esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Comprehensive Analysis of Advanced Techniques and Vital Tools for Detecting Malware Intrusion
## 9 Case Study 2: Cisco System Breach by Yanluowang Ransomware Gang
### Future Directions  
#### 9.7.1 Behavior-Based Detection: Advancements in Behavioral Analysis  
Behavior-based detection involves analyzing the behavior of software or processes to identify abnormal patterns that may indicate malware activity. This approach goes beyond traditional signature-based detection, enabling the identification of previously unknown and zero-day malware.  
* **Refining Behavioral Analysis Techniques:** Delving deeper into refining behavioral analysis techniques using machine learning and artificial intelligence to better capture subtle deviations in system behavior.
* **Reducing False Positives:** Efforts to reduce false positives and improve the accuracy of behavior-based detection are crucial to minimizing operational disruptions and efficiently managing security resources.
# Research on a Neutron Detector with a Boron-Lined Multilayer Converter
###### Abstract  
\({}^{3}\)He is a splendid neutron detection material due to its high neutron reaction cross section, gaseous state, and nonelectrongeative and nonpoisonous nature. With the worldwide problem of the \({}^{\sim}\)3 He supply crisis\({}^{\ast}\) arising, boron-lined gaseous neutron detectors are being widely used in neutron detection to replace \({}^{3}\)He neutron detectors. In this work, to reduce the scattering neutron background coming from the substrate of a boron-lined neutron detector in the application of neutron scattering, a new design of the boron-lined gaseous neutron detector composed of a boron-lined multichip converter and a multiwire proportional chamber was proposed. The electron drift efficiency matrix simulated by Garfield++ (Version 2023.4) and the values and positions of electron energy deposition simulated by Geant4 were obtained. The \(\alpha\), \({}^{7}\)Li, and total charged particle energy deposition spectra were acquired via coupling calculations of the electron drift efficiency matrix and the values and positions of electron energy deposition, and the width of the slit was selected as 3 mm. The boron-lined multilayer converter neutron detector (BMCND) was tested using a \({}^{241}\)Am-\({}^{239}\)Pu mixture \(\alpha\) source, and the total count rate of \(\alpha\) charged particles was measured as 599.5 s\({}^{-1}\), which is 89% of the theoretical \(\alpha\) particle emission rate of 672.9 s\({}^{-1}\). The drift voltage experiments showed that 1200 V is enough to acquire a relatively ideal count, and a 2500 V drift voltage was confirmed, considering the higher count and instrument safety. We also performed the neutron detection experiments using a photo-neutron source, and a characteristic spectrum shape of \"two stairs\" was measured. When borated polyethylene was used to shield the BMCND, the detected total count decreased while keeping the characteristic spectrum shape, demonstrating that the BMCND was equipped with the ability to detect neurons, indicating that BMCNDs have the potential to be an outstanding \({}^{3}\)He alternative neutron detector.  
boron-lined neutron detector; BMCND; electron drift efficiency; energy deposition spectrum; neutron detection efficiency
## 3 Methods  
Figure 3 shows the flow chart of this study. First, aerial photographs provided by the Aerial Survey Office, Forest Bureau, Taiwan, were used to generate a digital surface model (DSM). Ten aerial photographs taken in 2012 with a resolution of 250 mm were used to generate a 5 m-resolution DSM based on conventional photogrammetry; heights of objects on the ground and vegetation were subtracted from the DSM to obtain the corresponding DEM. Two airborne-based LiDAR DEMs, based on scans in 2015 and 2018, were collected. These LiDAR DEMs both had horizontal and vertical resolutions of 1 m and 0.5 m, respectively (A resolution of 1 m was therefore used hereafter). From these DEMs and DSM, clinometric and hillshade maps were generated for topographic analysis and the interpretation of geomorphic features in the study area, including the fault, lineament, gully, and scarp. Drainage analysis was performed using the Hydrology tool of Arc GIS. The 1/50,000 geological map of the study area published in 1997 by the Central Geological Survey of Taiwan (Figure 2) and 1/5000 geological route maps along the Suhua Highway and Taiwan Stone Powder Road provided the regional geological information about the study area. The lithology and major geological structures shown on these maps were examined. A surface geological survey, including observation of the excavated face of the Dongao Tunnel was conducted to examine the identified geomorphic features, the boundaries of the various lithologies, and the locations of major structures, such as faults and lineaments. The interpretations and observations of outcrops were compared and discussed.  
This study focused on the geomorphic features that were observed and interpreted from DEMs with various resolutions, and those observed in-situ, especially at the excavated  
Figure 3: Research flowchart.  
faces of the Dongao Tunnel. The interpreted and observed features were compared in detail to address the potential application of LiDAR DEM to geological mapping and the evaluation of engineering characteristics for rock tunneling.
# Seismic Risk Analysis of Existing Link Slab Bridges Using Novel Fragility Functions
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a comprehensive probabilistic framework is proposed and adopted to perform seismic reliability and risk analysis of existing link slab (LS) bridges, representing a widely diffused structural typology within the infrastructural networks of many countries worldwide. Unlike classic risk analysis methods, innovative fragility functions are used in this work to retrieve more specific and detailed information on the possible failure modes, without limiting the analysis to the global failure conditions but also considering several intermediate damage scenarios (including one or more damage mechanisms), and providing insights on the numerosity of elements involved within a given damage scenario. Reliability analyses are performed on a set of LS bridges with different geometries (total lengths and pier heights) designed according to the Italian codes enforced in the 1970s. Accurate numerical models are developed in OpenSees and Multiple-Stripe nonlinear time-history analyses are carried out to build proper demand models, from which fragility functions are determined according to two limit states: damage onset and near-collapse. Mean annual rates of exceeding are thus estimated through the convolution between the hazard and the fragility. The results shed light on the main failure mechanisms characterizing this bridge typology, highlighting how different levels of risk (hence safety margins) can be associated with failure scenarios that differ in terms of elements/mechanisms involved and damage extension. Such a higher level of detail in the risk analysis may be useful to better quantify post-earthquake consequences (e.g., costs and losses) and define more tailored retrofit interventions. A comparison of the reliability levels associated with bridges of the same class with different geometries is finally presented.  
seismic risk; bridges; link slab; expansion joints; seismic vulnerability; OpenSees; damage; failure; collapse; hazard; stochastic ground motion
## 3 RL-Based Resource Allocation Algorithm  
As shown in Figure 1, based on the network model in [22], the first V2V link is set as a priority link, and the other V2V links are set as common links. Deep neural network (DNN) is designed to compress the local information observed by each V2V; this information includes its own channel power gain, interference from other links and the transmitted power of its own vehicle transmitter. The compressed information is then fed back to BS. Based on the feedback from all V2V links, BS will use RL to make an optimal decision on spectrum allocation for all V2V links. Finally, the BS sends the decision information to each V2V link.
## 1 Introduction
[18] studied the wear and contact fatigue of involute modified gears under minimum-quantity lubrication by updating the contact path and gear profile in real time. Simultaneously, [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [19,20], respectively, predicted the wear resulting from tooth profile changes to mitigate failures and minimize economic losses. The magnitude of the modification coefficient has different effects on gear wear, and the optimal modification coefficient can significantly prolong the gear's service life [21]. Therefore, [PERSON] et al. [22] investigated the influence of different tooth profile correction coefficients on the wear depth of asymmetric spur gears. [PERSON] et al. [23] studied the variation in transmission error with the number of wear cycles and discussed the optimal contour correction required to minimize the transmission error. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [24] studied the lubrication and wear performance of modified heavy-duty herringbone gears during the complete operating cycle from start to stop. [PERSON] et al. [25] explored the effect of tooth profile modification on the dynamic characteristics of thin-edge gear surface wear. Additionally, researchers also started from the perspective of optimizing the tool and modified the tooth surface by changing the tooth shape of the tool, thereby improving the wear resistance of the gear [26, 27, 28]. From the above discussion, it can be shown that most of the current research on tooth surface wear has mainly focused on involute cylindrical gears; there is still relatively little research on gears with curved meshing lines. The reason is that involute gears occupy a dominant position in general industry and are widely used. In addition, the geometric structure of the tooth surface of gears with curved meshing lines is relatively complicated. However, with the development of industrial technology, engineering equipment has put forward higher requirements for gear transmission systems. In some high load-bearing engineering equipment, such as coal mining machines and shield tunneling machines, involute gears gradually expose problems such as low tooth contact strength and high sliding friction. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of modern industry in some special fields, such as the mining and construction industries, this paper studies an internal meshing cylindrical gear with a curved meshing line and deeply researches its tooth contact and wear characteristics through simulation modeling. The relative curvature, sliding coefficient, sliding distance, maximum contact pressure, transmission error, and wear depth of the de signed gears are calculated based on the established model. The advantages of the internal meshing cylindrical gears with curved meshing lines in these aspects are demonstrated via comparison with involute ones. The research of this paper can lay a solid foundation for the design and development of a novel planetary gear train with a curved meshing line.
# Nanoparticles--Plant Interaction: What We Know, Where We Are?
## 3. Symplast
### Data Indicating a Symplasmic Translocation of NP through PD  
Many literature data reported that NP can enter roots through the apoplast and then move through the symplast through PD [39; 61; 77; 78]. Studies on _Arabidopsis thaliana_ treated with Ag-NP of different sizes (20, 40 and 80 nm) showed that the NP were present in PD what led to the conclusion that in this movement, both, apoplast and symplast are involved [77]. Studies on rice treated with carbon NP of the size of 40-70 nm showed that apoplast and symplast are engaged in NP movement between cells of different tissues [39]. In the case of maize, it was found that PbS-NP are translocated by symplast [33]. Research on _Cucurbita pepo_ has also shown that SPIONs in a diameter of 12.5 nm can move through symplast [39]. In wheat plants, which were exposed to Ag-NP and sulfidized silver NP (Ag\({}_{2}\)S-NP) and ionic Ag, involvement of symplasmic pathway was suggested, however, in cytoplasm also Ag ions were detected [79]. The symplasmic movement of CeO\({}_{2}\)NP about 4 nm in diameter has been also suggested for wheat plants [80; 81; 82]. The above research results indicate the participation of symplast in the movement of NP in plants.  
However, additional studies are necessary, especially in regard to the participation of PD in the translocation of NP with a larger diameter than the cytoplasmic sleeve diameter. It should be mentioned that PD are absent from the outer periclinal walls of epidermis and rhizodermis. To enter the symplasmic transport route, NP have to overcome the wall barrier and only then can move symplasmically through PD.
# A Hybrid Unequal Clustering Based on Density with Energy Conservation in Wireless Nodes
## 1 Introduction
Recently, hybrid static-dynamic methods have been proposed for clustering. Hybrid unequal clustering with layering protocol (HUCL) [15] is one of the examples of these clustering methods. This method is a hybrid of both static and dynamic clustering. Therefore, similar to dynamic protocols, this method performs clustering during each round and, as per static protocols, the clusters remain the same during several rounds. Within each cluster, a node is assigned as CH and remains the same until another node is selected as the new CH. After some rounds, clustering and cluster formation are performed again. This procedure always continues in the lifetime of a network. In the hybrid method, the overhead can be reduced in addition to improvement of network stability and lifetime [14; 15]. Furthermore, the clustering protocols and CH selection methods in wireless nodes are typically divided into two categories: centralized and distributed clustering [10; 14]. In the centralized clustering method, the BS uses the general knowledge of a network for clustering the nodes and a BS needs to collect the information about the status of the nodes within a network for clustering the nodes. This method is not applicable to large-scale networks [14]. In the distributed method, nodes perform routing in a self-organized manner and without requiring more information about the network position. In distributed algorithms, each node decides about its own CH probability based on some parameters [10]. In these algorithms, a BS has no effect on the CH selection. In contrast to centralized clustering, distributed methods are more efficient for large-scale networks. Therefore, there is less overhead in these methods due to the omission of messages transferred between nodes and a BS [14]. In this paper, given the above-mentioned advantages, the performance of a novel hybrid static-dynamic protocol is used. The current paper places emphasis on a distributed clustering algorithm. The probability of selecting a node as a CH is determined on the basis of energy level, a number of neighbors and distance to BS within each sensor and its neighbors. Moreover, CMs send a data packet to CH based on assistance to cluster heads (ACHs) mechanism and CH send packages to a BS through an energy-aware multi-hop routing method. Clustering is performed unequally. In this clustering, CHs close to the BS have smaller radius; as a result, the number of CMs are reduced and less energy is consumed for receiving data. In this way, they spend more energy to receive data from CHs far from the BS. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. A literature review is presented in Section 2. Section 3 gives our proposed algorithm in detail. Analysis of our proposed HCD algorithm is further discussed in Section 4. In Section 5, extensive evaluation and simulation results are given with discussion and analysis and Section 6 concludes this paper.
## 4 Discussion
#### Hybrid Proposal
Additionally, with ASTM F2996-13 and ISO 7206-4:2010(E) standards, a stress reduction of 9.98% was obtained (Figure 6). This shows concordance with the results obtained, even with the different methodologies. On the other hand, concerning the strain, a decrease of 24.1% was obtained with the use of ASTM F2996-13 and ISO 7206-4:2010(E) when compared to the reference implant (P2-T) in activity 4 using the titanium alloy (Ti6 Al4V, see Figure 7). Future work to upgrade the performance of the hybrid implant will be the optimization of the cross-sectional area, and the use of new materials, such as composite materials, to improve the distribution of the stresses and strain in the interaction between the implant and the cortical bone.
## 4 Analysis
### Route Sub-Optimality
#### 4.1.2 Window Jitter  
The analysis performed in Section 4.1.1 for \(T_{j}\equiv\text{Uniform}\left[0,J_{m}\right]\) can be repeated for \(T_{j}^{*}\equiv\text{Uniform}\left[\alpha J_{m},J_{m}\right]\). The probability density distribution (pdf) of the inter-path delay difference described in Equation (4) thus becomes, for the case of window jitter, \(D_{W}^{(n,m)}\):  
\[f_{D_{W}^{(n,m)}}(t) = \left(\bigotimes_{i=1}^{n+m}f_{T_{j,i}^{*}}\right)(t+mJ_{m}) \tag{6}\]  
Without loss of generality, and for the sake of simplicity,it can be assumed in the following that \(J_{m}=1\). Then, also using Equation (A1), the pdf detailed in Equation (6) can be expressed in the terms of Proposition 2.  
**Proposition 2**.: _The probability density function of the inter-path delay difference for window jitter, \(f_{D_{W}^{(n,m)}}(t)\), has the expression shown in Equation (7):_  
\[f_{D_{W}^{(n,m)}}(t)=\frac{1}{1-\alpha}\frac{1}{(n+m-1)!}\sum_{k=0}^{n+m}(-1) ^{k}\left[\binom{n+m}  
Figure 5a,b show the value of \(D_{W}^{(n,m)}\) for different combinations of path lengths \(n\) and \(m\). In the analysis, the hop count metric is considered, _i.e._, the routes with less hops are more preferred. \(\alpha\) is set to \(\frac{1}{2}\), to have a balance between the randomness of jitter and the \"width\" of the window to reduce the delay inversion effect.  
It can be observed in Figure 5a that the transition from \(P_{W}=0\) to \(P_{W}=1\) (_i.e._, from situations in which RREQ transmissions over the \(n\)-path are never faster than those over the \(m\)-path, to a situation in which they are always faster) is significantly more steep with the modified (generalized) distribution of jitter values than with the distribution of RFC 5148 [9] (see Figure 3a). As the ideal situation would be that \(D_{\text{ideal}}^{(n,m)}=1\) for \(n>m\) and \(D_{\text{ideal}}^{(n,m)}=0\) for \(n<m\), the use of the modified distribution makes the jitter performance closer to that ideal behavior.  
The adaptive jitter for non-trivial metrics is a generalization of window jitter. Note that, under the assumption of the hop count metric (_i.e._, link quality is constant), in this analysis, window jitter is equivalent to adaptive jitter. Further simulations, presented in Section 5, show experimentally the advantage of adaptive jitter with non-trivial metrics.  
Figure 5b shows the probability of delay inversion for the modified distribution of jitter values, depending on the difference \(\Delta=m-n\), for different values of \(n\) and \(m\). As in Figure 3b, theoretical values (lines) and simulations (points, each of them averaged over 200 samples) are displayed together. It can be observed that the values are substantially lower than those achieved with \(T_{j}\sim\text{Uniform}[0,J_{m}]\): for very similar (\(\Delta=m-n=1\), which is the most frequent case) and long paths (\(n=5\)), the probability reduces in a factor of five and stays below 6%; the relative variation becomes still more significant as paths are shorter. The same conclusion can be drawn from the evolution of \(P_{W}\) with respect to \(\Delta=m-n\) (Figure 6).
# An Enhanced Belief Propagation Flipping Decoder for Polar Codes with Stepping Strategy
## 4 Numerical Results
### Analysis of the Threshold \(\beta\)  
To verify the effectiveness of the threshold \(\beta\), the BLERs of the BPSF-1, EBPSF-1, GBPSF-1 and EGBPSF-1 algorithms with different threshold \(\beta\) are compared in Figure 8. Additionally, the GBPF-1 and BPF-1 algorithms are provided as references.  
With the assistance of \(\beta\), the EBPSF-1 algorithm outperforms the BPSF-1 algorithm in BLER under the same parameters for both \(N=256\) in Figure 8a and \(N=1024\) in Figure 8b. For \(\beta\) = 0.5 and \(\beta\) = 1 when \(N=256\) and \(T=128\), the EBPSF-1 algorithm achieves 0.09 dB and 0.13 dB gain with the BPSF-1 algorithm at BLER = \(1\times 10^{-2}\), respectively. Furthermore, for \(\beta\) = 1 and \(\beta\) = 10 when \(N=1024\) and \(T=116\), the EBPSF-1 algorithm obtain the gain of 0.04 dB and 0.23 dB for BLER = \(10^{-3}\) compared with the BPSF-1 algorithm. Therefore, the EBPSF-1 algorithm has more accuracy in locating the reliable bits among the CS-_T_. With the increase of \(\beta\), the BLER performance of the EBPSF algorithm is continuously  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Parameters** \\ \hline Polar Codes & (64, 32), (256, 128), (512, 256) and (1024, 512) \\ Signal Channel & AWGN \\ Modulation Method & BPSK \\ Construction Method & GA \\ Frame Number & 500,000 \\ Rate & 1/2 \\ Maximum Iterations & 40 \\ CRC Generator Polynomial [22] & g(x) = x\({}^{24}\)+x\({}^{23}\)+x\({}^{16}\)+x\({}^{17}\)+x\({}^{14}\)+x\({}^{11}\)+x\({}^{10}\)+x\({}^{7}\)+x\({}^{6}\)+x\({}^{5}\)+x\({}^{4}\)+x\({}^{3}\)+x\({}^{1}\) \\ Horizontal Coordinate & \(E_{\mathrm{b}}/N_{0}\) \\ Design SNR of Construction & 1 dB \\ Efficient Information Bits & \(K\) - \(m\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Simulation Parameters.  
Figure 8: The BLER of BPF-1 [15] ([PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] 2019), GBPF-1 [17] ([PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] 2020), OA-BP-1 [18] ([PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] 2020), BPSF-1, EBPSF-1, GBPSF-1 and EGBPSF-1 with different threshold \(\beta\). (**a**) The BLER comparison of different algorithms for \(P\)(256, 128). (**b**) The BLER comparison of different algorithms for \(P\)(1024, 512).  
optimized, but the average number of iterations also increases. Therefore choosing a proper \(\beta\) is essential to optimizing the BLER performance and can lead to a negligible increase in the average number of iterations.
## 5 Evaluation
### Setup
#### 5.1.1 Evaluation Indicators  
The quality of experience of all users is calculated as shown in Equation (1), where the VMAF score is within the range [0, 100]. Furthermore, in this paper, we aim to improve the QoE fairness among users and maximize the overall QoE efficiency. Therefore, the following two indicators were used to measure the performance of the algorithm:  
1. QoE fairness: [PERSON]'s Fairness index was used to measure the QoE fairness in multi-video user scenarios;
2. Overall QoE efficiency: the QoE mean of all users, namely: \[\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i\in N}QoE_{i}\] (13)