# A Study on Identification of Development Status of MASS Technologies and Directions of Improvement
## 4 Design, Communication and Maintenance Studies of the MASS  
### Design of MASS  
Looking back in history at the transition of fuels from coal to oil in shipping industries, boilers became smaller and ships could travel twice as far with great speed because oil has double the thermal content of coal. Ships could store oil in tanks anywhere to allow more efficient design of the ships, and refueling at sea was feasible, which provided better flexibility. As a part of \"Shipping 4.0\" [37], it is likely that we are once again entering a new paradigm shift of ship design and operation, with the introduction of autonomous ships. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Systems** & **Tools Suggested** & **Items to Be Considered** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Decision-making technology for collision avoidance} & Collision risk model to display the risk & \(\bullet\) & Applied to MASS degrees 1 and 2, but cannot be applied to ships of MASS degrees 3 and 4 \\  & Automatically suggesting solutions & \(\bullet\) & Research on collision avoidance technology for \\  & in color in a collision situation & \(\bullet\) & MASS degrees 3 and 4 must be considered \\  & Safest athlete’s defence according to & \(\bullet\) & Environmental conditions need to be \\  & the risk, taking into account & \(\bullet\) & considered for feasibility \\  & the condition of the opposing ship & \(\bullet\) & Requires additional, dedicated sensors \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Suggested systems or tools for collision situation avoidance avoidance for MASS} & Ship collision situation avoidance & \multirow{7}{*}{Deep learning-type decision-making system for MASS} \\  & algorithm based on fuzzy logic & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Bayesian network decision support & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & system to replace & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & experienced seafers & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Decision system based on big data & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & through a data network & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Decision support system through & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & deep learning & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Trajectory based algorithm to avoid & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & static and dynamic objects in complex & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & navigation situations & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Decision-making model based on & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & hierarchical deep & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & reinforcement learning & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & DRL algorithm to improve & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & the navigation safety and collision & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & avoidance for MASS & & \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Another type of decision support system} & \(\bullet\) & Decision-making system for & \\ \cline{1-1}  & emergency response in the event of a & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & ship flooding situation & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Flooding level sensor data & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and the status of the ship’s doors to & \(\bullet\) & Decision system of emergency cases; selects \\ \cline{1-1}  & assist errors in making decisions & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Decision system that selects & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & the optimal route & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Decision system that determines & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & the optimal ship speed considering & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & weather data & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Hull loads and damage & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Ship maneuvering & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Stability and cargo handling & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Ice navigation & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Engine & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Suggested decision support or making technology for MASS. The main task of commercial ships is to transport commodities and people from one port to another. Especially for cargo ships, on which this study focuses, if there is no crew on board, many constraints of the ship's design can be removed. The main difference between autonomous cargo ships over MASS degree 3 from conventional cargo ships will be the removal of the entire deckhouse that has accommodation and systems that serve the crew. This will reduce design, construction, and operation cost, as well as weight and space, which enable the autonomous ships to carry more cargo [38].