# Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Edible Flowers
## 2 Phytochemicals
### Phenolic Compounds
#### 2.1.3 Flavonoids
In the same study, quercetin was the main flavonoid in _Rosa pendulin_, _Robinia pseudoacacia_ and _Tropaeulum majus_; quercetin in _Leucanthemum vulgare_, _Paenonia officinalis_ and _Rosa canina_; and isoquercitrin in _Diantthus pavonius_, _Geranium sylvaticum_, _Lavandula angustifolia_, _Leucanthemum vulgare_, _Mentha aquatic_ and _Rosa canina_. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Flavonols** & **Flower** & **Reference** \\ \hline Quercetin & _Bauhinia varieguta L., Capparis spinose, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Coreopsis_ & \\ Quercetin & _titctoria_ Nutt., Hedysarutu coronarium, Matthila incana (L.) R.Br., Paenonia_ & \\ Quercetin & _suffixicus_, _Prunus persica_, _Rikodendendron indicum_ var. simsi, _Rosa brunonii, Rosa_ [18; 23; 36; 52; 53; 54] \\  & _centifolia L., Rosa gallica L., Sambusic nigra, Styluplobium japonicum_ (L.) [PERSON], & \\  & _Tibuchina uvillleana_, _Tibuchina mollis_, _Tulbaghia violaca_ & \\ \hline Quercitrin (quercetin & _Chumomilia_, _Chrysanthemum morifolium, Dendranthema morifolium, Matricaria_ & \\  & _recutita_, _Osmanthus fragrans_, _Paenonia lactiflora_ Pall., _Perennial chamonile_, _Rosa_ & [54; 55] \\  & _brunoni_, _Rosa bourboniana_, _Rosa damascene_ & \\ \hline Hyperoside (quercetin- & _Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum indicum, Prunus mume_ & [56; 57; 58] \\  & _Catedula officinalis L., Capparis spinose, Chamonilia, Cichorium intybus, Dahlia_ & \\  & _mignon_, _Dendranthema morifolium, Flos Ioniccare, Hedysarutu coronarium,_ & \\  & _Osmanthus fragrans_, _Paenonia spartificosa_, _Prunus persica_, _Robinia pseudoacacia_, & [18; 23; 55; 59] \\  & _Rosmarinus officinalis_, _Sambusic nigra, Tulbaghia violacea_ & \\ \hline Other quercetin & _Agave durangensis_, _Calendula officinalis L., Cyanus segetum_ Hill, _Rosa gallica L.,_ & [52; 53; 59; 60; 61] \\  & _Tibuchina uvillleana_, _Tibuchina mollis_, _Tulbaghia violaca_, _Tropaeulum majus_ L. & \\ \hline [PERSON] & _Anchusa azurea, Anchusa azurea_ Mill., _Antigoon leptopus_ [PERSON]. & Arr., _Bauhinia_ & \\  & _varizuela L., Bougainville glabyn Choisy, Capparis spinose, Corpeis sinctoria_ & \\  & _Nutt., _Flos rose ravage, Hedysarutom conorarium, Malbu sylestris, Matthila incana_ & [23; 36; 55; 62] \\  & (L.) [PERSON], _Nymphone nocudali_ **Burm. f., Paenonia x stuffrilucosa_ & \\  & _persica_, _Robinia pseudoacacia_, _Rosmarinus officinalis_, _Rikodendron indicum_ var. & \\  & _sintsii_, _Rosa centifolia L., _Rosa gallica L., _Stythnolobium japonicum_ (L.) [PERSON] & \\ \hline [PERSON] & _Agave durangensis, Calendula officinalis L., Crocus sativus, Cyanus segetum_ [PERSON], & \\  & _Dahlia mignon, Rosa gallica L., Tibouchina urvilleana, Tibouchina mollis, Tulbaghia_ & [52; 53; 59; 60; 61] \\  & _violaca_, _Tropaeulum majus_ L. & \\ \hline Isorhamretin and its & _Rosa gallica L., Tibouchina urvilleana, Tibouchina mollis, Prunus mume_ & [52; 58; 59] \\  & _Anchusa azurea_ Mill., _Antigoon leptopus_ [PERSON]. & Arr., _Bauhinia variegata L.,_ & \\  & _Bougainville glabra_ _[PERSON], _Caparis spinose, Cichorium intybus, Malva sylestris,_ & \\  & _Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosa damascene, Rosa brunoni, Rosa bourboniana, Sambusic nigra, Tibouchina urvilleana, Tibouchina mollis_ & [36; 52; 54; 55; 62] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Major flavonoids detected in some edible flowers. Flavanols  
The major flavanols detected in edible flowers are catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechine gallate. There is no double bond in flavanols between C2 and C3 and no carbonyl in the ring C (C4), resulting in two chiral carbons (C2 and C3), and therefore four possible diastereomers: (+)-catechin (2R,3S), (-)-catechin (2S,3R), (+)-epicatechin (2R,3R) and (-)-epicatechin (2S,3S) [10]. Flavanols are the compounds that have been detected in the majority of edible flowers and especially the two main representatives of the group catechin and epicatechin (Table 9).