# Nano-/Microcapsules, Liposomes, and Micelles in
## 3 Polysaccharides Used to Obtain and/or Support Spherical Particles  
The increasing expense of crude oil and the possibility of depletion of its natural reserves necessitate a quest for substitute sources of industrial raw materials. In the food industry, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are commonly used as building or coating materials [107]. Biopolymers such as chitosan, alginate, starches, cellulose, and pectin are frequently employed due to their availability from renewable resources and low cost. The safety, convenience of use, and high levels of biodegradability and biocompatibility exhibited by these compounds provide a significant advantage [108; 109; 110]. It is noteworthy that biopolymers derived from starch, cellulose, and lactic acid have been easily commercialised as a result of the cost-effectiveness of their production and purification processes [111]. The fascination and widespread attention these polysaccharides garner stems from their distinctive and coveted chemical properties [112]. Polysaccharides are a group of organic compounds which are abundant, economical, ecologically sound, and renewable. They represent enticing raw materials, that offer the possibility of several new biodegradable substances. The enthusiasm for natural polysaccharides and their potential uses has grown enormously in recent times. Polysaccharides provide a wide range of essential parameters necessary for their practical application. These include low, medium, and high molecular weight, varied polydispersity, formation of linear and branched macrostructures, monofunctionality (compounds containing only hydroxyl groups), and polyfunctionality (compounds with hydroxyl, carboxyl, and/or amino groups). Polysaccharides also exhibit a high degree of chirality and can have low or high water solubility, as well as low, if any, toxicity and immunogenicity. Their remarkable properties make them readily applicable in nanotechnology [113]. Algae and fungi are among the alternate sources of polysaccharides. Due to economic and environmental factors, there remains significant interest in investigating polysaccharides derived from marine organisms, such as seaweed [114]. Polysaccharides, owing to their gelling properties, are commonly used as carriers of bioactive substances in the form of solutions, coating solutions, and biopolymer films used for packaging [115]. Numerous examples exist in the scientific literature demonstrating the use of polysaccharides as carriers of spherical particles possessing valuable biological properties. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [116] prepared films made from carboxymethylcellulose that were reinforced with nano-encapsulated vitamin E through a membrane casting process. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [117] created nanoencapsulated unsaturated fatty acids from carp oil by using chitosan and its blends with gelatine. The study demonstrated that the properties of the resulting microstructures were significantly influenced by the composition of the wall material. Even a partial substitution of chitosan with gelatine resulted in smaller droplets. Additionally, chitosan was found to be an efficient barrier against fish oil degradation. On the other hand, [PERSON] and colleagues conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of unencapsulated and nano-encapsulated Origanum majorana essential oil (OmEO) against microbial and metabolite contamination and lipid peroxidation. They developed and characterized an OmEO-loaded chitosan nanoemulsion, which demonstrated the potential to inhibit the growth of _A. flavus_ and its aflatoxin production. The authors maintain that the nanoemulsion produced will be of significant value on an industrial scale as a potent antifungal agent to prolong the shelf life of food products [118]. [PERSON] et al. [119] have developed novel chitosan-based films that are eco-friendly and incorporate nano-/microapsules of ozonated olive oil.