esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Experiments and Methods
### Experimental System and Data Acquisition
While retaining all gas indicators provides comprehensive monitoring coverage, it introduces computational complexity and potential sparsity issues in high-dimensional feature space. Conversely, selecting only highly correlated indicators risks overlooking subtle but important changes in the combustion process. To address this trade-off, the t-SNE algorithm was introduced as a dimensionality reduction technique. This approach effectively preserves the intrinsic relationships between variables while reducing data redundancy, enabling more efficient and accurate analysis of the spontaneous combustion process. The MIC analysis further revealed distinct temporal patterns in gas evolution throughout the spontaneous combustion process. During the initial stage, the process is characterized predominantly by O\({}_{2}\) consumption with minimal CO production, indicating the onset of coal oxidation. As the process advances to the development stage, a marked increase in CO concentration becomes evident, accompanied by accelerated O\({}_{2}\) depletion, signifying intensified oxidation reactions. In the advanced stage, the process is distinguished by the emergence of hydrocarbon gases (C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\) and C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{6}\)) alongside continued CO accumulation, reflecting the progression toward more severe combustion conditions and potential thermal decomposition of coal structures.
Moreover, the basic performances are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In Section 4, the issues related to CMA when using quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signals are discussed, and the solution combining the LS-CMA and SD-CMA is presented. The performances with realistic data sizes are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
## 1 Introduction
For instance, the individual's own position, velocity, and other information often need to be obtained with the help of GPS or inertial sensors using of sophisticated algorithmic measurements. Here, it may be easier for agents to implement coordinated control by using relative state information. Therefore, another state measurement scheme is applied. The relative state information between itself and its neighbors, termed edge state information, is measured by means of relative state sensors such as Lidar or laser speedometer mounted on each individual to achieve the control goal. Quite a number of studies on synchronization and consensus analysis for distributed edge-event-triggered control have been represented [40; 41; 42]. Hinted by these observations, the integral-type edge-event- and edge-self-triggered control strategies are developed for Lur'e uncertain nonlinear systems in this paper. In the proposed event-triggered strategy, an integral-type triggering function is designed to reduce the controller updates. Moreover, we accomplish the edge-self-triggered control on the above system to avoiding continuous monitoring, in which each controller only updates at certain sampling instants and can effectively reduce controller burden and sensor energy consumption. The main contributions of this work are stated as follows:  
1. The dominant motive of this work is to design integral-type edge-event- and edge-self-triggered control strategies for Lur'e uncertain nonlinear systems to seek novel scheduling policies of active sensors. Here, only relative states are employed, while absolute state information is uninvolved. These combined edge-based control policies can provide another approach, where absolute state information is not easily available [16; 17; 19; 20; 23]. 2. A distributed integral-type edge-event-triggered control algorithm is designed in the proposed control strategies, which relaxes the setting of the measurement error in the traditional event-triggered strategy [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 19; 20; 25] that needs to meet the trigger conditions at all times. The application of [PERSON]'s Lemma in proof guarantees the convergence. Compared to the studies on distributed integral-type event-triggered control in [33; 34], our results on edge states related to each agent are evaluated asynchronously, based on nonlinear dynamic models. 3. The self-triggering condition does not require continuous or periodic detection of measurement error information, which avoids the periodic monitoring of the sensor [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 25; 32; 33], further reducing the number of sensor measurement samples and then saving system resources. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Some preliminaries and the problem formulation are given in Section 2. The main results are presented in Sections 3 and 4. Section 5 validates the obtained theoretical results using numerical simulations. Finally, concluding remarks close the paper in Section 6.
# Survey of Blockchain-Based Applications for IoT
## 12 Industry-Specific Applications of Blockchains in the IoT
### Agriculture  
IoT sensors in agriculture monitor soil conditions, weather, and crop health. Blockchains can store this data securely, facilitating transparent supply chains for organic production and fair-trade certifications. In addition, blockchain-based insurance contracts powered by smart contracts and oracles offer a transformative solution for agricultural risk management. Oracles fetch real-time weather data, such as temperature, rainfall, or drought indices, and feed them into the blockchain. Smart contracts use these data to evaluate predefined conditions, such as the following:High temperatures that exceed thresholds for crop safety;  
Low rainfall rates that indicate drought conditions.  
When these conditions are satisfied, the smart contract automatically triggers an insurance claim. This eliminates the need for manual processing, reduces delays, and ensures that farmers promptly receive compensation. For example, if rainfall in a specific region drops below a critical level, the smart contract can verify the data from the oracle, validate the claim, and instantly pay the insured farmer. This approach is explained in Figure 18 below and benefits both insurers and farmers:  
For insurers, automated claims reduce administrative costs and the risk of disputes because the process relies on objective and verifiable data;  
For farmers, payments are processed faster, providing financial relief during critical periods and minimizing the impact of crop losses.
# Modeling the Trip Distributions of Tourists Based on Trip Chain and Entropy-Maximizing Theory
## 3 Tourist Trip Chain Modeling  
### Basic Idea for Trip Distribution Modeling  
In traditional trip distribution models, the gravity model and growth factor model calculate trip distribution based on only one trip, whereas the tourist trip chain method takes tourists' multiple trips into consideration, which can be viewed as chaining of trips. The trips of tourists in a trip chain have a chain structure in which tourists start from the origin point, then visit several scenic spots, and finally arrive at the destination point. The trip chain reflects the actual trips of tourists and every tourist has a trip chain. Using  
Figure 1: Tourism activity modes.  
the trip chain method to investigate the travel activities of tourists can reveal the order, frequency, distance, and the number of tourists at the stay points of tourists' trips. This accords with the trip distribution characteristics of tourism activities.  
A study area can be divided into multiple traffic zones according to the scenic spots and transportation hubs. These traffic zones can be regarded as stay points in trip chains. Thus, the tourist trip chain becomes chaining of the activities between traffic zones. Then, to predict the spatial distribution of tourists based on the activity modes of the tourists' trip chain, the first step is to count the number of traffic zones in the tourism city, the next is to clarify the trip chain types and count the number of types according to the statistic of traffic zones and the characteristics of tourists' trips. Besides, each of the stay points is both the ending point of the last trip and the starting point of a new trip, which implies they would cluster a certain number of tourists. Thus, we can calculate the amount of attraction and production of tourists for each traffic zone. Then, based on the visiting number and trip distance constraints of the stay points, distribution functions could be established to calculate the probability of the type of each trip chain. After that, the trip volume of each trip chain in the traffic zone can be obtained, as well as the volume of trip distributions between each zone. Figure 2 depicts the overall process.
###### Abstract  
Assessing the spatial and quantitative evaluation of water conservation within regional ecosystems holds vital significance for effective regional water resource management, allocation optimization, and enhanced ecological protection. In this study, we focus on Yunnan Province as our research subject and utilize land use data spanning from 2000 to 2018. The InVEST model serves as a key tool for evaluating Yunnan Province's water conservation capacity over the past two decades. Furthermore, we employ Geographical detectors and ArcGIS 10.2 to delve into the spatial distribution patterns and the impact of both natural environmental and socio-economic factors on changes in water conservation capacity. The research findings reveal a spatial trend in regional water source conservation, characterized by a decreasing gradient from the southwest to the northeast. Over the past two decades, we have observed an initial decline followed by a subsequent increase in regional water source conservation, resulting in an overall upward trajectory. Precipitation displays the strongest correlation among natural environmental factors, indicating a significant influence on water conservation. Additionally, socio-economic data exhibit a noteworthy positive correlation with alterations in water conservation, primarily attributed to urbanization and the expansion of impermeable surfaces like urban construction land, which bolster regional water conservation efforts. This research offers valuable insights that can serve as a foundation for establishing local water source protection measures and ecological compensation mechanisms.  
water conservation; InVEST model; ecosystem services; Yunnan Province; spatiotemporal pattern 2023
# Finite Element Analysis of a Novel Approach for Knee and Ankle Protection during Landing
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, we hypothesized that knee bending could elongate the spring component at the knee joint, balance the impact force experienced by the knee joint, and convert some kinetic energy into elastic potential energy of the spring. In this study, in order to test the hypotheses, we first established FE models of the lower extremity, including the foot, ankle, tibia, fibula, knee, femur, and brace, and then the biomechanical responses of ankle and knee joints with/without the protective double-joint brace at three different jumping heights (0.4 m, 0.8 m, and 1.2 m) in a half-squat posture were analyzed.
## 3 Analysis for GS between Two FHN Neurons and Numerical Simulations  
For clarity, denote System (3) by \([\dot{U}_{1},\dot{U}_{2}]^{T}=[F(U_{1}),F(U_{2})]^{T}+k[0,U_{2}-H(U_{1})]^{T}\), where \(U_{1}=[u_{1},u_{2}]^{T}\) and \(U_{2}=[u_{3},u_{4}]^{T}\). The following equation is necessary for the appearance of \(GS\) in System (3) with the functional relation \(U_{2}=H(U_{1})\):  
\[DH(U_{1})\cdot F(U_{1})=F(H(U_{1}))+k[U_{2}-H(U_{1})]. \tag{21}\]  
Clearly, \(H(U_{1})=U_{1}(t-\tau)\), \(\tau\geq 0\), should be satisfied for the occurrence of GS in System (3). Consider \(a=0.7\), \(b=0.8\), \(\gamma=0.02\), \(I_{ext}=0.6\), and \(H(u_{1})=u_{1}(t-\tau)\) in System (3). From Equation (15), the condition for occurrence of GS in System (3) can be given by  
\[k<b\gamma-d=-0.521\quad\text{and}\quad k<\frac{1-bd}{b}=0.713.\]  
Therefore, the GS condition that \(H(u_{1})=u_{1}(t-\tau)\) in System (3) is \(k<-0.521\). It is worth mentioning that the GS condition has no relation to the value of \(\tau\). Synchronization error \(u_{3}-u_{5}\) and functional relation between \(u_{1}\) and \(u_{3}\) are depicted in Figure 1 for different values of \(k\) and \(\tau\), in which the initial conditions of drive, response, and auxiliary systems are chosen as \(u_{1}(t)=0.1\), \(t\in(-\tau,0]\), \(u_{2}(0)=0.1\), \((u_{3}(0),u_{4}(0))=(0.1,0.02)\), and \((u_{5}(0),u_{6}(0))=(0.3,0.02)\), respectively. Figure 1 shows that the functional relation \(H(u_{1})=u_{1}(t-\tau)\) between two FHN neurons is achieved when \(k<-0.521\) for any value of \(\tau\).  
Near \(\tau=0\), \(H(u_{1})=u_{1}(t-\tau)\) can be approximately expanded as  
\[H(u_{1})=u_{1}(t-\tau)=u_{1}(t)-\frac{du_{1}}{dt}\tau+\frac{1}{2!}\frac{d^{2 }u_{1}}{dt^{2}}\tau^{2}-\frac{1}{3!}\frac{d^{3}u_{1}}{dt^{3}}\tau^{3}+O(\tau^ {3}), \tag{22}\]  
where \(O(\tau^{3})\) represents the higher order terms of \(\tau\) greater than 3. From System (3), one has  
\[\frac{du_{1}}{dt}=-u_{1}^{3}/3+cu_{1}^{2}+du_{1}-u_{2},\] \[\frac{d^{2}u_{1}}{dt^{2}}=(-u_{1}^{2}+2 cu_{1}+d)\frac{du_{1}}{dt }-\gamma(u_{1}-bu_{2}), \tag{23}\] \[\frac{d^{3}u_{1}}{dt^{3}}=(-u_{1}^{2}+2 cu_{1}+d)\frac{d^{2}u_{1} }{dt^{2}}+2(c-u_{1})(\frac{du_{1}}{dt})^{2}-\gamma\frac{du_{1}}{dt}+b\gamma^{ 2}(u_{1}-bu_{2}).\]  
Consider  
\[H(u_{1})=u_{1}(t)-\frac{du_{1}}{dt}\tau+\frac{1}{2!}\frac{d^{2}u_{1}}{dt^{2}} \tau^{2}-\frac{1}{3!}\frac{d^{3}u_{1}}{dt^{3}}\tau^{3}\equiv G(u_{1},u_{2}, \tau), \tag{24}\]  
in System (3). As shown in Figure 2a,b,d,e, the functional relation \(u_{3}=u_{1}(t-\tau)\) is approximately reached between two FHN neurons in System (3) with \(H(u_{1})=G(u_{1},u_{2},\tau)\) for a small value of \(\tau\) when \(k=-0.7\). However, with increase in \(\tau\), the functional relation is destroyed (Figure 2c,f). More higher order terms of \(\tau\) need to be added in \(G(u_{1},u_{2},\tau)\) to decrease the error between \(u_{1}(t-\tau)\) and \(u_{3}\). This means that one can design a coupling function between two identical FHN neurons using the current signal of the drive system to predict its future signal or make its past signal reappear.
## 1 Introduction
Their use has increased exponentially due to their characteristics and a greater knowledge of their performance, acquired through the large number of publications that have been written in the fields of engineering and architecture and during the development of related regulations [18; 19; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27]. They have basically been used to reinforce elements subjected to flexural loading in which additional mechanical capacity is required in the area in tension. In these cases, the high tensile strength of FRPs in relation to their low weight makes them a highly advantageous material. In the case of wooden elements, numerous research projects have been carried out relating to the behavior of wooden beams reinforced with FRPs, producing highly encouraging results with regard to the increased strength obtained [28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37]. Their use in reinforcing elements subjected to compression is basically through the confinement of the compressed elements, inhibiting the transversal deformation of these elements and resulting in a subsequent increase in their compressive strength. Extensive research exists concerning the confinement of concrete pillars [38; 39], studying the performance of concretes confined with carbon, glass, and aramid fibers subjected to the central application of compressive force [40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46] or eccentric loads [47; 48]. The performance of confined high-strength concretes has also been evaluated [49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54], as has that of concretes subjected to cyclic loading [55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60] and of confined concrete elements with significant defects in their implementation [61]. However, in the case of wooden pillars, fewer studies have been carried out than those concerning concrete. It is possible to reinforce wooden elements subjected to compression by inserting FRPs parallel to the wooden pillar. In these cases, the FRP works under compression, achieving increases in strength of up to 100% [62]. There are few projects documented in the literature concerning the behavior of wooden elements confined with FRPs. The confinement of elements with a square section of pinewood using FRPs has succeeded in increasing their strength by values of between 14.7% and 50%, depending on the volumetric amount of the confinement [63]. Similar values have been obtained for circular elements of poplar wood confined with CFRP [64]. Research into wooden elements with a very low bearing capacity due to aging has proven that their strength can be significantly increased when they are confined with FRPs and that this increase in strength is only 15-35% lower than that which would be obtained in unaged elements [65]. The effectiveness of this procedure has also been proven in another type of material, i.e., \"hollow sandwich columns with GFRP skins and a paulownia wood core\" [66]. This paper studies the compressive behavior of prismatic pieces of wild pinewood confined with carbon fiber and basalt fiber fabrics. The results are compared with those obtained using benchmark pieces, which remain unreinforced.
## 1 Introduction
Graphene has also been studied for ITO and AZO replacement in HIT cells due to its high transparency (97% for the monolayer) [16; 17]; for its sheet resistance, which is as low as 0.882 \(\Omega\)/cm\({}^{2}\)[6]; and for its carrier mobility, which is over 7350 cm\({}^{2}\)/V\(\cdot\)s [18; 19; 20]. [PERSON] et al. [21] characterized the sheet resistance, varying the number of graphene layers between one and five, and with only four and five layers, they achieved AZO conductivity properties. Thus, they tested the HIT cells with four and five graphene layers instead of AZO as the transparent conductive layer. With both numbers of layers, they obtained similar results, with efficiencies between 8.6% and 9.95%, while the efficiency with AZO was 15.21%. [PERSON] et al. [22] were able to increase the efficiency of a HIT cell by including a graphene monolayer on top of the ITO film of the cell. However, the addition of more layers decreased optical transmittance, and it resulted in a poorer performance compared to bare ITO. Since a HIT solar cell involves many processing variables, such as donor concentration, acceptors, layer thickness, transparent conductive oxide (TCO) film deposition, metallic electrodes, etc., experimentally examining the effect of each variable on the performance of the cell is a huge task. Thus, numerical simulation has become almost essential for understanding and designing solar cells. Automat for Simulation of Heterostructure (AFORS-HET) software was developed by a team at Berlin Hahn-Meitner Institute, and it is used for simulating heterojunction solar cells [23]. AFORS-HET is convenient for assessing and optimizing the different parameters (thickness, doping concentration, forbidden band, resistivity, etc.) present in the manufacturing of HIT solar cells [24; 25]. Although graphene has great potential for photovoltaics, there are few simulation studies regarding the replacement of standard transparent conductive layers (such as ITOor AZO) with this nanomaterial [26; 27]. Most reports simplify the structure of the cell, and they use graphene to form a Schottky junction. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, only illumination under standard conditions or artificial light has been considered. In this work, first we optimized the structural and electrical parameters of a bifacial Si-HII cell structure: \(\mathrm{ITO/a-Si:H(p\ type)/a-Si:H(i-type)/c-Si:H(n-type)/a-Si:H(i-type)/a-Si:H(n+- type)/ITO}\), evaluating the thickness and the doping of the base, the emitter, and the back surface field. This optimization was performed under two spectra, AM1.5 and the Atacama spectra. Thus, we obtained two different optimized structures for SHJ cells depending on the incident spectrum. The front ITO was then replaced by graphene as the front TCL, simulating the effect for each optimized structure under the corresponding spectrum and varying the number of graphene layers from 1 to 10.
## 2 Related Works
In this paper, the researchers propose an angular inclination-based clustering system to address the challenges of FSCs, which grabs attention in the high-volume deployment of sensor networks. This technique divides the high-volume network into virtual circles, and each virtual circle is further divided into various sectors called clusters to form radial-shaped groups. Moreover, angular inclination-based clustering has many benefits like minimizing the reclustering rate, ease of use, and robustness in routing, and accomplishes a balanced network load.
# Rio Madeira HVDC System: Commissioning of the Ground Electrode for Bipole 2 at Porto Velho
## 3 The Test Electrode  
The use of a test electrode is recommended by item 4.4.2 of the Cigre guide [2], as an aid for the confirmation of the electrode site and a preliminary evaluation of the site geoelectric structure.  
For the test electrode at Porto Velho, a 40 m long and 6\" diameter steel pipe was inserted into the ground in the southern part of the electrode, with its top buried 7 m below the soil surface (Figure 3). The location of the test electrode inside the water-saturated ground was an important requirement, to allow for a low-resistance electrode (see location in Figure 1). Therefore, the location of the test electrode was selected in a lower part of the area, where a shallower water level was expected. In fact, at the test electrode location, the water table was only 15 m deep, which means that almost 80% of the test electrode was in the water-saturated ground. The depth of the electrode was limited by a plastic clay layer, which collapsed into the bottom of the well, trapping the electrode end and not allowing it to move either downward or upward.  
The unbalanced bipolar operation of bipole 2 allowed for the injection of 246 A in the test electrode, employing a 40 km temporary extension of the original electrode line. From the measured data, the calculated test electrode resistance was 0.95 \(\Omega\).  
The measured DC current in the 500 kV transformer neutrals at the converter substation was referred to the maximum overload current of 3728 A, totaling 47 A. This total current divided by the 14 grounded neutrals resulted in an average of 3.4 A. This average current is about 10% of the maximum DC neutral current allowed by the transformers' protection; therefore, no risk of transformer saturation could be expected, demonstrating that the electrode site was well selected.