# Electricity Losses in Focus: Detection and Reduction Strategies--State of the Art
## 3 Methods for Identifying Power Losses
### Technical Energy Losses
#### 3.1.3 Energy Losses Due to Equipment Efficiency  
Technical losses are defined as the amount of energy that is permanently lost in the power system. Consequently, the identification of technical electricity losses is imperative for enhancing the optimization of distribution systems. In [24], [PERSON] addressed the identification of electricity losses through the intelligent use of information obtained from users and the importance of integrating intelligent modeling and simulation programs to model and simulate the electrical networks and thus accurately determine the number of electrical losses. In his paper, the author implemented a method for simulating power grids and proposed various methods to reduce energy losses. A form of calculation methodologies has been documented in the extant literature for the purpose of determining and estimating technical losses in power systems. In [25], the authors have presented an original methodology for evaluating energy losses in single-phase systems. This methodology involves the calculation of the mean technical losses associated with a designated power supply unit over a specified period. The researchers' findings indicate an overall efficiency of 62.6% for the determination of energy losses, thereby classifying the methodology as consistent and recommending its use in calculations pertaining to technical energy losses in single-phase power systems. A multitude of methods exist for determining energy losses. Researchers have implemented various approaches and methodologies to identify these losses. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] have developed a technical type of loss calculation method based on energy flow in [26]. Therefore, in the paper, calculation criteria considering the energy demand in the peak load scenario, the length of the distributor, the load-carrying capacity of the supply transformers, as well as the details of the power factor of the analyzed network, were addressed. In a similar vein, the researchers in [27] explored the calculation of energy losses in low-voltage networks where consumer data are not accessible. They have analyzed a method of calculating a network with analogous characteristics. The primary objective of this analysis is to ascertain the copper losses in distribution networks. The findings of this study indicate an error margin of less than 10% when employing this method to ascertain the technical losses. Therefore, by successfully analyzing this method, it is possible to estimate the copper losses in low-voltage electrical networks. In comparison with a similar method for determining the copper losses, this method presents a lower degree of error. As a result, the improvement of the method can generate a more appropriate and accurate detection of power losses in low-voltage networks, regardless of their distance and length. The case study was conducted in the distribution network of Gilan, Iran, and the paper presents several well-structured further developments, such as widening the sampling interval and analyzing the typologies of distributed generators mounted in the system in detail. A notable criterion that supports the need to identify energy losses is the financial impact of such losses. In [28], the issue of loss costs in a Norwegian power grid was addressed. The authors conducted a comprehensive analysis encompassing the life cycle of the equipment, meticulously evaluating the necessary modifications to the distribution networks. This analysis encompassed both investment costs and maintenance costs. In this paper, the authors estimated the costs of energy losses across Norway. The main hypotheses were based on future load growth. Furthermore, the augmentation of hydropower plants has a direct impact on the magnitude of these losses. The authors encountered challenges in their study, particularly with the regulatory tariffs of the energy markets, which, at present, do not pose a significant obstacle.