esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
As shown in Figure 1, the two-phase flow from the branch inlets enters into the header where the vapor-liquid separation occurs on the orifice-baffle due to their distinct physical properties and the pressure difference across the orifices. Ideally, the liquid is accumulated on the orifice-baffle and drained out from the orifices, whereas the vapor flows out via the branch outlets. Hence, the phase separation is achieved. However, in practice, due to the intensive interactions between liquid and vapor, incomplete vapor-liquid separation occurs in the liquid-separation unit, thus limiting the potential release of liquid-separation condensation. [PERSON] et al. [15] pointed out that in the orifice-baffle header of LSC, the vapor-liquid separation efficiencies of annular flow and slug flow at the inlet are 45% and 80%, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [16] established a numerical simulation model of the orifice-baffle header based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The results showed that when the diameter of the orifice is larger than 2 mm, the liquid drainage by the orifice is almost the same, and the vapor leakage rate of the orifice increases as well. The available studies on the orifice-baffle header have been simplified as one branch inlet and one branch outlet as well as only a single orifice in the center of the baffle. However, the branches and the orifices are multiple in the actual LSC [7]. Furthermore, the mass flow rate in the header is 2-5 g/s in [PERSON] et al. [16], which is substantially differentiated from that in LSC. The  
Figure 1: (**a**) Scheme of LSC; (**b**) HTC enhancement in LSC, modified from [2]. interactions between the liquid and vapor are more intensive in LSC and there exists fluid maldistribution in multiple branches. In short, the vapor-liquid separation performance and the flow characteristic in the orifice-baffle header with multiple branches and orifices under various inlet operating conditions are quite different from the existing findings. Mechanics of vapor-liquid separation and flow maldistribution in the branch are still to be unveiled, and this is in great need of further exploration. In this paper, a numerical simulation model for an orifice-baffle header with multiple branches and orifices is established and validated. The vapor-liquid separation features and the flow characteristics at various operating conditions are analyzed. This paper is of great importance to reveal the mechanisms of vapor-liquid separation and flow maldistribution.
## 4 Model Results
### Comparison of the MPR Model with Previously Developed Models  
In the field of ML, the development and evaluation of models is an ongoing process, and researchers are constantly striving to improve upon the state-of-the-art. In this context, it is essential to compare the performance of newly developed models with that of existing ones to determine their relative strengths and weaknesses. In this section, a comparison between the performances of the constructed white-box model in this research and previously developed black-box models is presented.  
To begin with, we compared the accuracy of our model with that of the black-box models developed in previous research [12]. As it can be noticed in Table 4, the proposed white-box model in this study achieved an \(R^{2}\) value of 0.994 and a RMSE value of 13.010 for training and an \(R^{2}\) value of 0.983 and a RMSE value of 15.655 for testing, which placed it in third position among the black-box models in terms of accuracy. While this may appear to be a modest achievement, it is important to note that black-box models require specialized knowledge and expertise to implement and use them effectively, which may limit their accessibility to non-expert users. Furthermore, the interpretability of the proposed white-box model is also compared with that of the black-box model. It can be stated that the white-box model is highly interpretable, which allows the users to gain a better understanding of how the model is making predictions. In contrast, the black-box models are more difficult to interpret, making it challenging to understand the underlying mechanisms of prediction.  
Using the validated SVR-ERBF, previous research [12] proposed an empirical approach to generate a design curve and correction equations for this task, but their accuracy was limited. In this study, the novel proposed approach achieves higher accuracy than the previous empirical approach, as demonstrated by its superior \(R^{2}\) metric. The proposed model proved to outperform previous research with a remarkable \(R^{2}\) value of 0.986 for all data points in the dataset (using Equation (6)), surpassing the empirical approach used in [12] with a \(R^{2}\) value of 0.976.
# A New Linear Model for the Calculation of Routing Metrics in 802.11s Using ns-3 and RStudio
## 4 Conclusions  
This work reveals a new methodology for the ALM metric calculation in the 802.11s standard, specifically for the HWMP protocol, starting from ns-3 simulations for a later database processing in RStudio.  
Second, statistical techniques such as the lm, glm, ANOVA, ANCOVA, and STEWIZE are employed to select and validate the regressors models presenting a priori tool to define, delete, or maximize network variables for the metric calculation in WMS protocol.  
This paper also includes an analysis based on the PDF criteria, which illustrates that in all the cases, the number of delivered packets grows. Thus, our model presents a superior  
Figure 16: PDF vs. M_STEP, Mesh = 5 \(\times\) 5.  
Figure 17: PDF vs. M_STEP, Mesh = 5 \(\times\) 5.  
performance when compared to the original model. Nevertheless, it is important to remark that as of yet, more testing is missing.  
Similarly, this new model based on GLM is presented to predict the WMN's performance as a previous process to replicate this new model to the simulators and then to real scenarios.  
It is worth mentioning that in addition to the predictive models produced by RStudio, the predictive model for network performance (TXX) was added based on the GLM. This is a priori model which does not require ns-3 to corroborate if the sent packets within the network reach their final destination with 60% of effectivity.
# Squill: Testing DBMS with Correctness Feedback and Accurate Instantiation
## 5 Evaluation  
We applied our tool Squill on real-world DBMSs to verify its effectiveness. The evaluation was designed to answer the following questions:  
1. Can Squill detect bugs from well-tested DBMSs? (Section 5.1).
2. Can Squill perform better than existing tools? (Section 5.2).
3. How does correctness-guided mutation help fuzzing? (Section 5.3).
4. What is the contribution of semantics-aware instantiation? (Section 5.4).  
We selected three popular real-world DBMSs for evaluation, including MySQL, MariaDB, and OceanBase. We mainly compared Squill with Squirrel, as Squirrel had been shown to outperform other mutation-based fuzzers, such as AFL, and generation-based fuzzers, such as SQLsmith. We did not compare Squill with SQLRight [18] and SQLancer, because their target is the logic bug of DBMSs, while Squill, like Squirrel, focuses on the memory error of DBMSs. We perform the experiments on three computers with Ubuntu 18.04 system, Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-10/00 (2.90 GHz) CPU, and 32 GB memory. We used the llvm mode of AFL to instrument the DBMS. Because of the large codebase of DBMSs, we set the bitmap size to 256 K and used a 20% ratio instrumentation. The DBMS versions in the experiment are all the latest, including MySQL 8.0.29, MariaDB 10.10.0, and OceanBase 3.1.4. In the experiments, due to resource bottleneck, we ran one DBMS and a fuzzer on each machine for 24 h at a time and repeated three times. Squill and Squirrel used the same seed and initial library in experiments.
## 4 The Architecture of IoT-Enabled Smart City
### Networking and Communication
#### 4.3.3 IoT-Dedicated Cellular Networks  
This cellular network tries to design low-cost, low-energy, and low-traffic congestion IoT devices with reduced traffic requirements. IoT-dedicated cellular networks provide many advantages, including reduced power consumption and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) compared to traditional cellular networks, as well as worldwide coverage and hassle-free plug-and-play connectivity. The network architecture follows a common star topology with extensive coverage areas and can accommodate numerous dedicated devices for applications such as smart lighting, smoke alarm systems, environmental monitoring, smart parking systems, and smart pedestrian counting. These applications may not be feasible with traditional GPRS/GSM networks due to their higher costs, subscription fees, and power consumption [96]. The key distinguishing factors among IoT-specific cellular networks are their bandwidth, ability to handle bi-directional traffic, and network availability. Table 3 provides a comparison of the primary technologies and their respective features.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & **Spectrum (MHz)** & **Channel Width** & **TX Rate DL** & **TX Rate UL** & **TX Power UL** & **Duplexing** & **Availability** \\ \hline Release 8 & \multirow{2}{*}{700–900} & \multirow{2}{*}{20 MHz} & \multirow{2}{*}{150 Mbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{50 Mbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{23} & Full Duplex & Available \\ Cat-4 & & & & & & & \\ \hline Release 8 & \multirow{2}{*}{700–900} & \multirow{2}{*}{20 MHz} & \multirow{2}{*}{10 Mbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{5 Mbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{23} & Full Duplex & Available \\ Cat-1 & & & & & & & \\ \hline Release 12 & \multirow{2}{*}{700–900} & \multirow{2}{*}{20 MHz} & \multirow{2}{*}{1 Mbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{1 Mbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{23} & Half Duplex & Available \\ Cat-0 & & & & & & & \\ \hline Release 12/13 & \multirow{2}{*}{700–900} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.4 MHz} & \multirow{2}{*}{200 kbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{200 kbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{20} & Half Duplex & 2016 \\ LTE-M & & & & & & & \\ \hline Release 13 & \multirow{2}{*}{700–900} & \multirow{2}{*}{200 kHz} & \multirow{2}{*}{200 kbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{144 kbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{23} & Half Duplex & 2016 \\ NB LTE-M & & & & & & & \\ \hline EC-GSM & \multirow{2}{*}{800–900} & \multirow{2}{*}{200 kHz} & –300 kbps & \(\leq\)10 kbps & \multirow{2}{*}{23–33} & Half Duplex & 2016 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} CS IoT & \multirow{2}{*}{700–900} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.75 kHz (UL)} & \multirow{2}{*}{200 kb/s} & \multirow{2}{*}{–48 kbps} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\leq\)23} & Half Duplex & 2016 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Evolution of Cellular communication technologies for M2M [94; 95].
# Assessment of the Impact of Electric Vehicle Batteries in the Non-Linear Control of DC Microgrids
## 3 Methodology  
### Modeling of a Battery Cell  
The objective is to simulate the EV load by including a battery model in the DC microgrid. Afterwards, the impact of this new load in the DC microgrid will be assessed. A battery pack of an EV is a set of typical lithium-ion cells. The cells have to be connected in series and in parallel to generate the power that is required to run the EV. Various strategies for constructing battery packs exist: one consists of using big cells instead of many little cells, like for the Nissan Leaf [31].  
The equivalent electric circuit model is used to present a modified feature in this paper, as per [32,33]. Figure 3 represents a Simulink model with three inputs (the discharging current, the initial SOC that ranges from 0% to 100%, and the battery capacity), which depend on the battery model. This model has five subsystems: the SOC calculation, the Open circuit voltage (OCV) calculation, the RC values, the RC network's voltage, and the internal impedance.  
Figure 3: Modeling of a battery cell with Simulink.
# Optimal Control of Passive Cascaded Liquid Crystal Polarization Gratings
## 4 Diffraction Efficiency Test of the Quadrature Cascaded LCPG  
### Experiment on Optical Efficiency Optimization Control Technique  
The test was conducted based on the idea of maximizing the diffraction effectiveness of the cascaded LCPGs. The test system is shown in Figure 7. The polarization state of the light emitted after the LCVR is further modulated, acting as angle modulation, by controlling the deflection angle of liquid crystal molecules inside the LCVR by controlling the voltage modulation of the LCVR. To increase the diffraction effectiveness of the cascaded LCPG at large modulation angles, the control voltage of each liquid crystal tunable phase retarder was optimized for different angles.  
Figure 7: Test System Diagram.  
When the beam is vertically incident on the LCVR, as illustrated in Figure 8a, the circularly polarized light incident on the LCPG is obtained, and its diffraction efficiency is the best. The cascaded LCPGs are shown in Figure 8b, where it is shown that the beam will slant into the LCVR to obtain elliptically polarized light before injecting it into the LCPG, at which point the diffraction efficiency decreases. The circularly polarized outgoing light is created by modifying the voltage put into the liquid crystal adjustable half-wave plate, and is subsequently incident on the liquid crystal polarized grating, at which point the diffraction efficiency recovers, as shown in Figure 8c. That is, the diffraction effectiveness of the cascaded LCPGs at large modulation angles is enhanced by optimizing the control voltage of each liquid crystal tunable phase retarder.  
Figure 8 illustrates how to maximize the management of the LCVR voltage while reducing the diffraction efficiency under ideal diffraction efficiency and oblique incidence to increase the diffraction efficiency. The theoretical and experimental findings were consistent. This demonstrates the efficiency and viability of the LCPG-based cascaded optical efficiency optimization control approach.  
Figure 8: **(a)** Circularly polarized light obtained by vertically incident LCVR. (**b**) Elliptically polarized light obtained by oblique incidence. (**c**) Optimizing the control voltage to obtain circularly polarized light.
# Assessment of Carbon Flux and Soil Moisture in Wetlands Applying Sentinel-1 Data
## 5 Conclusions  
At the Biebrza wetland study site it has been demonstrated that:  
1. Wetland vegetation habitats have been classified using a combination of one optical (i.e., Landsat 8 OLI) and three microwave (i.e., TerraSAR-X VV) images. The remote sensing based classification distinguished several wetlands' non-forest classes that have not been noticed before, which is novel.
2. Soil moisture could be assessed using Sentinel-1 data acquired in VH polarisation. However, these preliminary results have to be validated and models corrected using new acquisitions. Also, if available in the future, S1 HH polarisation will be included for SM modelling.
3. There is the influence of soil moisture and vegetation biomass represented by LAI on \(\sigma^{\circ}\) VH, however soil moisture impact on backscatter is stronger.
4. Comparing the results of model (2) and model (3), it has to be noted that the influence of LAI on \(\sigma^{\circ}\) VH value is much stronger when soil moisture is low.
5. NEE in-situ measurements had positive values during dry soil conditions and low biomass means that CO\({}_{2}\) was released into the atmosphere. Also, when dry vegetation was over the water table in the flooded area, NEE values were positive. For the wet soil moisture conditions and high biomass, CO\({}_{2}\) absorption dominated (NEE negative values).
6. NEE could be assessed by applying combined Sentinel-1 VV and VH data. However, to obtain better accuracy, statistical correlation should be improved. These preliminary results will be validated and the model corrected by applying new satellite acquisitions and in-situ data.  
The research has been done for wetlands where moisture of the peat soil cannot be compared to the moisture of mineral soils in agriculture areas. The peat soils were constantly covered by vegetation in the vegetation growth cycle. That's why the study on the application of radar data for moisture variation of peatland is difficult and in a sense unique. The results of the study could be useful for the CCI soil moisture product presented by [PERSON] et al. [64].  
This research was supported by the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme Project FINERGASS No. 203426/82/2013 and by the ESA through COPERNICUS Programme. The authors are grateful to [PERSON] for his helpful comments and suggestions. The authors also thank [PERSON] for his valuable remarks and assistance during field campaigns.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments and wrote the paper; [PERSON] analyzed the data and wrote the paper; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments and collected in-situ data; [PERSON] performed statistical analyses, [PERSON] processed optical images and collected in-situ data; [PERSON] processed microwave image and prepared maps.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
# FORCE--Landsat + Sentinel-2 Analysis Ready Data and Beyond
## 3 Processing Capability  
FORCE is organized in several software components. Figure 2 summarizes all available modules and their placement in the level system. A typical FORCE workflow as depicted in Figure 2 consists of following main steps: (i) Level 1 images are acquired from the space agencies, and are (ii) converted to Level 2 ARD, which are (iii) aggregated and analyzed using several higher-level modules. More detailed descriptions of the individual components will be given in the following sections, mainly ordered by level.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of Other Metals on the Accumulation of Hg by BL21-7  
Cd\({}^{2+}\), Pb\({}^{2+}\) and Cu\({}^{2}\) are always found at Hg-polluted sites. To characterize whether these metals would affect the engineered bacterial strain when it was used to remove Hg from a medium, the MICs of BL21-7 for Cd\({}^{2+}\), Pb\({}^{2+}\) and Cu\({}^{2+}\) were also measured. All of the experiments were performed four times and the average values were used. The results for BL21-7 on LB plates showed that the MICs for Cd\({}^{2+}\), Pb\({}^{2+}\) and Cu\({}^{2+}\) were 13 \(\upmu\)mol/L, 12 \(\upmu\)mol/L and 22 \(\upmu\)mol/L, respectively. After BL21-7 was cultured in LB liquid medium containing 10 \(\upmu\)mol/L mercurial derivatives (HgCl\({}_{2}\), MMC or PMC) without other metals for 5 h, the concentrations of the Hg removed from the medium were  
Figure 6: Hg content in BL21-7 bacteria cultured in LB liquid medium containing mercurial derivatives.  
8.80 umol/L, 5.47 umol/L and 7.80 umol/L, respectively. After the engineered bacteria were cultured in LB liquid medium containing 10 umol/L mercurial derivatives (HgCl\({}_{2}\), MMC or PMC) in the presence of 10 umol/L Cd\({}^{2+}\) for 5 h, the concentrations of the Hg removed from the medium were 8.66 umol/L, 5.53 umol/L and 7.76 umol/L, respectively (Table 3). No significant differences were found between the Hg removed from the medium containing Cd\({}^{2+}\) and the Hg from the medium without Cd\({}^{2+}\). Similar results were obtained after BL21-7 was cultured in medium containing 10 umol/L mercurial derivatives (HgCl\({}_{2}\), MMC or PMC) in the presence of 10 umol/L Pb\({}^{2+}\) or Cu\({}^{2+}\) (Table 3). After BL21-7 was cultured in LB medium containing 10 umol/L mercurial derivatives (HgCl\({}_{2}\), MMC or PMC) in the presence of 10 umol/L Cd\({}^{2+}\), 10 umol/L Pb\({}^{2+}\) and 10 umol/L Cu\({}^{2+}\) for 5 h, the values of the Hg removed were the highest among the four treatments. However, when the standard deviations were considered, the differences between the values of Hg removed from the medium without other metals and the values of Hg removed from the medium containing 10 umol/L Cd\({}^{2+}\) (or the other three treatments) were not significant. These findings demonstrated that in the presence of 10 umol/L Cd\({}^{2+}\), Pb\({}^{2+}\) or Cu\({}^{2+}\), the removal of mercurial derivatives by BL21-7 was not affected (Table 3).
## 4 Discussion
### Fatigue Cracks  
Unlike the monotonic tests, the cyclic tests produced new types of cracks, known as fatigue cracks. Fatigue cracks typically appeared either (1) after coalescence, when the specimens behaved as if they had just one bigger crack, or (2) after the specimens were exposed to a certain number of cycles. In these experiments, two different directions for the initiation of fatigue crack were observed: horizontal and colinear to the flaw. Figure 19 shows the two different types of fatigue cracks. Horizontal fatigue cracks usually produced for colinear or non-overlapping geometries. The specimens appeared after coalescence as if they had only one bigger crack. Then, the specimens are separated into two sections. During loading, buckling occurs in the specimens, and large lateral displacements occurred in the middle of the specimens. The external tips of the flaws acted as stress concentrators. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32], residual tensile stresses are induced ahead of the stress concentrations during unloading, and fatigue cracks develop horizontally to the compression load axis. Colinear fatigue cracks usually occurred in overlapping geometries. Buckling occurred in the specimen during loading, but a relatively small lateral displacement also was observed. Shear stresses were more dominant ahead of the tips of the flaws than the residual tensile stresses. Repeated compressive loading produced a shear stress zone ahead of the tips of the flaw and fatigue cracks developed in the colinear direction.  
Figure 19: Example of fatigue cracks. (**a**) Horizontal fatigue cracks. (**b**) Colinear fatigue cracks.  
Figure 18: Comparison of the crack surface. (**a**) Surface of shear cracks. (**b**) Surface of wing cracks.
###### Abstract  
Placentae and their derivatives have been used in both traditional and modern medicine, as well as in cosmetic sciences. Although hair loss is frequently mentioned among problems for which the placenta is supposed to be a remedy, the evidence seems rather scarce. The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical evidence for the efficacy of placenta products against baldness and hair loss. Methods: This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA and PICO guidelines. Database searches were conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus. Results: Among the 2922 articles retrieved by the query, only 3 previously published clinical trials on placental products were identified. One study was a randomized controlled trial, in which the efficacy of a bovine placenta hair tonic was found to be comparable to that of minoxidil 2% in women with androgen alopecia. Another controlled study showed that a porcine placenta extract significantly accelerated the regrowth of shaved hair in healthy people. The third study was an uncontrolled trial of a hair shampoo and tonic containing equine placental growth factor in women with postpartum telogen effluvium with unclear and difficult-to-interpret results. Due to the design and methodology of these studies, the level of evidence as assessed with the GRADE method was low for the first study and very low for the other two. Conclusions: The very limited scientific evidence available to date appears, overall, to indicate the efficacy of placental products in both inhibiting hair loss and stimulating hair growth. Unfortunately, the number of clinical studies published to date is very limited. Further, carefully designed, randomized controlled trials of well-defined placental products are needed to definitively address the question of the value of the placenta and its derivatives in hair loss.  
placentaetical protein; hair loss; alopecia; effluvium; baldness; clinical trials; systematic review +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences