## 3 Performed Full-Scale/Model Test Comparisons
### Bridges  
Many long-span bridges have been equipped with structural health monitoring systems in recent years, which has provided good opportunities for researchers to explore these bridges' real behaviors under strong winds. However, to the writers' knowledge, a limited number of researchers have employed structural health monitoring data to validate the corresponding model test predictions.  
In 1998, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41] carried out field measurements of the turbulent wind characteristics and the wind-induced response of a cable-stayed bridge to check the validity of the turbulence characteristics used for its design and the structural dynamic responses obtained by combining both theoretical computations and taut-strip model experiments. It was found that both the turbulent wind characteristics found in the wake of an upstream arch bridge measured on the site and the full-scale response of the cable-stayed bridge that was subjected to this particular excitation were in good agreement with the results of earlier estimations. Small discrepancies could be related to the fact that some full-scale responses concerning the vertical flexural modes of the cable-stayed bridge that were predicted were lower than those of the earlier estimations.  
In 2001, [PERSON] [42] carried out full-scale measurements on the Great Belt East suspension bridge. Pressures on the deck surface and structural accelerations were simultaneously measured for the first time. Large amplitudes due to vortex-induced oscillations were measured on location and lock-in phenomena were also observed. By comparing the full-scale measurements with the model test results, it was found that the limitations of conventional experiments for predicting the full-scale structural behavior were evident due to the scaling effects.  
In 1999, the skew winds surrounding the Tsing Ma suspension bridge during Typhoon Sam, the modal damping ratios, and the structural acceleration of the bridge were measured on its prototype by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [43]. The buffeting responses of the bridge were then computed using the measured results and the aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives of the bridge deck and tower obtained from the wind tunnel test. By comparing the computed accelerations of the bridge deck and the cables to those measured on the prototype, it was found that the agreement was good in general.  
In 2014, [PERSON] et al. [44] monitored the wind-induced vibrations of a full-scale suspension bridge with a central span of 1650 m. Thirty-seven vortex-induced vibration (VIV) events were observed. The VIVs from a section model test and those from the full-scale bridge were compared. It was shown that the vertical VIV amplitudes of the section model were much lower than those from the field measurements. Moreover, torsional VIVs appeared in the section model test, whereas they were not observed for the full-scale bridge.  
Summarizing the above research, the common challenges across the different studies conducted on various bridges are identified as concerning the vertical VIV amplitudes of long-span bridges, measured using section models and aero-elastic models; these were much lower than those observed for the prototypes, and this is probably due to the scaling effects.