## 2 Materials and Methods
### Locations from Which Data Are Presented  
Analyses presented herein focus primarily on data from six locations (Figures 2a and 4a,b) that are listed by longitude (west to east) and summarized below (Table 1). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Location** & & & & **Instrument Type** & **Instrument Used for** & & **Sampling** \\
**Label** & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** \\
**Us SGP** & & & & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** \\  & & & & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** \\  & & & & **Side** & **Side** & **Side** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{US NE} & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Concell \\ University, New York, USA \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} 42.4534\({}^{\circ}\) N \\ USA \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} 76.4735\({}^{\circ}\) W \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} 0.017 Parsivel\({}^{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} 0.017 Parsivel\({}^{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.017 Parsivel\({}^{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.017 Parsivel\({}^{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of the locations from which data are reported herein. These sites are selected due to the availability of detailed hydroclimatic observations and their location in regions with large wind resource and/or wind energy deployments:  
1. [label=(0)]
2. Southern Great Plains, United States (US SGP): The US Department of Energy (DoE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site at Lamont in Oklahoma. DSD data from three disdrometers deployed at this site are reported; an impact dishormeter [99], an optical (Parsivel\({}^{2}\)) dishormeter [101] and a video dishormeter [95]. Data availability during 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2020 from the OTT Parsivel\({}^{2}\) is 93%. All disdrometers are recorded every 1-min. To provide a context for the spatial variability in DSD and RR derived from a range of locations, we compare measurements of RR and DSD from these three different disdrometers. It is important to recall that they have different sampling ranges. The Parsivel\({}^{2}\) discretizes the hydrometeors into 32 diameter classes, with classes centered at diameters of 0.062 to 24 mm. The video dishormeter uses 50 diameter classes from 0.1 to 9.9 mm. The impact dishormeter uses 20 diameter classes from 0.359 to 5.373 mm. Wind speed data reported for this site are 15 min average values and derive from a Halo Photonics Doppler lidar [127]. As described further below, the US SGP region is subject to frequent deep convection and associated high RR and hail [92; 128; 129]. There are also substantial wind turbine deployments. Based on data from the USGS wind turbine database (updated from [130]), as of April 2022, there are over 16 GW of wind turbine installed capacity (IC) within 300 km of the US SGP site considered here. This is over 12% of the total US wind turbine IC. 3. Canada coastal: The Wind Energy Institute of Canada (WEICan) on Prince Edward Island in eastern Canada. The site has 300 degrees of ocean exposure and contains five 2 MW DeWind turbines that have a hub-height of 80 m AGL, as well as an instrumented 80 m meteorological tower compliant with IEC 61400-12-1 and a 10 m meteorological tower compliant with IEC 61724-1 [131]. Hydroclimatic data presented herein derive from a Campbell Scientific PWS100 deployed at 11 m AGL and the RR data availability is 88.9%. Due to a data logging issue no DSD are available. Wind speed observations are from a Thies cup anemometer at 80 m AGL which is the hub-height of the wind turbines operating at WEICan. 4. UK coastal: The Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) [132], on the north coast of the English county of Norfolk.