# Noble Metal-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
## 4 Noble Metal-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts
### Interface Engineering
#### 4.2.3 1D/3D Structure Hybrid Nanostructures Loaded with Noble Metals  
One-dimensional materials have a high surface area, high roughness factor and high density of active sites. There is a large amount of open space and porosity between adjacent 1D nanostructures, which enables the rapid mass transfer of electrolyte molecules and full contact between chemical substances and the electrode/cataly surface [121, 122]. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [89] reported that uniform deposition of ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Ru@MWCNT) is an efficient HER catalyst. At a current density of 10 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) in 0.5 M H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) and 1 M KOH, Ru@MWCNT exhibits an ultraloweptential of 13 mV and 17 mV, respectively, exceeding commercial Pt/C (16 mV and 33 mV). The Faraday efficiency (92.28%) was higher than that of the benchmark Pt/C (85.97%) in the actual water electrolysis cell. The DFT calculation shows that the Ru-C bond is the most reasonable active site with the most suitable hydrogen binding energy. Three-dimensional materials can be assembled from one-dimensional or two-dimensional materials. The 3D network has superior mechanical stability and effectively prevents the aggregation and restacking of materials. Moreover, the greatly interconnected structure and porosity of 3D materials make the inner surface of the materials thoroughly utilized and the mass transfer becomes more favorable. Based on these excellent properties of 3D materials, researchers assemble some 1D (such as carbon nanotubes) or 2D (such as graphene, MXene, etc.) materials together to form 3D structures, effectively improving the stability of materials. [PERSON] et al. [123] prepared noble metals (Pt, Pd, Au and Ag)/3 Dgraphene (3D-G) nanocomposites and investigated their catalytic activity of the HER. The high conductivity and porous network of 3D graphene sponges provide favorable charge transfer and ions diffusion, further improving the HER catalytic activity and stability. [PERSON] et al. [90] prepared 3D multistage hollow MXene-loaded Pt nanoparticles (Pt@mh-3D MXene) (Figure 10a,b) and 2D MXene-loaded Pt nanoparticles (Pt@2D MXene) (Figure 10c). The 3D hollow structure can be regarded as the high curvature seal of 2D nanosheets around a well-defined pore space. These MXene are synergistically coupled with ultrafine Pt to form a unique multifunctional catalytic interface design. In particular, Pt@mh-3D MXene not only has the high stability and atomic utilization of Pt but also comprehensively enhances the H* binding capacity, charge transfer capacity and ion/substance transport capacity, promoting HER catalytic activity in the whole pH range. After the optimization, Pt@mh-3D MXene has better HER performance (\(\Pi_{10}=13\) mV, Tafel slope = 24.2 mV dec\({}^{-1}\)) than Pt@2D MXene (80 mV, 66.6 mV dec\({}^{-1}\)) in 0.5 M H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\). Compared with industrial 20% Pt/C in 1 M KOH, the mass activity and durability are improved by 20 times, while the Pt usage is reduced by 8.3 times (Figure 10d-f).