esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Behavioural Verification: Preventing Report Fraud in Decentralized Advert Distribution Systems
## 5 Detailed System Analysis
### Behavioural Verification  
The detection of forged Ad-Reports is a challenging issue because users need to remain anonymous, and anonymity prevents verification through traditional methods such as digital signatures. To resolve this problem, we propose an alternative means of verifying truthful reports while still allowing users to maintain their anonymity. Users can be classified as honest or dishonest based on the manner upon which they create Ad-Reports. As Ad-Reports are rewarded at a low commission (typically at around $1 per 1000 impressions), dishonest users commit fraud on a large scale by generating large volumes of unverifiable Ad-Reports at a rate which is much higher than what is realistically possible for a legitimate consumer. Honest users on the other hand, view adverts at a realistic rate and therefore generate Ad-Reports in a paced manner over a longer period. While they are composing their Ad-Reports, honest users engage in typical social activities such as purchasing goods online, moving through space and interacting with other users. All of these social activities are distinguishing behaviours of honest users which can be exploited to verify their honesty without exposing their identity.  
As we already described in Section 5.1.2, the Ad-Reports that are created by the same user are linked together in an _ARC_. The goal is therefore to identify whether the creator of a particular _ARC_ is honest or dishonest. We accomplish this by embedding into the _ARC_ certain elements (blocks) which reveal the user's social behaviour patterns during the time the Ad-Reports were being created.
###### Abstract  
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been used for environmental monitoring and reporting for many decades. Energy consumption is a significant research topic because wireless sensor nodes are battery-operated to be highly energy-constrained. Several strategies have been introduced in routing and MAC (Medium Access Control) layer protocols to facilitate energy saving. At the routing layer, an energy-efficient routing protocol, known as opportunistic routing (OR), has been designed to improve efficiency. OR achieves energy efficiency via load-balancing, which forwards packets along multiple routes over WSNs. At the MAC layer, an energy-efficient MAC protocol known as the asynchronous duty-cycled MAC (ADCM) protocol achieves energy saving by turning on and off a sensor node's transmitter and receiver to eliminate unnecessary energy wastage. These protocols each have their own advantages and disadvantages. OR achieves energy efficiency at the routing layer but it raises an issue at the MAC layer. ADCM achieves energy efficiency at the MAC layer, but it hinders the packet forwarding efficiency of the OR. To attain better energy efficiency, a combination of these two ideas led to the development of OR with asynchronous duty-cycled MAC (OR-ADCM). However, even with better energy efficiency, limitations still exist in combining load-balancing and duty-cycling due to conflicts in the inherent properties of OR and ADCM. In this paper, we present a survey of the evolution of OR-ADCM over WSNs to help the reader better understand and appreciate the details of this tradeoff, which we hope will lead to the development of better protocol designs.  
wireless sensor networks; asynchronous duty-cycled mac; opportunistic routing protocols; duty cycle; load-balancing; energy consumption; asynchronous WSN +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
# Promising Cr-Doped ZnO Nanorods for Photocatalytic Degradation Facing Pollution
## 3 Results
### XPS Analysis  
The surface composition and chemical states were analyzed via XPS for the ZnO-Cr\({}_{1}\). Here, binding energies of the various elements present in the Cr-doped ZnO nanorods are given. The obtained survey shows the signature of Zn, O and Cr elements only in the synthetized nanorods (Figure 4a). High-resolution imaging of the Zn\({}_{2\text{p}}\), O\({}_{1\text{s}}\) and Cr\({}_{2\text{p}}\) peaks was performed. Figure 4b exhibits two highly symmetric peaks located at  
Figure 3: TEM micrograph of the ZnO-Cr\({}_{1}\) sample with different magnifications using \(\times\)200 nm magnification.  
Figure 2: XRD diffractograms of undoped and Cr-doped ZnO nanorods.  
1021.70 eV and 1044.8 eV, assigned respectively to the Zn2p\({}_{3/2}\) and Zn2p\({}_{1/2}\) states. These peaks are commonly identified in ZnO nanomaterials [37,38]. Indeed, the narrow Zn 2p\({}_{3/2}\) band originates from the Zn\({}^{2+}\) ions in an oxygen-deficient ZnO lattice [39,40]. This also demonstrates the dominance of the Zn\({}^{2+}\) state for the Zn ions present on the surface. Figure 4c shows a peak positioned at 530.7 eV ascribed to the O1s. The broadening of this peak reflects the increase of oxygen defects or chemisorbed groups (OH) in oxygen ions usually bonded to Zn ions forming the nanorods [39,40]. The Cr doping here is established by the location of the two symmetrical peaks at 576 eV and 586 eV, assigned to Cr2p\({}_{3/2}\) and Cr2p\({}_{1/2}\), respectively (Figure 4d). The separation energy between these two peaks is about 10 eV, which is related to Cr dopants integrated into the ZnO lattice, i.e., on Zn sites, as Cr\({}^{3+}\) ions instead of Cr\({}^{2+}\) ions [41,42].
# Energy Efficiency Analysis of MIMO Wideband RF Front-End Receivers
## 2 Preliminaries
### Receiver Circuit Designs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Architecture**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & **Freq. Range** & **Gain** & **Power Consump.** & **Noise Figure** \\  & & **[GHz]** & **[dB]** & **[mW]** & **[dB]** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**LNA**} & [10] & 0.1–2.2 & 12.3 & 0.4 & 5 \\  & [11] & 0.1–2 & 17.5 & 21.3 & 3.5 \\  & [12] & 2.3–2.5 & 17.4 & 0.48 & 2.8 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**LNTA**} & [14] & 0.05–2.5 & 38 & 20 & 2.9 \\  & [17] & 0.7–3.8 & 47 & 41.88 & 1.6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & [18] & 2–2.8 & 43.4 & 4.32 & 7.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Characteristics of the selected LNA and LNTA-based receivers.
## 2 Setup and Simulation Environment
### Simulation Scenarios  
In the simulation study presented here, we measured the average Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and average end-to-end delay of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication in an urban scenario in which vehicles communicated with a Roadside Unit (RSU) located at an intersection in the city of Zilina (averaged over all of the communication sessions realized in the corresponding simulation runs); see Figure 1 for more details. In the first simulation scenario, the V2I communication was carried out by an LTE network consisting of an eNodeB placed 200 m from the RSU at the intersection. All of the vehicles, as well as the RSU, were wirelessly connected to the same cell by using the Uu interface and E-UTRA Operating Band 65 [18]; see Figure 1a for more details. The network topology of the second simulation scenario (see Figure 1b for more details) was similar, except for the fact that the communication in this case was carried out with the LTE Device-to-Device (D2D) Mode 3 [19]. The payload packets were transmitted directly from the vehicles to the RSU. So, the eNodeB just oversaw the network and managed a scheduling process for the communication resources, but did not take part in the transmission of the payload. In this case, because the eNodeB did not provide data connectivity to the RSU, it was moved closer to the road segment from which the vehicle flow in order to facilitate the signaling of the resource selection to the transmitting vehicles more reliably. The communication in the third scenario (see Figure 1c for more details) was based on the DSRC technology. The vehicles and RSU formed an ad hoc network that included the PHY and MAC layers, as defined in IEEE 802.11p [20].
# Spatialization and Analysis of China's GDP Based on NPP/VIIRS Data from 2013 to 2023
## 5 Discussion
### Dynamic Analysis of GDP Spatial and Temporal Changes
#### 5.2.3 Regional Differences in Economic Development
The Northeast region has a higher geographical latitude and better natural conditions. It is a high-quality grain-producing area in China. However, the thermal conditions are poor and the winter is long. Although it is located on the border of China, its outlets to the sea are only distributed in Liaoning Province. Coupled with the small reserves of fossil fuel resources, the development of heavy industry is hindered and the population loss is serious. In addition, there are protected areas such as the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains in the Northeast, whose main functions are ecological protection and water source conservation. The above are factors affecting the slow economic development in Northeast China. East China and Northeast China have similar area sizes, but different leading industries, different economic foundations, and different development strategies, which results in differences in GDP. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **2013** & **2018** & **2023** & **Growth Rate** & **Area (km\({}^{2}\))** \\ \hline North China & 94,662.21 & 121,179.80 & 175,583.90 & 46.09\% & 151.99 \\ Northeast China & 58,382.02 & 66,920.48 & 78,263.48 & 25.40\% & 79.18 \\ East China & 222,957.14 & 338,783.30 & 468,702 & 52.43\% & 80.83 \\ Central-South China & 132,708.29 & 201,902.60 & 291,331.38 & 54.45\% & 102.58 \\ Southwest China & 60,688.78 & 96,966.05 & 117,082.57 & 48.17\% & 233.00 \\ Northwest China & 60,610.89 & 88,955.19 & 119,967.98 & 49.48\% & 301.02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: GDP of the six major regions in mainland China. Figure 10: The expansion process of high-GDP-value areas in East China and Northeast China.
## 3 Undifferentiated Cells (Stem Cells)
### Fetal Stem Cells
#### 3.3.1. Ammiotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells (AFSCs)
##### 3.3.1.2 Applications in BTE  
One of the first reports on the osteogenic potential of AFSCs is related to the original work of [PERSON] et al. in 2007 [98]. The authors observed the differentiation of these cells into functional osteoblasts (mesoderm) after culturing in an osteogenic medium in vitro, which produced mineralized calcium as well as the expression and secretion of ALP (a surface marker of osteoblasts). In order to provide a proof of concept, the authors subcutaneously implanted this type of cell with or without 3D printed alginate/collagen scaffolds into outbred athymic nude (nu/nu) mice. The in vivo results revealed a highly mineralized tissue in the animals that received the cell-seeded constructs, while no sign of mineralization was observed in the animals grafted by unseeded scaffolds. [PERSON] et al., in a comparative study, evaluated the behavior of hAFSCs and BMSCs in different culture systems (2D and 3D) to determine which cell type is more suitable for BTE applications [115]. Their results showed that both cells differentiate into the osteogenic cell lineage in the 2D culturing environment, which was confirmed by the production of a mineralized ECM. However, enhanced mineralization of the ECM was observed in AFSCs when compared to BMSCs. In contrast, the less mineralized ECM was observed in the AFSC scaffolds in comparison to BMSCs constructs, when cultured in the 3D system (starch and poly (e-caprolactone) (SPCL) scaffolds). The assessment of expression patterns of bone-related markers (e.g., ALP activity and RUNX-2 expression) and different timing of differentiation revealed that cell origin and the culture environment have remarkable effects on the differentiation process into the osteogenic lineage. With respect to some priorities such as higher proliferation, the authors stated that AFSCs could be a good alternative to BMSCs for BTE applications.
# An Integrated Dictionary-Learning Entropy-Based Medical Image Fusion Framework
###### Abstract  
Image fusion is widely used in different areas and can integrate complementary and relevant information of source images captured by multiple sensors into a unitary synthetic image. Medical image fusion, as an important image fusion application, can extract the details of multiple images from different imaging modalities and combine them into an image that contains complete and non-redundant information for increasing the accuracy of medical diagnosis and assessment. The quality of the fused image directly affects medical diagnosis and assessment. However, existing solutions have some drawbacks in contrast, sharpness, brightness, blur and details. This paper proposes an integrated dictionary-learning and entropy-based medical image-fusion framework that consists of three steps. First, the input image information is decomposed into low-frequency and high-frequency components by using a Gaussian filter. Second, low-frequency components are fused by weighted average algorithm and high-frequency components are fused by the dictionary-learning based algorithm. In the dictionary-learning process of high-frequency components, an entropy-based algorithm is used for informative blocks selection. Third, the fused low-frequency and high-frequency components are combined to obtain the final fusion results. The results and analyses of comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed medical image fusion framework has better performance than existing solutions.  
Keywords:image fusion; sparse representation; dictionary learning; medical image +
Footnote †: journal:
## 6 Conclusions  
We have achieved roll angle measurement through satellite signals, which are received by a side-mounted single-patch antenna on a spinning vehicle. First, the formation mechanism of roll modulation signals and the coordinate transformations to get real roll angle were analyzed. Then the roll modulation signals were obtained using one-millisecond accumulation values in the GPS receiver as well as analyzing the signal-to-noise ratio. The roll angle detection method based on FLL-assisted PLL was proposed. A first-order FLL assisted second-order PLL was selected and the optimum choices of each parameter were also analyzed. Finally, experiments were conducted to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the roll angle detection method. The experimental results showed that the method can detect the roll angle of a spinning vehicle at a precision of 5 degrees or lower. Further work, including the roll angle measurement experiments at high spin rates and the improvement of tracking accuracy under high dynamic stress, will be investigated.  
Conceptualization, Q.S.; Data Curation, Z.D. (Zhaowei Deng); Formal Analysis, Z.D. (Zilong Deng); Funding Acquisition Q.S.; Investigation, Q.S.; Methodology, Q.S. and Z.D. (Zilong Deng); Project Administration, Q.S.; Resources, Q.S. and Z.D. (Zhaowei Deng); Software, Z.D. ([PERSON]); Supervision, Q.S.; Validation, Z.D. (Zhaowei Deng); Visualization, Z.D. ([PERSON]); Writing--Original Draft Preparation, Z.D. ([PERSON]); Writing--Review and Editing, Q.S. and Z.D. (Zhaowei Deng).  
This research was funded by Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, grant number 9140C3606070605.  
We would like to thank [PERSON] for his English revision of this article, as well as [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their precious advice, and the Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory at the Beijing Institute of Technology for their support during the performing in this paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 23: The deviations of estimated roll angles comparing to Hall Effect sensor measurements of 3.8 r/s (top), 6.4 r/s (middle) and 7.5 r/s (bottom).
## 9 Conclusions and Outlooks  
In conclusion, the twist angle, as a new degree of freedom to tune the electronic structure of bi- and multi-layer 2D materials, has opened up a door to the zoo of twistronics, i.e., various intriguing physical properties of magic twist angle systems, especially the magic angle bilayer graphene that give rise to strong electron-electron correlation effects. The origin of them are the moire flat bands formed above and below the charge neutrality point when the twist angles are in a series of \"magic\" numbers, 1.08\({}^{\circ}\), 0.5\({}^{\circ}\), 0.35\({}^{\circ}\), etc. Indeed, the existence of flat bands and van Hove singularity has been confirmed by the momentum space and real spaces electronic structure measurements. Strong correlation effects, like Mott insulator states, unconventional superconductivity, ferromagnetism and charge/spin order, has been reported by many groups via sophisticated band filling tuning in transport or local probe measurements.  
On the other hand, since such a new field is still in its early stage, more works are still highly desired for both fundamental research and applications. A virgin land is the twistronics on other magic angle twisted 2D material beyond graphene, especially the various 2D semiconductors, like transition metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, etc. For the future application of twistronics in single devices and integrated circuits, graphene family materials are the most promising candidates so far, due to its quantum effects that might be valuable for quantum information technology.  
The epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates would become a major platform for twistronics due to the advantage of both the twist angle tenability and compatibility to industrial semiconductor technology. Transfer assembly technology has enabled the tremendous physics discoveries in twistronics, while epitaxial growth would open the way for its application.  
Writing--original draft preparation, D.W.; writing--review and editing, D.W. and Y.P.; project administration, Y.P.; funding acquisition, Y.P. and T.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017 YFA0206202), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB30000000) and the National Science Foundation of China (11704303).  
The authors acknowledge [PERSON] for useful discussions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Proposed Methodology and Simulation Scenarios
### ECC-CRT Algorithm
If for each \(i\) the congruence \(b_{i}\left(\frac{M}{m_{i}}\right)=1\ (modM/m_{i}\) is solved, then the original set of congruences has the solution. \[X\equiv(a_{1}b_{1}(M/m_{1})+(a_{2}b_{2}\left(\frac{M}{m_{2}}\right)........ \ldots\ldots\ldots(a_{n}b_{n}\left(\frac{M}{m_{n}}\right))\ (\mathrm{mod}M) \tag{5}\]  
The Chinese remainder theorem asserts that if one knows the remainder of the Euclidean division of an integer \(\mathrm{n}\) by multiple integers, one can uniquely identify the remainder of the division of \(\mathrm{n}\) by the product of these integers if the divisors are pairwise coprime. Figure 6 shows a mesh that wraps around every 6 steps horizontally and every 5 steps vertically. In this mesh, the leftover pairs arising from division by 6 and 5 are illustrated. The values outside the mesh are the horizontal and vertical coordinates, which are the corresponding remainders from dividing by 6 and 5. From (0,0), a ray, shown by the red line, transitions forward 1 step in both the horizontal and vertical directions regularly. This ray denotes the sequence of remaining pairs as the payout increases in steps of one. On  
each red stripe, a number represents each wrap-around of the ray. Working of ECC-CRT algorithm is shown below. Figure 6: Mesh Chinese remainder theorem.
## 4 Simulation Results
### Performance Evaluation  
The results of the experiment were analyzed to demonstrate the significance of the suggested TD3-VSG approach. Two parts were set to showcase the effectiveness of the method. The first part was to compare four MMC control methods under a change in the load's active power, while the second part aimed to validate the TD3-VSG approach's proficiency in robust performance. Four controllers were compared in this scenario, the DDPG-based controller, the fixed VSG controller in conventional control algorithms, the vector MMC controller, and the TD3-based controller.  
Figure 12: MMC output voltage (off grid).  
Figure 13: The submodule capacitor voltage in one arm.
# Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Performance of a New Semi-Submersible Aquaculture Platform
###### Abstract  
To address the limitations of traditional aquaculture cages, such as poor performance in offshore environments, challenges in energy supply, and the inability to integrate modern farming facilities, a new semi-submersible aquaculture platform has been developed and put into operation. The hydrodynamic performance of the platform is analyzed using a fully coupled numerical model. The numerical model incorporates the main structure of the platform, the net system, and the mooring system, and is based on the linear potential flow theory and the Morison equation. The natural period of the platform is found to be far away from the common wave period. The mooring system for the platform in a specific sea area is proven to be safe. The net system significantly affects the hydrodynamic performance and alleviates the dynamic response of the platform. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and engineers in the design and optimization of this type of semi-submersible aquaculture platform in the future.  
a quaculture platform; semi-submersible; net system; mooring system; hydrodynamic performance +
Footnote †: journal: _aciences_  
_Applied_  
_sciences_
# Artificial Intelligence Applications in Smart Healthcare: A Survey
## 5 Challenges and Existing Solutions
### Large-Scale Data Handling  
#### 5.2.1 Challenges  
In the healthcare field, there has been an exponential surge in data volumes, fueled by advancements in medical technology, widespread EHR adoption, and the proliferation of wearable health devices. These diverse data streams originate from clinical systems, personal wearable devices, IoT devices, and open medical repositories [98]. This diversity includes clinical notes, imaging data, sensor readings, and genomic data, among others. The complexity and enormity of these datasets often surpass the capacity of conventional data management systems, hindering efficient storage, management, and processing [99]. For instance, a hospital's radiology department generates terabytes of imaging data annually, while EHR systems capture extensive patient history, treatment plans, and outcomes. Despite AI's enhanced data processing capabilities, its potential to drive meaningful insights and advancements in healthcare remains constrained without concurrent improvements in data infrastructure. To effectively harness AI, healthcare organizations must invest in scalable data platforms, employ advanced analytics, and ensure robust data governance frameworks to handle the data's volume, variety, and velocity.