## 6 Conclusions and Future Prospects  
This review highlighted the traditional food and medicinal uses, bioactive chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of _Z. montanum_. Various bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified form the different plant parts. The most widely used and studied part was rhizome. Studies have reported both volatile and non-volatile compounds from the rhizomes. Sesquiterpene lactone, ZER was one of the main components in the rhizomes. ZER has been studied widely for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological activities. Future studies should focus on the exploration of various pharmacological activities of other compounds including flavonoids and phenylbutanoids. Bioassay guided isolation may result in the isolation of other active components from the extracts. Future studies should also focus on in vivo studies dealing with pharmacological and pharmacokinetic evaluations. Moreover, clinical studies should be conducted to validate the promising biological activities of ZER. Based on these data, _Z. montanum_ can be a potential source for the development of functional and health beneficial food products. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**In Vitro/In Vivo** & **Model Cells/Animals** & **Activity** & **References** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Anti-hypercholesterolic activity**} \\ \hline In vivo & Rabbit & ZER preventd the development of atherosclerotic lesions and supressed macrophage aggregation. & [166] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Anti-hyperlipidemic activity**} \\ \hline In vivo & high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic hamsters & ZER improved dyslipidemia by modulating lipolytic and lipogenic pathways of lipids metabolism & [167] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Anti-obesity activity**} \\ \hline In vivo & C57 BL/6N mice & ZER ameliorated diet-induced obesity and inhibited adipogenesis and the microRNA-146b/SIRT1-mediated adipogenesis. ZER decreased the levels of plasma triglycerides well as plasma insulin and leptin. & [168] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Anti-hyperglycemia and related activities**} \\ \hline In vitro & MDCK cells & ZER increased AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 under normal/high glucose without affecting mitochondrial function. ZER ameliorated diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting hyperglycemia-induced inflammation. ZER protected damage. & [170] \\ In vitro & STZ-diabetic rats & ZER ameliorated diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting hyperglycemia-induced inflammation. ZER protected from hyperglyemia-induced retinal damage. & [171] \\ In vitro & INS-1 rat pancreatic \(\beta\) cells & ZER protected against high glucose-induced apoptosis of INS-1 pancreatic \(\beta\) cells. & [173] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Wound healing activity**} \\ \hline In vivo & & ZER treated wound sections showed greater tissue regeneration and more fibroblasts possibly through the enhanced expression of VEGF, TGF-\(\beta\)1 and collagen IV. & [174] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Antiallergic activity**} \\ \hline In vivo & Female BALB/c and C57 BL/6 mice & ZER showed antiallergic effect via modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines in an asthmatic mouse model & [164] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.P.D. ; investigation, H.P.D., K.R.P., M.M.H. ; writing--original draft preparation, H.P.D., K.R.P., M.M.H., A.A.-D., A.I.D., J.E., R.L., N.D.; writing--review and editing, H.P.D., K.R.P., N.K.J., S.K.S., P.M.H., Y.C., D.K.C., K.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** [PERSON] (PMH) is funded by a Fellowship and grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (1175134) and by UTS. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.