# Electronic Sensing Technologies in Food Quality Assessment: A Comprehensive Literature Review
## 4 e-Nose
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Device Type/Sensors Used** & **Application** & **Quantitative Metrics** & **References** \\ \hline E-nose (PEN3, Air-sense Analytics GmbH, & Analysis of volatile profiles of kiwifruit experiencing soft rot & Combining e-nose and GC-MS to differentiate intact and diseased kiwifruit is feasible & [89] \\ \hline ISE Nose 2000 (ISE, Pisa, Italy)/12 SnO2-based MOS sensors (TGS type by Figaro Engineering Inc., Osaka, Japan) & Licorice roots (_Glycyrhiza glab_ L.) identification & Usefulness in identifying licorice root & [90] \\ \hline FGC Electronic Nose Heracles II (Alpha MOS, Toulouse, France) & Storage time of peanut butter & A promising method for applications in industrial food quality control & [91] \\ \hline PEN 3 MOS (Airsense Analytics, Germany) & Detection of the degree of black tea fermentation & e-Nose and computer vision technologies proved that the effect of the multi-source sensor model was better than that of a single sensor & [92] \\ \hline
8 MQ series tin dioxide sensors (MQ135, & Basic detection of various food products & The ability to detect damaged products has been confirmed & [93] \\ \hline
5 MOX Taguchi gas sensors (TGS), including two H\({}_{2}\)S and three SO\({}_{2}\) sensors & On-line wine fermentation monitoring & Good ability to distinguish different phases of wine fermentation in real time & [94] \\ \hline TGS Sensors (Figaro Engineering Inc., Osaka, Japan) for alcohol, alcohol, ammonia, ammonia, alcohol, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide & Rice quality assessment & Suitability for classifying and estimating rice quality during storage under different temperature and humidity conditions & [95] \\ \hline Portable acoustic resonator (FBAR) & Real-time detection of banana cold chain storage time & Effectively distinguishes yellow bananas with green necks from completely yellow bananas & [96] \\ \hline e-Nose (WinMuster Airsense Analytics Inc., & Detection of volatile components of loquat fruit during the post-harvest shelf life (18 days) & Loquat fruit during different storage periods & [97] \\ \hline PEN3 Portable Electronic Nose, Airsense Analytics & Characterization of the different quality levels of Congolese black tea & A 44-dimensional characterization data set was obtained to characterize the aroma quality & [98] \\ \hline Araki Sangyo Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) & Comparison with sensory evaluation of cheese aroma intensity & convergence with the results of sensory evaluation & [99] \\ \hline PEN3 Portable Electronic Nose, Airsense Analytics GmbH, Schwerin, Germany/10 MOS sensors & Identification of volatile substances dependent on the storage time of lamb & The usefulness of rapid identification of sheep storage stages & [100] \\ \hline Ultrafast gas chromatography HERACLES NEO e-nose & Identifying differences in odor profiles in different varieties of bee pollen & Usefulness of quality control of bee pollen products & [101] \\ \hline e-Nose designed and manufactured by PHT laboratory, MOS sensors & Investigation of garlic aroma as a quality control factor & Processing methods and pathogen contamination make it difficult to assess quality & [102] \\ \hline  & Evaluation of the quality & The usefulness of assessing storage conditions on the quality during storage of mushrooms & [103] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._The e-nose system combines hardware and software. It uses a network of sensors to detect released gases and convert them into signals that can be analyzed using various statistical methods. With the introduction of artificial intelligence, automated algorithms have been employed to assess food quality based on these signals [108]. The e-nose system comprises four main components: a sampling system to manage samples during analysis, a detection system that includes a set of sensors, a data collection and processing system, and software designed for pattern recognition [15; 76; 109; 110; 111]. In the e-nose system, a sampling system collects samples of volatile compounds.