## 3 Conclusions  
In this work, the authors presented an integration of fast-growing coding metamaterials for RCS-reduction applications at the C- and Ku-bands. The elements for the coding metamaterials were selected through the trial-and-error method by constructing various design structures, such as circular and square metamaterials. The selected elements, namely '0' and '1', for one-bit coding sequences were based on phase responses. Although all the numerical simulations were conducted using CST software, the phase-response properties were validated through HFSS software. The single-layer coding metamaterial structure revealed corresponding results wherein monostatic RCS values reduced as numbers of lattices increased. Multi-layer cuboid coding metamaterials were also introduced in this work. The one-bit coding metamaterials with multi-layer structures successfully exhibited further RCS reduction values when compared to single-layer structures. The cuboid coding metamaterials demonstrated a better reduction value and is very appropriate to be applied to the miniaturization concept that requires further RCS-reduction properties. These proposed unique structures can be utilized in smaller devices since they can further reduce the RCS value instead of using larger-sized coding metamaterials. Coding metamaterials are generally new to the scientific field, and it can be applied to a wide range of applications, such as manipulating antennas' radiation beams, reducing the scattering features of targets, and manifesting the various extraordinary properties of metamaterials. Moreover, RCS \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Lattices** & **Coding Sequence** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Conventional** \\ **(dBm2)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Multi-Layer** \\ **(dBm2)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Cuboid (dBm2)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
4 & 3 & \(-27.8\) & - & \(-17.1\) \\ \hline
6 & 2 & \(-19.5\) & - & \(-12.7\) \\ \hline
8 & 3 & \(-20.7\) & - & \(-7.6\) \\ \hline
12 & 3 & \(-8.3\) &
\begin{tabular}{c} Double: \(-7.92\) \\ Triple: \(-6.39\) \\ \end{tabular} & \(-4.36\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Comparison table of bistatic RCS reductions at 8 GHz. reductions generally have a crucial role in stealth technology for aircraft, missiles, ships, and other military vehicles. With smaller RCSs, vehicles can evade radar detection more effectively, whether it be from land-based installations, guided weapons, or other vehicles. Overall, the results obtained from these analyses give a clear view of coding metamaterials' integration effects for proposed frequency bands. Coding metamaterials have better RCS-reduction values; hence, it is suitable for C- and Ku-band applications. A further investigation into coding metamaterial will be a valuable asset in this technological era since the materials possesses unique monostatic RCS and bistatic scattering-pattern behaviours. Conceptualization, T.R. and M.R.I.F. ; methodology, T.R. and M.R.I.F. ; software, T.R. ; validation, T.R. and M.R.I.F. ; formal analysis, T.R. ; investigation, T.R. and M.R.I.F. ; data curation, T.R. ; writing--original draft preparation, T.R. ; writing--review and editing, M.R.I.F., M.T.I. and M.U.K. ; visualization, T.R., M.R.I.F., M.T.I., M.U.K., N.T. and A.S.; supervision, M.R.I.F. and M.T.I. ; project administration, M.R.I.F. ; funding acquisition, N.T. and A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors express their gratitude to the Princess [PERSON] University Researchers Support Project (grant no. PNURSP2022R12), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors also thank the Universiti Grant, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, GUP-2021-074, for supporting the research. Not applicable. All the data are available within the manuscript. The authors express their gratitude to the Princess [PERSON] University Researchers Support Project (grant no.