## 3 Results
### Grape Extracts Characterization and Cell Viability  
First, the composition and potential cell toxicity of GPP extracts were determined. These extracts presented different qualitative and quantitative PP composition (Tables 1 and 2) in relation to grape tissues and ripening stage. The quantification of anthocyanins in grape Sd was not pursued, as these compounds are not known to be present in this  
Figure 1: Metabolic dysfunction of human SM cells following palmitate treatment. (**A**) Representative Western blot of P-Akt and Akt following insulin (ins) stimulation of human SM cells treated or not with palmitate (P). P-Akt/Akt level expressed as fold induction relative to baseline level of P-Akt/Akt without palmitate treatment that was set at one. (**B**) Representative Western blot analysis of human SM cell protein 4-HNE adducts following palmitate treatment. The 4-HNE-protein levels are expressed relative to actin and to 4-HNE-protein levels following palmitate treatment that was set at one. (**C**) Representative Western blot of CoxIV and CS protein expression analysis in human SM cells following palmitate treatment. Protein levels were expressed relative to actin level and to their level in palmitate-treated cells that was set at one. (**D**) CS enzymatic activity in human SM cells treated or not with palmitate. (**E**) CS activity relative to CS protein. (**F**) Representative Western blot analysis of P-p62, p62, HO-1, catalase, sod1 and GR in human SM cells treated or not with palmitate. P-p62/p62 levels are expressed as fold induction relative to P-p62/p62 level induced by palmitate treatment that was set at one. Levels of other proteins were expressed relative to actin level and to their level in palmitate-treated cells that was set at one. For all the experiments, \(n=3\). Data are expressed as means \(\pm\) SEM. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s \(t\)-test. \({}^{*}p\leq 0.05\), **\(p<0.01\)** and ****\(p<0.0001\). particular tissue [28]. Analysis of monomeric flavan-3-ols was accompanied by a measure of the mDP of the proanthocyanidins. Sd extracts contained higher amounts of flavan-3-ols than Sk extracts, both decreasing with ripening. Flavan-3-ols were less polymerized in grape Sd compared to Sk. Additionally, the analysis indicated that the mDP of flavan-3-ols tended to decrease during the ripening process, leading to a reduction in proanthocyanidins in both Sd and Sk tissues (Table 1). Sk-MPP extracts were rich in anthocyanins (Table 2). Stilbenes were also quantified in Sk extracts and their concentration increased as the grape ripened (Table 2). The highest total phenolic content (TPC) was observed at the Bv stage both in Sk and Sd extracts (Figure 2A) and significantly decreased to reach a minimum value at M stage (Figure 2A). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) showed a similar trend; the highest value was found at Bv stage for both Sk and Sd extracts with a significant reduction at M stage (Figure 2B). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Tissue**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sd**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sk**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ripening Stage**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ripening Stage**} \\ \hline
**Polyphenol Subclass** & **Bv** & **M** & **Bv** & **M** \\ \hline Flavan-3-ols & & & & \\ \hline (+)-Catechin & 25.2 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 29.4 \(\pm\) 0.21 * & 9.43 \(\pm\) 0.16 * & 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.12 *,* \\ \hline (\(-\))-Epicatechin & 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 28.8 \(\pm\) 0.11 * & nd & 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.01 *,* \\ \hline Epicatechin gallate & 37.2 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 22.3 \(\pm\) 0.03 * & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 1.40 \(\pm\) 0.36 *,* \\ \hline Epigallocatechin & 13.9 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.77 * & nd & nd \\ \hline mDP & 11.28 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 5.38 \(\pm\) 0.12 * & 18.9 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 11.6 \(\pm\) 0.83 *,* \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Quantification of individual and polymerized flavan-3-ols in Sd and Sk extracts of Syrah grapes obtained at two different ripening stages.