esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Delay Bounded Multi-Source Multicast in Software-Defined Networking
## 4 Problem Formulation
Thus the process of constructing the DBMS-Forest is more similar to constructing a SMT, which is NP-hard problem in a general graph. However, the construction of DBMS-Forest is more challenging than the SMT problem in general setting, because it involves using multiple potential source nodes and also enforce the delay bound constraint to ensures the quality of service. Theorem 3.1: _Given a DBMS problem with potential source set \(\mid S\mid\) and a destination set \(\mid D\mid\) in a network \(G(V,E)\), the challenge of finding the paths for each source-destination pair such that the total delay cost among the links is a minimum is NP-Hard [31]._  
Proof: We prove the NP-hardness of constructing our DBMS-Forest by giving a polynomial time reduction from SMT, which is an NP-hard problem. To solve this, the SMT problem for DBMS must be considered first, meaning we have to find an SMT for spanning all the destination nodes and source nodes of that DBMS. Clearly, the optimal solution of this SMT problem cannot be found within polynomial time. Note that \(\mid S\mid^{2}\) source pairs exist in the optimal SMT and each source pair are connected by only one path. The path between any two sources contains at least one redundant link. A link is considered to be redundant only if each destination node can still reach at least one source node even after the removal of that link. Therefore, the SMT problem of a DBMS would be reduced to the DBMS-Forest by removing all the redundant links in the optimal SMT. The process of removing potential redundant links can be completed within polynomial time. Then, the remaining links in the original optimal SMT form a DBMS-Forest, where each destination connects to only one source. Therefore, the process of constructing the DBMS-Forest using our DBMS scheme is also NP-Hard. Note that the network flow techniques that was used to find heuristic solutions in [31] cannot be applied to our DBMS scheme as our scheme requires multicasting as explained in the coming sections.
# Data Security-Based Routing in MANETs Using Key Management Mechanism
## 3 Secure Data Communication Framework  
The proposed secure data communication framework for MANETs depends upon the Calculator Key (CK) and Distribution Key (DK). The remaining section discusses the calculation of the CK and DK and how they provide security to MANETs.
# Imaging of Cell Structures Using Optimized Soft X-ray Contact Microscopy
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Optimization of the Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Exposure to Soft X-ray Radiation  
PMMA photoresists had a thickness of \(\sim\)500 nm, obtained by a spin-coating technique (ITME, Warsaw, Poland). It was exposed to 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, and 1400 pulses of SXR radiation to change the SXR absorbed energy, and further it was chemically developed. The imprints' surface was scanned with an atomic force microscope (AFM, di CP-II, Veeco, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) in a tapping mode with the RTESPA MPP11123-10 cantilevers. The PMMA thickness was scanned as a cross-section of the area exposed and not exposed to soft X-ray radiation. The amount of dissolved PMMA (removed after the radiation exposure and development) was calculated as a difference in the height between these two areas, averaged over 10 scan lines for each sample. The AFM images were analyzed with the Gwyddion 2.53 software (available at [[http://gwyddion.net/](http://gwyddion.net/)]([http://gwyddion.net/](http://gwyddion.net/)), Czech Metrology Institute, Brno, Czech Republic, accessed on 28 August 2020).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### LF Benchtop (60 MHz) NMR Analysis of LOPs in Thermally-Stressed CFOs  
Figure 5 shows the aldehyde (-CHO) function proton regions (9.40-10.05 ppm) of corresponding LF 60 MHz and HF 400 MHz \({}^{1}\)H NMR spectra of PUFA-rich soybean oil and SFA-rich pork lard exposed to thermal stressing according to our LSSFEs performed at a temperature of 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C for a 90 min duration. These results demonstrate and confirm the ready applicability of a LF, virtually portable NMR facility for the detection of aldehyde LOPs in reused frying oil and fat media, although both signal resolution and sensitivity are, of course, diminished when using this form of NMR analysis. However, resonances arising from three classes of the most predominant secondary aldehyde LOPs were distinguishable in these 60 MHz spectra, specifically those of _trans_-2-alkenals, alka-(_trans_,_trans_)-2,4-dienals and _n_-hexanals. The concentrations of these aldehydes in these thermally stressed soybean oil and lard samples were 7.66 and 5.60 mmol kg\({}^{-1}\)_trans_-2-alkenals; 7.86 and 2.67 mmol kg\({}^{-1}\) alka-(_trans_,_trans_)-2,4-dienals; and 4.38 and 3.31 mmol kg\({}^{-1}\)_n_-alkanals, respectively. Since alka-(_trans_,_trans_)-2,4-dienals arise from the peroxidation of PUFA and not MUFA substrates, much higher levels of this _di_-unsaturated aldehyde were found in the heated soybean oil sample, as expected. However, \({}^{1}\)H NMR signals arising from the -CHO protons of 4.5-epoxy-_trans_-2-alkenals, 4-hydroxy-/4-hydroperoxy-_trans_-2-alkenals, and alka-(_cis_,_trans_)-2,4-dienals were only detectable in the 400 MHz spectra acquired.
# Analytical Framework of CP-Free Multiuser OFDM System for Coordinated Multi-Point at mmWave
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a coordinated multipoint joint transmission (CoMP-JT) framework at mmWave for a cyclic prefix (CP)-free multiuser OFDM wireless communication system is developed and analyzed. The aim is to provide high-quality service to cell-edge users; otherwise, the cell-users would suffer from significant signal degradation due to undesired interference. The impact of complex Hadamard transform with block diagonalization channel precoding for multiuser interference reduction and designed subcarrier mapping for out-of-band (OOB) reduction are investigated. In addition, the paper studied the input back-off-aided high-power amplifier for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction and forward error correction channel coding for improved bit error rate (BER) for cell-edge users at mmWave frequencies. Moreover, signal-to-interference-noise ratio and ergodic achievable rate are estimated both in the presence and absence of CoMP-JT-based transmission technique to verify their significance in terms of transmitted power. Numerical investigations showed an OOB reduction of 312 dB, PAPR reduction from 17.50 dB to 7.66 dB, and improved BER of \(1\times 10^{-3}\) in 16-QAM for a signal-to-noise ratio of \(-6\) dB. Hence, the simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed system.  
cyclic-prefix-free; orthogonal frequency division multiplexing; input back-off; out-of-band; zero-forcing; millimeter wave +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
Article
## 2 State of the Art
Differently from the previously described algorithms, passive diagnosis plants sniffers around the network to overhear the packets exchanged between nodes. The exchanged packets are then merged together to form an overview of the network operations. This approach removes the above limitations of active/hybrid inspection: no instrumentation of sensor nodes is required and sensor network resources are not used. The family of passive monitoring can be split into two subcategories: on-line and off-line. The first performs a real time communication among passive nodes (sniffers) and diagnosis servers using an out-of-band approach with either wired or wireless connections. An event log is generated, which may be retrieved in off-line mode for further diagnosis. The methods of the second subcategory are cheaper and have higher scalability and flexibility, because they do not need any infrastructure for real-time communication among the passive nodes. JIGSAW [20] is an on-line monitoring framework based on a monitoring infrastructure that overlays a wireless network. The monitors in turn feed a centralized system that uses this data to produce a precisely synchronized global picture of all physical, link-layer, network-layer and transport-layer activity. This method can be used for large networks, but it needs wired links among the monitors, making it neither scalable nor flexible. SNDS [23] is another on-line distributed monitoring and protocol analysis system for complex WSNs. It is based on passive sniffers co-deployed with the target WSN, which are inter-connected via Ethernet cables. Sniffers are mainly used to monitor a particular channel and to transmit the data to the service program. SNDS solves the problem of intrusiveness using the sniffers, but the sniffer infrastructure is cabled (Ethernet) so for large WSN this is a main problem. To the off-line subcategory belong EMSTAR [21] and LiveNet [25]. EMSTAR generates an event log that can be evaluated off-line towards fault isolation, fault tolerance, system visibility, in-field debugging, and resource sharing across multiple applications. LiveNet [25] is a set of tools and analysis methods for reconstructing the complex behavior of a deployed sensor network in passive mode. It is based on the use of multiple passive packet sniffers co-located with the network, which collect packet traces that are merged to form a global picture of the network operations. Although a passive monitoring infrastructure can be expensive due to the need for additional components, we believe that in many cases it is the only way to effectively monitor the network. Our approach is similar to that of LiveNet, since we also propose a completely passive monitoring system that relies on sniffers to capture the network packets and on a post-processing module to analyze off-line the performance. Within this general approach, we propose a novel mechanism that allows for estimating the physical link status other than the network layer status without any collaboration of the WSN nodes. This is an additional feature in this category of methods that improves their potentialities.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Experimental Set-Up  
Arsenic (As) contaminated surface soil was collected near Gilgok mine at the Gangwon province, Republic of Korea (37\({}^{\circ}\)36'51.4\" N, 127\({}^{\circ}\)44'01.1\" E). The soil sampling site consisted of forest land adjacent to waste rock and mine tailing dump in an abandoned mining area and the soil sample was air-dried and passed through a 4 mm sieve. Three types of amendments were examined: limestone (LS), red mud (RM) and acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS). The LS, RM and AMDS were obtained from industrial plants and the sludge from an acid mine drainage treatment facility, respectively, at the Hamtae mine in Gangwon Province, Korea. All amendments were dried at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C over 48 h, ground, and sieved to less than 0.5 mm. Livestock liquid fertilizer was collected from public manure resource facility in Gangwon province, Republic of Korea, and the collected sample was stored at -60 \({}^{\circ}\)C until used in experiments.  
The experimental design and treatments are summarized in Table 1. In this study, three types of treatments were applied: amendments types, liquid fertilizer treatment option and hairy vetch cultivation treatment options. It could be broadly divided into 3 groups, each consisting of 3 amendment treatment and control. The amendments were applied to soil at a 3% _w/w_ ratio and were mixed thoroughly for homogeneity; the samples were equilibrated for 4 weeks while maintaining the soil moisture at approximately 60% of the water holding capacity. After 4 weeks, liquid fertilizer was applied to soil at 200 kg-N ha\({}^{-1}\) ratio in half of the amendments treated soils and aged for 1 week. After 1 week, seed of hairy vetch (_Vicia villosa_ Roth, Leguminosae family) was planted directly into the treated soils (5 seeds per pot, 3 pots per treatment). The pot had a 1 kg capacity, 20 cm diameter, and 20 cm height. The seed germination and cultivation were conducted under a controlled growth chamber (16 h of daylight and 8 h of darkness per day with \(23\pm 2\)\({}^{\circ}\)C). After germination, 1 or 2 seedlings were removed to unify the number of seedlings into 3 per all pot. After 4 weeks of cultivation, all seedlings were harvested and washed with deionized water and root elongation was immediately measured using a desktop scanner (Epson Perfection V700 Photo, Sewashi, Japan,) and image analyzer program (WinRhizo 5.0a, Reagent, Canada). After determining the root elongation, the fresh weight was also measured.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characterization of Material  
The physicochemical properties of the 4 AZW sample are presented in Table 1. XRF measurement showed that the main chemical components of the 4 AZW are SiO, Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), Na\({}_{2}\)O, Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), CaO and K\({}_{2}\)O. The XRD pattern of our sample (Figure 1) corresponds well with the crystalline peaks of pure 4A zeolite. The diffraction peaks at 7.18\({}^{\circ}\), 10.17\({}^{\circ}\), 12.46\({}^{\circ}\), 16.11\({}^{\circ}\), 21.66\({}^{\circ}\), 23.99\({}^{\circ}\), 26.10\({}^{\circ}\), 27.11\({}^{\circ}\), 29.94\({}^{\circ}\), 32.54\({}^{\circ}\), and 34.17\({}^{\circ}\) are associated with (200), (220), (222), (420), (442), (622), (640), (642), (820), (840), and (664) crystal planes of 4A zeolite, respectively [10; 33], indicating that the 4 AZW has not undergone a serious loss in its crystalline structure.  
As shown in Table 1, the cation exchange capacity is 120 meq/100 g. The synthesized material exhibits strong basicity (pH = 11 for the suspension slurry) suggesting the presence of negative charges on the solid surface in an aqueous solution; this is also confirmed by the value of pH\({}_{\text{PZC}}\) = 10.5 (see below). The BET/N\({}_{\text{2}}\) specific surface area was 35.5 m\({}^{\text{2}}\)/g.  
From FT-IR spectroscopy (Figure 2), the broad band at 3441 cm\({}^{-1}\) and the sharp absorption bond at 1660 cm\({}^{-1}\) correspond to the stretching and bending vibration bands of H-O-H derived from H\({}_{\text{2}}\)O present in 4 AZW [34]. In addition, there are four distinct absorption bands at 994, 787, 684, and 464 cm\({}^{-1}\), which are assigned to the asymmetric stretching vibrations of bridge bonds T-O-(T) where (T=Si or Al), symmetric stretching vibrations of bridge bonds Si-O-Si, symmetric stretching vibrations of bridge bonds Si-O-Al, and the bending vibrations O-Si-O, respectively [35].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Typical Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Chemical composition} & SiO\({}_{\text{2}}\) (\%) & 55.39 \(\pm\) 0.88 \\  & Al\({}_{\text{2}}\)O\({}_{\text{3}}\) (\%) & 27.18 \(\pm\) 0.64 \\  & Na\({}_{\text{2}}\)O (\%) & 4.49 \(\pm\) 0.52 \\  & K\({}_{\text{2}}\)O (\%) & 1.03 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\  & CaO (\%) & 3.34 \(\pm\) 0.41 \\  & P\({}_{\text{2}}\)O\({}_{\text{5}}\)(\%) & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\  & Fe\({}_{\text{2}}\)O\({}_{\text{3}}\) (\%) & 4.47 \(\pm\) 0.49 \\  & TiO\({}_{\text{2}}\) (\%) & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\  & MgO (\%) & 2.99 \(\pm\) 0.31 \\  & S\({}_{\text{SET}}\) (m\({}^{\text{2}}\)/g) & 35.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{CEC (meq/100 g)} & \multirow{2}{*}{120 \(\pm\) 6} \\  & pH (1:2 w:v slurry) & 11 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & pH\({}_{\text{PZC}}\) & 10.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Physicochemical properties of 4 AZW.  
Figure 1: XRD pattern of 4 AZW.
## 4 The Proposed Detection System
### Pattern Detection Module  
The Pattern Detection module receives information about objects of interest from multiple instances of the Recognition and Tracking module. The information is stored in a repository that contains the recent history for each object. Periodically, the module processes the last entries to identify a set of features, called _primitives_, which represent basic characteristics of the objects. Characteristics depend on the movement speed, direction, or another attribute of the object. A sequence of primitives plus a set of associated values of properties defines a _pattern_.  
Single and multi-target primitives are used. Single-target primitives take into account only one object of interest, ignoring the rest of the objects in the scene, and multi-target primitives takes into account multiple objects in the scene. For example, single-target primitives can determine if a person is standing, walking, or running, depending only on the speed of movement of that person. On the other hand, a multi-target primitive can detect an agglomeration depending on the position of a group of persons for a period of time.  
A specific method for pattern detection, based on previous work [29] is implemented. The proposed method for pattern detection takes into account the 'proximity' between an identified sequence of primitives and a set of previously established patterns. Proximity is evaluated using an error function that applies the concept of temporal distance, i.e., the total time of primitives within a sequence that are not included in the reference pattern.  
Reference patterns are integrated into the system dynamically. For each primitive that integrates a pattern, a quantifier and a value are defined. For example, a primitive that takes into account the movement speed is fulfilled within a pattern if a pedestrian walks with a movement speed greater or equal to (_quantifier_) 5 km per hour (_value_).  
The way patterns are defined and integrated into the system makes them generic, i.e., agnostic of specific information about the data sources and the scenes processed. For instance, an 'aggomeration' is defined by two relevant parameters: the number of people and the time that these people stay within a radius of less than a defined parameter distance. Parameters that define a given pattern  
Figure 1: Diagram of the architecture of the proposed system.  
Figure 2: Diagram of components of the Recognition and Tracking module.  
keep unchanged along with the different data sources or the scenes, but can be modified according to specific needs.
###### Abstract  
Aircraft winglets are well-established devices that improve aircraft fuel efficiency by enabling a higher lift over drag ratios and lower induced drag. Retrofitting winglets to existing aircraft also increases aircraft payload/range by the same order of the fuel burn savings, although the additional loads and moments imparted to the wing may impact structural interfaces, adding more weight to the wing. Winglet installation on aircraft wing influences numerous design parameters and requires a proper balance between aerodynamics and weight efficiency. Advanced dynamic aeroelastic analyses of the wing/winglet structure are also crucial for this assessment. Within the scope of the Clean Sky 2 REG IADP Airgreen 2 project, targeting novel technologies for next-generation regional aircraft, this paper deals with the integrated design of a full-scale morphing winglet for the purpose of improving aircraft aerodynamic efficiency in off-design flight conditions, lowering wing-bending moments due to maneuvers and increasing aircraft flight stability through morphing technology. A fault-tolerant morphing winglet architecture, based on two independent and asynchronous control surfaces with variable camber and differential settings, is presented. The system is designed to face different flight situations by a proper action on the movable control tabs. The potential for reducing wing and winglet loads by means of the winglet control surfaces is numerically assessed, along with the expected aerodynamic performance and the actuation systems' integration in the winglet surface geometry. Such a device was designed by CIRA for regional aircraft installation, whereas the aerodynamic benefits and performance were estimated by ONERA on the natural laminar flow wing. An active load controller was developed by PoliMI and UriNA performed aeroelastic trade-offs and flutter calculations due to the coupling of winglet movable harmonics and aircraft wing bending and torsion.  
morphing winglet; aerodynamic design; active load controller; aeroelasticity +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# These two authors contributed equally to this paper.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Preparation and surface modification of the SPMP microbeads
Second, the organic surface of these polymers was more biocompatible than inorganic surface. The SPMP obtained by our method were small, inexpensive, and chemically and physically stable, and can be easily coupled to biomolecules at high density. Simply reacted with EDA and Glutaraldehyde, these SPMP could carry aldehyde groups at high density, which could chemically combined directly with biomolecules through many chemical groups, for example H\({}_{2}\)N-, HO-, HS-. Third, the polymers could protect the magnetic cores from influencing of the environmental factors. **Scheme 1** Synthesis, modification and coupling routines of SPMP poly(MA-DVB) microbeads. Note: Before polymerization of the MA and DVB, the 8 nm primitive Fe\({}_{9}\)O\({}_{4}\) particles were first prepared by coprecipitation of Fe\({}^{2+}\) and Fe\({}^{3+}\) under the protection of N\({}_{2}\), and followed by the hydrophobic treatment of the oleic acid coating. When the polymerization took place, this oleic acid-coated magnetite suspension was distributed in the microemulsion with the monomers MA and DVB. The detailed numbers of MA and DVB in the polymer macromolecules relied on their molecular ratio, and the Scheme1 just showed the principle scheme. Nevertheless the adding of the DVB as colinker made the polymer structure change from linear type to three-dimensional crosslink type, which increased greatly the mechanic strength and the stability of SPMP. The magnetic properties of SPMP microspheres were recorded by VSM at room temperature. Scheme 3 showed their magnetization curves. No hysteresis loop was observed at this temperature, suggesting that the magnetic microspheres were superparamagnetic, which indicated that there would no magnetic interactions among magnetic microspheres in a zero magnetic field environment. This feature would result in the easy dispersion of the magnetic microspheres. The saturation magnetization of SPMP microspheres was 13.8 emu/g, which was higher than those reported by other similar works [23]. With such high saturation magnetization, they could be easily and quickly separated from a suspension. This could be used to the magnetic separation of proteins on a large scale.