## 2 Status of the Issue
In the US, as much as 70% of repair costs resulted from such incidents [22]. In this light, investing in speed management, both technologically and legislatively, becomes not only a public health issue but also a rational economic decision. All the evidence collected confirms that effective speed reduction is the foundation for improving road safety. However, this requires sustained institutional commitment, consistent public policy, and the integration of technical, psychological, and social knowledge to create a coherent, evidence-based road risk management system. It is and will continue to be essential to use classic [23] and new technologies for vehicle speed control over a larger area and on a larger scale than before [24]. However, until full autonomy and automation of vehicles are achieved, the human being, mainly the driver, will, by far, be the most critical factor affecting road safety. Understanding the mechanisms governing driver behavior, including their propensity to exceed speed limits, is currently one of the key challenges in road safety. To make matters worse, the lower the speed limit (usually in built-up areas), the greater the tendency to exceed it, as illustrated in Figure 1. Speeding is among the riskiest behaviors on the road, directly contributing to many accidents, often with tragic consequences [25; 26]. Approximately 19% of serious crashes involve speeding [27], underscoring the significance of this phenomenon in informing transportation interventions and policies. The literature distinguishes various typologies of drivers, classified according to experience, compliance motivation, and personality traits, among other factors. Some of the more popular divisions are conformist drivers, intimidated drivers, manipulative drivers, and drivers who ignore norms [28]. Of these, it is the last type, characterized by an open disregard for regulations, that poses the greatest threat. Young drivers, especially men, are the most prone to risky behavior, while professional drivers show the highest levels of declared driving safety [29]. Parallel studies classifying speeding patterns identify four types: incident, moderate, elevated, and long-term [30], each of which carries distinct risks depending on its intensity and duration. Complementing this analysis is research on personality traits. Here, neuroticism and extraversion are correlated with impulsivity, aggression, and speeding, while agreeableness and conscientiousness exhibit a protective effect [31; 32; 33]. It is worth noting that personality is not the only factor at play. Age, gender, socioeconomic status, and vehicle type are also important. Young, single men, motorcycle drivers, and those driving large-engine cars are groups particularly prone to violatingrestrictions [25; 26; 34]. Interestingly, drivers with an intermediate level of experience are found to be more likely to drive at a high speed than those who are very experienced or complete beginners. These findings suggest a non-linear relationship between driving experience and risk propensity [35; 36]. In parallel with the analysis of individual characteristics is the growing importance of situational and technological context, which can strengthen or weaken the propensity to speed. Exceedances most often occur in rush-hour situations, on roads with poor signage, or low traffic volumes. Additionally, drivers subjectively judge restrictions to be too restrictive or inadequate for the conditions [28; 34]. Approximately 80% of speeding incidents are intentional, indicating their conscious motivation [34]. Motorcyclists, regardless of the nature of their vehicle use, are among the group that violates speed limits the most [26; 34]. Regional analyses also show that very low-speed limits (e.g., 40 km/h) are more difficult to enforce than limits more in line with road realities (e.g., 60 km/h) [26]. These observations underscore a pressing need to revise existing regulations in specific areas.