## 2 Literature Review  
The literature discusses the difficulties of and impediments to the mainstream adoption of EVs. As per [PERSON] et al. (2018), solar energy is considered a dependable alternative to conventional energy sources due to its economic and environmental advantages. Therefore, it can be inferred that solar energy sources are the most appropriate for the EV charging infrastructure. EV consumers' attitudes and views have been the subject of numerous research studies. To offer insight into the potential adoption and impacts of EVs in Hail City, KSA, as well as the move away from conventional cars, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) conducted a survey. With 37.9% of participants stating they would be pleased to switch to an EV and 78.6% of participants knowing where EV charging stations are, the results show a clear preference for EVs. The findings indicate growing interest in EVs and highlight the need to construct strategic infrastructure to manage the anticipated increase in EV adoption. An exploratory study of German users' acceptance of battery switching and solar charging stations was carried out by [PERSON] et al. (2018). The authors claim that between 50% and 80% of potential sharing system users wish to accept battery swapping and solar charging stations. The majority of responders (71-77%) claim that battery swapping and solar charging facilities are simple to operate. The authors claim that a discount of between 10% and 20% off the subsequent sharing trip would be a sufficient inducement for the majority of respondents. While more men than women plan to use battery swapping stations, more female respondents want to use solar charging stations. [PERSON] et al. (2018) were able to measure range anxiety by polling both EV owners and non-owners and finding a correlation between range anxiety and the best distance between adjacent charging stations. The majority of EV owners are based in the United States (US) or the United Kingdom, whereas the majority of poll respondents who do not own an EV are from Croatia. According to the scientists, both groups' average optimal distance between adjacent charging stations was found to be roughly 7 km. [PERSON]'s survey (2018) was used to investigate the EV potential of participants from five distinct regions of the KSA. The respondents' age, gender, place of residence, kind of vehicle they drove, chance of buying an EV, average travel distance, point of departure and arrival, and preferred auto-charging facility were all questioned in the survey. More than 80% of the participants were either definitely inclined or probably inclined to purchase an EV within the next five years after being given three options, according to the data analysis. Because [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) were worried about the charging behavior when EVs were being utilized, they investigated the battery EV charging method while taking into account the tension between charging times and range anxiety. The authors proposed a mathematical model that accounts for both the infrastructure for charging and the driving experience to measure range anxiety. The results show that the optimal absolute mileage increases with the battery EV cruising range and driver tolerance for range anxiety. It is interesting to note that the optimal relative mileage increases with drivers' tolerance for range anxiety but decreases with BEV cruising range. In the European Union, 61% of EV owners charge their vehicles at home, while 15% charge them at work. [PERSON] et al. (2018) in Canada and [PERSON] (2018) in the KSA reported that more than 60% of respondents chose the home as the ideal location for EV charging. According to research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), about 25% of EVs were charged at public charging stations. It is projected that the percentage of home charging will decline from 61% in 2020 to 45% in 2030. Even though EVs appear to be less expensive than traditional cars, adoption barriers still exist.