## 5 Discussion
### Suggestions for the Zoned Protection and Development of ESV in Xiong'an  
1. The high-ESV areas in Xiong'an are predominantly concentrated in and around Baiyangdian. As an ecological protection red-line zone centered on Baiyangdian, this region demonstrates exceptional capabilities in water retention, soil conservation, and biodiversity preservation [73]. The ecological fragility of this area makes it the cornerstone of regional ecological security, necessitating the implementation of the most rigorous environmental protection measures [74]. Enhanced protection of aquatic and wetland ecosystems should be prioritized, along with comprehensive watershed management. Only ecologically beneficial human activities that preserve and potentially enhance wetland ecosystem functions should be permitted, including sediment removal, water quality assessment, aquatic vegetation restoration, and water purification initiatives [75].
2. The medium-ESV zones in Xiong'an are primarily situated in Xiongxian County, where forest and grassland ecosystems prevail. Sustained efforts should focus on optimizing forest ecosystem architecture, enhancing woodland ecological functions, and reinforcing conservation measures [76]. Through the \"Project of Millennium Forest\", targeted ecological management should be implemented to maintain and improve ecosystem services, including forest landscape enhancement, therapeutic forestry projects, trail system development, cultural landscape restoration, and irrigation infrastructure improvement [77].
3. The low-ESV regions in Xiong'an are chiefly distributed across Rongcheng County, characterized by agricultural and urban land uses. For cultivated areas, Xiong'an should develop phased implementation strategies to systematically transform all permanent basic farmland into contiguous high-standard farmland, adhering to principles of spatial consolidation [78]. For urbanized areas, Xiong'an should facilitate synergistic development across primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors by attracting advanced agricultural technologies and enterprises relocating from Beijing. Building upon the region's resource endowments and agricultural foundations, the New Area should nurture competitive local enterprises [79], with particular emphasis on developing specialty industries including premium vegetable production, authentic Chinese herbal medicine cultivation, and lotus leaf tea processing [80].
* 4. Landscape pattern indices serve as a robust quantitative framework for assessing ecological impacts in Xiong'an. Through systematic monitoring and policy integration, these indices enable dynamic optimization of territorial spatial planning to achieve ecologically prioritized development, thereby circumventing the conventional \"develop-first, remediate-later\" urbanization paradigm. The implementation of an index threshold system facilitates a closed-loop governance cycle encompassing monitoring, evaluation, and policy response. Elevated SHDI values suggest landscape heterogeneity degradation, necessitating immediate land use restructuring [81]; declining CONTAG values mandate the incorporation of ecological corridors to enhance connectivity among fragmented green spaces and wetland patches; and sustained increases in ED require establishing protective buffers around construction zones to mitigate anthropogenic impacts on core ecological areas [82].