## 3 Results  
The demographics of subjects who completed this study are shown in Table 1. Ninety adults between the age of 18-56 years participated comprising forty-two females and forty-eight males. The healthy group included 30 subjects registering the lowest average age of 24 years. The healthy group included 9 males [average age 25] and 21 females [average age 23] and an age range of 22-34 years for these subjects. The gingviitis group comprised 29 adults with an average age of 30.75 years and an age range of 18-45 years. There were 18 male subjects enrolled in the gingviitis group [average age 29] and an age range of 22-45 Eleven female subjects were enrolled in the gingviitis group with an average age of 33 and an age range of 18-45 years. The average age of subjects with periodontal disease [\(n=31\)] was 39.61 years with the highest age range of 23-56 years. There were 21 male subjects in the periodontitis group [average age 40.23 years] and an age range of 23-56 years. The periodontitis group also included 10 female subjects [average age 38.3 years] and an age range of 29-55 years. All subjects completed the entire study providing evaluable results. No adverse events were noted by the clinical examiner or reported by the subjects during the recall visits or over the course of their study participation. Shown in Table 2 are the results from the clinical examinations. The healthy group registered average whole mouth gingival indices of 0.27 at baseline Gingival index scores at recall evaluations conducted after 8 and 15 days of standardized oral hygiene with a fluoride toothpaste were 0.15 and 0.21, respectively. In comparison to the healthy group, higher gingival index scores were registered in the gingviitis subjects with average scores of 1.6, 1.46 and 1.35 at the baseline day 8, and day 15 recall visits, respectively. Higher average gingival index scores were registered amongst subjects stratified to the periodontal disease group. This group presented scores of 1.95, 1.92 and 1.89 at the baseline, day 8 and day 15 evaluations, respectively. Plaque index scores of the healthy group ranged between 2.66-2.87 with the gingviitis group ranging from 2.54-2.98 over the evaluations. The periodontal disease group registered the highest plaque index scores between 3.68-3.96 during the study period. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **Healthy** & **Gingivitis** & **Periodonal Disease** \\ \hline
**Entire Population** & \(n=30\) & \(n=29\) & \(n=31\) \\ Mean Age (SD \({}^{\star}\)) & 24.00 (2.477) & 30.758 (8.360) & 39.612 (9.094) \\ Age Range & 22–34 & 18–45 & 23–56 \\ Female Subjects & \(n=21\) & 11 & 10 \\ Mean Age (SD \({}^{\star}\)) & 23.523 (1.470) & 33.00 (8.854) & 38.300 (9.238) \\ Age Range & 22–26 & 18–45 & 29–55 \\ Male Subjects & \(n=9\) & 18 & 21 \\ Mean Age (SD \({}^{\star}\)) & 25.111 (3.855) & 29.388 (7.986) & 40.238 (9.186) \\ Age Range & 22–34 & 22–45 & 23–56 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\star}\)SD = Standard Deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Demographic features of subjects enrolled in the study. There were no differences in average clinical attachment level (CAL) score registrations in the health group over the study with an average of 0.04 recorded at all evaluations. The CAL scores amongst gingivitis subjects were slightly higher and ranged between 0.05-0.07 with the highest scores noted in the periodontal disease group with a range between 1.84-1.90. Correspondingly, the average community periodontal index (CPI) for the healthy subjects was the lowest with baseline values of 1.51 that decreased slightly to 1.44 and 1.36 at the day eight and fifteen recall visits, respectively. Higher CPI scores were registered amongst the gingivitis subjects with 1.83 recorded at baseline and scores of 1.90 and 1.70 at the day eight and fifteen recall visits, respectively. The highest CPI scores were amongst the periodontal disease group with a score of 4.03 at both the baseline and day eight recall visits and an average of 4.11 recorded at the final visit.