## 1 Introduction
Sinuosity, a measure of how much a river deviates from a straight line, can range from 1 to 4 or higher in rivers; we define \"meandering\" rivers as those with a sinuosity of 1.5 or more, while \"sinuous\" rivers are defined as those with a sinuosity of 1.5 or less. Braided rivers' planform features, especially the strength of their braiding, have garnered a lot of attention [2,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. Because the strength of braiding varies widely from river to river [2,7] and even from reach to reach along the course of a particular river at different flow stages [2,3], the use of a suitable braiding parameter is an important step towards improved understanding of braided rivers [2,16]. Although extensive research has been conducted on the properties and behaviour of meandering rivers, the fundamental causes are still not fully understood. Currently, archival satellite sensor data are regularly accessible. Frequent intervals lasting nearly four decades give a significant opportunity for advancing our understanding of the natural processes of meander formation. Despite the fact that preliminary research indicates that meander formation can be explained by the instability of alternate bars, further research is required. However, field evidence and simulation models have demonstrated that this is not the case. The instability of river meanders is an inherent trait, and the breadth of the  
Figure 1: Ganges-Padma River Basin. Here, UGP, MGP, and LGP indicate the Upper Ganga Plain, Middle Ganga Plain, and Lower Ganga Plain. meanders reaches a maximum. When cut-offs occur, sinuosity reaches a threshold degree, and the complex system undergoes a transition to a self-regulating process. Regarding the threshold response of a complex system, the Padma system has been researched. The investigation of the circumstances for soft avulsion/branching found that bankfull flow is not the cause of chute cut-off in the Ganga-Padma system. The velocity and superelevation of flow at the channel's centreline may be caused by various variables [17; 18; 19; 20]. Channel planform is a critical factor that must be taken into account when investigating planform dynamics. The channel's planform is the topographic planimetric geometry of an alluvial canal. The form or pattern of an alluvial river is determined by the interaction between its courses, floodplain, and bars. The spatial distribution of bed load and wash load, sediments, governs vegetation. The width and layout of a channel are determined by the balance between the formation and destruction of floodplains [21]. The configuration of the channel planform produces distinct channel patterns. Despite the fact that various patterns can coexist, straight, meandering, and braided river channel patterns are the most common varieties [22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27] (e.g., anabranching, anastomosing, and wandering). Identifying the variables that explain various channel patterns has always been the primary target of research. There is currently only a qualitative understanding of the patterns. However, channel morpho-dynamics and channel geometry migration interact in these self-organising systems. Self-organising patterns are also dependent on the development and degeneration of the floodplain (including naturally vegetated dikes) under heavy-flow conditions. This information is mostly acquired through laboratory flume experiments and assessments of small- and moderate-sized rivers. Bars are bedforms with proportional lengths or spacing to channel width. Bars may be fixed, or \"fixed-bars.\" There exists a relationship between bar formation and planform modification. There have been numerous studies on the creation of bars in meandering and braided rivers. The inner bank of a meandering river can produce three types of bars: scroll bars, chute bars, and tail bars. Commonly, tails bars are the result of an obstruction induced by woody debris [25]. On the basis of how tail bar formation occurs, it is possible to assert that tail bar rivers can both meander and braid.