# A Compact Wearable Textile Antenna for NB-IoT and ISM Band Patient Tracking Applications  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, G L Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.S. );  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S);  
2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle 517325, Andhra Pradesh, India; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
3 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gagol'a College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
4 Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy  
5 Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politechnica University Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania  
6 Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, National Research Council of Italy, 10129 Turin, Italy  
7 Correspondence: [PERSON]#### Abstract  
This paper proposes a novel multi-band textile monopole antenna for patient tracking applications. The designed antenna has compact footprints (0.13\(\mathrm{{}_{0}}\)\(\mathrm{{}_{2}}\)) and works in the narrow band-internet of things (NB-IoT) 1.8 GHz, radio frequency identification (RFID), and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. The impedance bandwidths and gain of the antenna at 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz are 310 MHz, 960 MHz, and 1140 MHz; 3.7 dBi, 5.3 dBi, and 9.6 dBi, respectively. Also, the antenna's behavior is checked on different body parts of the human body in various bending scenarios. As per the evaluated link budget, the designed antenna can easily communicate up to 100 m of distance. The specific absorption rate values of the designed antenna are also within acceptable limits as per the (FCC/ICNIRP) standards at the reported frequency bands. Unlike traditional rigid antennas, the proposed textile antenna is non-intrusive, enhancing user safety and comfort. The denim material makes it comfortable for extended wear, reducing the risk of skin irritation. It can also withstand regular wear and tear, including stretching and bending. The presented denim-based antenna can be seamlessly integrated into clothing and accessories, making it less obtrusive and more aesthetically pleasing. ISM (industrial scientific and medical) band; multilayer phantom model; NB-IoT (narrow band-internet of things); RFID (radio frequency identification); wearable antenna +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
0000-0002-4245-5077  
0000  
denim, cotton, silk, etc., are a good choice for wearable applications. Flexible and stretchable antennas [4] are quite popular for different applications such as augmented and virtual realities [5], neonatal intensive care monitoring [6], and bio-integrated electronics [7]. A narrowband wearable textile antenna with an area of 50 mm \(\times\) 50 mm was reported in [8]. It resonated in the 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz with \(-\)3.2 dBi and 6.6 dBi gain values, respectively. A dual ISM band planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) textile antenna working at 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz was proposed in [9]. This antenna had \(-\)0.6 dBi and 6.8 dBi gain values and impedance bandwidths of 8.0% and 12.6% at the reported resonances (433 MHz and 2.45 GHz), respectively. Another textile-based PIFA antenna was proposed in [10]. This antenna had a gain of 6.7 dBi and worked only in a single 5 GHz frequency band for WBAN applications. In [11], a 71 mm \(\times\) 65 mm size Yagi-like textile antenna for RFID applications was proposed. A defective ground wearable antenna with 104.7 mm \(\times\) 100 mm with multiband behavior was reported in [12]. For wearable internet of things (IoT) applications, a tri-band antenna was proposed in [13]. This antenna had a size of 80 mm \(\times\) 80 mm and it was functioning in the 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.75 GHz frequency bands. In [14], wearable antenna for virtual reality was proposed, which worked at an 8 GHz frequency band.