esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Methods
### The Weather Station  
The meteorological data of interest data are collected from a dedicated weather station located at the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia (GPS coordinate of 2\({}^{\circ}\)12\({}^{\prime}\)0\({}^{\prime}\) N, 102\({}^{\circ}\)15\({}^{\prime}\)0\({}^{\prime}\) E) [4; 24]. The photographs of the set-up are shown in Figure 5. The location can be considered as a typical reference for the Equatorial region. The collected data are the horizontal or global irradiance (\(G_{h}\)), tilted (in-plane) irradiance (\(G_{i}\)), ambient temperature (\(T_{a}\)), and module temperature (\(T_{m}\)). To measure \(G_{h}\) and \(G_{i}\), two CMP11 secondary standard pyranometers are used. Furthermore, the HMP 155 ambient temperature sensor and the fast response thermocouple type E are utilized to measure \(T_{a}\) and \(T_{m}\), respectively. The specifications of the measurement devices and sensors are in compliance to the IEC 61724 [20]. These sensors are connected to the electronic data acquisition system. The data are sampled, logged at every one second interval, and stored in a dedicated server. The latter is equipped with a redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system to preserve the continuity of the saved data in the case of hard disk drive failure. From the one second base sampling, the data is processed (averaged) to obtain the 1 min, 5 min, hourly, daily, and monthly data size. For the purpose of producing a weighted efficiency equation, only the tilted irradiance profile is needed. The temperature information is not used because the weighted efficiency formulation PV array simulator requires the module temperature to be fixed, i.e., st 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 6 shows the in-plane irradiance (\(G_{i}\)) profile, logged by the weather station on 9 April 2014 [4]. The data is sampled in one second. The profile characterizes a typical day of Equatorial weather: clear sky early in the morning until midday before shifting to a cloudy sky later in the day. However, to produce a one year daily average, a one minute average sampling time is suggested by the IEC 61724 [20], as well as by the Australian PV System Monitoring Guideline (2013) [21]. Based on these recommendations, the one second sampled data (taken from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014) is averaged to one minute. In this paper this dataset is known as the \"Equatorial data\".
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, we generated, for the first time, multi-joule pulse bursts with a millisecond duration at three different Stokes orders in the visible spectral range, using a crystalline Raman laser with standard affordable KGW crystals. A record-breaking level of burst energy, exceeding 10 J at 559 nm and 589 nm, was achieved at the three Stokes orders. No essential deterioration in the Raman laser energy efficiency was found at an average pump power exceeding 20 W.  
We speculate that operating in PB mode, using standard KGW crystals and an increased pump spot size, will allow the achievement of a Raman laser average power that was previously only possible with diamond crystals.  
We must emphasize that the output energy and average power of the Raman laser in our work were restricted by the characteristics of the Nd: YAG laser used for pumping. It is expected that larger Raman laser burst energies and average powers could be obtained with a more powerful pumping source.  
This work represents an important practical result, as we consider it to be the first time that these characteristics, which could previously only be achieved using dermatological pulsed dye lasers, have been realized in all-solid-state lasers.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed equally to this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Technological Innovation R&D Program (S3272695), funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea).  
The data underlying the results presented at this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.  
The authors thank [PERSON] for his help with preparing the paper's figures. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Conclusion and Open Research Issues
Furthermore, construction and maintenance of a backbone of relaying route through the CHs or RNs are the problems surveyed in the literature to ensure the reliability and efficiency of inter-cluster route. Although there have been many researches attempting to answer the shortcomings of clustering approaches and improving the characteristics of cluster-based routing protocols, there are several open issues that deserve more attention:  
* Most approaches assume the number of CHs calculated in [23] as the optimum value. However, it is important to note that the presented optimum number in the literature is a function of computation and communication energy models for the proposed single-hop clustering protocol. Therefore, when multi-hop data transmission scheme is accepted or clustering protocols with different computational overhead are implemented, the optimum number of CHs should be revised. * Relay of the aggregated data of clusters is dependent on the performance and availability of the adjacent CHs. Therefore, CH role rotation in neighbouring clusters should be considered as a determinant parameter in CH selection process. * Topology changes due to the territorial conditions or demise of the sensor nodes is a common situation in implementation of WSNs. Therefore, it is highly needed to study the robustness of clustering protocols against topology changes and to provide reactive solutions to answer inconsistency of clusters. * Network expandability is another issue that has not been sufficiently surveyed by researchers. In some large-scale applications, it may be favorable to expand the monitoring area with new sensor nodes. The adaptability and scalability of the clustering protocol against the newly added sensor nodes with different resource capability needs to be carefully investigated. * While permanent-fault management in cluster-based architecture is well studied, transient-fault management due to the temporal link failure needs more investigations. * Construction of a reliable and efficient relay backbone to route the aggregated data of CHs to the BS using the massively redundant nodes must be further investigated. This project is supported by University of Malaya under UMRG (RG064/11 ICT) grant.
# Approaches to Numerical Solution of Optimal Control Problem Using Evolutionary Computations
## 6 Simulation Results
Thus, we searched using a vector of \(3\cdot 4\cdot(\lfloor 2.8/0.7\rfloor-1)=36\) elements. The following parameters were used in computational experiments: \(u_{1}^{-}=-10\), \(u_{1}^{+}=10\), \(u_{2}^{-}=-10\), \(u_{1}^{+}=10\), \(q^{-}=-20\), \(q^{+}=20\), \(q_{1}^{-}=-1\), \(q_{2}^{-}=-1\), \(q_{3}^{-}=-1.57\), \(q_{1}^{+}=16\), \(q_{2}^{+}=16\), and \(q_{3}^{+}=1.57\). Additional parameters of the algorithms were as follows GA: \(H=256\), \(p\_m\_m\) = 0.7, \(W=288\); PSO: \(H=32\), \(W=2048\), \(\alpha=0.72\), \(\beta=0.5\), \(\gamma=0.1\), \(\delta=1\); BA: \(H=30\), \(W=198\), \(\alpha^{\prime}=0.95\), \(\alpha^{s}=0.95\)\(r^{\prime}=4\), \(r^{s}=4\); GWO: \(H=32\), \(W=2048\), where \(p\_m\) is the probability of mutation, \(H\) is the size of the population, and \(W\) is the number of generations. The average number of objective function calculations \(Y_{avg}\) was set smaller than in the direct approach because the simulation of synthesized control was very time-consuming. The results of computational experiments are given in Table 2.  
Figure 2: Solution obtained using a direct approach with PSO, \(J=2.81\). Figure 3 shows the trajectories of robots with control obtained using GWO, \(J=2.49\). Here, black squares show the identified stabilization points, whereas red circles are obstacles. The paths of the robots crossed, but at different time moments; thus, they avoided collisions and did not come across obstacles. Stabilization points \"attracted\" the robots but did not necessarily lie on their paths. All robots reached the terminal conditions with given accuracy without violation of the phase constraints and without collisions. The trajectories of robots were smoother in comparison to those shown in Figure 2.  
Despite the fact that the optimal control search using the synthesized control method required fourfold less calculation of the objective function for each method in comparison to the direct approach, the search results turned out to be much better. The best result was obtained using GWO, on average, followed by PSO. All evolutionary techniques in both approaches performed better than the random search. We may suppose that evolutionary algorithms use certain features of intelligent search. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **GA** & **PSO** & **BA** & **GWO** & **RS** \\ \hline
1 & 2.8 & 2.81 & 2.98 & 2.89 & 7.75 \\
2 & 2.69 & 2.86 & 4.24 & 6.29 & 6.86 \\
3 & 2.73 & 2.84 & 3.72 & 2.83 & 8.77 \\
4 & 2.86 & 2.63 & 3.13 & 2.83 & 6.2 \\
5 & 2.59 & 2.75 & 3.28 & 2.86 & 10.24 \\
6 & 2.74 & 2.86 & 3.72 & 2.87 & 6.7 \\
7 & 2.79 & 2.64 & 3.23 & 2.85 & 8.59 \\
8 & 2.93 & 2.62 & 4.22 & **2.49** & 9.74 \\
9 & 2.79 & 2.66 & 3.7 & 2.65 & 5.56 \\
10 & 2.67 & 2.87 & 4.17 & 2.88 & 10.29 \\ \(J_{\rm age}\) & **2.76** & **2.75** & **3.64** & **3.15** & **8.07** \\ \(Y_{\rm age}\) & 63.477 & 65.602 & 65.838 & 65.026 & 63.939 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The results of experiments: synthesized control. Figure 3: The solution obtained using synthesized control with GWO, \(J=2.49\).
# A Random PRIM Based Algorithm for Interpretable Classification and Advanced Subgroup Discovery
## 4 Results
### Results
In the TicTac data, all methods show outstanding performance, highlighting the straightforward nature of the information. Nevertheless, R-PRIM-Cl continues to outperform in the F1-score category (97.43%), with XGB and RF not far behind, delivering near-flawless results in both precision and recall. As for the Diabetes dataset, R-PRIM-Cl takes the top spot in precision (94.36%) and F1-score (91.43%), proving its resilience in this field. LG also demonstrates impressive results, holding its own across all metrics. Figure 7: Visualization of the four measures obtained in the experiment: (**a**) accuracy of each model, (**b**) recall of each model, (**c**) precision of each model, and (**d**) F1-score of each model. To conclude, in the Credit dataset, R-PRIM-Cl outperforms every other algorithm, resulting in top-notch performance in terms of accuracy (92.42%), recall (90.03%), precision (95.24%), and F1-score (92.56%). LG performs exceptionally well, specifically in the areas of precision (91.78%) and F1-score (91.56%), making it a strong rival in this dataset. In complex datasets like Cancer, Heart, and Credit, where its emphasis on interpretability and subgroup discovery proves invaluable, R-PRIM-Cl consistently performs exceptionally well across all metrics. In easier datasets like Mush and TicTac, XGB attains nearly flawless scores, demonstrating its capacity to manage well-separated data efficiently. In more complicated situations, RF frequently lags behind R-PRIM-Cl and XGB, but it consistently produces good results across all datasets. In datasets such as Cancer and Credit, LG exhibits competitive performance, proving its efficacy in structured and balanced data but lagging the ensemble methods in difficult datasets. The overall efficacy of R-PRIM-Cl is validated by accuracy results, which show that it can make accurate classifications in a wide range of datasets, consistently obtaining top or near-top scores. Its performance is particularly impressive on complicated datasets like Cancer, Heart, and Credit, where it considerably outperforms other models, indicating that it is a good fit for difficult classification tasks. R-PRIM-Cl is a strong and adaptable classification model that can maintain performance across a variety of data types and guarantee balanced and accurate predictions. These high levels of recall, precision, F1-score, and accuracy highlight this strength. Its general stability in these metrics confirms its robustness and adaptability in a variety of scenarios, making it a great option for applications that need both sensitivity and precision.
## 3 Results
### Rotation (Figure 5, Table 4)  
The highest quantitative stresses displayed among all five analyzed movements seem to be the most stressful movements. In intact periodontium, the stress around and on the bracket was 799.8 kPa, showing the same decreasing stress pattern (in tissular components) seen in extrusion and intrusion. In PDL cervical third, 0.6 N produced stresses under MHP. The dentine component displayed a high red-orange coronal stress under the bracket position. Stresses were concentrated in cervical third of radicular dentine, PDL, and alveolar socket bone. The quantitative amount of stress displayed by 1.2 N exceeded MHP only in cervical third of PDL, suggesting that it is safe to be clinically used (small neglectable areas of red-orange, Figure 5F). From a total of 799.8 kPa displayed at bracket level, only 8.98-21.19% are visible in radicular dentine, 9.6-38.37% in alveolar socket bone, 0.29-2.29% in PDL, 0.02-0.04% in pulp, and 0.22% in NVB. In reduced periodontium, the displayed quantitative stresses at bracket level ranged between 803.35 and 890.4 kPa (for 0.6 N/ approx. 60 gf), while only 16.96-77.69% reached radicular dentine, 10.54-45.19% alveolar bone socket, 0.38-7.67% PDL, 0.03-0.12% pulp, and 0.29-0.69% NVB. For radicular dentine component, a quantitative significant stress increase was visible during the periodontal breakdown (from 16-33.32% in 1 mm of loss to 58.35-77.69% in 8 mm of loss), while stress percentages for other components (alveolar bone socket, NVB, PDL, dental pulp) remained relatively constant. The radicular dentine displayed in the middle third qualitative red-orange areas of highly resorptive risks (especially in 8 mm of loss) correlated with bone loss. The coronal dentine stress decreases strictly correlated with bone loss. PDL cervical third stress (for 0.6 N) displayed qualitative red-orange areas which are more prone to further loss and quantitative values exceeding MHP (4 times for 8 mm of loss). Based on the above, 0.6 N can be safely applied in both intact and reduced periodontium, with the observation that PDL cervical third could suffer from ischemia and further loss. Rotational movement displayed increased stress in the entire alveolar bone socket (i.e., especially the cervical third, 40.18-45.19% of bracket stress) and correlated with periodontal breakdown. During the rotational movement in both intact and reduced periodontium, only the dentine component displayed significant red-orange high stress areas. The 1.2 N force produced similar qualitative results as 0.6 N, and quantitative higher amounts of stress (doubling the numerical values when compared with 0.6 N), being prone
## 3 Results
### Effect of Vanillin on Inflammatory Factors in RAW264.7 Cells Challenged with LPS  
The cytotoxicity of vanillin was not observed at low concentrations (0.039-0.313 mg/mL) (Figure S3). However, at higher concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/mL, the cell survival rates of RAW 264.7 treated with vanillin were 86%, 21.33%, and 5.8%, respectively. Therefore, concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/mL of vanillin were selected for anti-inflammatory experiments.  
The levels of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-6, IL-1\(\beta\), and IL-10, were assessed using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In comparison to the blank control group, the levels of TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-6, and IL-1\(\beta\) in the model group were significantly increased (\(p<0.005\)), while IL-10 showed a significant decrease (\(p<0.01\)) (Figure 6). These findings indicate a substantial alteration in the levels of inflammatory cytokines within the cells due to LPS-induced inflammation. However, upon the addition of vanillin, there was a notable reduction in TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-1\(\beta\), and IL-6 levels within the cells (\(p<0.005\)) (Figure 6a-c). Notably, 0.2 mg/mL of vanillin demonstrated the most effective inhibition of IL-1\(\beta\) (\(p<0.0001\)), while 0.05 mg/mL of vanillin displayed optimal inhibitory effects on both IL-6 and TNF-\(\alpha\); furthermore, 0.2 mg/mL of vanillin significantly increased the concentration of IL-10 (Figure 6d).
## 4 Coupled Dynamic and Control for Thermally Induced Vibration and Attitude Motion  
With the modal matrix \(\mathbf{Q}\) obtained in Section 3, we can further analyze the coupling rotational equations of motion and translational equations of motion, and design the attitude control law to achieve stable on-orbit operation.
# Study on Ring Deformation and Contact Characteristics of Thin-Walled Bearing for RV Reducer
## 1 Introduction
[19] found that compared to the rigid outer ring, the elastic deformation of the ring amplifies the absolute radial displacement of the inner ring while diminishing its radial stiffness. [PERSON] et al. [20] demonstrated that structural elastic deformation significantly affects bearing vibration. [PERSON] et al. [21] created a simulation model for the bearing system to investigate how temperature influenced ring displacement. Their findings indicate that the outer ring displacement is influenced by the structure of the bearing housing, and the ring displacement exhibits a wavy pattern due to ring deformation. [PERSON] et al. [22] analyzed the impact of the clearance fit on the outer ring deformation. The results indicate that an appropriate clearance fit can improve the bearing contact characteristics and lubrication state and extend the fatigue life. Unfortunately, this study ignored the structural elasticity of the bearing housing. [PERSON] et al. [23] applied the deformation coordination theory to derive the deformation rules of the ring under different assembly states of the shaft and ring. Furthermore, they concluded that cage flexibility could alleviate the skid phenomenon [24]. However, the above studies are focused on radial bearings, with few investigations on angular contact ball bearings, which are primarily subjected to axial loads. Moreover, the mechanism of ring deformation and the influence of ring deformation on flexible contact characteristics have not been fully investigated. In this paper, according to the actual assembly state and restraint conditions of the RV reducer, a simulation model of the planetary frame-main bearings-pin gear housing, which can fully consider structural elastic deformation, is established. Firstly, the ring deformation and contact characteristics of the two main bearings were comparatively analyzed under normal operating conditions of the RV reducer. Then, the effect of load conditions and bearing geometric parameters on ring deformation, ball-raceway contact state, the relative ratio of the maximum load, and ultimate carrying capacity under rigid ring and flexible ring models are given.
## 1 Introduction  
Wireless networks have become one of the most popular types of communication networks because of the many services they provide. In addition, Wi-Fi greatly helps computers communicate and interact with each other at a speed very similar to that of a wired LAN (Local Area Network) [1]. VLAN is a technology that helps to solve many performance problems. In addition, it provides many uses for wireless communication networks to determine both management and security policies within a company. It also enables operators to integrate any isolation level by separating hosts into different broadcast domains [2]. There are a number of reasons to create VLANs, but the primary one is traffic control; as a LAN expands and more network devices are added, the frequency of the broadcast also grows, causing the network to become very data-congested. Finally, it may be said that dividing a network into smaller broadcast domains by using VLANs causes broadcast traffic to vanish [3]. VLANs have restricted access to private server data by managing traffic, improving security, and reducing levels of congestion [4]. The aim of this research was to study the performance of a VLAN in a wireless network using the Riverbed Modeler academic Edition v17.5 simulation program, since the VLAN improves bandwidth utilization and has proven to have many advantages in wireless networks. Delay, throughput and traffic dropped were examined with and without using a VLAN, showing that the VLAN improved the delay and traffic dropped parameters but reduced the throughput of the network, which is a major drawback of VLANs. Ad hoc routing algorithms, such as OLSR, DSR, and AODV, have been investigated to improve the performance of the VLAN in wireless networks in terms of delay, throughput and traffic dropped. An additional investigation into the impact of ad hoc routing protocols (OLSR, DSR, and AODV) in wireless sensor networks is also introduced in this paper.  
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents related studies, Section 3 presents basic theoretical concepts, Section 4 presents the materials and methods, Section 5 presents the results and discussion, and Section 6 presents the conclusions.
## 4 Testing Procedure  
The testing was conducted in a condominium located in Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, using a car. The test trajectory is illustrated in Figure 2. Two inertial navigation platforms with GPS assistance from Castro Leite Consultoria were used: the PINA-F and the PINA-M, as shown in Figure 3. The PINA-F, which is at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 9, is equipped with Fiber Optic Gyroscopes (FOGs) and Quartz Pendulous Accelerometers (QPAs), while the PINA-M, at TRL 8, employs MEMS technology for its sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes). The specifications for each platform can be seen in Tables 1 and 2.  
Figure 2: Top-down view of test trajectory highlighted in blue.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Platform** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **In-Run Bias** \\ **Stability** \\ \end{tabular} & **Noise Density** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Bandwidth** \\ **(\(-3\) dB)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Sample Rate** \\ \hline PINA-F & \(<\)1 \(\mu\)g & \(<\)70 \(\mu\)g/\(\sqrt{\text{Hz}}\) & 39 Hz & 100 Hz \\ PINA-M & \(13\)\(\mu\)g & \(10\)\(\mu\)g/\(\sqrt{\text{Hz}}\) & 80 Hz & 200 Hz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Accelerometer specifications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Platform** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **In-Run Bias** \\ **Stability** \\ \end{tabular} & **Noise Density** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Bandwidth** \\ **(\(-3\) dB)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Sample Rate** \\ \hline PINA-F & \(1^{\circ}\)/h & \(0.0004^{\circ}\)/s/\(\sqrt{\text{Hz}}\) & 32 Hz & 100 Hz \\ PINA-M & \(2.5^{\circ}\)/h & \(0.003^{\circ}\)/s/\(\sqrt{\text{Hz}}\) & 80 Hz & 200 Hz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Gyroscope specifications.  
results of the platforms are compared using algorithms with DEKF and IEKF under standard tuning conditions, as well as with those obtained using the novel tuning approach proposed in this study. These results will be discussed in the next section.