# Biography of Muscle Tension Dysphonia: A Scoping Review
## 3 Results
### Etiology and Physiopathology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Author** & **Year** & **Title** & **Type of Study** & **N** & **Results/Conclusions** \\ \hline
9 & Van Houtte & 2012 &
\begin{tabular}{c} UES Pressure \\ During Phonation \\ Using \\ High-resolution \\ Manometry and \\ 24-h Dual-probe \\ pH-metry in \\ Patients with \\ Muscle Tension \\ Dysphonia \\ \end{tabular} & Case-Control & 28 & This study was not able to detect differences in phonation-induced UES pressures between patients with MTD and normal speakers using a standard water-perfusion high-resolution manometry assembly. \\ \hline
10 & Gillespie & 2013 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Aerodynamic \\ Profiles of Women \\ With Muscle \\ Tension Dysphonia/Aphoria \\ \end{tabular} & Cohort & 90 & This study identified five distinct subgroups of aerodynamic profiles in women with MTD/A and quantitatively identified the “breath holding” phenomenon. The results suggest that diverse respiratory and laryngeal functions may underlie phonatory patterns associated with MTD/A. \\ \hline
11 & Alipour & 2014 & \begin{tabular}{c} Aerodynamic and \\ Acoustic Effects of \\ Ventricular gap \\ \end{tabular} & Experimental & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 7 \\ excised \\ canine \\ lampnx \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Wide ventricular gaps were associated \\ with increases in fundamental frequency \\ and decreases in glottal resistance. \\ Ventricular compression may interact \\ with true vocal fold posture and vibration, resulting in predictable changes in aerodynamic, physiological, acoustic, and perceptual measures of phonation. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
12 & Faralli & 2017 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} The Effect of \\ Speech \\ Rehabilitation \\ Therapy for Muscle \\ Tension Dysphonia \\ on Global Postural \\ Strategy \\ \end{tabular} & Cross-sectional & 26 &
\begin{tabular}{c} There was a statistically significant \\ improvement of all previously altered \\ posturographic parameters. This study \\ shows that MTD might interfere with \\ global postural strategy through the \\ involvement of all cervical muscles’ \\ proprioception. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
13 & Kryshtopava & 2017 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Brain Activity \\ During Phonation \\ in Women With \\ Muscle Tension \\ Dysphonia: An \\ fMRI Study. \\ \end{tabular} & Case-Control & 25 &
\begin{tabular}{c} The findings in this study provide insight \\ into phonation and exhalation control in \\ patients with MTD. The imaging results \\ demonstrated that, in patients with MTD, \\ altered brain activities may result in \\ laryngeal tension and vocal \\ hyperfunction. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
14 & McKenna & 2020 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Voice Onset Time \\ in Individuals With \\ Hyperfunctional \\ Voice Disorders: \\ Evidence for \\ Disordered Vocal \\ Motor Control \\ \end{tabular} & Case-Control & 64 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Speakers with VH exhibited greater \\ variability in phonemic voicing targets \\ compared to vocally healthy speakers, \\ supporting the hypothesis for disordered \\ vocal motor control in VH. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
15 & Ali & 2020 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Muscle Tension \\ Dysphonia: \\ Experience from a \\ Conflict Zone \\ \end{tabular} & Cross-sectional & 72 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Stress scores were considerably higher for \\ individuals with MTD as compared to the \\ healthy population. Also, scores were \\ much higher in women as compared to \\ men. Emotional stress might play a major role in the upkeep of MTD. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._There have been several studies in the last decade that mention factors at the Central Nervous System level which have an influence on these patients, with altered brain activity demonstrated by fMRI [20], disordered vocal motor control in patients with vocal