# Secure Utilization of Beacons and UAVs in Emergency Response Systems for Building Fire Hazard
## 2 Related Works and Backgrounds
### Emergency Alert and Response System  
Conventional emergency and evacuation systems do not provide information about the context of an emergency, nor about the profile of each person in the building. To address these weaknesses, there is a growing interest in alert and response systems using smart sensors that are tailored to the specifics of an emergency situation. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [2] propose a set of criteria related to user profiles, available technologies, kinds of emergency and contextual circumstances for an effective notification and evacuation. The authors present a mechanism that provides personalized alert notifications and evacuation routes to users with smartphones. However, their mechanism cannot automatically identify the building occupant's location. To get the personalized evacuation route, occupants should send their location data to the emergency management server. This system has a disadvantage in that it cannot be used if a part of the building collapses and the occupant cannot grasp the current location. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Source**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Types of Functionalities**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Service Area**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**User Interface**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-8}  & **Sensor** & & & & & & & & \\ \hline UAV-EMOR & \multirow{2}{*}{O} & \multirow{2}{*}{O} & \multirow{2}{*}{O} & \multirow{2}{*}{O} & \multirow{2}{*}{O} & \multirow{2}{*}{O} & \multirow{2}{*}{O} & Building, & \\ (Our System) & & & & & & & & Outside & Smartphone App \\ \hline
[2] & O & & & & O & O & & Building & Smartphone App \\
[3] & O & & O & O & O & & Building & \\
[4] & O & & O & O & O & & Building & \\
[5] & O & & O & & & Building & \\
[6] & O & & O & O & O & & Building & Smartphone App \\
[7] & O & O & O & & & & Nature & \\
[9] & O & O & O & & & Nature & \\
[10] & O & & O & O & & & Nature & Web \\
[11] & O & O & O & & & River & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of related works. EMOR, Emergency Monitoring and Response. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [3] propose a data model and architecture of indoor emergency evacuation systems for large public buildings. The authors also present an intelligent indoor emergency evacuation system that utilizes the Building and environment Data-based Indoor Positioning System (BeDIPS) [26] to support indoor positioning service. However, BeDIPS requires installing location beacons in a building, and in the current version of BeDIPS, each location beacon only provides a one-step navigation instruction to the nearest exit. Thus, [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. 's system could not support a personalized evacuation route for each occupant. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [4] propose a framework for an intelligent evacuation guidance system for large buildings. They combine fire detection, video surveillance, a mobile terminal and passive RFID tags to create an evacuation guidance system. During regular monitoring, their system notes temperature and atmospheric changes, setting off an alarm when appropriate. During an actual emergency situation, the system monitors population density inside the building, the evacuation status of all entrances and the road capacity outside the building. Furthermore, their system can guide individuals from their specific locations in the building to appropriate exits by sending out evacuation instructions. However, their RFID-based evacuation system requires active input from the occupants to get the evacuation instructions. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [5] propose an emergency routing scheme for wireless sensor networks that is designed specifically for building fire emergency. Their scheme is adaptable to several different scenarios and the routing hole problems. Each sensor contains data about its own ID, power status and state and automatically changes its state between safe, low safe, fire and unsafe. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [6] propose an active disaster response system for earthquakes, which automatically engages when a natural disaster occurs.