## 3 Literature Review
### Lean Construction and BIM Interaction
It highlights Lean tools, Last Planner System (LPS), Target Value Design (TVD), Set-Based Design (SBD), and Choosing by Advantages (CBA), which benefit from BIM integration for improved decision making. The paper emphasizes Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Big Room collaboration for effective communication among stakeholders, and it discusses IoT and Digital Twins for performance monitoring, though it lacks comprehensive coverage of automation and AI-driven processes. Despite validating Lean-BIM synergies in planning and coordination, the study's scope is limited to the design phase, without the exploration of lifecycle-wide integration or the inclusion of Emerging Technologies. It also notes challenges with software interoperability and a shortage of real-world case validations. Table 5 summarizes the study's key findings. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Key Interaction** & **Findings** \\ \hline Process Optimization and Efficiency & BIM and Lean integrate to improve construction efficiency, reduce waste, and enhance scheduling through VSM and LPS. \\ Reducing Waste and Variability & BIM’s real-time data tracking eliminates non-value-adding activities, reducing material waste and rework which can be aligned with JIT-driven material tracking. \\  & BIM facilitates a Common Data Environment (CDE), while Lean focuses on workflow synchronization and continuous communication which can be aligned with Blockchain-based CDE for secure, real-time data sharing and collaboration. \\  & BIM provides 3D, 4D, and 5D models that improve early \\ Design Optimization and Constructability & constructability assessments. Lean’s TVD ensures alignment between cost, value, and efficiency goals. \\  & Lean emphasizes quality improvement and defect prevention, which \\ Automated Quality Control and Safety & BIM enhances via clash detection, simulations, and IoT-based \\  & monitoring which can be aligned with which integrates Lean’s Kaizen and PDCA for continuous improvement. \\ Continuous Improvement (Kaizen and PDCA Cycle) & BIM enables iterative design improvements, aligning with Lean’s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Key summary of the interactions and findings of [24]. A study of the state-of-the-art review [25] on BIM and Lean Construction interactions highlights BIM as a key enabler of Lean principles, enhancing workflow efficiency, waste reduction, and process transparency. The study emphasizes the use of Last Planner System (LPS), Value Stream Mapping (VSM), and Pull Planning to integrate Lean methodologies within BIM-based design and construction workflows. While BIM significantly improves collaboration through Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Common Data Environment (CDE), and clash detection, the research lacks automation strategies, AI-driven decision making, Blockchain applications, and emerging technologies, all crucial for next-generation construction management. Table 6 summarizes the study's key findings. Reviewed studies on Lean Construction and BIM integration identify critical gaps justifying a comprehensive, technology-enhanced Lean-BIM framework. Most existing research emphasizes the design and early construction phases, overlooking execution, logistics, and post-construction operations. While BIM effectively enables Lean methods for workflow optimization, waste reduction, and collaboration, standardized full lifecycle integration remains lacking. Additionally, studies frequently omit Emerging Technologies, and interoperability issues between BIM and Lean tools present practical challenges. This paper addresses these gaps by proposing a unified framework integrating Lean Construction, BIM, and Emerging Technologies across the entire project lifecycle.