# Machine Learning Prediction Approach to Enhance Congestion Control in 5G IoT Environment
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Effect of jitter  
This part shows effect of jitter on the proposed SCTP congestion control. Jitter can be defined as the difference in delay of the received packets. The transmitting side sends packets in a continuous flow and spaces them equally as a variation in the delay of received packets. Due to congestion control, the received packets are either received or dropped. Jitter is used as an impacted utilization to evaluate the performance of the enhanced congestion control mechanism in the post-simulation stage. The average rate of jitter for each flow can represent the router resource management. Figure 10 shows the difference between ORG-SCTP and IMP-SCTP.  
This performance parameter was assessed for 180 s. The scale of milliseconds was used as a rate for evaluation. The two SCTPs were started at 0.3 s, and then jitter of ORG-SCTP was maximized from 0.4 to 9 s. It was observed that the performance of IMP-SCTP oscillated slightly but did not reach a higher level than ORG-SCTP. It was observed that although the performance of IMP-SCTP was unstable throughout the simulation period, it was better than that of ORG-SCTP by 64%. Although the performance of IMP-SCTP declined (the rising level in jitter indicates degrading performance), IMP-SCTP was still better than ORG-SCTP. The performance degradations of the latter were evident in the following periods: 13-18 s, 61-69 s, 133-143 s, and 163-172 s. Meanwhile, the lowest performance degradations were observed at 11, 20, 35, 46, 59, 70, 82, 92, 106, 118, 144, 161, 162, and 173 s. Moreover, the jitter utilization of IMP-SCTP increased at 3, 43, 52, 100, 108, and 178-180 s. The performance of IMP-SCTP was better and more stable than that of ORG-SCTP from 10 s to the end of the simulation period, and rarely reached the maximum level. Throughout the 180 s, the behaviors were independent of elapsed time. Since the behaviors were independent of time, the result records are reported in the  
Figure 10: Jitter of ORG-SCTP and IMP-SCTP.  
Figure 9: Delay of ORG-SCTP and improved SCTP (IMP-SCTP).  
180 s. A paired-sample \(t\)-test was implemented to calculate the significant difference between jitter levels of IMP-SCTP and ORG-SCTP. The mean of jitter for IMP-SCTP (mean = 0.0017) was less than the mean of ORG-SCTP (mean = 0.005). To determine the significant difference, the equation t(df) = t state (\(p\leq 0.05\)) was used again between two SCTPs, t(\(703\)) = 11.65, \(p\leq 0.05\). The \(p\)-values reached 0.0 at 180 s, and since 0.0 \(\leq 0.5\), the jitter level of IMP-SCTP and ORG-SCTP differed significantly. Therefore, the proposed enhancements improved IMP-SCTP's jitter.  
The improved congestion control based on DT C4.5 machine learning presented superior outcomes to original SCTP in the 5G environment. The new mathematical approaches that were incorporated for the prediction were developed for an improved congestion control approach to acquire the optimal values from the proposed equations. Figure 11 provides the outcomes showing that the throughput, packet loss, cwnd, and queue size were enhanced by 8.5%, 16%, 75%, and 93%, respectively, as compared to conventional SCTP variants. In addition, the jitter was improved, being decreased by 64%, delay was decreased by 14.5%, and the packet send/receive was increased by 20%. It can be concluded that the proposed approach is efficient for wide-bandwidth networks such as 5G IoT.