esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Grassland Productivity  
Biomass refers to the total amount of material production, which includes plant parts above the surface and plant roots below the surface. Plant roots play a pivotal role in mediating ecosystem functioning [58]. Moreover, roots bridge the energy and nutrient exchange between above- and belowground ecosystems [59; 60]. Biomass is an effective measurement of plant productivity and performance; it is also one of the most basic quantitative characteristics of the grassland ecosystem [61; 62]. While aboveground biomass indicates the plant community's ability to accumulate organic matter over a specific duration of time [24], belowground biomass depicts the grassland ecosystem's functioning to input carbon and other critical elements [63]. Our results (Figure 5a-c)showed significantly positive effects of the enclosure on either aboveground, belowground, or dominant species biomass, which was largely in agreement with the results obtained elsewhere [52; 53].  
Although studies have demonstrated that enclosures could substantially increase aboveground biomass, the duration of grassland enclosures cannot be infinite, given the principles of sustainability for grassland ecosystems [57]. Excessively long duration of enclosure may produce unwanted, adverse effects on the normal growth and development of forage grasses. Unharvested hay piling on soil surface will likely inhibit plant regeneration and seedling growth, thus hindering grassland renovation. It has been reported that proper moving or grazing tends to encourage the tillering and regeneration of forage grasses and, therefore, to improve the overall quality of grassland [64].
# Experimental and Mathematical Study of Flexible-Rigid Rail Vehicle Riding Comfort and Safety
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Acceleration Response  
The acceleration response at the vehicle body's mass center for both the rigid and flexible car body centers was compared at speeds ranging from 60 km/h to 180 km/h. The results show that for all speeds, the acceleration response was higher for the flexible car body than for the rigid car body. At 60 km/h, the acceleration response for the flexible car body was 0.54 m/s\({}^{2}\), while for the rigid car body, it was 0.48 m/s\({}^{2}\). Similarly, at 120 km/h, the acceleration response for the flexible car body was 0.68 m/s\({}^{2}\), while for the rigid car body, it was 0.59 m/s\({}^{2}\). At higher speeds of 150 km/h and 180 km/h, the difference in acceleration response between the two car bodies was even more significant, as shown in Figure 6. The dissimilarities between the real high-speed train vehicle and the rigid model arise from the fact that the train's car body experiences flexible resonances stimulated by track irregularities or bogie system vibration, which cannot be accurately accounted for in a rigid model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**S. R. No** & **Modes** & **Frequencies (Hz)** \\ \hline
1 & First vertical bending & 12.14 \\ \hline
2 & First lateral bending & 14.25 \\ \hline
3 & First torsion & 19.87 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mode shape of railway vehicle car body.  
Figure 6: _Cont._
## 3 Methodology and Models
### Model Optimization
#### 3.5.2 Genetic Algorithm (GA) as a Comparative Method  
While the Java algorithm optimized the input features, a genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to fine-tune the hyperparameters of the model. The GA explored the hyperparameter space by evolving a population of candidate solutions, using crossover and mutation operations to discover the most effective hyperparameter settings.
## 1 Introduction
In this study, we used The Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) leaf area index (LAI) time series data to detect forest disturbances in Northeast China. We developed a method for disturbance detection in forest land. Based on the season-trend model [15; 16], the GLASS LAI data from 1997 to 2002 was taken as the background dataset to model phenological changes of vegetation in forest land, which represents the annual periodic variation curve of LAI without disturbance. The model parameters were used as the reference parameters for identifying disturbance pixels. Every 8 days, GLASS LAI data acquired after 2002 was iteratively added to the background dataset to model the-phenological change step by step. The model parameters could be different in each modeling step and were taken as a signal of whether there was a disturbance. These procedures were iterated until the end of a time series or until a change was detected. We call this algorithm the time-stepping modeling (TSM) process. During the monitoring period, the disturbance was detected by the difference between the criteria parameters and the new parameters which were re-simulated by adding a new LAI. The forest disturbance and the natural growth were distinguished by the disturbance index (DI), which is defined in this paper, and the forest disturbance was automatically identified. Finally, the normalized burn ratio (NBR) was used to reclassify the disturbance of vegetation to determine whether it was a burned area. In order to verify the accuracy of the approach, the types and spatial ranges of forest disturbance were detected in a forest region of Northeast China. The detected result was compared with the burned area of MCD64 and the burned area of Landsat, which were calculated using the differenced NBR (dNBR) method. The results demonstrated the validity of our method through experiments in the Daxinganling Mountains, including the effective detection of disturbances based on the TSM process using a dynamic model, and the discrimination of types of disturbances.
## 4 Performance Evaluation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **BER** & **Q [dB]** & **CE [dB]** \\ \hline Without compensation & \(1.5\times 10^{-2}\) & 6.8 & - \\ With dispersion compensation fiber & \(1\times 10^{-2}\) & 7.2 & - \\ with mid-link OPC using 550 m HNLF A & \(6.1\times 10^{-4}\) & 9.8 & \(-\)22 \\ with mid-link OPC using 500 m HNLF B & \(1.6\times 10^{-3}\) & 9.4 & \(-\)22.4 \\ with mid-link OPC using 750 m HNLF C & \(1.3\times 10^{-3}\) & 9.5 & \(-\)20.6 \\ with mid-link OPC using 800 m HNLF D & \(2.7\times 10^{-3}\) & 8.9 & \(-\)22.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: A comparison of OPC performance at OSNR 34 dB.
# Improving Ship Maneuvering Safety with Augmented Virtuality Navigation Information Displays
## 2 Methodology
### Detailed Assumptions of Simulation Study (Simulation Scenarios)
#### 2.3.6 Scenario 5b. Two Train  
Turning  
The simulation test Scenario 5b included the experts' simulated series of passages consisting of a safe turning of the sea barge Wagenborg 4 from Jachtowe Quay, using two tugs Java Victor, connected with the barge by towing lines.  
The passage consisted in towing the sea barge from Dock No 5 to a turning basin on the Oda Zachodnia river, opposite Cal Quay, then turning the barge around its starboard side and passage of the tow train along the straight section of Przekop Mlelenski canal (Figure 8).  
* The detailed assumptions of Scenario 5b were as follows:
* Objective to be achieved: same as in Scenario 5a.
* Main ship parameters: same as in Scenario 5a.
* Navigational-maneuvering conditions:
* the initial position of the tow: parallel to Jachtowe Quay;
* the final position of the tow: the center line of Szczecin-Swinoujscie fair-way northward;
* initial SOG: longitudinal v\({}_{\rm w}\) = 0.0 kn, transverse v\({}_{\rm p}\) = 0.0 kn;
* heading: HDG = 025\({}^{\circ}\).
* The criteria used for assessment: same as in Scenario 5a.
* The moment of measuring significant parameters: same as in Scenario 5a.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Displays** & **Series** & **Number of Trials** \\ \hline Pilot\_precise & 5a\_Pprecise & 12 \\ AV & 5a\_AV & 12 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Display types and number of trials for the tow train unberthing.  
Figure 8: The situational-navigational plan of Scenario 5b for tow train turning. Red—initial position, black—destination.  
The types of displays used, the name of the series and the number of trials in a given series of the Scenario 5b are presented in the Table 7.
## 4 Conclusions  
An efficient protective coating was obtained on the wood surface via a facile spray assisted layer-by-layer self-assembly method. Specifically, natural green chitosan and sodium phytate were used as electrolytes, aluminum hydroxide particles with positive charge were used as functional groups to achieve anti-aging, water-repellent, and flame-retardant properties. SEM images confirmed that the wood surface was completely covered by a large number of tightly arranged aluminum hydroxide particles. Moreover, the treated wood had superior UV-resistant properties compared with untreated wood. After 720 h of UV exposure, the brightness \(L^{*}\), red-green index \(a^{*}\), and the yellow-blue index \(b^{*}\) of the CH/SP/Al(OH)\({}_{3}\) wood increased, but the degree of change was noticeably smaller  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Quantity** & **Mean** & **Std. Deviation** & **Variance** \\ \hline CH & 5 & 50.51 & 0.84 & 1.394 \\ CH/SP & 5 & 31.98 & 1.14 & 2.486 \\ CH/SP/Al(OH)\({}_{3}\) & 5 & 13.51 & 0.57 & 0.157 \\ \hline \hline  & & **ANOVA** & & \\ \hline
**Sources** & **SS** & **df** & **MS** & **F** & \(p\)-Value** & **F crit** \\ \hline Between groups & 1368.631 & 2 & 684.3157 & 508.4447 & 0.00016 & 9.552094 \\ Within groups & 4.0377 & 3 & 1.3459 & & \\ Total & 1372.669 & 5 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Correlation data of self-extinguishing time and one-way ANOVA.  
Figure 5: LOI (**a**) and flame burning tendency (**b**) of the original wood, CH wood, CH/SP wood, and CH/SP/Al(OH)\({}_{3}\) wood samples.  
compared with the original wood. The micro-nano structure of aluminum hydroxide created the roughness of the structure and induced hydrophobicity. The initial test static contact angle increased to 140\({}^{\circ}\), and it showed high hydrophobic stability over time. LOI and air exposure combustion tests were used to verify that chitosan, sodium phytate, and aluminum hydroxide can produce significant synergistic fire resistance to modified wood. CH/SP/Al (OH)\({}_{3}\) wood was not easy to ignite, and its flame was resistant to expansion, which automatically extinguished after 14-15 s. Its LOI reached 31.2, and it had excellent refractory characteristics.  
Conceptualization, Y.W. and M.G.; methodology, Y.W. and Y.F.; software, S.H.; validation, Y.W., S.H., and M.G.; formal analysis, Y.W.; investigation, S.H.; resources, Y.W.; data curation, Y.W.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.W. and M.G.; writing--review and editing, Y.W. and Y.F.; visualization, S.H.; supervision, Y.W.; project administration, Y.W. and Y.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the General Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Jiangsu Universities, grant number 2019 JA0122 and the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Nanjing Forestry University, grant number CX2016016.  
Not applicable.  
The authors thank Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products for providing invaluable technical assistance in the chemistry laboratory.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Performance Analysis of Hybrid Optical-Acoustic AUV Swarms for Marine Monitoring
## 4 Venus Device  
Figure 2 shows the Venus MAUV, a Mini Autonomous Underwater Vehicle designed and built by ENEA (Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo ecosystemible) [15].  
The Venus vessel is descried in [15] and is composed of several components:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline  & **Acoustic** & **Optical** \\ \hline Bitrate & 100 kbps & 10 Mbps \\ Distance & 100 m & 10 m \\ Delay & \(6.6\times 10^{-4}\) s/m & \(5\times 10^{-9}\) s/m \\ Energy consumption & 10 W & 100 mW \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main difference of acoustic and optic underwater communication (order of magnitude).  
* A processing unit
* An electric subsystem
* Communication systems
* A sensing and implementation section.  
The processing unit is the vessel controller, which implements the communication protocol and is responsible for the optimization of the consumed energy. The electric subsystem implements the energy saving procedures according to the processing units needs. The energy management strategy plays a fundamental role because the AUV is equipped with a limited power source and it is difficult to recharge the batteries.  
This MAUV is equipped both with acoustic and optical modems. The integration of both the communication modems allows the Venus controller to select the best transmission link. In the following, we briefly describe the characteristics of the two modems in the current implementation status. Table 2 reports the main features of the MAUV Venus. In Section 5, we evaluate performances of the swarm network considering the real characteristics of the installed acoustic and optical modems. Both modems have been developed and implemented by ENEA with the collaboration of the University of Rome Tor Vergata. This has allowed us to obtain realistic operating scenario as well as the various system parameters. A trial with at least 10 Venus robots is planned for the next future.
# A Single Motor-Driven Focusing Mechanism with Flexure Hinges for Small Satellite Optical Systems
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Design of Flexure Hinge (FlexHe)
#### 2.4.2 Experimental Investigation for the FlexHe  
Based on the criteria established through the simulation results, the FlexHe was fabricated and experimentally investigated. As shown in Figure 6a,b, the extension test for a single FlexHe was performed by using a Micro stage with a LVDT sensor, and the reaction force was obtained by using a load cell (Dacell, CB1, South Korea). As per the plotted graph in Figure 6c, the obtained reaction force at a deformation of 23.5 \(\upmu\)m was 11.05 N, and the error rate was 4.03% with respect to the simulation result (10.62 N). The relation of the reaction force versus strain showed a linear behavior, and the deformation followed the elastic region of the structure. For a single FlexHe, hysteresis was not observed in both of the experimental and simulation results.  
Figure 5: Fatigue analysis result, showing a biaxiality indication.  
Figure 6: Experimental investigations on the axial stiffness; an experimental setup in (**a**) side view, and (**b**) top view, and (**c**) a plotted graph of deformation versus the reaction force (Black line: simulation result, Red dotted line: experiment result).  
Through the experimental investigation, we identified that the pushing force of the linear screw should be 30 N, so that three FlexHes displace up to 20 \(\upmu\)m. With a safety factor of 1.5, a pushing force of 45 N was obtained. Then, according to the loading or unloading phases, the desired torques of the geared motor were theoretically derived, as below:  
\[T_{Loaling}=\frac{Fd_{m}}{2}\bigg{(}\frac{\pi Fd_{m}+l}{\pi d_{m}-fl}\bigg{)} \tag{1}\]  
\[T_{Um-loading}=\frac{Fd_{m}}{2}\bigg{(}\frac{\pi Fd_{m}-l}{\pi d_{m}+fl}\bigg{)} \tag{2}\]  
where \(F\) is the required force of the linear screw to push the rotation body, \(d_{m}\) is the diameter of the linear screw,\(f\) is the friction coefficient, and \(l\) is the pitch of the linear screw, respectively. The required torques for the loading and unloading were identified as 28.8 mN\(\cdot\)m and 20.6 mN\(\cdot\)m, respectively. The geared motor (Maxon Motor(r), A-Max 16, customized, Sachseln, Switzerland) with a maximum torque of 230 mN\(\cdot\)m was employed by using a safety factor of 8. Also, the employed encoder provides 512 PPR (Pulses/Rev) of resolution; thereby, the system provides the resolution up to 55,296 PPR. Accordingly, considering the pitch of the linear screw (0.5 mm) and the system resolution, the geared motor can be controlled by 0.01 \(\upmu\)m, theoretically. However, we observed the undesired error (\(\pm\)5 PPR) during the position control, and thus, the controllable resolution for producing the De-space was determined to 0.1 \(\upmu\)m. Therefore, the embedded DC geared motor with the encoder can minimize the error rate of De-space and enables highly precise control of the MTF at increments of 0.22%.
# UAV-Derived Himalayan Topography: Hazard Assessments and Comparison with Global DEM Products
## 4 Discussion
### Flood Assessment and Landslide-Dammed Lakes  
Global DEM products are commonly used for flood modelling (e.g., GLOFs) in the absence of finer-resolution data [12; 50; 51; 52]. However, the spatial resolution and vertical uncertainty is often comparable to the flood depth since steep Himalayan river valleys can be poorly resolved in the DEMs. Unresolved valley bottoms lead to an overestimation of river water levels [12; 50; 53] and would inflate the predicted socioeconomic flood vulnerability since buildings, bridges, and roads, are vertically closer to the channel (e.g., Figure 4d, Table 4). In contrast, the resolution achievable in UAV-derived fine-resolution elevation maps and orthophotos permits easy interpretation and incorporation into local planning policy to determine evacuation routes, areas of refuge, or sites where development should be restricted due to flood hazard.  
Landslides formed several lake impoundments along the Marsyangdi River following the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, leading to concerns that breaches could cause the inundation of Lower Pisang village \(\sim\)1.5 km downstream [5]. We simulated landslide-dammed lakes on a reach of the Marsyangdi River to quantify the role of DEM product on the resulting lake area and volume. Lakes simulated using the HMA-Mos and AW3D30 DEMs displayed the closest similarity with the UAV DEM (Figure 8), whereas the GDEM2 and SRTM were unsuitable for dam simulation due to poor vertical representation of the river channel. Our UAV DEM suggested a mean building elevation relative to the river channel of 16.0 \(\pm\) 5.2 m in Lower Pisang (Figure 6c). Flood modelling revealed that the lakes that formed on the Marsyangdi following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake did not pose an inundation hazard to Lower Pisang village in the event of a catastrophic breach. However, bank erosion, which was not considered in the model, could have been a problem due to the close proximity of the village to the banks. Fine-resolution topography was not available at the time of initial hazard assessment following the earthquake. Therefore, acquisition of imagery for processing in a SfM-MVS workflow from UAVs, light aircraft, or helicopters is high priority in countries with high hazard frequency like Nepal, where fine-resolution DEMs are lacking. Flood modelling scenarios along the reach of the Marsyangdi River collectively took less than two hours to run, with an initial setup time of \(\sim\)1 h. These simulations can be completed in a timely manner with access to an appropriate DEM and information on the hazard characteristics. Therefore, integrating UAV surveys into disaster response frameworks can improve real-time and short-term decision-making, and produce contemporary topographic and socioeconomic data with longer-term benefits (Figure 10).
# Phenolic Compound Composition and Biological Activities of Fractionated Soybean Pod Extract
###### Abstract  
The objective of this study was to determine the potential of dry extracts from soybean pods as a source of bioactive compounds. The phenolic compound composition of the extract (E) and fraction (F1-F3) as well as their respective lipophilicity were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. The biological activity as measured by antioxidant and cytotoxic activity was also evaluated. The in vitro anticancer potential of the ethanolic extract and fraction of soybean pods was measured through MTT assay using human colorectal carcinoma (HTC-116) and prostate cancer (PC-3) cell lines. The F2 fraction, with medium lipophilicity, produced the most pronounced cytotoxic effect in PC-3 cells. Analysis of Pearson's correlation demonstrated a high relationship between the content of phenolic compounds, the antioxidant activity of the extract and fractions, and cytotoxic activity towards PC-3 cells. UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis of soybean pod extract resulted in putative identification of 50 polyphenols belonging to three different chemical families (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and other polyphenols), the first time such an analysis has been performed. Among the fractions with variable lipophilicity, fraction F2 was the most abundant in phenolic compounds. This was confirmed in the quantitative analysis, as a result of which the highest total content of phenolic compounds was found in the extract (E) and fraction F2. Soybean pods might be useful material for obtaining preparations with anti-radical and anti-cancer properties. They can also be an active food additive or a component in dietary supplements.  
Keywords:soyeban pods; antioxidant activity; cytotoxic activity; phenolic composition; UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS; phenolic compounds; agricultural waste +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### GC\(\times\)GC-TOFMS Conditions  
A LECO Pegasus(r) 4D GC\(\times\)GC-TOFMS (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI, USA) was used for all experiments. This instrument consisted of an Agilent 7890B GC (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA), equipped with a liquid nitrogen-based quad-jet dual-stage cryogenic modulator (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI, USA), and a secondary oven, coupled with Pegasus 4D TOFMS (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI, USA), was applied for the analysis. The primary column was a 60 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m DB-FFAP (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) connected in series with a 1.5 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m Rxi-17 Sil MS secondary column (Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA).  
GC\(\times\)GC-TOFMS conditions that were previously reported [23] were used. The sample extract was injected in splitless mode at an injector temperature of 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The separation was performed using the following optimized temperature program for the primary oven: held at 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min, increased at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C, then held for 2 min, raised at 6 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, followed by an increase at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and held for 10 min. The secondary oven temperature was operated at a constant offset of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C relative to the primary one. The carrier gas was high purity helium (\(\geq\)99.999%), at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. The modulator was offset by +20 \({}^{\circ}\)C in relation to the primary oven. A modulation period of 4 s (alternating 0.8 s hot and 1.2 s cold) was used.  
The MS transfer line and the ion source were maintained at 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The TOFMS detector was operated in the electron impact ionization energy mode at 70 eV with the electron voltage set at 1430 V. The data were collected over a mass range of 35-400 amu at an acquisition rate of 100 spectra/s following no acquisition delay. Data acquisition and analysis were performed using LECO ChromaTOF software.