## 3 Results  
### Microstructure and Texture  
To illustrate the microstructural characteristics, inverse pole figure (IPF) maps were generated from EBSD observations, with grain colors assigned according to the orientation triangle [20]. Figure 5 presents two maps, representing samples with lubrication (Figure 5a) and with no lubrication (Figure 5b). In these maps, red color-coded grains correspond to those where the normal direction of the (001) poles align with the ND axis (hereafter denoted as {001}//ND), while blue color-coded grains correspond to those with (111) poles aligned with ND (denoted as {111}//ND). In the lubricated sample, the microstructure is typical, with a predominant orientation of {111}//ND grains, followed by {001}//ND-oriented grains. For the non-lubricated sample, the fraction of {001}//ND-oriented (red) grains is comparatively lower than in the lubricated sample. The {111} pole figure (PF) maps revealed notable differences between the samples, particularly regarding the {111}//ND texture. In the lubricated sample, the {111}//ND orientation aligns with {111} \(<\) 1\(\overline{1}\)0 \(>\) (following the black line trace), while in the non-lubricated sample, it aligns with {111} \(<\) 1\(\overline{2}\)1 \(>\) (following the white line trace).  
To enhance visualization of the texture, orientation distribution function (ODF) maps were generated, as shown in Figure 6, covering a range of \(\varphi\)1 = 0-90\({}^{\circ}\), \(\phi\) = 0-90\({}^{\circ}\), and \(\varphi\)2 = 45\({}^{\circ}\). The differences in maximum intensity suggest that the non-lubricated sample (maximum intensity 14.85 \(\pm\) 0.47, Figure 6a) exhibits a more dispersed orientation distri  
Figure 5: IPF maps imposed with grain boundary maps and {111} PF maps of (**a**) lubricated and (**b**) non-lubricated sample.  
bution compared to the lubricated sample (maximum intensity 24.68 \(\pm\) 0.39, Figure 6b). Regarding the ideal texture of red-coded grains (indicated by red dots), no significant difference is observed between the two samples. However, a clear distinction is evident in the blue-coded grains (indicated by blue dots). The orientations may not align precisely with ideal texture positions in ODF, especially following severe plastic deformation. Therefore, orientation assignments were based on the nearest ideal texture along the horizontal axis. For orientations along the \(\gamma\)-fiber (highlighted in light blue), orientation was assigned to the closest ideal texture either horizontally or along the \(\gamma\)-fiber. Under these criteria, the lubricated sample displays characteristics of \(\{111\}<1\overline{1}0>\), \(\{111\}<0\overline{1}1>\), and a minor fraction of \(\{111\}<\overline{1}\overline{1}2>\), whereas the non-lubricated sample shows features of \(\{111\}<1\overline{2}1>\) and \(\{111\}<0\overline{1}1>\), aligning with the PF images in Figure 5.  
The microstructural analysis revealed a typical rolling deformation texture, with a dominant \(\{111\}/\)/ND grain orientation, followed by \(\{001\}/\)/ND-oriented grains, which is characteristic of post-rolling deformation textures. This orientation has been confirmed for cold-rolled steel through both experimental and simulation studies [21]. It has been suggested, with support from Taylor simulations, that most grains during rolling rotate into the \(\alpha\)-fiber. Additionally, the Goss orientation is expected to rotate toward \(\{001\}<110>\) along the \(\alpha\)-fiber and \(\{111\}<112>\) along the \(\gamma\)-fiber [22,23]. In the two samples studied, the majority of grains displayed orientations of \(\{001\}<1\overline{1}0>\) and \(\{001\}<\overline{1}\overline{1}0>\) with red-like color coding and \(\{111\}<1\overline{1}0>\), \(\{111\}<1\overline{2}1>\), \(\{111\}<0\overline{1}1>\), and \(\{111\}<\overline{1}\overline{1}2>\) with blue-like color coding. This study focuses specifically on these orientations for analysis of slip system activity.