# Application of Blockchain Technology in Emergency Management Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis
## 4 Results
### Research Hotspots and Evolution Trend Analysis
#### 4.6.4 In-Depth Analysis of Major Clusters
examined the role of Industry 4.0 enablers in enhancing humanitarian supply chains, emphasizing blockchain as a foundational technology for improving coordination, transparency, and efficiency in emergency logistics [101]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a blockchain-based traceability system designed for cold-chain medicine logistics, focusing on real-time monitoring and ensuring data reliability through advanced multi-sensor data fusion to improve the efficiency and accuracy of emergency medicine management [102]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. applied evolutionary game theory to analyze the dynamics of collaborative transportation for emergency materials, exploring how blockchain infrastructure can address information asymmetry and improve the stability of logistics enterprises' strategies in emergency management [103]. [PERSON] et al. offered a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the use of blockchain in emergency logistics, highlighted key research trends and influential contributors, and advocated for future studies on integrating blockchain with emerging technologies and dynamic modeling in disaster response [49]. Highly cited foundational contributions include [1; 37; 104], which collectively explore the strategic role of blockchain in disaster logistics, cost-effective distribution, and resilience-building in emergency supply chains. Other research has extended this analysis to production resilience and socio-technical systems, reinforcing the relevance of blockchain as a transformative tool in logistics under uncertainty [105; 106]. Collectively, this cluster highlights the growing importance of blockchain-based innovations for overcoming logistical bottlenecks in disaster response and ensuring the integrity and transparency of emergency supply chains. Cluster (#7) includes 17 members and has a high silhouette value of 0.969. This cluster explores the role of blockchain technology in enhancing the resilience, transparency, and efficiency of smart city systems. This cluster demonstrates how blockchain can be a transformative enabler for secure data sharing, citizen participation, and operational efficiency in smart urban environments. The leading cited article outlines a comprehensive vision for integrating smart technologies such as IoT, big data, and blockchain into civil engineering practices, highlighting new professional roles to support the development and management of smart infrastructure in cities [107]. Other notable studies assesd blockchain's feasibility in industrial settings [76] and its application in participatory IoT to improve safety and situational awareness [108]. [PERSON] et al. explored a blockchain-based system using Hyperledger Fabric to enhance the traceability and management of blood donations in smart city healthcare, addressing challenges in supply, demand, and quality control [109]. The most cited foundational works in this cluster include [PERSON] et al. on the fundamentals of blockchain [67], [PERSON] and [PERSON] on blockchain security [68], and [PERSON] et al. on integration with big data [21]. These works establish the technological basis for deploying blockchains in diverse urban systems. The smallest cluster (#8) includes only 12 members and exhibits a high silhouette value of 0.979, indicating strong internal consistency. This cluster investigates the use of blockchain technology to eliminate central points of failure in IoT networks, promoting decentralized, secure, and autonomous system designs. The leading cited article by [PERSON] et al. introduces NetDAO, a blockchain-based architecture that addresses the lack of trust between IoT gateways and sensors by eliminating the need for centralized gateways. NetDAO utilizes a security rating algorithm to assign reputation values to entities and mitigate malicious flooding and data manipulation, ensuring secure packet forwarding through a proof-of-reputation mechanism [110].