## 2 Materials and Methods
### Surveys  
As part of this study, a survey was conducted among the residents of one of the urban agglomerations in Poland, Plock. The survey was developed in the Google Forms application and was available to anyone with a link leading to the form. The link was published on the City Hall website. The information campaign was implemented through the social networks of the city of Plock (Facebook, Linkedin) and local and city residents' groups. The announcements to the above respondents included full information about the purpose of the survey as well as a link leading to an electronic form containing 11 questions. Three of them were open-answer questions, two of them were yes/no answers, and the rest required the selection of one of at least three answers (Table 1). The form was available to respondents for three months. In survey studies addressing odour nuisance in large urban agglomerations, several potential sources of uncertainty can be identified, especially when the questions focus on subjective perceptions, such as odour intensity and hedonic quality. Key factors introducing uncertainties include the following: \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**No.**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Question**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Answer 1**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Answer 2**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Answer 3**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Answer 4**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Answer 5**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Answer 7**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Answer 8**} \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1.} & Do you have an odour nuisance in Plock or the & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2.} & h switch rate of Plock the & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Survey on odour nuisance in urban agglomerations. 1. Subjectivity in odour perception and response * Individual differences: People respond differently to the same odours due to variations in olfactory sensitivity, personal preferences, or past experiences with certain odours. * Diverse interpretive standards: Terms like \"intensity\" or \"hedonic quality\" may be interpreted differently by respondents, leading to inconsistent responses. 2. Timing and location of survey administration * Variable atmospheric conditions: Wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity can impact odour dispersion and, therefore, influence perceived odour intensity. * Temporal comparability: Conducting surveys on different days or at various times of day can lead to varying responses due to changes in odour intensity. Odor conditions may differ in the morning, evening, or on weekends when urban traffic patterns vary. 3. Respondent location within the agglomeration * Proximity to odour sources: Respondents situated at different distances from odour sources may perceive varying levels of intensity, potentially affecting survey outcomes. * Local environmental conditions: Buildings, terrain topography, and local infrastructure can alter airflow and odour distribution within the city. 4. Social and cultural factors * Influence of social opinion: Respondents may be swayed by the views of neighbours, media reports, or local discussions, impacting their odour assessments. * Social norms and expectations: In large agglomerations, tolerance for industrial or urban odours may vary depending on social status or quality of life expectations. 5. Question formulation in the survey * Ambiguous wording: Questions may be interpreted differently by respondents, particularly when addressing subjective concepts such as \"hedonic quality\". * Suggestion effect: Question phrasing or placement within the survey may affect responses by implying an expected range of odour intensity or quality.