esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Industrial Internet of Things for a Wirelessly Controlled Water Distribution Network
## 8 Simulation
### Trusted Wireless Network
#### 8.2.6 Secondary Tank Trusted Wireless Network  
Since Trusted Wireless shares the same design as Wi-Fi for the secondary tank, and taking into consideration the Fresnel zone and distance challenges encountered previously in the Wi-Fi network simulation, for well ww3, which is 4.02 km from the BS, these challenges have been addressed by using a 15 dBi omnidirectional antenna at the center, and at ww3, the 19 dBi directional antenna has been employed to optimize connectivity. The other two wells, ww7 and w-658, are closer to the BS. Thus, the 9 dBi omnidirectional antenna is deemed sufficient.  
The results displayed in Figure 27 demonstrate that the selection of the antennas was strategic as all three remote nodes achieved the required margin at a relatively low transmission power of 12 dBm, with well ww3 requiring a slightly higher power of 13 dBm. The final link parameters are summarized in Table 15.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sector/Link**} & **Distance** & **Antenna Type** & **TX Power** & **Antenna** & **RSSI** & **Fresnel** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Status**} \\  & **(km)** & **Antenna Type** & **(dBm)** & **Height (m)** & **Margin** & **Clearance** & **Status** \\ \hline Secondary & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Allendale Electronics’} & & & & \\ Tank & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Omnidirectional} & & & & & \\ \hline w-658 & 0.95 & RAD-ISM-2400-ANT-OMNI-9 & 11 & 5 & 15.3 & \(\sim\)80 & Feasible \\ \hline ww7 & 0.96 & RAD-ISM-2400-ANT-OMNI-9 & 12 & 5 & 15.7 & \(\sim\)80 & Feasible \\ Tank & \multicolumn{4}{c}{RAD-ISM-2400-ANT-PAR-19} & & & & \\  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{(Directional)} & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 15: Trusted Wireless network Link Parameters for Secondary Tank.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sector/Link**} & **Distance** & **Antenna Type** & **TX Power** & **Antenna** & **RSSI** & **Fresnel** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Status**} \\  & **(km)** & **Antenna Type** & **(dBm)** & **Height (m)** & **Margin** & **Clearance** & **Status** \\ \hline Cluster Head & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Allendale Electronics’} & & & & \\ T/1/235/0/96 & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Omnidirectional} & & & & & \\ T/1/657/0/96 & 0.72 & RAD-ISM-2400-ANT-OMNI-9 & 10 & 5 & 16.7 & \(\sim\)80 & Feasible \\ \hline Secondary & \multicolumn{4}{c}{RAD-ISM-2400-ANT-PAR-19} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{15} & 11 & 15 & \(\sim\)80 & Feasible \\ Tank & \multicolumn{4}{c}{(Directional)} & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 14: Link Parameters for Cluster Head T/1/235/0/96.  
Figure 27: Transmit Power vs. RSSI plot for the secondary tank.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we investigated the effect of closed-loop devices introduced into a monopole WAVE antenna. The monopole-only WAVE antenna had a null point, and the simulated null value was \(-31\) dBi. In the proposed WAVE antenna pointed in the same direction, the simulated null value was improved to \(-4.9\) dBi, and the measured value was \(0.74\) dBi, which is a \(32.74\%\) and \(7.64\%\) increase compared to the simulation result, respectively. The null point was eliminated by installing quadruple closed-loop devices on the monopole WAVE antenna. Furthermore, the average gain obtained from the measurement of the monopole WAVE antenna with closed-loop devices was \(1.57\) dBi, which was further increased compared to the monopole-only antenna (\(-2.94\) dBi). Despite its quarter-wave height, it was confirmed that an omnidirectional radiation pattern was formed. Moreover, the gain value was significantly increased compared to the conventional quarter-wave antenna. This appears to be possible because the closed-loop devices reflect back the signal emitted from the monopole and concentrate the surface current around the antenna. The height of the proposed antenna is \(9.97\) mm (approximately quarter-wave), measured return loss is below \(-17\) dB, and the isolation performance is below \(-27\) dB. The proposed antenna is suitable for a shark-fin type WAVE antenna.  
[PERSON]-C.K. performed conceptualization of the proposed idea, simulation, fabrication, interpretation of the obtained results and writing--original draft preparation. S.-J.O. assisted with data curation and writing--review and editing. C.-S.P. supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Space Weather Effects from Observations by Moscow University Cubesat Constellation
## 2 Multi Satellite Experiment for Real Time Radiation Monitoring in the Near-Earth Space  
The most effective system of real-time radiation monitoring can be realized on the basis of a multi-satellite constellation, including ultra-small satellites of the CubeSat type. The proposed project of Moscow State University suggests monitoring radiation in near-Earth space. For this, it is proposed to use real-time data from measurements of charged particle and gamma-ray fluxes, as well as the results of observations of electromagnetic transients from the Earth's atmosphere by means of spacecraft constellations simultaneously operating in orbits, covering both low-latitude and high-latitude regions of near-Earth space. It is also planned to develop an interactive model for calculating radiation fields in the near-Earth space based on measurements of radiation fluxes in near-Earth space obtained from measurements of satellite constellations, taking into account solar and geomagnetic activity. As a result, an operational monitoring system will be realized for the first time to monitor the adverse dynamics of the radiation situation in near-Earth space and at altitudes of aircraft.  
The multi-satellite project of Moscow University is described in detail in [25; 26; 27]. Within the framework of this project, it is planned to launch several small spacecraft of various types into near-Earth orbits, crossing drift shells in a large range of McIlwine parameter \(L\). By this, one, the base satellite with a payload mass of 100-150 kg can be used in addition to radiation monitoring to monitor other potentially dangerous space phenomena, such as electromagnetic transients of atmospheric and astrophysical origin and dangerous bodies in the vicinity of the Earth of natural (asteroids, large meteoroids) and artificial (space debris) origin. Nanostellites, including the CubeSat type, can also be used to implement real-time radiation monitoring. This program began with the launch of such a spacecraft.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Classification of LM Canola Collection Sites from 2009 to 2023  
LMO monitoring determines the survey radius and intensive survey period for the following year based on the classification of LMO collection sites. It is essential to analyze the classification of these sites for effective post-management, considering factors such as seed dispersibility and the germination potential of the seed bank, depending on the environment where LM canola is collected. Thus, LM canola collection sites were analyzed annually for survey and post-management purposes.  
As shown in Figure 3A, the LM canola population spread across the country, excluding Jeju Island. Collection sites were classified as roadside or stockbreeding farms if they were within 100 m of where canola was discovered growing in a natural environment. Festival and planting sites were classified as \"other\", indicating that they did not fall into the four specific categories (roadside, stockbreeding farm, feed factory, and other areas). Over fifteen years, 441 LM canola collection areas were analyzed. Of these, 78.0% (344 sites) were roadside areas, 19.9% (68 sites) were classified as other areas, 1.4% (6 sites) were stockbreeding farms, and 0.7% (3 sites) were feed factories (Figure 3B). Further analysis indicated that LM canola was primarily released and grew in natural environments near roadsides and other areas (festival and planting sites) each year. These findings suggest that re-surveys and post-management efforts should focus on roadside areas.  
Figure 3: Classification of LM canola collection sites from 2009 to 2023. (**A**) Distribution of LM canola collection sites in South Korea for fifteen years. (**B**) Percentages of collection site types.
## 5 Future Perspectives
### Expansion of Application Fields
#### 5.2.1 Biomedical Field  
SiC materials, due to their excellent corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility, have garnered significant attention in the biomedical field in recent years. Although SiC has primarily been used in industrial applications such as high-temperature structural components and wear-resistant tools, its potential in biomedical applications is gradually emerging [203]. For instance, SiC's corrosion resistance enables it to remain stable in bodily fluids, while its excellent biocompatibility makes it an ideal material for manufacturing high-strength, durable medical implants and dental instruments. With 3D printing technology, SiC can be precisely fabricated into personalized medical devices that conform to human anatomical structures, opening up new possibilities for personalized medical solutions in the future. However, despite the great potential of SiC in biomedical applications, it has not yet become a mainstream choice for implants due to challenges such as binder removal during post-processing. Ongoing research is exploring ways to improve post-processing techniques and alternative binders, and advancements in these areas may eventually make SiC a promising material for biomedical use.
# SPEKS: Forward Private SGX-Based Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search
## 4 Construction
### Provisioning  
For key sharing between the enclave and the data receiver, the data receiver provisions his private key and symmetric key to the enclave. Since the keys should not be revealed to any untrustedentity, secure connection between the data receiver and the enclave should be established using the attestation feature of SGX. During the creation of the enclave, the key pair \((sk_{E})\) and \((pk_{E})\) are created. The hardware random number generator (rdrand[17]) available in current CPUs can provide the sufficient randomness required for the key generation in practice.  
Subsequently, the enclave sends the created \(pk_{E}\) to the quoting enclave (QE). The QE creates the signature used for verification of the measurement of the initial memory content of the enclave \(M_{E}\) and the public key \(\sigma_{QE}(M_{E}\parallel pk_{E})\). With the given Intel's public key, the data receiver verifies the signature of \(M_{E}\), \(pk_{E}\), and \(\sigma_{QE}(M_{E}\parallel pk_{E})\). The data receiver is now able to encrypt \(SK_{u}\) and \(K_{u}\) with \(pk_{E}\) and sends them back to the enclave. As a result, the enclave and the data receiver share the \(SK_{u}\) and \(K_{u}\), which they use for secure communication.
# Solution for Interference in Hotspot Scenarios Applying Q-Learning on FFR-Based ICIC Techniques
## 10 Proposed Solution: Background, Implementation, and Simulation Results
### Reinforcement Learning  
Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a ML paradigm that has a learning agent that attempts to reach an objective through trial and error, i.e., through constant interactions with the system. The agent is not instructed on which action should be taken, but it must be capable of observing the state of the system and take actions that can change it.  
As a consequence of the action, the system provides a numerical reward and informs its new current state. The agent must identify which actions result in bigger rewards in any state of the system. Hence, the algorithm estimates the reward for each action \(a_{n}\) for each state \(s_{n}\). However, the estimated value is not based on the current action alone. It considers all of the actions taken so far [49].  
Among RL approaches, Q-Learning (QL) has been constantly discussed in the literature, especially because it does not require estimating the dynamics of the environment (it is model-free) [47].  
For example, the authors of [50] attempt to maximize system performance in an ultra-dense heterogeneous scenario. They propose a dynamic resource allocation scheme using centralized and distributed QL. The authors of [51] use QL in a HetNet scenario. Each cell learns optimum values for the Cell Range Bias (CRB) and the DL power transmission level. The results show a 125% improvement compared to static ICIC techniques. Additionally, the authors of [52] evaluate a scenario where a stadium is served by 78 eNBs. They propose an improved QL algorithm that decreases the convergence time.  
Our previous works include [43; 53]. They present solutions that use ABS and QL to coordinate the shared transmission between LTE and Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz bandwidth. Therefore, this paper applies the methodology previously tested, especially regarding the prototyping of a dynamic solution of Radio Resource Management (RRM) using QL.
# Cotton Yield Estimate Using Sentinel-2 Data and an Ecosystem Model over the Southern US
## 4 Discussions  
### Crop Growth Modeling  
One of the core tasks for yield mapping is the modeling of crop photosynthesis. The crop growth models share in common the use of either a light use efficiency model or an enzyme kinetics-based model. For example, the modeling of cotton photosynthesis in Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) [86] is to relate photosynthesis to radiation using an empirical equation [87]. In Crop Environment REsource Synthesis (CERES)-Wheat, the daily photosynthesis is modeled using an LUE approach [88]; the WOFOST (World Food Studies) [89] also uses [PERSON]'s model [60], the Simple Algorithm for Yield Estimation model (SAFY) also uses an LUE model for photosynthesis [90]. In common, BEPS is a process-based two-leaf enzyme kinetic ecosystem model, and the photosynthesis module of BEPS is sufficient for accurate simulation of crop photosynthesis rate. Although BEPS was initially developed for boreal ecosystems, it was expanded and used for estimations of winter wheat yield in China [18; 91], for yield estimation of rapeseed in Hubei province [92], for estimation of maize yield in China [93; 94], and for crop GPP modeling in Europe [95] and the US [96].  
The abovementioned crop growth models have the strengths of crop trait modeling and handling of soil nutrition and water management. However, such an approach necessitates availability of these crop traits at large scales. Operational cotton yield mapping may require a compromise between large scale and high spatial resolution, and simplicity of the model structure. Similar to this work, two recent studies used Sentinel-2-derived LAI for biomass and yield mapping. [PERSON] et al. [97] reported that the \(R^{2}\) between pasture biomass and LAI ranged from 0.16-0.73 to 0.22-0.76 for the NDVI-derived LAI and radiative transfer model-based LAI, respectively. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [42] demonstrated that the \(R^{2}\) values between LAI and yield were 0.68, 0.62, 0.8, and 0.48 for cotton, maize, millet, and sorghum, respectively. Here, we show that the \(R^{2}\) value between GPP and lint yield was 0.85. Despite a single factor C in Equation (4) being used, our study demonstrates the advantage of integrating both biotic and abiotic factors for cotton yield mapping at very high spatial resolutions.
## 4 Experimental Verification
### Simulation Experiment
#### 4.1.1 Experimental Parameter Setting  
To facilitate the display of the simulation experiment results, the initial position of the cooperative platform is used as a fusion center, and some parameters are set in a local geographic coordinate system centered on the fusion center. The data rate is set to 20 Hz. The initial geodetic coordinates of the cooperative platform are set to \(\left[114^{\circ}\quad 30^{\circ}\quad 0\right]^{T}\); the coordinates of UAVs \(A\) and \(B\) in the local geographic coordinate system are \(\left[2500\ m\quad 2500\ m\quad 2500\ m\right]\) and \(\left[-2500\ m\quad 2500\ m\quad 2500\ m\right]\); the standard deviations of the sensor error and attitude error of UAVs \(A\) and \(B\) are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) is used as error evaluation index.  
Figure 3: Algorithm of sea target tracking based on spatial registration.  
Considering the real situation, it is difficult to keep the cooperative platform absolutely stationary. Therefore, to verify the error estimation and target tracking effect when the cooperative platform moves, the scenario is set as follows: The initial position of the marine target with the geodesic length and geodesic azimuth relative to the fusion center is 198,000 m and 0 m, respectively. Both the target and the cooperative platform move 2000 m in the direction of geodesic azimuth 0 within 200 s.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Test and Modeling Procedure
points cover low ( 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and high ( 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) catalyst inlet temperature, so that the HC adsorption role can be identified. Figure 3a represents the HC conversion efficiency along the test at 1000 rpm and 10 Nm (39 kg/h and 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C) for ambient conditions corresponding to warm sea-level. Complementary, Figure 3b provides the results at 1250 rpm and 3 Nm (42 kg/h and 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C) tested in cold altitude. Both of the operating conditions represent the minimum temperature region of the study, in which the adsorption processes of HC are more relevant, and low load engine operation, such as those occurring in transitory periods in RDE cycles [48] or in certain urban driving conditions [49]. As observed, all of the cases were modeled with good accuracy from initial conditions, with empty HC surface coverage, to the end of the test, once thermal stability was reached in the engine exhaust. The model was able to capture the progressive reduction of HC conversion efficiency along the test. The gradual increase of the HC surface coverage governed this decrease, which moved the equilibrium toward the desorption and decreased the adsorption contribution. On the other hand, Figure 3c shows the HC conversion efficiency in the test at 1500 rpm and 50.5 Nm (75 kg/h and 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) for warm sea-level conditions, whilst Figure 3d corresponds to 1500 rpm and 39.4 Nm (70 kg/h and 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) at a cold altitude. At these higher mass flows and catalyst inlet temperatures, the conversion efficiency became constant over time after the thermal stabilization cut-off period, unlike what was shown for the low temperature tests. This is because the HC oxidation, which is the one that governs the chemical reaction in these tests, is independent of the state of the zeolite loading, but is only dependent on the temperature.
## 4 Application to Parametric Network Games  
The theoretical results proved in Section 2 and the approximation algorithm described in Section 3 can be applied to any parametric VI in the form (1). It is well known that parametric VIs in the form (1) can be viewed as the dynamic equilibrium models, in the case where the problem data depend on a time parameter \(t\). Several applications of these models have been studied in recent years (see, e.g., [26; 27] and references therein). On the other hand, network games are an interesting class of non-cooperative games with an underlying network structure, which can be modeled through VIs [24]. A number of applications of network games have been analyzed in the literature, from social networks to juvenile delinquency (see, e.g., [20; 21] and references therein).  
In this section, we apply the results of Sections 2 and 3 to a class of parametric network games, which can be modeled as parametric VIs in the form (1), where both the players' utility functions and their strategy sets depend on a time parameter. Specifically, in Section 4.1, a brief recall of Graph Theory and Game Theory concepts is given together with the definition of parametric network games. Then, we focus on the linear-quadratic model, both in the framework of the network Nash equilibrium problem (Section 4.2) and the network generalized Nash equilibrium problem (Section 4.3).
# Design of Platforms for Experimentation in Industrial Cybersecurity
## 4 Description of the Laboratory
### Industrial Control System  
Typical devices for each level of automation pyramid are included, for instance, actuators and sensors of the process belong to the field level, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and remote terminal unit (RTUs) are included in control level or human machine interface (HMI) in the supervision level, each level connected with a communication configuration.  
The topology of this system consists of three industrial automation rings: a main ring and two secondary ones (Figure 4). The main ring has two PLCs with their corresponding input/output remote units that exchange information using Modbus TCP or Ethernet/IP protocols. These I/O cards manage field devices connected either directly or through field buses. In this case, two motor starters of 0.75 KW are connected to the I/O cards using AS-i and Modbus RTU, respectively. Other devices of the field level are a power electric meter, which communicates using Modbus RTU, and a temperature transmitter, using HART protocol.  
The first secondary ring manages interconnection among several communication protocols. For that purpose, gateways link different types of networks that are used in industry, e.g., Modbus TCP-DeviceNet or Profinet-EtherCat. In the field level, the devices are variable frequency drives with communication cards for these protocols. The other secondary ring acts as an auxiliary, and its devices are mostly slaves of the two master  
Figure 3: Network architecture of the laboratory.  
PLCs of the main ring. This ring is formed by a distributed I/O station, an Ethernet controller with protections and a variable frequency drive, connected using Modbus TCP. Other variable frequency drives are connected to this ring using CanOpen and Profibus DP protocols. An industrial switch establishes the connection between this ring and the main one.  
For the supervision level, a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and historian server are included. Finally, a Tofino Xenon firewall can filter traffic between this level and control level. A specific feature of this firewall is that it can analyze some industrial protocols at the application layer of the OSI model.
# Automatic Brix Measurement for Watermelon Breeding
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Automatic Watermelon Brix Measurement Method
#### 2.3.2 Refractometer Manipulation Strategy  
The process to conduct a Brix measurement using PEN-PRO is to dip the probe into the sample and press the START key. Since it was designed based on the principle of refraction, which means it works with liquid samples such as fruit juices, the measurement would fail when dipping it into a solid or hemi-solid sample such as watermelon pulp, as the emitted light would be blocked. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a certain gap between the sensor and the pulp to accommodate the juice. As shown in Figure 4, a 3-axis robotic arm is used to drive the sensor controlling the lateral and vertical gaps.  
Figure 3: The examples of measurement points. Upper row: original image, lower row: results.
# Quality-of-Service-Linked Privileged Content-Caching Mechanism for Named Data Networks
## 3 Literature Survey
### Content Store Management Policies
The heuristic function executes this operation as a min-max optimization and continuously evolves to maximize the CS hit rate by distributing the data efficiently across the network through a hash routing method. NICE [40] calculates a threshold value, called \"betweeness\", taking into account the presence of the content in multiple paths, its popularity, and the location of caching relative to the consumer. The threshold value determines the action of caching or dropping the given content and reduces the possibility of multiple redundant presences across paths.