## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characterization of Grain Physical Properties  
Table 3 presents the summary of the geometric and gravimetric properties of wheat kernels (_Triticum aestivum_ L.) cv. 'Pionier' at moisture content of 0.123 \(\pm\) 0.001 kg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) d.b.  
It can be discerned from Table 3 that a low standard deviation was exhibited from geometric properties, indicating that data were tightly clustered around the mean value. The length \(L\), width \(W\) and thickness \(T\) were found to be consistent with the literature, with values falling within 5.78-7.45 mm, 2.36-3.93 mm, 2.56-3.27 mm reported by [PERSON] [46], [PERSON] et al. [47], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [48] and [PERSON] et al. [49] for other wheat varieties but similar moisture contents. Therefore, the shape-dependent properties such as arithmetic diameter \(d_{a}\), geometric diameter \(d_{g}\), equivalent diameter \(d_{e}\), aspect ratio \(R_{a}\), sphericity \(\vartheta\), surface area \(A\) and unit volume \(V\) were also in conformity with the same literature. However, kernel dimensions were slightly larger than those reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12], [PERSON] [50], [PERSON] et al. [51] and [PERSON] et al. [52], which can be attributed to differences in sample origin, cultivar, specific growth conditions and moisture contents. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [53], on the other hand, reported lower values for width and thickness for similar kernel lengths, resulting in a lower aspect ratio \(R_{a}\) and sphericity \(\vartheta\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Properties** & **Unit** & **Value** \\ \hline Length \(L\) & mm & 6.87 \(\pm\) 0.25 \\ Width \(W\) & mm & 3.75 \(\pm\) 0.22 \\ Thickness \(T\) & mm & 3.11 \(\pm\) 0.17 \\ Arithmetic diameter \(d_{a}\) & mm & 4.57 \(\pm\) 0.15 \\ Geometric diameter \(d_{g}\) & mm & 4.30 \(\pm\) 0.15 \\ Equivalent diameter \(d_{e}\) & mm & 4.49 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ Aspect ratio \(R_{a}\) & - & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ Sphericity \(\vartheta\) & \% & 62.72 \(\pm\) 1.94 \\ Surface area \(A\) & mm\({}^{2}\) & 64.06 \(\pm\) 5.42 \\ Volume \(V\) & mm\({}^{3}\) & 41.95 \(\pm\) 4.34 \\ Unit mass \(m\) & g & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ Bulk density \(\rho_{b0}\) & kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\) & 782.46 \(\pm\) 6.68 \\ Solid density \(\rho_{s}\) & kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\) & 1351.40 \(\pm\) 4.62 \\ Pore volume \(\varepsilon_{0}\) & - & 0.421 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Geometric and gravimetric properties of wheat (_Triticum aestivum_ L.) cv. ’Pionier’.  
In addition, the gravimetric properties are presented in Table 3. Due to the larger kernel dimensions, a larger unit mass \(m\) was observed compared to values reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) and [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018). The values of bulk density \(\rho_{b0}\), solid density \(\rho_{s}\) and pore volume \(\varepsilon_{0}\) were found to be in decent agreement with values reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) and [PERSON] (2018). However, higher values of bulk density \(\rho_{b0}\) and pore volume \(\varepsilon_{0}\) were observed compared to [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), which can be ascribed to the cultivar and/or kernel moisture content, as well as container volume, size, quantity of impurities, filling procedure and filling height and rate, which in turn affected the bulk packing in the container ([PERSON], 2018; [PERSON], 2018). In contrast to [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), lower values of bulk density \(\rho_{b0}\) were obtained, resulting in a higher pore volume \(\varepsilon_{0}\) for similar solid density \(\rho_{s}\).