## 5 Potential Use Cases
### Services Exploiting TSN over 5G
#### 5.3.2 Process Automation in Factories of the Future  
The second use case deals with process automation. Since the development and deployment of FoFs is inextricably connected with advances in the related fields of wireless mobile communications as well as IoT technology, the automation of various procedures, critical for the overall system operation can be supported with advanced wireless features, such as the deployment of 5G mobile networks. To this end, increased data rates and the support of zero latency applications facilitates various aspects of the production procedure. Large manufacturing companies may have dispersed production units in a territory. In the majority of involved cases, prior to the final production, various intermediate steps have to be included, namely: requirements on demand, feasibility analysis, first materials preparation, intermediate control tests, final production. Even a single failure in one of the above steps may result in product failure and related losses. Hence, product quality should be controlled throughout the production procedure, in order to minimize as much as possible potential failures. In cases of malfunction of a certain production component, feedback to the production unit should be immediate in order to pause all other related procedures.  
In addition, this information should also propagate to other production units in order to avoid similar circumstances. In this context, a typical example includes companies in the printing sector since the printing process is quite complex and often requires manual interventions from the personnel. Defects along the manufacturing process have a major impact on the company's financial losses. Therefore, rapid decisions based on immediate feedback are of the utmost importance in such a complex environment. The interconnection of sensors in the production line with the CPU can be made feasible via Ethernet cables. However, a major disadvantage of such an approach is that changes in the overall production chain would also require major modifications in the wired topology. Therefore, an alternate solution would be the wireless communication of sensors with the CPU. Although a public infrastructure can be used, private 5G networks ensure high bandwidth availability on demand (i.e., transmission of high-resolution images from the sensors) as well as latency minimization.  
In this context, provision of service (network slice) may include allocation of high bandwidth channels to the sensor nodes for high resolution image transmission (uplink case) or zero latency transmission back to the nodes for decision making procedures (e.g., immediate production termination, downlink case). In addition, NWDAF can store information regarding maximum data used per session and data usage per sensor node at different times of the day. With that information, the NWDAF is able to form a data usage pattern for a node. With NWDAF input, PCF can enforce specific rules appropriately for the node according to the usage pattern. This type of proactive decision by PCF also helps in utilizing the 5G resources appropriately.  
Moreover, NWDAF, apart from serving the 5G network functions, can also help potential manufacturing operators to plan their enhancement in terms of infrastructure based on resource utilization. This is useful because, based on the data provided by the NWDAF, the NFs can make real time decisions for allocating the resources, but are limited to a certain extent (based on hardware resources available).