esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Hybrid Genetic-Wale Optimization Model for Ontology Learning from Arabic Text
## 2 Literature Review
### Literature Review on Arabic Ontology Learning

Table 2: A state-of-the-art on Arabic ontology learning. On the other side, the researchers have successfully addressed some of the previously discussed challenges such as the long sentences of Arabic and the non-fixed location of semantic relations in sentences. Therefore, they have integrated the rule-based method with machine learning to get hybrid approaches [4; 23; 65]. These hybrid methods have demonstrated enhanced performance in comparison to the single rule-based or the machine learning-based approaches. Generally, recent literature demonstrates a huge interest in the hybrid artificial intelligence-based models to solve problems in several domains. In [27], a hybrid algorithm integrates the merits of GA, including the great global converging ratio together with ACO to introduce solutions for the supplier selection problems. In [28], a genetic-ant colony optimization model was proposed to overcome the word sense disambiguation that represents a serious natural language processing problem. Therefore, it is important to propose hybrid intelligent approaches to introduce numerous choices for unorthodox handling of Arabic ontology learning problem, which comprise vagueness, uncertainty, and high dimensionality of data. In this context, these hybrid bio-inspired optimization algorithms can present innovative solutions to support the Arabic language. They can overcome the key shortcoming of existing methods for Arabic ontology learning as they can deal with the high-dimensional or sparse data that makes it hard to capture the relevant information, which helps to learn ontology via dimensionality reduction, depending on selecting only the optimal concepts and semantic relations that contribute to the ontology structure and ignoring the non-related ones. Therefore, this paper contributes to the state-of-the-art on Arabic ontology learning with a hybrid model based on GA and WOA. This model was experimented to ontology learning using a number of the publicly available Arabic and non-Arabic corpora.
# Efficient Multi-Source Anonymity for Aggregated Internet of Vehicles Datasets
## 6 Discussion  
Anonymization and differential privacy [46] are two distinct privacy-preserving techniques in data science and analysis. Differential privacy is a mathematical framework for ensuring individual privacy when analyzing or releasing statistical data. It provides a guarantee that the inclusion or exclusion of any single individual's data will have a minimal impact on the output of an analysis. By adding carefully calibrated \"noise\" to query results, differential privacy ensures that no one, not even the data holder, can confidently infer whether any particular individual's data are part of the dataset. This approach allows for meaningful aggregated insights while protecting against attacks that might try to uncover sensitive information about specific individuals.  
Anonymization refers to the process of removing or obfuscating personally identifiable information from datasets so that individuals cannot be recognized. This typically involves techniques like aggregation, generalization, or suppression of attributes. The goal is to create a dataset wherein the connections between specific records and their original subjects are severed.  
In summary, anonymization focuses on removing direct identifiers, whereas differential privacy injects controlled randomness into data processing to limit the leakage of information. They are different tools to provide privacy protection for data.
## 2 Description of the Problem
### Modelling of WT and PV Generation  
#### 2.3.1 Modelling of WT Generation  
The following equation formulates the electrical power generation by a wind turbine for different wind speeds [51]:  
\[P_{WT}(v)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0&v\leq v_{ci}\\ \frac{v-v_{ci}}{v_{n}-v_{ci}}P_{wtn}&v_{ci}\leq v\leq v_{n}\\ P_{utn}&v_{n}\leq v\leq v_{co}\\ 0&v\geq v_{co}\end{array}\right. \tag{22}\]  
In this equation, \(P_{utn}\) shows the wind turbine's nominal power, \(v_{n}\) denotes the nominal speed of the wind, \(v_{ci}\) and \(v_{co}\) express cut-in and cut-out wind speeds.  
The probability density function and cumulative density function (CDF) of wind speed for a given period are generally expressed using a Weibull function [19]:  
\[f_{v}(v)=\frac{K}{C}\Big{(}\frac{v}{C}\Big{)}^{K-1}e^{-(\frac{v}{C})^{k}},v>0 \tag{23}\]  
\[F_{v}(v)=1-e^{-(\frac{v}{C})^{k}} \tag{24}\]  
Thus, wind speed can be calculated by inversing the CDF:  
\[v=C(-ln(r))^{\frac{1}{k}} \tag{25}\]  
In the above equations, \(f_{v}(v)\) shows the Weibull PDF of \(v\), \(k\) and \(C\) state the shape and scale variables of the Weibull distribution, and \(r\) shows a figure distributed uniformly in the range of [0, 1]. The following equation calculates the estimated output power generation by a given WT [19; 53]:  
\[P_{WT}=\frac{\sum_{S=1}^{N_{c}}P_{WTg}f_{v}\Big{(}v_{S}^{t}\Big{)}}{\sum_{S=1} ^{N_{v}}f_{v}\Big{(}v_{S}^{t}\Big{)}} \tag{26}\]  
here, \(v_{S}^{t}\) shows the \(g\)th state of \(v\) at the \(t\)th period, \(P_{WTg}\) represents the output electrical power found from (22) for \(v=v_{S}^{t}\), and \(f_{v}\Big{(}v_{S}^{t}\Big{)}\) expresses the probability of \(v\) for state \(g\) for period \(t\).
## 3 Synthesis and Analysis of Planar SALT Trajectories
### Adaptation to More Complex Dynamical Models
While for trajectories in the three-dimensional BR4 BP model the shooting is essentially straightforward [33], the adaptation of planar trajectories is involved. It often demands additional steps: to first generate an intermediate quasi-planar trajectory in the ephemeris model [37] or to gradually deform a trajectory (the homotopic approach).
## 7 Conclusions and Future Developments  
The actual development of delay-sensitive 5G-supported mobile applications demands for the dynamic profiling and energy optimization of emerging multi-tiered Fog-Cloud virtualized ecosystems. Since field-trials and deployment of test-beds are expensive and could not guarantee repeatable results, the development of customizable simulation toolboxes is welcome. _VirtFogSim_ is compliant with this expectation by developing a new software environment that accounts for the main system parameters featuring the computing and network aspects of Mobile-Fog-Cloud technological platforms. The core engine of the _VirtFogSim_ toolbox allows the optimization, simulation, and tracking of a number of heuristic/meta-heuristic/exhaustive search-based policies for the energy-saving dynamic allocation of tasks and computing-networking resources needed for the delay-constrained execution of mobile applications described by general DAGs. The GUI equipping the _VirtFogSim_ package allows a user-friendly rendering of the simulated data under a number of easy-to-understand graphic formats.  
The current version of the _VirtFogSim_ package being the first open-access release, it is amenable to further extensions along three main directions.  
According to the underlying 5G paradigm, additional customizable primitives for the profiling and performance simulation of massive MIMO wireless access technologies could provide a first valuable extension [35; 36; 37]. Furthermore, the current version of the simulator relies on purely reactive formal methods for the dynamic optimization of the needed computing-plus-networking resources. Including pro-active optimization tools that are capable of exploiting mobility-triggered resource forecasting could be second extension of potential interest [38]. Finally, software functionalities for the support and performance evaluation of (possibly, mobility and/or failure-triggered) energy and delay-efficient task migration strategies could represent a third extension of practical interest.
# Vortex: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc Networks
###### Abstract  
The potential of ad hoc networks, which enable flexible and dynamic network establishment only by mobile terminals equipped with wireless communication devices, has recently attracted attention for the coming IoT era. Although the nature of ad hoc networks shows the advantages of their autonomous and distributed network management, a manifestation of drawbacks owing to the nature of wireless communication and the mobility of terminals are inevitable. Many routing protocols have already been proposed to address the issues by adapting to nature and achieving a certain level of improvement. However, the routing protocols still suffer from difficulties in information collection for routing and adaptive route management during communication. Moreover, there is another issue that end pair-based routing procedures prevent other end pairs from reusing the routing information effectively. To address the drawbacks of conventional routing protocols, this paper proposes VORTEX, a novel routing protocol that employs an opportunistic routing strategy using hierarchization. One of the characteristic features of VORTEX is its network-driven opportunistic forwarding, in which packets travel toward destination terminals using hierarchy as a guide without conventional route discovery procedures. Moreover, another characteristic feature of VORTEX is that the hierarchical structure also contributes to adapting to communication environment changes in an autonomous manner. In other words, VORTEX enables flexible network-wide information-based routing only with the locally collected information. The simulation results show that the proposed VORTEX could provide better service quality and reliability with improved efficiency compared to the conventional routing protocols. Furthermore, the most significant contribution is not only in the communication performance but also VORTEX omits route discovery or route maintenance from routing protocols, and formed networks themselves have a function to deliver packets toward destination terminals.  
ad hoc network; adaptive routing hierarchization; MANET; opportunistic routing +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 5 Evaluation and Discussion
### Experimental Setup
The evaluation confirms that the current query system can perform more queries and may be useful for the novice users who do not have query language knowledge. The most popular queries involve query by positions, query by observation date and time, query by host galaxies name, query by camera details, and query by example features. * Query by positions: Uses galactic coordinates to specify the exact position to map the exact fields of galactic plane. 1. Find all the objects in a certain galactic position. * Query by observational date and time: Uses built-in calendar input function (OBJ-DATE) details and Night details which include the date (DD:MM:YYYY) and time (HH:MM:SS) per observed astronomical bodies. 1. Find all the objects from a certain time period. * Query by host galaxies: Uses target search for catalogs of nearby galaxies 1. Find all the objects related to the specific galaxies. * Query by camera details: Uses 16 ccds cameras as per the different object filters used by ZTF, namely, zg, zr, zi for exposure acquired in g,R, I, respectively, and bi, dk for bias and dark images, respectively. 1. Find all the object from camera filters; 2. Find all the object from camera name.
## 3 Failure Mechanisms of Non-Metallic Reinforcement  
The environmental factors influence the long-term durability behavior of different types of non-metallic reinforcement to varying degrees and cannot be generalized. For certain materials, these factors inhibit a clear definition of global failure mechanisms. Nevertheless, an attempt will be made to define such mechanisms.  
According to [PERSON] et al. [31], the failure occurs in three different phases, or their combination: the fibers, the matrix, and the interphase. A damage of one phase often influences the failure mode of another phase.  
Micro cracks in the matrix do not lead to a failure of the composite material (polymeric matrix and fibers) but allow moisture and dissolved chemicals to penetrate the matrix. Under certain circumstances, this leads to an attack on the fibers (e.g., AR-glass) [35]. The failure of the composite material is attributed to the damage of the fiber-matrix interphase [31].  
According to [PERSON] et al. [36], the glass transition temperature is lowered by plastification due to moisture in the matrix of the resin. Due to the moisture absorption and alkalis, the matrix may be damaged because of swelling stresses by cracking, hydrolysis or fiber-matrix debonding. This results in reduction of the stress transfer capability between fiber and matrix [37; 38; 39].  
The degradation of the fiber-matrix interphase is important for the overall damage of the composite material and, according to [PERSON] [33], the dominating mechanism during environmental aging. [PERSON] [33] examined the effect of temperature on interfaces of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites during humid aging and figured out that the interfacial adhesion is more influenced by hygrothermal aging at higher temperature and longer exposure times. The mechanism of attack depends on the chemistry, structure, morphology and modes of failure at the interface.  
Due to environmental factors, failure of the filaments, the matrix or the interphase can lead to failure. A chemical attack of carbon filaments is not expected, but the fiber-matrix interphase or the matrix can be damaged and may lead to long-term failure. To investigate the influences and possible failure mechanisms on an epoxy resin impregnated carbon reinforcement, long-term tests are carried out. The factors stress, temperature and moisture are also used for accelerated aging of the test specimens.
# The Pre-Heating Effect for Porosity Control during the Laser Welding of GAlvanized Steel Sheets
## 2 Experimental Method
### Welding Process and Conditions  
The laser stitch welding process for galvanized steel sheets devised in this study consists of a total of three steps, and a detailed step-by-step schematic diagram is shown in Figure 2. The first step involves using the laser in the partial penetration mode to remove the zinc plating layer from the welds and induce zinc vaporization by melting the material down to the top surface of the lower sheet. In the second step, the laser irradiation direction is reversed and returned to the starting position. This step releases the residual zinc and pre-heats the welds by irradiating a laser beam with relatively low power. The third step is performed using the full penetration mode, ensuring a penetration depth up to the appropriate thickness of the lower sheet of the material.  
In this study, laser welding was performed using a CW fiber laser (LMS, MAT-040 HC, MAT, Seoul, Republic of Korea) with a maximum output power of 4 kW and a wavelength of 1070 nm. Nitrogen (N2) shielding gas was supplied with a flow rate of 10 L/min to prevent oxidation during welding. The pitch was set to 40 mm to minimize the thermal impact on subsequent stitch welds. The bead length was set to 20 mm in order to minimize thermal deformation caused by high-temperature laser welding. The first and second steps  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the three-step laser welding process.  
of the three-step laser welding had the fixed welding speed and laser power as shown in Table 2. These conditions were designed to remove the galvanized layer of the top and bottom surfaces of the upper sheet, which can cause defects during welding before the main welding process begins. In the final step, the welding speed was fixed at 35 mm/s, while the laser power (LP) and focal position (FP) were selected as variable process parameters. The laser power was increased from 2 to 2.8 kW at intervals of 0.4 kW, and the focal position was increased from 20 to 30 mm at intervals of 5 mm.
## 4 Evaluation
### Comparison with Previous Works  
Table 6 shows a comparison with previous works using the ASVspoof2019 dataset mentioned in Section 2. Previous works were binary classifications that only detected real or fake voices for one user. Unlike previous works, in this work, we can simultaneously perform deep voice detection and user authentication through multi-class classification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first system that can perform both user authentication and deep voice detection with ASVspoof2019 simultaneously.  
In addition, most previous studies using various models achieved an EER value of 0.04. Our model achieved the EER values shown in Table 5 in Section 4.3, with an average EER of 0.15. However, in our system, real and fake classification as well as user authentication are possible. Therefore, a fair comparison is difficult, but as mentioned in Section 4.3, it has sufficient performance to perform deep voice detection and user authentication.  
In other words, previous works involved checking whether a user was an authorized user or not, but this work involves a system that can authenticate which of several users he or she is. In addition, our system can deploy an autoencoder on the user's device to encode data in a separate environment. Through this, when extracting voice data in an inference situation, user authentication and deep voice detection are possible while preventing the original voice data from being exposed to the server. Therefore, it is possible to provide enhanced privacy protection by overcoming the vulnerability of data exposure in the previous deep voice detection technology.
## 4 Simulation Results
### The Localization Error of ACFL and PCFL under Different Parameters
#### 4.1.6 Runtime  
In Figure 10 the threshold is set to 0.0142 and the density of anchors is set to 4. Figure 10 presents the simulation experiment runtime using PCFL and ACFL. Since the runtime is the process of data association in fact, the runtime for either PCFL or ACFL is increasing with the growth of the number of the samples. Because the operation process of PCFL is more complicated than that of ACFL, the runtime of ACFL is shorter than that of PCFL.
## 4 Implementation, Results, and Discussions
### Application Navigation and Features
#### 4.1.1 Interface: UI Navigation (Touch Inputs), Orientation, and Sound  
The initial orientation of the application was in landscape; however, the entirety of the application was changed to portrait except for the Glossary feature. This was to allow the 3D models displayed to be viewed in an anatomical position and allow the tables in the glossary feature to be displayed optimally and viewed without strain in  
Figure 2: Flow chart depicting the flow and navigation of the _Anat_Hub_ application.  
landscape. To navigate the application, a simple single tap touch input was used. However, this was later adapted to further improve the navigation to a single tap to only interact with models and UI buttons; double-tap to zoom, swipe up and down to scroll through information; and slide across the screen to rotate the model (later updated with a rotational UI button). To improve navigation between features within the application, a Home button and Navigation Bar is present throughout the application since the development of the initial APK deployed. Near the end of the development period, background sound was added to the Hub, Main, and Quiz Start and Over menus; additionally an application icon and splash screen (containing application name, university, and Unity logo) was incorporated into the application. All of these new elements were added in an effort to improve the user interface and user experience. The UI interface (icons, buttons, colour palette, etc.) of the application was constantly updated to enhance user experience, as presented and discussed in the subsequent sections hereafter.
# L-rCBF: Learning-Based Key-Value Data Structure for Dynamic Data Processing
###### Abstract
In other words, because the auxiliary structures of the L-FBF in [20] are a standard BF and FBF for static data, a deletion operation for the L-FBF cannot be provided. In this study, we focus on key-value data structures using a learned model for dynamic data. We propose a learned rCBF (L-rCBF) to improve the search and deletion performances under the constraint of the same memory size as a single rCBF and propose a deletion algorithm for the L-rCBF to process dynamic data. To the best of our knowledge, the L-rCBF is the first LBF variant for key-value storage that can support deletions. The contributions of this study can be summarized as follows. * We propose a learning-based key-value structure for dynamic data processing, called L-rCBF, comprising a learned model, BF, and rCBF. The L-rCBF can be used for multi-class classification. The memory requirement of the learned model does not increase in proportion to the size of the data; therefore, as the data size increases, the proposed L-rCBF is more efficient than an rCBF. * We propose a deletion algorithm for the L-rCBF. Because the rCBF is suitable for dynamic data as an auxiliary structure, the deletion algorithm can be designed even though the other auxiliary structure is a standard BF. To delete an element, the algorithm performs one of two operations according to four cases: deleting the element from the rCBF in the L-rCBF or programming it into the BF in the L-rCBF. * The proposed L-rCBF is constructed similarly to the L-FBF. Hence, if the FBF for static data is replaced with that for dynamic data in the L-FBF, the deletion algorithm for the L-rCBF can be applied to the L-FBF. * We theoretically analyzed the probabilities of _undeletables_ and _search failures_ for an rCBF and demonstrated the superiority of the proposed L-rCBF through simulation results. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes BF variants, including an FBF and rCBF, and network applications using the BF variants. Section 3 describes the proposed L-rCBF and deletion algorithm. Section 4 describes the theoretical analysis, including the undeletable and search failure probabilities of the rCBF. Section 5 compares the performances of the L-rCBF with a single rCBF and L-FBF, and compares the probabilities between the theoretical and experimental results for the rCBF. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
# Improving Ship Maneuvering Safety with Augmented Virtuality Navigation Information Displays
## 2 Methodology
### Navigation Safety Assessment Criteria  
To conduct a simulation experiment with the use of the navigator's spatial decision support system with the implemented method of displaying information in AV technology, detailed and general research assumptions were defined.  
Depending on the variant of the runs in the simulation experiment (described in detail later in this section), the following criteria were adopted as a measure of the evaluation of a series of simulation tests:  
1. The primary (superior) criteria for the assessment of navigational safety, i.e.,: 1. the average maneuvering area of the ship estimated for the confidence coefficient 0.95, determined by the estimation of the interval boundaries, which at 95% probability will cover the true value of the mean distance from the reference point center; 2. maximum maneuvering area of the ship, where the calculation is based on the determination of maximum distances of ship's contour points in a given sector, from the determined coordinate of the center of the adopted reference point and using those for further analysis; 3. resultant value of vessel's speed determined at the moment of ship's hull contact with a fender (modified criterion of the kinetic energy of the first contact with the shore); 4. the value of the minimum distance of the ship's hull from the navigational obstacle.
2. Secondary (subordinate) criterion for assessing the efficiency of maneuvering, i.e., maneuvering time.
3. The secondary criterion of assessment of the maneuvering efficiency was applied in the analysis when it was impossible to unequivocally assess recorded movement parameters using the primary criterion.