## 8 Industrial and Market Perspectives
### Market Potential for GP-Derived Materials
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Application** & **Key Details/Benefits** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Composting} & Currently, the majority of grape pomace used in Ontario and B.C. is composted on-site and recycled into the vineyard. It has an initial carbon-to-nitrogen (C: N) ratio of approximately 27:1, which is within the optimal range (25:1 to 35:1) for compositing. **Composing increases the nitrogen content** (e.g., to 2.35 wt\%), which is **beneficial for vineyard growth**. Using only composted grape pomace as the sole nitrogen source is neither feasible nor economical; supplemental fertilizer is required. Nitrogen from compost is considered “slow-releasing”, and improper distribution year-to-year could lead to detrimental nitrogen overabundance. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Functional Foods} & It can be used as a functional food ingredient due to its high fiber and phenolic content. **Consumer acceptance studies** have been conducted for products incorporating grape seed flour or grape pomace skins. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Food Processing} & Grape pomace can be used for **biosurfactant production**, utilizing glucose for lactic acid. It can be **added to food products for consistency and texture**. Bioactives, such as antioxidants from pomace, can be added internally to preserve food and are particularly preferred over synthetic antioxidants in meat products. Glucose can be used to produce **Pullulan**, which can be used as a food additive for **texture and low-calorie bulk**. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{C cosmetics} & **Antioxidants and oils** from grape pomace can be used topically. **Grape seed oil**, rich in linoleic acid, is beneficial for maintaining skin moisture, aiding in the healing of sunburns, and potentially reducing the appearance of acne. **Vitamin E** extracted from grape seeds is also effective when applied topically. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Pharmaceutical/Biomedical} & **Pullulan** has various applications in this field. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Supplements} & Products like **Bioflavia**, an organic dried red grape skin powder, are already being sold as supplements. **Grape seed oil** is also available as a supplement. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Alternative bioactive applications and market potential. Adapted from [PERSON] et al. [86]. In addition to the technological advancements, the incorporation of grape pomace within the meat industry aligns with the growing demand for natural additives. It aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. This practice mitigates environmental impacts and enables the extraction of high-value molecules from industrial waste. The work of [PERSON] et al. [88] examines an integrated biorefinery approach that aims to maximize the utilization of white grape pomace (WGP) through a combination of hydrothermal and organosolv treatments, followed by solid-state fermentation (SSF). The hydrothermal pretreatment process was optimized to enhance sugar extraction, achieving a concentration of up to 80.94 g L\({}^{-1}\) of reducing sugars, which can be utilized as a substrate for microalgae cultivation. The organosolv treatment facilitated the selective recovery of polyphenols and lignin, with the highest yield of polyphenols (2.27 g kg\({}^{-1}\) dry weight) being obtained at a temperature of 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Additionally, a lignin yield of 34.72% was achieved at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The residual solid fractions were subsequently subjected to solid-state fermentation using the fungi _Aspergillus oryzae_, _Neurospora intermedia_, and _Rhizopus oryzae_, resulting in a noteworthy increase in protein content, with _A. oryzae_ achieving a protein content of 17.6% on a dry weight basis. This multi-step integrated approach demonstrates a scalable and sustainable strategy for converting WGP into multiple high-value bio-products, thereby advancing the principles of the circular economy within the food sector.