esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Prediction of the Potential Aroma Quality-Markers  
Multivariate analysis has been widely used to evaluate the characteristics and differences of the samples [15; 44; 45]. In order to predict the potential marker compounds, the associations between the orthonasal aroma attributes (Y variables, n = 7) and the aroma compounds with OAVs >1 among the four FJ samples (X variables, n = 28) were analyzed by PLSR analysis [13]. The correlation loading plot of the aroma compounds and orthonasal aroma attributes among the four different grades of FJ are presented in Figure 4A. Dimension 1 explained 53.8% of the predictor variables (the concentrations of the aroma compounds) and 83.3% of the response variance (the intensities of the orthonasal aroma), while dimension 2 explained 82.6% of the predictor variables and 96.8% of the response variance. A majority of the aroma attributes and the aroma-active compounds were correlated to dimension 1 and had a positive contribution to the aroma of F20 and F30. The PLSR model showed that most esters, such as ethyl hexanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl butanoate, and 3-methylbutanyl acetate, were associated with the sweet, floral, fruity and grassy aroma. 2-Methylpropanol, 3-methylbutanol and 1-butanol were correlated with the sweet aroma. Acetic acid was considered an active contributor to fruity and floral aroma perception. The grassy aroma had a close correlation with hexanoic acid. Among these 28 odorants with OAVs >1, 15 with variable importance in projection (VIP) values >1 (Figure 4B), including 3-methylbutyl acetate, 1-butanol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl octanoate, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanol, hexanoic acid, 1-octen-3-ol, phenylacetaldehyde, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, 3-methylbutanoic acid, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, and 2-methylpropanol, were considered as the potential odorants causing aroma differences among the four different grades of FJ. However, a large number of samples and omission tests were still needed to identify the quality markers which cause the different quality grades of FJ.  
Figure 3: (**A**) Aroma profile of the mean sensory scores of the four different grades of FJ. Notations: \"\" and \"\" indicate significance at \(p<0.01\) and \(p<0.001\), respectively. (**B**) PCA score plot based on the sensory scores.  
Figure 4: (**A**) Correlation loading plot between the aroma compounds with OAVs >1 (X) and orthonasal aroma attributes (\(\Upsilon\)) among the four different grades of FJ (Obs). (**B**) Variable importance for the projection (VIP) values for 28 aroma compounds (OAVs > 1).
# Distributed Routing and Channel Selection for Multi-Channel Wireless Sensor Networks +
## 2 Related Works
Hybrid protocols combine the principles of scheduled and contention based approaches. In [34], the authors propose a TDMA-based multi-channel MAC protocol. The scheme allocates a time slot to each receiving node, where each slot consists of a contention window and a window for data transmission. A sender first contends for getting access to the channel in the contention window and then the winner transmits in the remaining slot. The scheme uses channel-hopping to take advantage of multiple channels. However, all these schemes require precise time synchronization, which is hard to achieve in WSNs. Recently, some channel assignment strategies are proposed in [35; 36; 37] for multi-hop routing in WSNs. In [35], the authors propose a _Tree-based multichannel protocol (TMCP)_ where the whole network is statically divided into mutually exclusive single-channel subtrees to reduce interference. In [38] TMCP is extended to include inter-channel received signal strength models for interference assessment while channel allocation. Authors in [36] propose a control theory approach that selects channel dynamically to achieve load balancing among channels, whereas in [37] authors propose a channel assignment scheme for WSNs based on game theory to reduce interference. Authors in [39] develop a component-based channel assignment scheme where the same channel is assigned to a component formed by nodes belonging to multiple intersecting flows. In [40] the authors present a multi-channel communication protocol along with transmit power adaptation, where the channels are allocated to network partitions formed by the many-to-one data flows of the network. All of the above schemes mainly address the problem of reducing network interference. Interference is proportional to packet size as well as packet interval. Generally in WSNs the packet size as well as packet interval are small, thus interference is usually not a primary performance factor. Also, some of the above approaches are either centralized or need the topology information that is not always possible to obtain in WSNs. As opposed to these contributions, the proposed DRCS protocol performs channel selection and routing together for improving the battery lifetime in WSNs, which is the main contribution of this paper. Furthermore, DRCS is distributed, adaptive, can be applied without time synchronization, and requires a single transceiver per node.
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Results
#### 3.3.3 Third Group of Experiments (Comparative Analysis)  
In this group of experiments, the proposed approach was compared with state-of-the-art approaches. More recent related works in the literature are used in our comparison, as shown in Figure 8: (1) [PERSON] et al. [43], (2) [PERSON] et al. [44], and (3) [PERSON] et al. [45]. The NC and TAF metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the compared approaches. The experimental results, shown in Figure 8, show that the proposed approach outperforms other approaches in terms of the average values of the TAF measure. However, our proposed approach obtained approximately the same or better performance than the other approaches in terms of the average NC measure results, as shown below in Figure 8. This indicates the superiority of our proposed forgery detection approach in comparison with other recent research works in the literature. Figure 8: Comparative analysis of the proposed approach with state-of-the-art approaches. Table 6, below, shows the qualitative comparison of our proposed approach with state-of-the-art approaches: (1) [PERSON] et al. [43], (2) [PERSON] et al. [44], (3) [PERSON] et al. [45], (4) [PERSON] and [PERSON] [46], and (5) [PERSON] et al. [47]. The results of this table indicate that the proposed approach has more cons (or positive characteristics) than the other compared approaches. These cons are: (1) it is the only approach among them that can detect and locate forgery in digital images; (2) it does not need to send side information; (3) it can be used for image copyright protection, like the other compared methods; (4) it has robustness against known attacks. Hence, the proposed approach in this research paper outperforms the other compared state-of-the-art approaches according to the results in this table and Figure 8.  
Secondly, the SIPI dataset was used in this group of experiments; more specifically, four standard images were used from this dataset for comparison purposes, as shown in Table 7. These images are Lena, Lake, Mandrill, and Peppers. The experimental results
## 4 Simulation Results
### Performance Analysis  
As can be seen from Figure 2, for all four strategies, the number of tasks served by the seller always increases with the number of user tasks. On the other hand, we can find that the number of successfully completed tasks exceeds the other three strategies under the OMARA method, i.e., more users can be served. Since the OMARA method uses a multi-round auction mechanism, the number of tasks that complete the transaction is greater than that of the Vickrey auction method. Similarly, the PMMPA method and the ASCRA method have a higher number of successfully completed tasks than the Vickrey auction method.  
Figure 3 describes the comparison of the total profit of all satellites in the whole system. In general, the total revenue is proportional to the number of user tasks. From Figure 3, it can be seen that under the OMARA mechanism, the overall satellites of the system have higher revenue than other strategies and are able to earn more revenue. In other words, the OMARA mechanism can effectively protect the income of sellers. This is because our mechanism is not only individually rational but also considered from the seller's perspective in the process of user matching to protect the interests of resource providers.  
Figure 4 describes the trend of the service satisfaction of the overall satellites of the system for different numbers of tasks. As can be seen from Figure 4, the service satisfaction for all four mechanisms can increase with the number of users. Because the number of users increases, the number of users who successfully complete the transaction also increases, as shown in Figure 2. At the same time, the revenue received by sellers will also increase, thus increasing the service satisfaction of sellers. In addition, it can be seen from Figure 4 that the OMARA method possesses higher service satisfaction. This is because the OMARA method is a bidirectional matching process that considers not only the cost benefits of buyers but also the service benefits of sellers.  
Figure 5 describes the overall service satisfaction of satellites in the whole system for different numbers of satellites. We consider the trend of service satisfaction of the overall satellites in the system with the number of users being 40. As can be seen from Figure 5, the overall system satisfaction of the OMARA method, PMMPA method, and ASCRA method gradually increases as the number of satellites increases. This is because the increase in the number of satellites can provide more service choices for users. Whereas, the Vickrey method is unable to complete matching with more users in the matching process due to single-round matching. Meanwhile, the OMARA method is able to obtain higher overall service satisfaction compared to other strategies.  
Figure 2: Number of successful trades with different numbers of tasks.  
Figure 4: Overall seller satisfaction with different numbers of tasks.  
Figure 5: Overall seller satisfaction with different numbers of sellers.  
Figure 3: Profit of seller with different numbers of tasks.
## 1 Introduction
As a result, vibrations and noises could occur and the wear of the shim surfaces may speed up. On the other hand, due to limited operation and installation room, the labor intensity of workers is high and the working efficiency is low. Practice shows it may take minutes for just one single measured point. Furthermore, human mistakes would happen easily. In summary, many problems exist in the present traditional measuring and installing technique. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of vibration isolation installation, the research and development of a fast and accurate measurement system is extremely urgent and of great importance. As an important indicator for evaluating the planeness quality of the parts [5; 6], surface flatness is also significant, in this work, in the vibration isolation performance. In practice, it is necessary to judge whether the manufactured quality of the backing plates is satisfied (see Figure 2). Through multi-point displacement measurements, it is feasible, in some way, to characterize the flatness of a surface. Up until now, the main planeness measuring instruments have included autocollimators [7; 8], white light interferometers [9] and the clearance method [10]. CMMs (coordinate measuring machines) are often used to measure large movable planes [11]. Another flatness measuring method is to use a CCD (charge coupled device) camera as a data acquisition instrument and to process the acquired image data to obtain the flatness. The data processing process is relatively complex [12]. Furthermore, an instrument developed based on the laser ranging method [13] is also an option. It generates three-dimensional coordinate information by acquiring a large number of point cloud data [14], and then the error value could be obtained according to a reasonable flatness calculation algorithm [15]. The accuracy of this method is high and the measured data are reliable, whereas the cost is high [16]. These existing measuring instruments and techniques are mainly employed to measure the planeness of a single surface at one time. Based on the backgrounds mentioned above, in this work, a measuring system was developed for a certain isolator on the basis of high-precision eddy current displacement sensors in order to efficiently obtain the distances at multiple points simultaneously between two metal plates. A matched LABVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench, National Instruments, NI) program was also exploited for data processing, showing, and analysis. The measured spacing results could be used for calculating the flatness of the metal plates through related data processing. And the system is proven to be valid and it could work efficiently. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 gives the related theories including the measurement principle. Section 3 reports the developed system. The measured results are obtained through experimental tests and discussed in Section 4, followed by the conclusions in Section 5.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Stochastic Simulation and Knockout Based Analysis  
We employed the Gillespie stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) [43] implemented in Snoopy [44] to conduct a simulation-based analysis of the system and answer important biological questions. Each simulation experiment consisted of 5000 runs, with each run comprising 80,000 steps. In addition, we conducted a knockout simulation of the model to study its behavior when certain transitions were excluded. In our case, these transitions were assigned a firing rate of zero. This allowed us to analyze the network's response and observe any changes in its dynamics. During stochastic simulations, we observed places: \(p_{87}\) (foamy cells), \(p_{49}\) (squalene), and \(p_{56}\) (HDL-3 cholesterol CE in blood). **Scenario 1**. : _Targeting of the lipid metabolism process._  
**Scenario 1A**. : _Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) activity._  
Since cholesterol in LDL is one of the critical drivers of atherosclerosis, a great effort has been made to reduce its levels. The main strategy for lowering its serum cholesterol levels involves statins, which inhibit the HMGCR) [61; 62] and stabilize atherosclerotic plaque by affecting oxidative stress and low-grade local inflammation [63]. Therefore, in order to investigate the impact of inhibiting HMGCR, we removed the transitions \(t_{39}\) (HMGCR activation), \(t_{46}\) (reaction catalyzed by HMGCR phosphatase), and \(t_{4}\) (increasing activity by SREBP-2) from the network. We decided to begin by observing the place \(p_{49}\) (squalene) since it reflects the changes in cholesterol biosynthesis. Looking at Figure 5B, it is visible that the mevalonate pathway is affected. Next, we observed the place \(p_{87}\) (foamy cells) since it corresponds to the changes in atherosclerosis development and progression. As shown in Figure 6B, atherosclerosis is strongly attenuated over time if HMGCR is inhibited.
## 2 Dataset and Methodology
### The AHP Method  
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured decision-making methodology developed by [PERSON] [11]. It is widely employed in evaluating complex decision-making scenarios by breaking them into a hierarchical structure [11; 37]. This method is particularly effective for renewable energy site selection due to its ability to incorporate diverse and conflicting criteria into a systematic framework [11; 38]. AHP organizes decision data into a hierarchy consisting of the goal (primary objective), criteria (key factors), sub-criteria (more specific variables), and alternatives. This facilitates clear visualization and prioritization of decision components. Decision-makers perform pairwise comparisons of criteria to assign relative importance. A numerical scale (e.g., [PERSON]'s scale of 1 to 9) is used to express preferences quantitatively (Table 1) [11; 39]. The pairwise comparison results are expressed in a matrix.  
Figure 1: Demonstration of the study location with global horizontal irradiation secondary map.  
A consistency index (CI) is calculated according to the largest special amount of the matrix (\(\lambda\)max) and the length of the matrix (n). The CI is a crucial metric in the AHP used to assess the consistency of the pairwise comparison matrix. AHP incorporates a consistency ratio (CR) to ensure the reliability of pairwise comparisons. The CR is calculated by dividing the CI by the random consistency index (RI) based on the size of the matrix (Equation (1)) (Table 2). The RI is a coefficient to evaluate the consistency of the analysis; it is a statistical measure used to assess the consistency of a pairwise comparison matrix. The RI represents the average consistency index obtained from a large number of randomly generated reciprocal matrices. The RI provides a benchmark for assessing the CR by comparing the given matrix's consistency against randomly generated matrices of the same order. The RI values are precomputed for different matrix sizes to calculate the CR. A CR below 0.10 is generally considered acceptable [37; 40; 41; 42]. The method derives weights for each criterion based on the comparisons, which are used to rank the alternatives [35; 43].  
\[\text{CI}=(\lambda\_\text{max}-\text{n})/(\text{n}-1)\text{, CR}=\text{CI}/ \text{RI}. \tag{1}\]  
The criteria are combined using the weighted overlay technique, which integrates multiple layers based on their assigned weights to produce a comprehensive suitability map. Weighting of the criteria enables spatial analysis in site selection studies to have an impact on the final decision [11; 15]. AHP enables the integration of diverse criteria, such as environmental, economic, and technical factors. The methodology can adapt to varying datasets and regional requirements, making it suitable for global applications. By providing a structured and quantifiable approach, AHP ensures transparency in decision-making processes [35; 36].
# A Concise State-of-the-Art Review of Crack Monitoring Enabled by RFID Technology
## 4 Crack Monitoring Based on Ultra-High-Frequency (UHF) RFID Technology
(**a**) A straight transmission line, (**b**) a meandered transmission line [28]. shows that the proposed sensor can reliably and effectively detect the existence and propagation of cracks as well as variations in the crack width and direction. [PERSON] et al. [33] proposed a robust and low-cost UHF RFID crack sensing system, which can process and detect cracks in sensor data in real time (as shown in Figure 16). This study introduced the RSSI theoretical model for when there are cracks in a conveyor belt. RSSI measurement was studied in two cases: when the belt was stationary and moving. The experimental results show that there is a good chance that the proposed system can be used in a real scenario of monitoring the health of a soft rock conveyor belt. The advantages and disadvantages of different RFID crack monitoring technologies are summarized in Table 1.
# Study of Urban Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Separation in Free Flight Based on Track Prediction
## 5 Results Analysis
### Separation Calculation
#### 5.2.2 Analysis of Required Separation under Different TLS Values  
As mentioned earlier, the selection of the TLS value depends on many factors. The required separation changes corresponding to different values are analyzed, as shown in Figure 14.  
With the accumulation of UAVs' operational experience and the development of the industry, the TLS value will be larger. As the TLS increases, the required separation values will gradually decrease.  
Figure 12: The overall collision risk trend.  
Figure 13: The required separation, complying with the TLS.
## 6 Conclusions  
1. The implementation of the MSSR-S transportable radar for Peruvian aeronautical surveillance aims to minimize the operational impact of air traffic, and improve detection, tracking and operational safety features using the SCRUM framework.
2. As shown in Figure 14, the coverage of the transportable radar and the radar from Lima are very similar up to 150 NM (there is an instrument limitation of 150 nautical, lies for the transportable radar). Starting at 150 NM and flight level 100, the radar from Lima has more coverage over some airways in the lower airspace than the transportable radar. This gap in the coverage of the transportable radar is covered from flight-level 250 by the radars from Cajamarca in the north (airway G675), and  
Figure 14: The figure shows the radar without coverage, then the radar’s coverage when the transportable radar is in operation.  
the radars from Ayacucho and Arequipa in the south (airways L525 and L302). In both the Lima TMA and the Pisco TMA, both radars have the same radar coverage.
* Surveillance systems continue to constantly evolve with the use of new technologies, continuously improving the detection techniques and data communications, leading to a surveillance system characterized by its optimum coverage, maximum reliability and high availability, the high quality of the information provided, and the minimal cost of exploration.
* The information obtained from aircrafts by surveillance sensors can be essential and elementary (position, altitude and identification), or can involve more elaborate data communications (enhanced surveillance), in all phases of flight and on the ground. A continuous analysis of surveillance sensors is performed to meet the requirements established by ICAO for air surveillance systems. The eight radars, which are part of the surveillance system from CORPAC, are very good in terms of both position and detection. This is achieved through the PASS application.
* The preventive and corrective maintenance carried out by the radar sites has been optimized, minimizing the operational impact and covering the airspace while the radar is out of operation, as shown in the analysis of the results.  
Conceptualization, L.E.V., U.R.C., J.S.; methodology, L.E.V., J.P.; software, L.E.V.; validation, J.P., C.C.; formal analysis, D.M.C., J.C.W.; investigation, J.S., U.R.C.; resources, J.P., D.M.C., J.C.W.; data curation, L.E.V., U.R.C.; writing--original draft preparation, L.E.V., J.S., U.R.C.; validation, L.E.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Data Availability StatementNot applicable.
# Formation Kinetics and Morphology Characteristics of Natural Gas Hydrates in Sandstone Fractures
## 1 Introduction
research on the dissociation and reformation mechanisms of hydrates in fractures remains limited, lacking quantitative kinetic analysis and a systematic exploration of morphological characteristics. The formation, dissociation, and reformation processes of hydrates under fracture conditions are systematically investigated through the pre-creation of sandstone fractures with varying morphologies and widths. The morphological characteristics of hydrates are also explored. By obtaining kinetic parameters such as induction time, gas consumption, and gas production, along with morphological parameters such as growth shape and direction, the distribution of hydrates in fractures can be predicted, offering new theoretical insights for the exploitation of marine natural gas hydrates.