and countermeasures against various attacks are given. For each scheme, they describe their network model, network topology, key cryptography method, and other features. Well-known 15 secure data aggregations, including secure data aggregation watermarking-based scheme in homogeneous WSNs (SDAW) in 2016 to lightweight structure-based data aggregation routing protocol with secure Internet of Things (IoT)-integrated next-generation sensor networks (LSDAR) in 2020 are compared. A sinkhole attack is a routing attack achieved by attracting surrounding nodes with misleading routing path information and performing data forging or selective forwarding of data passing through it. [PERSON] et al. [13] reviewed related countermeasures to detect and prevent this attack. After presenting well-known routing protocols in WSNs, approaches to detect sinkhole attacks, such as distributed and collaborative agents and cooperative clustering, were described. Several countermeasures for sinkhole attacks were explained. The authors categorized sinkhole attacks based on authorization, probing, redundancy, and limited broadcast using one-way hash chains, limited routing updates, and multi-path, multi-base station routing. The next security issue is key management, authentication, and trust management in WSNs. A survey paper was published by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11] in 2021. The authors presented the methodologies, advantages, and limitations of previous work on WSNs. Figure 2: Research classification in [11]. Figure 2 illustrates feasible security solutions and approaches in three topics. Furthermore, survey papers for three categories were compared to determine security requirements. Finally, open research challenges such as lightweight security were discussed. Similarly, [PERSON] [14] reviewed key distribution and authentication protocols in WSNs. For key distribution, three major topics, namely secure session key agreement, session key negotiation, and session key security, were considered. Because the most dangerous attack on WSNs turned out to be the replay and impersonation attack, the authors suggested using one-time keys and timestamps. For authentication protocol, existing protocols were categorized as one-factor, two-factor, three-, and four-factor, mutual authentication protocols. Among them, mutual authentication is the most desirable property as it satisfies security requirements. Unlike previous survey papers that focused on effectively detecting various attacks in WSNs, [PERSON] et al. [15] studied security data collection. After presenting general attacks in each layer and security requirements, the authors in [15] reviewed and analyzed attack detection and data analytics schemes for eleven mainstream attacks. They focused on attacks and their corresponding detection methods in the network layer and evaluation criteria to analyze existing methods. A list of evaluation criteria for the performance of security data collection consists of data quality, data trustworthiness, effectiveness and efficiency, privacy, and security requirements. Moreover, traceability, accuracy, false tolerance, applicability, and scalability were provided as criteria for attack detection in WSNs. We studied dealing with the different types of active and passive security attacks and countermeasures in WSNs [16].