esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Hydration, Setting and Crack-Resistance Properties of Activated HVFACs at Early Stages
## 3 Experimental Results and Observation
### Microstructure Analyses  
The microstructure of concrete is very significant to the strength and durability properties of concrete. Figure 13 shows the SEM pictures of the FACs using different FA contents or AC dosages. The result shows that the control concrete has a compact internal structure because more hydration production can be provided from the PC hydration reaction. This is very helpful for the early strength development of concrete, but the hydration heat should be paid attention to in this concrete, as described previously. When FA replaced 50% of PC or more, many un-hydrated FA particles and less hydration production were observed. At the same time, the concretes using 50% or more FA present low compactness, large porosity and some micro-cracks, which then all affect the strength development of the concrete. In particular, when the FA content was 70% of PC, the hydration degree of the system is significantly lower than the control one, and many raw fly ashes exist as separate particles, so a loose internal structure was provided. On the other hand, when FACs used 20%-40% FA, the Pozzolanic and micro-aggregate effects of FA make FACs obtain a complete hydration reaction and high compactness internal structures when FA increases. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of the packaging of FA particles, when the FA content was controlled to be less than 30% of PC, many hydration productions can wrap the FA particles well, which makes concrete obtain a compact internal structures and good strength development. In addition, when HVFAs (FA = 50% of PC) were activated by AC Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), with the increase of AC Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), concrete compactness, hydration production and the wrapping degree of FA particles all have been improved. However, when the dosage of Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) exceeds 1.5% of PC, the internal porosity of concrete increases strikingly, which affects the development of concrete strength and durability. Based on the above analyses, to obtain a better early strength and properties, the application ratios of FA and AC Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) should be designed as up to about 40% and 1.5% of PC, respectively. This design method can be called a stable utilization zone of FA in concretes. Comparing to this, when using more FA in concrete, such as 50% of PC, a potential utilization zone of FAC activated by the chemical agent is expected in future research.  
Figure 12: Effect of the mass of FA and dosage of AC (Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)) on crack width.
## 4 Experiment Design
### Experiment  
In such experiments, we considered the following elements: (a) factors (QoS parameters), (b) response (QoE associated with the video), (c) sample size and (d) number of tests. The type of experimental design that satisfies the requirements is a response surface methodology (RSM). To determine the type and number of videos (runs) to be performed, a central composite design (CCD) with three factors with an alpha (\(\alpha\)) equal to two was selected. The alpha value was selected so that the QoS values for each video were integers that could speed up the configuration of test.  
The CCD is a factorial or fractioned factorial design with three types of points (factorial portion, axial points and central points) [39]. These elements must be related to the quality  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**MOS** & **C00** & **I00** & **B00** \\ \hline
5.0 & \(\geq\)2.3969 & \(\geq\)0 and \(<\)1.38 & \(\geq\)0 and 5.279 \\
4.0 & \(\geq\)3.3146 and \(<\)8.8325 & \(\geq\)1.38 and \(<\)3.00 & \(\geq\)5.279 and \(<\)7.8857 \\
3.0 & \(\geq\)8.8325 and \(<\)10.1588 & \(\geq\)3.00 and \(<\)3.71 & \(\geq\)7.8857 and \(>\)9.3556 \\
2.0 & \(\geq\)10.1588 and \(<\)0.8856 & \(\geq\)3.71 and \(<\)4.59 & \(\geq\)9.3556 and \(<\)9.9935 \\
1.0 & \(\geq\)10.8856 & \(\geq\)4.59 & \(\geq\)9.9935 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Ranges for each type of video.  
Figure 2: Environmental natural disaster-type videos.  
of services (QoS) parameters used in CCD, such as the delay, jitter and packet loss as these are the parameters that most affect the quality of video [40].
# Inland Water Level Monitoring from Satellite Observations:
## 2 Methodological Framework
### Selection Criteria  
The initial perusal of the citations indicated that the search strategy had picked up a high number of irrelevant studies. This highlights the importance of defining terminology at the outset of the scoping study. Thus, our scoping study adopted inclusion and exclusion criteria, based on the specific research question. These criteria were defined at the beginning of the analysis and before the selection process, ensuring the thematic consistency of the analysis, as well as the reduction of bias [46]. Then, the research team applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria to all scientific papers during the full-text screening process. The final consensus among all researchers needed to be reached before each publication was finally included. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented below:  
Inclusion criteria:  
1. Peer-reviewed scientific journals, proceedings, and review papers have to be published between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2022;
2. Publications must be written in the English language;
3. Publications encompass data from satellite missions with in-situ sensors or other spaceborne missions for the validation/assessment of the proposed methods;
4. Studies that include statistical accuracy metrics for the validation/assessment of the performances of satellite missions. Exclusion criteria:  
1. Publications that are not mainly oriented in inland water level monitoring but generally in the water cycle, water dynamics (such as water volume variations, surface water extent, and river discharge), or in hydrologic/hydrodynamic models of a river;
2. Any article that is mainly oriented in sea surface, coastal, or ocean water level monitoring, and not in inland water level monitoring;
3. Exclusion of publications that do not calculate water level heights but are focused only on the analysis of a satellite mission.
## 1 Introduction
The cubature principle is the basis of CKF, and it computes the first and second order moments of the finite cubature points through nonlinear propagation, and then estimates the posterior probability density of the nonlinear system. As a typical deterministic sampling filtering algorithm, CKF has fewer sampling points and better numerical stability [41]. As the mixed probability of IMM interaction varies with time, the interaction process is described by nonlinear equations, and the cubature principle in CKF is used to estimate the probability density function of a random variable after the interaction. To address the single model filtering precision problem, a new adaptive matrix gene is used in UKF together with the IMM method, to balance the contribution of the state and filtering results in the presence of sensor faults. This paper develops a new efficient IMM-UKF algorithm for maneuvering target tracking, which addresses the non-Gaussian distribution problem and sensor faults. The IMM-UKF filtering problem is described for maneuvering target tracking with the occurrence of sensor faults. For IMM-UKF external links, the cubature principle (CP) is introduced to IMM to approximate the probability density of the random variable in the interaction, and the precision of the approximation is analyzed, which contributes to CP-assisted IMM (CPIMM). For IMM-UKF internal links, an adaptive matrix gene is integrated into traditional UKF to balance the contribution of the system state and provides filtering solutions, which is called a new adaptive UKF (NAUKF). Simulation and experiment results showed that the proposed cubature principle assisted IMM-adaptive UKF algorithm (CPIMM-NAUKF) hashigh filtering precision and fast convergence, and achieves better tracking performance than the existing IMM-UKF. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The IMM-UKF filtering problem is described in Section 2. The CPIMM-NAUKF is developed in Section 3. Simulations and practical experiments comparing performance are conducted in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions are provided in Section 5.
## 4 Discussion and Analysis  
### Performance of Friction Pairs with Different Materials  
#### 4.1.1 Friction Coefficient  
Figure 4 shows the variations of the friction coefficient of the 1-A1 and 1-A2 groups with the rotational speed and running time. The friction coefficient range and average friction coefficient are listed in Table 5 for 1-A1 and 1-A2 groups under 100-300 rpm. The friction coefficients of both groups were decreased by an increase in rotational speed. In addition, the variations of the friction coefficient of the two groups gradually changed from being strong to being weak with the running time, which indicated that at the beginning of the contact, the surface morphology of the friction pairs needed to undergo a mutual matching process in order to improve the resistance formed by the interactions of the asperities on the surface of the friction pair and the attraction between the atoms. Therefore, as the test running time increased, the friction coefficient between the friction pairs was decreased gradually and tended to be stable. The comparison of the friction coefficient in the 1-A1 and 1-A2 groups showed that the friction coefficient of the 1-A1 group was lower and was mostly less than 0.1, and the real-time variation amplitudes of the friction coefficient were also exceedingly small because M120D is a self-lubricating graphite material.
## 4 Fabrication, Measurement Results, and Comparison  
Figure 14 shows an image of the fabricated prototype antenna. The magnified views within the red and black dotted boxes illustrate the realized hologram pattern using Jerusalem cross-shaped unit cells. To verify the results of the simulation, we fabricated a prototype antenna using the PCB process with a tolerance of 10 microns.  
Figure 15 shows the comparison between the simulated and measured S-parameters of the proposed HA, which were measured using an ANRITSU MS4644B vector network analyzer. The reflection coefficients for each polarization were less than \(-10\) dB in the range of 21-27 GHz. In addition, the ports were isolated by approximately 40 dB, confirming the consistency between the simulated and measured results.  
Figure 14: Photographs of the fabricated antenna.  
Figure 13: Simulated radiation patterns on XZ- and YZ-planes.  
In addition, Figure 16 exhibits the measured radiation patterns of the proposed HA. The solid lines represent co-polarized radiation patterns and the dashed lines represent cross-polarized radiation patterns, respectively. The maximum gain in the radiation direction was varied with frequency by exploiting the frequency scanning capability. For the fabricated prototype antenna, the frequency response was shifted by approximately 1 GHz. Restimulations with different permittivity values revealed that the frequency was slightly shifted by the tolerances of the commercial dielectric substrate. In addition, the bonding materials between each substrate affected the effective permittivity. The proposed HA scans continuously from the forward-to-backward direction. In each plane, the radiation patterns are shown with the same patterns and directions. Radiation patterns varied from \(+18^{\circ}\) to \(-25^{\circ}\) over the range of 21-27 GHz. However, when the beam scans to the broadside, the open stopband phenomenon slightly degraded the gain of the antenna compared to other frequencies. Nonetheless, the degradation of the realized gain was less than 2 dB, rendering the continuous scan within a 2-dB gain variation possible. Over the measured frequency range of 21-27 GHz, the realized gain of the proposed HA was found to exceed 18.5 dBi. The radiation patterns were similar in \(x\)-polarization and \(y\)-polarization.  
Figure 16: Measured radiation patterns on XZ- and YZ-planes.  
Figure 15: Comparison between simulated and measured S-parameters.  
As a result, the proposed HA realizes a dual-polarized radiation pattern and high isolation between each polarization. The proposed dual-polarized HA has a compact size and a wide scanning range with continuous scanning compared to previous studies, as summarized in Table 1.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Validation of Long-Range Sound Propagations without Ambient Flow  
This validation case considers the idealized long-range sound propagation without any moving medium or temperature gradient effects. The terrain contains a flat and acoustically soft surface with a total length of 200 m. The flow resistivity of a grassland are usually in range from 100 kPa \(\cdot\) s \(\cdot\) m\({}^{-2}\) to 300 kPa \(\cdot\) s \(\cdot\) m\({}^{-2}\). The absorbing ground surfaces in the current simulation has a flow resistivity of 250 kPa \(\cdot\) s \(\cdot\) m\({}^{-2}\). The ANSource locates at \(x=0\) m, \(z=0.5\) m and the receiver at \(x=200\) m, \(z=1.5\) m. The current results are compared with the data presented in reference [22] where either measured data or data obtained from other models are available. The sound transmission losses over 200 m are  
Figure 2: Demonstration of grids in the plane of propagation utilized in the simulations.  
shown in Figure 3 where the selected frequencies in the 1/3-octave band are gathered. At very low frequencies, i.e., \(f\) = 20 Hz and \(f\) = 40 Hz, the RSPL \(\Delta L\) is increased with the propagation distance. At higher frequencies, \(\Delta L\) gradually decreases along the propagation distance. The \(\Delta L\) values at 200 m are compared in Figure 4 which shows that there is a large propagation loss between 400 Hz and 1000 Hz. The present simulation agrees with the reference data and the simulation obtained from the Nord2000 commercial model [23].
## 4 Proposed Solution
### Merkle Tree  
A Merkle tree is mainly a hash tree that is constructed similarly to a binary tree based on a cryptographic hash function. In the Merkle hast tree, every node is represented as a hash of the data stored such that a Node = h(data). If a node has two child nodes, it is represented as a combination of left and right child nodes such as Node\({}_{\text{x}}\) = Node\({}_{\text{x(left)}}\) + Node\({}_{\text{x(right)}}\). Therefore, the value of the parent node is satisfied with the collective hash values of its both children nodes such as Node\({}_{\text{x(parent)}}\) = h (Node\({}_{\text{x(left)}}\) | | (Node\({}_{\text{x(right)}}\)). The Merkle hash tree brings along different benefits: (1) _Reduced Storage Cost_: The storage server is capable of verifying the authenticity and integrity of data without using the whole data content [33], (2) _Reduced Network I/O_. A small amount of data and proof is enough to check data consistency and verification [33]. (3) _Efficiency_. The Merkle tree is efficient enough to aggregate all the hash values of individual nodes into a single root value [33].  
The proposed system works as mentioned in these steps:  
Step 1: CA initializes the system.  
Step 2: Prover/Vehicle requests CA for registration. Every user and vehicle needs to have a registered identity.  
Step 3: Prover/Vehicle receives credentials from CA that help it to generate a zk-proof and send the proof to CA for authentication.  
Step 4: CA verifies proof and aborts the authentication request if incorrect and authentication fails. Otherwise, CA generates a signature and sends it to the vehicle. User identification is stored on a Merkle tree in a blockchain.  
Step 5: The blockchain sends authentication information of the vehicle to nearby RSUs.  
Step 6: Vehicle i sends a message to vehicle j.  
Step 7: Vehicle j signals nearby RSU to ensure if communicating vehicle i is authenticated.  
Step 8: RSU responds with either a yes or no message. If authentication is True, vehicle i will start communicating with vehicle j, and the communication will be saved as a transaction by RSU monitoring the communication. The transaction will be stored on blockchain and will be distributed within the blockchain network for an update to check for a malicious data exchange.
## 3 Result  
### Analysis of EDEM Simulation Results for the Separation Process  
By comparing the material distributions in the receiving box at different rotational speeds, it can be observed that the rotational speed exerts a significant impact on the screening rate of raisins and adhered foreign objects, with the separation process illustrated in Figure 21.  
In terms of quantitative analysis, the separation rate of raisins from adhered foreign objects at different rotational speeds was evaluated by counting the number of raisin particles and adhered foreign objects in the collection bin after simulation, as presented in Table 7. At 200 r/min, the separation module demonstrated suboptimal performance, with most adhered foreign objects remaining ineffectively separated. A positive correlation between separation rate and rotational speed was observed. When operating at 400 r/min, the separation performance improved with increased dissociation of adhered foreign objects, though partial adhesion persisted. At 600 r/min, the separation rate became significant, characterized by complete dissociation of most foreign objects and absence of visibly contaminated raisins in the collection bin. However, at 800 r/min, despite maintaining a high separation rate, excessive rotational speed induced shearing between materials and separation components at the discharge outlet, resulting in material damage and elevated risk of raisin breakage.  
The optimal separation performance was achieved at 600 r/min, yielding a 99.53% separation rate with only 0.47% residual adhered foreign objects.  
Figure 21: Separation processes corresponding to different rotational speeds.  
In comprehensive analysis, the separation rate between raisins and adhered foreign object was inadequate at lower rotational speeds, resulting in a low separation rate of adhered foreign object. As the rotational speed increased to 400 r/min, the separation performance improved significantly, accompanied by an elevated separation rate of adhered foreign object. Further increasing the speed to 600 r/min achieved optimal separation conditions, where the majority of adhered foreign object could be effectively separated. However, when the rotational speed exceeded 600 r/min, although the separation rate of adhered foreign object remained high, excessively high speeds elevated the risk of raisin damage. Therefore, a rotational speed of 600 r/min was identified as the optimal parameter.
# The Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Paclitaxel-Loaded Nanoparticles Based on PLGA
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Thermal Properties  
DSC studies were carried out for the polymer matrix that was (a) non-irradiated, (b) \(\gamma\)-irradiated, and (c) irradiated with EB by using a Q200 apparatus (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). The measurements were performed in a heating/cooling/heating cycle from \(-50\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C and at a heating/cooling rate of 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C min\({}^{-1}\). The samples were placed in closed aluminum pans under a constant nitrogen flow. The characteristic temperatures of the occurring crystallization and melting processes were determined as the maximum or minimum of the exothermal (crystallization) and endothermal (melting) processes (\(T_{c}\), \(T_{\text{m}}\), \(T_{\text{min}}\)).  
The crystalline phase content (\(X_{c}\)) was calculated based on the enthalpy values (Equation (1)) determined from the first heating run:  
\[X_{c}=\frac{\Delta H_{m}-\Delta H_{c}}{\sum_{i}(W_{i}\times\Delta H_{mi,100\%})} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Delta H_{m}\) and \(\Delta H_{c}\) are the enthalpies of melting and cold crystallization, respectively; \(W_{i}\) is the weight fraction of the co-monomeric units in the polymer; and \(\Delta H_{mi,100\%}\) is the enthalpy of melting for 100% crystalline polymer, which is set at 106 J g\({}^{-1}\) (polylactide) [22] and 191 J g\({}^{-1}\) (polyly glycolide) [23].  
Glass transition was determined based on DSC curves recorded during the second heating run when the polymer was already stabilized, mainly because the glass transition was difficult to isolate from other processes occurring during the first heating.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Cell Culture and Sample Preparations  
We selected a cervical cancer (HeLa) cell as a target specimen because the cervical cancer cell is the most commonly employed specimen for in vitro carcinoma studies and has a high chemical/drug resistance. The cervical cancer cell line was established from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). The cervical cancer cells were cultured in 25 mm\({}^{2}\) T-flask (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) using Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen). A conventional cell culture incubator (MCO-19 AIC, Panasonic, Osaka, Japan) was employed to give appropriate conditions (37 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature and 5% CO\({}_{2}\) concentration) for maintaining viability of the cervical cancer cells.  
To move the cervical cancer cells in a microfluidic cell culture flow chamber (\(\mu\)-Slide I Luer, Ibidi GmbH, Martinsried, Germany) with a customized attachable water tank, 200 \(\mu\)L cervical cells-culture media complex with a concentration of 4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) cells/mL was injected in the cell culture flow chamber. The cell culture flow chamber with the cervical cancer cells was flipped for the attachment of cells on the upper surface and the cells were cultured for 3 h in the incubator. After the cell attachment process, the chamber was re-flipped and the cell culture medium in the chamber was exchanged. Then, the chamber was stored for 24 h in the incubator to stabilize cultured cervical cancer cells.  
To acquire fluorescence images of Ca\({}^{2+}\) flux and its changes, Fura-2 AM (F1221, Invitrogen) was loaded to the cervical cancer cells cultured in the cell culture flow chamber. The detailed procedures were as follows. First of all, 1 mL of Fura-2 AM staining solution was produced by mixing 5 \(\mu\)L of Fura-2 AM with a concentration of 1 mM, 1 \(\mu\)L of PluronicDetergent (P6686, Invitrogen), and 995 \(\upmu\)L of DMEM without a fetal bovine serum. Next, 200 \(\upmu\)L of the staining solution was induced in the flow chamber with cervical cancer cells and stored for 1 h in the incubator. After the procedure of Fura-2 AM staining to the cells, the staining solution was washed out four times by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Invitrogen) and 200 \(\upmu\)L of the cell culture medium was supplied.  
Also, we applied PI to test a feasibility estimation of drug delivery in cervical cancer cells by ultrasound-microbubble cavitation. PI is one of the fluorescent indicators of cells to evaluate cell viability and it is not permeable to cervical cancer cells because a plasma membrane of the cancer cells blocks PI binding to nucleic acids. For this reason, increasing fluorescence signals of PI indicates a sonoporation by the ultrasound-microbubble cavitation, which can deliver PI into the cervical cancer cell. PI purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Carlsbad, CA, United States) and PI with a concentration of 5 \(\upmu\)M were employed in the culture media before experiments.