# High-Order Aberrations: A Key Factor in Accommodative Dysfunctions
## 3 Results  
Sixty-three subjects (42 female and 21 male), with a mean age of 21.12 years, participated in this study and were divided into four groups according to their accommodative dysfunction and symptomatology. The number of subjects in each group who participated  
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the experimental set-up. SML: Motorized System of Lens. in this study, their average age, and mean spherical equivalent (SE) are presented in Table 1. It also includes the results of accommodative exams conducted during the initial visual exam: AA, LA, and AF. Additionally, Table 1 also provides the mean CISS score. Subjects with INSA had significantly lower AA and AF than the control group (\(p\) < 0.001 for both exams) but higher LA (\(p\) = 0.02) and score (\(p\) = 0.03). Subjects with EA had significantly lower AF (\(p\) < 0.001) and LA (\(p\) = 0.02) and subjects with INFA had lower AF (\(p\) < 0.001) when compared to the control group. On the other hand, subjects' SWD had no significant differences in AA (\(p\) > 0.05), LA (\(p\) > 0.05) and AF (\(p\) > 0.05) but significantly higher scores (\(p\) < 0.001) than the control group. The results of changes in HOA RMS for each stimulus are illustrated in Figure 2. The SWD group showed a significantly higher increase (\(p\) = 0.011) in the RMS HOAs (0.166 \(\pm\) 0.197 \(\upmu\)m) than the control group (\(-\)0.066 \(\pm\) 0.286 \(\upmu\)m) for the 2.45 D stimulus. They also presented a higher increase than the EA (\(-\)0.087 \(\pm\) 0.188 \(\upmu\)m; \(p\) = 0.003) and INSA (\(-\)0.032 \(\pm\) 0.211 \(\upmu\)m; \(p\) = 0.039) groups for the 4.73 D stimulus. In addition, a statistically significant change of 0.179 \(\pm\) 0.168 \(\upmu\)m (\(p\) = 0.002) was observed for the 4.73 D stimulus when compared to the initial state. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **N** & **Age (Years)** & **SE (D)** & **AA (D)** & **LA (D)** & **AF (cpm)** & **Score** \\ \hline Control & 18 & 23.9 \(\pm\) 3.05 \({}^{+}\) & 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.30 \({}^{+}\) & 9.60 \(\pm\) 1.01 \({}^{+,*}\) & 0.57 \(\pm\) 0.22 \({}^{+,*}\) & 14.3 \(\pm\) 4.9 \({}^{+,*}\) & 12.6 \(\pm\) 4.3 \({}^{+,*,*}\) \\ \hline SWD & 18 & 23.2 \(\pm\) 3.28 \({}^{+}\) & \(-\)0.72 \(\pm\) 1.61 \({}^{+}\) & 10.01 \(\pm\) 2.11 \({}^{+}\) & 0.56 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{+}\) & 13.7 \(\pm\) 4.7 \({}^{+}\) & 27.3 \(\pm\) 2.7 \({}^{+}\) \\ \hline INFA & 6 & 24.4 \(\pm\) 5.03 \({}^{+}\) & \(-\)0.29 \(\pm\) 1.32 \({}^{+}\) & 8.04 \(\pm\) 2.64 \({}^{+}\) & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.38 \({}^{+}\) & 3.5 \(\pm\) 1.9 \({}^{+}\) & 19.0 \(\pm\) 12.3 \({}^{+,*}\) \\ \hline EA & 9 & 22.9 \(\pm\) 3.37 \({}^{+}\) & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.43 \({}^{+}\) & 8.75 \(\pm\) 1.78 \({}^{+}\) & 0.38 \(\pm\) 0.18 \({}^{*}\) & 1.1 \(\pm\) 2.2 \({}^{+}\) & 12.2 \(\pm\) 6.5 \({}^{+}\) \\ \hline INSA & 12 & 21.3 \(\pm\) 4.13 \({}^{+}\) & \(-\)0.52 \(\pm\) 2.81 \({}^{+}\) & 5.71 \(\pm\) 1.29 \({}^{+}\) & 0.92 \(\pm\) 0.33 \({}^{*}\) & 7.8 \(\pm\) 4.5 \({}^{*}\) & 20.5 \(\pm\) 11.4 \({}^{+}\) \\ \hline \(p\) & & \({}^{+}\) > 0.05 & \({}^{+}\) > 0.05 & \({}^{+}\) <0.001 & \({}^{*}\) 0.02 & \({}^{*}\) < 0.001; \({}^{+}\) 0.03 \\  & & & & \({}^{+}\) > 0.05 & \({}^{+}\) > 0.05 & \({}^{+}\) > 0.05 & \({}^{+}\) > 0.05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
N: number of subjects; cpm: cycles per minute; SE: spherical equivalent; AA: amplitude of accommodation; LA: lag of accommodation; AF: accommodation facility; SWD: symptomatic without dysfunction; INFA: infacility of accommodation; EA: excess of accommodation; INSA: insufficiency of accommodation.\({}^{*,*,*}\) Comparison to the control group. The \(\pm\) errors indicate the standard deviation from the mean.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Characteristics (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation) of the subjects in each group. Figure 2: Differences between the root mean square (RMS) of high-order aberrations (HOAs) for accommodation (on the (**left**))/residual accommodation (on the (**right**)) and the initial state across different groups (lines represent standard deviation).