## 2 Related Work
### Adacor  
ADACOR (ADAptive holonic COntrol aRchitecture) is a holonic architecture for production systems proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8]. This architecture defines four types of Holon: Product Holon (ProdH), Task Holon (TH), Operation Holon (OpH), and Supervision Holon (SH). The Product, Task, and Operation Holons are equivalent to the Product, Order, and Resource Holons of the PROSA architecture, respectively, while the supervision Holon, differing from the staff Holon of the PROSA architecture, is responsible for the overall coordination and optimization of the production system. The innovative aspect of the ADACOR approach is the supervisor holon which coordinate several operational and supervisor holons, and introduce the global optimisation in decentralised control [8]. To have an adaptive production control, supervisor holon allows to balance the production control between stationary and transient control states; in normal operation (stationary control state), it supervises the activity of the operational holons, whereas when a perturbation appears (transient control state), the operational holons have to find their way without assistance from the supervisor holon [8]. The ADACOR architecture also underwent several evolutions and adaptations. This is the case, for example, for the ADACOR2 architecture proposed by [PERSON] et al. [21]. We can also cite other holonic architectures, such as HCBA (Holonic Component Based Architecture) [22], ORCA (dynamic Architecture for an Optimized and Reactive Control) [23], and POLLUX [24]. The main characteristics of each of the main architectures studied previously are summarized in Table 1.  
As far as nonholonic architectures are concerned, the different architectures essentially aim to support the design and deployment of CPPS, and mainly concern the production resources. Only the 8C architecture explicitly addresses the other resources in the value chain (e.g., suppliers, customers). With regard to the description of the concerned entities, the information provided is rather generic. The only interaction taken into account between entities is the exchange of data/information, where these exchanges take place through the use of communication protocols. The ACPA4 SF architecture also highlights the contribution of the agent concept in the implementation of interactions between entities. The 3C architecture emphasizes the role of connectors in the exchanges between the system entities. Holonic architectures, on the other hand, attempt to respond to the need to deal with the dynamic aspect of production systems and their environments. The main holonic architectures are PROSA and ADACOR [25]. The description of the entities constituting the system is more detailed, but the description of practical solutions to ensure exchanges is generally not provided. The level of information provided is not sufficient to ensure self-reconfiguration. The Resource Holon of the PROSA architecture and the Operation Holon of the ADACOR architecture, for example, represent not only all the entities that could be used in production (e.g., information system, production machine, personnel, means of transport), but also raw materials and energy. These holons are too generic to take into account all of the parameters necessary for self-reconfiguration. It is difficult in this case, for example, to specify and choose a particular resource among several alternatives when a self-reconfiguration is to take place. Reference architectures, such as RAMI 4.0, are not suitable for specific applications that require more detailed information. They are intended to give the most general view possible. The studied architectures are mainly interested in data/information exchanges between entities. However, to carry out self-reconfiguration, all the interactions between the entities must be taken into account. These interactions are, of course, not only carried out through data/information exchange; they can also be done through the exchange of material or energy flows.