# Moving Ad Hoc Networks--A Comparative Study
## 9 Conclusions  
An ad hoc network is a self-organizing wireless network composed of free communication nodes that do not depend on infrastructure support and control. Because of their rapid networking and strong robustness, ad hoc networks have gradually been applied to many key scenarios, such as battlefield communications, emergency rescue, and disaster relief, increasing the coverage of existing cellular networks, and so on. Therefore, ad hoc networks are one of the important components of the next-generation wireless communication network system. Network performance evaluation is the core subject of the study of ad hoc networks, which has important guiding significance for actual networking and network optimization, and is a decisive factor to promote the development, practicality, and commercialization of ad hoc networks. Routing protocol design is the key technology of the ad hoc network, which directly affects the data transmission of the ad hoc network. A good routing protocol design can improve the overall performance of the ad hoc network. Regarding the interconnection of a wireless ad hoc network with the Internet and a wide area network, from the external point of view, it can be considered that the ad hoc network is an IP subnet. The transmission of some packets in the network is completed by the routing protocol in the network (the packet may have to go through multiple hops to reach the destination), and when the packet enters or leaves the subnet, the standard IP routing mechanism is used. This requires the gateway node to be able to run multiple routing protocols. The wireless ad hoc network can be regarded as an extension of the existing network under specific occasions. As a mobile node in the ad hoc network, there is a need to access existing wired network resources and communicate with mobile nodes in other ad hoc networks. In this paper, we presented and explained the current direction and status of the research on the popular members of the wireless ad hoc network family and provided a comparative analysis of the ad hoc networks. This is the first paper that discusses the popular types of ad hoc networks' characteristics, basic architecture, existing routing techniques, advantages, disadvantages, potential applications, and challenges with the comparison of the MVFS ad hoc networks MANET, VANET, FANET, and SANET communications. As a development direction that has not come from the organization of network communication, the collaborative networking of drone self-organizing networks and wireless sensor networks has broad research and application prospects, in addition to physical layer detection technology and radiofrequency units such as antenna power amplifiers, the upper MAC protocol, and the routing protocol. The design will be a huge challenge for air-sea integrated ad hoc network applications. The problems faced by the MAC layer include the high-rate and low-latency transmission of burst services, multi-priority support, efficient channel utilization, and error control; the design of the FANET network layer focuses on highly dynamic topology, and fully distributed, efficient, and reliable routing protocols. The goal of the integrated optimization design of VANET, maritime wireless sensor network, and the UAV self-organizing network is to establish reliable and efficient communication between heterogeneous communication facilities based on different applications. [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to the main idea and the methodology of the research. [PERSON] designed the experiment, performed the simulations, and wrote the original manuscript. [PERSON]-A., M.S., and H.L. contributed significantly to improving the technical and grammatical contents of the manuscript. [PERSON], [PERSON], M.S. and H.L. reviewed the manuscript and provided valuable suggestions to further refine the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.