## 10 Summary and Conclusions  
This research aimed to understand the effectiveness and impact of employing Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the context of a complex renovation project. It specifically focused on the utilization of BIM practices to facilitate collaborative digital project delivery within an intricate renovation setting. To achieve this aim, the research team conducted rigorous ethnographic research on a renovation project characterized by complicated circumstances. The ethnographic methodology enabled the team to engage in project events and conduct direct observations of major installation activities and project coordination meetings. This approach was supplemented by a series of semistructured interviews (seven key stakeholders) and two rounds of surveys with the project team, which were used not only to inform the data analysis but also to validate the findings. BIM adoption in this project was initiated midway through its development. The primary motivation was to ensure that the large pieces of new equipment could be seamlessly transported into the facility through the expanded entryway and navigated within the facility without encountering physical conflicts. Since the majority of the project team had no to limited experience with BIM, an external VDC (Virtual Design and Construction) service provider was brought on board to support the team. BIM served various purposes in this project, including reality capture, design creation, visualization, design review, 3D coordination, constructability assessment, communication, documentation, and sequence analysis. A variety of tools were utilized by different disciplines over the course of this project, leading to distinct workflows and data exchange processes. This research comes to the conclusion that the project team generally perceived BIM implementation as beneficial, resulting in improved project management processes and outcomes. It streamlined communication and decision making and enhanced output quality. However, several challenges surfaced during BIM implementation, including a lack of BIM skills and experience, absence of standardized BIM practices, and unclear data management procedures. Valuable lessons were learned, and insights were gathered from three perspectives: organizational, process-related, and technological. More specifically, the lessons learned through this research emphasize the necessity of the following:  
* Having clear BIM requirements. * Choosing a suitable procurement method that enables BIM. * Engaging organizations that are BIM-capable or at least providing sufficient BIM training at the project's outset. * Engaging the entire team in the process. * Implementing BIM for all major workflows. * Formalizing the information exchange process. * Preventing fragmented information. * Facilitating model accessibility. * Having clarity on model LOD, model content, and software infrastructure. Nonetheless, there are certain limitations to this study. The findings are based on a single case study, and the small sample size for surveys and interviews may restrict the generalizability of the results. Future research should encompass multiple case studies across a variety of project types, scales, and organizational contexts to yield more robust conclusions regarding BIM implementation in renovation projects. Additionally, this study did not explore BIM implementation in facility management practices, where the models developed during design and construction are integrated into facility management practices. P.A.Z. : conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing--original draft. S.H. : conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, validation, writing--original draft. S.S.-F.: conceptualization, methodology, writing--review and editing, supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by Campus as a Living Lab (CLL) and the Sustainability Hub at the University of British Columbia (UBC). Not applicable.