# Individual Differences in Psychological Stress Associated with Data Breach Experiences
## 3 Results
### Comparisons between Student and Community Participants
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Total Sample** & **Student** & **Community** & & & \\ \hline  & **Mean (SD)** & **Mean (SD)** & **Mean (SD)** & \(t\) & \(p\) & \(ES\) \\ \hline
**Age** & 35.2 (13.6) & 20.4 (3.9) & 41.9 (10.7) & 33.47 & \(<\)0.001 & 2.35 \\
**Education (years)** & 14.9 (2.2) & 14.1 (1.7) & 15.3 (2.3) & 6.55 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.56 \\ \hline  & \(n\) (\%) & \(n\) (\%) & \(n\) (\%) & \(\chi^{2}\) & \(p\) & \(ES\) \\ \hline
**Gender** & & & & 44.30 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.290 \\ Males & 190 (36.2) & 26 (15.7) & 164 (45.7) & & & \\ Females & 335 (63.8) & 140 (84.3) & 195 (54.3) & & & \\
**Ethnicity** & & & & 119.79 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.48 \\ White & 355 (67.6) & 69 (41.6) & 286 (79.7) & & & \\ Asian & 96 (18.3) & 71 (42.8) & 25 (7.0) & & & \\ Black or African American & 24 (4.6) & 2 (1.2) & 22 (6.1) & & & \\ Hispanic or Latin & 21 (4.0) & 7 (4.2) & 14 (3.9) & & & \\ American & 29 (5.5) & 17 (10.2) & 12 (3.3) & & & \\
**Smartphone use (per day)** & & & & 100.39 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.44 \\
12+ h & 10 (1.9) & 5 (3.0) & 5 (1.4) & & & \\
6-12 h & 67 (12.8) & 39 (23.5) & 28 (7.8) & & & \\
3-6 h & 170 (32.4) & 85 (51.2) & 85 (23.7) & & & \\
1-3 h & 200 (38.1) & 36 (21.7) & 164 (45.7) & & & \\
0-1 h & 72 (13.7) & 1 (0.6) & 71 (19.8) & & & \\ No smartphone & 6 (1.1) & 0 (0.0) & 6 (1.7) & & & \\
**Social media use (per day)** & & & & 109.05 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.46 \\
12+ h & 0 (0.0) & 0 (0.0) & 0 (0.0) & & & \\
6-12 h & 13 (2.5) & 12 (7.2) & 1 (0.3) & & & \\
3-6 h & 85 (16.2) & 58 (34.9) & 27 (7.5) & & & \\
1-3 h & 264 (50.3) & 79 (47.6) & 185 (51.5) & & & \\
0-1 h & 163 (31.0) & 17 (10.2) & 146 (40.7) & & & \\
**Browser use (per day)** & & & & 11.96 & 0.018 & 0.15 \\
12+ h & 37 (7.0) & 9 (5.4) & 28 (7.8) & & & \\
6-12 h & 162 (30.9) & 46 (27.7) & 116 (32.3) & & & \\
3-6 h & 195 (37.1) & 73 (44.0) & 122 (34.0) & & & \\
1-3 h & 113 (21.5) & 28 (16.9) & 85 (23.7) & & & \\
0-1 h & 18 (3.4) & 10 (6.0) & 8 (2.2) & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} \(ES\) = effect size; Cohen’s \(d\) for \(t\)-tests and Phi coefficient for chi-square.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparisons between student and community participants on the self-report measures. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Total Sample** & **Student** & **Community** & & \\ \hline  & **Mean (SD)** & **Mean (SD)** & **Mean (SD)** & \(t\) & \(p\) & \(ES\) \\ \hline
**Impact of Events Scale–R** & & & & & & \\ Total score & 15.36 (13.28) & 17.84 (15.94) & 14.21 (11.69) & 2.63 & 0.009 & 0.28 \\ Intrusion & 4.40 (5.48) & 5.21 (6.56) & 4.02 (4.87) & 2.08 & 0.038 & 0.22 \\ Avoidance & 7.17 (5.68) & 8.18 (6.41) & 6.71 (5.25) & 2.59 & 0.010 & 0.26 \\ Hyperarousal & 3.79 (4.04) & 4.45 (4.92) & 3.48 (3.52) & 2.29 & 0.023 & 0.24 \\
**Psychological Measures** & & & & & & \\ Negative emotionality & 37.81 (3.62) & 38.68 (3.72) & 37.41 (3.50) & 3.79 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.36 \\ PSWQ & 46.81 (9.71) & 51.10 (7.81) & 44.82 (9.87) & 7.85 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.68 \\ GAD-7 & 13.26 (5.58) & 15.90 (5.61) & 12.04 (5.14) & 7.54 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.73 \\
**Digital Security Measures** & & & & & & \\ Digital security practices & 4.27 (1.48) & 4.10 (1.48) & 4.35 (1.48) & 1.79 & 0.073 & 0.17 \\ Digital security expertise & 4.28 (1.12) & 3.84 (1.19) & 4.49 (1.03) & 6.44 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.60 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the sample and comparisons between student and community participants.