# The Future of Autonomous Vehicles in the Opinion of Automotive Market Users
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Future of Autonomous Vehicles in Poland Based on Research Results  
Based on the analysis of the literature and our own research, it can be indicated that, in most cases, the widespread use of AVs in road networks would lead to the improvement of road safety in the form of fewer road accidents, as well as savings in energy consumption by vehicles and increased efficiency. Most studies also agreed on potential obstacles to AV adoption, such as legal liability and ethical issues, privacy concerns, cybersecurity and hacking issues, as well as the high cost of vehicles and related technologies.  
Research has shown that, in Poland, the process of replacing traditional human-steering vehicles with AVs will be gradual and slow. This process will depend mainly on the adaptation of society to this type of innovation and changes, as well as the wealth of the society. As shown in Reference [8], the introduction of this type of vehicle on a large scale--in the most realistic variant--will take place in the next 20-25 years.  
According to the research, most respondents believe that the dominant type of vehicles in Poland in the near future will be traditional human-steering HVs and EVs. The re-search also showed an attachment to SVs (with combustion engines), especially of respondents in the last age group--over 60 years of age.  
The most important premises resulting from the analysis of the test results are as follows:  
* Respondents positively evaluated the concept of AVs up to level 3 (SVs+), while levels 4 and 5 were rated quite poorly. Moreover, in each age group, there was a greater awareness of the introduction of vehicle autonomy levels among men than among women, who did not show level 5, and level 4 was shown only sporadically.
* Only about 30% of respondents knew AV technology and almost 60% \"heard something about this technology\". This shows how low the awareness is about innovative solutions in the road transport sector among the respondents.
* The average time of AV introduction in Poland was estimated at 10-20 years and over 20 years.
* Due to the place of residence, the most popular vehicles in the future were indicated by the following: HVs, EVs, AVs and SVs, followed by SVs+.
* Due to the age of the respondents, the most popular vehicles in the future were indicated as HVs, EVs and SVs, followed by AVs and SVs+.  
Figure 13: Barriers limiting the positive perception of the concept of AV development in the opinion of men.  
* Due to the length of driving license, the most popular vehicles in the future were indicated by the following, successively: HVs, EVs, SVs and AVs, with SVs+ last.
* In the group of active drivers, the respondents indicated the popularity of HVs, EVs and SVs, and then AVs. On the other hand, HVs, EVs and SVs were indicated as the most popular among inactive drivers.
* Among the main barriers for the introduction of AVs in Poland, the respondents indicated the following: price, safety, disputed liability, social mentality and hacker attacks.  
The analysis of the research results shows that the respondents showed great attachment to traditional self-driving, at the same time pointing to the popularity of hybrid, electric and internal combustion engine vehicles. This shows that technology of AVs in Poland is more distant than, for example, in the USA or other, more developed EU countries as well as in the UK. That is why it is so important to promote the benefits of AVs. Activities in the mental sphere are very important--there needs to be promotion of the AV concept and related technologies such as the Smart City, car sharing and other innovative solutions in road transport in urban areas.