# The Impact of 6G-IoT Technologies on the Development of Agriculture 5.0: A Review
## 2 Agriculture 5.0: Revolutionizing Agriculture with Cutting-Edge Technologies
### Evolution of Agriculture: From Traditional Farming to Agriculture 5.0  
Following a technological evolution-based classification of agriculture eras as proposed in the related scientific literature [17; 18], we can identify four distinct eras: Agriculture 1.0, Agriculture 2.0, Agriculture 3.0, and Agriculture 4.0. More specifically, Agriculture 1.0 describes agriculture from ancient times to about the 1920s, when farming consisted of a lot of manual work [19]. Agriculture 2.0, ranging from 1920 to 2010, describes the model in which machines, fertilizers, and better seeds were incorporated to help farmers produce more with less effort. This era began in earnest in the 1950s, when agronomic practices and new tools were allowed and created what is now known as agribusiness or industrial agriculture [19]. In the 20 th century, Agriculture 3.0 marked a new age for more efficient and intelligent operations performed by machinery. Nowadays, the evolution of smart agriculture has led to Agriculture 4.0, integrating high-tech sensors, cloud computing, specialized software, and the IoT into farming [20]. In this new age of agriculture, data become crucial, as they are used to help farmers exploit their land, water, and fertilizers more efficiently. Agriculture 4.0 enabled the development of an environment in which all components are effortlessly and continuously interconnected [21]. This approach was established when data management and telematics were coupled with the precision agriculture concept, thus boosting procedure accuracy. Referred to as digital farming or smart farming, Agriculture 4.0 includes technologies that generate information that is then processed to facilitate operational and strategic decisions [22]. Advanced management systems are providing viable solutions in the field of smart farming. Moreover, despite the fact that some farmers have years of field expertise, technology could offer a systematic approach for discovering unanticipated problems that are difficult to recognize through sporadic visual inspection. Young farmers are consequently more positive about using current agricultural technology than older farmers since they can balance their limited field experience with new information-providing analytical methodologies [22]. Nevertheless, the average age of farmers has increased significantly in recent decades. In both the United States and Europe, it is about 58 years of age; in Sub-Saharan Africa it is 60; and in Japan, it is 63 [23]. This pattern, hopefully, is likely to be upended as several European policies, for example, are now being adopted to promote opportunities for early investments, financing, entrepreneurial guidance, and mentoring in order to encourage new generations to step forward [23]. Generational renewal in the context of rural growth means not only decreasing the average age of farmers but also equipping a future generation of highly knowledgeable and skilled farmers to fully exploit the potential of technology in order to support sustainable agricultural methods [24]. As a result, young farmers will have the opportunity to modernize and increase the competitiveness of their existing agricultural businesses. This will ensure the continuation of sustainable food production while enhancing the competitiveness of the agri-food supply chain. Farmers can employ data-driven agriculture techniques for a variety of purposes, including strategic planning, real-time monitoring, performance evaluation, predictive forecasting, optimization, and effective event management. However, the widespread adoption of these techniques has been hampered by a number of obstacles, such as limited connectivity solutions as well as expensive and, in some cases, inaccurate data collection. Despite early obstacles, smart farming has made significant advances in recent years, with information and communications technology (ICT) demonstrating its value in the agricultural sector [25].