## 4 Policy Reviews
### Research, Development, and Deployment  
These policies support the development of facilities that aim at developing and deploying clean energy technologies in developing countries [38]. The Research, Development, and Deployment (RD&D) policies are divided into two groups that include a demonstration project and research program, which in turn is subdivided into technology deployment and diffusion and technology development [25]. The RD&D policies for China, Brazil, and the USA are reported in Table 6.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & **Regulatory Instruments** & **Codes and** & **Monitoring** & **Obligation** & **Other Mandate** \\  & **(RD)** & **Standards** & **Monitoring** & **Schemes** & **Requirements** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{USA} & Federal Fueling Centers & x & & x \\ \cline{2-5}  & Energy supply—National & & & \\ Defense Authorization & & x & & x \\ \cline{1-1}  & Act, 2009 & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Biomass Research and & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Development Act & x & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Smart from the Start & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Initiative & x & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Solar America Board for & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Codes and Standards & x & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & RPS—Nevada, Colorado, & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and California & x & x & x \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: _Cont._Some of the policies are illustrated as follows:  
* **China**: 1. The modification to the 2006 RE Law initiated a special fund for RD&D and supported mini and off-grid RE projects in rural and remote areas [25]. 2. The International Science and Technology Program aimed to introduce latest technologies, attract scientists, and develop an exchange program with international research centers [31].
* **Brazil**: 1. In 2011, Brazil invested more than 1% of its GDP in RD&D. The business sector contributes a considerable share of total RD&D expenditures [39]. 2. The Scientific Research and Technological Development used incentives to encourage public private partnerships and raised the participation of research institutions in innovation [39].
* **USA**: 1. The Solar Energy Technologies Office/Sun (2016) conducted RD&D on solar energy technologies, including improving the efficiency and performance of solar cells [25]. 2. In 2009, the public investment and loans in the USA allocated $ 30 billion to produce a 3.1 GW geothermal project [20]. 3. The American Reinvestment Law supported clean energy RD&D by $ 80 billion [31]. 4. The Wind Energy Technologies Office accelerated the deployment of wind technologies through improved performance, low costs, and reduced market barriers [25]. 5. The Water Power Program identifies and undertakes RD&D to facilitate the development and deployment of RE from rivers and marine waters [31].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Country** & **Research, Development and** **Demonstration** & **Research** \\  & **Deployment (RD \& D)** & **Project** & **Program** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{China} & Renewable Energy Law & & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & International Science and Technology & & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & Cooperation Program for RE & & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & Shandong Province energy fund & & x \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Brazil} & Enabling Scientific Research and & & \\  & Technological Development & & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & using incentives & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Integrating Environmental & & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & Strategies—research program & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{USA} & American Reinvestment Law: & & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & Allocations for Clean Energy & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Solar Energy Technologies & & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & Office/SunShot & x & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & Bioenergy Technologies Office & x & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & Wind Energy Technologies Office & x & x \\ \cline{2-4}  & Water Power Technologies Office & x & x \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Examples of the Research Development and Deployment instruments for China, Brazil, and the USA.