esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
In addition, the constructed map combined with the vehicle location information obtained by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) could further realize lane-level map matching [19; 27; 28], so as to provide support for more refined lane-level traffic management and control, for instance, lane-level path navigation for smart vehicles. Despite the above-mentioned advantages, few studies have fully explored a systematic way of constructing high-definition road maps based on the GIS database. Considering the urgent need of high-definition map construction for smart transportation applications and the importance of achieving high-efficiency in constructing high-definition maps for a large scale, the main objective of the present work is to explore effective methods of building high-definition maps based on the GIS and further prove its feasibility in supporting smart transportation applications. The major contributions of the present work can be summarized as follows:  
* This study proposes a systematic framework and effective method for constructing high-definition maps using road edge data obtained from GIS maps. Through extracting the road centerline and the lane line and detailed expression of the topological relationship between nodes and lanes, a lane-level road network can be built. The proposed framework provides a low-cost and high-efficiency method for building lane-level road maps to support various smart city applications and refined traffic management. * To further examine the feasibility of the constructed maps, a lane-level trajectory matching test is then conducted by taking the urban area of Pingshan District in Shenzhen, China as an example. The constructed lane-level maps based on the GIS could provide strong support for smart vehicle applications and lane-level traffic information management. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we first introduce the architecture of our proposed map model and then explain the relationship between road-level and lane-level maps. Section 3 introduces the algorithm of road centerline extraction and lane-level network construction. Next, we construct a lane-level road network model in Pingshan district in Shenzhen, China, and conduct lane trajectory matching tests based on the constructed real lane-level digital map, and evaluate the matching results in Section 4. Finally, we provide conclusions and directions for further research in Section 5.
## 3 Factors Influencing PSMs Production in Plants
### Effects of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation on PSMs  
Plants respond to excessive ultraviolet radiation (UV) both morphologically and physiologically. UV radiation is known to trigger a wide range of responses in plant cells, mainly by UV-B (280-320 nm) and less by UV-A (315-400 nm). Plants' response to UV stress depends on their perception, signal transduction mechanism, and influence of gene expression [224]. Other environmental factors also influence response to UV-B stress in plants as UV radiation indirectly damages the photosynthetic apparatus by generating ROS [225]. Thus, plants have developed a mechanism to protect against UV radiation and allow photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to reach mesophyll and palisade tissues in order to enable photosynthesis. Synthesizing UV-absorbing flavonoids is one mechanism to mitigate photoinhibition and photooxidative damage by either reducing UV penetration or quenching ROS. Flavonoids can absorb radiation in the UV region of the spectrum; thus, these compounds are responsible for filtering UV light in plants [226]. Unlike other lights of different wavelengths, UV-B radiation can damage DNA and chloroplasts, particularly photosystem II (PSII) and modify or inhibit gene expression due to its high energy, and they are absorbed by a wide range of molecules [227]. When [PERSON] and [PERSON] [226] investigated DNA damage in maize plants exposed to UV-C or UV-B radiation at a dose of 6000 J/m\({}^{2}\), maize plants with flavonoids, primarily anthocyanins, suffered less DNA damage than maize plants deficient in flavonoids. Flavonoids with a catechol group in their B-ring skeleton (e.g., quercetin derivatives) are best known to protect photosynthetic tissues from such oxidative damage [228]. Moreover, exposure to excess UV-B radiation causes increased synthesis of stronger antioxidants such as dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids (e.g., quercetin and luteolin glycosides) (Figure 5) and less effective antioxidant flavonoids such as kaempfer or apigenin glycosides [229; 230]. As a response to UV irradiation, the concentrations of quercetin flavonoids increase in _Brassica napus_[156] and _Fagopyrum esculent_[163]. The concentration of antioxidative flavonoids increased in _Kalanchoe pinnata_ when exposed to UV-B radiation compared to ordinary white light [231]. When [PERSON] et al. [225] investigated the effects of UV radiation in _Silene littorea_, UV exposure increased the concentrations of protective phenolic compounds but affected its reproductive efficacy. UV-B radiation modifies gene expression, but their underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood, unlike other phytochrome and blue/or UV-A. [PERSON] et al. [232] attribute plant response to UV-B stress mainly to damage caused to cell membranes and DNA. The multiple roles of flavonoids, including photoprotection and the effects of stress on flavonoid biosynthesis, are reviewed elsewhere [52; 54].
# Elastic Modulus Prediction Model of Foamed Concrete Based on the Walsh Formula
## 2 Micromechanical Analysis of Foamed Concrete Elements
### Calculation Process for the Elastic Modulus of Foamed Concrete  
Foamed concrete is a two-layer embedded single-inclusion composite material. The main idea of its calculation follows. The inclusion spherical shell is placed into foamed concrete matrix material (assuming its elastic characteristic is \(F\), which is determined by the material properties, such as elastic modulus \(E\) and Poisson's ratio \(v\), and assuming its elastic characteristic be \(S\)). Then, the formula above is used to complete the homogenization process to obtain the macroscopic properties of foamed concrete (setting its elastic characteristics as \(F\)-\(SM\)). The calculation diagram is shown in Figure 6.  
From the mesomechanical analysis process described above, the calculation process for the elastic modulus of foamed concrete under normal conditions can be determined when combined with the basic physical performance parameters of foamed concrete, as shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Schematic of the calculation of a single inclusion in foamed concrete.
# Gearbox Fault Diagnosis Based on ICEEMDAN-MPE-AWT and SE-ResNeXt50 Transfer Learning Model
## 5 Experiment and Analysis
### Performance Analysis of Different Noise Reduction Methods
At the same time, MPE is robust to noise and interference. It can measure the complexity and randomness of the signal by calculating the arrangement entropy of the signal so that the interference of noise can be reduced to a certain extent. Therefore, CEEMDAN-MPE-WHT has relatively good fault diagnosis accuracy. In summary, ICEEMDAN-MPE-AWT proposed in this paper has better noise reduction performance than other methods in noisy circumstances and can improve the accuracy of the model for noisy signals.
## 2 System Under Consideration and Basic Assumptions  
A full-bridge inverter [24,25] feeding a generalized series-connected resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) network with time-varying component values [26], as shown in Figure 3, is considered in this work. Due to the nature of pulsed-power applications, the pre-charged DC-side capacitance \(C_{in}\) functions as the only system energy source within a single pulse period. The values of the RLC network components are assumed to vary in time according to  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Valid in Steady State** & **Valid in Transients** \\ \hline Classical phasor-domain analysis [17] & Yes & No \\ \hline Linearized reduced-order envelope & Yes & Small variations only \\ modeling [21] & & \\ \hline Energetic coupling envelope & & \\ modeling [22] & No & Near resonance only \\ \hline Proposed nonlinear reduced-order & & \\ envelope model & No & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Modeling methods comparison.  
\[R(t) = R_{0}+\Delta R(t)\left[\Omega\right]\] \[L(t) = L_{0}+\Delta L(t)\left[\mathrm{H}\right]\ \, \tag{1}\] \[C(t) = C_{0}+\Delta C(t)\left[\mathrm{F}\right]\]  
where the first (zero-indexed) right-hand side term denotes the corresponding constant nominal value, and the second right-hand term signifies the matching time-varying quantity. In addition, the practical relative rate of change in \(R(t)\), \(L(t)\), and \(C(t)\) is significantly lower than the angular converter switching frequency \(\omega_{s}(t)\). Consequently, the RLC network component values would be considered constant over a single switching period \(T_{s}=1/f_{s}\) [s] with \(f_{s}(t)\) [Hz] = \(\omega_{s}(t)/2\pi\). The DC-side capacitance \(C_{in}\) is assumed to be constant and known, pre-charged to an initial voltage of \(\upsilon_{in}(0)=V_{0}\) prior to the pulse creation at \(t=0\). During operation, the DC-side capacitance discharges while providing energy to the resistance \(R(t)\). Nevertheless, the \(C_{in}\) is typically high enough to assume that the average value of \(\upsilon_{in}(t)\) remains unchanged during a single switching period \(T_{s}\). The converter switches operate in a complementary fashion with a duty cycle of 50% so that their output voltage \(v(t)\) may be approximated by the following square-wave within a single switching period:  
\[v(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\upsilon_{in}(t),\ 0\leq t\leq\frac{T_{s}(t)}{2}\\ -\upsilon_{in}(t),\ \frac{T_{s}(t)}{2}\leq t\leq T_{s}(t)\end{array}\right., \tag{2}\]  
where switch parasitics are neglected for simplicity. In addition, note that the converter switching frequency may vary in general, yet the corresponding relative rate of change is significantly lower than \(\omega_{s}(t)\).
# A Tuning Method for Speed Tracking Controller Parameters of Autonomous Vehicles
## 3 PID Controller Parameter Optimization
### Optimization Algorithm Design  
The optimization goal of the genetic algorithm is to minimize the speed error during the speed tracking process of the autonomous vehicle. The speed error refers to the difference between the actual speed \(v_{a}(t)\) and the desired speed \(v_{d}(t)\). The optimization objective function can be expressed as the sum of squared errors:  
\[J=\sum_{t=1}^{N}[v_{a}(t)-v_{d}(t)]^{2} \tag{12}\]  
where  
\(J\) is the objective function, which represents the total error to be minimized;  
\(v_{a}(t)\) is the actual speed at time \(t\);  
\(v_{d}(t)\) is the desired speed at time \(t\);  
\(N\) is the total time duration considered.  
The flowchart of the optimization algorithm used in this study is shown in Figure 4.  
1. Initialize the PID controller parameters and generate the initial population.
2. Input the PID controller parameters into the controller and simulate the longitudinal motion control process by controlling the vehicle's speed.
3. Evaluate the performance of the current controller based on the error between the actual vehicle speed and the target speed.
4. Check if the error meets the termination condition. If it does, stop the optimization process and output the controller parameters. If not, proceed to the next step.
5. Select the better individuals based on the fitness function, with superior individuals having a higher chance of advancing to the next generation.
6. Perform crossover operations on the selected individuals to combine gene information from the parents, generating new individuals.
7. Apply gene mutation to the individuals in the population to increase diversity and help escape local optima.
8. Generate a new population consisting of multiple individuals, each representing a possible set of PID parameters, and reinput them into the PID controller.  
The above steps 1-8 were programmed using MATLAB (2019b), and the corresponding code can be found in Appendix A.
## 3 Results  
A case study showing the generation of combined Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 ARD for a region in Scotland is presented for the purposes of providing evidence of the functionality and ease of use of the framework. Inherent challenges in Sentinel products and framework optimisations are then discussed, including the selection of Sentinel-2 products based on local cloud coverage criteria and the avoidance of \"no-data\" regions at the boundary of Sentinel-1 products. Furthermore, the effect of tile overlaps and an example of the application of the proposed ARD framework to crop monitoring are detailed.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Thin Cloud Removal Model
The attention scores \(Atten_{i}\) calculated in groups are multiplied element-wise with the original input features \(X\) to obtain enhanced features. Utilizing Sigmoid activation, the model dynamically adjusts the significance of various regions within the feature map, highlighting critical information essential for detecting small objects. GARM segments the input features into groups and calculates the attention for each group along the channel dimension. This method improves the local information of high-level features while substantially lowering the model's computational cost, thus boosting its generalization ability.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Log Spectral Distance  
The log spectral distance (LSD) can be employed to measure the distortion between true noise and the estimated version. This measure is expressed by [20]  
\[LSD(\hat{\mathrm{D}}(\eta,\Omega),\ \mathrm{D}(\eta,\Omega))=\frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{0}^{2\pi}\left|\log P_{\hat{\mathrm{D}}}((\eta,\Omega)-\log P_{\mathrm{ D}}((\eta,\Omega)\right|^{2}d\Omega \tag{40}\]  
where \(P_{\hat{\mathrm{D}}}((\eta,\Omega)\) and \(P_{\mathrm{D}}((\eta,\Omega)\) denote the power spectrum of true noise and the estimated version, respectively.  
Table 3 presents the LSD comparisons for each noise estimator. The quality of denoised speech becomes better if this denoised speech obtains smaller value of the LSD score. One can find that the proposed method outperforms the other two methods in most conditions. Even in the cases of the babble noise interference, the proposed noise estimator also outperforms the other two methods. Accordingly, the proposed method can estimate the level of background noise accurately. In the conditions of heavy interference in stationary noise, such as helicopter and car noise interference with input SNR equaling 0 dB, the proposed method cannot outperform the other two methods. This may attribute to the underestimation of level of background noise, causing the larger values of the LSD.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Noise Type**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SNR**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LSD**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **(dB)** & **MCRA** & **FB\_MCRA** & **Proposed** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{White} & 0 & 2.49 & 2.59 & 2.08 \\  & 5 & 2.87 & 2.94 & 2.28 \\  & 10 & 3.53 & 3.51 & 2.45 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{F16} & 0 & 2.68 & 2.87 & 2.54 \\  & 5 & 3.18 & 3.37 & 2.69 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 10 & 4.07 & 4.01 & 2.88 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of log spectral distance (LSD) for the denoised speech in various noise corruptions.
## 3 Designing Virtualization of Wireless Sensor Network
### Challenges behind Designing VSNs
#### Resource Discovery  
In order to allocate resources for requests from different virtual sensor service providers, infrastructure providers must be able to determine the topology of the sensor networks they manage as well as the status of the corresponding sensor network elements. Moreover, adjacent infrastructure providers must also share reachability information to be able to establish links between their networks to enable inter domain sensor virtual network instantiation.
# Analysis of Mining Waste Dump Site Stability Based on Multiple Remote Sensing Technologies
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, a collaborative approach was proposed and conducted to evaluate the stability of the Xudonggou waste dump in the Anqian iron mine, using multiple remote sensing technologies. First, a TS-InSAR analysis is carried out to determine the LOS displacement of the Xudonggou dump site. Then, based on the assumption that ground displacement only happens parallel to the slope surface, the LOS measurements were translated to the slope direction. To assess the accuracy of the measurements translated from TS-InSAR, the retrieved displacements, along slope direction, were compared with the ground measurement data collected by total station instruments. In order to further investigate the deformation pattern of the dump site, aquifers on the slope were detected using thermographic imaging. Finally, the numerical simulation of dump stability was carried out based on two different assumptions. By using collaborative, multi-source, remote sensing technologies, a potential landslide danger zone could be precisely delineated.
# Mechanism and Application of Soilbags Filled with Excavated Soil in Soft Soil Subgrade Treatment
## 2 Principle of Soilbag Treatment for Soft Soil Subgrade
### Consolidation Model Tests and Tests Results
These observations imply that the consolidation effect in the superficial layer of the soilbag-treated subgrade was relatively inferior compared to the sand cushion-treated subgrade. However, the shear strength in the deeper layers of the soilbag-treated subgrade was marginally superior compared to the sand cushion-treated subgrade. Additionally, there was a notable extension in the range of shear strength improvement in the horizontal direction in the soilbag-treated subgrade compared to the sand cushion-treated subgrade. This extensive dataset suggests that, despite a marginally lower enhancement at the superficial layer, a more favorable consolidation effect was attained in the soilbag-treated subgrade. In conclusion, the employment of soilbags filled with excavated clayey soil was observed to possess high compressive strength, attributable to the constraint provided by the geosynthetic bag, rendering it suitable for subgrade enhancement. In addition, the stress diffusion attributes of soilbag reinforcement amplify the bearing capacity of the soilbag-treated subgrade, extending the scope of improvement for soft soil subgrades. Moreover, the drainage capacity of the soilbag reinforcement cushion fostered the drainage consolidation of the soft soil subgrades under vertical load. Due to these aforementioned factors, soilbags filled with excavated residual soil are validated as viable options for soft soil subgrade reinforcement.
# Study of the Constraint Pillar Test and the Application in Gob-Side Entry Retaining
## 3 Requirements of Gob-Side Entry Retaining for Restrained Pillars
### Roadway Side-Support Action Law  
Rooft strata movement in gob-side entry retaining can be divided into three periods according to time: early activity, transitional activity, and late activity. In the early stage, roof fracture and rotation deformation are the main movements. During the transition  
Figure 7: Surrounding rock structure of gob-side entry retaining.  
period, the roof movement is still mainly rotational deformation, with a fast deformation speed and large deformation amount. In the late period, the roof mainly sinks in parallel.  
As the key technology of gob-side entry retaining, roadside support requires that the dead weight of cantilever part of direct roof and basic roof can be balanced in the early stage of roadway side support, and enough support resistance can be provided to smoothly realize roof cutting. During the transition period, by participating in roof movement and balance, the time of strenuous roof movement can be shortened, and the roof subsidence of the retaining roadway can be reduced. In the late stage, it can maintain the stability of the cantilever beam structure after the deformation of the overlying strata. Reasonable roadway backfill should not only have a high initial strength to effectively support the roof as soon as possible, but it should also have high later strength to keep the roadway stable for a long time, and it should have enough deformation ability to adapt to the subsidence and rotation of the roof. In the design of gob-side entry retaining, the supporting resistance of the supporting body beside the roadway is mainly based on the early activity of the overlying strata, and the compression of the supporting body beside the roadway is mainly based on the activity law of the overlying strata during the transition period [24; 25; 26].  
To sum up, roadside support is the key and difficult technology of gob-side entry retaining, which has many requirements: (1) There is reasonable working resistance to cut off the roof with a certain height. (2) There is a certain amount of deformation to adapt to the subsidence of roof in gob-side entry retaining. (3) There is a fast speed of increasing resistance, and the roof is effectively supported as soon as possible to avoid excessive roof separation and subsidence. (4) The construction speed is fast, which meets the requirements of rapid advancement of the working face. (5) It can isolate the goal. (6) Its cost is low.
## 6 The Evaluation of the Network Availability for WDM-PON Protection Schemes
### The Comparison of the TDM-PON and P2 MP WDM-PON Network Availabilities  
For this comparison, the following parameters are considered in the PON Network Availability Evaluator--the restoration time 10 ms, the unprotected network, Type B, the dual-parented Type B and Type C. The network availabilities for TDM-PON and P2 MP WDM-PON networks for this restoration time and selected protection scenarios are presented in Figure 8. Particular results are based on values of specific parameters for the TDM-PON network presented in [20] and for the P2 MP WDM-PON network presented in [7].  
As can be seen, better resultant values of the network availability are reached in the TDM-PON network, where results differ slightly for considered protection scenarios. In a case of the P2 MP WDM-PON network, there are significant differences between the unprotected network, Type B and Type C protection scenarios. Because network availabilities for Type B and dual-parented Type B protections are nearly identical, a network realization with the dual-parented Type B protection is more suitable for the WDM-PON practical utilization due to higher protection of several network components. The Type C protection reaches higher network availability, but with only small variance from others. The network availability of P2 MP WDM-PON protection scenarios is lower because a more complex system and more complicated elements are necessary for their correct performance and functionalities. Reversely, TDM-PON protection scenarios contain a more simple system with network components consisting of a smaller number of basic elements.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**P2 MP**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**RING**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Type B** & **Dual-Parented Type B** & **Type C** & **Access** & **Metro-Access** \\ \hline No protection & 99.95454409 & 99.95454409 & 99.95454409 & 99.86234142 & 99.85835879 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(t_{\text{res1}}\) [ms]} & 1 & 99.98873240 & 99.98878360 & 99.99994880 & 99.99910400 & 99.99512137 \\  & 50 & 99.9887328 & 99.98878358 & 99.99994877 & 99.99910392 & 99.99512129 \\  & 250 & 99.98873230 & 99.98878350 & 99.99994867 & 99.99910361 &