esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4. Clamping Resonators  
The clamping resonators (shown in Figure 3) were designed using symmetry as a means to reduce the unwanted displacement components. The resonators are composed of a center cube with a side length of 7.9 mm, and four cylindrical \"arms\" that are 4.8 mm in diameter and 15 mm long. These components are joined using cyanoacrylate adhesive so that the resonator shown in Figure 3 is built. The arms perpendicular to the wave-propagation direction are meant to clamp the in-plane displacement, while the arms parallel to the wave-propagation direction are meant to reduce the unwanted out-of-plane displacement. All these arms undergo flexural vibration, presumably at the same frequency as the propagating wave, to achieve this effect. The guiding principles of the conceptual design were achieved through a combination of theoretical modeling and finite-element analysis, which will be described in more detail in a subsequent publication.
## 5 Conclusions  
In the present study, rock samples were subjected to microscopic characterization by speckle photography during the uniaxial compression test. The image processing via the DIC technology revealed the spatial-temporal evolution of the deformed samples' deformation waves. The characteristics of deformation waves in the samples under loading were obtained as follows:  
1. The deformation waves slowly propagated from one end of the sample, to which the load was applied. The strain magnitude was much higher at one end to which the load was applied than that at the other one at the beginning of loading. However, the strain values became comparable over time over the sample, thus demonstrating deformation wave propagation in the laboratory tests of small-scale rock samples.
2. In the samples under loading, the deformation waves are influenced by the elastic standing waves, which could be inferred from the positions of the minimums and maximums of the elastic standing waves (regions of stress concentration) and the flow channels' distributions. These flow channels were formed at the compaction and elastic stages and were involved in the subsequent stages. As the stress increased, the LB nuclei interacted with the flow channels nearby to generate the minimum and maximum strain values (\(\varepsilon_{xx}\)).
3. As the loading rate increased, the propagation velocity of the deformation waves increased linearly. Thus, a positive linear correlation between these parameters with a high correlation coefficient, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9964, was revealed.
4. The experiments and comparative analyses conducted in this paper were semi-quantitative ones, and further investigations are needed in this respect. The research findings shed some new light on the evolutionary characteristics of slow deformationwaves and earthquake migration. They also provide experimental data for more in-depth analysis of the generation and propagation mechanism of slow deformation waves in the continental plates.  
Conceptualization, F.Y. and C.Q.; methodology, R.S.; software, F.Y.; validation, F.Y., C.Q. and R.S.; formal analysis, F.Y.; investigation, C.Q.; resources, R.S.; data curation, F.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, F.Y.; writing--review and editing, F.Y.; visualization, C.Q.; supervision, R.S.; project administration, F.Y.; funding acquisition, C.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Chengzhi Qi. And the APC was funded by Chengzhi Qi. This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research Development Plan (approval No.: 802015 CB575), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (approval No.: 51774018), and the Yangtze River Scholars Innovation Team program (PCSIRT, IRT_17R06).  
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### SEM and TEM Study TiO\({}_{2}\)/FTO and Au/TiO\({}_{2}\)/FTO Films  
The study of the surface of composite porous TiO\({}_{2}\) layers using the SEM method before and after gold deposition by the LCLD method provides complete information on the morphology of the porous TiO\({}_{2}\) film, as well as the morphology, geometric dimensions, and specific density of gold nanoparticles. Figure 1 shows typical SEM images of surface a porous TiO\({}_{2}\) film (Figure 1a) and a composite Au/TiO\({}_{2}\) film (Figure 1b).  
According to SEM data, the porous TiO\({}_{2}\) film consists of nanoparticles with an average diameter of 13.5 nm (Figure 1a histogram in the inset), the morphology of the particles is close to spherical, but ellipsoidal particles can also be found.  
The average diameter of gold nanoparticles is 45.7 nm (Figure 1c histogram in the inset). The areal density of gold nanoparticles is 1-3 nanoparticles per \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) (Figure 1c). The LCLD method makes it possible to obtain particles with different morphologies (triangle, rod, star-like, etc.) [23].  
It can be seen in the EDS analysis of TiO\({}_{2}\)/FTO/glass (Figure 1d) that the spectrum contains lines characteristic of the carrier glass substrate--these are the peaks for Si (K\({}_{\alpha 1}\)-1.740 keV) and Ca (K\({}_{\alpha 1}\)-3.692 keV). The Sn peaks (L\({}_{\alpha 1}\)-3.444 keV and L\({}_{\beta 1}\)-3.663 keV) belong to the transparent conductive FTO film. The highest intensity peaks are observed for Ti (K\({}_{\alpha 1}\)-4.512 keV and K\({}_{\beta 1}\)-4.933 keV) and oxygen O (K\({}_{\alpha 1}\)-0.525 keV). It should be noted that oxygen is present in all layers.  
After the LCLLD process, the EDS spectrum shows (Figure 1e) the same set of peaks, except that the 2-2.5 keV region in which the Au peak appeared changed (M\({}_{\alpha 1}\)-2.123 keV); however, the region overlaps with the Pt peak (M\({}_{\alpha}\)-2.050 keV). Reliable evidence for the presence of Au on the photoelectrode is a low-intensity peak with an energy of 9.713 keV corresponding to the L\({}_{\alpha 1}\) series of gold (Figure 1e).  
TEM studies in cross-section mode provide a complete picture of the thickness morphology of the Au/TiO\({}_{2}\) composite and the distribution of elements over the cross section. Figure 2a-c show TEM images of Au/TiO\({}_{2}\) film.  
According to TEM images, gold nanoparticles are present only on the surface, directly at the interface of the porous TiO\({}_{2}\) film and air (Figure 2a).  
EDS analysis provides an idea of the distribution of elements by thickness (Figure 2d). It can be seen that the elements Ti and O are uniformly distributed over the cross section of the composite, while Au is concentrated at the interface.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Decryption Results with True Keys  
To decrypt the encrypted DEMs A and B, the true keys tabulated in Tables 3 and 5 are used. The decryption of an image is the inverse process of its encryption. With true keys, the reconstructed DEMs A and B are illustrated in Figure 14.  
algorithm based on chaos system and linear prediction is proposed. To optimize the proposed encryption algorithm, configurational entropy is employed. At the confusion stage, the one with the maximum relative configurational entropy different from the original is selected for the diffusion stage, where the one with the maximum absolute configurational entropy is chosen for the sake of obtain the best encryption performance and the one with the minimum absolute configurational entropy is chosen to reduce the burden on transmission and storage. Two DEMs are taken as experimental data and encrypted 10 times. From the experimental results and analysis, we draw the following major conclusions  
* The proposed encryption algorithm is valid, and its security is high.
* Configurational entropy is helpful for optimizing the encryption process.  
On the other hand, three areas are recommended for future research. The first is to investigate the effects of different predictors in the diffusion phase of an encryption performance. The second is to explore multiscale DEM encryption with the help of absolute configurational entropy. Finally, more advanced chaos systems and watermark signature techniques [36; 37; 38; 39] are expected to be employed as one part of this study to provide excellent performance in only one encryption round.  
Conceptualization, X.C.; methodology, X.C.; software, X.C.; validation, [PERSON] and Z.L.; formal analysis, X.C.; investigation, X.C.; resources, X.C.; data curation, X.C.; writing--original draft preparation, X.C.; writing--review and editing, Z.L.; visualization, X.C.; supervision, Z.L.; project administration, Z.L.; funding acquisition, Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was funded by the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong SAR, China (grant number 15221918) and the Natural Science Funding Council of China (grant number 41930104).  
Not applicable.  
Two experimental DEMs can be downloaded from the website of NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ([[http://strm.csi.cgiar.org/](http://strm.csi.cgiar.org/)]([http://strm.csi.cgiar.org/](http://strm.csi.cgiar.org/))) according to the geographical extent tabulated in Table 1. All encrypted DEMs are available upon request.  
Special thanks are given to [PERSON] of Nanjing Normal University, China, for her constructive comments.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Review of the PAP Algorithm
### AP Algorithm  
To the best of our knowledge, the AP algorithm reuses the current and previous input signal information, which achieves faster convergence compared with the NLMS when the input signal is colored. The input matrix for the AP algorithm is  
\[\mathbf{X}(m)=[\mathbf{x}(m),\mathbf{x}(m-1),\cdots,\mathbf{x}(m-M+1)]. \tag{4}\]  
where \(M\) is a projection order. Due to the reuse of data, \(\mathbf{y}(m)\) and the estimated error \(\mathbf{e}(m)\) are expressed as  
\[\mathbf{y}(m)=\mathbf{X}^{T}(m)\hat{\mathbf{w}}(m), \tag{5}\]  
\[\mathbf{d}(m)=[d(m),d(m-1),\cdots,d(m-M+1)]^{T}, \tag{6}\]  
\[\mathbf{e}(m)=\mathbf{d}(m)-\mathbf{y}(m). \tag{7}\]  
The iteration equation for the standard AP algorithm is given by  
\[\hat{\mathbf{w}}(m+1)=\hat{\mathbf{w}}(m)+\mu_{\mathrm{AP}}\mathbf{X}(m)\Big{(} \mathbf{X}^{T}(m)\mathbf{X}(m)+\delta_{\mathrm{AP}}\mathbf{I}_{M}\Big{)}^{-1} \mathbf{e}(m), \tag{8}\]  
in which \(\mu_{\mathrm{AP}}\) denotes the step size, \(\delta_{\mathrm{AP}}>0\) is to prevent the matrix to be inverted to singular, and \(\mathbf{I}_{M}\) is a \(M\)-order identity matrix.
# Biological Production of 3-Hydroxpropionic Acid: An Update on the Current Status
## 2 Production of 3 HP from Glycerol
### Engineering of K. pneumoniae Cells for the Conversion of Glycerol to 3 HP  
_K. pneumoniae_ is an important candidate for use in the conversion of glycerol to 3 HP. _K. pneumoniae_ can naturally produce the required coenzyme B\({}_{12}\) de novo, which is important for the economics of the process, as there is no need for external addition of coenzyme B\({}_{12}\). Moreover, the _da_ operon is endogenous in _K. pneumoniae_, thus minimizing the transfer of required genes when constructing a strain capable of producing 3 HP, and has excellent glycerol fermentation capability [25]. On the other hand, as 1,3-propanediol is produced through the _da_ operon, the genes encoding the 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase should be deleted, unless co-production of 1,3-propanediol is desired. On the downside, use of _K. pneumoniae_ can potentially give rise to public health concerns. Bacteria of the _Klebsiella_ genus can cause human nosocomial infection, due to their ability to spread rapidly in hospital environments. _K. pneumoniae_, in particular, is the most important of the _Klebsiella_ genus, from a medical point of view, as it can cause a broad variety of infections, such as urinary tract infections, soft tissue infections, septicemias, and pneumonia in hospital environments [26]. As was discussed before, the balance of the cofactors NADH and NAD\({}^{+}\) is important during the conversion of glycerol to 3 HP. A strategy to maintain this balance is the co-production of 3 HP and 1,3-propanediol. For example, [PERSON] et al. [27] constructed a strain through the heterologous expression of _DhaS_, a putative ald from _Bacillus subtilis_, which showed higher specificity toward 3-hydroxypropionic acid than toward other aldehydes (propionaldehyde, benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde, butylaldehyde, and acetaldehyde). The recombinant _K. pneumoniae_ strain was capable of producing 3 HP at 18.0 g/L, and 1,3-propanediol at 27 g/L in 24 h under non-optimized bioreactor conditions. During the cultivation, a significant amount of lactic acid (36.1 g/L) was also produced (Table 1). The authors suggested that some possible reasons for the low 3 HP concentration might be the competition for NAD\({}^{+}\) between 3 HP and biomass formation, the toxicity of 3 HP toward the host cells, and the non-optimal activity of the ald toward 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde. It is obvious from the above that an adequate supply of NAD\({}^{+}\) is necessary to achieve a high degree of 3 HP production, and the discovery of more efficient aids is also important. The strategy of co-production was also followed by [PERSON] et al. [28], who expressed the _aldH_ gene from _E. coli_ in _K. pneumoniae_ cells. The authors suggested that the relative amounts of 3 HP and 1,3-propanediol could be controlled by controlling the aeration levels in the culture. Cell growth and production of 3 HP were enhanced by increasing the aeration rate, but 1,3-propanediol production was reduced. Under fully aerobic conditions, however, the _da_ operon was repressed--resulting in no
## 3 Monitoring and Detection Technology of SF\({}_{6}\) and Its Decomposition Components
### Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)  
The PAS technology has an independent excitation wavelength and can detect trace gases because the gases have specific absorption of light excitation sources at different wavelengths. Gas molecules produce sound waves that can be detected through various spectral receivers, such as optical fiber tips, electret microphones, and quartz tuning forks [22]. The principle of absorption spectroscopy of infrared light conforms to the Beer-Lambert law. Because the gas has an absorption effect on the infrared light, the gas will absorb the infrared light, resulting in a decrease in the light intensity. In addition, the higher the gas concentration, the more significant the attenuation of light intensity [23]. Absorbance (\(A\)) represents the absorption situation of infrared light [24]. The relationship between absorbance \(A\) and incident light intensity \(I_{0}\) (\(\lambda\)), transmitted light intensity \(I\) (\(\lambda\)), medium concentration \(C\), and effective optical path length \(L\) is as follows:  
\[A=\ln[I_{0}/I(\lambda)]=kLC \tag{1}\]
## 2 Related Work
### Secure Aggregation of Cluster Head Algorithm and Secure Sink Authentication  
#### 3.6.1 Secure Aggregation of Cluster Head Algorithm  
Algorithm 3, seen below, is implemented in our proposed SDAA protocol. This algorithm was deployed for secure aggregation by the cluster head (CH) and BS in similar conditions with the other secure MAC protocols, including SEFSC, SDA, and EEST, which were deployed without cluster-based network design (CBND). Therefore, the SDAA protocol utilizes optimized secure authentication and securely aggregates a substantial number of underwater sensor nodes (USN), ensuring scalability, utilizing single-hop secure data aggregation in the CBDN method. Based upon this, we can reevaluate the reliability, delay, and energy efficiency based on Algorithm 3.  
```
1. If CH sends a single-hop broadcast message to all cluster members and authenticates the sensor nodes, then
2. the cluster members use single-hop to receive the query (Q) message, and each sensor node receives information from the CH after authentication.
3. for CH\({}_{SecureM}=M_{SecureQ}\), then
4. CH\({}_{SecureM}\) sends and stores secure information to the BS after authentication, then
5. secure data aggregation nodes compute MAC single-hop, then
6. secure aggregated nodes authenticate the secure aggregated data before sending it to BS nodes, and
7. secure aggregated nodes send authenticated data to BS
8. End if
```  
**Algorithm 3** Process of Secure Aggregation and Cluster Head (CH) and BS Single-hop Communication
## 5 Local Path Planning Based on JPS
### Trajectory Generation by Bezier Curves  
A suitable spline for reducing the discrete data to a smooth path is a Bezier Curve. If those expanded points are detected successfully, they are considered as Bezier curve control points. The Bezier curve is shown in Equation (6):  
\[P(u)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}P_{i}B_{i,n}(u)\;\;\;u\in[0,1] \tag{6}\]  
where \(P_{i}\) represents control points of the Bezier curves, \(u\) represents the parameters, and \(B_{i,n}(u)\) are known as Bernstein basis polynomials and satisfy Equations (7) and (8):  
\[B_{i,n}(u)=C_{n}i^{i}u^{i}(1-u)^{n-i}=\frac{n!}{(n-i)!i!}u^{i}(1-u)^{n-i},\;\; (i=0,1,2,\ldots,n) \tag{7}\]  
\[P_{i}=\left[X_{i,Control},Y_{i,Control},B_{i,Bernstein},L_{i},V_{i}\right]^{T} \tag{8}\]  
The \(i\)th path is expressed by Equation (9); it is used for generating a new path. \(X_{i,Control}\) and \(Y_{i,Control}\) represent control points from the JPS algorithm, and \(B_{i,Bernstein}\) represents Bernstein coefficients, while \(L_{i}\) and \(V_{i}\) represent a length of path and a limit speed of the corresponding path. Therefore, local path planning based on JPS is described as in Table 1.  
Figure 12: Jump Point Search (JPS) search procedure.
# Novel Pointing and Stabilizing Manipulator for Optical Space Payloads
## 2 Characteristics and Algorithms for Large-Scale Pointing Adjustment  
### Virtual Assembly  
The structure of the proposed manipulator is introduced below. To mitigate spacecraft vibration and adjust the LOS on a large scale, the proposed manipulator integrates fine and coarse actuators simultaneously. For the convenience of integration and miniaturization, two kinds of actuators are combined in parallel. The schematic diagram and the prototype are shown in Figure 1. The prototype adopts manual gear racks as the coarse and voice coil actuators as fine actuators. All the branch legs of the manipulator are arranged in the form of UPS, where P represents the active prismatic joint, either coarse actuator or fine actuator, and U and S, respectively, represent the passive joint of universal and sphere form.
## 1 Introduction
The first MODIS MCD43 product was produced in 2000 at a 1-km spatial resolution every 16 days [21], and Collection V005 (C5) product was retrieved at a 500 m spatial resolution every 8 days. Collection V006 (C6) MCD43 product was released in 2016 and this product version was produced daily by weighting 16-day period observations as a function of data quality, angular geometry, and temporal distance from the day of interest [36]. The C6 product is expected to benefit from the improvement in upstream inputs, such as the various calibration improvements of MODIS Level-1B products [37; 38]. The improvements in the MCD43 product from C5 to C6 mainly include the upgrades of the temporal processing strategy (retrieved every 8 days to daily), snow/snow-free status determination, quality assurance, and uncertainty identification and a priori BRDF database updating of the backup algorithm [35]. The C5/C6 MODIS BRDF/Albedo products has been widely used for modeling other parameters [39; 40; 41; 42] and monitoring environmental changes [43; 44; 45; 46]. As a major upstream input, the MODIS BRDF/Albedo products have also been used to map global and regional CI data [7; 25; 26; 28; 29; 30; 47; 48; 49], and these satellite-derived CI maps have been used to estimate a number of biophysical parameters, such as LAI [50; 51; 52], the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation by vegetation (PAPAR) [53], fractional vegetation cover (FVC) [54], gross primary production (GPP) [55; 56] and solar induced fluorescence (SIF) [57]. The CI data have also been used in land surface models for ecological and meteorological applications [13; 58; 59]. The C6 MODIS BRDF/Albedo product presents a major improvement for environmental modeling and monitoring with higher temporal-resolution and data quality than that of the C5 product [35]. [PERSON], et al. [30] used the C6 MODIS BRDF/Albedo product to estimate global CI map from 2001 to 2017 and explored the improved capability of the CI time series in modeling and monitoring vegetation structural characteristics on a global scale. Obviously, the updating of MODIS BRDF/Albedo product will influence downstream products' subsequent applications. Several comparisons have been conducted between C5 and C6 data for directional reflectance [60], snow BRDF Atlas [61], and fractional cover product [62]. However, the potential influences on MODIS CI retrievals from the update of C5 to C6 MODIS BRDF/Albedo products have not been comprehensively explored, despite the demand for widespread and reasonable application of MODIS CI data. In this paper, CIs retrieved from two versions of MCD43 (C5/C6) were compared and validated on a global scale by using MODIS data and field measurements. Section 2 briefly introduces the CI retrieval algorithms and dataset used in this study. Section 3 details the consistency and performance of different versions of CI retrievals. Section 4 discusses the uncertainty of the results. The conclusions are presented in Section 5.
## 4 Computational Experiments
### Experimental Settings  
The computational experiments we present in order to position the proposed models within the existing literature are based on the benchmark instances of TSPLIB [47], SOPLIB [48] and COMPILERS [49]. All these datasets had originally been proposed for the Sequential Ordering Problem, and they are commonly adopted in the PCMCA-WT literature so far, see [38]. In total, the benchmark sets considered contain 116 instances with sizes ranging between 9 and 700 vertices (and an average of 248 vertices). Currently, the benchmark set has a total of 88 open instances (i.e., without a known optimal solution).  
The MILP solver adopted is CPLEX v12.8 [46] with standard settings. The CP solver used is OR-Tools v9.5 [44] CP-SAT, also run with standard settings. The computation time of both solvers is limited to 1 h, while the preprocessing time required for the _Reduced_ methods is not accounted for, being in the order of fractions of a second for all the instances considered.  
The best-known solutions used as reference are those appearing in [38]. The value reported is for each instance the best of the results achieved by the three models introduced there. This biases the comparison in favor of the old methods, since--according to the _No Free Lunch_ Theorem [50]--taking the best of different approaches might give a substantial advantage. Among the three ideas disclosed in [38], the one improved in the present work had shown some potential, however, it was the weakest of the set due to severe scalability issues (now solved, see Section 3). On the other hand, the results of [38] were obtained on an Intel i7-8550U processor running at 1.8 GHz and with 8 GB of RAM, while the new experiments are obtained on Intel Xeon Platinum 8375C running at 2.9 GHz and using up to 16 GB of RAM. This gives a hardware advantage to the new models, somehow balancing back the comparison. Notice that the newly proposed models are a direct improvement aiming at overcoming the crucial scalability of one of the three models of [38], making computational fairness considerations less central, in our view.