## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Properties of HCLPPs  
The textural properties of these materials are listed in Table 1. The results revealed that the pristine hyper-crosslinked porous polymer had the highest Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (\(S_{BET}\) = 757 m\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\)) and its structure was partially microporous and mesoporous. The reaction of the prepared porous material with polyamine species (amines and amine groups containing dendrimers) decreased the specific surface area and total volume of pores, while in the case of modification by dendrimers, the decrease was smaller than that for amines. The reduction in specific surface area due to amine functionalization was also reported by [PERSON] et al. [32], see Table 6.  
Similarly, the total and micropore volumes decreased significantly after amine modification. However, the modification by dendrimers reduced the total and micropore volumes \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & \(S_{BET}\)1 [FOOTNOTE:1]Footnote 1: \(S_{BET}\) the specific surface area calculated by the BET method from the N\({}_{2}\) adsorption isotherm at T = 77 K; \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(S_{\text{max}}\) is the specific surface area of mesopores (t-plot method using the standard isotherm according to Harkins and Jura [39]); \({}^{\circ}V_{\text{int}}\) the specific total volume of pores determined from the N\({}_{2}\) adsorption isotherm at \(p/p^{h}\) = 0.99; \({}^{\text{d}}\)\(V_{\text{micro}}\) the specific volume of micropores (t-plot method determined by the t-plot method using the standard isotherm according to Harkins and Jura). \\ \hline HCLPP & 757 & 310 & 408 & 226 \\ HCLPP-EDA & 283 & 93 & 157 & 97 \\ HCLPP-DETA & 277 & 132 & 159 & 76 \\ HCLPP-DENDRIMER & 616 & 194 & 341 & 218 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Texture properties of pure and functionalized porous polymers HCLPPs. only slightly, which indicated difficulties in filling the micropores with voluminous dendrimer molecules affecting only the region of mesopores and not the micropores. To investigate the morphology and elemental composition of the prepared HCLPP, a SEM equipped with an EDX spectroscopy detector was used. From the photographs in Figure 3, the morphologies of all prepared polymers were similar, and the resulting materials had different particle sizes of irregular shape with no observable changes after functionalization by agents containing amino groups. Elemental analyses of the prepared polymers, performed using EDX, are given in Table 2. After functionalization, the nitrogen content in the materials considerably increased. The modification by amines increased the nitrogen content to more than 9%, while with the dendrimer, the value of approximately 5% was achieved. Simultaneously, the modification lowered the chlorine content, indicating a reaction with the chloride units. The results show a more effective reaction and exchange of chloride groups for amine groups and a significantly higher density of amine groups on the surface of the porous material for amine functionalization compared to that of modification with a dendrimer. These findings were in agreement with the morphological data shown in Table 1.  
Elemental analysis of the dendrimer-modified sample also revealed the presence of sulfur and silicon in the modifying agent. A small amount of silicon was also detected in other porous polymers, which was probably caused by contamination during the grinding of the porous samples in the ceramic bowl before the analyses. Figure 3: SEM images of synthesized polystyrene based HCLPPs (**a**) pristine HCLPP, (**b**) HCLPP-EDA, (**c**) HCLPP-DETA, and (**d**) HCLPP-DENDRIMER, respectively. Compared to waste expanded PS undergoing complete weight loss in the range of 400-440 \({}^{\circ}\)C [27; 40], the prepared porous polymers were more thermally stable, having a total weight loss at 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C of only approximately 58% to 65%.