## 3 Applications of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma
### Food Industry and Agriculture
Their results showed that \({}^{\bullet}\)OH (it attacked the cell membrane and increased its permeability) and \({}^{1}\)O\({}_{2}\) species (it disturbed the cell energy metabolism) contribute most to the yeast inactivation [59]. [PERSON] et al. showed that RONS produced using CAPP is able to inactivate thermophilic bacteria, which can tolerate a wide temperature and pH range (e.g., spores of _Geobacillus_ spp. in raw milk can survive pasteurization temperatures, spores of _Bacillus stearothermophilus_ can spoil low acid cannot foods). Sufficiently high dose (long treatment duration, i.e., 20 min) plasma treatment (using DBD device) caused protein denaturation/modification (model protein: MTH1880 from _Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum_) [104]. [PERSON] et al. studied the effectiveness of a direct contact DBD device against spores (dormant forms of microorganisms, like bacterial endospores), which are very resistant to heat and UV treatments due to their durable coat layers. They compared the inactivation kinetics of spores of _Bacillus_ spp. (\(\sim\)3 log\({}_{10}\) cycles of inactivation after 10 s exposure time), _Geobacillus_ spp. and _Penicillium_ spp. on flat glass carriers, native starch granules (non-porous material) and shells of diatoms (highly porous system) [105]. The safety of animal origin foods is an even bigger challenge for the food industry. Microbial inactivation experiments mainly focus on poultry (e.g., _Salmonella_ spp. on eggs, chicken meat), meat (e.g., _L monocytogenes_, _E. coli_, _Salmonella_ spp. and _C. jejuni_ on beef, pork) and fish (e.g., _Lactobacillus_, _Pseudomonas_) products [25]. CAPP treatment is able to inactivate various pathogens, however, ROS species can cause quality problems, which affects the consumer acceptability and shelf life [93]. For example, changes in color (e.g., loss of color, darkening) are a result of undesirable reactions due to the partial inactivation of enzymes and microorganisms [25; 52]. The review of [PERSON] et al. summarizes the influence of various DBD plasma device process parameters on microbial inactivation in meat products. They concluded that the use of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the working gas mixture results in enhanced effectiveness of the plasma treatment. Furthermore, increased power/voltage and treatment duration also have a pronounced effect on microbial decontamination [106]. Seafood is considered part of a healthy diet, however these products are responsible for many foodborne disease outbreaks. Seafood is shipped worldwide; the control of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms is essential to ensure food safety. CAPP has high potential for commercial use in the seafood industry. [PERSON] et al. published a systematic review about the microbiological safety and quality of fish and seafood (squid shreds, mackerel, Asian sea bass). They compared various non thermal methods (high hydrostatic pressure processing, ultrasound, pulsed electric field, electrolyzed water and CAPP treatment) [107]. Plasma treatment is also gaining attention in agriculture since climate change has caused reductions in crop yield (reduction in the quality and quantity of crop products) (Figure 3) [108]. Furthermore, chemical-based methods are becoming less preferred due to the emergence of pathogen resistance (many pests have developed resistance to pesticides, new diseases have emerged) and environmental pollution [98]. CAP has the potential to increase crop plant vitality and production. Agricultural crops (fruits, vegetables) are often contaminated because they come in contact with dust, insects, animal urine and feces, workers and equipment during harvest and postharvest (transport, storage, cleaning, packaging and food processing) stages [16; 108]. Plasma inactivation processes are mostly focusing on bacterial (e.g., _Erwinia carovova_, _Clavibacter michiganensis_, _Pectobacterium carovovorum_) and fungal pathogens (e.g., _Alternaria_, _Aspergillus_, _Botrytis_, _Colletotrichum_, _Fusarium_, _Penicillium_) in agriculture [109].