# The 6G Ecosystem as Support for IoE and Private Networks: Vision, Requirements, and Challenges
## 2 From 1G to 5G
### The Fifth Generation (5G)  
In the realm of 5G research, there is a strong focus on advancing the \"Worldwide Wireless Web (WWWW),\" dynamic ad hoc wireless networks (DAWN), and other traditional wireless communication. Some of the most crucial techniques driving 5G technologies include 802.11 wireless local areas networks (WLAN), wireless metropolitan networks in urban areas (WMAN), ad hoc wireless personal area networks (WPAN), and other wireless networks to support digital communications. The introduction of 5G features has empowered portable devices with AI capabilities, unlocking new possibilities [21; 39; 40]. The wireless networks of 5G have brought about revolutionary technological concepts that bridge the gap between traditional IT domains and communication networks. Key innovations like cloudification and softwarization of networking technologies have enabled the deployment of a new range of use cases, services, and applications in wireless networks. From the physical layer's mMIMO to the application layer's machine learning (ML) technologies, 5G has significantly enhanced network capacities and capabilities. Despite these remarkable advancements, 5G still faces challenges in meeting the demands of emerging services like the IoE, primarily due to the intrinsic limitations within 5G systems [41; 42]. During the initial deployment phase of 5G networks, operators and device manufacturers predominantly embrace the 3 GPP 5G new radio (NR) standard, particularly in densely populated urban regions [43]. NR 5G enables mmWave spectrum access (24 to 100 GHz range), supplementing the initial sub-6 GHz spectrum commonly shared with 4G networks. The 20 Gbps requirement represents a substantial stride toward eMBB, alongside mMTC and URLLC. The advent of mMTC addresses the increasing reliance on IoT applications and aligns with IMT-2020 specifications for dense connectivity and low power consumption [33]. Operating within the 2-6 GHz spectra, the corresponding 5G network harnesses both mmWave and mMIMO technologies, albeit network densification initiatives might experience delays due to specific factors. Network slicing functionality plays a varying role in 5G mission-critical applications. The spectrum of services that benefit from 5G includes internet protocol television (IPTV), high-definition video streaming (HD-VS), high-speed mobility services, as well as foundal VR and augmented reality (AR) offerings. Overall, 5G offers a high data transfer speed, very low latency, energy efficiency, and extensive connectivity. Its core services encompass eMBB to prioritize high throughput, capacity, and spectral efficiency; mMTC to deal with energy efficiency and massive connectivity; and URLLC to offer high reliability and low latency, to account for supporting diverse services [35; 44]. To enhance user experience and network performance advanced technologies like mmWave, mMIMO, and device-to-device (D2D) communication are utilized. These innovations bolster both QoS and QoE for users [45]. Within 5G networks, softwarization facilitates the seamless instantiation of services across the entire network, ensuring resource allocation harmony and stability. This is supported by a two-tier cloud computing hierarchy, specifically the cloud edge, which divides physical network resources for various services such as eMBB, mMTC, and URLLC. The 5G core incorporates a network data analysis function (NWDAF) to address the growing reliance on resource sharing. This function plays a pivotal role in managing the increasing complexity of the network, particularly in executing autonomous policies or intent-based management [33]. The pursuit of 5G technology continues to push the boundaries of what is possible in wireless communication, and ongoing research aims to address the evolving requirements of an increasingly connected and data-driven world.