# Eco-Efficient Cement-Based Materials Using Biomass Bottom Ash: A Review
## 4 Biomass Bottom Ash in Concrete
### Fresh, Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Concrete Made from BBA
#### 4.2.4 Durability Properties  
To measure the durability of recycled concrete made from BBA, the authors analyzed in this work applied different standards or experimental tests.  
[PERSON] et al. [19] and [PERSON] et al. [23] studied the durability of concrete through the penetration of water under pressure test, according to EN 12390-8 [56], and the drying shrinkage measurements, according to ASTC C157 [57]. Table 7 shows the results obtained by the authors.  
Water penetration under pressure was measured at 28 days and the negative effect of BBA incorporation is observed in all samples. However, this increase was more pronounced in conventional nonstructural concrete, with increases of 69% and 110% for substitutions of 3% and 6%, respectively, compared to the 7% increase for a BBA replacement of 30% in lightweight concrete, likely, due to the higher porosity of reference lightweight concrete made with lightweight aggregates.  
The dry shrinkage measurements indicate that the concrete with higher BBA replacement have higher shrinkage values, negatively affecting durability.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Mixes** & **Water Penetration at 28 Days (mm)** & **Shrinkage at 90 Days (\(\mu\)m/m)** \\ \hline
**[PERSON] et al. [19]** & & \\ \hline Control-1 & 36.6 & 276 \\ BBA-2-NG & 61.5 & 446 \\ BBA-3-NG & 75.3 & 479 \\ BBA-4-RCA & 65.5 & 381 \\ BBA-3-5-RCA & 79.3 & 439 \\ BBA-6-RCA & 102.6 & 471 \\ BBA-7-MRA & 70.7 & 445 \\ BBA-8-MRA & 86.7 & 500 \\ BBA-9-MRA & 112.6 & 510 \\
**[PERSON] et al. [23]** & & \\ \hline Control-21 & 65.7 & 434 \\ BBA-22 & 70.5 & 448 \\ BBA-23-MRA & 77.9 & 485 \\ BBA-24-MRA & 84.6 & 524 \\ BBA-25-MRA & 75.6 & 467 \\ BBA-26-MRA & 82.4 & 531 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Durability properties of hardened concrete.  
Figure 4: Comparison of compressive strength at 28 days with respect to reference concrete by authors [19; 23; 25; 27].  
The permeability of PCC samples was measured by [PERSON] et al. [25] through electrical resistivity at 28 and 90 days. According to the results obtained, all the samples showed low values of electrical resistivity between 89 and 146 k\(\Omega\).cm, therefore, the permeability was also very low, indicating that the concrete has a low potential of ion-chloride penetration or other corrosive agents.  
The stiffness damage test (SDT) was carried out by [PERSON] et al. [27] in order to analyze the possible expansive reactions caused by the alkali-silica components present in the BBA, which generate micro-cracking in the concrete, reducing the mechanical properties.  
The SDT was carried out applying compression load cycles, in order to obtain the load-discharge curve for each concrete, since the analysis of surface area of hysteresis loops is related to the potential alkali-silica reaction damage.  
The stress-deformation relationship did not show a significant increase in the hysteresis area of the BBA5 sample compared to the REF sample, indicating that there were no expansive reactions after 365 days.