## 3 Results
### Berlin Questionnaire Score and Metrics  
The \(\mathrm{BQ}\) was administered to all the participants, and the collected answers were analyzed. Before delving into the specifics of the \(\mathrm{BQ}\) scores, we categorized the subjects into low versus high OSA risk groups based on the cutoff utilized in connection with the \(\mathrm{BQ}\), which considers an \(\mathrm{AHI}\geq 5\) as positive (high risk) [28]. Consequently, Table 2 compares the high versus low OSA risk groups as determined by this \(\mathrm{BQ}\) cutoff. It is important to clarify that this initial categorization uses the 'ground truth' based on the \(\mathrm{AHI}\geq 5\) threshold, rather than the metrics derived from the questionnaire itself. The latter will be examined subsequently to assess how well the \(\mathrm{BQ}\) scores align with the established 'ground truth'. This approach allows for a direct comparison between the questionnaire categorization and the clinical benchmark, providing insight into the \(\mathrm{BQ}\)'s effectiveness in identifying patients with varying levels of OSA risk. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline  & **Negative** & **Positive** & **Positive** & **\(\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{ \mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{\mathbf{   }}}}}}}}}}}}}}\) \\ **(\(\mathrm{AHI}\geq 5\))** & **Positive** & **(\(\mathrm{AHI}\geq 30\))** & **Positive** & **Positive** and **Negative**, \\  & **\(\mathrm{AHI}\geq 5\))** & **Positive** & **Positive** & **Cutoff \(\mathrm{AHI}\geq 5\))** \\ \hline \(n\) & 150 & 181 & 83 & \\ Age \textgreater{} 60 \(n\) (\%) & 60 (40) & 117 (64) & 53 (63) & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ Female \(n\) (\%) & 52 (35) & 39 (22) & 11 (13) & 0.19 \\ Height (cm) & 172.4 \(\pm\) 9.8 & 174.1 \(\pm\) 10.1 & 174.7 \(\pm\) 8.06 & 0.94 \\ Weight (kg) & 77.6 \(\pm\) 16.3 & 88.3 \(\pm\) 16.9 & 93.4 \(\pm\) 15.9 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 26.0 \(\pm\) 4.6 & 29.2 \(\pm\) 5.6 & 30.7 \(\pm\) 5.6 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{_HSAT_} \\ AHI & 2.5 \(\pm\) 1.4 & 32.8 \(\pm\) 15.7 & 45.7 \(\pm\) 14.5 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ ODI & 2.6 \(\pm\) 1.8 & 31.3 \(\pm\) 18.7 & 42.2 \(\pm\) 14.8 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ LOS & 92.6 \(\pm\) 11.1 & 88.1 \(\pm\) 10.3 & 85.5 \(\pm\) 11.8 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ SpO\({}_{2}\) mean (\%) & 89.8 \(\pm\) 8.1 & 82.6 \(\pm\) 7.7 & 81.1 \(\pm\) 8.8 & \textless{}0.001 ***In our sample, the high-risk OSA group had a significantly larger proportion of respondents reporting frequent snoring compared to the low-risk group (\(p<0.001\)). The high-risk group also reported more breathing interruptions than the low-risk subjects (\(p<0.001\)). Fatigue and som \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Items** & **Z-Value** & **Rank Sum** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline _Snoring category_ & & & \\ History of snoring & \(-3.31\) & 32,084 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ Very loud snoring & \(-2.30\) & 31,200 & 0.02 \\ Snoring every night & \(-0.08\) & \(3.4004\times 10^{4}\) & 0.92 \\ Botbersome snoring & \(-1.70\) & \(3.2403\times 10^{4}\) & 0.08 \\ Interrupting night breathing & 4.77 & 40,315 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ _Symptoms category_ & & & \\ Tired upon awakening & 4.25 & 39,622 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ Tired while daytime & 3.29 & 38,386 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ Dozing off while driving & \(-5.39\) & 29,418 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ Frequency of dozing off & 4.33 & 37,442 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ _Hypertension category_ & & & \\ High blood pressure & \(-7.34\) & \(2.5476\times 10^{4}\) & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Differences between low vs. high OSA risk groups. Statistical significance was determined by the Mann–Whitney test and labeled with asterisks.