## 4 Results and Discussion  
Using the field process parameters (Table 3), combined with the rolling force model, a rolling simulation analysis of the 2# stand roll was carried out, and the rolling status is presented in Figure 11. Subsequent analysis revealed that 4.2% of the stacking ratio between the 1# stand and the 2# stand was in a state of strong tensile rolling, and\(-\)4.65% of the stacking ratio between the 2# stand and the 3# stand was in a state of strong stacking rolling. Figure 10: Microstructure and morphology of rolled copper rods in different passes. The difference between the stacking ratio of the 2# stand is 8.85%, which is extremely poor. The finite element simulation analysis of hot continuous rolling demonstrated that the strain rate of the copper rod near the two ends of pass increases, the temperature decreases, and the surface damage increases during the rolling process of the 2# rolling mill; therefore, phenomenon of roller sticking is easily produced. The cause of roller sticking is explained by the rolling state. Based on the field data and the established roller sticking model, a rolling interface finite element model was developed. Based on the established finite element model, the normal stress field, temperature field, and bare rate of the copper rod surface in the deformation area were simulated and analyzed. The measurement value and process parameter value of the 2# roll pass were brought into the rolling roller sticking area ratio model, and the calculated value was compared with the field roller sticking area ratio of the 2# stand roll, as shown in Figure 12. The results demonstrate that the maximum contact normal stress is located at the junction of the two outer surfaces of the copper bar at the entrance of the deformation zone, and decreases gradually along the boundary of the contact interface. The maximum surface temperature of the copper bar occurs located at the junction of the two outer surfaces at the entrance of the deformation zone, and the temperature distribution decreases along the rolling direction [39]. The position of the maximum contact normal stress and maximum temperature correspond to those of the roller. Figure 11: Simulation of rolling state of the 2# stand. Figure 12: Simulation analysis of rolling interface state. By investigating the influence of rolling process parameters, it was shown that the roll gap, temperature, roll speed, and lubricant concentration have an important influence on copper sticking to the roll, and that temperature has the greatest influence. Existing studies [39] have effectively solved the problem of copper sticking to rolls controlling the rolling temperature or via technical transformation of the emulsion spray device of the rolling mill. However, the effect was not stable, and copper sticking appeared 24 h later. Based on our research regarding the copper sticking behavior of rollers, we propose that the problem of copper sticking can be improved by adjusting the roller speeds and gap size employed in this process. A prior study [40] simulated the deformation law of copper during the rolling process by establishing a hydrodynamic roll gap model of asymmetric friction conditions during copper hot rolling and its analytical solution, and clarified that the roll gap has an important effect on the plastic deformation of hot rolled copper. The poor rolling condition of the 2# stand copper rod in and out rolling was solved by considering the mechanism of copper sticking. Matching the motor speed to the elongation coefficient was proposed, and the motor speed of 1585 r/min and 1598 r/min were adjusted to 1549 r/min and 1586 r/min, respectively. The copper powder content of the copper rod decreased from 4.5 mg/250 mm to 3.9 mg/250 mm, which effectively improved the quality of the finished copper rod and optimized the copper sticking phenomenon to a certain extent.