## 3 Simulation Methodology
### Description of Case Study  
In this study, the rural healthcare clinic considered for the assessment is a specialist hospital located in Ilumoba-Ekiti village in Ekiti State, in the southern part of Nigeria. This rural clinic is a government owned hospital that also provides healthcare delivery services to six neighboring communities that share a boundary with the host community. The study aimed at analysing the electrical appliances associated with laboratory equipment, vaccinations, maternity, medical consultations and lighting. The hospital is mostly run on a diesel generator during an emergency or when highly needed due to limited access to electricity in the community and its surroundings. Despite the significance of electricity for medical facilities, staff in this hospital do not have access to sufficient energy to perform their daily functions. This can lead to the poor storage of vaccines and the death of patients when attending unelectrified rural clinics. A hybrid energy system may be proposed for the rural healthcare facilities to improve energy supply to provide adequate service delivery in the rural clinic. The hybrid energy system comprises a wind turbine, solar PV, diesel generators and a battery storage system, which will provide energy for the proper operation of medical equipment. In order to properly design the hybrid energy for the system, an estimation of energy-consuming medical equipment is computed and the load profile for the rural healthcare clinic is presented in Table 2. Table 3 and Figure 2 present the solar parameters and wind speed of the selected site location. In this study, we considered four different configurations of hybrid energy systems for providing a stable power supply for rural clinics and these configurations are as follows:  
* Case 1: Diesel generators only;
* Case 2: Diesel generator with wind turbine;
* Case 3: Diesel generator with PV system;
* Case 4: Diesel generator, PV, wind turbine and battery.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Equipment** & **Quantity** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Power Rating** \\ **(W/h)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Hrs in** \\ **Operation (h)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Energy per Day** \\ **(Wh/Day)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline Suction/aspiratr & 1 & 24 & 10 & 240 \\ \hline Pulse oximetry & 1 & 24 & 2 & 48 \\ \hline X-ray machine & 1 & 1000 & 1 & 1000 \\ \hline Incubator & 1 & 400 & 24 & 9600 \\ \hline Vertilators & 1 & 200 & 8 & 1600 \\ \hline Ultrasound scanner & 1 & 75 & 4 & 300 \\ \hline Nebulizer & 1 & 180 & 3 & 540 \\ \hline Vaccine refrigerator & 1 & 60 & 24 & 1440 \\ \hline Electro Cardiogram (ECG) & 1 & 60 & 1 & 60 \\ \hline Centrifuge & 1 & 600 & 1.5 & 900 \\ \hline Microscopes & 1 & 30 & 4 & 120 \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{l} Lights \\ (fluorescents) \\ \end{tabular} & 20 & 11 & 6 & 1320 \\ \hline Sterilizer & 1 & 800 & 2 & 1600 \\ \hline Dialysis machine & 1 & 750 & 2 & 1500 \\ \hline Computers & 3 & 20 & 6 & 360 \\ \hline Water pump & 1 & 100 & 6 & 600 \\ \hline Fans/ACs & 5 & 100 & 5 & 500 \\ \hline Socket outlets in wards & 10 & 6 & 8 & 480 \\ \hline
**Total Wattage** & & & & **22,208** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Load profile of rural healthcare facilities.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Month** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Solar Radiation** \\ **(kWh/m\({}^{2}\)/Day)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Clearness Index** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Temperature \({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline January & 8.153 & 0.643 & 24.56 \\ \hline February & 9.302 & 0.725 & 27.81 \\ \hline March & 9.452 & 0.712 & 29.05 \\ \hline April & 9.215 & 0.655 & 30.65 \\ \hline May & 8.485 & 0.623 & 30.04 \\ \hline June & 6.135 & 0.564 & 26.8 \\ \hline July & 5.703 & 0.564 & 26.08 \\ \hline August & 6.816 & 0.584 & 26.14 \\ \hline September & 4.964 & 0.615 & 26.38 \\ \hline October & 4.825 & 0.524 & 2