esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Algorithm of Haze Identification Based on FY3D/MERSI-II Remote Sensing Data
## 3 Results
### Validation against PM\({}_{2.5}\) Measurements
For the pixels that MERSI identifies as clouds, no matter how large the PM\({}_{2.5}\) observed by the state-controlled stations was, they could not be captured (these stations are not hidden here). For the pixels identified as clear skies by MERSI, most of the overlapped PM\({}_{2.5}\) values were smaller than 35 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\), such as the skies over Inner Mongolia and southern China on October 19. Due to its topography and large amount of anthropogenic emissions, haze events occur frequently in the North China Plain. From the true color map, it is obvious that the North China Plain was covered by haze on January 28, February 3 and October 19. This study can identify these haze areas well, and the superimposed PM\({}_{2.5}\) level is at least good. It should be emphasized that at UTC0525 on October 22, the haze pollution levels in the Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces were not obvious on the true color map, but these areas were identified as haze in this study. According to the observation data from the national control station, PM\({}_{2.5}\) was already in moderate and severe pollution. In general, the haze area and clear sky area identified by this study are consistent with the classification of the national control stations.
## 1 Introduction
### The Challenging Nature of Communications in Maritime Environments
For example, even though AUVs are very different from one manufacturer to another one, they can range from 80 cm (Naiad, [17]) through 170 cm (Remus 100, [18]) to 2 m and 9 inches of diameter in case of ECA's A9 [19]. Thus, it becomes clear that many practical use cases require data interchanges among vehicles deployed in a mission. Therefore, how information can be transferred from one underwater vehicle to another becomes a topic of major importance in CPS based on autonomous maritime vehicles. As it has been previously mentioned, there are several aspects that must be dealt with for the successful transmission of data: the unreliability of the underwater environment, how constrained the transmission medium is whenever any information has to be transmitted or the kind of information of interest for the CPS have to be considered. All these aspects must be apprehended by any protocol used for information exchanges at the data level for underwater environments. These characteristicsare even more important for higher level of information transmissions, as there are challenges like the format of the data to be transmitted, or how those pieces of information are going to be included in the Protocol Data Units, that must be addressed by any protocol to be designed. Overall, the challenges that must be faced by underwater communications at the data level can be summarized as follows:  
1. _Scarce bandwidth._ Transmissions at the data level often rely on information formats that are more verbose than in other layers (XML files, SPARQL requests, JSON messages), so transmitting this kind of information in a distributed system poses a significant challenge when information is requested by any human handling a system where a significant amount of information has to be used. 2. _Low reliability._ The means of transmission used for underwater communications are usually not fully trustable, so protocols that tackle this issue to an extent in different ways (for example, by adding redundancy, having small PDUs, etc.). Even by using acoustic waves, which is regarded as the most effective way to transmit data underwater, reliability of the transmissions is significantly lower than in a regular wireless transmission. 3. _Varying conditions of the environment._ Due to the inherent conditions of any maritime deployment that is carried out in open waters, chemical characteristics of the medium (salt composition, water pollution, etc.) as well as mechanical ones (subsea currents, periodic tides, etc.) the conditions of the surroundings where a deployment is supposed to be done change frequently; this can be a challenge for any system that is required to be stable, as these conditions will vary greatly every day.
# Subtitling 3D VR Content with Limited 6 DoF: Presentation Modes and Guiding Methods
## 4 Results: User Tests
### Results
#### 4.3.2 Test Condition: Use of Guiding Methods  
In the second part of the tests, participants again watched the two parts of Clip 2 (2A, 2B), in that order, to appropriately understand the story, with the 3D arrow indicator enabled for Modes B and C, in a counterbalanced manner (Table 2). The arrow was positioned at the bottom right of the FoV to ensure the subtitles were not blocked in Mode C. In these test conditions, the forced camera movements were especially useful to demonstrate that the arrow can point at any time at the target speaker, regardless of the user's position and viewpoint.  
Table 7 provides the answers to the ad-hoc questionnaire focused on assessing the benefits of using indicators. The obtained results show that many participants (above 60%) believed that the arrow is beneficial for better positioning within the VR environment and for better identification of the active speaker, both when using _Always-visible_ and _Conic-style_ presentation modes. Participants generally agreed that the use of indicators can contribute to better content comprehension (almost 70%), and that their inclusion does not have a negative impact on immersion (above 80%), but may even have a positive impact (especially if relevant for content comprehension). Participants were also satisfied with the graphic design of the arrow, although it appears it could be improved.  
Participants were additionally asked to make suggestions regarding improvements for the (use of) visual guiding methods, of which the following can be highlighted: use of colors associated with subtitles for association with different speakers (12.5%); assessing the use of 3D gaming radars (12.5%); and improvement of the design (8.3%). However, no concrete suggestions were provided to achieve the latter suggestion, beyond enlarging the size slightly (8.3%) and adding intermittence effects to the arrow (8.3%).  
Figure 6: Heat maps of viewing patterns when using each of the considered 3D VR subtitling presentation modes in Clip 1. The upper graphs are 3D front views for each mode, whereas the lower graphs are 2D aerial projections of the upper charts.
# A Novel Battery-Supplied AFE EEG Circuit Capable of Muscle Movement Artifact Suppression
## 4 Simulation and Results: Comprehensive Analysis
### Comparative Analysis of the Simulated EEG-B3V57C2 with the Cases 1, 2, 3
Starting this analysis with notch filtering, the proposed design has the ability to perform notching either at 50 Hz or 60 Hz, depending on the environment in which the circuit is intended to be used in Case \"1\" [47] and Case \"3\" [49] accommodating only 50 Hz EMI noise removal, and Case \"2\" [48] does not perform any kind of notch filtering at all. Additionally, the protection of sensitive EEG electronics from static electricity is not incorporated in Case \"1\" [47], Case \"2\" [48] and Case \"3\" [49], in contrast with the ESD protection sub-circuit of the proposed design. Moreover, Case \"1\" [47], Case \"2\" [48] and Case \"3\" [49] have not been tested in conditions with the presence of strong muscle artifacts, while the proposed design is meticulously tested for handling artifacts of such nature. It is worth mentioning that Case \"1\" [47], Case \"2\" [48] and Case \"3\" [49] have not been tested for compliance with the current safety standards, making their real-world usage potentially unsafe for human use. On the contrary, the proposed circuit is in accordance with the medical device standards for EEG user patient's safety with respect to leakage current levels. Last but not least, in Case \"1\" [47], and Case \"3\" [49], the input data with which their respective circuits were simulated are unknown, and in Case \"2\" [48], even though the input data are clearly provided, they are rather ideal non-realistic EEG waveforms and, with certainty, do not contain compound muscle movement artifacts. In this study, a highly detailed circuit model of the human body and of the EMI that affects the body originated from the surrounding environment. Thus, the input data were transparently generated from the aforementioned modeling circuit, making the simulation results reproducible and reusable. Besides creating the previous asset, the proposed circuit model was adjusted to produce input data that contained muscle movement artifacts. Those generated artifacts were used to confirm the proposed circuit is capable of being used to collect raw EEG signals accurately in protocols that contain strong muscle movement. The examination of the limitations of Case \"1\" [47], Case \"2\" [48] and Case \"3\" [49] and the proposed design innovations are thoroughly presented in Table 3.
# Application of the KINEROS 2 Model to Natural Basin for Estimation of Erosion
## 3 Erosion Estimation Models Used
### Usle
#### 3.1.4 Determination of Crop Management Factor (C)  
The term \(C\) in Equation (1) is the non-dimensional management factor related to vegetation cover and determines the relative effectiveness of soil and crop management systems in terms of preventing soil losses. Factor \(C\) is the product of three subfactors givenby different plots provided by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1978) [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1978). The C factor of 0 represents a well-protected soil while the C factor of 1 is used to define the baseline condition with a clean-tilled, continuous fallow [1].
###### Abstract  
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the alternate flux bridge combining Halbach array in Vernier machines. The key novelty is that integrated with the Halbach array PM, the alternate flux bridge design can not only provide a flux path for low-order harmonics but also effectively improve the torque density of the machine. Together with the other three traditional structures under the same overall size, current density, and PM usage, the proposed structure is optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) to maximize the average torque and minimize the torque ripple. With the winding configuration of full-pitch (FP) and short-pitch (SP), the back-EMF, efficiency, power factor, and other performances of four machines with different topologies are analyzed and compared, respectively. With 2D time stepping finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental verification, the torque density of the proposed design reaches 40.11 K\(\mathrm{N}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{/}\mathrm{m}^{3}\), which is significantly higher than that of its existing counterparts.  
Halbach array; permanent magnet (PM); flux bridge; genetic algorithm (GA) +  
overcome the \"flux barrier effect\", a Vernier machine with the dual-stator placement was proposed [17; 18; 19]. However, this structure is complex and difficult to manufacture. In this paper, a new Halbach array PM Vernier machine with alternative flux bridges in the rotor is proposed and analyzed. On the one hand, the magnetic field can be improved in the proposed structure due to a magnetic-concentrating effect [20]. On the other hand, these bridges improve the PM circuit by providing a flux path for the low pole-pair working magnetic field. This novel topology contributes to higher torque density and lowers torque ripple in the PM Vernier machine.  
The main contents of this paper are as follows: Section 2 introduces the structure of the machine and studies its working principle based on the equivalent magnetic circuit theory (EMC). In addition, the function of the magnetic bridge is also shown. In Section 3, four machines with different structures are optimized, and the key parameters are given. In Section 4, 2D time stepping finite element analysis (FEA) is used to simulate and compare the performance of the proposed PM Vernier machine and another three existing machines. Finally, experimental verification and conclusions are given in Section 5.
# Domain Adaptation for Satellite-Borne Multispectral Cloud Detection
## 6 Adapting the Cloud Detector to the Target Domain
### TTA on Satellite Hardware
#### 6.2.1 Dua  
DUA [71] updates the running means and running variances of the BN layers of \(\theta^{t}\). More concretely, let us define \(\hat{\mu}\), \(\hat{\sigma}^{2}\), and \(m\) as the running means, running variances and momentum of an arbitrary BN layer of \(\theta^{t}\), respectively. Furthermore, let \(\mu\) and \(\sigma^{2}\) be the mean and variance of the batch \(\mathcal{B}\). DUA first updates the momentum of the BN layer,  
\[m\gets m\cdot\omega+\delta, \tag{7}\]  
where \(\omega\in(0,1)\) is the predefined momentum decay parameter and \(\delta\) defines the lower bound of the momentum. Then, the running mean \(\hat{\mu}\) and running variance \(\hat{\sigma}^{2}\) are updated as  
\[\hat{\mu} \leftarrow (1-m)\cdot\hat{\mu}+m\cdot\mu, \tag{8}\] \[\hat{\sigma}^{2} \leftarrow (1-m)\cdot\hat{\sigma}^{2}+m\cdot\sigma^{2}. \tag{9}\]  
The main idea of DUA is to gradually decay the momentum \(m\), because a fixed momentum can demonstrably destabilise or slow down the convergence of the adaptation process [71].  
The computational complexity of DUA is dominated by the computation of \(\hat{\mu}\) and \(\hat{\sigma}\) in Equations (8) and (9), which requires \(O(n_{B})\) expectation operations for each BN layer. Thus, the computational complexity of DUA is \(O(n_{B}\cdot n_{\text{BN}})\) expectation operations, where \(n_{\text{BN}}\) is the number of BN layers.
# Research and Development of Inland Green and Smart Ship Technologies in China
## 3 Current Inland Green and Smart Ship Technology in China
### Green Ship Technology  
Green ship technology refers to the ability to economically satisfy function and performance during the entire life cycle, while improving energy efficiency, reducing or eliminating environmental pollution, and providing good protection to operators and crews. Popular green ship technologies in China, such as surface drag reduction, direct current networking, clean energy and power, integration of energy-saving technologies, and cabin noise control, will be concisely introduced.
# Current Biomedical Applications of 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
## 2 Types of 3D Printing for Biomedical Applications
### Material Deposition  
These techniques utilize nozzles to deposit the printing material in layers.  
* **Direct Energy Deposition--**In this technique, a nozzle deposits a continuous stream of metal onto the print surface, and a thermal energy source, such as laser, melts it continuously, layer by layer [17; 20].
* **Material Extrusion--**The printing material for this technique is thermoplastics, which are melted to a semi-liquid state and deposited continuously on the printing bed in layers. Binding of the layers is achieved due to the semi-liquid consistency of the plastic layers, causing them to fuse before curing in ambient temperature [17; 21]. This technique can be used with pastes and hydrogels for co-printing with living cells.
* **Material Jetting (MJ)--**This technique utilizes jets to spray a layer of liquid resin while simultaneously curing the layer with UV light before printing the next layer [17; 22].
* **Biprinting--**This term encompasses the utilization of different AM technologies to 3D print living cells, and is not considered a specific AM technique on its own. The basic principle consists of the deposition of cells suspended in bioink by nozzle-based techniques, such as material extrusion or jetting, as outlined above, or laser-assisted nozzle-free techniques. Laser-assisted bioprinting involves forward transfer of droplets of cells suspended in bioink, focusing a laser on a membrane that is coated with cell-containing bioink on the side of the membrane facing the printing surface [23]. The advantage of this technique is the decreased shear stress on cells due to an absence of an orifice, and the microscopic resolution it achieves [24]. A further technique is inkjet or drop-on-demand (DOD) printing, where picolitre-volume droplets of cell-containing bioink are deposited with very high precision to coalesce into fibers. These are then crosslinked before subsequent layers are deposited, to produce a 3D structure [25; 26]. Due to the very small volume of the droplets, sub-100 \(\upmu\)m resolution can be achieved [27].
# Relationship between Unilateral Leg Extension Strength and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Young Men
###### Abstract  
It is well known that the quadriceps muscle group is involved in activity during dynamic balance and that dynamic balance tests are an important feedback tool for predicting lower limb injuries. However, the relationship between maximum leg extension strength and performance in the Y Balance Test is not fully known. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral leg extension strength and dynamic balance in healthy young men. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study. A total of 33 healthy men (mean age \(\pm\) standard deviation = 21.21 \(\pm\) 1.24 years) volunteered for this study. The participants' dynamic balance was determined with the Y Balance Test and unilateral one repetition maximum strength was determined by the leg extension machine. The same side was preferred for strength and dynamic balance measurements. Normalized reach, composite score, and absolute and relative strength values were analyzed for correlations. Linear regression analysis was used to determine whether strength values predicted the results of the Y Balance Test. There was a positive linear correlation between the strength values and normalized reach distances and composite scores (r ranges from 0.466 to 0.757, \(p<\) 0.01). The coefficients of determination showed that dynamic balance and strength (absolute and relative) performance are not independent parameters in healthy young men (r\({}^{2}\) = 21-57% explained variance). It was also found that strength values (absolute and relative) can predict balance. Our study confirmed the relationship between strength and dynamic balance. It can be said that especially the strength of the lower extremity has an acceptable effect on dynamic balance.  
dynamic balance; neuromuscular control; strength
# Assessing the Potential of PlanetScope Imagery for Iron Oxide Detection in Antimony Exploration
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Spectral Analyses  
After that, a first spectral analysis was performed. This analysis is crucial for identifying the alteration minerals associated with Au-Sb deposits. Since the aim of this work is to map iron oxides, they were the focus of the analysis. The analyses were conducted using a spectral analyst tool (ENVI) to match an unknown spectrum with reference spectra from a known spectral library [37]. The spectral analyst provides a score where a higher score indicates a higher probability that the spectrum belongs to a specific mineral [37].  
Iron oxide minerals such as maghemite, zincite, Goethite, ferrihydrite, and Hematite were identified. Among the iron oxides in the study area, we detected that Hematite and Goethite are the most representative minerals. After identifying the key iron oxides, a spectral resampling was performed to convert the iron oxide spectra to PS spectral resolution using the spectral resampling tool (ENVI). The spectra were then saved in a spectral library and used in final spectral analyses.  
A final spectral analysis was conducted, in which, after composing graphs with the previously selected spectra (using OriginPro software 2025), it was possible to compare the main absorption features and reflectance peaks of the target minerals with the satellite bands. This allowed for an understanding of the advantages and limitations of the satellites in mapping these minerals.
# Seismic Risk Analysis of Existing Link Slab Bridges Using Novel Fragility Functions
## 2 Seismic Reliability Framework
### Fragility Functions
#### 2.2.1 Fragility Functions (Classic)  
A limit state is described by a set of thresholds relevant to different potential failure modes (e.g., ductile or fragile crisis of an element, etc.). Different limit states (sets of thresholds) can be of interest, according to different performance levels of the structure, e.g., serviceability or ultimate (collapse) conditions. Therefore, failures could occur in different components and concern different response parameters and thresholds exceedance (limit states).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**IM** & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15 & 16 & 17 & 18 & 19 & 20 \\ \hline
**Tx** & 4 & 6 & 9 & 16 & 28 & 48 & 83 & 144 & 248 & 429 & 740 & 1275 & 2200 & 3806 & 6466 & 11452 & 19,473 & 33,700 & 58,327 & 100,492 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Return periods (in years) corresponding to the 20 IM levels.  
Figure 4: Pairs of ground motion components (X-Y) selected at two different IM levels: (**a**) IM 7 (83 years return period) and (**b**) IM 13 (2200 years return period).  
Each structural element can be assessed to evaluate if a given limit state is reached, and a classic definition of the fragility function can be used for this aim:  
\[F_{d}(im)=P[D\geq d^{*}|\text{IM}=im] \tag{1}\]  
which expresses the probability of a response parameter \(D\) exceeding a limit threshold value \(d^{*}\) identifying the passage from a functional/safe condition into a compromise/unsafe condition. For instance, in a bridge, \(D\) might represent the bearing maximum displacement demand and \(d^{*}\) the corresponding end-stroke, after which the deck loses its vertical support.  
Classic fragility functions can be defined according to Equation (1) for any relevant failure mode and for any limit state of interest. So, if different failure modes are considered then the fragility function characterizing the global failure of the system, \(F\), can be defined as the probability of their union, i.e.,  
\[P[F|\text{IM}=im] \tag{2}\]  
which is also equal to the maximum probability observed on the single failure modes.  
The fragility functions defined above (Equations (1) and (2)) represent classic typologies commonly adopted to perform seismic vulnerability analysis of bridges.  
Two novel typologies have recently been proposed [22] to provide a wider spectrum of information on the possible failure mechanisms, their interaction and extent. These are examined in the following subsections.