esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experimental Campaigns at FLAME
### Auxiliary Beamline Target Area at FLAME
#### 3.1.1 Laser-Guiding Experimental Campaign  
In particle acceleration experiments, the energy gained by an electron is directly proportional to both the strength of the accelerating field and the distance traveled. Therefore, in a Laser Wakefield Acceleration (LWFA) setup, achieving higher energies requires extending the laser beam's propagation length. This is because the accelerating fields are intense over distances of tens of millimeters, so increasing the propagation length allows for a longer acceleration path.  
A Gaussian laser beam, without guiding, diverges after a distance called the Rayleigh length \(z_{R}=\pi w_{0}^{2}\lambda^{-1}\), which depends on the spot size \(w_{0}\) and the laser central wavelength \(\lambda\). The natural diffraction of the laser pulse can be limited with optical guiding, i.e., using a pre-formed plasma channel. Considering a laser pulse of intensity  
\[I=I_{0}\,e^{(-2r^{2}/w_{0}^{2})}, \tag{1}\]  
and a parabolic distribution of the plasma channel  
\[n(r)=n_{0}+(r/r_{m})^{2}n_{d}, \tag{2}\]  
with \(r\leq r_{m}=(\pi r_{e}n_{d})^{-1/2}\) with \(r_{e}\) the electron radius, \(n_{0}\) the on-axis plasma density, and \(n_{d}\) the difference between the central axis and wall density of the plasma structure, the parabolic distribution can be considered a guiding stage if the laser spot at the waist is equal to the matched spot \(r_{m}\). The guiding stage and process can be adjusted by tuning the plasma index of refraction, which depends on the plasma density. Therefore, the density measurements are fundamental for all laser pulse guiding experiments, and, consequently for laser-plasma acceleration [11; 29; 30; 31] ones.  
Laser guiding tests can be performed with the low-power laser pulses, varying the target dimensions and the pre-formed plasma characteristics [32]. A designed setup for guiding experiments is shown in Figure 3.  
Guiding measurements are performed by comparing the laser spot characteristics at the focal plane, namely at the entrance of the plasma channel, with the spot at the plasma channel exit. This is achieved by a laser beam transverse imaging diagnostic setup. Figure 4 shows the transverse profile of the beam exiting the capillary without plasma (left-hand side image) and with plasma, synchronized with the laser beam, to achieve laser pulse guiding (right-hand side image). The arrival time of the laser is synchronized with the generation of the plasma via a dedicated delay generator, which distributes the clock  
Figure 2: Sketch of the experimental setup used to generate a discharge inside a gas-filled capillary, highlighting the electrical diagram of the discharge circuit. The circuit parameters are as follows: generator voltage 0–40 kV, R\({}_{1}\) = 10 k\(\Omega\), R\({}_{2}\) = 100 k\(\Omega\), R\({}_{3}\) = 38 \(\Omega\), C = 10.8 nF, R\({}_{SCR}\) = 17 \(\Omega\), L\({}_{cable}\) = 3 uH as reported in Ref. [28]. (Inset) Picture of the homemade discharge circuit.  
signal to all the diagnostics, namely CCDs and the spectrometer to evaluate the plasma spectral content.
# Communication Protocols of an Industrial Internet of Things Environment: A Comparative Study
###### Abstract  
Most industrial and SCADA-like (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems use proprietary communication protocols, and hence interoperability is not fulfilled. However, the MODBUS TCP is an open de facto standard, and is used for some automation and telecontrol systems. It is based on a polling mechanism and follows the synchronous request-response pattern, as opposed to the asynchronous publish-subscribe pattern. In this study, polling-based and event-based protocols are investigated to realize an open and interoperable Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) environment. Many Internet of Things (IoT) protocols are introduced and compared, and the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is chosen as the event-based, publish-subscribe protocol. The study shows that MODBUS defines an optimized message structure in the application layer, which is dedicated to industrial applications. In addition, it shows that an event-oriented IoT protocol complements the MODBUS TCP but cannot replace it. Therefore, two scenarios are proposed to build the IIoT environment. The first scenario is to consider the MODBUS TCP as an IoT protocol, and build the environment using the MODBUS TCP on a standalone basis. The second scenario is to use MQTT in conjunction with the MODBUS TCP. The first scenario is efficient and complies with most industrial applications where the request-response pattern is needed only. If the publish-subscribe pattern is needed, the MQTT in the second scenario complements the MODBUS TCP and eliminates the need for a gateway; however, MQTT lacks interoperability. To maintain a homogeneous message structure for the entire environment, industrial data are organized using the structure of MODBUS messages, formatted in the UTF-8, and then transferred in the payload of an MQTT publish message. The open and interoperable environment can be used for Internet SCADA, Internet-based monitoring, and industrial control systems.  
automation; IIoT; MQTT; MODBUS; publish-subscribe; request-response; SCADA +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Future Internet_**2019**, _11_, 66; doi:10.3390/611030066
## 4 Conclusions  
In sum, we experimentally demonstrated an external-cavity pumped high repetition rate MOPO based on a MgO:APLN crystal. The influence of gain competition on OPO output powers and beam qualities was investigated, and the gain competition in the process of MOPO under repetition rate and transmittance was also analyzed experimentally. It was found that the inhomogeneous distribution of laser intensity reduced the conversion efficiencies and deteriorated the beam qualities, and the gain competition of two pairs of parametric waves was balanced by selecting the best repetition rate and output mirror transmittance; the power density in the cavity was reduced, the occurrence of back conversion was inhibited, and the conversion efficiencies of the mid-infrared wavelength were improved. When the maximum pump power of 1.064 \(\upmu\)m laser was 34.5 W and the repetition rate was 63 kHz, the maximum output powers of 2.79 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] \(\upmu\)m and 4.92 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] \(\upmu\)m were obtained with the transmittance T = 60%@1.57 \(\upmu\)m, corresponding to conversion efficiencies of 8.1% and 14.3% and quantum efficiencies of 32.24% and 27.71%, respectively.  
Figure 8: Output power and beam qualities with the transmittance of 60%.  
Figure 9: Pulse width of the mid-infrared lasers.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Z.W., B.L. and Y.W.; methodology, R.H.; software, Z.W.; validation, [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] ([PERSON]); formal analysis, [PERSON]; investigation, Z.W.; resources, Z.W.; data curation, Z.W.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.W.; writing--review and editing, Z.W.; visualization, G.J.; supervision, Z.W.; project administration, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); funding acquisition, G.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11974060, U20A20214) and the Young and Middle-aged Science and Technology Innovation Leader and Team of Jilin Science and Technology Department, China (20190101004 JH).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
**Acknowledgments:** We thank the Jilin Key Laboratory of Solid-State Laser Technology and Application, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results  
This section presents the findings of our study, divided into three main analyses. First, we examine the packet loss rate and Link Quality Indicator (LQI) for the local self-organizing network, providing insights into the network's performance and reliability. Next, we analyze the packet loss specific to the satellite communication network, highlighting the challenges and performance metrics in long-distance communication. Finally, we explore the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the satellite communication network, assessing the quality of the signal under various conditions and its impact on overall communication efficiency.
## 3 Results
### Main Findings before Optimizing Radiation Doses Based on National NDRLs  
The dose parameters for all patients were set at an average KV of 120 for all scanned organs. The highest mAs were for head imaging (210), whereas the lowest were for imaging of the abdomen/pelvis (140). With regard to pitch, head imaging had the lowest pitch (0.88) while chest imaging had the highest (1.33).  
The scan length varied from the shortest head (18.0) to the longest abdomen/pelvis (46.0) imaging. CTDIvol and DLP were highest for head imaging (averaged at 40.67 and 757, respectively) in comparison to chest imaging (14.9 and 547, respectively). The ED was the lowest for head imaging (1.74) and highest for abdomen/pelvic imaging (10.2) (Table 1).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c} **DLP** \\ **(mSv)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Head** & 120 & 210 & 0.88 & 18.0 & 40.67 \(\pm\) 3.8 & 757 \(\pm\) 63.2 & 1.74 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 120 & 190 & 0.9 & 17.5 & 45.61 \(\pm\) 3.11 & 788 \(\pm\) 61.2 & 1.83 \(\pm\) 0.13 \\ \hline
**Chest** & 120 & 160 & 1.33 & 38.0 & 149 \(\pm\) 1.38 & 547 \(\pm\) 42.9 & 7.27 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 120 & 130 & 1.38 & 37.0 & 10.40 \(\pm\) 1.01 & 393 \(\pm\) 33.6 & 4.19 \(\pm\) 0.77 \\ \hline
**Abdomen/Felvis** & 120 & 140 & 1.25 & 46.0 & 16.84 \(\pm\) 1.45 & 658 \(\pm\) 53.4 & 10.2 \(\pm\) 0.66 & 120 & 1.3 & 43.0 & 12.20 \(\pm\) 1.09 & 583 \(\pm\) 21.4 & 8.72 \(\pm\) 0.66 \\ \hline
**Dose quantities** & **KV** & **mAs** & **Pitch** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Scan length** \\ **(mGy)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **CTDvl** \\ **(mGycm)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **DLP** \\ **(mSv)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **ED** \\ **(mSv)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**_p value\({}^{\bullet}\)_** & 0.087 & & 0.087 & 0.048 & 0.034 & 0.047 & 0.01 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
Notes: Mean dose parameters \(\pm\) Standard deviation (SD) were determined for all patients before and after optimization by applying National Diagnostic Review. The dose quantities are optimization reflect the achievable doses (ADB) in our department. \({}^{\bullet}\) Statistical tests were conducted at a significance level of 0.05. Comparison of the pre-optimization phase with the post-optimization phase using an unpaired state of independence. **Abbreviations** SD, standard deviation, ULP dose-length product (rfCycm); CTDvl, volume-coupled tomography due index, ED, effective dose (mG5); mAs, mean values of the produced relative, \(V\) exposure volume, and its (milisecond).  
\end{table}
Table 1: Mean dose parameters \(\pm\) Standard deviation before and after optimization.
## 2 IoT and Opportunistic Networks--State of the Art
### Routing in Opportunistic Networks  
Recent research has witnessed a surge in the development of novel routing protocols tailored to the challenges of opportunistic networks. [PERSON] et al. introduced CARP, a context-aware routing protocol that utilizes contextual information such as node mobility patterns and encounter history to make routing decisions dynamically [13]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a hybrid routing protocol, combining epidemic routing with social-based forwarding mechanisms, which exploit social relationships between nodes to enhance message dissemination efficiency [14]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. presented MARP, a mobility-aware routing protocol that adapts routing strategies based on predictive mobility models and encounters probabilities, ensuring robustness against node mobility and network dynamics [15]. [PERSON] et al. introduced ACO-RP, a bio-inspired routing protocol inspired by ant colony optimization principles, which demonstrated superior scalability and message delivery efficiency [16]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. proposed RUPON, leveraging reinforcement learning techniques to optimize routing decisions based on network dynamics and historical data, thereby achieving adaptive and efficient routing in opportunistic networks [17]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. introduced PRON, a policy routing protocol based on deep reinforcement learning, which learns optimal routing policies from historical experiences and network conditions to achieve improved message delivery performance [18]. These innovative routing protocols employ advanced techniques such as context awareness, social relationships, mobility prediction, and bio-inspired algorithms to overcome the challenges of intermittently connected environments, paving the way for efficient and adaptive communication in opportunistic networks.
# Synthesis and Electrical Properties of a New Bipolar Material Using Spacer Moiety
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Synthesis of 9-[4-(4,6-Diphenyl-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl]-9H-carbazole (DTPCZ)  
In a 1000 mL three-neck flask, 4.4 g (14 mmol) of compound (**2**), 4.5 g (16 mmol) of 2-chloro-4,6-diphenyl-[1,3,5]triazine, and 0.80 g (0.70 mmol) of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (Pd(PPh3)4) were added under nitrogen conditions. Then, 360 mL of anhydrous toluene was added, and the temperature was raised to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Subsequently, 36 mL of a 2 M potassium carbonate (K2 CO3) solution was added, and the mixture was refluxed for 5 h. Upon completion of the reaction, the solvent was evaporated, and the residue was extracted with CH2 Cl2 and distilled water. The resulting solution was treated with MgSO4, filtered, and subjected to column chromatography using a mixture of toluene and hexane in a 1:1 ratio. The product was dissolved in THF and reprecipitated with ethanol to yield a 90% yield.  
\({}^{1}\)H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.80-8.75 (m, 4H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.18 (ddd, J = 7.8, 1.2, 0.7 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.56 (m, 6H), 7.42 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.1, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.30 (ddd, J = 8.0, 7.1, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (dt, J = 8.1, 0.9 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H) (Figure S8) \({}^{13}\)C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): 8174.22, 171.61, 141.08, 138.52, 138.31, 136.45, 136.19, 134.88, 134.51, 132.84, 132.43, 129.15, 128.88, 126.10, 123.29, 120.50, 119.82, 110.06, 21.91, 17.52. HRMS (\(m/z\)): for C35H2N4: 503.2237[M]\({}^{+}\). Elemental analysis calculated (%) for C35H26N4: C, 83.64; H, 5.21; N, 11.15. Found: C, 83.23; H, 5.45; N, 11.06.  
Synthesis of 3,6-Dibromo-9-(4-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-9H-carbazole (**3**)  
A total of 0.30 g (0.60 mmol) of DTPCZ and 0.23 g (1.3 mmol) of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) were added to a 100 mL three-neck round-bottom flask. A total of 20 mL of anhydrous CH2 Cl2 was added, and the reactants were dissolved. The reaction proceeded for 30 min under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature (RT), followed by heating to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C and further reaction for 3 h. After extraction with CH2 Cl2/ distilled water, moisture was removed by adsorption with MgSO4, and the residual solvent was evaporated. Column chromatography using EA and hexane in a 3:7 ratio was performed, and the resulting material was dried to yield a white solid with a 70% yield.  
\({}^{1}\)H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8 8.79-8.74 (m, 4H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.23 (dd, J = 2.0, 0.5 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.56 (m, 6H), 7.52 (dd, J = 8.7, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J = 8.7, 0.6 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H).
## 5 Conclusions  
We established an analytical model to characterize stress wave propagation through rock joints filled with a viscoelastic medium considering different water contents. Some important conclusions were reached. The seismic response of the single filled joint highly depended on the water content, thickness of the filling as well as the frequency and incident angle of the incident wave, etc. The increase in the water content enhanced the viscosity (depicted by quality factor) of the filled joint, which could promote equivalent joint stiffness and energy dissipation with double effects on stress wave propagation. When the stress wave propagated through a set of filled joints, there existed multiple reflections at the joints. The dimensionless joint spacing was the main controlling factor in the seismic response of the multiple parallel filled joints, which exhibited three-stage variation. The transmission coefficient first increased with the dimensionless joint spacing, then it decreased instead, and at last it basically kept invariant. The increase in the water content could weaken the effect of multiple reflections. It mainly resulted from the increase in the viscosity of the filled joint which significantly dissipated the energy of waves by multiple reflections at the filled joints. The water content of the joint filling should be paid more attention in practical applications.  
Conceptualization, S.Q. and X.H.; methodology, X.H., S.Q., Y.L. and B.Z.; validation, H.X., B.Z., L.X., N.L.; formal analysis, S.Q., H.X., Y.L., B.Z.; investigation, B.Z., Y.L., L.X., N.L.; writing--original draft preparation, X.H.; writing--review and editing, S.Q., X.H.; supervision, S.Q.; project administration, S.Q.; funding acquisition, S.Q., X.H., L.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
This work was financially supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) under Grant No. 2019 QZKK0904, the National Key Research and Development Plan of China under Grant No. 2019 YFC1509701, National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 41807273, 41825018, 41941018, 41672307 and 41902289, Key Employment Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. KFZD-SW-422, Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS under Grant No. IGGCAS-201903402, Science Foundation of Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, and Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. KLSG201702.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Architecture of Hybrid OAM-DM-WDM-OFDM-PON System
The signal spectrum at 193.1 THz after the LiNbO3 MZM is shown in Figure 4b. After that, two modulated OFDM signals based on LG mode with two wavelengths are multiplexed through a WDM multiplexer (mux) before coupling into the MMF. The multiplexed signal spectrum before and after MMF transmission is depicted in Figure 4c,d, respectively. One can be observed that the spectrum power has a remarkable decrease after MMF, which is mainly caused by the noise and attenuation effect of fiber. After propagating for a certain distance in MMF, the multiple LG-WDM signals are de-multiplexed into a single LG mode through a spatial de-multiplexer. The transmission attenuation is 0.2 dB/km. It is worth noting that the  
Figure 2: The schematic diagram of (**a**) the proposed OAM-DM-WDM-OFDM-PON system; (**b**) \(LG_{I=2,p=0}\) mode generation. signals carried by different OAM modes cannot interfere with each other. Then, the signal is divided into two streams by a WDM de-multiplexer (de-mux) through the wavelength, as shown in Figure 4e. At the ONU side, a fork component splits signals into two different paths, one for de-multiplexing, and one for the carrier of the upstream link. In the de-multiplexing path, the received signal via the photodetector and obtain gained by the electrical amplifier. As shown in Figure 4f, the modulated signal is de-multiplexed back to the initial signal through quadrature, OFDM demodulator, and QAM decode. For the other path, the optical carrier from the downstream link loads the non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signal through MZM for upstream transmission. In the end, the electrical signal is regenerated through the 3R regenerator and sent to the BER analyzer for bit error rate, Q-factor, and eye diagram performance measurement. For the upstream link, each ONU using carrier re-modulation technology goes through the MZM to modulate the 20 Gbps OOK signal onto the light wave from the downstream link. It effectively saves communication costs by reducing the number of light sources. Then, the modulated signal enters into the SMF. The spectrum of upstream subcarrier re-modulation signal before and after propagating through SMF is shown in Figure 5. One can see that the power at the center frequency decreases from \(-10\) dBm to \(0\) dBm after transmitting through SMF, which is mainly caused by the dispersion and propagation loss in the fiber. The receiver side consists optical amplifier, PIN photodiode, low pass Bessel filter, and 3R regenerator, as well. Figure 3: 3-Dimension and 2-Dimension transverse electric field intensity of the (**a,c**) \(LG_{I}=0_{P}=2\); (**b,d**) \(LG_{I}=0_{P}=4\) mode. A, B: optical zero vortex radius.
## 4 Experiment and Result Analysis
### Quantitative Analysis of Experimental Results
After eight yuan edits, the aesthetic average score of all the generated images tends to flatten out and fluctuate slightly. Figure 9 shows the eight-generation model binary classification as \"good\" image (beauty rate) changes. It can be clearly seen from the figure that the beauty rate of the original image is uneven; the bedroom and apartment indoor scenes' beauty rate is relatively low, at less than 1.5%, and the car's beauty rate is far greater than in other generation models, reaching 78%. However, after 9 to 10 steps of aesthetic editing, almost all of the eight generative models generated a 100% beauty rate. This illustrates the effectiveness of our aesthetic image production. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Average Aesthetic Score**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Two Classification of “Good-Looking” Proportion**} \\ \hline  & _Iorigin_ & _Iaesthetic_ & \begin{tabular}{c} **Increase** \\ **Rate** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Iorigin** \\ **Iaesthetic** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **Iaesthetic** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Increase Rate** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline church & 4.8190 & 5.6506 & 17.3\% & 0.212 & 0.9962 & 78.42\% \\ bridge & 4.9159 & 6.0398 & 22.9\% & 0.3796 & 1.0000 & 62.04\% \\ tower & 4.9875 & 6.2284 & 24.9\% & 0.4535 & 1.0000 & 54.65\% \\ bedroom & 4.3932 & 5.6086 & 27.7\% & 0.0601 & 0.9976 & 93.75\% \\ apartment & 4.5336 & 5.6986 & 25.7\% & 0.1239 & 0.9955 & 87.16\% \\ cat & 4.4196 & 5.737 & 29.8\% & 0.0610 & 0.9986 & 93.76\% \\ car & 5.1415 & 5.9814 & 16.3\% & 0.7863 & 1.0
# Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration
## 7 Challenges/Future Directions of CR-LPWAN
### PHY Layer Challenges  
A number of PHY layer related challenges are discussed as follows: