## 3 Energy Trading in Local Energy Market
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Characteristics** & **P2P** & **CO** & **TE** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Network type} & Centralized & & & [108] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Decentralized & [109; 110] & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & Distributed & & & [111; 112; 113] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Topographical} & Transaction area & [114; 115] & & [116; 117] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Energy/bidding zone & [118; 119; 120] & [121; 122] & [123] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Market design} & Competitive market & & [124] & [125] & [126; 127] \\ \cline{2-5}  & structure & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & Retailer & [128; 129] & & [130] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Whole seller & [131] & & [132] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Financial aspects} & Price signals and economic & & [133; 134] & [135] & [136; 137; 138] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Incding contracts & [139; 140] & [141] & [142] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Market services} & Supply–demand balancing & [143; 144] & & [145; 146] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Grid stability and system & & & [147; 148] \\ \cline{2-5}  & efficiency & & & [149] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Demand-side response & [149] & [150; 151] & [152] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Network topology} & Mesh structure & [153] & & [154] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Hybrid structure & & & [155; 156] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Technology} & Blockchain & [157; 158] & [159; 160] & [161] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Artificial intelligence & & [162] & [163; 164] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Internet of Things & [165; 166] & [167] & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Participation} & Small-scale participants & [168; 169] & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & Participants within the & & [170; 171] & [172] \\ \cline{2-5}  & same community & & [173] & [175] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Market transactions} & Trading of surplus energy & [173] & [174] & [175] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Trading preferences & [176; 177] & & [178] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Welfare maximization & [179] & [89; 180] & [181; 182] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Transaction timeframe} & Real-time & [183; 184] & & [185] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Intraday & [186] & & [187] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Day ahead & [188; 189] & & [190] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Trading mechanism} & With intermediary & [191; 192] & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & Without intermediary & [193; 194] & [195] & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Constraints based} & Physical network constraint & [196; 197] & & [198] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Privacy and Security & & & [199; 200] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Risk of participation & [201] & [202] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Characteristics of P2P-, CO-, and TE-based energy trading in LEM. In terms of operational scope, TE markets exhibit a broader range of operations, spanning various scales within the energy system, whereas P2P and CO markets are predominantly centered on smaller-scale energy users. Regarding network types, P2P and TE markets emphasize grid operations and typological configurations. Technological adoption and usage have demonstrated diverse applications and valued characteristics across these energy trading platforms. Given the intricacies of energy trading, involving the exchange of electricity, gas, and other energy products, comprehensive information and data are necessary for informed strategic decision-making. In this regard, blockchain technology (BCT) and machine learning (ML) are gaining interest in energy trading platforms, especially in LEMs, to help market participants make informed and correct decisions.