###### Abstract
In addition, various SDGs are interrelated with the hunger and obesity nexus, most notably the improvement of health and wellbeing (SDG 3); the reduction of inequalities (SDG 10); the attempt to make cities more sustainable, inclusive and resilient (SDG 11); the strive for sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) which, with respect to waste patterns, aims to \"halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer level and reduce food losses along production and supply chains by 2030\"; the combat of climate change and its impacts (SDG 13); related to biodiversity, the \"protection, restoration and promotion of sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable management of forests, combat of desertification and halt and reversal and of land degradation and halt of biodiversity loss\" (SDG 15); as well as one of the most effective intervention mechanisms, that is, high-quality, inclusive and equitable education and the promotion of lifelong learning (SDG 13). We, as others [35; 36; 37], argue that an improved systemic understanding of the interdependence of nutrition, health and wellbeing is needed as a foundation for a sustainable and resilient food system. The paper begins with the clarification of some concepts and underlying definitions of the interrelationship of food and health systems, followed by a brief outline of the interdependency between economic wellbeing and food supply at a global level since 1970 and an overview of how food security (and hunger as well as obesity) is embedded in the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Then we examine hunger as a global phenomenon, followed by a sketch of the obesity epidemic in the Western world and a discussion of a hunger-obesity paradox, because of increasing hunger within obese societies. The health effects of malnutrition related to over- and undersupply in caloric intake, food and diet quality and behavioural patterns are discussed in the subsequent sections. Finally, we examine some global food supply specifics from 1961 onwards and relate these developments to changes in urban versus rural populations as well as increasing food demands. We conclude our reflections on systemic characteristics of the food system by outlining potential strategies and policies in support of a sustainable food system (including education and training) as well as the responsibilities of different social actors as suggestions for future, extended research. Several commonly used definitions in the context of our paper require clarification. _Food security_, \"... exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life\" [38]. This implies that food security depends on food availability, access and quality, appropriate utilization (including knowledge/education on how to properly use) of food and stability of access to adequate food, as stated in the Rome Declaration of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations [12]. The Rome Declaration also points out the importance of the _relationship between the quality of food and health_; yet, the intricacies of the interrelatedness of undernourishment and overweight/obesity as well as their interplay with food and diet quality, waste prevention and food waste utilization strategies, would require a more in-depth examination. It is well established that obesity represents one of the single most important lifestyle risk factors, accounting for up to 2.8 million deaths worldwide, largely attributable to an increased non-communicable-disease burden including (but not exclusively) diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer and stroke [39].