# Hybrid Wind-Redox Flow Battery System for Decarbonizing Off-Grid Mining Operations
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Model Results
#### 6.2.1 General Trend Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Number of Wind**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**80 MWh Redox Battery**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Without Redox Battery**} \\ \hline
**Turbines** & 0 gcm & **1 gen** & **2 gen** & **3 gen** & 0.9 cm & **1 gen** & **2 gen** & **3 gen** \\ \hline
**12** & \(-61.27\%\) & \(-56.06\%\) & \(-49.49\%\) & \(-39.66\%\) & \(-56.68\%\) & \(-51.31\%\) & \(-44.79\%\) & \(-35.44\%\) \\ \hline
**11** & \(-60.10\%\) & \(-55.05\%\) & \(-48.74\%\) & \(-39.16\%\) & \(-55.43\%\) & \(-50.34\%\) & \(-43.93\%\) & \(-34.76\%\) \\ \hline
**10** & \(-58.79\%\) & \(-53.93\%\) & \(-47.82\%\) & \(-38.49\%\) & \(-54.17\%\) & \(-49.16\%\) & \(-43.00\%\) & \(-34.10\%\) \\ \hline
**9** & \(-57.22\%\) & \(-52.62\%\) & \(-46.75\%\) & \(-37.79\%\) & \(-52.51\%\) & \(+47.80\%\) & \(-41.88\%\) & \(-33.29\%\) \\ \hline
**8** & \(-55.29\%\) & \(-51.14\%\) & \(-45.56\%\) & \(-36.92\%\) & \(-50.60\%\) & \(-46.15\%\) & \(-40.63\%\) & \(-32.23\%\) \\ \hline
**7** & \(-52.92\%\) & \(-49.33\%\) & \(-44.11\%\) & \(-35.91\%\) & \(-48.45\%\) & \(-44.40\%\) & \(-39.07\%\) & \(-31.19\%\) \\ \hline
**6** & \(-49.56\%\) & \(-46.73\%\) & \(-42.33\%\) & \(-34.69\%\) & \(-45.82\%\) & \(-42.09\%\) & \(-37.31\%\) & \(-29.84\%\) \\ \hline
**5** & \(-44.39\%\) & \(-43.23\%\) & \(-39.96\%\) & \(-33.20\%\) & \(-42.28\%\) & \(-39.37\%\) & \(-35.05\%\) & \(-28.21\%\) \\ \hline
**4** & \(-37.69\%\) & \(-37.37\%\) & \(-36.13\%\) & \(-30.95\%\) & \(-37.01\%\) & \(-35.46\%\) & \(-32.12\%\) & \(-26.10\%\) \\ \hline
**3** & \(-29.94\%\) & \(-29.72\%\) & \(-29.21\%\) & \(-26.90\%\) & \(-29.62\%\) & \(-29.14\%\) & \(-27.56\%\) & \(-23.15\%\) \\ \hline
**2** & \(-20.61\%\) & \(-20.52\%\) & \(-20.23\%\) & \(-19.08\%\) & \(-20.51\%\) & \(-20.27\%\) & \(-19.61\%\) & \(-17.86\%\) \\ \hline
**1** & \(-10.14\%\) & \(-10.08\%\) & \(-10.09\%\) & \(-9.19\%\) & \(-10.14\%\) & \(-10.04\%\) & \(-9.71\%\) & \(-8.76\%\) \\ \hline
**0** & \(0.71\%\) & \(0.63\%\) & \(0.51\%\) & \(1.11\%\) & \(0.64\%\) & \(0.66\%\) & \(0.72\%\) & \(1.32\%\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Legend: Dark green = very good economy; Light green = good economy; Yellow = fairly good economy; Red = bad economy; gen = generator.} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Amount of diesel saved, in the cases of without redox battery and 80 MWh redox battery. Figure 14: Performance indicator variation with the number of wind turbines (WTs) for a system with 120 MWh battery and two generators running continuously: **(a)** LCOE vs. number of WTs; **(b)** LCOS vs. number of WTs; **(c)** diesel savings vs. number of WTs; **(d)** energy discharged from batteries vs. number of WTs. (a) Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE): The LCOE initially decreases as wind turbines are added, reaching a minimum of around four turbines, beyond which further additions lead to a gradual increase. This reflects that the optimal integration point of wind energy before overcapacity leads to diminishing returns (see Equation (A1) in Appendix A). (b) Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS): LCOS sharply decreases with the addition of wind turbines and approaches zero after four turbines, indicating maximal economic utilization of the battery system beyond that point (see Equation (A2) in Appendix A). (c) Diesel Savings: Increasing wind capacity consistently reduces diesel usage. However, the rate of diesel savings declines with each additional turbine, illustrating a saturation effect. (d) Battery Discharge Energy: The energy discharged from the battery increases with added wind power, peaking at around six turbines. Beyond this point, battery usage stabilizes or slightly declines, suggesting that excess wind generation reduces reliance on storage. This analysis highlights the trade-offs between wind capacity, storage utilization, and diesel consumption. An optimal configuration emerges with four to six additional turbines, effectively balancing cost and performance.