## 4 Discussion
Therefore, novel anchor designs based on the stratification of rock formations hold promise for enhancing the ultimate load-bearing capacity of anchors and ensuring the stability of upper-level structural elements in complex geological environments. Current research [54; 55; 56; 57] has developed comprehensive theoretical models for traditional fully bonded anchors. However, due to the presence of pressure segments, the load transmission mechanism of tension-compression-dispersed composite anchors deviates from that of traditional tension-type anchors. As a result, the aforementioned theories cannot be directly applied to the theoretical analysis of these novel anchors. In our study, full-scale field tests were conducted on tension-compression type discrete anti-floating anchors. The test phenomena were analyzed, and a simplified theoretical model (Figure 10) and numerical simulations of composite anchors were proposed. Based on the critical anchor length of traditional anchors, the reasonable anchor length and bearing ratio of composite anchors were determined [23]. The difference in plastic zone between traditional anchors and composite anchors was investigated [58]. During model development, existing theories were not integrated, and a comprehensive model suitable for tension-compression-dispersed composite anchors has not yet been constructed. Consideration can be given to the research related to axial vibration (both tension and compression) of rod-like elements based on the advanced theories of elasticity [59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64], taking into account existing interface bonds and end-plates when modeling a composite anchored in cement grout. It is crucial in the future to develop a theoretical model capable of calculating the effective anchorage length of composite anchors. This model will serve as a valuable reference for anchor design, construction, and standardization. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop a theoretical model for load transmission in anchors based on existing experimental parameters. This model will facilitate the proposal of reasonable safety factors for anchor design, ensuring the economic viability and reliable safety of composite anchors in practical use. Given the multitude of factors involved in the current technical challenge, encompassing the mechanical properties of rock anchors and sleeve steel, concrete grout, interface bonds for both Interface #1 and Interface #2, as well as the geometrical properties of both the grout and anchor, calculating the axial load-bearing capacity of tension-compression composite anchors could be a formidable undertaking. To address this challenge, the creation of a comprehensive analytical or numerical model [65; 66] coupled with the incorporation of deep learning [67; 68; 69] and artificial intelligence [70; 71] would prove highly beneficial. This will aid in further complementing and refining the theoretical foundation of these innovative structural anchors. Figure 10: Simplified model for shear stress along anchorage length: (**a**) a tension-type anchor; (**b**) the distribution of interface shear stress \(\tau_{u}\) when the anchorage length \(l_{a}\) is less than the critical anchorage length \(l_{c}\)[23].