esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
Various levels of complexity of remote sensing data integration techniques have been assessed by merely incorporating satellite information into simulation models [32]. The LAI can be defined as the unit leaf area per unit land area and is an essential biophysical parameter utilized in many biophysical crop model analyses to depict crop growth stages [33, 34, 35]. The crop model LAI has been integrated with remote sensing-extracted biophysical parameters [36, 37]. Meteorological and climate data (surface temperature, rainfall, etc. ), soil parameters, and management practices are integrated with spatially explicit remote sensing data, such as slope and vegetation indices (e.g., the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) to model crop growth and yield estimations [24, 38]. The NDVI is widely used to estimate crop biomass at different growth stages. Although its values vary throughout the crop cycle, the NDVI is the most reliable indicator of light absorption [39, 40]. NDVI values from zero (bare soil) to 1 indicate cultivated soils, while 0.6-1.0 imply dense vegetation at peak growth stages [21]. Remote sensing data alone or combined with other data can estimate crop yield before harvest and provide crop health status via NDVI and LAI [24]. Remote sensing and crop growth modeling are two distinct technologies to address field and regional agronomic issues [41]. Previous research has revealed a paucity of field-level LAI measurements utilizing a zeptometer at various crop stages and a dearth of studies comparing field-level LAI to model LAI. Moreover, earlier investigations have been performed to estimate rice yield using remote sensing technologies at the block or district level. Accordingly, this study has been designed to evaluate the rice yield at the village level under different farm-level management practices using remote sensing and crop simulation models with LAI as the principal component.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Dataset Production
#### 4.1.1 Traffic Situational Awareness Monitoring Dataset  
The monitoring dataset of traffic situational awareness is based on the traffic flow data of the Yangjiang road in the Jiulongpo area of Chongqing for a total of one day from 0:00 on 21 November 2021, to 24:00 on 21 November 2021. It is a total of 100 samples, and the size of the time interval of the data indicator is 15 min. In this paper, road traffic status identification is performed based on the traffic flow data. The monitoring data are shown in Table 4.
## 7 Discussion
These improvements can mitigate several constraints associated with transparent payloads, particularly in time-sensitive scenarios. Nonetheless, they also introduce limitations, such as increased satellite complexity. While regenerative architectures can complement transparent ones in some use cases, their adoption strongly depends on mission constraints and system capabilities. Another relevant point is related to the existence of ISLs. In Section 4, we mentioned that the latest version of the Starlink satellites included ISL technologies. The impact of ISLs would depend on the specific scenario. If the satellite footprint covers both the terminal and the terrestrial gateway at the same time, ISLs would not be utilized; therefore, performance metrics would not vary. Otherwise, the processing time (decoding, routing, etc.) involved in each ISL hop would decrease performance. As Starlink implements optical ISLs, the performance bottleneck should be maintained in the radio link of the service and feeder links. It would be interesting to numerically characterize the processing time of ISL hops to quantify how they would affect 5G NTN.
## 4 Results
### Data Size Comparison  
In this study, two data packages are available: non-encrypted and encrypted packets, and both save in comma-separated value (.CSV) files. Non-encrypted package refers to the generated radio dataset containing raw data. Encrypted package refers to the generated dataset after encryption with the AES algorithm. After encryption, the new file is 34 percent larger than the non-encrypted dataset. Table 10 represents the difference in file size among these two data packages.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Empirical Results
#### 5.2.2 Mutual Comparison of BERT and LSTM Using Rule R1  
A mutual comparison of the two models was also performed with respect to the proposed fuzzy metric. Figure 1 shows the comparisons of the two models with respect to each dataset, while showing the value of \(\mu_{O}\) for 10, 20, and 30 epochs. In Figure 1a, the plots indicate that as far as the Enron dataset is concerned, LSTM has a better performance compared to BERT for all epochs. With regard to the results for Lingspam dataset as given in Figure 1b, BERT shows better performance than LSTM for 10 and 20 epochs, but has equal performance for 30 epochs. Finally, for the PU dataset, the trends in Figure 1c are similar to what was observed for the Enron dataset as far as BERT is concerned; BERT has an inferior performance for all epochs.
# Intelligent Trajectory Prediction Algorithm for Reentry Glide Target Based on Intention Inference
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, aimed at the problem of maneuvering mode mutation and insufficient utilization of intention information in trajectory prediction for reentry glide target, an intelligent trajectory prediction algorithm based on intention inference is proposed. According to the guidance method of the target, the prediction process is divided into longitudinal prediction process and lateral prediction process. Firstly, based on the suitable control parameter model and sequential neural network, the initial and last state modification network, parameter modification network and parameter value prediction network are established to realize the prediction of the control parameter value. Secondly, the importance map model is developed based on the Gaussian mixture model. On this basis, the association model between strategic places and trajectories is presented to calculate the related factors of intention. Then, to adaptively calculate the threat value and infer attack intention, the intention inference network is introduced. Combined with the sign variation rule of bank angle, the lateral prediction is realized. Finally, according to the simulation results, the parameter prediction network of this paper has an excellent longitudinal prediction effect, the proposed intention parameters reflect good intention characteristics, and the intention network can accurately infer the intention of the target. It is proved that the proposed method can realize accurate and long-term trajectory prediction under different conditions. Compared with other mainstream methods, the prediction accuracy and long-term prediction effect of our method produces the best prediction result  
Conceptualization, M.L. and C.Z.; methodology, M.L. and C.Z.; software, M.L.; validation, M.L., C.L.; writing--original draft preparation. M.L., C.Z.; writing--review and editing, L.S., H.L.; supervision, H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 62173339 and no. 61873278).  
No applicable.  
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Sub-Terahertz Computer Generated Hologram with Two Image Planes
## 5 Conclusions  
We designed and simulated a single computer-generated Fresnel hologram for a sub-terahertz band (0.17 THz). The novel solution was to use a single hologram containing information about two images placed at two separate planes. the larger size of the image in relation to the hologram area was crucial also, which was in the range of dozens of wavelengths (less than 60).  
To design such an element, we used the ping-pong algorithm, a modified version of the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. Furthermore, additional simulations showed the possibility of encoding even a larger amount of planes in a single-phase plate; in this case, four. We presented experimental data proving that a relatively small area of sub-THz hologram (having a size of about 57 wavelengths) contains enough information to obtain fine features of the two chosen binary objects. The presented concept can be potentially used in MIMO telecommunication systems or even in the transport industry as markers for distance detection in reduced visibility conditions.  
[PERSON] was responsible for the total conceptualization, methodology, and supervision of the experiments, [PERSON] and M.S. wrote, reviewed, and edited the original draft; [PERSON] and I.D. performed numerical simulations and data analysis, and prepared files for manufacturing the hologram structure, [PERSON], M.S., and [PERSON] performed experiments and evaluated the experimental data.  
This study was partially supported by the Dean of Faculty of Physics of Warsaw University of Technology under the grant \"Synthetic terahertz holography\" in 2018 and partially supported by the National Centre for Research and Development in Poland under Grant LIDER/020/319/L-5/13/NCBR/2014.  
The authors would like to acknowledge [PERSON] for all discussions and the Orteh Company for providing the LS 6.0 Software used for modeling the optical setups. Furthermore, the authors would like to thank [PERSON] for his support in realizing the experimental part.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
In opportunistic networks, where link performance is often highly variable or extreme due to the intermittent nature of communication links between nodes, there may never be a continuous and complete path between the receiver and the sender, and packets of information can only be stored and carried by the movement of nodes, which then look for forwarding opportunities when they meet. Existing routing protocols for opportunistic networks suffer from problems such as excessive network memory consumption or insufficient link prediction that is focused on link connectivity determination. In this paper, we propose an efficient opportunistic network routing protocol that evaluates the historical values of encounter probability, movement posture, and acquired resource availability of all nodes within the communicable range based on link prediction. The intelligent prediction of link connectivity state provides a reliable aid for routing decisions, which can provide longer-period communication in the ocean; the consideration of nodes' comprehensive attributes establishes the priority of message forwarding, avoids duplicate transmissions and route invalidation phenomena, and effectively improves the success rate of message delivery. It also reduces the transmission latency and routing overhead compared to the existing schemes.  
opportunistic network; link intelligent prediction; deep learning; internet of the ocean; ship ad hoc network +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 26 February 2025  
10 March 2025
## 1 Introduction
In this work, a code reusage scheme is proposed and evaluated which separates active users into groups according to their channel quality and interuser interference. To this end, the received data correlation matrix is constructed at the transmitter, using only the primary eigenvector and eigenvalue of the corresponding correlation matrix as the input via feedback, deducted via principal component analysis (PCA) at MSs [21]. Hence, as it is shown in the presented results, our approach can achieve significant code assignment gain (CAG) with minimum computational and feedback complexity as well as average bit error rate (BER) deterioration. CAG is defined as the ratio of total codes assigned in the NOMA case compared to the ones used in the OMA transmission schemes. The rest of this article is organized as follows: In Section 2, basic transceiver concepts of multiuser MIMO configurations are described. In Section 3, the proposed NOMA approach based on PCA and SIC is described. Simulation results are presented in Section 4, both for the SIC/non-SIC cases at MSs for various MIMO configurations. Finally, concluding remarks and proposals for future work are provided in Section 5.
# A Novel Method for Constructing the S-Box Based on Spatiotemporal Chaotic Dynamics
## 5 Performance Analysis of the Constructed S-Box  
Six criteria [13; 14; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25] are generally selected to test S-boxes. These are \"bijective property, nonlinearity, Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC), BIC, input/output XOR distribution, and Linear approximation Probability (LP)\". For testing the properties of the obtained S-box, we analyzed the above six criteria in detail. We also compared the results of the obtained S-box with those of other S-boxes proposed in [11; 13; 14; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. Moreover, we also constructed an S-box by using the CML  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c  
system as we did based on the NCML system and compared the performance of S-boxes based on the two systems.
# Anti-Jamming Low-Latency Channel Hopping Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
## 4 Proposed Solution
### Property of the ALL Protocol  
SUs using the ALL protocol are guaranteed to have a rendezvous with their intended receiver, as described in Theorem 1.  
**Theorem 1**: _The ALL protocol ensures that an SU \(a\) and its designated receiver \(b\) have a rendezvous on all mutually available channels during a given period._  
The channel hopping sequence of SU \(a\) is produced by the channel hopping matrix \(M_{a}\), the components in the same column of \(M_{a}\) will appear in the channel hopping sequence every \((|ID_{a}|+1)\) slots. We can prove that the channel hopping sequence of SU \(a\) is guaranteed to have a rendezvous with SU \(b\) by proving that there is \(TR\) overlapping between SUs \(a\) and \(b\). With the loss of generality, we assume the \(i\)th bit of \(ID_{a}\) and that of \(ID_{b}\) are different. When SUs \(a\) and \(b\) are synchronous, SU \(a\) uses channels in \(M_{a}^{i}\) while SU \(b\) uses channels in \(M_{b}^{i}\). Because \(ID_{a}^{i}\
eq ID_{b}^{i}\), the ELP pattern and thus the fixed \(R\) frame symbol selected by SU \(a\) must be different from that selected by SU \(b\). It means that, at most one, fixed \(R\) frame of SU \(a\) overlaps with that of SU \(b\). For each column other than the first one in a hopping matrix, SU \(a\) will assign each ELP symbol other than its fixed \(R\) symbol in the column as a \(T\) frame in a period. This means that SU \(a\) can assign a \(T\) frame to overlap with a fixed \(R\) frame of SU \(b\). Whenever SUs \(a\) and \(b\) are \(TR\) overlapped, they will have a rendezvous on each of their available channels since SU \(b\) uses different channels for fixed \(R\) frames in different sub-columns.  
There are two cases when SUs \(a\) and \(b\) are asynchronous:  
**Case 1**: \(\theta\
eq 0\) (mod \((n_{e}+1)\)). In this case, without loss of generality, assuming that SU \(a\) uses the channels in \(M_{a}^{i}\) where \(j\
eq 1\) when SU \(b\) uses channels in \(M_{b}^{1}\). Because \(M_{b}^{1}\) is  
Figure 3: This figure illustrates how SU \(a\) allocates \(T\) and unfixed \(R\) frame symbols in the presence of an asynchronous SU \(b\). The four panels depict the following steps: (**a**) the allocation of \(uFR_{a}\), (**b**) the selection of \(T\) frame and unfixed \(R\) frame symbol of \(M_{a}^{3}\) based on \(M_{b}^{2}\), (**c**) the selection of \(T\) frame and unfixed \(R\) frame symbol of \(M_{a}^{2}\) based on \(M_{b}^{1}\), and (**d**) the complete \(M_{a}\).  
generated by the repeated frame pattern (TTRR), which is different from the \(T\) and \(R\) frame arrangement in \(M_{a}^{j}\), SUs \(a\) and \(b\) are \(TR\) overlapped.  
**Case 2**: \(\theta=0\) (mod (\(n_{e}+1\))). The proof, in this case, is the same as the one when SUs \(a\) and \(b\) are synchronous.  
We have demonstrated that the theorem is valid, which states that SU \(a\) and its designated receiver \(b\) will have a rendezvous on all mutually available channels within a given period, regardless of whether they are synchronous or asynchronous.
# Survey and Perspectives of Vehicular Wi-Fi versus Sidelink Cellular-V2X in the 5G Era
## 3 Simulation Tool and Settings
### Main Settings
#### 3.2.5 Scenarios  
Results are provided in three scenarios:  
* **Cologne**: This scenario is a 1.85\(\times\)1.85 km\({}^{2}\) portion, at 7:30, of the urban trace detailed in [43], which is moderately dense; on average, there are 930 vehicles and 7.8 significant neighbours within 100 m;
* **Bologna**: This scenario is a 1.6\(\times\)1.3 km\({}^{2}\) urban area, denoted in [44] as congested; queues are present at some intersections; on average, there are 670 vehicles and 13.1 significant neighbours within 100 m, although in some cases the significant neighbours within 100 m exceed 40;
* **Highway**: The scenario, detailed in [44], corresponds to approximately 16 km of an almost congested \(3+3\) lanes highway; on average, there are 2016 vehicles and 25.4 significant neighbours within 200 m.  
In Figure 2, the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the vehicles within a given range (indicated as _all neighbours_) and the significant neighbours within the same range are shown.  
Figure 2: Distribution of the number of neighbours in the three scenarios.
# Type-Road Heat Transfer Coefficient Equation Proposal
## 2 Heat Transfer between Road and Tyre--Thermophysical Aspects  
The tyre-road heat transfer mechanism is theorised starting from the description of what happens when the rolling tyre surface comes into contact with the ground and becomes part of the contact patch. In particular, the description takes into account a small part of the tyre tread surface \(\Delta S\) [m\({}^{2}\)] and what happens inside the first infinitesimal layer of rubber in terms of the thermal gradient and thermal flux, \(\varphi\), exchanged with the ground, as can be seen in Figure 2.  
Analysing Figure 2, it can be seen that, at first, the tyre and road surfaces have different temperatures, \(T_{1}\) [K], the road one, and \(T_{2}\) [K], the tyre one. Nevertheless, as soon as \(\Delta S\) is pressed into contact with the ground, because of the tyre rotation, at least the very first molecular layer substrate must reach thermal equilibrium. In that situation, a steep thermal gradient develops inside the rubber surface \(\Delta S\), so an intense thermal flux, \(\varphi\), starts to flow from the tyre surface to the ground [31].  
Because of that intense thermal flux, the temperature of the first substrate drops, and this thermal drop begins to propagate deeper (it is worth noting that the thermal gradient develops inside a very short depth of the rubber surface layer tread). The heat propagation smooths the thermal gradient; consequently, the heat flow decreases. A Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation by [PERSON] [19] was in agreement with the above description. Furthermore, the road temperature remains almost the same, given that the  
Figure 2: Thermal gradient evolution inside the tyre due to the heat flux passing through the tyre surface \(\Delta S\).  
asphalt conductivity, as well as its thermal capacity, is one order of magnitude higher than those of the tyre rubber, as reported by [32].  
As soon as the surface area previously in contact with the ground loses such a contact, the temperature of the first layer rises again, returning in thermal equilibrium with the temperature of the rubber surface layer until \(\Delta S\), after a full tyre rotation, returns into contact with the ground. The whole process generates continually a heat loss that can be taken into account when defining the \(Hc\) coefficient. Such a coefficient permits calculating the heat flux passing from the tyre to the road on average (Equation (1)).  
Considering the above description, \(Hc\) is not expected to be a constant but rather a function of the (rolling) tyre footprint-road contact time; in other words, the \(Hc\) coefficient should increase with the tyre rolling speed while decreasing with the footprint length, as hinted at also in ref. [29]. The above observation is the basis of the \(Hc\) equation development proposed in Section 3.
## 4 Discussion
In addition, CHM administration improved motor function and attenuated motor neuron death in hSOD1G93A mice. These findings suggest that CHM can be useful for alleviating inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative diseases by enhancing anti-oxidant activity and immune reactions. Skeletal muscle is targeted to develop therapeutic drugs for ALS because muscle paralysis is a major symptom of ALS, and improved motor function or muscle metabolism enhances the quality of life of patients with ALS. A loss in muscle function is induced by type II fiber dysfunction in muscle diseases, including ALS. Therefore, some researchers have reported that the effects of troponin activators or neurite outgrowth stimulators depend on the type of ALS [47]. In addition, [PERSON] et al. showed that glucose metabolism in hSOD1G93A mice is related to fatty acid oxidation [48] and suggested mitochondria abnormality and lipid deposition in an ALS model. Consistently, ranolazine (an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation) improves glycolysis, including enhancement of muscle strength and ATP level [49]. Patients with _SOD1_- and _C90 RF72_-induced ALS show abnormal glucose metabolism and hypometabolism or hypermetabolism in different brain regions depending on pathological involvement [50]. Some researchers have reported alterations in the muscle metabolome, particularly abnormal metabolites related to carbohydrate metabolism and the amino acid pathway in patients with ALS [51; 52]. This study demonstrated that mitochondria impairment is involved in muscle glycolysis, leading to ATP reduction. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that improvement in muscle function by the regulation of mitochondrial function with PGC-1a enhanced the survival of hSOD1G93A mice [53]. In our study, we found that CHM administration improved the movement of hSOD1G93A mice. This finding suggests that CHM can regulate muscle metabolism and mitochondrial function by enhancing anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity in hSOD1G93A mice. Therefore, future studies should investigate the effects of CHM on mitochondrial impairment and muscle glycolysis in hSOD1G93A mice. Autophagy dysfunction is also a principal pathological marker of ALS. Sporadic ALS and familiar ALS are associated with autophagy impairment [54]. The levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3b and p62 were increased by mTOR, and autophagic vacuoles were detected in motor neurons of hSOD1G93A mice [55; 56]. In addition, [PERSON] et al. showed that mitophagy impairment induced metabolic dysfunction, neurotoxicity, and muscle denervation by SOD1 expression in ALS, and rapamycin attenuated these phenotypes [57]. This study showed that CHM treatment alleviated autophagy dysfunction in the muscle and SC of hSOD1G93A mice. This finding suggests that the regulation of autophagy by CHM could help reduce the amounts of protein inclusions in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and PD. Therefore, the active compounds of CHM need to be identified to develop effective drugs to treat patients with ALS.