# Diversity of Potential (Bio)Technological Applications of Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids
## 2 Bioapplications of AA ILs: An Overview
### AA IL Application in Wastewater Treatment and Separation Processes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Method/AA IL Used** & **Pollutant/Target** & **Achieved \({}^{*}\)** & **References** \\ \hline
**IL-assisted ligand-exchange HPLC** & & & \\ C\({}_{18}\) column, eluent IL, and 3.0 mM Cu(II) & & & \\ were dissolved in methanol/water (20/80, \(v/v\)) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, where IL & & (*) separation within 14 min; \\ is [Emim][Leu][Bmim][Ala], [Bmim][Val], & & \\ [Bmim][Leu] (*), [Bmim][Ser], & & \\ [Bmim][Ph-Ala], and [Omim][Leu] & & \\ \hline
**extraction from model oil** & & (*) E (\%) = 98; \\
[C\({}_{2}\)mpyr][Gly] (*) & extraction of & recovery of the naphthenic \\
[C\({}_{2}\)mpyr][Ala] (*) & napthenic acid & acid: 70–80\%; \\
[C\({}_{2}\)mpyr][Ser] & & 4 cycles without any loss of \\
[C\({}_{2}\)mpyr][Pro] & & extraction capacity \\ \hline
**solid-phase extraction (SPE)** & & \\ magnetic nanoparticles (Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)@SiO\({}_{2}\)) & & extraction of & trace detection in plasma \\ grafted & & benzimidazole & and juice \\ with-1-octyl-3-octenyl-benzimidazol & & \\ glycinate, [C\$obim][Gly] & & \\ \hline
**SPE and HPLC** & & limit of detection \\ poly-[3-(3-(7-(diethylamino)-2-carbonyl-2 & extraction of Allura & (LOD) = 0.004 g/mL \\ h-amino-3-propyl)-1-ethyl brono & red & (in food); \\ imidazole] P[Phe][EMI] & & recovery (\%) \\  & & 92–102. \\ \hline
**SPE and HPLC** & & LOD = 0.01 g/mL \\ poly-[1-ethyl-3-benzyltriethylammonium & extraction of sunset & (in beverages); \\ alanine P[ETA][Ala]] & yellow & recovery (\%) \\  & & 92–110 \\ \hline
**ATPE and subsequent HPLC-UV detection** & & (*) LOD = 0.021 g/mL \\
[Ch][Gly]-K\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) & extraction of sunset & (in beverages); recovery \\
[Ch][Ala]-K\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) (*) & yellow & 87.04–101.21\% \\
[Ch][Lys]-K\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) & & (in beverages) \\ \hline
**extraction from model oil** & & \\
[N\({}_{2222}\)][L-Ala] (*), [N\({}_{2222}\)][Gly], & & \\
[N\({}_{2222}\)][L-Pro], [N\({}_{2222}\)][Sarcosine], & extraction of indole & (*) E (\%) = 98; separation \\
[N\({}_{2222}\)][L-Lys], [N\({}_{2222}\)][L-Arg], & & within 5 min \\
**oxidation–extraction from model oil** & & \\
[Omim][Phe] (*) & extraction of & (*) desulfurization: 97.4\% \\
[Omim][His], [Omim][Gly], [Omim][Trp] & dibenzothiophene & first cycle; 93.4\% eighth cycle \\ \hline
**ATPE (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 0.1 MPa)** & & (*) recovery (\%) \\
[Ch][Ala]-K\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) & extraction of & _naphthalene:_ 98.9 (lake water) \\
[Ch][Gly]-K\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) & naphthalene and & and 95.2 (tap water); \\
[Ch][Lys]-K\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) & pyrene & _pyridine:_ \\
[Ch][Leu]-K\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\) (*) & pyrene & 103.1\% (lake water) and \\  & & 107.8 (tap water) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Method/AA IL Used** & **Pollutant/Target** & **Achieved * ** & **References** \\ \hline
**SPE and HPLC** & & & high-affinity extraction on \\ magnetic graphene oxide grafted with & extraction of Sudan & the IL-modified adsorbent; \\
[Bmim][Trp] & I–IV & 10-fold enrichment factor; \\  & & LOD=1.0 ng/mL \\ \hline
**chiral liquid–liquid extraction system** & & enantioselective & (S)-metoprolol, \\ CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\)-[Bmim][Trp] & extraction of & enantioselectivity (pH 8.5, \\  & & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C) = 1.29 & [166] \\ \hline
**chiral liquid–liquid extraction system** & & & \\ CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\)-[Bmim][L-Trp] (*) & enantioselective & & \\ CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\)-[Bmim][L-Glu] & resolution of & & \\ CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\)-[Bmim][L-Ser] & flurbiprofen & & \\ CH\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{2}\)-[Bmim][L-Phe] & & & \\ \hline
**nanofiltration** & & & \\ nanofiltration membrane grafted with & & & \\  1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium glycinate & pigment adsorption & & \\