# ML-Based 5G Network Slicing Security:
## 5 Emerging Threats and Security Concerns in ML Based 5G Network Slicing
[PERSON] [89] illustrated the concept of network slicing and how it has gained traction in 5G. The author discussed the significant challenges in slicing, such as the security and implementation of RAN. The existing solutions to these challenges are slice isolation, manual slice allocation, cryptography, and authentication. [PERSON] et al. [90] discussed the security issues in the 5G-IoT ecosystem, and proposed a security solution for DDoS and DoS attacks. The authors presented the 5G-IoT architecture by applying network slicing technology and implementing pattern matching IDS; IDS manages to detect intrusion in the slices and the base stations. [PERSON] et al. [91] proposed AGRA, an AI-augmented geographic routing approach for IoT-based incident-supporting applications. The authors presented an approach to advanced geographic routing using AI that relies on physical obstacle information derived from satellite imagery by applying DL. The performance of the model is shown in terms of packet delivery success ratio and path stretch. [PERSON] et al. [92] explained the practical aspects such as network heterogeneity and unpredictable demands with the increased use of 5G in IoT applications. The article presented the security principles and threats associated with slicing. The authors categorized the challenges as classical and non-trivial. The classical difficulties include authentication measures, integrity measures, encryption mechanisms, etc., while the non-trivial challenges include defending against side channels and dealing with end device vulnerability. [PERSON] et al. [93] investigated the security challenges within the ETSI NFV architectural framework with management and orchestration (MANO) security functions. The authors targeted the authorization and access control functions, and improved the performance by adopting the continuous closed-loop usage control mechanism (UCON). The aftermath of this approach impacted the end users' experience but led to improvements in reaction time against violations of the security policies. [PERSON] et al. [94] proposed an efficient and secure service-oriented authentication framework to support network slicing and fog computing in 5G IoT services. The authors instigated slice selection mechanisms to prevent the privacy of the users, and used session keys throughout the network to assure secure accessibility. [PERSON] et al. [95] implemented a key management scheme in network slicing and a secure keying mechanism for third-party applications which are accessing the slices. The keying mechanism is designed based on multi-party computation; the proposed scheme adjusts the characteristics of the network slice concerning the required security measures and scenarios. [PERSON] et al. [40] discussed the DDoS attack in network slicing, and to prevent an attack in the network, the authors modeled a deep learning-based neural network named 'Secure 5G' to identify malicious requests and transfer them to a quarantine slice. The authors framed the architecture in accordance with the three key services of the 5G network, and added an extra quarantine slice in which to deposit malicious slices. The deep learning-based 5G secure model countered the DDoS attacks by filtering malicious requests with a detection accuracy of 98%. During the life cycle of a network slice, there are numerous attacks that threaten the network and cause distortion in the complete network or some portion of a network. Several significant studies, along with their proposed frameworks, security mechanisms, considerations, and several attacks which threaten the network, have been published and are presented in Table 5.  
The entire life cycle of a slice can be divided into four phases [104], as depicted in Figure 9, along with the respective attacks and threats associated. **Preparation phase. ** This phase is committed to the preparation, designing, creation, and modification of the network slices. A slice is an arrangement of elements and their configuration.