# Ensuring Energy Efficiency of Air Quality Monitoring Systems Based on Internet of Things Technology
## 6 Conclusions  
This study substantiates the importance of energy efficiency in the design and implementation of air quality monitoring systems based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The analysis demonstrates that optimizing sensor selection, data transmission protocols, and power management strategies plays a decisive role in ensuring the long-term, autonomous, and sustainable operation of such systems. A comparative assessment of commercially available air quality sensors revealed significant differences in energy consumption, functionality, and cost. To support informed decision-making, an integrated efficiency index (IEI) was introduced, enabling a holistic evaluation of sensor performance with respect to these criteria. Based on the analysis, an energy-efficient system architecture was proposed and quantitatively evaluated. The selected configuration, which includes the Smart Air sensor, a Zigbee-based gateway, and a Mini UPS, demonstrates the following performance indicators:  
* Daily energy consumption: 72 W\(\cdot\)h;
* Autonomous operation during outages: up to 10 h;
* UPS efficiency: 83.3%;
* Annual energy use: 26.28 kW\(\cdot\)h. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Model**} & **Measured** & **Annual Power** & **Energy** & **Price (USD)** & **IEI** \\  & **Parameters, \(F\)** & **Consumption, (kW\(\cdot\)h)** & **Efficiency, \(E\) = 1/C\({}_{\text{ann}}\)** & **Price (USD)** & **IEI** \\ \hline Smart Air & 6 & 26.28 & 0.038 & 16 & 0.014 \\ Ajax Lifequality & 3 & 0.365 & 2.74 & 200 & 0.041 \\
104.Ua Air & 3 & \texttextasci{-5.0} * & 0.20 & 35 & 0.017 \\ Airhome & 4 & \textasci{-6.0} * & 0.167 & 57 & 0.012 \\ Saveecosensor & 4 & \textasci{-10.0} * & 0.10 & 80 & 0.005 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Estimated based on typical USB-powered sensors operating continuously at 0.5–1.5 W.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: The integrated efficiency index for selected air quality sensors. The proposed architecture ensures reliable monitoring with a minimal energy footprint, supports integration with smart home ecosystems, and is suitable for both residential and urban-scale deployment. The system can be considered cost-effective and scalable, offering a balanced trade-off between performance and sustainability. Future research should focus on the integration of renewable energy sources (e.g., solar power), advanced edge computing techniques, and predictive analytics for adaptive energy management in IoT-based environmental monitoring systems, new technologies such as 5G-IoT protocols for high-speed data transmission with low power consumption, and advanced energy harvesting methods such as advanced solar panels or radio frequency energy harvesting to increase the autonomy of the systems. In addition, high-precision industrial sensors such as TSI and Aeroqual are planned to be validated in various real-world scenarios to assess their suitability for large-scale IoT air quality monitoring systems, which will complement the proposed energy-efficient architecture. Future research will also involve long-term field deployments to validate the system's performance under real-world environmental variability. Additionally, future work will explore the sensitivity of the IEI to varying weight configurations for functionality, energy efficiency, and cost, potentially achieving this through stakeholder surveys or case studies to tailor the index to specific IoT applications and AI techniques, such as anomaly detection for identifying irregular air quality patterns and adaptive control for optimizing sensor sampling rates, to enhance the system's predictive energy management capabilities. Conceptualization, N.B., E.D. and K.P. ; methodology, T.D. and O.K. ; software, O.K. ; validation, K.P. ; formal analysis, N.B. and O.K. ; investigation, T.D. ; data curation, T.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, N.B., K.P. and E.D. ; writing--review and editing, E.D., N.B. and O.K. ; visualization, E.D. ; funding acquisition, T.D.