## 4 Remote Sensing Platforms Used in Peatland Research
### In Situ-Based Remote Sensing
These investigations shed light on shifts in vegetation communities, carbon and methane flux alterations, and peatland structure changes due to climate warming. However, it is essential to consider the complexities of climate-peatland interactions, including feedback mechanisms and the interplay of multiple environmental drivers, which may not be fully captured by remote sensing techniques alone. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Peatland** \\ **Type \({}^{\star}\)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Peatland** \\ **Peatland** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Peatland** \\ **Sutagmann** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Invariant** \\ **Vegetation** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Spectral Range** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Indices** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Applications** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[49] & Bog & \begin{tabular}{c} Near natural, \\ restored \\ \end{tabular} & _Sphagtum_ spp. & \
\begin{tabular}{c} SVC HE-1024 \\ spectroradiometer \\ \end{tabular} & 350–2500 &
\begin{tabular}{c} NDWI, NDVI, EVL, \\ PRI, WWB, Cin \\ \end{tabular} & Estimate water content and GPP \\ \hline
[139] & Fen & Natural & _Sphagtum_ spp. & \begin{tabular}{c} SKR1860 \\ \end{tabular} & 531–1240 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} NDVI, PRI, WBL, \\ Cigreen \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Assess the impact of manipulated \\ environmental conditions on \\ Sphagum \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[132] & Peutland & Disturbed & _Sphagtum_ spp. & \begin{tabular}{c} Decagon Inc, ASD \\ \end{tabular} & 630 and 800 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} NDVI \\ 630 and NDVI \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Response of boreal peatland community \\ composition and NDVI \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[136] & Bog & Restored & White peak rush & AMSPEC-III & 522–809 & PRI & Seasonal changes in Light Use \\  & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
[129] & Fen & NA & _Sphagtum_ spp. & ASD Fieldspec & 350–2500 & WI, FWBI &
\begin{tabular}{c} Subsurface moisture and WTD \\ monitoring \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[130] & Bog & NA & NA & ASD Fieldspec & 350–2500 & NA & Classifying peatland vegetation \\ \hline
[140] & Bog & NA & _Sphagtum_ spp. &
\begin{tabular}{c} “Spectra Vista Corporation \\ (SVC) DC-R/ IT \\ Slope fitted on HE-10243 \\ spectredatomometer” \\ \end{tabular} & 400–2400 & NA & Investigation of nitrogen deposition \\ \hline
[27] & Bog & NA & NA & Riegl VZ-1000 & NA & NA &
\begin{tabular}{c} Characterising peatland \\ microtopography \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[134] & Bog & Disturbed & NA & FARO Focus3D X330 & NA & NA & Assessment of surface change in \\ \hline
[138] & Fen & Natural & NA & CM3 pyramometers, & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline
[135] & Bog & Disturbed & _Sphagtum_ spp. & Cano ROS SD & RGB & NA & Tracking the plant phenology \\ \hline
[137] & Fen & Natural & _Corea catiformis_ & Spectral Reflectance Sensors & NA & NA & Above- and belowground phenology \\ \hline
[50] & Fen & Natural & _Sphagtum_ spp. & Piccolo Doppio & 400–1000 & NDVI, EVL, NIRv & Observing peatland vegetation dynamic \\ \hline
[131] & Peutland & Natural & _Sphagtum_ spp. & ASD Fieldspec & 350–2500 & WI, FWBI, CI, NDVI &
\begin{tabular}{c} Explores the relationship between \\ spectral indices and greenhouse gas \\ emissions in northern peatland \\ ecosystems \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[133] & Fen & Natural &
\begin{tabular}{c} Subfigureant spp., \\ wet brown \\ \end{tabular} & ASD Fieldspec & 325–1075 & NA & Detect vegetation characteristics \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Note: in this table, the term “peatland” is used comprehensively to refer to all wetlands considered in the study unless otherwise specified.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: In situ studies, instruments utilised and applications.