# Assessment and Spatial Modelling of Agrochernozem Properties for Reclamation Measurements
## 4 Discussion  
The assessment and digital mapping of soil properties for reclamation measurements is a complex process that requires careful planning and implementation. By using a combination of soil analysis, spatial mapping, modelling and monitoring, it is possible to identify the factors that contribute to soil degradation and develop effective reclamation strategies to improve soil health and productivity. The chemical and water-physical properties of the studied agrochemozem soils correspond to analogues in this region. For example, the granulometric composition was also classified as heavy loam in horizons Aplow, A\({}_{1}\), AB and B, while the wilting point values ranged from 12.7% in the plough horizon to 10.6% in the lower one [58]. The pH and SOC values were also comparable with our results. However, the concentrations of P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) and  
Figure 3: The spatial distribution of soil agrochemical properties using the random forest method. Areas with vegetation are masked by white color. SOC (**a**); pH (**b**); N (**c**); Ca (**d**); Mg (**e**); P (**f**); and K (**g**). K\({}_{2}\)O in the arable horizon were higher, which is probably due to the application of fertilizers. According to Figure 2, in the upper layer, the rate of water absorption was gradual due to heavy loamy texture and high SOC content. The lower horizons (>50 cm) were clayey, compacted, without structural aggregates and accordingly flow poorly. A sharp spike in water absorption in the lower horizon is associated with the fractured structure of the soil profile and karst. However, the absorption of water stops due to the clay structure. Therefore, it is necessary to set watering rates for irrigation. Long-term irrigation risk salinization of soils and alteration of cation composition [55; 58], resulting in increased toxicity and structural breakdown. In our study, soils were saturated with calcium-dominated bases. Exchangeable sodium in absorbed cations was not detected. This soil is highly resistant to anthropogenic effects [39]. For example, earlier, it was shown that despite the deterioration of the properties of arable chernozem as a result of prolonged conventional plowing, they remain more resistant to degradation compared to other soils [59]. The water-soluble salt content in the profile is relatively low, and the soil is characterized as not saline. It is likely that hydrocarbon-calcium water and irrigation regimes do not pose a threat to soil salinization. However, the irrigation process and soil condition should be monitored. Previously, the effect of long-term irrigation on the properties of Luvic Chernozem in this region has been shown [60]. It was found that astrophysical, chemical and physicochemical properties of the soil deteriorated, and salt content increased over a 30-year period of irrigation. The content of heavy metals did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations, which was comparable with other studies in this region. For instance, average values of Pb, Cd and Zn were 5.1, 0.28 and 1.48, respectively, in the arable layer of chernozem, although the Mn values were half as much [61]. As an integral indicator of ground properties [62], a soil quality rating based on criteria such as humus-accumulative capacity, acidity, SOC content and mobile phosphorus showed that the soil quality index was 74 points, with a maximum of 100 points for the reference soil (Calcic Chernozem). Given the crop, the soil quality index was 62 for wheat production and 65 for sunflower grain production. Here, the decrease in the quality index was due to a deficit of productive soil moisture. [PERSON] et al. [46] after analyzing 120 studies concluded that vegetation indices were found to be more influential in predicting SOC in small plots. At the same time, we hypothesize that soil spectral reflectance explains a key influence on the SOC prediction, as darker color corresponds to increased organic carbon, and therefore N, compared to paler color [63].