esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM)  
Startle reflex modulation, as mentioned previously, is sensitive to subcortical affective processing with a clear emphasis on valence. As expected, results showed the \"erotic\" category to be the least startle-inducing, and across all three groups, the \"violent\" emotion category elicited the largest startle response. Although results obtained showed a \(p\)-value only approaching significance, upon visual inspection of the curves it can be seen that there are three distinct profiles of startle responses characteristic to each group. A trend is visible moving from low to medium to high pornography use, as the relative distribution of startle responses appear to increase in variability (i.e., the high porn use group has the biggest range of startle responses between the least arousing (erotic) and the most arousing (violent) emotion categories). This indicates that higher frequency porn users process the \"erotic\" images as more appetitive in relation to the other emotion categories on a non-conscious level (however, only qualitatively). The observed effect seems to be in adherence to most studies in this field, whereby startle reflex to aversive stimuli result in higher amplitude blink responses compared to more pleasant stimuli [32; 42; 43]. A possible explanation as to why the high porn use group showed a relative decrease in startle response to the erotic images may be due to all the images presented more than likely being novel to the participants and therefore their affective non-conscious startle response indicated that it was a pleasant stimulus which had not proceeded to habituation. As it is so, it would be interesting to determine what effect repeated viewing of the same images may have, as previous studies have shown repeated viewing of erotica results in increased eye blink response to a startle probe due to the material becoming boring and aversive [41]. The relative higher amplitude startle effect seen in the low and medium porn use groups may be explained by those in the group intentionally avoiding the use of pornography, as they may find it to be relatively more unpleasant. Alternatively, the results obtained also may be due to a habituation effect, whereby individuals in these groups do watch more pornography than they explicitly stated--possibly due to reasons of embarrassment among others, as habituation effects have been shown to increase startle eye blink responses [41; 42].  
Although the significance level obtained may not be what was expected, a trend seems to be emerging from the data showing the discrepancy between frequent and infrequent pornography users. It is of the authors' view that the lack of a concrete result may be attributed to low participant numbers. A larger cohort would more than likely increase power to detect more robust effects. However, it appears that the observed trend in physiological data of the current study provides another pattern of findings dissimilar to explicit ratings.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Batch Adsorption Experiments  
In a preliminary test, 8 mg of the synthesized adsorbent was mixed with 50 mL of working solutions of Pb\({}^{2+}\) and NR in a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask to determine the optimum conditions of the adsorption. For lead ions (Pb\({}^{2+}\)) removal, a stock solution was prepared by dissolving (1.6 g) of lead nitrate in distilled water (1000 mL) for all batch experiments at room temperature. The dilution method is used to obtain the desired concentration. To study the pH effect on the adsorption of Pb\({}^{2+}\) ions over the nanocomposite surface, Pb\({}^{2+}\) ions solution (50 mg/L, 50 mL) was used to study the adsorption in the pH range (1.0 to 6.0) adjusted using 1 M of NaOH and HNO\({}_{3}\). Also, 50 mg/L of Pb\({}^{2+}\) ions solution was used to study the contact time effect in the range of 5 to 120 min using 8 mg (adsorbent dosage). 50 mL of 50 mg/L Pb\({}^{2+}\) ions solutions in the range of 2 to 30 mg were used to study the dosage effect. For neutral red dye, a concentration of (20 mg/L, 6 mL) was used. The pH range was altered as 4 to 9, contact time effect as 30 to 480 min, and dosage effect from 2 to 12 mg. Water bath shaker was used to shake all experiments flasks at 300 rpm. For the analysis of pollutants residues in the solutions after each experiment, the adsorbent was separated using a magnet and the solution was analyzed for the presence of Pb\({}^{2+}\) ions and NR using atomic adsorption spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 526 nm, respectively. The synthesized adsorbent adsorption capacity and removal efficiency were calculated according to the following equations:  
\[E=[(C_{o}-C_{t})/C_{o}]\times 100, \tag{1}\] \[q_{e}(mg/g)=[(C_{o}-C_{t})/m]\times V, \tag{2}\]where \(C_{t}\) and \(C_{o}\) represent the final and initial pollutant concentration, respectively. \(m\) denotes the mass of adsorbent; \(V\) denotes the volume of solution. \(E\) denotes the removal efficiency and \(q_{e}\) denotes the adsorption capacity (mg/g).
# Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Time Series Data of Spacecraft Using Multi-Task Learning
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we proposed the MTAD method, which is a new multi-task learning unsupervised anomaly detection technique that (i) captures the spatial-temporal correlations of multi-dimensional time series data from the spacecraft and extracts anomalous features and (ii) implements an iForest-based model to detect anomalies from those features. Experiments on a real spacecraft telemetry dataset demonstrated that the MTAD method outperforms comparative methods, and ablation studies highlighted the effectiveness of the employed multi-task learning.  
In future work, we will evaluate our model on more real datasets with different characteristics, such as data from different satellite subsystems, with different percentage of anomalies and from different kinds of spacecraft. Moreover, we will add weights to the various proxy tasks to investigate the effect of changes in these weights on the model performance. Overall, the results of this work indicate the promising potential of the proposed MTAD technique for application to anomaly detection for in-orbit spacecraft.  
Conceptualization, X.H.; methodology, K.Y. and J.G.; software, K.Y.; validation, L.G.; investigation, Y.C.; resources, Y.C.; data curation, Y.W.; writing--review and editing, Y.W. and K.Y.; visualization, L.G.; supervision, J.G.; project administration, X.H.; funding acquisition, X.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61972398 and Key Research Program under Grant 2019-JCJQ-ZD-342-00.  
Not applicable.  
The data used is from an in-orbit spacecraft, but it has not been made public yet.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Discussion
#### Limitations and Future Recommendations  
Despite being innovative, some limitations of the current study should be mentioned. First of all, a small number of brackets were measured for each group, and future investigations will aim to both augment the sampling extent and introduce other commercially available brackets.  
Moreover, the shape of the slot of the IH3D resin brackets and its possible wearing under the application of torque movements was not yet investigated, although it could negatively affect torque expression.  
According to these initial findings, a reduction in straight-wire appliance prescriptions should be considered, limiting the overcorrections usually applied in order to counterbalance the increase in the archive-slot play present with the use of conventional brackets.
# Removal of Metals and Dyes in Water Using Low-Cost Agro-Industrial Waste Materials
###### Abstract  
The pollution of water bodies due to the discharge of effluents without treatment is a global problem. Therefore, different technologies have been implemented for the removal of contaminants from wastewater before the final disposition. Among them, adsorption processes using residual biomasses are becoming very popular due to the low cost and high availability of adsorbents. Thus, in the present work, the synthesis of modified biochar from agro-industrial residues derived from the wheat-processing industry, as a valorization alternative of these residues, for its use in the removal of Cr (VI) and methylene blue (MB) has been analyzed. The biochar was prepared using a ramp function of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min until 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min. The adsorption tests were developed in a batch system, using 30 mg of adsorbent in 10 mL of solution. From SEM analysis, the formation of tubular cavities and porous structure was seen, caused by the basic hydrolysis with KOH. From adsorption tests, an adsorption capacity of 12.98 mg/g and 97.38% of efficiency for MB at pH 10 was noted, while for Cr (VI), it was 11.35 mg/g and 85.15% at pH 2. [PERSON]'s model adjusted the adsorption equilibrium data with R\({}^{2}\) > 0.9. The maximum adsorption capacities in the monolayer were 186,375 mg/g and 90.723 mg/g for Cr (VI) and MB, according to [PERSON]'s model. From a kinetic study, it can be said that the process occurs by chemisorption through electrostatic interaction and ionic interchange between adsorbate and adsorbent.  
equilibrium; Langmuir; adsorption capacity; wastewater treatment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Comparison of Application Cases and Methods
### Comparison of Optimization Algorithms  
To assess the efficacy of the CSA-optimized LSTM model in diagnosing faulty gearbox transmissions, a comparative analysis was conducted deploying various optimization algorithms. These included the CSA-optimized LSTM algorithm and a grid search-optimized LSTM algorithm, among others, each applied systematically for fault diagnosis. Each algorithm's parameter settings are meticulously detailed in Table 4. The evaluation of these optimization algorithms' performance is anchored on two pivotal indices: the time required for computation and the correct diagnosis rate. These criteria offer a balanced perspective, encapsulating both the efficiency and accuracy dimensions of the algorithms' performance. The comparative outcomes, which provide a comprehensive insight into the relative performance and efficacy of each optimization algorithm, are tabulated in Table 5. These data serve as a robust foundation for evaluating the nuanced capabilities of the CSA-optimized LSTM model in the context of faulty gearbox transmission diagnosis, offering clear benchmarks for performance optimization and enhancement.  
As evidenced in Tables 4 and 5, the CSA optimization algorithm outperforms its counterparts, namely the genetic algorithm, grid search method, and particle swarm algorithm, in terms of convergence speed. Impressively, it attains a test accuracy of 100%, adeptly circumventing the common pitfall of overfitting. This underscores the CSA optimization algorithm's superior efficacy and optimization performance, marking it as a leading solution that combines speed, accuracy, and robustness in delivering optimal results.
## 8 Conclusion  
In this paper, we studied the distributed b-matching problem and suggested a novel modeling that focuses on optimization of connections instead of strict matching stability (as defined in [12]). Following this modeling, we presented a distributed algorithm in two variants, an adaptive and a non-adaptive, which enables peers with preference lists to form an overlay network while collectively achieving a guaranteed level of quality for their requested connections. Each peer is free to form its preference list according to any suitability metric it chooses, based on, e.g., the peer's distance, interests, recommendations, transaction history or available resources. We showed that both variations of the algorithm provably terminate and succeed in maximizing the total satisfaction in the overlay with guaranteed approximation using only local information. In addition, the AdaptiveLID variation is able to handle dynamicity, _i.e._, joins/leaves of peers or changing preference lists.  
Besides, an extensive experimental study of the proposed algorithms encompasses a variety of scenarios, including ones that put the adaptive algorithm under heavy stress and that have been previously used in the literature to simulate network attacks. In these scenarios, the adaptive algorithm succeedsin maintaining a reduced but steady level of network service while under attack and resumes to normal service levels after the attack stops. Furthermore, both algorithms show attractive properties with respect to the satisfaction they can achieve and the convergence time (and hence overhead) needed. Regarding changes in particular, the experiments clearly strengthen the argument that it is preferable to improve connections and adapt to changes instead of rebuilding all the connections from the ground up.  
To the best of our knowledge, the distributed algorithm presented here in both its adaptive and non-adaptive variations is the first method able to solve the b-matching with preferences problem with satisfaction and convergence guarantees. We expect that this contribution will be helpful for future work in the area, since the method can facilitate overlay construction with guarantees in a wide range of applications, from peer-to-peer resource sharing, to overlays in intelligent transportation systems and adaptive power grid environments. Finally, interesting paths of future research would be to develop variations of the proposed algorithm that can give minimum satisfaction guarantees individually to each collaborating peer or that can take into account scenarios in which malicious nodes actively try to disrupt the algorithm's execution.
## 4 Proposed SiM-RPO Algorithm
### Data Link Establishment and Exchanging  
The link is established before data exchanging between an MS and a node. For link establishment, the info packet is broadcast by every MS having a 130-m transmission range. The info packet encloses the ID of the MS and node as shown in Figure 2. The info packet reception by a node shows the presence of the MS in the coverage range of the node, which is 130 m. The info packet reception indicates the establishment of the link between MS and a node for data exchanging. If the info packet is received by a node, then the data are exchanged with the MS. Otherwise, the node holds data until an MS reaches that node. When an MS receives data, then it delivers directly to the surface sink node or to the next MS. MS\({}_{1}\) and MS\({}_{2}\) directly transmit data, while MS\({}_{3}\) and MS\({}_{4}\) forward to MS\({}_{2}\) and MS\({}_{1}\), respectively. In multi-hop transmission, there is an extra burden of a sender on the other nodes for data delivery to the surface. To reduce the extra burden on the nodes, the MSs directly receive data from the nodes and deliver them to the surface. Info packet transmission is done by the MS to save the energy of the node, because, when a node transmits the info packet, this leads to the reduction of the network lifetime. This is due to nodes having limited energy.  
The MS broadcasts an info packet after some interval of time for the data exchanging with any node. When the position of the node changes with water currents and the link between node and MS breaks, then the node stops data forwarding to the MS, holds the data, and waits for the info packet reception again to exchange the data with the MS.
## 3 Method  
As described in the previous sections, the main emphasis of point-cloud based AM is on the point-clouds obtained by scanning the existing objects. Alternatively, one can create point-clouds using an analytical approach, which has not yet been studied elaborately, as mentioned in the previous section, too. Thus, this section describes the proposed method for PCAM as shown in Figure 3. In this approach, other than the analytical approach for creating the point-clouds, the CAD modeling and triangulation modeling are involved. As shown in Figure 3, first the point-cloud is created by the analytical approach. Then the point-clouds are transformed into solid models using CAD packages, which is referred to as CAD modeling. In the next step, the solid CAD models are used to create the triangulation model of the solids, which is referred to as triangulation modeling and the outcome (STL data) can be used in the AM for building physical models.  
Now the question is how to create the point-clouds using the analytical approach? In this regard, there are two main approaches, namely, the deterministic point-cloud creation process and stochastic point-cloud creation process [59]. In deterministic point-cloud creation process, one can use two different procedures. One of the procedures uses a parametric-equation-based approach and the other uses an algorithmic approach. On the other hand, in stochastic point-cloud creation process, one can use a pure stochastic approach (e.g., a point-cloud that is created by Monte Carlo simulation of a variable that follows normal distribution [59]) or a semi-stochastic approach where some affine maps are used in a semi-stochastic manner (e.g., IFS fractals [56]). However, in this study, the deterministic approach is considered.
# Pixel Resolution Imaging in Parallel Phase-Shifting Digital Holography
## 3 Results and Discussion
The analysis of the above experimental results is mainly aimed at the target reconstructed image with z = 29.059 mm, which can highlight the differences between the proposed OSPM and SPM, between interpolation methods, and between PSDH and PPSDH. Our experimental results prove that the proposed OSPM can effectively improve the maximum imaging lateral resolution for PPSDH compared with the traditional SPM. In the OSPM, the nearest-neighbor interpolation with the smallest kernel size is used, which can retain more of the high-frequency information of the object while suppressing the residual zero-order and twin-image noise. Compared with classical interpolation methods, such as bilinear interpolation, the lateral resolution of the reconstructed image of OSPM can reach up to 7.8 mm. Figure 5: Magnified amplitude images and spectral images of the normalized reconstructed images obtained using the HIM when the interpolation algorithms were (**a,f**) 0 element, (**b,g**) B-spline, (**c,h**) bicubic, (**d,i**) bilinear, and (**e,j**) nearest-neighbor. The failure to achieve the ideal resolution of 6.9 \(\upmu\)m that can be obtained by PSDH may be an inherent problem of PPSDH, caused by the residual zero-order and twin-image noise in Figure 5f. When the phase in the complex-valued test target that is different from the intensity modulation of USAF1951 changes drastically, the high-frequency information contained in the +1 order and \(-1\) order images of the target is very strong. Since the frequency center of the \(-1\) order image is located at the vertex of the spectrum rectangle, its strong high-frequency information is reflected in the low-frequency region, resulting in degradation of the reconstructed +1 order image. Therefore, the residual noise removal of PPSDH is one of the main problems to be solved in the future [39], and considering new sub-phase-shift hologram interpolation methods [17, 40] or the interdependence between the four sub-phase-shift holograms [28, 29] will be helpful to solve the above residual noise problem in PPSDH. In addition, as shown in Figure 4, when the recording distance z is gradually reduced, the bandwidth \(B_{x}\) of the diffracted light field at the detector plane is also gradually reduced, and the requirement for the sampling bandwidth of the sensor is also reduced accordingly. When \(B_{x}\leq B_{SPx}\) (\(z\geq\) 77 mm), the OSPM and SPM will have similar spatial resolution, and an interpolation method with a larger kernel size can be used to reduce the root-mean-square error of the reconstructed image [30].
# A Tiered Control Plane Model for Service Function Chaining Isolation
## 4 Services in the Architecture
### Service Components on the Data Plane
#### 4.3.3 Encryption Services as VNF  
The encryption service is implemented as a VNF in terms of a Virtual Machine or as a container application, but it can also be a separate service per Compute Node running as a hypervisor component. It is suggested that the application that runs inside the VNF is a simple IPsec service running in transport mode. The architecture assumes that not all VNF applications are able to read SFC headers. Hence, the encryption and decryption application expects incoming data packets to have the SFC headers stripped off. In addition to data plane forwarding, the VNFs must have the capability to be managed in respect of IPsec application configuration. ETSI suggests not using the Element Managers (EM) [19] for VNF configuration. Therefore, the architecture suggests having an out of band network interface to the VNF instances to handle the KMS protocol and the key management. This is implemented as a separate key management network interface in the VNF/Virtual machine. The IPsec application key management service is therefore not affected by SFC routing. The encryption application is preconfigured with a KMS identifier and PSKs as VNF startup parameters. Furthermore, Security Associations (SA) are derived from the KMS service (see Section 4.2.4). The type definition field in the NSD can be used to tag the VNF as a special encryption VNF by following the standard NSD model (Section 4.1). However, a separate boolean field that defines whether the VNF is a traffic encryption service or not is recommended as a future NSD standardization.