## 3 Simulation Methodology
### Simulation Model and Setting Variables
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Division** & **Specifications of Base Model** \\ \hline Usage & Office Building \\ \hline Floor Area and Direction & 1650 m\({}^{2}\) (50 m \(\times\) 33 m \(\times\) 11.7 m) and South \\ \hline Simulation Program & EnergyPlus v9.5.0 (Dynamic simulation tool) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Base Model Envelope} & U-Value of Wall & 0.26 W/m\({}^{2}\)\(\cdot\)K \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The Korean energy saving design standards} \\ \cline{2-3}  & U-Value of Floor & 0.22 W/m\({}^{2}\)\(\cdot\)K \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The Korean energy saving design standards} \\ \cline{2-3}  & U-Value of Roof & 0.15 W/m\({}^{2}\)\(\cdot\)K \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The Korean energy saving design standards} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The Korean energy saving design standards} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} Double Low-E Pane Glazing \\ (U-value = 1.5 W/m\({}^{2}\)\(\cdot\)K, SHGC = 0.458, VLT = 0.698) \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The Korean energy saving design standards} \\ \hline Terminal Unit & CAV System \\ \hline AHU Fan type & Constant Air Volume \\ \hline SA Setpoint Temp. Relative Humidity & Cooling Temp. 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Heating Temp. 26 \({}^{\circ}\)C/Relative Humidity 50–60\% \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The Korean energy saving design standards} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} Cooling Operation (May—Oct): 07:00–18:00 (26.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Heating Operation (Nov—Apr): 07:00–18:00 (20.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \hline Base Model System & Plant System & Absorption chiller-heaters (heating COP 0.8, cooling COP 1.0) \\ \hline Pump Efficiency & 0.6 (Default) \\ \hline Lighting and Equipment & 12 W/m\({}^{2}\), 11 W/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} 0.2 person/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-3}  & Occupancy density & The Korean energy saving design standards, The \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} MGTIE and KICT report \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Infiltration \\ \end{tabular} } & 3.0 Ach50 \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The Korean energy saving design standards} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Weekday—08:00–18:00, Weekend—Off \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The Korean energy saving design standards} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Weather Data \\ \end{tabular} } & Incheon, South Korea (ASHRAE climate zone 4) \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{New Delhi, India (ASHRAE climate zone 2)} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Berlin, Germany (ASHRAE climate zone 5)} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Minneapolis, U.S. (ASHRAE climate zone 6)} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Properties of the base simulation model. The constant air volume (CAV) system, which is commonly used in Korea, was set as a base air-conditioning system, and the absorption chiller-heater (cooling COP 1.0, heating COP 0.8) was adopted as a base plant system [35]. The weather file including four regions (Incheon: Seoul metropolitan area--South Korea, New Delhi--India, Berlin--Germany, and Minneapolis--U.S.) provided by the International Weather for Energy Calculation (IWEC) [20] was used in this study. Table 2 and Figure 4 show high-performance technologies and their specific properties. We selected technologies based on formal studies of high-performance buildings [14; 15; 16; 17; 18]. Energy saving technologies, consisting of 15 case models, were grouped as passive systems, active systems, or renewable energy systems.