# Rosemary Leaf Extract Inhibits Glycation, Breast Cancer Proliferation, and Diabetes Risks
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Rosemary Extract on Lipid Profile and Liver Function of Diabetic Rats  
Cholesterol (CHO) is an essential substance involved in the maintenance of cell membranes, the biosynthesis of vitamin D, and hormones. However, if CHO is above a normal level, it will result in atherosclerosis [53]. Similarly, triglycerides (TG) help store excessive energy in the biological system. Nevertheless, a high level of TG increases the risks of developing coronary artery diseases, such as heart attack or stroke, especially for diabetic patients [54]. High density lipoproteins (HDL) promote vascular health by the removal of cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and reduce macrophage accumulation [55]. On the contrary, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are the classic antagonists of the circulatory system, associated with atherosclerosis [55]. Thus, diabetic dyslipidemia is usually characterized by elevated cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C, as well as decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in comparison with healthy individuals. In this study, the effect of RE on the lipid profile, including CHO, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, in diabetic rats was investigated. As shown in Table 4, DC has a significantly higher level of LDL (0.71 \(\pm\) 0.14 mmol/L) than NC (0.37 \(\pm\) 0.01 mmol/L), However, the treatment DRE reduced the LDL value to 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.14 mmol/L. This ameliorative effect of RE could be due to the lipid-lowering potential of abundant phenolics in RE, which suppressed the activity of the hepatic LDL receptor site [56]. A slight reduction of plasma TG in DRE was observed, compared with DC, which was associated with a decrease of the LDL fraction. A similar trend was discovered in the CHO level. Results showed that it was relatively lower in DRE treatment than in DC (Table 4). This was due to the CHO synthesis and metabolism being suppressed by RE via the suppression of hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and acyl CoA cholesterol/acyl transferase (ACAT), respectively [57; 58]. Furthermore, phenolic acids such as carnosol, carnosol, carnosic acid, and rosemarinic acid have been reported to inhibit endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of LDL in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), downregulated serum TG, and CHO [59; 60]. Thus, RE can \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Normal Control** & **Diabetes Control** & **DRE Treatment** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Blood Glucose} & 1W (mmol/L) & 5.43 \(\pm\) 0.50a & 10.42 \(\pm\) 1.33c & 8.54 \(\pm\) 0.58b \\  & 2W (mmol/L) & 5.07 \(\pm\) 0.38a & 10.64 \(\pm\) 0.96b & 11.31 \(\pm\) 2.19b \\  & 3W (mmol/L) & 5.16 \(\pm\) 0.34a & 14.37 \(\pm\) 1.21b & 13.19 \(\pm\) 1.57b \\  & 4W (mmol/L) & 5.18 \(\pm\) 0.47a & 21.27 \(\pm\) 1.83c & 14.69 \(\pm\) 2.11b \\  & 5W (mmol/L) & 5.35 \(\pm\) 0.35a & 24.88 \(\pm\) 2.16c & 18.52 \(\pm\) 1.70b \\  & 6W (mmol/L) & 6.17 \(\pm\) 0.56a & 27.81 \(\pm\) 3.54c & 21.97 \(\pm\) 2.05b \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* W: Week; DRE: diabetic group with rosemary extract treatment.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Blood glucose levels in the experimental rats. be absorbed, metabolized, and biologically active in the biological system and has the potential of maintaining the lipid profiles in diabetic rats. The liver is a primary organ involved in blood glucose regulation by glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis [61]. Phosphate monoesterase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are widely found in body fluids [61]. ALP in serum mainly comes from the liver. Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) are essential aminotransferases widely distributed in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria [62]. Table 4 shows that there was a significantly increase of ALP activity in DC (\(366.95\pm 10.99\) U/100 mL) compared with NC (\(43.81\pm 3.64\) U/100 mL). Treated DRE could slightly control ALP activity at a level of \(349.25\pm 7.21\) U/100 mL which indicated that it was difficult for RE to generate a reversible effect on ALP in diabetic rats (Table 4).