# Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges
## 2 Research Progress in Smart Mobility and Gap Analysis
### Regional, Governance and Citizen Centric Papers  
A case study in the Portuguese city of Lisbon has been presented in [33], which establishes a performance assessment of passenger and commercial vehicle redirection. The results indicate that redirecting vehicles not only reduces travel duration, but increases the road effectiveness in the urban grids and the traffic output in the analysis of routes. Moreover, it is observed that the effectiveness is higher at the route level (variation of 16-32% in travel and 4-13% in delay time) than at the network level (average variation of 2% in travel and 6% in delay time for 10% driver conformity rate). The concept of \"Vehicular Social Networks (VSNs)\" has been given in [34], focusing on the importance of highly efficient and secure smart city transmission in VSNs. The paper proposes a use case on trajectory data-analysis-based traffic anomaly detection for VSNs and highlights VSN-related research challenges and potential solutions to facilitate the realization and extensive application of VSNs. In [35], the authors aim to establish an indicator for assessing the degree of smart mobility solutions deployed in urban areas. The paper indicates that the insufficiency of comprehensive knowledge related to the evaluation of certain ratings of the existing literature and the inordinately general analysis of smart mobility challenges have prompted the need for the indicator. The proposed indicator is intended for facilitating the analysis of mobility scenarios in accordance with the notion of smart cities, enabling comparisons in varied urban areas for the identification of best practices to promote the advancement of smart mobility. An analysis of \"Mobility as a Service (MaaS)\" has been presented in [36] to evaluate its potential impact for city policymakers with regards to governance and sustainability. The paper stresses that MaaS is not a fixed commodity but a conceptual way of providing services to customers. Moreover, the potential risk to mobility and social sustainability due to over dependence on single operators of novel services and the potential impact of novel services on current services are given. In [37], the authors have focused on evaluating the smartness of transport systems in the cities of Ghana and illustrating the realization of the notion. It is observed that Ghanaian cities are predominantly reliant on roads for the mobility of people and cargo, and the swift increase in the number of vehicles accompanied by insufficient expansion of road networks has weakened the efficiency of urban areas. The paper implies that the lack of smart mobility in these cities endangers their sustainability and, as a result, necessitates investment in mobility systems together with increased reception and technological awareness among the citizens. A general framework for the implementation of fog computing features in a \"Vehicular ad-hoc Networks (VANET)\" context is introduced in [38]. The proposed architecture has been applied in two Fog applications, one for the identification of traffic aberrations, and the second for predicting bus arrival time to supply passenger information. The evaluation results indicate that the outcomes of these two applications are akin to those offered by Cloud, the information offered is faster, reliable and real-time, and the overall traffic is reduced. In [39], the authors have discussed the \"autonomic transport management system\", which is an ICT based system for the management of transport. The presented approach enables the formation of a \"P2P-Overlay Network' on the existing networks and applies IPv6 along with multicast and transparent routing for the effortless expansion of the network to the masses. The methodology enables users to join the network using their personal devices as well as the integration of infrastructures such as traffic management, traffic lights, trains, etc., into the overlay network with ease. An analysis of existing IoT methods and notions concerning smart cities and smart mobility is presented in [40].