## 4 Proposed Snake Optimizer
### Pseudocode and Operational Flow
Figure 12: Spectrum utilization efficiency, collision rate, and spectral capacity across 10 runs for Scenario 1 with 100 iterations. Figure 14 presents a histogram of the final fitness values achieved in Scenario 2 after 30 iterations. The histogram reveals that the majority of the optimization runs yield a fitness value concentrated between 11.4 and 12.4. A smaller cluster of runs shows a lower fitness range between 10.6 and 11.4. This distribution suggests that while the optimizer consistently reaches high fitness values, there is some variability in the final outcomes across different runs. Figure 15 displays the performance metrics across 10 different runs for Scenario 2 after 30 iterations. The spectrum utilization efficiency is notably high, with most runs achieving close to 100% efficiency. However, there are slight variations, particularly in the collision rate, where run 7 experiences a peak of 0.15, indicating occasional conflicts in channel allocation. Despite this, the spectral capacity remains steady across all runs, suggesting that the optimization process maintains a stable and effective use of the available spectrum. Figure 4:0 Histogram of final fitness values for SO in Scenario 2 after 30 iterations. Figure 4:1 Mean best fitness value of SO for Scenario 2 with 30 iterations. Figure 16 illustrates the best fitness value (mean) for Scenario 2 over 50 iterations. The fitness value starts at approximately 10.2 and rises sharply within the first 15 iterations to around 11.6, where it remains consistent for the rest of the iterations. This early plateau suggests that SO efficiently finds a near-optimal solution within the first third of the iteration count, maintaining this fitness level thereafter. Figure 17 provides a histogram of the final fitness values after 50 iterations in Scenario 2. The histogram shows a significant clustering of values between 11.6 and 12.4, with fewer runs achieving fitness values between 10.4 and 11.4. This distribution indicates a successful convergence of most runs towards higher fitness levels, reflecting the optimizer's effectiveness in this scenario. Figure 4:2 Mean best fitness value of SO for Scenario 2 with 50 iterations. Figure 4:3 Spectrum utilization efficiency, collision rate, and spectral capacity across 10 runs for Scenario 2 with 30 iterations. Figure 18 shows the performance metrics across 10 runs for Scenario 2 after 50 iterations. The spectrum utilization efficiency remains consistently high across all runs, indicating the optimizer's effectiveness in managing spectrum resources. The collision rate is low, with a notable exception in run 6 where a slight increase is observed. The spectral capacity remains stable across all runs, indicating that the optimization process consistently maximizes the available spectral resources. Figure 19 depicts the best fitness value (mean) for Scenario 2 over 100 iterations. The fitness value starts at around 10.2 and increases sharply to 11.8 within the first 20 iterations. This value remains stable for the rest of the iterations, indicating that SO quickly converges

Figure 4:4 Histogram of final fitness values for SO in Scenario 2 after 50 iterations. Figure 4:5 Spectrum utilization efficiency, collision rate, and spectral capacity across 10 runs for Scenario 2 with 50 iterations. to an optimal solution, maintaining this level of performance for the majority of the iteration count. Figure 20 presents a histogram of the final fitness values for Scenario 2 after 100 iterations. The histogram shows that the final fitness values are heavily clustered between 11.6 and 12.4, with a small number of runs achieving fitness values between 10.4 and 11.4. This distribution reflects a strong convergence towards higher fitness levels, showcasing the optimizer's robustness in this extended iteration scenario. Figure 21 displays the performance metrics for Scenario 2 after 100 iterations across 10 different runs. The spectrum utilization efficiency is high across all runs, with slight variations but generally consistent performance.