# Plant-Derived Phytobiotics as Emerging Alternatives to Antibiotics Against Foodborne Pathogens
## 5 Phytobiotics in Practical Applications
Naringenin, 5-methoxy-poralen, and licarin A were found to inhibit the AcrAB-ToC efflux pump, a key component in antibiotic resistance in _S. enterica_[256]. Methanolic extract and essential oil from _Nigella sativa_ (black seed) also exhibited potent activity against resistant _S. enterica_ strains, with the methanolic extract showing lower MIC values and larger inhibition zones compared to the essential oil [257]. Plants such as _Adhatoda vasica_, _Amananthus hybridus_, and _Aloe barbadensis_ have shown high efficacy against multidrug-resistant _S. Typhi_ serotypes [258]. Furthermore, _Anacardium occidentale_, _Artemisia afra_, _Detarium microcarpum_, and _Detarium senegalense_ displayed both antibacterial and antibofilm activity against _S. enterica_, with _A. afra_ and _D. senegalense_ being particularly effective [259]. _Listeria monocytogenes_, notable for its ability to proliferate under refrigeration conditions, also demonstrates sensitivity to phytobiotics. Rosemary extract has been shown to exert strong antimicrobial activity against this microorganism [252], while sumac extract has exhibited bacteriostatic effects [229]. A nanoemulsion of eugenol was found to significantly inhibit biofilm formation and fully eradicate mature biofilms of _L. monocytogenes_ strains (Scott A and AT19115) at both 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The mode of action involved suppression of cell motility, EPS, and extracellular DNA production, as well as quorum sensing activity [260]. Additionally, extracts from processed cranberry pomace have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against _L. monocytogenes_, attributed to high levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The observed effects were primarily due to membrane damage and disruption of transmembrane transport [261]. Rosmarinic acid, ascorbic acid, and essential oils from thyme and clove significantly reduced _L. monocytogenes_ growth in artificially contaminated soft cheese over a 4-week period. The mechanism of action included membrane disruption and interference with intracellular processes [262]. _L. monocytogenes_ exhibits susceptibility to various phytobiotics, not only in vitro but also in vivo. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), carvacrol (CR), and thymol improved survival in _Galleria mellonella_ larvae infected with _L. monocytogenes_, with CR and TC being most effective. Their mechanism involved activation of host genes responsible for antimicrobial peptide production [263]. Methanolic extracts from _Allium cepa_ (onion) and _Zing higher officinal_ (ginger) also demonstrated strong activity against _L. monocytogenes_, in part by binding and inhibiting the virulence factor listeriolysin O [264]. Dehydrocorydaline, a compound isolated from _Corydalis turschaninovii_, exhibited potent antibacterial activity at low MIC and MBC values, inhibiting biofilm formation and bacterial motility through disruption of carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall synthesis pathways [265].Extracts from _Psoralae senen_ (Bogolji) and _Sophorae radix_ (Gosam) showed strong antilisterial properties, with Bogolji being particularly effective. These extracts remained stable under various conditions and exhibited low cytotoxicity [266]. The anaerobic foodborne pathogen _C. perfringens_ is also susceptible to phytobiotic interventions. Ethanolic leaf extract of _Eucalyptus globulus_ showed strong antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant _C. perfringens_ type D, with an inhibition zone of 14.6 mm and an MIC of 1500 \(\upmu\)g/mL. Notably, the extract also enhanced the efficacy of the antibiotic ceftrixarone [267]. Extracts from _Artemisia annua_, especially dichloromethane and hexane fractions, exhibited antimicrobial activity against _C. perfringens_, with MIC values of 185 and 270 \(\upmu\)g/mL, respectively. Active compounds identified included ponticapoxide and chrysosplenol D [268]. Compounds isolated from _Humulus lupulus_ (hops)--such as xanthohumol, lupulone, and humulone--displayed antimicrobial activity against _C.