## 6 Conclusions  
The results of this study provide valuable insights into the hydrogeological characteristics and groundwater dynamics of the Urbas landslide area. The groundwater system is influenced by the combination of precipitation infiltration, subsurface inflow from the carbonate recharge area, and the geological heterogeneity of the landslide material. Tracer tests, in combination with groundwater monitoring and pumping tests, reveal a highly complex system of fast, shallow groundwater flows and slower, deep-seated groundwater movement. These results emphasize the importance of both short-term hydrological responses and long-term groundwater storage in shaping landslide stability.  
The results show a clear distinction between fast, shallow groundwater flows and slow, deep flow regimes. Shallow flows dominate during and shortly after precipitation events, contributing to rapid responses, such as the emergence of a spring or localized flooding, particularly where permeable gravel layers meet less permeable fine-grained elastic material. In contrast, slower deep flows provide sustained baseflow conditions during dry periods, ensuring long-term water availability. The results of the tracer test together with isotopic analyses further emphasize the role of the carbonate recharge area in recharging deeper groundwater at higher elevations.  
The geological heterogeneity of the Urbas landslide area, characterized by varying permeability and structural complexity, plays an essential role in shaping groundwater flow patterns. This variability results in local aquifers and springs like the major spring Ui-1, as well as smaller springs, such as Ui-4, which respond differently in different hydrological conditions. These dynamics make the groundwater system highly sensitive to short-term hydrological events and at the same time pose a challenge for the prediction of groundwater behavior as well as the effective management of water resources.  
The results of this study are of crucial importance for understanding the interplay between groundwater dynamics, geological heterogeneity, and hydrological responses in landslide-prone regions. They emphasize the need for comprehensive groundwater monitoring to effectively manage water resources, manage pollution risks, and assess landslide stability under changing climate and recharge conditions. From a practical perspective, these findings have important implications for groundwater management and landslide hazard mitigation. Understanding the interplay between fast and slow groundwater flow allows for more effective planning of drainage measures and early warning systems. Future efforts should consider both short- and longer-term groundwater dynamics in order to improve hydrological resilience and reduce landslide risks in similar complex terrains.  
Conceptualization, L.S.; methodology, L.S. and M.J.; investigation, L.S. and M.J.; writing--original draft preparation, L.S.; writing--review and editing, M.J.; visualization, L.S.; supervision, M.J.; project administration, M.J.; funding acquisition, M.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was conducted in the frame of the post-doctoral research project \"Regional groundwater flow dynamics in alpine carbonate aquifers: mechanisms, boundary conditions and the impact of climate change\" (Z1-50031) and the research program Groundwater and Geochemistry (P1-0020), both funded by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS). Additional financial support was provided by the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Slovenia.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.