# Advancing BIM and Sustainability with Coopetition: Evidence from the Portuguese Stone Industry
## 7 Metrics and KPIs Definition  
The BIM benefits depend on how each building element meets the requirements of the different BIM dimensions. The 4D BIM requires transparency, accountability, and more effective communication [59] to ensure dynamic on-time delivery. To meet 4D BIM requirements, the stone manufacturers must enhance their scheduling, coordination, and productivity processes, responding positively to the crucial aspect of delivery time [17]. To evaluate this response, the on-time delivery (KPIOD) indicator can be used, as it measures the OS-PT's ability to consistently meet project deadlines. For this study, KPIOD is calculated as the percentage of stone parts delivered within the agreed timeframe (Equation (1)). Improvements in KPIOD directly enhance the effectiveness of 4D BIM by ensuring timely project execution and adherence to schedules. \[\text{KPIOD}\left(\%\right)=\sum_{1}^{n}(\frac{\mathit{parts\_ delivered\_on\_time}_{\left(daily\right)}}{\mathit{parts\_ delivered\_(daily)}}) \tag{1}\]  
A 5D BIM integrates cost data with the 3D model, enabling comprehensive budget and financial management throughout the project lifecycle [27]. BIM's benefits for construction  
Figure 1: Coopetition experimental pilot network (CEPN). require that components meet the necessary quality at the lowest cost. Consequently, stone manufacturing companies must respond positively in terms of component cost. For OS-PT to be aligned with 5D BIM, their manufacturing processes must optimize resources to enhance efficiency, using both human and technological resources better to lower waste and costs. According to the literature on lean management, one way to measure industry efficiency is through labour productivity, which relates output to the labour involved [5]. Therefore, for this study, the indicator for labour productivity (KPI\({}_{\text{LP}}\)) has been selected to evaluate the number of stone parts a worker completes within a specified timeframe, indicating the efficiency of labour use (Equation (2)). By enhancing labour productivity, stone companies can better meet the requirements of 5D BIM. \[\text{KPI}_{\text{LP}}\left(\%\right)=\sum_{1}^{n}(\frac{\mathit{parts\_produced _{(daily)}}}{\mathit{workers\_involved_{(daily)}}}) \tag{2}\]  
The 6D BIM focuses on sustainability by incorporating environmental data into the BIM model to manage and reduce the ecological footprint of construction projects [29]. This requires manufacturers to use raw materials and processes efficiently to minimize the environmental impact of building materials [60]. To evaluate how a stone company can meet this requirement, the CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) factor must be considered [61]. This indicator converts the energy consumed into equivalent carbon dioxide emissions, providing a standardized measure of environmental impact..The integration of power networks within the EU makes calculating the CO2 equivalent per country challenging. In Portugal, for example, meeting energy demand during critical periods often requires importing energy produced in other European countries. Therefore, the average European CO2 equivalent factor should be adopted for this case study. According to the European Electricity Review (2023), the carbon intensity of electricity in Europe varies significantly among different EU member states due to their diverse energy mixes [62]. For instance, countries like Sweden and France have much lower carbon intensities (below 50 g CO2/kWh) due to their heavy reliance on nuclear and renewable energy sources [62]. In contrast, countries like Poland and Estonia have higher carbon intensities (over 600 g CO2/kWh) due to their dependence on coal and other fossil fuels. As of 2022, the EU's average carbon intensity of electricity generation was 276 g of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (g CO2/kWh). Equation (3) can be used to evaluate the CO2 equivalent (KPI\({}_{\text{CO2-eq}}\)) for producing stone parts, reflecting the energy consumed per part produced.