# Earnings Drivers of Slovak Manufacturers: Efficiency Assessment of Innovation Management
## 2 Literature Review  
In the course of this study, we have analyzed similar articles by other authors. An analysis of the efficiency of innovations in the industrial production of enterprises in Slovakia through the DEA analysis has not been performed yet. Therefore, information was drawn from foreign authors. The article by [12] presents an empirical study using DEA to evaluate the R&D (research and development expenditures) performance of 31 firms and peripheral firms located in a science-based industrial park in Taiwan. They found that R&D performance was very different among the companies evaluated, although most companies are technically efficient. Besides, they discussed possible directions for inefficient businesses to improve their R&D performance. An essential issue in [13] is how to determine an effective decision regarding eco-technological innovation and its impact on sustainability. To discuss global issues at a global level, this study first focuses on measuring the performance of its operational and environmental performance and then pays attention to the damage. The economic concept suggests a level of change in unwanted outputs (e.g., CO\({}_{2}\)) by increasing one unit of desired output (e.g., oil production). Data package analysis is used to assess the size of the damage. The proposed DEA assessment theoretically provide researchers and policymakers with information on how to invest in eco-technology innovations to reduce unwanted outcomes, thereby increasing the level of corporate or social sustainability. The subject focused on eco-innovation and analyzing its barriers was also studied by [14]. A study by [15] suggests a new use of the Data Envelopment Analysis to examine the sustainability of Japanese industries. Among the five measures, the UEI (Unified Efficiency Index) examines a degree of how each enterprise can effectively use its resources. The empirical results obtained from the proposed approach identified two critical consequences. One of the two effects is that the Japanese energy industry has long been under government regulation, so energy companies do not have corporate capability management at the level of other industries that compete in the global market. Another consequence is that technological innovation can more effectively improve the performance of the energy sector.  
Other authors who investigated the effectiveness of innovations using DEA analysis: [16] in Performance Evaluation of R&D active firms; [17]: Evaluating the efficiency of airports using an integrated AHP/DEA-AR technique.  
In addition to the basic models, there are other DEA analysis models. One of them is referred to as the SBM model designed by [18]. This model serves as a basis for defining super efficiency.  
Analyses of publications were used to determine inputs and outputs to determine the effectiveness of business innovation (Table 1).  
Nearly all authors dealing with similar issues are R&D as an essential input in determining the effectiveness of businesses, or regions or countries. R&D plays a crucial role in the innovation process. It is an investment in technology and future capabilities that transforms into new products, processes and services.  
The aim of the DEA analysis is not only to determine the degree of effectiveness of the entities being audited but in particular to find target values for inputs and outputs for an inefficient unit. When these values are reached, the unit would have reached the efficiency threshold. Variable returns to scale can also be considered in the efficiency analysis. In this case, the CCR model needs to be rewritten to include a convex condition. Subsequently, it is referred to as the BCC model, according to the author of [23].