## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cytotoxic Activity  
Several studies have explored kale sprouts' effects on cell viability, apoptosis induction, and metabolic activity. A study on selenium-fortified kale and kohlrabi sprouts found that while selenium enrichment enhanced nutritional value, it did not significantly change the cytotoxic activity of the sprouts [43]. Selenium-enriched Chinese kale seedlings exhibited cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), and HepG2 (liver) cancer cells, inducing apoptosis and reducing cell viability [44]. Additionally, kale and lupine sprouts showed protective effects against hepatotoxicity in rats exposed to CCl4, likely due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a potential detoxifying role [45]. As sprouts are edible elements of the human diet, we decided to direct our study on the panel of human colon cells, comprising cancer cells, differing in their metastatic potential, and also normal epithelial colon cells (CCD 841 CoN). This was to give the answer to whether the \(\gamma\)-PGA-treated sprouts of kale and lupin can reveal chemopre potential towards colon cancer, and can be safe for normal colon cells. The colon cancer cells used in the study included highly aggressive HCT116 colon carcinoma cells; [PERSON]'s type C adenocarcinoma DLD-1 cells, with the potential to lymph node metastasis; and colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells, originating from a primary tumor. The most noticeable difference in cytotoxicity was seen in 6-day-old kale sprouts. For DLD-1 cells, the addition of \(\gamma\)-PGA led to a notable increase in cell viability by 42.1% in KS6_0.01%PGA and by 43.9% in KS6_0.05%PGA, indicating a substantial reduction in cytotoxic activity. A similar \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline
**Tested Group of Sprouts** & \begin{tabular}{c} **DPPH** \\ **(uM TEACG day)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **FRAP** \\ **(uM/Fe\({}^{2}\)/g day)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **TRC** \\ **(Polyphenols, nyg/g day)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline L3 & 12.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 s & 25.2 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 14 \(\pm\) 0.6 s \\ L4 & 7.0 \(\pm\) 0.3 s & 17.9 \(\pm\) 0.5 s & 9.8 \(\pm\) 0.5 s \\ L5 & 6.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 s & 14.7 \(\pm\) 0.6 s & 9.4 \(\pm\) 0.4 s \\ L6 & 6.6 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 14.9 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 9.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 s \\ L7 & 10.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 25.0 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 12 \(\pm\) 0.7 s \\ L8 & 11.4 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 25.2 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 129 \(\pm\) 0.8 s \\ L9 & 10.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 19.3 \(\pm\) 0.5 s & 11.7 \(\pm\) 0.2 s \\ K1 & 38.0 \(\pm\) 0.5 s,b & 102.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 s & 13.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 s \\ K2 & 61.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 s & 151.8 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 20.5 \(\pm\) 1.1 s \\ K3 & 54.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 s,b & 157.7 \(\pm\) 0.4 s & 19.1 \(\pm\) 14 s \\ K4 & 39.8 \(\pm\) 0.5 s & 97.2 \(\pm\) 3.0 & 146.6 \(\pm\) 1.0 s \\ K5 & 43.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 s & 105.3 \(\pm\) 1.9 & 157.7 \(\pm\) 0.8 s \\ K6 & 63.6 \(\pm\) 0.4 s & 181.8 \(\pm\) 12 s & 23.3 \(\pm\) 0.9 s \\ K7 & 44.2 \(\pm\) 0.6 s & 108.4 \(\pm\) 12 s & 157 \(\pm\) 0.8 s \\ K8 & 31.5 \(\pm\) 0.9 s & 74.8 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 114.4 \(\pm\) 0.4 s \\ K9 & 48.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 s & 117.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 165 \(\pm\) 0.3 s \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._trend was observed in HCT-116 cells, where viability increased by 21.3 in KS6_0.01%PGA and by 25.8% in KS6_0.05%PGA, suggesting weakened cytotoxicity. For HT-29 cells, the changes were less pronounced. In general, kale sprouts exerted a more profound cytotoxic effect (Figure 1) to the examined cancer cell lines, as compared to lupine sprouts (Figure 2), although the latter were treated with a higher concentration of PGA. This may suggest that PGA treatment is not beneficial in terms of the enhancement of the cytotoxic effect. Interestingly, a different cellular response was noted for the tested sprouts, as in the case of kale sprouts, where HT29 cells were most resistant, while for lupine sprouts, the weakest effect was observed for DLD-1 cells. The obtained effects were significantly weaker, as compared to doxorubicin, used as a reference standard, with IC\({}_{50}\) in a range from 1 to 4.1 \(\upmu\)g/mL.