esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Future Climate Projections
#### 3.2.4 The 2003 Heat Wave in Lisbon  
To have a term of comparison with the extreme HW referred before, the unprecedently strong HW of 2003 is analyzed for Lisbon. This HW is reviewed by [PERSON] et al. [68] and contributed to more than 58% excess deaths in Portugal mainland [69] and 40% in the Lisbon district [70].  
The following analysis is done using observations of temperature recorded at various meteorological stations within the Lisbon area, which wasa obtained from the Instituto Portugues do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA) (see Table S1 for the names and coordinates of the stations). Tmax_c from  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline \multicolumn{6}{|c|}{**Extremeest HW\(-\)(DUR/Tmax\_ave/Tmax\_max)\(-\)Non-Summer Months**} \\ \hline  & **January** & **February** & **March** & **April** & **November** & **December** \\ \hline
**HIST** & 04/19.6/21.0 & 04/21.0/22.0 & 05/26.0/27.1 & 04/28.4/29.2 & 03/23.6/24.8 & 04/22.1/23.8 \\ \hline  & 15/20.4/23.7 & 03/23.9/24.3 & 03/27.7/30.1 & 08/29.2/31.0 & 09/26.3/29.8 & 05/21.8/23.4 \\ \cline{2-7}
**MED** & & 10/21.6/24.9 & 12/26.0/28.5 & & & \\ \cline{2-7}  & & 11/22.0/23.7 & & & & \\ \hline  & 11/20.8/23.9 & 02/23.6/24.9 & 04/29.9/31.8 & 06/30.1/31.8 & 14/27.3/30.7 & 14/23.5/26.9 \\ \cline{2-7}
**LONG** & 20/21.1/23.0 & & 06/28.5/31.6 & & 09/29.1/30.9 & \\ \cline{2-7}  & 08/22.8/26.5 & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Extremest (in terms of duration/intensity) HWs identified for (**a**) non-summer months and (**b**) extended summer months simulated by WRF. Numbers in each cell represent the DUR, Tmax_ave, and Tmax_max for each HW.  
EOBS is used to identify this HW. Accordingly, the HW is identified starting on 29 July and ending on 2 August 2003 (i.e., 5-day duration). However, since temperatures were high in neighboring days, the period of 27 July until 14 August (i.e., 19 days) is also considered. The period or similar has also been considered in the above-mentioned studies of the 2003 HW.  
The 2003 HW was indeed extreme and compares well with the extreme HW found in simulated data for HIST (see Table 2 and Figure S6 in the supplementary material). This HW recorded a value of Tmax_sum of 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C-day, which corresponds to percentiles 88, 73, and 58 of Tmax_sum of HIST, MED, and LONG (see Figure 15e), respectively, meaning that a HW similar to that of 2003 will be the nearly average HW in LONG in terms of Tmax_sum. [PERSON] et al. [32] found that the 2003 HW is in the 80 th percentile of historical HW amplitudes and refer that, by 2100, more than half of HW will be similar to the 2003 HW.  
As said before, the values shown in Figure S6 and Tables S2 and S3 represent local measured Tmax and therefore include the local amplification of the HW by the heat island effect. This may be partially absent from simulated Tmax, since the WRF model configuration does not include an urban canopy parametrization. This amplification effect will be quantified in a subsequent study where the same model configuration will be coupled to an urban canopy scheme.
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations  
This study was subject to several limitations that influenced the final results. First, the performance of the Pix2 Pix generative model was constrained by the volume of the training data. A larger dataset could enhance the visual and structural quality of the generated images, which in turn would contribute to the effectiveness of the classifiers. This factor is particularly relevant given the complexity of colonoscopy images and the demonstrated sensitivity of the models to visual variations.  
Second, the methodology for testing the classifiers' limits revealed challenges in generating representative images. The effectiveness of this approach is dependent on the generative model's ability to produce high-quality images that faithfully reflect the controlled variations. In some cases, for instance, the dilation of polyps resulted in unnatural morphologies, indicating a need to refine the generation process to better preserve structural integrity while manipulating specific features.  
Third, a limitation was observed regarding the explainability technique employed. While LIME was selected for its model-agnostic nature--a crucial feature for enabling a direct and consistent comparison between the CNN-based EfficientNet and the Transformer-based ViT architectures--it is acknowledged that its explanations can lack stability. Alternative methods, such as the CNN-specific Grad-CAM, can produce more robust saliency maps. Thus, the choice of LIME represents a trade-off between cross-architecture comparability and the potential stability of architecture-specific techniques. Future work focussed exclusively on CNNs should consider the inclusion of CAM-based methods.  
Fourth, the analysis presented in this study is primarily qualitative. A key limitation of this work is the absence of statistical tests to confirm the significance of the observed trends in classifier confidence. While the results serve as a valuable proof of concept, we strongly emphasise that the incorporation of a rigorous statistical framework is a critical next step and will be a high priority in subsequent research to formally validate these findings.  
Finally, it is important to address the ethical context of this study. This work, while discussing 'explainability for trust,' is a methodological proof of concept and does not propose a clinically validated tool. Consequently, a formal review under specific ethical guidelines for clinical AI was not part of this foundational research phase. Indeed, the findings themselves--that synthetic data can introduce biases--underscore the importance of such considerations. Any future work aiming to translate these methods into a clinical setting would necessitate a rigorous ethical review to ensure that the use of synthetic data does not lead to inadvertently biased or harmful clinical decisions.
## 4 Case Study  
To demonstrate the implementation of the proposed AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS integrated multi-criteria decision-making model, a case study of a construction project was conducted. The application project includes two main work areas as shown in the 3D BIM model in Figure 3: one work area of a multi-storey office building and a single-storey industrial plant. As shown in Figure 3, the construction structure of the main body was completed, however, the exterior walls and roof tasks needed to be constructed. To execute the masonry tasks and other activities on the floors and roofs, labor crews need to be exposed to the hazardous edges. To conduct effective safety planning for the jobsite, the jobsite area was divided into nine independent work areas. For example, in work area 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9, the concrete tasks on each floor and the masonry activities to be executed were within the fall hazard zones. In work area 2, there were activities related to window installations. In this case, there is a high risk of falling and injuries to the work crews. For safety and security reasons, window installation and maintenance workers should use fall protection systems when working at height. In work area 3 and 8, while there were openings and hazard zones on roofs, work crews must perform tasks using proper equipment to ensure their safety and prevent falls and injuries effectively. Figure 3: 3D BIM model of the construction project and hazard area divisions. Therefore, for this construction project, four safety plan alternatives were derived in the planning phase by optimizing the safety, productivity and cost objectives. In the potential safety alternatives, five fall protection systems were adopted as illustrated in Table 3, which are, respectively: guardrail system, warning line system, personal fall arrest system (PFAS), travel restraint system and hole covering measure. Based on the protection requirements in each planning work area and the features of each fall protection measure, the corresponding protection systems in each potential alternative for the work areas are shown in Table 4. In this case study, four safety plan alternatives were evaluated through the fuzzy multi-criteria framework considering fourteen decision criteria, indicating that the values of \(m\) and \(n\) in Section 3 are, respectively, 4 and 14. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Fall Protection** \\ **Alternative** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Selected Type for Each Work Area**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Work Area Number**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** \\ \hline Alternative 1 & a & c & d & b & d & b, c & b, c & c & b, d \\ Alternative 2 & a & c & d & a & b & a, e & a, c & b & b, d \\ Alternative 3 & c & d & c & d & d & a, e & a, c & c & a, d \\ Alternative 4 & c & c & c & d & d & b, c & b, c & c & a, d \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Selected types for construction work areas in each fall protection alternative.
## 3 Results
### Joints Internal Reaction Forces  
\(V_{\rm Impact}\): IRF\({}_{\rm max}\), time-to-IRF\({}_{\rm max}\) (t\({}_{\rm IRFmax}\)), and the curve shape for all joints (hip, pubic symphysis, and sacroiliac (Figure 1b)) were apparently dependent on V\({}_{\rm Impact}\) and continued to change even after the impact phase. Increasing V\({}_{\rm Impact}\) increased IRF\({}_{\rm max}\) and shortened t\({}_{\rm IRFmax}\). At low impact velocities, the IRF response was noticeably smoother than the more oscillatory responses observed at high velocities (Figure 3a-c). Although the hip joint experienced a bigger IRF\({}_{\rm max}\) than other joints, the IRF\({}_{\rm max}\) in the hip joint was 20-30% of its corresponding GRF\({}_{\rm max}\) (Figures 2a and 3a) and the remaining impact force transmitted through other joints and TST. Owing to the function of the pubic symphysis in shock absorption, its IRF was much more oscillatory than others (Figure 3b). In contrast to all other joints, the IRF in the sacroiliac joint did not decline considerably and remained at a high level (Figure 3c).  
Figure 3: Internal reaction force: effect of (**a**) impact velocity at the hip; (**b**) impact velocity at the pubic symphysis; (**c**) impact velocity at the sacroiliac; (**d**) flooring material at the hip; (**e**) flooring material at the pubic symphysis; (**f**) flooring material at the sacroiliac joint.  
_Flooring material:_ there was only a minor difference between stiff (rigid, concrete, asphalt pavement, ceramic tile, and plywood) and compliant (agglomerated cork, linoleum, and EVA foam) surfaces in terms of IRF\({}_{\text{max}}\) and t\({}_{\text{IRFmax}}\) for all of the joints, except for the pubic symphysis which had several IRF peaks and a different t\({}_{\text{IRFmax}}\) (Figure 3d-f).  
_TST stiffness:_ increasing TST stiffness did not affect IRF\({}_{\text{max}}\) within the hip considerably (2476.74-2496.2 N), whereas increasing TST stiffness led to a higher IRF\({}_{\text{max}}\) within the sacroiliac joint (Figure 4a-c). The t\({}_{\text{IRFmax}}\) for all joints was almost independent of the TST stiffness and remained unchanged (t\({}_{\text{IRFmax-hip}}\approx 0.01\), t\({}_{\text{IRFmax-public}}\)\({}_{\text{pulicymphys}}\approx 0.0175\), and t\({}_{\text{IRFmax-sacroiliac}}\approx 0.0275\)). For all TST stiffnesses, the IRF\({}_{\text{max}}\) within the hip joint was between 20 and 30% of the GRF\({}_{\text{max}}\). The IRF\({}_{\text{max}}\) was higher within the sacroiliac joint than in other joints. The general shape of the IRF response was similar for all TST stiffnesses, and only by passing the peak impact time (t \(>\) 0.025 s) could some delays in the following peak IRFs be seen for different TST stiffnesses, especially within the pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints.  
Figure 4: Internal reaction force: effect of (**a**) TST stiffness at the hip; (**b**) TST stiffness at the pubic symphysis; (**c**) TST stiffness at the sacroiliac joint.
# Remote-Sensing Image Encryption Algorithm Using the Advanced Encryption Standard
## 1 Introduction  
Remote sensing is a non-contact and long-distance measuring technology, which acquires the information of an object or phenomenon. This technology plays a highly significant role in many fields, such as resource survey, environment protection, weather forecast and disaster evaluation. Most of remote-sensing images involve business secrets and even national security. Internet development and multimedia easy distribution make the content security of remote-sensing images become an important issue for scientists and engineers.  
The chaotic system is a commonly applied means to encrypt images for its extreme sensitivity to initial values and parameters, ergodicity, etc. [1]. The experts of information security have designed lots of image encryption schemes with the chaotic systems recently [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. Nevertheless, the security of the low-dimensional chaotic system is a little weak for its disadvantage of short code period. Researchers pay more attention to more complex chaotic systems, such as the high-dimensional chaotic systems and compound chaotic systems [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13].  
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an excellent symmetric cryptosystem, which has the advantages of strong ability to resist attacks, so it is widely used in data encryption. At present, several experts of image encryption viewed that AES is fairly safe, but it isn't suitable for encrypting image. The reason is that the image data is huge and has more redundancy than the text data [14]. However, [PERSON] et al. designed an image encryption algorithm with AES [15]. Authors group the pixel values of the plain image into data blocks with the size of 128 bits. They permute the first data block with the initial vector. After that, AES encrypts other data blocks with the cipher block chaining mode. Although authors stated that their algorithm can achieve high encryption speed, the efficiency can be further improved. Therefore, to protect the content of remote-sensing images, this paper presents a symmetric remote-sensing image encryption algorithm with AES and chaos. Experimental results and algorithm comparative analyses display that the proposed algorithm is desirable in terms of the security and efficiency.  
The content structure of this paper is: Section 2 introduces AES, chaotic system, and secure hash algorithm in brief. A novel remote-sensing image encryption algorithm is designed in Section 3. Some similar algorithms are described in Section 4. Experiments are carried out in Section 5. Comparisons are drawn in Section 6. Section 7 makes the conclusions.
# A Relative Coordinate-Based Topology Shaping Method for UAV Swarm with Low Computational Complexity
###### Abstract  
Functional topology shaping is crucial for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) swarm applications, such as remote sensing, precision agriculture, and emergency wireless communication. However, the current research on topology shaping is mostly based on the assumption that the target positions of the nodes are known or have been pre-defined. Moreover, the computational complexity of existing shaping methods is still high. In this paper, a topology shaping method based on a relative coordinate system is proposed to solve the problem of UAV swarm topology shaping with no external source of localization information. Based on the relative coordinates of nodes and target topology shape of the swarm, the topology shaping is transformed into a problem of optimal coordinate mapping from initial relative coordinates to target relative coordinates of nodes with minimized global energy consumption. The Jonker-Volgenant algorithm is employed to solve the optimization problem. As verified by simulations, the proposed method can achieve UAV swarm topology shaping with no external localization information. Furthermore, simulation results show that the proposed method has an average reduction in computation time of 94% in the case of 1000 nodes compared with existing methods with the same level of global energy consumption.  
UAV swarm; topology shaping; energy consumption; relative coordinate; linear assignment problem +
Footnote †: journal:  
_articles_
# Influence of Solvent Selection in the Electrospraying Process of Polycaprolactone
## 4 The Effect of Operating Parameters and Solution Properties in PCL Electrospraying
However, for higher working distance value, more than 30 cm, the number of particles at the surface of the collector decreases, since the charged particles tend to be attracted to the nearest ground object during long-distance flights. Besides, in the coaxial electrospray process, the thickness of the shell decreases with increasing working distance due to complete evaporation of the solvent, and the macromolecular chains aggregation to form the condense polymeric shell [160]. For a working distance less than 10 cm, the residual solvent molecules swell the recovered polymeric particles, even if a strong electric field is applied. The control of the solvent system and operating parameters during the electrospray process allows tailoring design, physico-chemical properties, and morphology of polymeric particles to respond to a specific end-use application. The particle diameters range from several hundred nanometers up to several hundred micrometers. According to [PERSON] et al. [98], the mean diameters of the PCL particles decreases from 27 to 10.4 \(\upmu\)m in increasing the applied voltage from 6.5 to 8.5 kV. In the case of the use of a coaxial tip, the applied voltage affects the ration between the thickness of the polymeric shell and the radius of the core component (T/R). Thus, the T/R value increases with the applied voltage, when the electrical conductivity of the core solution is higher than the shell one, and for a higher viscosity of the shell solution than the core one [160].
## 2 Inner Ear Injury and Glucocorticoid Therapy
### Post-Surgical Facial Paralysis and Glucocorticoid Therapy  
The facial nerve may become paralyzed following ear surgeries, particularly those performed in the middle ear. Such a direct atrogenic paralysis of the facial nerve, which can occur during or just after surgery, has been the subject of extensive research. Delayed facial paralysis is defined as occurring at least 48 h after surgery and occurs after 0.2 to 1.9% of middle ear surgeries [57]. The mechanism behind this latent phenomenon can be one of three: facial canal dehiscence (the partial or total separation of previously approximated wound edges due to a failed wound healing process); a neural edema; or herpes virus reactivation. An edema, for example, is implied in 17% of stages surgery procedures [58]. It leads to a compression of the nerve fibers and a disruption of the blood supply causing facial nerve weakness; the process peaks on the fifth day post-surgery and almost completely recedes within 14 days [57]. By default, a steroid therapy is applied with the aim of, at the very least, reducing the edema.
# Optimization of Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks: Techniques and Protocols
## 7 Conclusions  
Optimization of the clustering method is typically considered an effective way of achieving optimal energy efficiency in a WSN. A comprehensive review of the recent hierarchical optimization techniques used in cluster head selection, cluster formatting, aggregation, and communication was conducted. The clustering approaches in the available literature were reviewed and classified based on their optimization algorithms. Based on the algorithm type and functioning technique, the protocols were classified into meta-heuristic-based, fuzzy logic-based, and hybrid technique-based. Comparison of the different categories of protocols was based on their performance, clustering and optimization parameters, and the features that determined their effectiveness. The clustering protocols were compared based on their key features, objectives, and advantages; the protocols were also simulated to compare their ideas and features. The methodology-based comparison of the protocols considered several parameters such as CH parameters, CH rotation, data transmission, method of CH selection, mobility, topology, and deployment policy parameters. This comparison aimed to evaluate the performances of existing clustering methods based on their techniques. The performance-based comparison of the protocols considered protocol type, energy consumption, throughput, stability period, and network lifetime to determine their performances. This review of clustering methods is intended to provide a clear path for future studies in clustered networks.  
**Author Contributions:** Supervision: [PERSON]; validation: A.H.M.A. and H.S.; visualization and writing--original draft: A.M.J.; review and editing: [PERSON]-M., B.A.M. and M.S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This paper is supported by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FRGS/1/2018/TK04/UKM/02/17 and by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) under the grant Dana Impak Perdana DIP-2018-040.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [PERSON], upon reasonable request.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the Network and Communication Technology (NCT) Research Groups, FTSM, UKM in providing facilities throughout this paper.
# Within-Document Arabic Event Coreference: Challenges, Datasets, Approaches and Future Direction
###### Abstract  
Event coreference resolution is a crucial component in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications as it directly affects text summarization, machine translation, classification, and textual entailment. However, the research on this task for Arabic language is limited, compared to other languages such as English, Chinese and Spanish. This paper aims to review the state-of-the-art approaches in event coreference (EC) within the context of coreference resolution tasks, emphasizing the significance of EC in NLP. The focus is placed on the latest developments in Arabic language processing related to event coreference. To fill this gap, a comprehensive study of existing work is conducted, and new approaches are suggested. The paper highlights the challenges specific to Arabic event coreference resolution, such as the variability of verb forms, pronoun ambiguity, ellipsis and null arguments, lexical and morphological variation, lack of annotated resources, discourse and pragmatic context, and cultural and contextual sensitivity. Addressing these challenges requires a deep understanding of Arabic linguistics, advanced NLP techniques, and the availability of annotated resources. Furthermore, this paper examines the existing datasets and methods for Arabic event coreference and proposes an annotation scheme. By leveraging existing NLP algorithms and developing event coreference resolution systems tailored for Arabic, the accuracy and performance of NLP tasks can be significantly improved.  
natural language processing; coreference resolution; event coreference; Arabic language processing; linguistic representations +
Footnote †: journal: _Sciences_