## 3 Results and Discussion
### Surface Morphology
#### 3.2.2 Optical Micrographs  
A morphological investigation of pure and Mg-doped AlSb thin films was conducted, yielding information on the deposited film uniformity and surface morphology as a function of deposition time. The film concentration changes were also demonstrated by varying the deposition time factor.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sr. No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Distance** \\ **(Pixels)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Roughness (Microns) at Deposition Time (s)**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **60** & **90** & **120** & **150** & **180** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Pure AlSb thin films**} \\
1 & 75 & 136 & 136 & 139 & 167 & 134 \\
2 & 150 & 165 & 164 & 166 & 172 & 167 \\
3 & 225 & 189 & 169 & 146 & 89 & 153 \\
4 & 300 & 138 & 147 & 161 & 159 & 152 \\
5 & 375 & 131 & 119 & 98 & 81 & 112 \\ \multicolumn{6}{c}{**10\% Mg-doped AlSb thin films**} \\
1 & 75 & 142 & 154 & 182 & 139 & 149 \\
2 & 150 & 129 & 151 & 163 & 173 & 174 \\
3 & 225 & 158 & 127 & 112 & 151 & 166 \\
4 & 300 & 151 & 144 & 177 & 159 & 150 \\
5 & 375 & 82 & 137 & 147 & 113 & 124 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Surface roughness of pure and Mg-doped AlSb thin films at different deposition times.  
Figure 3: Surface roughness of pure AlSb at different deposition times (**a**) 1 h, (**b**) 1.5 h, (**c**) 2 h, (**d**) 2.5 h, and (**e**) 3 h.  
Figure 5 shows the morphological study of the pure AISb thin films using the optical micrography technique with deposited times ranging from 1 to 3 h, each spaced by 30 min. The pure AISb is represented by the golden yellow color in all graphs, whereas Figure 5a shows uniform film conformation on the substrate due to less deposition time and material penetration, but some microparticles were still present on the substrate's surface due to nonhomogeneous entities present in the solution, which resulted in the nonuniformity of film by increasing the deposition time and material penetration. Figure 5b-e, show that the first layer was homogeneous, but the particles on the upper layer were deposited particles that grew as the deposition period increased, affecting the material concentration. These microparticles might be the consequence of Al and Sb precipitates or dust particles in the solution. Furthermore, the particle concentration increased by increasing the film deposition time, which is depicted in Figure 5a-e. With the increase in the deposition time, the nonuniformity of the prepared films increased, depicting an enhanced surface roughness.  
The morphological analysis of Mg-doped AISb, which was the major focus of the current investigation, is shown in Figure 6 with a time range of 1-3 h; once again, the golden yellow colors confirmed the presence of AISb. Despite the uniformity of the film layers, these optical micrographs contained a number of microparticles, and these microparticles may be due to nonhomogeneous entities present in the solution or to Mg, Al, and Sb precipitates, as well as dust particles in the solution, which created the undesirable effects. The film concentration decreased as the deposition time increased, and vice versa; in general, the films were not uniformly deposited on the substrates, as evidenced by the particles shown in Figure 6a-e, and the greenish color seen in the morphological results confirmed the Mg doping in AISb films.  
Figure 4: Surface roughness of 10% Mg-doped AISb films at different deposition times (**a**) 1 h, (**b**) 1.5 h, (**c**) 2 h, (**d**) 2.5 h, and (**e**) 3 h.  
Figure 5: Pure AISb-deposited thin films’ optical micrographs for time durations of (**a**) 1 h, (**b**) 1.5 h, (**c**) 2 h, (**d**) 2.5 h, and (**e**) 3 h.  
Figure 6: Mg-doped AISb-deposited thin films’ optical micrographs for time durations of (**a**) 1 h, (**b**) 1.5 h, (**c**) 2 h, (**d**) 2.5 h, and (**e**) 3 h.