# Enhanced Dual Reversible Data Hiding Using Combined Approaches
## 4 Experimental Results
In our study, the average RS value remained within 0.32 to 0.38, and thus, setting the minimum acceptable threshold at 0.35 or lower is considered appropriate. Table 1 presents the experimental results evaluating the data hiding performance of the proposed scheme. After embedding 30,000 bits into each image, the PSNR and SSIM values were measured. The results show that the PSNR values of the marked images ranged from 65.33 dB to 68.24 dB, with an average PSNR of approximately 66.7770 dB, demonstrating a robust embedding process with minimal degradation in image quality. The SSIM values consistently remained close to 1 across all test images, confirming that the structural integrity of the images was largely preserved even after data embedding. For the Peppers image, the PSNR values for \(I_{1}\) and \(I_{2}\) were measured at 65.2328 dB and 68.1832 dB, respectively, with an average PSNR of 66.7080 dB. These results confirm that the proposed method effectively maintains high image quality despite data hiding. The Elaine \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Original Image** & **Measurement** & **PSNR (\(I_{1}\))** & **PSNR (\(I_{2}\))** & **Avg. PSNR** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Pepper**} & PSNR & 65.2328 & 68.1832 & 66.708 \\  & SSIM & 0.9999 & 0.9998 & 0.99985 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Airplane**} & PSNR & 65.2337 & 68.1782 & 66.7059 \\  & SSIM & 0.9998 & 0.9997 & 0.99975 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Boat**} & PSNR & 65.2859 & 68.2662 & 66.7760 \\  & SSIM & 0.9998 & 0.9996 & 0.9997 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Goldhill**} & PSNR & 65.2116 & 68.2101 & 66.71085 \\  & SSIM & 0.9999 & 0.9997 & 0.9998 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Couple**} & PSNR & 65.5378 & 68.2524 & 66.8951 \\  & SSIM & 0.9999 & 0.9998 & 0.99985 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Baboon**} & PSNR & 65.2781 & 68.3875 & 66.79535 \\  & SSIM & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Zelda**} & PSNR & 65.3939 & 68.3875 & 66.8907 \\  & SSIM & 0.9999 & 0.9997 & 0.9998 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Barbara**} & PSNR & 65.2593 & 68.2101 & 66.7347 \\  & SSIM & 0.9999 & 0.9998 & 0.99985 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Elaine**} & PSNR & 65.5988 & 68.2221 & 66.9104 \\  & SSIM & 0.9999 & 0.9998 & 0.99985 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Average**} & PSNR & 65.3368 & 68.2469 & 66.7770 \\  & SSIM & 0.9999 & 0.9998 & 0.99985 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparisons of the PSNR and SSIM for dual marked images. image achieved the highest average PSNR of 66.9104 dB, demonstrating strong resilience to distortion even after dual embedding. In particular, the Baboon image exhibited an SSIM value of 1.0, which can be attributed to its high-frequency components and complex texture characteristics. Since the SSIM measures structural similarity, images with intricate textures tend to experience minimal perceptual changes even with pixel modifications, causing the SSIM value to approach 1.0. Compared to other test images (e.g., Peppers, Goldhill), the Baboon image contains fine patterns and strong variations, making structural changes less detectable. In contrast, images with simpler backgrounds are more susceptible to noticeable differences caused by minor pixel modifications. Therefore, analyzing the SSIM in conjunction with the PSNR provides a more comprehensive evaluation rather than relying solely on the SSIM. This study accounts for both metrics to ensure a balanced assessment of image quality after data embedding. Overall, the proposed dual RDH scheme demonstrates excellent performance in terms of both the PSNR and SSIM. With an average PSNR of approximately 66.77 dB and SSIM values consistently close to 0.99985, the method achieves RDH with minimal perceptual degradation. These findings validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach as a high-quality and robust RDH solution for applications requiring reliable image reconstruction after data extraction. The ER measures the amount of data that can be embedded relative to the image size, with higher values indicating better performance while maintaining image quality.