# Resilience in the Context of Cyber Security: A Review of the Fundamental Concepts and Relevance
###### Abstract  
Cyber resilience is a topic of extreme relevance to organizations in the most diverse segments of activity, where the concept of resilience presents nuance in its different dimensions, in addition to the need to recognize and distinguish the different stages that characterize the state of cyber resilience. Thus, the aim of this article is to understand the various concepts of cyber resilience in its different contexts and dimensions. To this end, bibliographic research was carried out through the process of indirect documentation in articles, books, and publications on the subject. The main stages of resilience were mapped, and an analysis was produced of how these stages have evolved over the years. Finally, an updated proposal for standing for the stages of cyber resilience was presented, based on the consolidation of proposals from the entire framework studied in this work. This review emphasizes the importance of cyber resilience and understanding the stages that characterize cyber resilience, highlighting the need for its further integration into the organizations in the most diverse segments of activity management.  
resilience; cyber resilience; resilience stages; information security; cyber security +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
threats such as malware, social engineering, threats against data, denial of service attacks, manipulation and interference of information, as well as attacks on the supply chain [6].  
Cyber-attacks are considered to be one of the most serious threats to organizations and for those that rely heavily on Information Technology (IT), so generating value is not only about avoiding cyber-attacks, but also about being able to respond in order to minimize their disastrous effects on operations [7]. The challenge of keeping data secure is increasing at the same speed as the quantity and variety of data being stored exponentially over the years, requiring information security professionals to constantly seek alternatives to proactively test and evaluate the physical and technical vulnerabilities of organizational systems, to the extent that the defenses themselves increase the legal and reputational risks [8]. However, cyber vulnerabilities and incidents not only affect an organization's operations, but also constitute a growing threat to economic, democratic, and social resilience [9].  
In the public sector, security incidents are frequently observed in public administration units in all countries, where the security of the state and its citizens depends on a cybersecurity culture to help ensure cyber resilience, especially in dynamic scenarios of strong change such as that caused by the COVID-19 pandemic [10]. However, cyber threats and security concerns also affect organizations in the private sector, where small- and medium-sized companies are generally less mature in terms of security and resilience and are more exposed to vulnerabilities [11].  
Knowledge of factors associated with cyber resilience is increasing all the time, making it imperative to adapt quickly to changes in order to properly understand the topic. [12]. Integrating the aspects of capacity and resilience has become crucial to the success of business strategies, making the organization's operations capable of facing complex challenges and supporting the organization's long-term growth [13].  
Thus, the goals of this article are: (a) to understand the various concepts of cyber resilience in their various contexts and dimensions; (b) to highlight the relevance of cyber resilience for organizations in the most diverse segments of activity; and to (c) present a proposal for representing the stages or phases that characterize the state of cyber resilience based on the research conducted on the various definitions presented by the authors. In this way, it is believed that the consolidation of the depiction of these stages will be useful in future academic studies, harmonizing the many approaches discovered in the literature by various writers.