## 2 Literature Review
### BIM Activity Measurements
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**BIM Stages** & **Assigned Code** & **Activities** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Knowledge} & BIM.SK1 & BIM allows diverse teams to communicate and exchange information in real time more efficiently. This facilitates information sharing and improved decision making. & [18; 21; 22] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SK2 & BIM collects information about building components, materials, and systems that may be used to advise future developments. & [23; 24; 25] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SK3 & BIM models may be used to simulate various situations and evaluate the performance of various design alternatives. & [26] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SK4 & BIM may be used to provide training and instructional resources that aid in the development of the knowledge and abilities of construction professionals. & [13] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SK5 & BIM models may be used throughout the building process to gather and evaluate data. & [13] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Function} & BIM.SF1 & BIM may be used to develop comprehensive construction schedules that include design, engineering, and construction operations. & [13] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SF2 & BIM may be used to develop precise and thorough cost estimates that take into consideration the number and kind of materials needed, as well as labor expenses. & [2; 26; 27] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SF3 & BIM may be used to simulate building performance and evaluate the operation of various systems and components. & [4; 5; 28] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SF4 & BIM may be used to generate safety plans that detect possible construction hazards and dangers. & [1; 29] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SF5 & Building information modeling (BIM) models may be used to assist the continuous management and repair of buildings and other infrastructure. & [6; 30] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Evaluation} & BIM.SE1 & By simulating multiple scenarios and evaluating the effect of different design alternatives, & [3; 7; 8] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SE1 & BIM may be used to analyze the environmental impact of building projects. & [31] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SE2 & BIM may be used to quantify the embodied energy and carbon footprint of a building by combining information on building materials, systems, and components. & [31] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SE3 & When buildings and infrastructure have been created, BIM may be used to analyze their performance. & [32; 33; 34] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Creativity} & BIM.SC1 & BIM may be used to model construction scenarios and detect possible clashes or conflicts between various building systems. & [9; 11] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SC2 & BIM may be used to construct three-dimensional models of buildings and infrastructure that can be used to see and simulate various design alternatives. & [10; 12; 35] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SC3 & Before building starts, BIM may help designers and builders explore creative concepts and identify possible obstacles. & [18] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Regulations} & BIM.SR1 & BIM enables the construction of an efficient and legally enforceable mechanism for conflict settlements. & [20; 36; 37] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SR2 & Adopting BIM necessitates not just a departure from traditional practices but also a change in one/s approach to technical matters. & [38; 39] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SR3 & Follow-up an action plan for BIM output & [13] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Normalization} & BIM.SN1 & BIM may be used to standardize building procedures, making it simpler for construction teams to collaborate and lowering the likelihood of mistakes or miscommunications. & [20] \\ \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SN2 & Standardization by BIM may lessen the possibility of project-impacting delays, cost overruns, and other difficulties. & [16; 40] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & BIM.SN3 & BIM’s unified platform for exchanging information and collaborating on design and construction may guarantee that all parties are on the same page and working toward the same objectives. & [13] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: BIM activities in construction.