## 2 Dataset and Methodology  
This study used three LEO satellite missions that passed close to the explosion point (33.901\({}^{\circ}\)N, 35.519\({}^{\circ}\)E). The Swarm satellite constellation consists of three satellites, two of which (Swarm-A and Swarm-C) fly side-by-side with a separation distance of 1.4\({}^{\circ}\). Its orbit is at an altitude of 420 km. The third satellite, Swarm-B, flies at a higher altitude of 520 km and has a larger inclination angle than that of the lower satellites. The three satellites have identical onboard datasets. A scalar and vector magnetometer were used to record the magnetic field, a Langmuir probe was used to record the ionospheric electron density and temperature of the particle species, and an accelerometer unit was used to record the non-gravitational accelerations [32; 33; 34; 35]. On 4 August 2020, Swarm-B passed near the explosion at 24\({}^{\circ}\)E and 18:57 UT. In the current study, we used low-resolution vector magnetic field and electron density data to investigate the ionospheric variations caused by port explosions. A full description of the Level 1 swarm satellite data can be obtained from the European Space Agency website ([[https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/catalog/swarm-level-1-b](https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/catalog/swarm-level-1-b)]([https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/catalog/swarm-level-1-b](https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/catalog/swarm-level-1-b)), accessed on 1 March 2024). In addition, we used the level-2 field-aligned current (FAC) calculated from the magnetic field using Ampere's law [36] and the level-2 ultra-low-frequency (ULF) product to confirm whether the observed disturbances at the locations and UTs of the satellite were not ULF pulsations. More information regarding ULF level-2 product data is available via the link ([[https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/activities/swarm-ulf-ionosphere](https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/activities/swarm-ulf-ionosphere)]([https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/activities/swarm-ulf-ionosphere](https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/activities/swarm-ulf-ionosphere)), accessed on 1 April 2025). The Defense Meteorological Satellite is a low-Earth polar-orbiting satellite with an altitude of 840 km and an inclination angle of 98.7\({}^{\circ}\), with descending and ascending orbits of the satellite at dawn and dusk, respectively. In the current study, we used a Langmuir probe sensor onboard the satellite to investigate the ionospheric disturbance in the electron density data [31]. The ion density data were obtained from the Madrigal Database ([[http://cedar.openmadrigal.org](http://cedar.openmadrigal.org)]([http://cedar.openmadrigal.org](http://cedar.openmadrigal.org)), accessed on 1 December 2024) and retrieved at a 1 s cadence interval. The DMSP-F17 satellite flowed from the Southern to the Northern Hemisphere in an ascending phase within longitudes of 45\({}^{\circ}\)E-25\({}^{\circ}\)E and 15:57 UT. COSMIC-2/FORMOSAT-7, a subsequent mission to COSMIC-1, was launched on 25 June 2019, following the success of its predecessor. The system comprises six satellites in low-Earth orbit and may provide several radio occultation (RO) soundings daily in low- and mid-latitude regions. The COSMIC-2 satellite first orbited at an altitude of approximately 720 km. It was then adjusted to a lower altitude of 550 km, while maintaining an inclination angle of 24 degrees [37]. All the six COSMIC satellites provided identical datasets. A Tri-Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation Receiver was utilised to remotely detect and analyse the temperature, pressure, moisture, and lightning formation in the atmosphere from a space-based perspective. Radio occultation is a method employed to measure the electron density. The COSMIC satellites measure the deflection of radio signals transmitted by a GPS as they pass through the atmosphere. Only the COSMIC-2 paths from 15:00 UT to 16:00 UT, which are close to the longitudinal regions of the Beirut port explosion in both hemispheres, were investigated.