## 1 Introduction  
Urban subway tunnels predominantly comprise shallow structures that traverse bustling city districts. The use of shield tunnelling methods during construction can effectively minimize the impact on ground surfaces. However, in the face of challenging geological conditions, such as hard rock, boulders, anchor cables, and varied layers of hardness and softness, shield tunnelling technology in China has not fully matured. As a result, employing shield tunnelling in these circumstances may expedite tool wear, diminish excavation speed, and necessitate more frequent tool replacements. This could lead to increased engineering costs and elevated safety risks. Considering these problems, it is prudent to consider a combined construction approach that integrates mining and shield tunnelling methods. Through the study of the combined construction method, optimization of the construction structure and engineering cost can be realized, and the safety hazards can be reduced, which is helpful in the successful completion of a tunnel project. As the complexity of urban subway construction increases, new technical development demands have been raised for shield tunnelling construction. Research on the construction technology of shield tunnelling empty-pushing using the mining method has also made significant progress in China. In terms of construction technology research, as urban subway construction becomes increasingly challenging, new technological development requirements have been proposed for the shield construction process. In China, shield tunnelling empty-pushing construction using the mining method has made significant progress. Regarding construction technology research, [PERSON] et al. [1] determined the parameters of the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook model of the diorie in the Jinan area to ensure the accuracy of the rock-breaking simulation, using ANSYS to simulate the rock-breaking process to analyse the influence on the rock-breaking behaviour of the geometric configuration, including the blade width and blade fillet. [PERSON] et al. [2] studied the friction coefficient for tunnel-boring machine excavation planning by shearing rock specimens with different lithology to optimise the construction parameters of the shield in terms of friction. [PERSON] et al. [3] experimentally evaluated the waterproofing performance of five sealant installation methods based on the type and number of layers of sealant, using a waterproofing performance test to determine the relative waterproofing performance of the tunnel tube sheets. [PERSON] et al. [4] investigated the mechanical properties of the new structural material FWP through compression and bending tests, determined the key design parameters of the bearing capacity and stiffness through numerical tests, and proposed a calculation method that can be used to calculate the bearing capacity and stiffness of FWP in practical engineering. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [5] compared the vibration measurement values generated when excavating the top surface using the existing NATM construction method and the TBM and NATM parallel construction methods, based on the vibration measurement data of the excavation site and using the NATM construction method; the vibration reduction effect of the two construction methods was analysed through 3D numerical analysis. [PERSON] et al. [6] proposed an equation describing the relationship between volume loss and the liquefaction potential index by monitoring field data obtained during the construction of the Binh Thanh-Su Tien tunnel on line 1 of the Ho Chi Minh City metro in Vietnam, which was used in practice as an indicator of potential large settlements caused by EBP tunnel boring machines in sandy soils. [PERSON] et al. [7] examined the performance of blades made from 42 CrMo low-alloy steel after different heat treatments, contributing valuable insights to fault prevention and cost reduction in shield machines.