esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Rheological, Textural, and Sensorial Characterization of Walnut Butter
###### Abstract  
The rheological properties of six formulated walnut semi-solid pastes with 0.5, 1.5, and 2.0% \(w/w\) xanthan gum, maple syrup, and Jerusalem artichoke powder were characterized using the Mars 40 rheometer (Thermo Haake, Karlsruhe, Germany). The butter samples' textural behavior and color parameters (CIE L\({}^{*}\), a\({}^{*}\), and b\({}^{*}\)) were analyzed. Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance were also analyzed. Walnut kernels were roasted at an optimized temperature (120 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and time (30 min) and subsequently made into walnut butter (WB). Maple syrup has an appreciable influence on the rheological properties of walnut butter. The prepared butter exhibited non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior and showed excellent stability. The results showed that sample S3 (3% maple syrup and 2% xanthan gum) had a bright color with the highest L\({}^{*}\) values (47.31 \(\pm\) 0.32), the lowest a\({}^{*}\) values (2.72 \(\pm\) 0.04) and the highest b\({}^{*}\) values (20.54 \(\pm\) 0.08). In comparison, sample S6 (5% Jerusalem artichoke powder and 2.0% xanthan gum) had a darker color, with the following mean values obtained: 44.67 \(\pm\) 0.05 for L\({}^{*}\), 6.70 \(\pm\) 0.09 for a\({}^{*}\) and 18.34 \(\pm\) 0.07 for b\({}^{*}\). The addition of maple syrup even in combination with xanthan gum (2%) S3 to the walnut butter led to a decrease in the viscosity of the butter samples. The hardness and firmness of the walnut butter samples were affected by the type of sweetener used; thus, the nut butter with xanthan gum and Jerusalem artichoke powder had significantly higher hardness values than the samples with added maple syrup. Therefore, based on consumer preferences, we obtained new formulations of walnut butter with a high sensory quality, suitable for those with allergies to peanut butter.  
osurm; rheology; texture; walnuts butter; xanthan gum +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Application
### Description of the Dataset  
The dataset is called \"Traffic state information by sections of the city of Barcelona\" and is freely accessible from the dataset catalogue of the Open Data BCN service (opendata-ajuntament.barcelona.cat/en, accessed on 2 April 2024). According to its website, Open Data BCN constitutes \"a movement driven by public administrations with the main objective of maximize available public resources, exposing the information generated or guarded by public bodies, allowing its access and use for the common good and for the benefit of anyone and any entity interested\".  
The dataset contains historical data collected since December 2017 and is updated monthly. It describes the traffic state for a set of 527 sections and has an update frequency of 5 min. The traffic states are 0 = no data, 1 = very fluid, 2 = fluid, 3 = dense, 4 = very dense, 5 = congestion, and 6 = cut off (closed). The traffic state is assessed using various sensors embedded beneath the asphalt, including those detecting magnetic field changes caused by passing metal masses (vehicles), infrared sensors, and cameras equipped with image processing capabilities. Data from each detection station are qualitatively interpreted, typically using a scale ranging from 1 to 5, based on predefined thresholds specific to each station.  
To explore the city of Barcelona's traffic situation information in March 2022, the software used was R version 4.0.3 (10 December 2020) [27], employing RStudio as integrated development environment [34]. The dataset contains five variables: ID section (where section refers to road segment in Barcelona), data (year, month, day, hour, minute, and second), current state, and expected state. There are 4,599,656 rows since the information of the 527 sections is updated approximately every 5 min. First, we transform the dataset to consider the current state every 5 min exactly. This process requires introducing new rows with a 0 (no data) both in current and expected states.  
The distribution of the seven current traffic states is shown in Figure 2. Overall, congestion (0.7%) and 'no data' (42.9%) have the minimum and maximum proportions, respectively. The rest of the states, sorted by proportion, are fluid (29.1%), very fluid (20.1%), dense (4.7%), very dense (1.7%), and cut off (0.8%).  
Figure 2: Distribution of traffic states. Data source: “Traffic state information by sections of the city of Barcelona” (Open Data BCN)—March 2022.
## 1 Introduction
Accordingly, existing multipath routing protocols proposed for traditional wireless networks (such as _ad hoc_ networks) cannot be used directly in low-power sensor networks. During the past years, this issue has motivated the research community of wireless sensor networks to develop multipath routing protocols which are suitable for sensor networks. There are several papers surveying proposed routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. These surveys describe and analyze the general routing strategies proposed for sensor networks [4, 5]. However, none of these literatures has provided a comprehensive taxonomy on the existing multipath routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. [PERSON] _et al._[4] presented routing challenges and design issues in wireless sensor networks. They classified all the existing routing strategies based on the network structure and protocol operation. [PERSON] _et al._[11] provided a brief overview on the existing fault-tolerant routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and categorized these protocols into retransmission-based and replication-based protocols. [PERSON] _et al._[12] and [PERSON] _et al._[13] classified the existing multipath routing protocols in _ad hoc_ networks based on the primary criterion used in their design. Accordingly, the principal motivation of conducting this research was lack of a comprehensive survey on the proposed multipath routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first effort to classify and investigate the operation as well as benefits and drawbacks of the existing multipath routing protocols in sensor networks. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides an overview on the main challenges in designing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks and presents a brief classification on the existing protocols in these networks. Primary motivations behind using multipath routing approach in wireless sensor networks and key issues in designing multipath routing protocols are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 introduces a comprehensive taxonomy of the existing multipath routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. This classification provides a deep analysis on the most recently proposed multipath routing protocols, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Section 5 examines the main features of different classes of multipath routing protocols and their suitability for various applications. Finally, Section 6 concludes and identifies some of the future directions for further research in this area.
# Development of the User Requirements for the Canadian WildFireSat Satellite Mission
## 3 Definition of the User Requirements
### Observation Requirements
#### 3.1.2 Latency Requirements  
The time sensitivity of active-fire data has been consistently highlighted by the end-users and is reflected in FMF-6 (Table 3). The requirement for near-real-time (NRT) data latency is also necessary to ensure that peak burn observations (e.g., \(\sim\)18:00 local) are delivered to end-users prior to the end of the daily planning period. A threshold requirement for data latency of 30 min is applied to meet these requirements. This latency was selected as a threshold as it was deemed technically achievable; however, the goal latency is to approach real-time if possible. A downlink priority band list (based on minimum requirements for active-fire detection calculations) is provided in the event that not all data can be downlinked in NRT (Table 4).
## 7 Recommendations for WSN Designers
During network deployment at ground level, a higher node density should therefore be preferred, in order to achieve a higher redundancy in the network and reduce the distance between the sensors, thus ensuring a certain reliability of the network. The results presented in this paper suggest that the sensors density will depend on particular properties of the deployment area. Indeed, Figure 13 shows that, with nodes deployed at ground level, the link quality is even worse when the sensors are deployed on a hill compared to a flat area. However, increasing the node density in the network will also increase the contention and the collision at the medium access control layer. To deal with this issue, one will have to choose appropriate MAC layer protocols. In several WSN applications, the data captured by a node are encoded by just few bits, e.g., a temperature value or a vehicle detection information. It might be tempting to transmit these data directly to a sink, in small packets with a payload of just a few bytes. This study showed that the link quality is poor at ground level, no matter the packet size. However, the results presented in Figure 8 show that messages with a very small application payload are more exposed. While we do not completely understand in depth this phenomenon, aggregating multiple values in a single larger message will not only increase the packet reception probability, but also allow the implementation of error-correcting codes. _Recommendation #6: During the sensors deployment, the environment constraints must be taken into account._  
The topography of the area where sensors are deployed, the networks and objects nearby, and the weather are some environment constraints that might have a negative impact on the radio link properties. In this work, we evaluated the impact of the topography of the environment by comparing the radio link properties considering a flat and a hill area. On the hill area, we did not measure the slope of the area. Nevertheless, Figure 13 shows a very poor radio link properties on the hill. Moreover, the results presented in Section 5.1.3 show that, in the same network, the link properties also depend on the location of the sensor. Thus, to guarantee a reliable communication, during the sensors deployment or during communication protocols design, the environment characteristics must be taken into account.
# A Review of AlGaN-Based Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes on Sapphire
## 9 EL Output Measurement for DUV-LEDs  
Normally, packaging loss is difficult to completely separate from EQE measurements. We attempted to attach an Al reflector on simple planar AlN submount and confirmed that the measured EQEs increased by 5-8% when using a four-inch integrating sphere with the sample mounted on the outer spherical surface. The following measurements do not incorporate reflector or a reflective coating on the AlN mount. Thus, the determined EL outputs are not considered to be overestimated. The container-type AlN packaging with inner walls were not used to determine the die performances.  
When measuring DUV light, the absorption by the atmosphere, the sensitivity of sensors in the UV region, and the accuracy of the standard light source must be carefully considered. The international standard light source is based on the black body radiation and tungsten filament bulb (2855.6 K), which is defined by commission internationale de l'eclairage (CIE). The standard light source guarantees an accuracy of 5.6-11.6% for DUV in Japan, which might not differ significantly from the standard of other countries. The UV emission of a tungsten filament is weak and it is not user friendly. There are standard light sources with intense UV emission employing xenon or deuterium lamps calibrated by Japan Calibration Service System (JCSS) for regular use. The lifetime of the standard lightsource for regular use is only 100 h despite the need for stabilization time before its use. To perform a daily check between the checks using the standard light, a stable light source such as an NUV- or DUV-LED is helpful.  
Our standard light source has been a Hamamatsu L7810-02 (xenon lamp) since the beginning of our research on AlGaN-based LEDs. Standard light sources without the guaranteed intensity of DUV region are on the market. UV measurement has pitfalls because of its similarity to that of visible light. Regarding absorption of atmosphere, O\({}_{2}\) with a nonsymmetrical magnetic moment absorbs light with a wavelength of around 210 nm. DUV light with wavelength between 100 nm and 230 nm creates ozone with absorption from 350 to 250 nm. In addition, OH molecules have absorption structures (A\({}_{2}\)X\({}^{+}\)-X\({}_{2}\)X\({}^{+}\) transition) at around 245-315 nm [128], meaning the care of humidity is preferable. Therefore, the absorption along the optical path between the LED and detector must be considered. Our integrating sphere is a 4-inch sphere having a short optical path and with the inner sphere surface coated by the fluoro-polymer (polymerized tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE)). This is designed to be used for DUV; however, the decomposition of PTFE by the DUV near 200 nm should be cared about. Based on our experience, when it is located in a clean room, it will give comparable accuracy to that of the standard light source at wavelengths of \(\lambda>250\) nm. Nitrogen gas with a symmetrical molecular structure is useful for purging the gas inside the sphere to eliminate UV absorption.
### Contributions  
To mitigate the issue of packets drop, the overall network is split into five equal sections in which five minor sinks are placed, one at each region. The advantage of the minor sinks is to reduce the path length so channel properties are less likely to affect the information. A source picks a neighbor node as a destination that has minimum depth and with low noise along with the source-destination link. This avoids the noise that is added unnecessarily to data packets and challenges their information content. Also, it reduces the complexity of electronics to process such signals. Furthermore, picking a destination by a source node controls redundancy in packets transmission, which in turn, minimizes the energy consumed in transmitting the same packets again and again. As a result, network stability and lifetime are improved. Moreover, cooperative routing is used, in which destination gets multiple copies of data packets so that to have diversity in packets advancements paths and avoid data corruption over a single link. This further adds to the reliability of the proposed scheme. The condition of the requirement of the localization of nodes is relaxed, as required in some schemes existing in the literature. This, in consequence, reduces complexity in deployment of the nodes and, in effect, enhances the scalability of the network. Performance analysis, backed by simulations, is indicative of improvement in energy cost, the stability of the network and packets advancement to the target destination. Table 1 refers to the comparison of the contribution with the existing protocols. Table 2 shows the comparison of the state-of-the-art of routing protocol. This article is explained as: the channel model of the underwater medium is discussed in Section 2, respectively. Section 3 gives the brief idea of the proposed work. Section 4 presents the behaviour of the proposed scheme with our existing scheme. The simulation setting is described in Section 5. In the last, the conclusions of the overall work are described in Section 6. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline
**The Types of Technologies Analyzed** & **Hop Count** & **Link Delay** & **Transmission Rate** & **Bandwidth Consumption** & **Link Capacity** & **Year** \\ \hline DRR, [12] & No & No & Yes & No & Yes & 2008 \\ EE-DRR, [13] & Yes & No & No & Yes & No & 2012 \\ \hline SMC, [16] & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & No & 2016 \\ \hline Co-PAM, [21] & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & No & 2017 \\ \hline Co-DNAR & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & 2019 \\ \hline Co-DRR,[22] & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & 2014 \\ \hline RRCRP,[26] & No & No & Yes & No & No & 2017 \\ ODR, [27] & No & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & 2016 \\ \hline H2-DAB, [32] & Yes & No & Yes & No & Yes & 2012 \\ \hline Co-LFER, [33] & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & 2018 \\ \hline VAPR, [34] & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & 2013 \\ \hline EEIRA, [35] & Yes & Yes & No & Yes & No & 2016 \\ \hline CARP, [36] & No & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & 2015 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The comparison of our contrbutions with existing protocols.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Ultrafine Calcium Silicate on the Mechanical Properties  
#### 3.4.1 Compressive Strength  
The cement paste has high early compressive strength is the key to supporting and protecting the casing. The compressive strength of cement samples with different content of ultrafine calcium silicate was tested to evaluate the development of the compressive strength. The test results are shown in Figure 4. With the increase in curing age, the compressive strength of cement stone gradually increases, which is due to the further hydration of cement. The compressive strength of cement stone gradually increased with the increase in ultrafine calcium silicate, and the increase was larger in the early stage. After curing for 1 day and 14 days, the compressive strength of the samples with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% ultrafine calcium silicate increased by 47.5%, 137.6%, 194.1%, 243.0% and 8.8%, 10.7%, 18.5%, 24.0%, respectively, compared with the sample without early-strength agent.  
[PERSON] et al. [21] and [PERSON] et al. [22] respectively used a crystal seed early-strength agent and nanoparticle early-strength agent to improve the compressive strength of cement paste. The effect of ultrafine calcium silicate on the strength of cement paste is better than that of crystal seed and nanoparticle early-strength agents. It shows that ultrafine calcium silicate can improve the early compressive strength of cement stone and has no adverse effect on the later strength of cement stone. The reasons may be that on the one hand, the filling effect of ultrafine particles can fill the microscopic pores between the cement particles to form a dense cement structure; on the other hand, due to the strong reactivity of ultrafine calcium silicate, it increases during the reaction. The concentration of calcium ions promotes the precipitation of calcium hydroxide and accelerates the hydration of tricalcium silicate, thereby improving the early compressive strength of oil well cement-based composite.
# PrECast: An Efficient Crypto-Free Solution for Broadcast-Based Attacks in IPv4 Networks
## 8 Conclusions and Future Direction  
PrECast eliminates a number of LAN-based attacks that are due to IPv4 broadcasting.  
If DDoS attacks such as Smurf, Fraggle or DNS amplification originate from an external network towards a host inside a LAN, then PrECast will not offer any solution. The solution to these problems will form our future work.  
Our proposal may not offer a solution to the ARP-poisoning attack in a domain where the switches do not support PrECast. PrECast can isolate the ARP-poisoning problem to an unsupported switch domain in a mixed environment. Our future work involves running PrECast as a proxy-like service to solve the ARP-poisoning attack in a mixed environment. It is still possible to launch an attack if any malicious code modifies the MCAM table kept at a switch. Protecting the MCAM table from any malicious code is also our future work. Our future work also involves evaluating the performance of the PrECast protocol implemented through real hardware.  
The research work was carried out by [PERSON] under the supervision of [PERSON] and [PERSON] towards her PhD.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Fluctuation Correlations and Thermodynamics of Binary Symmetric Electrolyte Solutions
### Charge Fluctuation Correlations and Correlation Energy
 \tag{43}\]  
Using Equations (40) and (43), the identity \(\mathbf{k}_{1}\cdot\mathbf{I}\cdot\mathbf{k}_{2}=\mathbf{k}_{1}\cdot\mathbf{k }_{2}\) leads to  
\[\langle\delta\hat{\rho}_{e}(\mathbf{k}_{1},\omega_{1})\delta\hat{\rho}_{e}( \mathbf{k}_{2},\omega_{2})\rangle=-\frac{4(ze)^{2}cD\mathbf{k}_{1}\cdot \mathbf{k}_{2}\delta(\omega_{1}+\omega_{2})\delta(\mathbf{k}_{1}+\mathbf{k}_{2 })}{[i\omega_{1}+D(k_{1}^{2}+\kappa^{2})][i\omega_{2}+D(k_{2}^{2}+\kappa^{2} )]}. \tag{44}\]  
The electrostatic energy per unit volume of the solution is (see Figure 1)  
\[\frac{E_{e}}{V}=\frac{1}{2}\langle\delta\psi(\mathbf{r}_{1},t_{1})\delta\rho_ {e}(\mathbf{r}_{2},t_{2})\rangle. \tag{45}\]  
Using the Fourier transform of Equation (30)  
\[-k_{1}^{2}\delta\hat{\psi}=-\frac{\delta\hat{\rho}_{e}}{\varepsilon\varepsilon _{0}}\operatorname{or}\delta\hat{\psi}=\frac{1}{k_{1}^{2}}\frac{\delta\hat{ \rho}_{e}}{\varepsilon\varepsilon_{0}} \tag{46}\]  
Then, the correlation of the potential and charge fluctuations in Equation (45) becomes (see also Equation (43)). Assuming \(t_{1}=t_{2}=t\), and inverting (47) with respect to \(\omega_{1}\) and \(\mathbf{k_{1}}\) (see Appendix B) leads to the following result for the electrostatic energy (45)  
\[\frac{E_{e}}{V}=\frac{k_{B}T\kappa^{2}}{8\pi}\frac{e^{-\kappa r}}{r} \tag{48}\]Expanding the exponential leads to  
\[\frac{E_{e}}{V}=\frac{k_{B}T\kappa^{2}}{8\pi}(\frac{1}{r}-\kappa+\dots)\approx \frac{k_{B}T\kappa^{2}}{8\pi r}-\frac{k_{B}T\kappa^{3}}{8\pi} \tag{49}\]  
The first term on the right-hand side is the self-energy of the ions, while the second term accounts for the electrostatic correlation energy [14]  
\[\frac{E_{corr}}{V}=-\frac{k_{B}T\kappa^{3}}{8\pi} \tag{50}\]
## 2 Principle and Device of Coherent/Non-Coherent OOK Reception without AL
The main reason for the loss is the responsivity of the detector (\(0.85\) A/W), which causes a loss of \(1.67\) dB compared with a responsivity of \(1.25\) A/W with ideal quantum efficiency. There is a connecting flange for the output of the hybrid to enter the detector, which causes a loss of \(0.3\) dB. The remaining \(1.33\) dB may be caused by the transmissivity of the detector window, imperfect heterodyne efficiency, or ADC quantization loss. When the BER is \(10^{-3}\), the loss can be reduced through forward error correction (FEC) [41]. For OOK coherent demodulation, an EDFA can be used to pre-amplify the signal light, with the advantage of reducing the LO power requirement. However, after the EDFA is added, the main noise component changes from LO shot noise to ASE-LO beat noise. Experimental measurement shows that the optical signal power is \(-49.3\) dBm when the BER is \(10^{-3}\) when using an EDFA, decreasing the sensitivity by \(5.3\) dB compared with reception without an EDFA, as shown in Figure 7. To ensure high sensitivity, we choose not to add an EDFA for coherent reception of the OOK signal. So far, the experimental device for verifying the influence of AL noise has been completed.