## 5 Conclusions  
This study employed finite element simulation to investigate the seismic response of a multi-floored grain warehouse structure under the combined influence of horizontal and vertical grain loads. Various grain-loading conditions were considered, and the structural pushover curves, performance points, acceleration responses, and displacement behaviors were compared. The key conclusions are as follows:  
(1) Pushover analysis results indicate that full grain storage across all three floors reduces the base shear force. Compared to the most unfavorable FEE condition, the base  
Figure 22: Structural displacement responses under different ground motions. (**a**) Displacement response—Wenchuan (Rare); (**b**) Displacement response—El Centro (Design-level); (**c**) Displacement response—Chi-Chi (Design-level); (**d**) Displacement response—Hector Mine (Design-level). shear peak in the EEF scenario (grain stored only on the first floor) increased by 35.14%. Among the more commonly observed real-world scenarios, the base shear peak under the EEE condition (empty warehouse) was 6.67% higher than that of the FFF condition (fully loaded). (2) Capacity spectrum analysis revealed that the displacement at all performance points in the EEF condition was significantly lower than in other scenarios, indicating that storing grain on the first floor enhances the initial stiffness and base shear capacity, effectively limiting seismic displacement response. The FEE scenario, in contrast, exhibited the lowest base shear at corresponding performance points, further validating the pushover analysis findings. (3) Different grain-loading configurations significantly altered the structure's acceleration response, which was primarily concentrated on the top floor. A clear amplification of upper-floor vibrations was observed. In the FFE and FFF scenarios, the larger top-floor mass and more balanced stiffness distribution resulted in relatively stable top-floor accelerations. However, the EFF and FEE cases, with uneven vertical distribution of mass and stiffness, were more susceptible to high-magnitude acceleration amplification under seismic excitation. (4) The CSSC multi-floored grain warehouse exhibited significant differences in inter-story drift ratios across loading conditions, with maximum drift consistently occurring at the second floor. All drift ratios remained within the design code limits under various scenarios. Even under the most critical FFF condition, the structure demonstrated sufficient safety margins, confirming the applicability and seismic reliability of the CSSC structural system for different grain-loading configurations. Z.L. : Writing--original draft, investigation, visualization, data curation, formal analysis. Y.D. : Investigation, methodology, writing--review and editing. J.Z. : Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision, writing--review and editing. C.G. : Resources, project administration. Z.X. : Supervision, validation, writing--review and editing. G.R. : Software, writing--review and editing. Q.X. (Qikeng Xu): Resources, project administration. Q.X. (Qingjun Xian): Resources, project administration. R.Y. : Software. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The research reported in this paper was supported by the Henan Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Storage Facility & Safety (2021 KF-B08, 2022 KF-02), the Henan University of Technology Design and Research Academy-Research on Prefabricated Multi-Floored Grain Warehouse Structures (YFLX-23005), the Natural Science Foundation of Henan (242300420017), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Henan Provincial Colleges and Universities in Henan University of Technology (2018 RCJH11). The authors gratefully acknowledge this financial support. Not applicable. The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.