# Experimental and Numerical Studies of Vertical Stresses
## 1 Introduction
At the end of the study, it was observed that when the reinforcement is placed in the soil, the vertical stress values that occurred beneath the centerline of the footing decrease and there is a general agreement between the experimental results and the finite element analysis results at certain depths. However, they found that the vertical stress values obtained experimentally and numerically are different from the vertical stress values obtained theoretically. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] carried out an experimental study to measure the vertical stress increases in the soil due to the applied vertical surface loads. In the study, various tests were carried out with a model strip foundation under plane strain conditions in a reinforcedcohesionless soil. They concluded that the relative density of sand is an effective parameter for the stress distribution in soils. However, methods based on the theory of elasticity give very inaccurate results in low relative density reinforced soils. [PERSON] et al. [16] investigated the variation in vertical stresses under geosynthetic reinforced walls in a case study. The stress values measured in the field were compared with the theoretically predicted vertical stress values. In the comparison, Boussinesq and approximate 2V:1H methods were used as theoretical methods. As a result of the comparison, it was seen that the stress values obtained by using the 2V:1H method were more conservative for the design, but the stress values obtained by using the Boussinesq method were closer to the experimental stress values measured in the field. [PERSON] et al. [17], in their study, investigated the vertical stress distribution under static loads using laboratory model experiments when natural crushed aggregate (NCA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) materials are used as road base material. They stated that the vertical stress values obtained by laboratory model tests are different from the vertical stress values obtained theoretically using [PERSON]'s equations, and the material properties change the stress distribution behavior. [PERSON] [18] considered the Boussinesq formula used in the determination of vertical stresses. In the study, new closed solutions are presented in the form of cartesian coordinate functions for different load cases. [PERSON] et al. [19] discussed the difficulties of using the Boussinesq method when bedrock is located under a compressible soil layer. In their study, an analytic method has been proposed to solve the plane strain problem under the influence of strip footings. The effects of soil layer thickness on vertical stress and displacements are discussed, and the obtained results are compared with the numerical analysis results. In the study by [PERSON] et al. [20], the results of a series of loading tests on a footing model resting on a sandy soil are presented. In the study, the vertical stress values in the soil under the applied loads were measured with a circular footing model. Sand was placed in a circular tank with a diameter of 60 cm and a height of 45 cm, and diaphragm load cells were used to measure the vertical stresses. In the measurements, the aim was to determine the effect of relative density on the vertical distribution of stresses in the sand. The stresses measured with the load cells were compared with the stress values estimated by the [PERSON]'s method, and the results were validated using a finite element model. According to the results obtained from the study, it has been seen that the vertical stress values obtained by the [PERSON]'s method are in an acceptable approximation to the stresses measured with the load cells. A study was carried out by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] on the effect of elastic modulus on vertical stress distribution due to strip loading in elastic half-space. At the end of the study, it was shown that the elastic modulus of the soil has a significant effect on the vertical stress distribution and settlements.