esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Efficient Attention Mechanism for Dynamic Convolution in Lightweight Neural Network
## 4 Experimental Results
### Numerous Results
#### 4.2.2 Ablation Studies Results
The selection of pooling and its output size: Pooling is used to compress spatial information. The pooling selection method and output size determine the degree of retention of spatial information. In the experiment, our default channel size was 4, and the channel method was RCR. For the choice of adaptive pooling, experiments were conducted on adaptive average pooling and adaptive maximum pooling. The output size was set to \(5\times 5\) by default. The experimental results are shown in Table 6. Experiments show that the effects of the two poolings were not too different. Therefore, it used adaptive average pooling by default. We made an additional experiment without retaining spatial information. This experiment was to train in the ImageNet100 dataset. The baseline was MobilenetV1. It directly downsampled the reduced channel to one dimension. We found that it caused the loss of useful information. The experiment found that its accuracy was 76.02%. Therefore, to preserve the spatial information of some selected channels when downsampling, we chose adaptive pooling. To verify that adaptive pooling could retain spatial information, we selected the output spatial information of different sizes for comparison. The selected sizes were \(3\times 3\), \(5\times 5\), and \(7\times 7\). The comparison results are shown in Table 7. Through the results, it was found that when it preserved the spatial information on some selected channels, the accuracy was higher than when downsampling the reduced channel to one dimension. In addition, when \(5\times 5\) was selected, the effect was better.
## 1 Introduction
These advancements result in a higher accuracy of WUE estimates and enhance the representation of the unique regional characteristics of the QTP. As an important ecological security barrier in China [34; 35], the QTP has attracted significant attention from scholars due to its unique geographical location and fragile ecological environment. However, there is a serious lack of observational data in this area. In studying the WUE of ecosystems, some researchers use ecosystem process models to estimate WUE [36], while others use the remote sensing products of GPP and ET [37; 38]. Additionally, some scholars have conducted short-term WUE research at experimental sites [39; 40], and others have utilized control experiments to explore regional WUE changes [37]. Despite the numerous studies, the WUE estimates of the QTP ecosystem vary greatly due to differences in observation scales, model uncertainties, and data variability. Previous studies have shown that the unique characteristics of the QTP lead to significant underestimation of its carbon sequestration potential by remote sensing-based products such as CASA, GLOPEM, and MODIS [41]. To address these challenges, this paper employs a machine learning approach (random forest) to integrate multi-source environmental information and effectively simulate GPP using observed GPP flux data from the QTP. Based on the ET flux observation data, various ET datasets were evaluated, and a new ET dataset was generated through multiple regression model fusion. The optimized GPP and ET were subsequently used to calculate the WUE during the growing season, and its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics were analyzed. This study investigates WUE during the growing season on the QTP. The growing season is defined as the period between the last killing frost in spring and the first killing frost in autumn, which typically occurs from April to October in China [42] and is divided into three seasons: spring (April and May), summer (June, July, and August), and autumn (September and October) [43]. Furthermore, this study focuses on the changes in WUE during the growing season because the gross primary productivity on the QTP primarily occurs from April to October. Therefore, using data from the growing season allows for a more accurate reflection of the interannual variations in various indicators.
# Structural Health Monitoring for Prefabricated Building Envelope under Stress Tests
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Method
#### 2.1.1 Analysis of Facade Structural Stress
* Accelerometers--Vibrational sensors have been considered for the monitoring of a structure combined with IoT systems [20]. The vibration signals encompass parameters such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Accelerometers prove to be efficient instruments for detecting vibrations. Several studies have been conducted with accelerometers, starting from the structure analysis to identify the weathering and excitation agents affecting the buildings [21; 22; 23; 34; 35] positioned on curtain wall facades, they detect dynamic forces such as wind or seismic activity, providing insights into structural health by converting vibrations into electrical signals for frequency, amplitude, and duration analysis [35]. Indeed, in this research, accelerometers were used with the following two aims: The first was to evaluate the structural status of the curtain wall facade, performing a modal analysis--one before the tests of compliance and the other one at the end of the tests. The second was the monitoring of the structure during the compliance test to understand the phenomenology of the event affecting the structure. For the facade integration, the sensors were selected based on their dimensions, water-tightness characteristics, and functionalities. Accelerometers are connected to commercial data collectors. * Force washers--The curtain wall facade relies on precisely torqued screws within a bracket system, which is essential for accurate positioning and optimal performance [36; 37]. Therefore, an issue that could affect the life cycle of a structure could be bolt anomalies. [PERSON] et al. analyzed and proposed a procedure for fault detection, as well as for the determination of their location and type, using IoT [26]. This is why, for our project, a non-destructive system, the strain gauge-based force washers--useful for the measurements of the bolt's load--were installed and strategically placed within these brackets to facilitate accurate measurements, providing insights into facade response under diverse conditions. These washers record structural deformations, aiding in ongoing assessment of facade integrity and performance, enhancing structural resilience and efficiency. In this research, the information exploited by the force transducers was combined with the information from the accelerometers.
# On the Performance of LDPC-Coded Massive MIMO Schemes with Power-Ordered NOMA Techniques
## 5 Conclusions  
The massive use of IoT devices is demanding more spectrum and alternative ways to share it and/or use it more efficiently. NOMA is a mechanism that allows the spectrum to be shared by different users and is being considered as an option for future 5G evolutions.  
This article publishes the results of a study of conventional and cooperative LDPC-coded NOMA with m-MIMO and SC-FDE transmission techniques using two different types of receivers: ZF and MRC. LDPC codes were adopted by 3 GPP as the data channel encoding scheme for 5G standard because they support very high data transfer rates with low complexity, as opposed to turbo codes utilized in 3G and 4G.  
It was found that cooperative NOMA outperforms conventional NOMA. This occurs because the SIC of conventional NOMA simply suppresses the interference of higher power users, while cooperative NOMA suppresses the interference of all users and exploits  
Figure 8: Results for 3 NOMA users with powers [1, 0.5, 2] with 8 \(\times\) 64 versus 8 \(\times\) 256 MIMO, with LDPC codes.  
diversity since lower power users retransmit the signals of higher power users over the air. It was also found that while the MRC receiver achieves a performance very close to the ZF receiver, the level of computational demand is significantly reduced, which translates to decreased battery consumption.  
Finally, it was concluded that the integration of NOMA with m-MIMO while using LDPC codes, SC-FDE signals and low complexity MRC receivers is a good combination to support future evolutions of 5G.  
All authors contributed equally to the article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds and, when applicable, co-funded EU funds under the project UIDB/EEA/50008/2020.  
We acknowledge the support of FCT/MCTES, as described above in funding. We also acknowledge the support of Autonoma TechLab for providing an interesting environment to carry out this research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Challenges for Insurance Systems
### Security
#### 4.1.2 Integrity and Immutability  
The process of conserving data and ensuring consistency is referred to as data integrity. By informing customers about the status of their stored data, the service provider must ensure data integrity. A Sybil attack can be initiated to threaten the integrity of the cloud, in which an attacker creates a large enough number of bogus identities to influence the actual system and take control of the network. This can be conducted by either introducing new devices or subverting existing ones. An integrity management service is used by cloud providers to ensure data integrity through a third party. However, a fundamental weakness of this approach is the data owner's willingness to submit data integrity verification to a third party. Cloud computing must ensure reliability and prompt access for platform users, in addition to providing the usual services. If there is a problem on the server, the applications will not run, and data will not be available. Due to the increasing frequency of network failure in recent years, people have been worried about the reliability of cloud computing [59].  
In a blockchain, the integrity of the saved data can be preserved due to the reliability of the P2P network, its well-formed transactions, and its authentication and auditing features. A Merkel-tree-based data integrity verification mechanism is also used in blockchain. If an attacker tries to change the data stored in the blockchain, he or she must first change the metadata. All peers maintain the same data based on the addition of new blocks to the blockchain, making the network impervious to subversion attempts. Moreover, a transaction that was registered in the blockchain cannot be removed or modified. The immutability of data is one of the most essential blockchain features, which improves its robustness, accuracy, and reliability. Immutability is accomplished with blockchain because data cannot be changed without the consent of the entire network. Usually, smart contracts are employed in blockchain to implement integrity, in which data are first locally encrypted and then synchronized with the data in all nodes throughout the entire network. The dependability of the records may be jeopardized if an open-source blockchain software contains bugs or weaknesses. The source code of many blockchains has significant bugs, which might cause an unintentional hard fork if exploited [60]. However, because a blockchain is distributed and decentralized, it is safer than the cloud. Since there is no single point of failure in a blockchain, fraud is much more difficult than it is in cloud computing. However, there is a trade-off between immutability and performance when using blockchain. In summary, many different factors contribute to the loss of integrity in insurance data (whether in a blockchain or in the cloud): (1) the number of devices; (2) the number of participants (data owners, insurance firms, security agencies, cloud service providers); and (3) the dynamic data sources.
# Investigation of 2D-WH/TS OCDMA Code Stability in Systems with SOA-Based Device
## 4 Discussion  
As shown in Figure 5, the SOA driving current variations between 50 mA and 250 mA will result in a 2D-WH/TS code carriers' redshift from 0.08 to 0.8 nm. By analysing the results in Figure 8, the impact of the SOA-induced redshift on the OCDMA system performance and number of simultaneous OCDMA users was found. First, the OCDMA system performance was determined for the (8, 53) OCDMA without the presence of SOA. The system supports 14 simultaneous users, each operating at \(Pe\) of \(10^{-9}\). Thanks to OCDMA soft-blocking capabilities, one can readily trade the system's \(Pe\) for a number of simultaneous users and then take advantage of the implemented hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) with 7% overhead. By doing so, the number of simultaneous users will be increased (up to 84) by allowing a drop in the \(Pe\) to \(3.8\times 10^{-3}\) and then in turn using FEC to return the \(Pe\) back to \(10^{-9}\) (see Figure 8). However, the SOA present in the transmission link driven at 250 mA leads to the code carriers' redshift of 0.8 nm equal to their channel spacing. As a consequence, the system's OCDMA autocorrelation is reduced by 1 (from 8 to 7) and the (8, 53)-OCDMA system now performs only as (7, 53)-OCDMA. This will result a drop in the number of simultaneous users from 14 to 10 or 84 to 74 with the FEC \(Pe\) of \(10^{-9}\), respectively. Similar performance degradation is demonstrated for a (4, 53)-OCDMA when the system operates under the same experimental conditions. The SOA's 250 mA driving current-induced redshift of 0.8 nm equal to code carriers channel spacing causes a drop in the number of simultaneous users from 4 to 3 or 37 to 24 with the FEC \(Pe\) of \(10^{-9}\), respectively. Thus, the (4, 53)-OCDMA system only performs as (3, 53)-OCDMA to maintain the \(Pe\) of \(10^{-9}\).
# Influence of Medium Frequency Light/Dark Cycles on the Cultivation of _Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa_
## 3 Results
### Intermitt Light
#### 3.2.2 Intermittent Light and Continuous Light with the Same Time-Average Light Intensity  
In the light regime shown in Figure 2B, the total energy incident on the culture surface of intermittent light is equal to the continuous light in the same time period. The intermittent light with three light/dark cycles (i.e., 30 s, 60 s, and 120 s) and five L/Ds (i.e., 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5) were studied and the results were compared with the continuous light with the same time-average light intensity.  
At the time-average light intensity of 50 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 5A), the intermittent light of L/D (i.e., 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5) corresponded to the continuous light with light intensity of 60, 75, 100, 150, and 300 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\), respectively. As the increased light intensity may help photons penetrate deeper into the culture, and thus reduce mutual shading by intermittent light, the intermittent light achieved a larger biomass production than continuous light. The same results were shown at the time-average light intensity of 110 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 5B), and the intermittent light of L/D (i.e., 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) corresponded to the continuous light with a light intensity of 132, 165, 220 and 330 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\)  
Figure 4: Time courses of _A. pyreneoidosa_ dry weight under the conditions of continuous light and intermittent light with the same irradiance and light intensity of 110 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (**A**), 220 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (**B**), and 420 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (**C**).  
respectively. At the L/D of 5:1, 2:1, and 1:1, because the light intensity is in the area of light-limited, the biomass production of intermittent light is larger than continuous light.  
Figure 5: Time courses of _A. pyrenoidosa_ dry weight under the conditions of continuous light and intermittent light with equal mean irradiance over time of 50 \(\upmu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (**A**), 110 \(\upmu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (**B**), and 220 \(\upmu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (**C**).  
At the time-average light intensity of 220 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 5C), the intermittent light of L/D (i.e., 5:1, 2:1 and 1:2) correspond to the continuous light with the light intensity of 264, 330, and 440 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The higher light intensity resulted in a decrease in growth rate. Therefore, the biomass productivity of intermittent light is lower than that of continuous light.  
In conclusion, the increase in light cycle in light/dark cycle leads to the decrease in biomass production at a low time-average light intensity of intermittent light and the effect of medium light/dark cycle on microalgae biomass production is only slight.
## 4 Biomedical Applications
### Tissue Engineering Scaffolds  
In general, chemical modification of HA-based materials is required for tissue engineering, mainly due to the poor mechanical properties of unmodified HA under physiological conditions. The conjugation of catechol to HA increases its mechanical properties with excellent stability against hyaluronidase. HA-catechol is especially useful to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was previously immobilized on a Ti surface using HA-catechol [50]. The VEGF-immobilized Ti substrate (60 ng/cm\({}^{2}\)) sustained osteoblast proliferation (70,000 osteoblasts/cm\({}^{2}\)) after seven days of incubation. In addition, the alkaline phosphatase activity (0.7 \(\upmu\)M/mg) of VEGF-immobilized Ti substrate was greater than that of bare Ti surfaces (0.3 \(\upmu\)M/mg).  
Moreover, the VEGF-immobilized Ti substrate using HA-catechol not only allowed osteogenesis for bone formation, but also inhibited bacterial adhesion. In addition, HA-catechol can form thin films with chitosan on a Ti-Nb-Zr alloy (TNZ) [67]. HA-catechol- and chitosan-coated TNZ surfaces improve the proliferation of osteoblast cells, with approximately 35,000 osteoblasts/cm\({}^{2}\) after seven days, which is comparable with the proliferation levels achieved with bare TNZ (30,000 osteoblasts/cm\({}^{2}\)). The modification of Ti surfaces with HA-catechol can be used to enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis. HA-catechol has been used for salivary gland tissue engineering (Figure 7). A polycarbonate (PC) membrane coated with HA-catechol showed enhanced adhesion of embryonic submandibular glands (eSMGs) (5.2-fold increase of for the number of adherent eSMGs) compared to both bare and HA-coated membranes [44]. In addition, branching morphogenesis, including average bud counts, was enhanced by HA-catechol coatings mimicking an HA-rich environment. HA-catechol composite hydrogels with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and/or polypyrrole (PPy) have been developed for hNSC engineering [54]. The catechol groups bound to CNTs via hydrophobic and \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) interactions promote the polymerization of and. CNT and/or PPy in hydrogels contribute to the improvement of electroconductivity to promote the differentiation of human fetal NSCs and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. In addition, upregulated calcium channel expression and activation of depolarization have been observed in human stem cells using HA-catechol/CNT hydrogels, and intracellular calcium influx is also enhanced by the stimulation of electrical signals. Therefore, HA-catechol can be used in various tissue-engineering applications, including those involving bone, cartilage, salivary gland, and neural tissue regeneration.  
Figure 6: Schematic representation of an HA-catechol/CaP-based gene delivery system. Reproduced from [41] with permission from MDPI, copyright 2019.
# Design of Supply Chain System Based on Blockchain Technology
## 5 Experiment and Analysis
### System Performance
#### 5.2.2 System Fault Tolerance Test  
We define the fault tolerance of the supply chain system as its ability to maintain stable operation when attacked by malicious nodes in a system with a certain number of access nodes. In the experiment, the probability of a certain number of malicious nodes successfully destroying the normal operation of the system was used as an indicator to evaluate fault tolerance performance.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**System Function** & **Literature [27]** & **Literature [28]** & **Literature [29]** & **Literature [30]** & **This Paper** \\ \hline Contribution of Blockchain & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) \\ Information Traceability & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ Search & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ Third-party Access & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ Access Control & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Functional comparison.  
Figure 14: Test results of info smart contract.  
Figure 13: Test results of trade smart contract.  
Combining the results of the final experiment and equipment performance, we set the total number of nodes in the supply chain system to 60. The number of malicious nodes was increased from 1 to 40, with a step size of 3. Repeated experiments were conducted under different numbers of malicious nodes to obtain the corresponding attack success rates. The attack method of the malicious node was set to forge block information. When the normal node started to record the forged block, it was assumed that the malicious node attack had been successful. The experimental results are shown in Figure 15.  
The experimental results show that the attack success rate of malicious nodes decreased as the number of malicious nodes decreased. When the number of malicious nodes was less than 32% of the total, the probability of successful attack approached zero. In the supply chain system, the core enterprise will audit each enterprise, so the probability of malicious nodes exceeding 1/3 of the total is usually low. This shows that the system has high fault tolerance performance, but there is still some room for improvement. Later, the system consensus algorithm and identity authentication mechanism can be improved.
# Crossband Filtering for Weighted Prediction Error-Based Speech Dereverberation
## 4 Experimental Results
### Crossband Filtering--Length Extension
#### 4.4.3 Optimal PESQ (\(L_{\text{bb}}=20\))  
The obtained results are depicted in Figure 4a-c, providing insights into the performance characteristics when considering \(L_{\text{cb}}=20\). The observed behavior closely resembles the findings discussed in Section 4.4.1, where the inclusion of the first sample of the crossband component initially leads to a degradation in performance. However, it is noteworthy that a performance improvement becomes evident from the second sample onward. Table 1 reveals that the optimal gain in performance coincides with the choices identified in Section 4.4.1. However, it is worth noting that the optimal gain values are slightly lower for the cases of FWSegSNR and CD. These findings underscore the consistent impact of the crossband component and its potential to enhance the dereverberation performance, albeit with some variation in the optimal gain values across different evaluation metrics.