# Smart Lighting Systems: State-of-the-Art in the Adoption of the EdgeML Computing Paradigm
## 4 Results
### (RQ1) What Is the Map of Published Primary and Secondary Studies About AloT-Based LSs? Tables 31 and 32 show, respectively, the distribution of the 28 selected papers over the years and their type as well. 26 papers are primary studies; moreover, 2 journal papers out of 11 belong to the review category. The first occurrence of a paper emphasizing the impact of the adoption of the AloT in the development of smart LSs is quite recent (2019). It is worth noticing that despite there being large agreement in academia and industry about the relevance of the AloT in the solution of real-life problems in manifold application domains, Table 31 proves that the benefits that the AloT can bring to the lighting domain are almost \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Contribution** \\ \hline
[77] & An AloT proposal that applies the HHMM for AR in smart lighting in office buildings. The performance of the solution is proven to be superior to well-known ML methods. Design and implementation of a DRL model devoted to offering to users a personalized illumination in order to enhance the quality of their experience with the LS. The study proposes a smart LS composed of two NodeMCU sensor nodes connected via MQIT. The system uses PSO to integrate dimming level with light intensity. Adoption of a Digital-Twin-based CPS to collect data generated on a campus to be used to determine space occupancy based on the ambient light sensors. An AloT-based system capable of achieving optimal illumination through sunlight, reducing, at the same time, the lighting energy utilization. An ML-based building-automation system that uses images captured by a camera inside the room. Proposal of a method which performs sampling for the compression of the KNN model in Edge Computing-based smart LSs. Proposal of a smart LS able to predict the occupant’s next position in order to adapt the light accordingly. Assessment of the influence of Raspberry Pi Pico W-based voice-activated LED lighting on smart village micro-utilities. Adoption of frequency and temporal features to feed an RF classifier to detect occupancy sensor anomalies in an apartment. An SR-based method to learn the behaviour in smart homes. It leverages the data gathered from sensors in the rooms and the actuator settings. An NN technique combined with the Kalman filter is adopted for controlling IoT devices to augment the intelligence of the controller. Proposal of a data-centric anomaly-based detection system. Experiments are carried out in a campus that involves, among other things, a smart lighting component. An AloT-based monitoring system for interacting through vocal commands with usual domestic appliances (e.g., the luminaires). A novel Classification-Integrated Moving Average (CIMA) model that leverages human presence in a room to control the LS to enhance occupant comfort. A novel Edge Computing architecture for smart lighting control (EdgeSL) based on the CIMA model and a new distillation algorithm of the KNN model as a compression model to deploy CIMA in NodeMCU on EdgeSL. A method to control lights in rooms of a house leveraging the dwellers’ habits. A quantization method to compress the KNN model to run in NodeMCU being part of a smart LS. An IoT implementation of a smart LS is proposed and used to compare the classification performance of distinct RNN models. Implementation of a camera-based smart LS architecture. The solution ensures anonymization through pixelation; moreover, it supports Edge Computing. Implementation of an AloT prototype of a smart lighting control system in office rooms. The prototype combines the lighting control with the SSD MobileNet object localization. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 30: _Cont._unexplored. This aspect is emphasized by the consideration that only 28 studies (25.0%) turned out to be pertinent to the aim of the present SLR out of the 112 papers dealing with LCs that leverage the IoT technology. Seventeen primary studies out of the 26 analyzed (i.e., 65.4%) are conference papers.