## 5 Conclusions and Perspectives  
In the last two decades, there has been a dynamic development of immobilization methods. Many of them have been used in bioremediation research, including the biodegradation of EDCs. Currently, both whole microorganisms are immobilized as well as enzymes involved in the breakdown of the complex structure of EDCs. Despite the many advantages of immobilization, such as prolonged enzyme activity, the protective action of the carrier, the possibility of multiple use, there are still many problems to be solved. A still unresolved problem is the loss of biocatalyst activity in the immobilization process, as well as the hindered diffusion of nutrients and gases into the interior of the carrier. It is extremely difficult to find a carrier that, on the one hand, is characterized by high mechanical strength, and on the other hand, the immobilization process does not damage the biocatalyst and does not interfere with the exchange of nutrients. More and more attention has been focused on the use of natural carriers characterized by high biocompatibility, relatively simple synthesis and low price in immobilization. This probably means that natural carriers will still be significant carriers in many processes involving immobilization. However, due to their relatively poor mechanical strength, they are chemically modified to achieve greater stability. The second line of research is the development of the surface of porous materials, as well as the immobilization of biocatalysts on membranes ensuring a large active surface. Such carriers are increasingly used in reactor bio-purification processes. Magnetic or very light carriers, which can be easily separated under reactor conditions, are becoming equally popular. Simultaneously, one of the paths in the search for new carriers is a synthesis of composites and hybrid materials such as poly(acrylic acid), cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan or chitosan and alginate, NH\({}_{2}\)-alginate and silica, carbon nanotube-silica composites and many others. A hybrid connection of various materials could reveal products with better properties than each material separately. Recently, carriers based on nanoparticles, including graphene or metal-organic frameworks, have been gaining popularity, which are highly biocompatible and improve the stability of enzymes. It has been shown that the interaction of nanoparticles with enzyme active sites may not only improve the stability of the active site, but may also modify the properties of the active site. Regardless of all current trends, work on the use of immobilized biocatalysts in EDCs bioremediation must be continued because, so far, the experiments have been conducted mainly on a micro scale that does not reflect the real conditions. A new trend in research is the creation of so-called microcosms, the task of which is to imitate natural or anthropogenically changed environments. Maintaining this trend gives hope for the construction of new systems that can be used in the bioremediation of polluted environments. Nonetheless, the in the complex microbial consortia search continues to create new, stable, and efficient carriers for biological treatment such as catalytic processes and biosensors, as well as removing hazardous materials such as EDCs. It is worth mentioning that all the designed carriers should be adapted to a specific enzyme and/or process, because a carrier suitable for one particular catalysis could be highly inefficient to another one. **Author Contributions:** \"Introduction\" and \"Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the environment and associated risks\" chapter preparation, D.W.; \"Microbiological degradation of EDCs\" chapter and figures preparation, U.G. ; \"Immobilized systems in microbiological degradation of EDCs\" and \"Conclusions and perspectives\" chapter preparation, A.M.; critical paper revision, D.W., U.G., and A.M.; funding acquisition, U.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.