## Results  
### Multi-Annual Temporal Patterns of Vegetation Anomalies  
Figure 3 shows the seasonally averaged EVI deviances for Germany including all vegetated land cover types. The colors indicate the season's spring (green), summer (orange), and autumn (violet). Major negative anomalies are visible in 2003, 2006, 2010, 2013, and 2018, with most strong deviations occurring in spring whereas negative effects in the vegetation condition in summer and autumn are only present in 2003 and 2018. The year 2003 has permanent negative EVI anomalies throughout the entire growing season. The vegetation period of 2018 starts with a positive vegetation status compared to the long-term median, and only later in the year, vegetation condition are below average. In Figure 4, monthly EVI deviances are shown in order to exhibit the temporal dynamics of the vegetation condition at finer temporal detail. In 2003 especially the spring and late summer months show negative effects (EVI deviances of \(-0.051\) in March and \(-0.047\) in August, percentage of deviances smaller two stdv of 7% in March and 9% in August), whereas June and October are close to average. The area of EVI variances per month exceeding two standard deviations reveals a relatively similar pattern compared to the monthly anomalies in 2003. There are strong negative anomalies in March and April 2006 and in April 2013; however, the areas of EVI deviances more negative than two standard deviations in these months are smaller compared to the affected areas in August and September of  
Figure 3: Seasonally averaged Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) anomalies for Germany for the years 2000–2018. 2003 and 2018. In April and May 2018, a positive deviation compared to the other years and areas of around 14% with EVI deviations higher than two standard deviations are visible. From June onward, the negative anomaly becomes stronger during summer and autumn (EVI deviance of \(-0.039\) and percentage of deviances smaller two stdv of 10% in September) until November, which shows a slightly positive effect in vegetation status. In particular, in June, the areas exceeding two standard deviations positively and negatively are almost identical, revealing heterogeneous conditions within the vegetated areas in Germany. When only cropland is considered, the patterns are relatively similar (Figure 5), apart from April and May 2018, which show less positive effects than when averaging over all vegetated land cover types (Figure 4). In addition, the year 2011 reveals negative conditions for cropland, in particular in June, when combining the negative deviations from the long-term median and the amount of pixels, which are more negative than two standard deviations. Figure 4: Monthly averaged EVI anomalies for all vegetated land cover types and percentage of pixels with EVI deviances exceeding two standard deviations (pixel-based) positively and negatively per month for Germany for the years 2000–2018 for all vegetated land cover types. Figure 5: Monthly averaged EVI anomalies for cropland and percentage of pixels with EVI deviances exceeding two standard deviations (pixel-based) positively and negatively per month for Germany for the years 2000–2018 for cropland. The pattern for grasslands (Figure 6) is also similar to the overall vegetation class patterns (Figure 4), revealing basically the same months being affected by anomalies. However, August and September 2003 as well as 2018 exhibit stronger negative grassland conditions than for the all vegetation class, which is also clearly visible in the percentage of area with EVI deviations smaller than two standard deviations (percentage of deviances smaller two stdv of 19% in August 2003 and 27% in August 2018). Considering only forested areas, however, leads to a different picture of EVI anomalies (Figure S1). There are minor negative effects visible in the spring months of 2006, 2010, and 2013.