## 3 Results
### Examining the Novelty/Contribution Claims Associated with the Three-Topic Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{34.1 pt} p{341.4 pt}} \hline
**Degree of Association to Topic 3** & **Claims Associated with Topic 2: Novel Photonic Metamaterial Applications** \\ \hline
0.958 & An important novelty in this design is compensation of the index mismatch and loss at the junction between two coupler sections with different grating geometries, i.e., the segmented section and the section with the gaps partially filled with narrow silicon segments. \\ \hline
0.958 & In this paper to the best of our knowledge we demonstrate for the first time a practical realization of a novel ultra-fast all-optical interferometric sampling/switching device based on photonic nanowire and subwavelength grating waveguides placed in the Mach-Zehnder geometry capable of all-optical picosecond sampling and switching. \\ \hline
0.958 & We experimentally demonstrated and analysed a novel ultrafast all-optical nonlinear Mach-Zehnder interferometric switching device, the MZIS which is based on the combination of subwavelength grating waveguide and wire waveguide. The device is capable of performing all-optical picosecond switching. \\ \hline
0.958 & In this review we discuss how bringing metamaterials into optical waveguide technologies and on-chip architectures provides new degrees of freedom to control the flow of light in integrated photonic devices. \\ \hline  & In summary, we have proposed and investigated a novel method to achieve a compact and fabrication tolerant polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) using a subwavelength grating (SWG) structure. The PSR comprises a silicon wire waveguide coupled to a SWG waveguide. The fabrication tolerance is improved by engineering the equivalent refractive index of the SWG waveguide. \\ \hline
0.948 & This compact SWG structure is among the smallest yet efficient couplers reported, and further reduction in length appears feasible. \\ \hline
0.948 & We propose a novel method to implement a compact and fabrication-tolerant polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The PSR consists of a silicon wire waveguide coupled to a subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide in an asymmetrical directional coupler. \\ \hline
0.904 & By exploiting the dispersive properties of sub-wavelength gratings for the first time, we have designed a directional coupler that exhibits a fivefold bandwidth enhancement compared to conventional directional couplers. Our approach yields a compact device and does not deteriorate the coupler’s phase response. \\ \hline
0.903 & We report on the experimental demonstration and analysis of a new waveguide principle using subwavelength gratings. Unlike other periodic waveguides such as line-defects in a 2D photonic crystal lattice, a subwavelength grating waveguide confines the light as a conventional index-guided structure and does not exhibit optically resonant behaviour. \\ \hline
0.901 & In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a remarkably efficient AR effect is exhibited by monolithic GRIN SWG structures on SOI ridge waveguide facets, fabricated using standard patterning and etching techniques at the wafer scale. \\ \hline
0.897 & To our knowledge, this is the highest efficiency with minimal wavelength and polarization dependence yet reported for a microphotonic coupler. Furthermore, the SWG coupler exhibits a high tolerance to the feature size variations that may arise from limited accuracy of lithography and etching. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._A visual examination of the claims will demonstrate their thematic relevance to each specific topic. It is worth pointing out that the topic modeling results enabled an interpretation that was quite intuitive given the specific nature of the invention. This is another indication that topic modeling could be considered a valuable semantic technology that could enhance the application of ANT in the context of scientific inventions.