## 3 Plasma Application to Eliminate Organic Pollutants in Water
### Viruses
During plasma therapy, plasma provides an extra layer of oxidative stress to limit HSV-1 infection. Thus, plasma has also proved to be a powerful disinfection method for eliminating viruses from hospital equipment and dinnerware (e.g., plastics and fabrics), such as norovirus (NoV), SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron variants, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), and coxsackievirus B\({}_{3}\) (CVB\({}_{3}\)) [59; 150; 151; 152; 153]. Furthermore, treatment using plasma has been employed to combat three significant animal pathogens: avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv). These viruses cause a major threat to global food security and economic stability, and some strains of NDV can even result in mortality of up to 100% in some birds [154]. Currently, vaccination is the most efficient strategy to stop their spread. Because it effectively inactivates viruses with quick treatment times, plasma has been considered a potential inactivation method in the creation of vaccines. According to prior research, both NDV and AIV may be completely inactivated after 2 min of plasma treatment [155]. This is consistent with the specifications for vaccine preparation that guarantee total virus destruction without altering the antigens necessary to elicit an immune response and lower the likelihood of illness development [156; 157]. Moreover, a sufficient treatment period can be used to produce inactivated AIV and  
Figure 3: Inactivation of viruses in different substrates/vectors via APP. NDV vaccines and cause equal or higher specific antibody titers when compared to the conventional formaldehyde inactivation method [155]. The treatment of feline calicivirus with a plasma jet for 15 s has proven to be one of the most successful liquid medium inactivation events [158; 159]. This short-duration treatment suggests that plasma holds promise as an important means of inactivating enteroviruses in liquids, but is now only effective against small droplets of potentially contagious material. Plant viruses are among the earliest known viruses and the majority of virus-to-plant transmission is facilitated by insects [160]. However, the high levels of water pollution and modifications to irrigation systems have recently led to water contamination, which now plays a role in virus transmission. Tobamovirus particles, including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), exhibit exceptional resilient to physical and chemical threats [161], and they can survive in soil, water and agricultural equipment where they can infect commercially important crops [162]. Tobacco plants were inoculated with DBD plasma-irradiated and non-irradiated TMV solution in [PERSON] et al. 's [56] investigation. The results showed that leaves inoculated with non-irradiated TMV displayed localized necrotic lesions, while those inoculated with irradiated (20 kV, 10 min) TMV did not. Additionally, it was discovered that plasma irradiation can damage TMV RNA and collapse viral particles to the sub-unit level, causing them to lose their infectivity. This was determined by analyzing viral infectivity, particle structure, coat protein sub-units, and genomic RNA of TMV solution after plasma irradiation. Another study found that even in water samples with either a high or low organic background, just one minute of plasma jet treatment was sufficient to inactivate the potato virus Y (PVY) successfully [61]. ROS was identified as the primary mechanism of viral inactivation through plasma-mediated inactivation, which was efficient even at virus concentrations significantly higher than expected in irrigation water.