## 2 Literature Review  
### Sustainable e-Trans Infrastructure  
Maintaining sustainable transportation infrastructure, especially e-trans, is a critically important task for nations as it ensures smoothness for supply chains and other economic sectors. For countries with vast territories and developing countries, optimizing the network poses even greater challenges. [PERSON] et al. [9] review studies focusing on three types of charging infrastructure users: buses, taxis, or private vehicles. They indicate that the majority concentrates on private vehicles, which constitute the largest portion of the vehicle fleet, or at least assumes that infrastructure can be designed to accommodate all light vehicles. Private vehicle owners utilize their vehicles for diverse purposes depending on their surroundings (urban, rural), travel patterns (proximity to key destinations, frequency of trips), and numerous other variables. [PERSON] et al. [10] provide an extensive review of recent advancements, as well as the difficulties encountered in establishing electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure, considering different charging power capacities and methods. It also evaluates the effects of EVs on the electricity grid. An investigation of variations in charging habits is implemented among various categories of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) owners, examining their preferences for charging locations and levels [11]. Subsequently, they identify factors influencing PEV owners' decisions regarding charging location and level. The analysis highlights socio-demographic factors (such as gender and age), vehicle attributes, commuting patterns, and the availability of workplace charging as key determinants affecting the choice of charging location.  
The lack of transportation infrastructure poses a significant challenge to the implementation of transportation, logistics, and other related activities. Numerous studies have been conducted to address this issue at various levels and scales. [PERSON] et al. [12] propose a novel hybrid multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM) model that combines the ordinal priority approach (OPA) and fuzzy measurement of alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution (fuzzy MARCOS) for improving last-mile logistics, specifically for developing economies, due to poor infrastructures' challenges. In the context of lacking infrastructure, to provide a guideline for the last-mile logistics managers and decision makers to take in-depth consideration, the research proposes a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (F-MCDM)-based framework combining the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and the fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment (FWASPAS), and triangular fuzzy numbers are applied to express the linguistic evaluation statements of experts [13]. A revealed preference survey is conducted to evaluate e-scooter usage in one of the highest-demand areas in the city of Austin, corresponding to a university campus [14]. The study explores population characteristics, mode shift, and mode interaction to provide a causal analysis to evaluate the nature of the relationship between e-scooters and transit trips in the whole city. A synthesis and critical discussion of the most up-to-date evidence on public charging choices is provided [15]. The findings indicate that useful criteria for charging behavior include home charging dominance, perceived insufficiency of public infrastructure, charging prices, comfort and waiting time, location matters, charging power, and frequency of use.