## 8 Perspectives to Mitigate Invasiveness and Food and Feed Contamination  
This review focuses on alkaloids as food contaminants and explores molecular strategies to mitigate their toxic effects. Our understanding of plant invasiveness is enhanced through the integration of omics technologies--such as transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, microbiomics, and nutrigenomics--which provide valuable insights into the genetic, metabolic, and ecological processes driving the invasion of non-native species and their impact on indigenous ecosystems and agro-ecosystems. By investigating both tropane alkaloids (TAs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), this review provides insights that benefit a broad spectrum of stakeholders, including agricultural scientists, farmers, policymakers, and food safety regulators. The findings lay the groundwork for developing novel biotechnological approaches that could either reduce alkaloid content in invasive species or leverage their unique properties for crop improvement. Beyond providing the fundamental knowledge needed to limit outbreaks of these invasive species, the research summarized here holds transformative potential by applying the adaptive strategies of invasive plants to enhance the resilience of cultivated crops. These approaches are particularly significant for enhancing food safety and promoting agricultural sustainability in the near future. Moreover, this review aims to inform farmers about practical strategies such as targeted mutation techniques and eco-friendly RNAi strategies, which could reduce the invasiveness of alkaloid-producing plants and, consequently, their potential to contaminate crops [97; 98; 99; 100]. For policymakers and food safety regulators, this review underscores the importance of implementing rigorous agricultural practices and adopting precision agriculture technologies to minimize contamination risks. The most reliable approach to limit crop contamination involves adhering to strict agricultural practices. For example, several measures have been proposed to limit PA contamination: (1) accurate soil control through soil analysis and removal of any identified TA- or PA-producing plants; (2) utilizing crop rotation to interrupt the life cycle of invasive weeds, thereby reducing their presence and potential contamination; (3) conducting regular field inspections and promptly removing PA-producing weeds and other unwanted plants to minimize their growth alongside food crops; (4) employing hand harvesting techniques to avoid incorporating PA-containing plants or their parts into the harvested crop; (5) removing PA plants near apiaries or relocating apiaries to PA-free fields to prevent bees from foraging on PA-containing flowers, thus minimizing PA contamination in honey; and (6) using sensitive and reliable techniques for toxin quantification. Ultimately, training programs and awareness campaigns play a pivotal role in educating stakeholders about Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) to reduce the risks of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) contamination, thereby protecting public health. The growing global concern over environmental degradation and resource depletion has prompted the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices to reduce agricultural waste. In addition to the aforementioned agricultural practices, precision agriculture can be a key application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in smart farming. By utilizing sensors, drones, and satellite imagery to monitor crop health, soil conditions, and weather patterns, AI can revolutionize traditional methods, leading to intelligent and data-driven systems that improve sustainability, productivity, and resilience in the agricultural sector [101]. AI can also aid in the precise administration of water for irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides, and can be used to detect contaminant species. The growing number of applications in precision farming, driven by recent advances in AI, demonstrates its potential.