# A Review on the Thermal Hazards of the Lithium-Ion Battery and the Corresponding Countermeasures
## 5 Management and Countermeasures
### Battery Management System
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Authors/Reference**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CPCM/Proportions**} & **Melting** & **Latent Heat** & **Thermal Conductivity** \\  & & **Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **(k/kg)** & **(W/m-K)** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [254] & Alum/EG & 87.9 & 214.9 & 0.95-5.88 \\ [PERSON] et al. [255] & Polyethylene glycol & & 61.5 & 161.2 & 0.30-1.32 \\ [PERSON] et al. [256] & Alum foam/EG/parraffin & 60.1 & 190.0 & 0.20-1.20 \\ [PERSON] et al. [257] & Octadecane (OD)/Expanded & 30.1 & 198.8 & / \\ [PERSON] et al. [258] & Alum/Erytridi & 118.0 & / & 4.00-30.00 \\ [PERSON] et al. [259] & Diamond foam & 90.0 & 124.7 & 0.25-6.70 \\ (Figure 22a) & (DF)/parraffin & 90.0 & 124.7 & 0.25-6.70 \\ [PERSON] et al. [260] & Alum/Hexadecane & 24.9 & 167.0 & 0.15-1.25 \\ [PERSON] et al. [261] & Parraffin & 27.9 & 170.1 & 0.19 \\ [PERSON] et al. [262] & PEG/EG & 25.9 & 98.6 & / \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Research cases to enhance the thermal conductivity of phase change material. succeeded in recovering the thermal energy storage capacity of PCM. [PERSON] et al. [264] proposed a novel battery pack design including a hybrid active-passive thermal management system. Their developed CBMS could be divided into two parts: the active part applied distributed thin ducts, air flow and natural convection as cooling media while the passive part utilized PCM/EG as the cooling component to optimize the thermal performance of the proposed battery pack. [PERSON] et al. [265] developed a CPCM-based thermal management system coupled with air cooling and their results showed that the cooling effect of the integrated system was evidently better than that of the air cooling system. Furthermore, it was more energy-efficient due to the relatively lower air flow rate. As shown in Figure 24, [PERSON] et al. [266] investigated a CBMS that integrated liquid cooling and PCM together. Their results demonstrated that both the battery temperature ramp-up rate and the battery steady-state temperature were significantly reduced by the conjugated cooling, in comparison \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **BMS** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ACS} & \multirow{4}{*}{NC} & Low cost; Simple structure; Easy to & Low heat transfer coefficient; \\  & & integrate; Little electricity & Dependent on ambient temperature; \\  & & consumption & Uneven temperature distribution \\  & & Low efficiency; Dependent on \\  & & Low cost; Easy to maintain & ambient environment; insufficient \\  & & & for extreme condition \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{LCS} & Liquid cooling & Low cost; Easy to maintain & Risk of leakage \\  & & Higher efficiency; Low operate cost; & Higher cost for structure design; \\  & & Better uniformity & High cost for circulation \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PCM-CS} & Organic & High efficiency; Uniform & Risk of leakage; Volume difference \\  & & Inorganic & temperature distribution; & with phase change; Risk of \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Eutectic & Appropriate to extreme conditions & supercooling \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison among different kinds of battery management system. Figure 22: **(a)** The fabrication procedure of diamond foam and the generated composite phase change material (CPCM), adopted from Ref. [259]; **(b)** The synthetic route of polyethylene glycol/expanded graphite (PEG/EG), adopted from Ref. [262]. with single PCM or liquid cooling condition. [PERSON] et al. [267] investigated an optimization method, the response surface methodology (RSM) with PCM and liquid cooling integrated for LIB, which helped retain the PCM mass by up to 94.1% and the volume by up to 55.6%. Compared with the conventional LCS, the hybrid system is not only highly efficient but lightweight and flexible for the batteries with arbitrary shapes. [PERSON] et al.