# The Security Perspectives of Vehicular Networks: A Taxonomical Analysis of Attacks and Solutions
## 3 Classification of Attacks in VANETs
### Attacks on Electric Vehicles  
Electric Vehicles (EVs) [85] also play an important role in VANETs because these EVs can communicate with Smart Grids (SG) along with communication with vehicles and infrastructure. The automobile industry is concentrating on electric vehicles because in the future, all the vehicles are going to be electrical. These are not limited to few countries now, these are available across the globe, and these are increasing in numbers. Electric vehicles use smart charging to charge their battery in which data connection is shared by EV and charging device with the charging operator. Electric vehicles may use Grid to Vehicles (G2V) or Vehicle to Grids (V2G) systems for charging. Smart charging is a G2V charging system in which electricity moves in one direction that is from the charging point or grid to the vehicle. However, in the case of V2G charging, electricity moves in both directions. It means when the vehicle battery is low, it may be charged from the V2G point, and when the battery is having surplus electricity, then the V2G point may absorb that surplus electricity. This kind of electricity system works using smart grids [86]. A more advanced system of charging may be used in which smart grids are not used, instead a vehicle to vehicle charging system is used. In this method, vehicles meet at a particular location near to both and where these vehicles exchange electricity [87]. Various assets of electric vehicle which may be targeted by the attackers are access control policies, time, configuration data, software, firmware, and drivers, control commands, clock setting, meter data, tariff data, customer id, and location data, etc. [88]. All these assets are vulnerable to various \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Attacked Component** & **Types of Attack** & **Reference(s)** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Vehicles} & Physical damage to the vehicle & [PERSON] et al. (2011) [45] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Sensor impersonation attack & [PERSON] et al. (2012) [82] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Bogus information attack & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) [50] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Illegal remote firmware attack & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2009) [83] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Jamming attack at vehicle level & [PERSON] et al. (2017) [55], [PERSON] et al. (2014) [56] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Social engineering attack & [PERSON] et al. (2011) [45] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Malware integration & [PERSON] et al. (2017) [55] \\ \cline{2-3}  & DoS and DDoS attack & [PERSON] et al. (2014) [52], [PERSON] et al. (2012) [53], [PERSON] et al. (2014) [74] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Credential revelation & [PERSON] et al. (2013) [84] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Information} & Fake information attack & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) [50] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Impersonation attack & [PERSON] et al. (2014) [75] \\ \cline{2-3}  & False position attack & [PERSON] et al. (2020) [41] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Message tempering & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) [50] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Eavesdropping & [PERSON] et al. (2019) [46] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Man in the middle attack & [PERSON] et al. (2018) [42], [PERSON] et al. (2012) [43] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Spoofing attack & [PERSON] et al. (2020) [41] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Jamming attacks & [PERSON] et al. (2017) [55], [PERSON] et al. (2014) [56] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Infrastructure} & Man in the middle attack & [PERSON] et al. (2018) [42], [PERSON] et al. (2012) [43] \\ \cline{2-3}  & GPS tracking attack & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) [50] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Sybil attack & [PERSON] et al. (2015) [61], [PERSON]. (2002) [62] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Network attacks & [PERSON] et al. (2011) [45] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Bogus information & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) [50] \\ \cline{2-3}  & DoS and DDoS attack & [PERSON] et al. (2014) [52], [PERSON] et al. (2012) [53], [PERSON] et al. (2014) [74] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Wormhole attack & [PERSON] et al. (2007) [59] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Attack classification based on different VANET components. kinds of threats that also affect other vehicular networks.