## 1 Introduction  
Cavitation is a phenomenon that usually occurs in ship and hydraulic machinery systems, in biochemical and biomedical and ultrasonic systems, and in various valves and injector nozzles, etc. Cavitation may cause mass loss, and it may damage the surface of immersed bodies of systems where cavitating flows or cavitation bubbles are generated. This cavitation-induced damage reduces the performance of such system [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. The cavitation-induced damage is caused by the collapse of many tiny bubbles near a boundary. These tiny bubbles are usually of mesoscale, microscale, and nanoscale sizes. Previous research dealt mostly with the dynamics of a single cavitation bubble of mesoscale or microscale sizes near a boundary. Previous research numerically and experimentally studied the single cavitation bubble and its destructive effects near a solid boundary, such as erosion on its surface [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. The outcomes of these studies demonstrated that a microjet forms during the collapse process of the single cavitation bubble near a solid surface. This microjet, impacting on the solid boundary, induces surface erosion after several successive bubble collapses. Furthermore, a toroidal cavity structure forms after the first collapse, inducing more damage on the solid boundary. This toroidal cavity consists of several tiny bubbles that cause erosion after collapsing. Moreover, investigation of the generation of acoustic transient laser-induced cavitation bubbles near solid boundaries revealed that a significant pressure impact is generated inside a single cavitation bubble during its first collapse [13]. The impact on the solid surface reaches pressures up to 60 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) pascal (Pa). This indicated that a major portion of the bubble collapse energy is converted to acoustic energy. Experimental studies on laser-induced cavitation bubbles collapsing near solid surfaces reveal that the collapse dynamics and direction of the bubble are influenced by the curvature of the solid surface and thermodynamic effects [14; 15; 16; 17; 18]. Additionally, the formation of counter jets and micro jets during the rebound process occurs at specific stand-off distances between the bubble center and the solid boundary due to the pressure gradient around the single cavitation bubble. The morphology of the solid surface can also alter the momentum of the microjet formed during the bubble collapse process. In summary, these studies emphasize that if surfaces are provided with micro structured riblets, the cavitation-induced erosion from bubbles collapsing on solid boundaries can be mitigated. Computational molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the collapse dynamics of nanobubbles and their induced damage on solid boundaries provide valuable insights at the atomic and molecular scale regarding the mechanisms of collapse, erosion, and corrosion induced by cavitation [19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. The results revealed several key findings: the temperature of the nano jet rises sharply as the nanobubble shrinks after uniform compression [19; 20]; the collapse time of the nanobubble is approximately in the picosecond range [21; 22]; erosion on the solid surface is induced by the impact of nano jet molecules [23; 24]; the induced shock wave cannot create holes or cavities in the absence of nanobubbles [25; 26; 27]; chemical reactions are accelerated during corrosion [21]; surface morphology significantly affects the momentum of the nano jet [28]; and nano riblets decrease the erosion induced by nano jets [29]. The literature review reveals that both experimental and computational results indicate that bubble collapse decreases bubble volume and forms a water jet that moves toward the solid surface. As a result of the impact between the water jet and the solid, the momentum of the water jet transfers to the solid, leading to erosion and corrosion. These undesirable outcomes, which reduce the lifetime of marine components, can be mitigated by riblets.