# Quad-Port Multiservice Diversity Antenna for Automotive Applications
## 5 On-Car Scenario
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Bandwidth** \\ **(GHz)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Dimensions** \\ **(\(\mathbf{\lambda_{0}\times\lambda_{0}}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Substrate** \\ **(dBi)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Peak Gain** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Efficiency** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **DG (dB)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **ECC** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Polarization** \\ **Polarization** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[38] & 2–11 & 0.22 \(\times\) 0.22 & FR-4 & 3 & 75 & 10 & \textless{}0.5 & Dual \\ \hline
[39] & 3.1–10.6 & 0.39 \(\times\) 0.39 & FR-4 & 5 & — & 10 & \textless{}0.02 & Dual \\ \hline
[40] & 25.5–29.6 & 2.5 \(\times\) 2.97 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Rogers \\ RO4350B \\ \end{tabular} & 8.3 & 82 & \textgreater{}9.96 & \textless{}0.01 & Dual \\ \hline
[41] & 3.1–11 & 0.46 \(\times\) 0.46 & FR-4 & 5.5 & — & \textgreater{}9.9 & \textless{}0.015 & Vertical \\ \hline
[42] & 3.2–11 & 0.38 \(\times\) 0.38 & FR-4 & 4 & \textgreater{}70 & \textgreater{}9 (ADG) & \textless{}0.5 & Dual \\ \hline
[43] & 2.2–12.3 & 0.19 \(\times\) 0.19 & FR-4 & 5.82 & 87 &
\begin{tabular}{c} \textgreater{}8 (ADG), \\ \textgreater{}7.5 (EDG) \\ \end{tabular} & \textless{}0.3 & Vertical \\ \hline
[44] & 3.1–10.6 & 0.82 \(\times\) 0.82 & FR-4 & 3.38 & \textgreater{}85.7 & — & \textless{}0.001 & Dual \\ \hline
[45] & 3.1–11.9 & 0.37 \(\times\) 0.37 & FR-4 & 6 & \textgreater{}78 & \textgreater{}9.96 & \textless{}0.03 & Dual \\ \hline
[46] & 3–11 & 0.39 \(\times\) 0.3 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Rogers \\ 5880 \\ \end{tabular} & 5.8 & - & \textgreater{}9.8 & \textless{}0.02 & Vertical \\ \hline
[47] & 5.1–5.8 & 0.85 \(\times\) 0.85 & FR-4 & 2.9 & \textgreater{}70 & \textgreater{}9.9 & \textless{}0.0006 & Dual \\ \hline
[48] & 2.35–9.04 & 0.51 \(\times\) 0.27 & FR-4 & 3 & - & 8 & \textless{}0.5 & Vertical \\ \hline
[49] & 3–16 & 0.58 \(\times\) 0.58 & FR-4 & 7 & - & - & \textless{}0.07 & Dual \\ \hline
[50] & 3.14–12.24 & 0.524 \(\times\) 0.524 & Rogers & 5.1 & \textgreater{}81 & \textgreater{}9.6 & \textless{}0.004 & Dual \\ \hline
[51] & 3.8–6.5 & 0.57 \(\times\) 0.57 & FR-4 & 6.8 & \textgreater{}60 & - & \textless{}0.04 & Circular \\ \hline
[52] & 3–13.5 & 0.4 \(\times\) 0.4 &
\begin{tabular}{c} TMM4 \\ laminate \\ \end{tabular} & 3.5 & \textgreater{}89 & \textgreater{}9.95 & \textless{}0.4 & Dual \\ \hline
[53] & 2.1–11.4 & 0.24 \(\times\) 0.32 & FR-4 & 1.2 & \textgreater{}75 & \textgreater{}9.9 & \textless{}0.04 & Dual \\ \hline
[54] & 5.5–9.2, & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.733 \(\times\) \\ 13.2–17.9, \\ 11.5–14.6 \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} \textless{}733 \(\times\) \\ 0.733 \\ 0.308 \\ \end{tabular} & FR-4 & 7.57 dB & \textgreater{}70 & \textgreater{}9.9 & \textless{}0.05 & Dual \\ \hline
[55] & 2.15–20 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.308 \(\times\) \\ 0.308 \\ \end{tabular} & FR-4 & 6.7 & \textgreater{}60 & \textgreater{}9.96 & \textless{}0.01 & Dual \\ \hline This work &
\begin{tabular}{c} 1.41–1.62, \\ 2.4–24.62, \\ 3.1–12.8 \\ \end{tabular} & 0.2 \(\times\) 0.2 & FR-4 & 2.14 & 87 & \textgreater{}9 & \textless{}0.4 & Dual \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of the proposed antenna to previously reported antenna configurations. The proposed antenna has the potential for automotive applications such as V2V, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), V2X, intelligent transport system, automatic vehicle identifier, and RFID-based electronic toll collection.