esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experimental Results
### Microscopic Weathering Indicators
#### 3.2.2 Pore Size Distribution Characteristics  
The pore size distribution curves of limestone and sandstone are presented in Figure 13. Pores are classified into micropores (\(\leq\)0.1 \(\upmu\)m), mesopores (0.1-1 \(\upmu\)m), macropores (1-10 \(\upmu\)m), and fractures (\(\geq\)10 \(\upmu\)m) based on their size. Pore size plays a crucial role in determining  
Figure 12: Variation curves of relative content of components in limestone and sandstone under sulfate weathering. (**a**) Variation curve of relative content of components in limestone; (**b**) variation curve of relative content of components in sandstone.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cycle Number** & **Quartz (\%)** & **Albite (\%)** & **Microline (\%)** & **Calcite (\%)** & **Clay Minerals (\%)** \\ \hline
0 & 46–55 & 18–25 & 8–12 & 15–22 & 5–7 \\
5 & 52–60 & 16–23 & 7–12 & 15–20 & 6–9 \\
15 & 58–68 & 12–18 & 6–10 & 12–16 & 7–14 \\
25 & 65–75 & 7–14 & 3–9 & 7–10 & 10–19 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Composition content of sandstone samples after different numbers of cycles.  
the adsorption capacity (for salt solutions) of the initial rock sample, and the magnitude of its variation reflects the degree of rock deterioration [31]. The curves in Figure 13 reveal that Leshan sandstone exhibits a broad pore size distribution with distinct gradient levels, where pores larger than 1 \(\upmu\)m account for over 90% of the total pores. In limestone, the pore sizes primarily range from 10 \(\upmu\)m to 1000 \(\upmu\)m, with peak values at approximately 85 \(\upmu\)m and 121 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. However, when considering experimental results and mercury intrusion porosimetry data, the porosity of sandstone is approximately 15% higher than that of limestone. This deviation may be attributed to the limitations of mercury intrusion porosimetry itself, as it faces challenges in measuring super-large pores (those larger than 300 \(\upmu\)m). With an increase in cycle times, the number of pores larger than 1 \(\upmu\)m in sandstone increases; this is particularly true of the proportion of pores larger than 10 \(\upmu\)m, which grows from 40% to approximately 60%. The peak pore size remains at 115 \(\upmu\)m. In comparison, the variation in pores smaller than 100 \(\upmu\)m in limestone is minimal, while the content of pores larger than 100 \(\upmu\)m increases by about 15%. Based on the displayed data alone, the growth rate of pores larger than 100 \(\upmu\)m in sandstone is approximately 20% higher than that in limestone.
# An Item Retrieval Algorithm in Flexible High-Density Puzzle Storage Systems
## 1 Introduction  
Warehousing design is one of the main competitive areas in the retail industry. All giant retail corporations endeavor to improve their warehousing systems to shorten the delivery time of their goods and services. For instance, Amazon has recently started its Prime Now plan to deliver daily essentials and groceries in less than two hours in a few metropolitan areas; indeed, the backbone of this plan is Amazon's innovative warehousing and material handling system [1]. Therefore, implementing novel designs and algorithms plays a key role in enhancing the performance of warehousing systems. In this paper, we study modern autonomous agent-based conveyor systems to support high-density, high-throughput storage/retrieval. More specifically, we designed a new puzzle-based algorithm for these systems and implemented it into an object-oriented software program.  
We mainly focus on high-density storage systems (HDSS). High-density storage systems are mainly used in industries with high demand and temporary storage [2]. These systems benefit from high flexibility while minimizing the number of replenishment/retrieval movements of the items. Compared to the traditional conveyor systems, HDSS are decentralized and highly adaptable to exogenous shocks such as demand fluctuations [2]. Due to the presence of independent agents for building up a decentralized network in HDSS, different storage layouts can be built to best conform to requirements. In HDSS, we can store items on the top of other ones or deeply on the shelves; therefore, the main research question arising here is to find the most efficient way to replenish and retrieve items.  
[PERSON] [3] was the first person who applied decentralized puzzles to HDSS. The puzzle network can manipulate the location of the empty spots to move the requested item toward the exit point. [PERSON]'s puzzle network includes one input location, one output location and one single or multiple empty spots to replenish and retrieve items. [PERSON] et al. [4] developedthis initial puzzle by considering replenishment from the top, storing in the middle and retrieving from the bottom.  
The main contribution of our puzzle-based algorithm to the literature is considering the possibility of replenishment from all sides of the puzzle. In addition, since our algorithm needs only one empty cell to replenish the requested item, the storage system benefits from a higher density. Finally, we also included a \"deadlock prevention\" algorithm such that our puzzle network never ends in deadlocks.
## 4 Numerical Simulation
### Electromagnetic Coupling Coefficient  
Figure 3 shows the relationship between electromagnetic coupling coefficient \(\theta_{\mathrm{em}}\) and position of magnetic oscillator \(z_{2}\). It seems that \(\theta_{\mathrm{em}}\) varies nonlinearly with the change of \(z_{2}\) due to the change of magnetic field. \(\theta_{\mathrm{em}}\) reaches the peak values around the upper and lower surfaces of the coil, while the value is zero at the center of the coil. Because the maximum velocity of the magnetic oscillator occurs at the static balance position during the harmonic oscillation, the upper and lower surfaces of the coil are optimal equilibrium positions for the magnetic oscillator.
# Measurement of the Speed of Induction Motors Based on Vibration with a Smartphone
## 3 Results  
This section contains the experimental results of the tests carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for measuring motor speed. It is important to note that all tests were carried out on an educational test bench. Different machines, structures, and portable measuring instruments were placed over the common surface. This means that devices on top common surface could generate extra vibrations.  
The configurations (source and load, Figure 1) of the test were as follows:  
* Feeding source
* Supply grid (400 V, 50 Hz)
* Frequency converter or inverter, which allows adjusting voltage and frequency values of the motor power supply
* No mechanical load (free motor shaft)
* DC generator feeding a variable resistive load  
As shown in Figure 7, three smartphone locations were considered during the tests. The smartphone was placed over the terminal box in _Pos1_, over the nameplate in _Pos2_, and on the support bench in _Pos3_. Furthermore, different recording times (5, 10, and 15 s) and sets of magnets (Figure 7) were tested to prove the robustness and precision of the developed method, regardless of the different implementation parameters.  
Figure 5: Frequency spectra of the components of the vibration signal corresponding to the motor fed from the supply mains, at no load (no mechanical load), at 2820 r/min for axis x (**top**), y (**middle**), and z (**bottom**).  
Figure 6: RMS frequency spectrum of the vibration signal of the motor fed from the grid, for no load (free motor shaft) at 2820 r/min.  
Nevertheless, the recordings reported in this work correspond mainly to the smartphone in _Pos1_, fixed with a magnet (support) of 40 mm diameter, recordings of \(t=10\) s length, and a sampling frequency, \(\omega_{s}=200\) Hz.
# Enhancing Smart Agriculture by Implementing Digital Twins: A Comprehensive Review
## 3 Reviewing Relevant Technologies and DT Components
### Notable Components of DT Implementations
#### 3.2.1 Sensors and Actuators  
DTs embody sensors and actuators as parts of great significance that offer valuable data and information about physical phenomena and enable the replication of sensory capabilities. In today's interconnected world, an enormous number of sensors and actuators are deployed across various domains, ranging from consumer products to industrial settings such as smart factories and smartwatches. These sensors capture critical information related to temperature, humidity, velocity, pressure, chemical components, and material composition, forming the foundation for digital twin technology [47; 66]. By equipping real twins (physical entities) with sensors, DTs can replicate and harness the senses of sight, temperature, sound, humidity, and touch through appropriate actuators. For example, in the agricultural domain, a DT of a plant could leverage sensors to create predictive maintenance services or simulate and optimize the production process. This allows for the generation of actionable insights and the enhancement of operational efficiency. DTs rely on the integration of actuator and sensor technologies to gather continuous and accurate data. The representation of a physical asset in digital forms, like a sensor-equipped machine, relies on the synchronized operation of virtual sensors and actuators. These software-based counterparts replicate the functionalities of physical sensors and actuators, aggregating data from multiple sources. Integrating sensors and actuators within the digital twin framework enables real-time monitoring, data-driven analytics, and the ability to simulate various scenarios for optimization purposes. By bridging the physical and digital realms, digital twins empower industries and sectors to achieve enhanced performance, increased efficiency, and cost savings.
# Optimization of Additive and Current Conditions for Void-Free Filled Through-Silicon Via
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of On-Reverse Current Condition  
Based on the CV curve analysis and DC plating data, the current condition was confirmed when 500 ppm PEG, 3 ppm and 5 ppm SPS, and 30 ppm JGB were added to the basic plating bath.  
Figure 9 presents the effect of the on-reverse current on TSV plating [1; 21]. Deposition occurred with the on-current while reduction occurred with the reverse current. The effects of reverse current change on plating were investigated, and the additive conditions and current conditions for void-free filling were optimized [21; 22].  
Firstly, copper electroplating was performed by changing the current conditions for PEG, SPS, and JGB concentrations of 500 ppm, 3 ppm/5 ppm, and 30 ppm, respectively. Table 2 shows the condition  
Figure 8: (**a–d**) Images of changing JGB concentration in a VMS bath with 500 ppm PEG and 3 ppm SPS: (**a**) JGB 10 ppm, (**b**) JGB 20 ppm, (**c**) JGB 30 ppm, and (**d**) filling ratio graph for AR 1:3 TSV.  
Figure 9: Behavior of on-reverse current condition in electrodeposition.  
Figure 10e-h presents the results of plating with 500 ppm PEG, 5 ppm SPS, and 30 ppm JGB under varying current conditions.  
The filling ratio of the TSV was confirmed to be 90% at 8 mA/cm\({}^{2}\) and 85% at 24 mA/cm\({}^{2}\), and void-free filling occurred at 16 mA/cm\({}^{2}\). These results demonstrate that the 5 ppm of SPS accelerates the plating rate in the hole and is sufficient to achieve plating from the bottom. At 8 mA/cm\({}^{2}\), it can be seen that the plating thickness of the surface is thick and the inside of the hole is empty. This suggests that the hole was rapidly blocked as the reverse current of 8 mA/cm\({}^{2}\) was insufficient for edge reduction to occur. At 24 mA/cm\({}^{2}\), the reverse current was too high, and it is deduced that reduction occurred at the bottom. As a result of this experiment, it was confirmed that the ideal conditions for complete filling are additive concentrations of 500 ppm PEG, 5 ppm SPS, 30 ppm JGB for on-current of 10 mA/cm\({}^{2}\) and reverse current of 16 mA/cm\({}^{2}\).  
The image of the void-free filled TSV was more clearly confirmed by SEM. Figure 11 represents an SEM image of the void-free filled TSV section.  
The experimental results show that the additive and current conditions for void-free filling of a TSV were optimized.
# Occlusion-Robust Multi-Target Tracking and Segmentation Framework with Mask Enhancement
## 3 Methodology
### Mask-Conditioned Feature Fusion Network
#### 3.1.1 Mask-Attentive Dual-Stream Encoder  
Conventional single-frame feature extraction methods have limited performance in occlusion scenarios since they fail to capture target motion patterns. Furthermore, in re-identification, background removal often degrades performance [37; 38; 39; 40] due to segmentation errors. [PERSON] et al. [40] showed that background removal reduces performance despite creating biases.  
To solve these problems, we proposed a dual-stream encoder architecture based on short tracklet pairs. Given a tracklet of \(K\) frames as the encoder's input, the data in each  
Figure 1: Architecture for mask-conditioned feature fusion network.  
frame contained an RGB patch clipped from the bounding box detection and a corresponding instance mask (RLE encoding). The encoding process began with two parallel paths.  
The foreground branch processed the mask-cropped region to extract geometric features. In the foreground branch, element-by-element multiplication was performed between the input image \(I_{t}\) and binary mask \(M_{t}\) to obtain the foreground region \(I_{fg}\). Features were then extracted through a ResNet network and the spatial attention mechanism was applied to enhance feature responses in the target region. The background branch analyzed the entire detection patch to capture contextual meaning. It directly processed the original detection box image \(I_{bg}=I_{t}\) using the same ResNet network so as to extract contextual features.  
This dual-stream design preserved both geometric target features and valuable contextual scene information. To increase robustness to segmentation noise, dynamic mask expansion was introduced during training. The method simulated real-world mask imprecision with random morphological operations. This allowed the model to prioritize geometric attributes invariant to occlusion. Both branches employed a shared-weight ResNet50 backbone to ensure feature compatibility. The ResNet50 backbone extracted features from both streams, with the foreground branch receiving additional mask-derived attention:  
\[F_{fg}^{t}=\text{ResNet}(I\odot M)\cdot\text{Sigmoid}(\text{MaskCNN}(M)) \tag{1}\]  
where \(M\) is the binary mask and \(\odot\) is the element-by-element multiplication. Eventually, this part employed a global average pooling (GAP) layer to reduce the computational complexity through dimensionality reduction. The method output the following two sets of features: foreground features \(F_{fg}^{t}\) and background features \(F_{bg}^{t}\).
# Development of the User Requirements for the Canadian WildFireSat Satellite Mission
## 2 Wildfire Management Needs Assessment
### Wildfire Management Engagement  
In the first step of defining the Mission Requirements, Canadian wildfire managers were surveyed to better understand the relative importance of the various wildfire monitoring products and the constraints for their relevance as a source of intelligence in both tactical (e.g., same-day/near-term operations) and strategic (e.g., longer-term preparedness, large wildfire planning) decision-making. Respondents were posed a series of questions regarding potential Earth Observation (EO) data products and asked to consider each in the context of both tactical and strategic decision-making. They were asked to provide the optimal and maximal data latencies (i.e., the time lag from collection to receipt of data when it has most value and the point at which it no longer has value), as well a rating of the importance of each product using a Likert scale (1-5; low-high); respondents were also invited to provide comments to aid in the interpretation of their responses.  
Survey Results  
In total, 55 senior staff from 7 of 13 wildfire management agencies in Canada responded to the survey (Table 1). Most responses were completed individually while a few were coordinated efforts by groups. This sample size is consistent with comparable engagement efforts in similar communities (e.g., [54]). The format of some responses required the data to be reformatted prior to analysis. Group responses were weighted according to the number of people contributing to ensure proportional representation.  
Products identified as the most important in both tactical and strategic decision-making were active-fire products; these products are typically derived from thermal observations of active wildfire events, and contribute to assessments of location, spread rate, and intensity (Table 2). Whereas post-fire mapping products (e.g., burned area and severity) were primarily valuable at the strategic level (as well as for non-response management activities, e.g., forest inventory). Tactical intelligence was generally required \"as quickly as possible\" for all products, with the median of responses indicating 30 min or less (Table 2). For strategic uses the same general preference for active-fire intelligence is found (Table 2); however, slightly longer latencies are acceptable. Data latencies of up to 2 h were indicated as the thresholds for tactical and strategic decision-making. In many cases the information continued to have some value to managers for several hours up to 24 h, but not necessarily for tactical or strategic decision-making. Notably, this consultation process also revealed that the timing of data delivery during daily operations was also a key factor in data utility, due to the cyclical timing of daily decision-making.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Amplification and Sequencing of the QRDRG Genes  
Fluorquinolone QRDRG targets, _gyrA_, _gyrB_, _parC_ and _parE_ genes, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared using the _gyrA_-F (5'-CCTTATCGTAAATCC-GCTCGTA-3'), _gyrA_-R (5'-CGCAGGGACTTTGGTGG-3'), _gyrB_-F (5'-GAAATGACCCGCC-GTA-3'), _gyrB_-R (5'-CTTGCCTTCTTCTACTTTGTA-3'), _parC_-F (5'-TACGAAGGCATTGAAAC-3'), _parC_-R (5'-CCACTGTCCTTGCCCTA-3'), _parE_-F (5'-AATACGTTAAAGCG-GTGGC-3') and _parE_-R (5'-GGATTCTGGCGGTTC-3') primers [10]. Amplified PCR products (312 bp, 456 bp, 421 bp and 331 bp) were cloned into the pMD18-T (from TaKaRa, TaKaRa Biotechnology (Dalian) Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) easy vector via TA cloning and sequenced for identification of mutation positions.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### TGA Analysis  
The solvent content of the photoresists was evaluated by TGA, performing the oxidative process of the material until 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 6 shows the results for the resin EPR-S1 and is used as the example to explain the main changes during the degradation process.  
The TGA graph (Figure 6) can be divided into three main parts: the region of solvent evaporation (room temperature until 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C), the region of the crosslinking process (220-320 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and the region of degradation (320-650 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [33]. The derivative curve of mass loss allows us to evaluate the first event of a mass loss in the graphs, which is due to solvent evaporation (blue region in Figure 7).  
Figure 7 shows the TGA curves for all of the characterized photoresists. There are differences in the solvent content of up to 5.5% approximately. Usually, the solvent is applied to obtain the  
Figure 5: FTIR spectra for all the samples.  
Figure 6: Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative curve from sample EPR-S1_a.  
same viscosity parameter. As the viscosity is a physical-chemical parameter directly related to the molecular composition [34], this difference can be initially interpreted as evidence of differences in the composition of the photo resin solutions. Thus, a difference in the solvent content in the same type of photoresist means that the molecular structures are slightly different.  
For the series EPR-S2, the measurements showed solvent content between 22.66% and 28.15%. The two samples of EPR-S1 series also demonstrated considerable differences in the solvent content. These differences are not critical depending on the final application. However, specifically in the microlithography process, this can be a significant difference between the raw materials that were obtained by the same supplier and theoretically should have the same composition.
## 3 Properties of an Antibiotic-Eluting Scaffold
### Biodegradability  
The long-term presence of non-biodegradable scaffolds has been associated with impaired bone formation, difficult radiological assessment of bone healing, inflammation and prolonged drug release [25]. For example, the non-biodegradable material PMMA has been shown to elute low levels of antibiotic up to five years post-implantation [31]. Extended exposure to low-dose, sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotic is a major risk factor for bacterial resistance. In the aforementioned case, gentamicin-resistant staphylococci were recovered from the surface of the PMMA beads [30]. In another study that used gentamicin-eluting PMMA, 90% of the bacteria isolated were found to be resistant compared to 16% for plain cement [32]. It has also been suggested that chronic, unnecessary exposure to drugs such as gentamicin may cause nephrotoxicity, even at a low dose [33]. Those with renal impairment are especially at risk [33]. Moreover, when complete elution from a non-biodegradable scaffold is eventually achieved, the material acts as a foreign body and can become colonised, leading to recurrent infections [34]. In these cases, a second surgery is needed to remove the material. On the other hand, biodegradable scaffolds completely unload their antibiotic content over a defined time period and do not linger in the body. This avoids many of the disadvantages mentioned above and eliminates the need for retrieval surgery. Biodegradability is therefore a key property of a successful bone scaffold [26]. It is important that the rate of degradation is balanced with the rate of bone formation.
# Development of Quantum Private Queries Protocol on Collective-Dephasing Noise Channel
## 2 Background
### Entanglement Swapping Results of Logical Bell States on Collective-Dephasing Noise

Table 1: Entanglement swapping results of arbitrary two logical Bell states under collective-dephasing noises. same before and after the XOR operation, and this property is still true in the logical Bell state. In this case, the corresponding rule of the code becomes \(|\[PERSON]_{dp}^{+}\rangle\), \(|\Phi_{dp}^{-}\rangle\), \(|\Psi_{dp}^{+}\rangle\) and \(|\Psi_{dp}^{-}\rangle\) for \"00\", \"01\", \"10\", and \"11\". The subscript \"\(dp\)\" in the formula indicates that the logical Bell state can resist the collective-dephasing noise.