## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Collection  
#### 2.2.1 Systematic Literature Review  
The literature review enabled the identification of CE strategies and exploration of their relevance to each stage of the building lifecycle. The authors adopted Scopus as the primary search engine, selected for its extensive coverage of peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings relevant to the fields of engineering, environmental science, and energy. To ensure a comprehensive review, the search focused on journal articles and conference papers published between 2012 and 2024. Additionally, Google Scholar was utilized to access key industry reports, such as those from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, to integrate practical insights and frameworks into the review.  
The search query used in Scopus was as follows: TITLE (\"circular economy\" OR \"circular buildings\" OR \"circular construction\" OR \"circular economy strategies\" OR \"circularity in buildings\") AND (ABS (\"built environment\" OR \"construction sector\" OR \"construction industry\" OR \"building sector\" OR \"buildings\" OR \"circular strategies\") OR KEY (\"built environment\" OR \"construction sector\" OR \"construction industry\" OR \"building sector\" OR \"buildings\" OR \"circular strategies\")) AND PUBYEAR > 2011 AND PUBYEAR < 2025 AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, \"ENGI\") OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, \"ENVI\") OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, \"ENER\")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, \"English\")) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRTYPE, \"J\") OR LIMIT-TO (SRTYPE, \"P\")).  
This search query enabled a systematic exploration of a wide range of studies addressing CE strategies, their implementation, and potential applications within the building sector. Through this initial search, a total of 1056 articles were identified and screened. During the first screening phase, based on titles, articles that did not align with the research scope were excluded. This process left 238 articles for abstract review. After evaluating the  
Figure 1: The research framework for the study.  
abstracts, many were deemed irrelevant to the research questions, further narrowing the selection. Finally, the full-text review of the remaining articles resulted in the inclusion of 47 studies that provided valuable insights into CE strategies in the construction industry.  
The process of identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion is illustrated in the PRISMA flowchart as shown in Figure 2. This provides an overview of the systematic review process and the rationale for article inclusion and exclusion. Furthermore, Table 1 presents the list of identified CE strategies along with their corresponding references, providing a comprehensive overview of the key strategies derived from the literature review.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Lifecycle Stage** & **CE Strategy** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Design} & Design for Deconstruction/Disassembly & [18; 29; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 50; 51; 52; 53] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Design for Adaptability and Flexibility. & [18; 21; 27; 46; 47; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Design for Standardization. & [32; 46; 51; 55; 56; 57] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Design for Durability and Longevity. & [18; 20; 25; 46; 58; 59] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Design for Modularity. & [31; 34; 46; 57; 60; 61; 62] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Procurement and Construction} & Prefabrication and Offsite Construction. & [31; 33; 46; 48; 51; 52; 53; 53; 54; 55; 56; 51; 53; 57; 53; 58; 59; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77; 78; 79; 80; 81; 82;