# Eye-Tracking Investigation of the Train Driver's: A Case Study
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON]'s dissertation thesis examines the utility of modern technology in facilitating route knowledge acquisition among inexperienced train drivers. He highlights the importance of Human-Machine Interaction (HMI), which is defined as the communication between a human and a machine via a user interface. User interface encompasses the use of input devices and software, and the human eye is one of the primary input media, providing 80 to 90 percent of information gleaned from the outside world. To gain insight into a user's gaze point, eye tracking is employed as an experimental research method. Consequently, this research contributes to a better understanding of the effectiveness of modern technology in propagating route knowledge with regard to train driving [20; 21; 22]. The study of human interaction and behavior in safety-critical environments is a focal point of human factors research [23]. Traditional techniques for quantifying human performance typically incorporate metrics such as response time and accuracy. Performance measures are thus generated. Furthermore, to gain a better understanding of task progression, an examination of the underlying processes must be conducted. This necessitates the utilization of procedural measures, and in this regard, eye movements are particularly advantageous due to their ability to provide insights into the visual, cognitive, and perceptual aspects of human performance [24; 25]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & & **2018** & & & **2019** & & & **2020** & \\ \cline{2-10}  & **Accidents** & **Train** & **Shunting** & **Accidents** & **Train** & **Shunting** & **Accidents** & **Train** & **Shunting** \\ \hline January & 12 & 8 & 4 & 14 & 12 & 2 & 15 & 10 & 5 \\ February & 15 & 11 & 4 & 21 & 12 & 9 & 15 & 9 & 6 \\ March & 6 & 4 & 2 & 20 & 15 & 5 & 11 & 8 & 3 \\ April & 8 & 5 & 3 & 11 & 8 & 3 & 10 & 7 & 3 \\ May & 19 & 16 & 3 & 7 & 5 & 2 & 7 & 7 & 0 \\ June & 12 & 10 & 2 & 14 & 10 & 4 & 18 & 13 & 5 \\ July & 13 & 9 & 4 & 10 & 4 & 6 & 14 & 9 & 5 \\ August & 12 & 7 & 5 & 11 & 7 & 4 & 9 & 7 & 2 \\ September & 23 & 20 & 3 & 6 & 5 & 1 & 13 & 6 & 7 \\ October & 11 & 7 & 4 & 7 & 6 & 1 & 12 & 8 & 4 \\ November & 15 & 11 & 4 & 17 & 13 & 4 & 13 & 7 & 6 \\ December & 2 & 2 & 0 & 11 & 7 & 4 & 12 & 10 & 2 \\ Summary & 148 & 110 & 38 & 149 & 104 & 45 & 149 & 101 & 48 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Unauthorized driving (violation of traffic signs) through the stop signal, including subsequent collision or derailment on sidings, regional, and national lines [17]. Investigation of human factors utilizing the user testing method is a viable approach for exploring the level of interaction between humans and machines. To maximize the efficacy of usability testing, a representative sample of the targeted user group should be chosen and the data collection techniques must be capable of capturing the demands associated with the activities performed. Eye-tracking technology provides a unique opportunity for user testing as it is capable of measuring the perception and behavior of the tested subject while they are completing the assigned tasks. The usefulness of eye-tracking in transport systems is evident, as it has been employed for various measurements in both real and simulated environments and is especially advantageous for the analysis of human behavior in aviation and vehicle driving. Eye trackers have been employed in flight simulators for the purpose of aviation experiments, as demonstrated by the studies of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26; 27]. An example of effective utilization of eye-tracking technology in a flight simulator was provided by [PERSON] [28]. In the course of the experiment, eye and head movements of professional pilots were recorded by eye-tracking equipment in a simulated flight environment. This enabled an analysis of the interaction between the pilot and the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) with regard to the selection and management of information, situational and mode perception in an aircraft cockpit.