esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Evolution and Testing of NB-IoT Solutions
## 6 Conclusions and Future Enhancements  
The contributions of this paper are twofold. We have highlighted the recent standardization efforts to complete the value proposition around NB-IoT as a key enabler for massive cellular IoT. Additionally, we have introduced the advantages of TRIANGLE for repeatable experimentation and benchmarking in the heterogeneous IoT device ecosystem.  
Although a new radio access technology was specifically designed for NB-IoT in 3 GPP Release 13, the standardization work has continued adding multiple features to build a richer self-contained ecosystem around NB-IoT. We have added specific details and insights on positioning and D2D communications as two disruptive features that will open the door to a myriad of use cases.  
Finally, we have introduced the new experimentation capabilities added to the TRIANGLE testbed to support NB-IoT testing. The key innovation in this testbed, even beyond the deep flexibility and control of NB-IoT settings and test conditions, relies on the open proposition and generality of the testbed. It welcomes the research community and NB-IoT commercial providers to experiment on applications, devices, and services. We have demonstrated the potential to analyze in detail NB-IoT signaling, while also studying the impact at both the application and power consumption levels of IoT devices using the TRIANGLE testbed. In particular, the TRIANGLE NB-IoT testing framework has been applied in the context of the European project NRG-5 in the performance analysis of smart energy grid solutions using NB-IoT connections. In this paper, we have evaluated the impact on power consumption and latency of NB-IoT communications in order to demonstrate the NB-IoT testing potential of the TRIANGLE testbed.  
Conceptualization, A.D.Z. and F.J.R.T.; methodology, A.D.Z., F.J.R.T. and P.R.; software, A.D.Z. and P.R.; validation, A.D.Z., F.J.R.T. and P.R.; formal analysis, A.D.Z. and F.J.R.T.; investigation, A.D.Z., F.J.R.T. and P.R. ; resources, A.D.Z.; data curation, A.D.Z., F.J.R.T. and P.R.; writing--original draft preparation, A.D.Z.; writing--review and editing, A.D.Z. and F.J.R.T.; visualization, A.D.Z. and F.J.R.T.; supervision, A.D.Z.; project administration, A.D.Z.; funding acquisition, A.D.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by H2020 Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies Grant No. 762013, Grant No. 732638 and Grant No. 815178.  
Work presented in this paper has been funded under the 5G Public Private Partnership (5G-PPP) framework and the EC funded projects H2020 NRG-5 (815178), Fed4 Fire+ (732638) and 5 GENESIS (815178).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Average Power Consumption during Continuous Traffic (W)**} \\ \hline WLAN & 1.204 \\ \hline GPRS & 1.07 \\ \hline UMTS & 1.503 \\ \hline HSDPA & 1.781 \\ \hline LTE & 2 \\ \hline NB-IoT & 0.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Power consumption comparative.
###### Abstract  
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oxygen tension on mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by assessing differentiation in terms of embryoid body (EB) size and mRNA and protein expression levels of collagen type 1 and Runx2. EBs and outgrowth cells (OGCs) were cultured in conditions of hypoxia (2%), normoxia (21%) and hyperoxia (35%). Significantly larger EBs were observed in the hyperoxia and normoxia groups compared to the hypoxia group on Days 8 and 10. The hyperoxia group had significantly higher mRNA and protein expression levels of collagen type 1 and Runx2 compared to the hypoxia and normoxia groups on Days 10 and 26, and these expression levels in the hypoxia group were significantly lower than the normoxia group on Days 10 and 26. These results suggest that hyperoxia accelerates the enlargement in EBs and the differentiation of iPS cells.  
cell differentiation; induced pluripotent stem cell; oxygen tension; embryoid bodies; outgrowth cells +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Numerical Simulation of Slope Overburden
### Post-Mining Roof Fracture Characteristics of Gob-Side Entry Retaining for No. 2-1 Coal Seam
#### 5.2.4 Influence of Immediate Roof Elastic Modulus  
Roof fracture characteristics under different immediate roof elastic moduli are shown in Figure 19, and the statistical results of the main roof fracture positions are presented in Table 5. The table and figure indicate that as immediate roof elastic modulus increases, when the immediate roof elastic modulus increases from 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) Mpa to 7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) Mpa, the fracture location migrates 1.5 m toward the goat side (from +0 m to +1.5 m, Table 5), and the main roof fracture position exhibits a clear trend of shifting toward the goat side. This suggests that when the immediate roof elastic modulus increases, the fracture position of the main roof generally moves deeper into the goat. Considering the influence of the main roof's lateral fracture structure on the surrounding rock stability of gob-side entry retaining and the degree of immediate roof yielding, it is evident that under immediate roof elastic moduli of 3-7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) Mpa, the surrounding rock of gob-side entry retaining can generally maintain stability.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Coal Seam Elastic Modulus/ 10\({}^{3}\) MPa** & 0.5 & 1 & 1.5 & 2 & 2.5 \\ \hline
**Fracture Position/m** & 0 & 0 & +1.4 & +1.4 & +1.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Failure Locations of the Main Roof under Different Coal Seam Elastic Modulus Conditions.  
Figure 18: Roof Failure Characteristics under Different Coal Seam Elastic Modulus Conditions.  
The particle flow numerical simulation results are generally consistent with theoretical calculations regarding the initial crack position in the main roof. Specifically, the theoretical calculation indicates that the fracture position of the main roof is 0.5 m from the edge of the goat, while the numerical simulation results range from 0 to 1.4 m (as shown in Tables 2-5). The error range is \(\leq\) 1.4 m, and the coincidence degree exceeds 85%, which verifies the reliability of the model. Through the simulation results, the feasibility and practicality of roof fracture characteristics after mining the No. 2-1 coal seam are analyzed. Additionally, parameter thresholds such as coal seam thickness (\(\leq\)4 m) and immediate roof thickness (\(\leq\)8 m) can be used to rapidly determine whether geological conditions in specific areas are suitable for gob-side entry retaining. When the immediate roof elastic modulus ranges from 3 to 7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) MPa, non-pillar mining technology should be prioritized to reduce resource waste. This study provides a reference basis for the application of gob-side entry retaining technology.
## 5 Discussion
[82] comment that when analyzing performance parameters in the scenario of unbalanced data, problems may occur in determining the parameters, as the algorithms tend to perform poorly in the class with the smallest number of cases. Therefore, the results of this article for the performance of ML methods should be examined with extreme caution. To solve this problem, oversampling [83] and cost-sensitive techniques have proven effective by balancing information loss with computational efficiency [84]. In this paper, no method was employed to minimize possible bias in the classification results of ML algorithms. It is necessary to highlight the training time factor. The time requirement for training non-neural methods is much lower than the training time for neural methods. While non-neural methods were trained in a few seconds, neural methods required several minutes, reaching a maximum of 1.52 h for Bi-LSTM. As noted by [PERSON] et al. [50], as Bi-LSTM uses more than one LSTM, its training time is expected to be longer. On the other hand, the 1D-COV method was trained in less than 15 min, which is a more viable time from a practical point of view for the industry. Authors such as [PERSON] et al. [29] have highlighted that some neural methods can be up to 23 times slower and only sometimes perform much better than classical methods, especially when processing a smaller database. Therefore, it is up to health and safety managers to define which methods to use in the case in question, given that non-neural methods such as RF and neural methods such as MLP showed good performance at low training costs. For comparison purposes, 1D-COV presented the best performance at a training cost 315 times higher than that of RF and 8.7 times higher than that of MLP.
# Using Full Pose Measurement for Serial Robot Calibration
## 9 Discussion
If the three sigma rule is followed and approximate relation \(\overline{v}\approx 4\sigma_{p}\) holds, then the upper bound \(\hat{\sigma}_{p}\) for sensor position noise should satisfy \(12\hat{\sigma}_{p}<tol_{p}\), where \(tol_{p}\) is the acceptable robot position tolerance. For orientation data, due to the strong non-symmetric FBK-like distribution of angles \(\beta\) (which accounts for deviation of noisy, instantaneous rotations from the mean rotation), the three sigma rule can be replaced by calculating quantile \(\hat{\beta}_{997}\) of angles \(\beta\) at 0.997 level. Assuming the mean orientation error of robot end-effector \(\overline{\rho}\) is four times larger than sensor's orientation noise (as shown in Figure 5b for Method 2), the upper bound for sensor orientation noise should satisfy \(4\hat{\beta}_{997}<tol_{a}\) where \(tol_{a}\) is the acceptable robot orientation tolerance. For different robot, the dependence of end-effector error on sensor noise may be different from that shown in Figure 5a,b. Then, the estimates for upper bounds of position noise \(\vartheta_{p}\) and orientation noise \(\hat{\beta}_{997}\) need to be updated. The proposed calibration strategy reduces both the position and orientation errors of the robot end-effector. Recommended procedure for serial robot calibration consists of: (1) acquiring the full 6D poses; (2) getting link twists in CPA-like procedure; (3) getting encoder zero offsets using orientation data only; (4) getting link lengths and offsets using position data only. Then, use two separate registrations to transform position and orientation component of a pose from a world to the robot frame. In summary, the dilemma of having only the position or the orientation error of the robot's end-effector minimized can be avoided and a pose with both optimized components can be fed into inverse kinematic solver. Conceptualization, M.F. and J.A.M. ; methodology, M.F. and J.A.M. ; software, M.F. ; validation, M.F. and J.A.M. ; formal analysis, M.F. and J.A.M. ; investigation, M.F. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.F. ; writing--review and editing, J.A.M. ; visualization, M.F. ; project administration, J.A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or software are identified in this paper to foster understanding. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the equipment or software identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
# Protection against Shiga Toxins
## 2 Compounds that Protect Cells against Stx
### Inhibitors of Glcer Synthesis PDMP and C-9
However, a potential protection against Stx toxicity was not tested in this study. The search for treatment of glycosphingolipid storage diseases has led to the development of another ceramide analogue named C-9 [(1R, 2R)-nonanoic acid [2-(2\({}^{\prime}\),3\({}^{\prime}\)-dihydro-benzo [1-4]dioxin-6\({}^{\prime}\)-yl)-2-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-ethyl]-amide-L-tartaric acid salt] (Genzyme Corp., Waltham, MA, USA). [PERSON] et al. has demonstrated that a 48 h pretreatment with 5 \(\upmu\)M C-9 reduced cellular Gb3 levels by approx. 80% in human renal tubular epithelial cells (HRTEC), which was accompanied by an almost complete cell protection against a 24 h challenge with 1 ng/mL Stx2 [106]. However, the drug had no effect on the cell sensitivity to Stx2 when added at the same time as the toxin and a 24 h preincubation was required to obtain the protective effect [106]. Essentially similar protection and reduction in Gb3 was also shown in human glomerular endothelial cells [108]. [PERSON] et al. also investigated the potency of C-9 against Stx2 in an in vivo model [107]. Rats received C-9 orally two days prior and four days after the intraperitoneal injection of the supernatant from recombinant _E. coli_ expressing Stx2. The treatment reduced rat mortality by 50% and prevented intestinal and renal tissue damage, which was observed in the group treated with Stx2 only. The failure of C-9 to completely prevent rat mortality after Stx2 challenge was attributed to the possibility that C-9 does not pass the blood- brain barrier, and thus the deaths in the C-9 group could be the outcome of neurological injuries. However, no histological analysis was performed to support this [107]. A related compound, which differs from C-9 only in the fatty acid part (contains octanoic acid instead of nonanoic acid), has been approved by FDA for treatment of Gaucher disease [165] and is now sold under the name Cerdelga(r) (Eliglustat tartrate; Genzyme Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA). Eliglustat tartrate (also called Genz-112638) is well tolerated and has a recommended dosing of 100 mg (contains 84 mg of eliglustat) twice daily in Gaucher patients [166; 167]. When used at the recommended dosing, the average concentration of free eliglustat in the plasma is 12-25 ng/mL (but there is a great variation between individuals due to differences in the rate of metabolic degradation of eliglustat) (reviewed in [165]). Thus, it would be interesting to see whether eliglustat provides similar protection against Stx in cells and in animal models as C-9, and whether the tolerated dose leads to significant changes in Gb3 levels and/or species, which would indicate its potential use for the treatment of STEC infections. However, very little eliglustat is taken up into brain [164], which would limit its effect in the HUS cases with neuronal damage.
## 2 System Overview
### The Power Link  
Power is wirelessly delivered from the external control unit to the internal implant unit using near-field coupling. For retina stimulation, the stimulation current is issued periodically as shown in Figure 3a. During the non-stimulation time, the loading of the implant is light as it is only the total quiescent power of each block. During the stimulation time, the loading is heavy by issuing the stimulation current from the current DAC. Hence, power delivery is divided into the power-boosting phase and the power-regulation phase that are responsible for the stimulation time and the non-stimulation time, respectively.  
The distance and the alignment of the two coupling coils may vary that affect the coupling coefficient and thus the power received. During the non-stimulation time, the power-regulation phase is activated, and the rectifier output \(\mathrm{V_{DC}}\) is periodically sensed and sent to the external control unit to adjust the transmitter power so that \(\mathrm{V_{DC}}\) could be regulated to 3.5 V. The movement of the human body is on the order of milliseconds, and so an uplink data package rate of 2 kHz is used.  
During the stimulation time, the small on-chip filtering capacitor is drained to provide the stimulation current, and \(\mathrm{V_{DC}}\) will drop sharply. As the uplink package rate is low, it cannot adapt to this fast loading variation. To cater for this scheduled loading variation, the power requirement bit \(\mathrm{P_{R}}\) is set active (active low) just prior to the stimulation time, and is sent to the external control unit to activate the power-boosting phase, such that even \(\mathrm{V_{DC}}\) drops, it is still high enough for the downstream circuits to operate properly. During the stimulation time, the data link is disabled to avoid interference.  
In the power-boosting phase, the transmitting power has to be increased to cover the whole stimulation time with adequate margin. For different coupling scenarios and stimulation profiles, the amount of increase in power is different (instead of using the maximum power) to avoid excessive radio frequency (RF) power that will be absorbed by the human body. Calibration is performed during the assembly phase of the implant unit. Load variation is related to the stimulation current amplitude, and coupling variation is related to the steady state PA voltage \(\mathrm{V_{DD,PA}}\). By sweeping the above parameters for all possible cases and recording the needed power-boosting level to ensure adequate power to cover the whole stimulation time with margin, a look-up table is constructed to store the data of power increase required for normal operation.  
Figure 3: (**a**) Power control waveform (**b**) System state diagram.
###### Abstract  
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of occlusal splints on temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and well-being in patients with fibromyalgiagia and bruxism. This experimental study assessed the impact of Michigan-type occlusal splints on TMDs and well-being in fibromyalgia patients and healthy individuals. Methods: This quasi-experimental study assesses the impact of an intervention on TMD symptoms and overall well-being in patients with fibromyalgiagia and bruxism. A total of 266 participants were divided into three groups: bruxism with fibromyalgiagia (ABFG, n = 37), sleep bruxism with fibromyalgia (SBFG, n = 53), awake bruxism without fibromyalgiagia (ABG, n = 45), sleep bruxism without fibromyalgia (SBG, n = 85), and a healthy control group (HG, n = 46). All participants received a rigid acrylic occlusal splint and counseling on behavioral changes. Pre- and post-treatment questionnaires measured various variables, including jaw function (JFLS-8), anxiety (GAD-7), oral health impact (OHIP-14), well-being (WHO-5), sleep quality (PSQI), and symptoms such as bruxism, TMJ pain, headaches, and jaw locking. Results: The study demonstrated that occlusal splints significantly improved various outcomes in patients with bruxism and fibromyalgia. For the ABFB, significant reductions were observed in JFLS-8, GAD-7, OHIP-14, and PSQI and increases in WHO-5 scores (\(p<0.001\)). Similar improvements were noted in the SBFB. The ABG group showed significant changes in JFLS-8, OHIP-14, and WHO-5, but not in GAD-7 or PSQI. Furthermore, SBG exhibited significant improvements across all measures except WHO-5. Patients in the HG showed only slight changes in PSQI. Additionally, significant reductions in the prevalence of TMJ pain, headaches attributed to TMJ, and jaw locking were noted across the bruxism groups. Conclusion: This study finds that occlusal splints significantly enhance symptoms of TMD and enhance overall well-being, especially in patients with fibromyalgiagia. Significant improvements were observed in JFLS-8, GAD-7, OHIP-14, PSQI, and WHO-5 scores, alongside a marked reduction in the prevalence of TMJ pain, TMJ-related headaches, and jaw locking. This highlights occlusal splints as an effective therapeutic option for managing both physical and psychological symptoms in fibromyalgia patients. However, the benefits for healthy individuals were minimal, suggesting a need for further research on long-term effects and treatment optimization.  
prosthodontic; occlusion; clinical; rehabilitation; appliance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds in CRMP
#### 2.2.3 Acids, Alcohols and Esters  
Butyric and hexanoic acids are common odor-active free fatty acids contained in cheeses [31]. Higher contents of butyric, hexanoic and octanoic acids were found in CRMP with _S. thermophilus_SP1.1 or TM11 than DAC in our research. Use of _S. thermophilus_ TM11 significantly increased (\(p<0.05\)) the contents of butyric and hexanoic acids than SP1.1.  
In addition, alcohols were found in most of cheese varieties, and are originated from the fermentation of lactose by heterofermentative LAB [32], from amino acid metabolism [33], or from aldehyde reduction [22]. These compounds, which are responsible for the strong and exciting flavors in cheese, were not detected in CRMP. Furthermore, we did not find the branched-chain alcohols and esters which are common in cheeses [28,29] and are usually regarded as part of the undesirable aroma [34,35].  
Except for the branched-chain esters, four unbranched esters and a branched-chain unsaturated ester (methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate) were found in CRMP with the high AR values, but they were not statistically significant among the different CRMP varieties. The reason may be due to the heat history of milk powder and the use of flavoring agents. Although some authors considered that esters were produced by the organism, e.g., wild _Lactococcus lactis_ strains [30], esters can also be formed during the extraction of the culture distillate or concentration of the extract [36]. Besides, methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate is commonly used in milk products as a flavoring agent, and no references reported it as a milk component or a compound in milk products.
# Enhancing Privacy in Large Language Model with Homomorphic Encryption and Sparse Attention
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Latency Overhead Analysis
#### 4.2.2 Communication Latency  
In distributed systems, where privacy-preserving models are often deployed, communication latency \(L_{comm}\) is a pivotal factor. It quantifies the time required to transmit encrypted data between a client and a server. Given a bandwidth \(B\) and data size \(S\), the communication latency is provided by the following formula:  
\[L_{comm}=\frac{S}{B} \tag{27}\]  
The proposed method minimizes \(L_{comm}\) by utilizing a high-efficiency communication protocol, which reduces the amount of data to be transmitted without compromising privacy guarantees.
# Optimal Mixture Designs for Heavy Metal Encapsulation in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Summary of Encapsulation Performance  
For all mixtures, the encapsulation percentage is generally higher at later ages. The encapsulation process requires time and generally proceeds as hydration proceeds. As hydration proceeds, greater amounts of hydrates are formed, the microstructure is densified, and the porosity is reduced; all of these lead to greater encapsulation. Table 4 below shows the encapsulation performance for each heavy metal for all groups.  
When considering all ions, concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd never cross the EPA drinking water limit at any age. Cd, Pb and Zn are efficiently encapsulated for the entire testing period. Some metals such as Cr, Cu and Hg go through an \"induction period\" of low encapsulation at early ages but have a significant enhancement of the encapsulation at later ages. High pH environment appears to lead to the leaching of Sb and Pb.  
When considering the developed mixtures, C70B0, L20B40, L40B20, L60B0 and G14B16 exceed EPA drinking water limit for one or more heavy metals. The heavy metals of concern are Pb for C70B0, Hg for L40B20, and Sb for L20B40, L40B20, L60B0 and G14B16. The other mixtures safely encapsulate all heavy metal concentrations. It should be noted that while mixtures with LFS generally show the best encapsulation, most mixtures with LFS fail to adequately encapsulate Sb and therefore are not suggested for MSWIFA encapsulation.