## 2 Principal Textile Colored WW Characteristics and Composition
### Coagulation-Flocculation Technologies and Its Performances in Colored Textile WWs Treatment
Another case is that of synthetic WWs (models of industrial WW from cosmetic manufacturing) containing Cu\({}^{2+}\), Ni\({}^{2+}\), Zn\({}^{2+}\), and Pb\({}^{2+}\) ions together with vegetal oil (cedar oil), which were treated with inorganic precipitation agents (sodium carbonate and lime) at pH = 8.5-9.3 and anionic Ponilit GT-2 polyelectrolyte (0.25-0.75 mg/L) individually or in association with anionic Ponilit GT-4 polyelectrolyte as flocculants (co-polymers based on maleic acid, acrylic aldehyde and/or acid) [120] by using chemical precipitation and coagulation-flocculation followed by air flotation and rapid filtration with relatively to very good removals of 54.60-96.20% for Cu(II), 51.52-96.10% for Ni(II), 68.68-96.80% for Zn(II), 68.90-96.08% for Pb(II), and 82.30-98.30% for oil [121]. Numerous scientific reports have noted that the combination of ferric chloride and polymer/polymeric hybrid materials at different ratios achieved high removal efficiency in relation to the removal of metal species and color from WW [123; 124; 125; 126; 127; 128; 129; 130; 131; 132; 133; 134; 135; 136; 137; 138; 139; 140; 141; 142; 143; 144; 145; 146; 147; 148; 149; 150; 151; 152; 153; 154; 155; 156; 157; 158; 159]. In the presence of an electric field, the efficiency of the coagulation-flocculation processes improves due to the good separation of the S/L phases using electrochemical processes, especially electrocoagulation-electro flotation, in which multiple processes are involved, such as electrolytic reactions at the electrodes, the formation of coagulants when treating the effluent, the adsorption of soluble or colloidal pollutants on solid coagulants, and removal after settlement or dissolved air flotation [63; 64; 65; 122]. This electrochemical treatment is efficient even at high pH for color and COD-Cr removals, and it is strongly influenced by the current density and duration of the reaction. The EC treatment was applied with high efficiency for textile WWs. Thus, the EC efficiency in WW containing Orange II and Acid Red 14 dye was found to be higher than 98% for color removal [123; 124], and in industrial effluent containing Yellow 86, high turbidity, COD-Cr, and extractible substances were 87.20%, 49.89%, 94.67%, and 74.20% after 30 min of operation at a current intensity of 1 A with monopolar electrodes [122], where iron was the sacrificial anode (producing an iron-based coagulant). Discoloration performance in EC treatment was reported to be in the range of 90-95%, and for COD-Cr, it was reported to be in the range of 30-46% under optimal conditions [96]. The same efficient effect has been noted for magnetic fields in relation to the separation of different solid agglomerates (agglomerated metal co-precipitates) from WWs, especially new metal-based formed aggregates that are easily separable from treated WW with the help of efficient magnets (Figure 4b). In both electric and magnetic fields, the WW treatment process can be performed using advanced electrochemical or magnetic separation processes with very good results, usually considered recovery treatment methods. Hybrid Materials and Their Performance in Colored WW Treatments Based on Coagulation-Flocculation Processes