# Determinants of Emotion Recognition System Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia
## 3 Methodology
### Research Design  
A research design is crucial in structuring and organizing all the components of a research study effectively [77]. Figure 3 illustrates the overall research design adopted for this study. Figure 2: Research Framework. The sampling design revolves around the sampling technique and target population, which, in this case, is the Malaysian youth. The decision to focus on the youth demographic is based on their reputation for being technology-savvy compared to other age groups [15,16]. Young people are among the most active and influential participants in the technology sector in general, as they are the ones who are most likely to adopt new and innovative technologies that can shape the future. Therefore, understanding the factors that motivate and facilitate their adoption of a particular technology can help researchers, policymakers, educators, and technology providers to design and implement more effective and user-friendly solutions that can meet the needs and preferences of young people. Moreover, driving adoption by young people may have a positive impact on the adoption of new technologies, innovations, or behaviors among other groups in society. Motivated by this understanding, this study aims to provide insights into the behavioral intention regarding the use and exploration of ERS by Malaysian youth. The survey data collected for this study are based on individual responses. The sampling method used is a non-probability technique, namely purposive sampling [63]. This technique selects participants who have specific characteristics that are relevant to the research topic. In this case, the criteria are being Malaysian and belonging to the youth age group as defined by the Malaysian Youth Policy. The sample size was determined by using GPower 3.1 [78], a statistical software program that calculates the minimum number of participants needed for a study. According to GPower 3.1, this study required a minimum sample size of 123 participants. The questionnaire design comprises two key components: questionnaire development and the scale of measurement. In this study, the questionnaire development draws from a combination of adaptations from previous research and original approaches for certain sections like demographic profiling, technology aptitude (TA), and awareness (AW). The sections on facilitating conditions (FC), attitudes (AT), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and behavioral intention (BI) are adapted from prior studies (see Table 2). Figure 3: Research design. The survey was disseminated at educational institutions and universities, given their high concentration of the youth demographic. Additionally, the survey was also sent to youth societies registered under the Ministry of Youth and Sports (MYS) in Malaysia, as well as the Institute of Youth and Research (IYRES) Malaysia. The survey utilized a 7-Likert scale, ranging from \"strongly disagree\" to \"strongly agree\". The pilot test involved 50 university students within the specified sampling criteria. This test aimed to analyze and validate the items and scales using Cronbach's Alpha. The results, as shown in Table 3, fell within the acceptable threshold values of 0.70 [86], indicating a high level of internal consistency among the items. This suggests that the survey instrument is reliable and suitable for the main study. It is worth noting that values exceeding 0.50 are also considered acceptable, particularly in exploratory research or when dealing with scales or constructs [87,88]. The refinement stage included a focus group with approximately 15 youth participants to further assess the survey items' clarity and relevance. The focus group confirmed that the items were appropriate for the intended study. For the main data analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) is employed. SEM is typically suited for larger sample sizes, often necessitating a minimum of approximately 200 participants [89,90].