esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Botnet Detection Technology Based on DNS
## 2 Botnet Evading Technology
### Domain Flux
Consequently, DGA can now be regarded as a feature of financial botnets based on HTTP. The majority of botnets based on HTTP [14; 15], such as Shylock, Carberp, and Zeus, utilize DGA to empower their C and C communication channels; therefore, it is more complex to fingerprint the C and C servers. The DGA implementation in Zeus and Carberp botnets will provide attackers a safe fallback mechanism in case P2P communication fails. DGA is often chosen for underground communication by cybercriminals. DGA can be used to remarkably empower a botnet's ability to evade detection or takedown. It is very difficult to preemptively eliminate C and C channels (e.g., blacklisting or pre-registration) owing  
Figure 2: Suspected domain names. to the very large number of potential rendezvous points. Additionally, given the present C and C domains or IPs are detected and taken down, the bots will be able to identify the relocated C and C servers when looking up the next set of domains generated automatically. In addition, because the use of public-key encryption, it is impossible to mimic communication from the botmasters for the bots will not accept any instructions not signed by their botmasters.
## 6 Experimental Results
### Performance Evaluation
#### 6.3.7. Woo Lam Pi 1, 2 and 3  
For the WLP1 and WLP3 protocols (Figure 9), we assumed delay values as \(D_{1}=2\), \(D_{2}=3\), \(D_{3}=4\). We found two paths indicating a Man-in-the-Middle behaviour (locations 53 or 113 are reachable). These two paths represent an honest execution (locations 5 or 11 are reachable), and six paths represent execution with the Intruder (locations 17, 29, 41, 77, 89, or 101 are reachable). For those protocols and the assumed delays, we observed that values \(L_{1}=L_{2}=8\) are minimum values that allow us to perform honest executions and do not allow Man-in-the-Middle behaviour. However, it was impossible to find the lifetime values that allow performing the executions to represent MitM behaviour for the assumed delays, highlighting the challenges in network security. We present only a single chart as the differences in execution time and memory usage between WLP 1 and 2 are negligible (see Table 2).  
Figure 8. Woo Lam Pi protocol.  
Figure 9. Woo Lam Pi 1 protocol.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of the Test Series to Determine the Immersion Frequency and Dwell Time
#### 3.1.2 Evaluation of the Flame Tests Based on DIN EN ISO 15025 [40]  
The evaluation of the tests is based on the damage caused to the samples by flaming. The damage is categorised into two categories. Firstly, the formation of holes is assessed, and secondly, the flammability of the material after the flame has been removed from the material. The result of the test is assessed as 0 if no hole is formed or the textile does not ignite. If a hole is formed or the textile ignites, the result of the test is rated as 1. Several test specimens are tested for each factor level. None of the samples developed a hole nor did the textiles ignite. The best-performing sample of the finished \"KlevoGlass 550\" is shown in Figure 5, as an example.  
Figure 4: Comparison of sample 5-60 and sample 20-30. 5-60: 5 Hz motor frequency, 60 min dwell time; 20-30: 20 Hz motor frequency, 30 min dwell time.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Amount of Anchor Peptide** & **Bonding Strength** \\ \hline
1-5 & 0.5 & 0 \\
5-30 & 0.5 & 0.5 \\
5-60 & 0.5 & 1 \\
20-30 & 0.5 & 0.5 \\
20-60 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Summary of the results of the test plan with regard to dwell time and motor frequency. 1 = strong/high, 0.5 = moderate and 0 = low. 1-5: Pulled off once; 5-30: 5 Hz motor frequency, 30 min dwell time; 5-60: 5 Hz motor frequency, 60 min dwell time; 20-30: 20 Hz motor frequency, 30 min dwell time; 20-60: 20 Hz motor frequency, 60 min dwell time.  
No in-depth statistical analysis was carried out in the evaluation of this series of tests, as no effect of the factors and no interactions between the factors can be recognised in the results.
# Reliability and Maintenance Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles +
## 4 Reliability Assessment Hierarchy
### Electronic System  
In the previous discussion, we have deliberately separated the electronic system from the navigation system. Even from a purely mechanical point of view, it may not be so evident how they are separated from a functional and philosophical point of view. In fact, in order to prevent possible interference, the electronic system separates all the electronic circuits which are not closely related to navigation, such as the power supply and conditioning, to manage the telecommunication system to the outside (satellite communications, ground-vehicle data links, etc.). Even in this case, the hypothesis of redundancy has to be avoided because, for example, the weight of the harness would be excessively high for such a small vehicle [59].
# Complexity of Hamiltonian Cycle Reconfiguration
## 1 Introduction  
A _reconfiguration problem_ asks, given two feasible solutions of a combinatorial problem together with some transformation rules between the solutions, whether there is a step-by-step transformation from one solution to the other such that all intermediate states are also feasible. The reconfiguration problems have attracted much attention recently because of their applications as well as theoretical interest. See, for example, a survey [1] and references of [2, 3].  
In this paper, we study a reconfiguration problem for Hamiltonian cycles. A _Hamiltonian cycle_ of a graph is a cycle that contains all the vertices of the graph. Given two Hamiltonian cycles \(C_{0}\) and \(C_{t}\) of a graph \(G\), the _Hamiltonian cycle reconfiguration problem_ asks whether there is a sequence of Hamiltonian cycles \(C_{0},C_{1},\ldots,C_{t}\) such that \(C_{i}\) and \(C_{i+1}\) differ in two edges for each \(i\) with \(0\leq i<t\). Such a sequence of Hamiltonian cycles is called a _reconfiguration sequence_. The Hamiltonian cycle reconfiguration problem also can be defined in terms of the transformation rule, which is called _switch_ (Switches are also used for sampling and counting perfect matchings [4, 5] and transforming graphs with the same degree sequence ([6, 7], p.46)). Let \(C\) be a Hamiltonian cycle of a graph \(G\). A _switch_ is the replacement of a pair of edges \(uv\) and \(wz\) on \(C\) with the edges \(uw\) and \(vz\) of \(G\), given that \(uw\) and \(vz\) did not appear on \(C\). The Hamiltonian cycle reconfiguration problem asks whether there is a sequence of switches transforming one cycle to the other such that all intermediate cycles are also Hamiltonian.  
The complexity of the reconfiguration problem for Hamiltonian cycles has been implicitly posed as an open question by [PERSON] et al. [8] (Precisely, they asked the complexity of the reconfiguration of the travelling salesman problem, which is a generalization of the Hamiltonian cycle problem) and revisited by [PERSON] [1]. The Hamiltonian cycle problem, which asks whether a given graph has a Hamiltonian cycle, is one of the well-known NP-complete problems [9], but the complexity of its reconfiguration version still seems to be open.
## 3 Results
### Effects of Carvacrol on Mycelial Weights in PDB  
The mycelial weights of _P. digitatum_ in carvacrol treatment and control groups are shown in Table 1. The data showed that mycelial growth biomass was strongly inhibited with increasing the carvacrol concentration. Initially, the wet and dry weights were 3.736 g and 0.393 g/100 mL at the lower carvacrol concentration of 0.0625 mg/mL, respectively. At higher carvacrol concentrations (0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/mL), the effect on mycelial weights was recorded at a significant level (\(p<0.05\)) in comparison with the control group.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Concentrations**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mycelial Weight (g/100 mL)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Water-retention Rate (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-4}  & **Wet Weight** & & **Dry Weight** \\ \hline
0 & 4.868 \(\pm\) 0.288 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.419 \(\pm\) 0.011 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 91.38 \(\pm\) 0.29 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\
0.03125 & 4.487 \(\pm\) 0.185 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.407 \(\pm\) 0.008 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 90.89 \(\pm\) 0.33 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\
0.0625 & 3.736 \(\pm\) 0.113 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.393 \(\pm\) 0.015 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 89.47 \(\pm\) 0.48 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\
0.125 & 3.065 \(\pm\) 0.267 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.368 \(\pm\) 0.016 \({}^{\text{bc}}\) & 87.69 \(\pm\) 0.77 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\
0.25 & 2.895 \(\pm\) 0.170 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.357 \(\pm\) 0.012 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 87.57 \(\pm\) 0.39 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\
0.5 & 2.671 \(\pm\) 0.232 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.345 \(\pm\) 0.020 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 86.96 \(\pm\) 0.65 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values are mean \(\pm\) S.E. The data followed by different letters within the column are significantly different according to [PERSON]’s test (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table}
Table 1: The mycelial weights and water-retention rate of _P. digitatum_ treated with several concentrations of carvacrol.  
Figure 1: The antifungal efficacy of carvacrol on the in vivo mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) of _P. digitatum_ on PDA. Bars indicate the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (S.D.) and those labeled with different letters (**a**, **b**, **c**, **d**, and **e**) were significantly different according to [PERSON]’s test (\(p<0.05\)).  
Figure 2: The effect of the growth diameter of _P. digitatum_ treated with different concentrations of carvacrol (0, 0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50 mg/mL) at 2 days and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi).
# Practical V2I Secure Communication Schemes for Heterogeneous VANETs
## 7 Conclusions  
In the article, two many-to-one heterogeneous signcryption schemes and two one-to-many heterogeneous signcryption schemes for secure V2I communication in VANETs are proposed. These schemes can all construct a secure channel between heterogeneous vehicles and a RSU to support confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation services in a logical step. Specifically, the many-to-one signcryption schemes adopt the aggregate method to support batch verification when multiple vehicles in the PKI (IBC) system transmit messages to a nearby RSU in the IBC (PKI) system, and the one-to-many schemes support a RSU in the PKI (IBC) broadcasts a message to multiple vehicles registered in IBC (PKI) system. All the schemes can be proven to be IND-CCA2 and EUF-CMA secure. Furthermore, the numerical analyses and simulation results, which are shown in Tables 1-3 and Figures 3-6, can demonstrate the aggregate ciphertext length, communication costs, total computation costs, and total energy consumption of our schemes are better than the existing ones. The analyses show our schemes are more suitable for the practical heterogeneous V2I communication in VANETs.  
Writing--original draft: F.Z.; supervision: Y.L.; methodology: Y.D.  
The work was are partly supported by the National Natural Foundation Science of China [grant numbers 61802243, 61602232, 61572246]; Key R&D Program in industry field of Shaanxi Province (grant numbers 2019 GY-013), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2019 CSLY002, GK201803005, GK201903011).  
The authors thank all the received funds to support of the research work and the anonymous reviewers.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Hourglass 3D CNN for Stereo Disparity Estimation for Mobile Robots
## 1 Introduction
Deep encoder-decoder tasks could reduce the computational cost by compressing the input data, then decoding the compressed data back to the input data dimension [15]. For example, a stacked hourglass based on a deep encoder-decoder consists of hourglass blocks that apply two-stride 3D convolutions to reduce the cost volume size by a factor of four [16]. This allows for an increase in feature dimensions with little impact on computational resources. Then, 3D transposed convolutions are applied to decode the volume to the original dimension. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an improvement of AAFS by utilizing a stacked hourglass (encoder-decoder) architecture in a 3D CNN [16] to efficiently exploit the contextual information. Specifically, cost volume is processed iteratively in a top-down/bottom-up manner to better utilize global contextual information. The results demonstrate that the proposed method provides significantly better accuracy while requiring similar computational costs compared to AAFS. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 provides a summary of existing works. In Section 3, the details of the disparity estimation framework with the proposed enhancement by a deep encoder-decoder 3D CNN are provided. Section 4 presents an experimental evaluation and analysis of results. Lastly, conclusions and directions for future work are presented in Section 5.
# Food and Drinking Water as Sources of Pathogenic Protozoans: An Update
## 11 _Sarcocystis_
### Diseases Caused by Sarcocystis spp.  
Most individuals with intestinal sarcocystosis remain asymptomatic or infections may manifest with nausea, abdominal discomfort, and self-limiting diarrhea with severity varying with the amount of meat consumed. Diarrhea occurs between 3 and 48 h post-ingestion and resolves within 36 h. Cases of extrainintestinal sarcocystosis are most often asymptomatic but can give symptoms when theerozoites invade striated muscles inducing vasculitis and musculoskeletal symptoms. In this case, painful swelling of muscles from 1 to 3 cm initially associated with erythema of the overlying skin that lasts from 2 days to 4 weeks, fever, diffuse myalgia, muscle tenderness, weakness, eosinophil, and bronchospasm can be present. Treatments are directed toward the replicating stages of _Sarcocystis_ spp. but do not affect sarcocysts in muscles. Therefore, symptomatic _Sarcocystis_ infection is treated by palliative therapies with corticosteroids or other drugs that reduce the allergic and inflammatory reactions. Diagnosis of _Sarcocystis_ infection by biopsy must exclude other muscle cyst-forming organisms, such as _T. gondii_ and _T. cruzi_. Eosinophilia, compatible symptoms, and epidemiologic exposure can also allow a diagnosis [8].  
A clinical report described marked symptoms in a 31-year-old AIDS patient, indicating that _Sarcocystis_ should be considered an opportunistic pathogen in these individuals [8].  
_S. suihominis_ can cause a transient infection restricted to the gastrointestinal tract after consumption of undercooked pork. _S. nestbitti_, associated with macaques and snakes, was also reported as a cause of outbreaks in humans with symptoms including fever, myalgia, headache, and cough. Indeed, _Sarcocystis_ infection can also be transmitted by water or food contaminated with feces of predatory carnivores [8].  
_S. fayeri_, found in horses and deer, can cause acute food poisoning with vomiting and diarrhea after a short post-consumption period by producing a 15 kDa proteinaceous diarrheal toxin [8]. A similar toxin is probably formed by _S. sybillensis_ and _S. waviti_, which caused food poisoning from venison, and in _S. truncata_, identified in raw deer meat, that caused an outbreak in three Japanese persons [259]. While meat caused similar symptoms in four patients 12 h post-consumption, so it was suggested that a _Sarcocystis_ species associated with whale meat also produces a toxin [173].
# Validation of a Modal Work Approach for Forced Response Analysis of Bladed Disks
## 1 Introduction
The presented approach was firstly applied to a dummy test case with cyclic symmetry, and the results in terms of maximum displacement were compared with the ANSYS solution highlighting an excellent agreement both at resonance conditions and far from resonance. After this first validation, a dedicated low-pressure turbine test case was built and used for the further validation of the presented method. The turbine test case consists of a low-pressure stage with an upstream struct (IGV) reproducing a turbine center frame. Rotational speed and blade count are selected so that the IGV wakes excite the rotor on a resonant condition for the first bending mode family while the stator wakes act on the rotor out of resonance again for the first family. Both aerodynamic forcing distributions were considered, and the results are again compared with the ANSYS results. The results are in good agreement, and the sources of slight discrepancies are identified and discussed in the paper. The comparisons reported in this work validate the implemented strategy to predict the forced response of bladed disks. The method was very cheap in terms of computational requirements and can be easily integrated into an aeromechanical numerical process. Moreover, the implemented tool can be considered ready to be applied in the industrial design loop and to be included in multi-objective optimization processes of turbomachinery bladed disks.
###### Abstract  
The ionospheric effects of six intense geomagnetic storms with \(Dst\) index \(\leq-100\) nT that occurred in 2012 were studied at a low-latitude station, Darwin (Geomagnetic coordinates, 21.96\({}^{\circ}\) S, 202.84\({}^{\circ}\) E), a low-mid-latitude station, Townsville (28.95\({}^{\circ}\) S, 220.72\({}^{\circ}\) E), and a mid-latitude station, Canberra (45.65\({}^{\circ}\) S, 226.30\({}^{\circ}\) E), in the Australian Region, by analyzing the storm-time variations in the critical frequency of the F\({}_{2}\)-region (\(\delta\)F2). Out of six storms, a storm of 23-24 April did not produce any ionospheric effect. The storms of 30 September-3 October (minimum \(Dst=-122\) nT) and 7-10 October (minimum \(Dst=-109\) nT) are presented as case studies and the same analysis was done for the other four storms. The storm of 30 September-3 October, during its main phase, produced a positive ionospheric storm at all three stations with a maximum percentage increase in \(\delta\)F2 (\(\delta\)/F2%) of 45.3% at Canberra whereas during the recovery phase it produced a negative ionospheric storm at all three stations with a maximum \(\Delta\)foF2% of \(-63.5\)% at Canberra associated with a decrease in virtual height of the F-layer (\(h^{\prime}\)F). The storm of 7-10 October produced a strong long-duration negative ionospheric storm associated with an increase in \(h^{\prime}F\) during its recovery phase at all three stations with a maximum \(\Delta\)foF2% of \(-65.1\)% at Townsville. The negative ionospheric storms with comparatively longer duration were more pronounced in comparison to positive storms and occurred only during the recovery phase of storms. The storm main phase showed positive ionospheric storms for two storms (14-15 July and 30 September-3 October) and other three storms did not produce any ionospheric storm at the low-latitude station indicating prompt penetrating electric fields (PPEFs) associated with these storms did not propagate to the low latitude. The positive ionospheric storms during the main phase are accounted to PPEFs affecting ionospheric equatorial \(\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}\) drifts and traveling ionospheric disturbances due to joule heating at the high latitudes. The ionospheric effects during the recovery phase are accounted to the disturbance dynamo electric fields and overshielding electric field affecting \(\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}\) drifts and the storm-induced circulation from high latitudes toward low latitudes leading to changes in the natural gas composition [O/N\({}_{2}\)] ratio.  
geomagnetic storms; prompt penetrating electric fields; disturbance dynamo electric fields; \(\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}\) drifts; storm-induced circulation
# The NIRS Brain AnalyzIR Toolbox
## 5 Connectivity and Hyper-Scanning Modules
### Coherence Models  
In addition to correlation models, wavelet coherence can be used to define connectivity [56]. The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of a signal is a representation of the power contained at each time and frequency point. This is achieved using a time- and frequency-localized function known as a wavelet. One common choice is the Morlet wavelet, defined as  
\[\psi_{0}(\eta)=\pi^{-\frac{1}{4}}e^{i\omega_{0}\eta}e^{-\frac{1}{2}\eta^{2}} \tag{33}\]  
where \(\omega_{0}\) is dimensionless frequency and \(\eta\) is dimensionless time. The continuous wavelet transform is then computed by convolving the input signal with wavelets at different time-scales, resulting in a time by frequency matrix of signal power. The CWT (W) for a signal \(x\) at times \(n=1\dots\)\(N\) is defined as  
\[W_{t}(s)=\sqrt{\frac{\delta t}{s}}\sum_{t^{\prime}=1}^{T}x_{t^{\prime}}\psi_{ 0}\left[\left(t^{\prime}-t\right)\frac{\delta t}{s}\right] \tag{34}\]  
where \(\delta t\) is the sampling period, and \(s\) is the time scale. This principle can be extended to connectivity by computing the cross-wavelet transform of two input signals, e.g., the product of the CWT of one signal and the complex conjugate of another (\(W_{XY}=W_{X}W_{Y}^{*}\)). The power of cross-wavelet transform is then normalized by the power of the CWTs for each signal to yield the wavelet transform coherence (\(R^{2}\)):  
\[R^{2}=\frac{\left|W_{XY}\right|^{2}}{\left|W_{X}\right|^{2}\left|W_{Y}\right|^ {2}} \tag{35}\]  
The AnalyzIR implementation of wavelet coherence differs from other toolboxes in using robust methods for estimating the wavelet transform and high-order AR pre-whitening to control type-I error due to serial correlations in the data [18]. Currently only the Morlet wavelet is implemented based on previous fNIRS studies [56], however other options may be explored in future work.
# Approach for Tattoo Detection and Identification Based on YOLOv5 and Similarity Distance
## 4 The Experimental Investigation
### Estimation of the Similarity Threshold
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cosine Distance**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Euclidean Distance**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Task Type** & **Threshold** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Workload Reduction**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Threshold**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Workload Reduction**} \\ \cline{3-7}
**Values** & **Suspect Photos** & **Comparisons** & **Values** & **Suspect Photos** & **Comparisons** \\ \hline Guarantee that no suspects will be missed that should be linked to reference tattoos (no False-negatives, recall 100\%) & [0.00; 0.15] & 2\% & 20\% & [775; 900] & 0\% & 2\% \\ \hline Guarantee that all links to reference tattoos are accurate (no False-positives, precision 100\%) & [0.60; 1.00] & 12\% & 0\% & [300; 475] & 14\% & 0\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: The summary of experimental results using cosine and Euclidean distances. Figure 4: Tattoo identification accuracy metrics modeling results based on selected threshold values for cosines similarity and Euclidean distance. 98%, precision from 82% to 41%, recall increases from 32% to 60%, while the F-score remains 46% (Figure 5).