###### Abstract  
Recent Society 5.0 efforts by the Government of Japan are aimed at establishing a sustainable human-centered society by combining new technologies such as sensor networks, edge computing, Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and robotics. Many research works have been carried out with an increasing emphasis on the fundamentals of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for different applications; namely precision agriculture, environment, medical care, security, and surveillance. In the same vein, almost all of the known authentication techniques rely on the single gateway node, which is unsuitable for the current sensor nodes that are broadly distributed in the real world. Despite technological advances, resource constraints and vulnerability to an attacker physically capturing some sensor nodes have remained an important and challenging research field for developing wireless sensor network user authentication. This work proposes a new authentication scheme for agriculture professionals based on a multi-gateway communication model using a fuzzy extractor algorithm to support the Society 5.0 environment. The scheme provides a secure mutual authentication using the well-established formal method called BAN logic. The formal security verification of the proposed scheme is validated with the AVISPA tool, a powerful validation method for network security applications. In addition, the security of the scheme was informally analyzed to demonstrate that the scheme is secure from different attacks, e.g., sensor capture, replay, and other network and physical attacks. Furthermore, the communication and computation costs of the proposed scheme are evaluated and show better performance than the existing authentication schemes. agriculture; Society 5.0; wireless sensor network; agriculture sensors; IoT; multi-gateway +
Footnote †: journal: Ap  
By the end of 2025, the world market in smart agriculture is predicted to reach USD 15.3 billion compared to USD 5 billion in 2016, which is more than triple of the market size in just about ten years [7]. Smart agriculture in the agri-product exporting countries will become a critical IoT field [8]. At present, smart agriculture has been applied in IoT applications such as irrigation sensors [9], frost prediction of the event [10], farming of precision soil [11], identification of blind entity [12], smart farming [13], precision agriculture [14], so on. Terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSN) and wireless underground sensor networks (WUSN) are the two types of WSNs being utilized in agricultural fields. Wireless underground sensor networks [15] are planted inside the soil with higher frequencies being substantially reduced, while lower frequencies are allowed to permeate the soil [13; 16; 17; 18]. The overview and the architecture of WSN in the agriculture environment is illustrated in Figure 2.  
The agriculture applications may transfer or monitor sensitive data via a public channel; thus securing the transmission and authenticating of highly sensitive information. Several gateways should also be included in dealing with a distributed environment to  
Figure 1: New Society 5.0 [1]. Figure 2: An overview of agriculture WSN environment. avoid high computation costs in the entire network [19]. Additionally, different issues exist in IoT-based agriculture development, such as information security, privacy, data analysis, maintenance, mobility, and hardware [8; 20; 21]. The type of wireless communication (e.g., 4G, 5G, WiFi, 6 LowPan, LoRa) used for connecting sensors distributed across a large area in the agriculture field may present a mobility challenge [22; 23]. Implementing the IoT into the agriculture fields may allow the attacker to attack the agriculture systems; thus, the smart agriculture communication system needs to be secured [8]. Security concerns, such as eavesdropping, disruption, physical attack, and others, might compromise the data and structure of the network [24].