esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Dynamics and Isolation Performance of the Vibration Isolator
### Vibration Isolation Performance under Different Excitations
#### 4.4.1 Displacement Transmissibility to Sinusoidal Excitation
From the transmissibility curves of the QZS vibration isolator plotted by solid line, the growth of \(\xi\) can gradually suppress the resonance and nonlinearity in response, which reduces both the frequency and peak of resonance. In the equivalent linear vibration isolation system (dashed line), increasing \(\xi\) also weakens the peak of the transmissibility curve at resonance, but it cannot change the resonance frequency. Obviously, only the isolation frequency band of the nonlinear system can be improved. Compared with the linear vibration isolator, the resonance of the QZS isolator is more sensitive to the change of small damping ratio. Additionally, it should be noted that in the QZS isolation system, the vibration isolation capability at the high-frequency range will be sacrificed when increasing \(\xi\) to control the resonance. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Value**} \\ \hline \(\overline{a}\) & 0.375 & 0.425 & 0.450 & 0.457 \\ \(\underline{\xi}\) & 0.10 & 0.11 & 0.12 & 0.13 \\ \(\overline{Z}\) & 0.15 & 0.25 & 0.28 & 0.30 \\ \(r\) & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Parameters of vibration isolator. Figure 11: Effects of quadratic coefficient \(\overline{a}\) on displacement transmissibility \(T\). (**a**) Trajectory of cam, where \(\overline{x}=\overline{a}\cdot\overline{u}^{2}\); (**b**) displacement transmissibility \(T\). In Figure 13, the displacement transmissibility curves of the QZS isolator under different excitation amplitude \(\overline{Z}\) are presented by solid line, when \(\overline{a}=0.45\) and \(\xi=0.12\). The effects of \(\overline{Z}\) on transmissibility are similar to that of \(\overline{a}\). Decreasing the value of \(\overline{Z}\) can reduce the resonance frequency, weaken the resonance intensity, disappear the nonlinear characteristics, and attenuate the vibration response. Thus, the QZS vibration isolator has better vibration isolation performance for excitation with small amplitude than for that with large amplitude. Note that this is not suitable for the equivalent linear vibration isolator, because the excitation amplitude has no effect on its displacement transmissibility, plotted by dashed line in Figure 13. Compared with the transmissibility of the equivalent linear isolator under different parameters, it can be concluded that after adding the NSC proposed in this paper, the resonance peak of the vibration response is greatly suppressed and moves to the left, which reduces the minimum vibration isolation frequency and expands the effective frequency range. Even at the high-frequency band where the linear vibration isolator works, the QZS vibration isolator still has superior vibration isolation performance.
## 4 Network Architecture  
The other primary challenging issue stemmed from the ultra-high-speed is the extremely frequent handover, which is an integral part of every mobile communication system. For instance, the maximum cell range in LTE-R is 12 km, the residence time inside a cell is about 43.2 s at a velocity of 1000 km/h. Currently, numerous in-depth research has been conducted to alleviate the performance degradation caused by the handover from a variety of aspects such as computing power or handover protocols. For example, in [36], [PERSON] proposed a dual-link soft handover scheme for C/U plane split network in HSR by deploying a train relay station and two antennas on the train. In [37], [PERSON] proposed a handover trigger decision scheme by using the grey system theory to predict the received signal quality. These works can cope with the handover issue efficiently; however, it needs the assistance of multi-links to achieve a high-reliable handover. Hence, it is hard to implement these schemes for the Hyperloop since the leaky waveguide system emits a signal that can hardly affect the nearby cells.  
Network architecture refers to the way network devices and services are structured to serve the connectivity needs of client devices. A good network architecture can provide sufficient communication QoS at a low equipment cost and supports flexible configuration for diverse demands. Moreover, it can reduce the inevitable handover cost if possible. However, it is economically expensive to establish a new dedicated access network for the Hyperloop. Therefore, we aim to establish a network architecture based on the 5G architecture not only to provide the communication services for the Hyperloop, but also can be compatible with roadside public cellular networks.  
Figure 4: The handover process based on the DAS and LWS.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Dust Suppressant on Soil Surface Hardness  
The surface hardness of soil samples contained within aluminum boxes, with and without the addition of a binder, was tested, and the results are presented in Table 6. The hardness test revealed that the Shore A hardness of the soil without a binder was 25.0 HA, indicating a relatively low soil hardness. This is due to the weak bonding forces between soil particles, leading to a loose soil structure that is susceptible to deformation under external forces such as plant growth or mechanical operations [31]. Consequently, this type of soil is prone to compaction and deformation, affecting its air and water permeability, which is detrimental to plant growth.  
In contrast, the soil treated with a binder exhibited a Shore A hardness of 57.3 HA, which was higher than that of other environmentally friendly dust suppressants and conventional dust suppressants. This indicates that the binder in the composite dust suppressant acts as a chemical agent to improve soil structure by enhancing the cohesive forces between soil particles. This modification results in a change in soil hardness, proving to be more effective than other dust suppressants.  
In summary, the application of the composite dust suppressant containing a binder significantly enhances the hardness of the soil, making it more resilient to external forces.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Data Preprocessing
#### 3.1.2 Cross-Section Fitting  
After slicing, each point within a slice is projected onto the XOZ plane by ignoring the y-coordinate, resulting in a set of 2D points \(p_{slice}(x_{i},z_{i})_{i=1,\ 2,\...,\ n^{\prime}}\). To accurately delineate the tunnel's geometry from these projected points, a process known as cross-section fitting is performed, which involves creating a precise elliptical model to represent the shape of the tunnel slice. For this task, the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm is employed due to its robustness against outliers. The fitting procedure for each cross-section involves the following iterative steps: (1) A minimal subset of points is randomly selected from the projected data. (2) An ellipse is fitted using selected subset. (3) All other points in the cross-section are tested against this ellipse, and the number of points (inliers) that fit the model within a predefined tolerance is counted. These steps are repeated for a set number of iterations, and the ellipse with the largest set of inliers is selected as the final, robust representation of the tunnel's cross-section.  
To enhance robustness of ellipse fitting, points corresponding to tracks and ground are excluded during the random sampling process, as these irrelevant or outlier points are geometrically distant from the tunnel lining. Including these irrelevant points in the process of fitting could distort the ellipse fitting and compromise the accuracy of cross-sectional geometry extraction. A polar coordinate system is introduced to streamline the process. The mean coordinates \((\overline{x},\overline{z})\) of all points in each slice are calculated and serve as the origin  
Figure 2: Graphical illustration for tunnel point cloud slicing.  
of the polar coordinate system. For each point, polar coordinates \((r_{i},\theta_{i})\) relative to this origin \((\overline{x},\overline{z})\) are derived using Equation (2).  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}r_{i}=\sqrt{(x_{i}-\overline{x})^{2}+(z_{i}-\overline{ z})^{2}}\\ \theta_{i}=\arctan 2(z_{i}-\overline{z},x_{i}-\overline{x})\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
This polar representation enables angular filtering of points to isolate track and ground regions. Typically, these points fall within angular ranges of approximately 230 degrees to 310 degrees in cross-sectional polar coordinates, as shown in Figure 3. The ellipse is fitted using the RANSAC algorithm on points outside these angular ranges, and its geometry is described by the standard ellipse equation, as shown in Equation (3).  
\[\frac{\left(x-h\right)^{2}}{a^{2}}+\frac{\left(z-k\right)^{2}}{b^{2}}=1 \tag{3}\]  
where \((h,k)\) is the ellipse center, and \(a\) and \(b\) represent the semi-major and semi-minor axes, respectively.
###### Abstract  
This case study aims to investigate the effect of different Multi-GNSS EXperiment (MGEX) precise products provided by International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers (ACs) on post-processing kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP) accuracy performance with different satellite system combinations in a dynamic environment. Within this frame, a test was carried out in a lake and kinematic data were collected over 6 h at 1 Hz rate from the available Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations with the geodetic-grade receiver fixed on a marine vehicle for bathymetric mapping. PPP-derived coordinates were determined by a commercial GNSS post-processing software with different processing approaches as GPS (Global Positioning System)-only, GPS+GLObal'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS), GPS+GLONASS+European Global Navigation Satellite System (Galileo), GPS+GLONASS+Chinese Global Navigation Satellite System (BeiDou), and GPS+GLONASS+Galileo+BeiDou. The PPP coordinates were then compared to the reference coordinates obtained from the post-processed carrier phase-based differential kinematic solutions. In general, the results showed that the kinematic multi-constellation GNSS PPP technique could provide positioning accuracy from cm to decimeter level as depending on the collected data constellations and used precise products in the processing. Among all solutions, the GPS+GLONASS+Galileo+BeiDou combination with German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)'s precise products presented the best multi-GNSS PPP performance, rather than the other combinations and quad-constellation alternatives using different precise products. In this study, the test procedure and the obtained results are given in detail.  
kinematic positioning; Precise Point Positioning (PPP); multi-constellation GNSS PPP International GNSS Service (IGS); Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) +
Footnote †: journal: Marine Science and Engineering
# Shear Strength Improvement of Clay Soil Stabilized by Coffee Husk Ash
## 4 Conclusions  
Due to the important nature of implementing a green eco-friendly strategy and a cleaner technology approach, the novel use of CHA in clay soil stabilization was examined. Stabilization of CHA in the clay soil significantly enhances the soil engineering properties, including their physical, and mechanical performance. This research indicates that CHA is not only cost-effective and practical in construction but also an approach to accomplishing sustainability and addressing climate change and environmental challenges. CHA can replace cement, lime, and other materials in green construction. The following summarizes the key findings from the investigation conducted in this article:  
1. The principal mineral components of CHA are potassium oxide, silica, iron oxide, and phosphor pentoxide.
2. The liquid limit, plasticity index, and optimum water content all decrease as the CHA content increases; however, the plastic limit and maximum dry density increase.
3. According to soil classification, following the addition of the CHA, the clay soil turns to be coarser.
4. With the addition of CHA content, the OMC decrease and the MDD increase.
5. The optimal concentration of CHA for improving the shear strength of clay soil is 25%.
6. Increased mechanical properties of soil can be related to the pozzolanic and hydration reaction between CHA and soil, which fills void space and binds the particles together, hence increasing the performance of the soil.  
Conceptualization, M.R.T., A.M.T. and M.M.; methodology, R.P.M. and M.R.T.; validation, M.R.T., A.M.T. and M.M.; resources, R.P.M.; writing--original draft preparation, R.P.M.; funding acquisition, A.M.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia under the research grant number GUP-2021-022.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 11: Shear strength of the soil–CHA mixture.
## 5 Results
### Initial Results
#### 5.1.5 Text  
For the text visual variable, [PERSON] (2015) assigned the visual encode values A, C, E, J, and K. The initial results were 67 errors in 864 collected samples, with 45 errors referring to the visual coding value \"E\". The value \"E\" was replaced with \"M\" based on an analysis of the initial results, while the remaining values were maintained. The modification reduced the number of errors in the text visual variable to 41, representing a reduction of more than 40% of the initial results. The letter \"M\" only registered four errors during the tests.
# Particle Swarm Optimization Based on a Novel Evaluation of Diversity
## 2 Related Work
### Existing Diversity Evaluation Strategies  
Diversity, a parameter for evaluating the degree of dispersion in a swarm, is widely used to improve the PSO's performance by adaptively balancing the swarm's exploration and exploitation capabilities [17; 52; 53; 54; 55]. When diversity is small, the swarm can explore more accurate solutions; on the other hand, it can explore a large space to avoid premature convergence when the diversity is large. Therefore, it is suggested to maintain a large diversity in the early stage of evolution to explore a vast space where the optimal solution may exist, and reduce the swarm's diversity near the end of the evolution to refine the result locally.  
A proper diversity value should reflect the real characteristics of the swarm. If the diversity value is incorrectly evaluated, it may mislead the swarm's movement. However, measuring the diversity of the swarm is a somewhat challenging problem.  
At present, a lot of researchers have proposed different diversity evaluation schemes, which can be divided into two categories: distance-based diversity evaluation schemes [56] and information entropy-based diversity evaluation schemes [57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62].  
The distance-based diversity evaluation methods can be further divided into two categories: (1) the average distance between each pair of particles in the swarm [63]; (2) the average distance between each particle and geometric center of the particle swarm [64].  
The information entropy-based diversity evaluation scheme is developed from the information theory proposed by [PERSON] in 1948 [65]. After that, many scholars introduced this concept into particle swarm optimization algorithm. For example, [PERSON] [60] proposed an entropy-based index to measure the diversity of the swarm. The basic idea of this method is as follows: (1) evenly dividing the search space into \(Q\) subspace; (2) counting the number \(Z_{q}\) of particles in each subspace; (3) calculating the probability in the subspace by Equation (3); (4) evaluating the diversity (the information entropy) by Equation (4).  
\[p_{q}=\frac{Z_{q}}{N_{s}} \tag{3}\]  
\[E=-\sum_{q=1}^{Q}p_{q}log_{n}p_{q} \tag{4}\]  
where \(N_{s}\) represents the total number of particles, \(q\) represents the \(q\)-th subspace, and \(E\) represents the information entropy and is taken as the value of diversity.
# Analysis of Circuit Simulation Considering Total Ionizing Dose Effects on FinFET and Nanowire FET
## 2 Methodology of TID Simulation
### Condition of TID Simulation  
For the TID simulation, we used the Silvaco's Victory Device platform [24]. The Klaassen model was applied to the TID simulation to reflect electron and hole mobilities, trap parameters, recombination parameters, etc. [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. In the TID simulation, the insulator region's trap-detrap model parameters were used as in [30]. The simulation was performed precisely, as the interface trap between SiO\({}_{2}\) and HfO\({}_{2}\) was calculated by using an interface trap parameter between the insulators. In the TID simulation, \(\gamma\)-ray irradiation obtained using a \({}^{60}\)Co source was used [31]. Each device was irradiated at 1 rad/s. The simulation was carried out at 100 krad, 1 Mrad, 10 Mrad, and 100 Mrad.
## 3 Interference Mitigation Schemes
### MAC Approach
#### 3.2.13 Adaptive Internetwork Interference Mitigation  
Similar to DRA [28] and CS [36], the adaptive internetwork interference mitigation (AIM) algorithm [37] aims to increase spatial reuse. AIM reschedules the sensors of the interfering WBASNs into synchronous and parallel transmission. The priority of sensor nodes is used to assign time slots. The node with higher priority will be assigned more time slots. In the meantime, the other nodes in the transmission range suspend their transmissions.  
AIM can be described in terms of three phases: The first phase is the orthogonal transmission in which the coordinator of a WBASN calculates the interference level based on the sensor node's information such as received power, packet length, and priority level. The sensor nodes are then assigned orthogonal channels by exchanging messages from the coordinators between WBASNs. In the second phase, the interference list of each WBASN is formed, similarly to DRA [28]. Next is the information exchange phase in which every coordinator broadcasts its interference list. Finally, WBASNs schedule their transmissions based on the traffic priority. The simulation results show that AIM without considering priority achieves lower efficiency than AIM considering priority.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, a groundbreaking methodology for evaluating hydraulic fracturing and a cutting-edge proposal for a flexible anti-hydrofracturing system for the Xiaowan arch dam have been presented. Through a comprehensive blend of laboratory tests and pragmatic project integration, these conclusions have been not only established but also fortified:  
1. The Xiaowan arch dam poses a hydraulic fracturing risk, prompting the proposal of an independent anti-hydrofracturing system for the upstream area, extending 30 m above the foundation.
2. Three simulation-tested schemes, namely '3 mm GB plate + 4 mm polyurea', '1 mm GB glue + 5 mm polyurea', and '7 mm polyurea', are suggested. These schemes prove safe for dam surface cracks up to 8 mm wide under 3 MPa water pressure.
3. The feasibility of the schemes is assessed through field tests, selecting a scheme involving pasting a 3-millimetre GB plate and spraying 4-millimeter polyurea on the upstream surface, along with local 7-millimeter polyurea spraying.
4. The recommended anti-hydrofracturing scheme has been applied to a 19,339 m\({}^{2}\) surface area of the Xiaowan arch dam from No. 7 to No. 36 dam sections. The maximum leakage post-2008 impoundment under normal water levels remains 2.78 L/s, the lowest among similar dams worldwide.  
**Author Contributions:** Formal analysis, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); Investigation, [PERSON]; Resources, [PERSON]; Writing--original draft, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); Writing--review & editing, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and [PERSON]; Supervision, [PERSON] and C.Z.; Funding acquisition, [PERSON] All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research work was financed by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No. 2013 CB035903) and the National Natural Science Foundation of the China Youth Science Foundation (Grant No. 51909279).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not Applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not Applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** All relevant data are included in the paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 11: The flexible anti-hydrofracturing system of the Xiaowan arch dam: (**a**) cross-section through the grid-like protective block configuration on the upstream surface of the dam (**b**) grid-like protective block configuration on the upstream surface of the dam.
# Displacement Monitoring of Subway Tracks and Tunnels According to Adjacent Construction
###### Abstract  
In the Republic of Korea, large-scale deep excavation construction is being conducted adjacent to structures owing to overpopulation in urban areas. Securing the safety of earth-retaining and underground structures is crucial for adjacent excavation work in urban areas. Accordingly, an automated measurement system is used to monitor the behaviors of subway tunnels and track structures; however, the utilization of its results is extremely low. Existing techniques evaluate the safety of track and tunnel structures based on the measured maximum values. This study introduces an evaluation technique for improving behavior monitoring in subway tunnels and track structures. A substantial amount of long-term measurement data on subway tunnels and track deformation was quantitatively evaluated using the Gaussian probability density function. In addition, the results from the same location where the tunnel convergence meter (TL) and track bed settlement (RM) sensors were located were compared. The comparison results revealed a difference in the vertical displacement of the tunnel and track structure owing to adjacent excavation work. A technique to analyze the continuous behavior of the tunnel was presented by numerically analyzing the tunnel measurement results as input data. In addition, they emphasized the need for simultaneous monitoring of tracks and tunnels.  
subway; track; tunnel; adjacent construction; monitoring Article
# A Novel GBSM for Non-Stationary V2V Channels Allowing 3D Velocity Variations
## 7 Conclusions  
A novel GBSM for the NS V2V channel method allowing 3D trajectories with velocity variations was presented in this paper. The introduced model was much more compatible for the real V2V communication scenario. All the channel parameters were thoroughly derived and analyzed during the simulation process, which showed the great impact of the velocity variation on the channel characteristics for both the Tx and Rx. We also derived and simulated the PDF, ACF, and DPSD of the introduced model, showing a proper comprehension among the theoretical, measured, and implemented results. The proposed model and the evolving theoretical results are very useful for realistic performance estimation and improvement of V2V communication systems. Moreover, the new model will be useful in the future for developing, analyzing, and testing practical V2V communication systems.  
Software and writing--original draft, N.A.; methodology and validation, B.H.; conceptualization and funding acquisition, Q.Z.; writing--review and editing, K.M.; investigation, J.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project under Grant No. 61827801, in part by Aeronautical Science Foundation of China, No. 201901052001, and in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, No. NS2020026 and No. NS2020063.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.