# Relevance of Surface Electromyography Assessment and Sleep Impairment in Scoliosis: A Pilot Study
## 3 Results
### Results of the EMG Assessment for the 15 Subjects Included in the Study
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Pacient** \\ **Code** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**T1 EMG 1**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**T1 EMG 2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **T1** \\ **Symmetry** \\ **Index** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**T2 EMG 1**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**T2 EMG 2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Symmetry** \\ **Index** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline P1 & 31.32 & 28.30 & 1.11 & 56 & 54 & 1.04 \\ P2 & 77.69 & 113.31 & 0.69 & 58 & 55 & 1.05 \\ P3 & 14 & 38.00 & 0.37 & 100 & 82 & 1.22 \\ P4 & 40 & 40.00 & 1.00 & 113 & 80 & 1.41 \\ P5 & 47.10 & 62.96 & 1.00 & 47.10 & 62.96 & 0.75 \\ P6 & 45.49 & 59.93 & 0.76 & 35.29 & 54.97 & 0.64 \\ P7 & 65.80 & 53.19 & 1.24 & 47.54 & 45.73 & 1.04 \\ P8 & 20.31 & 19.64 & 1.03 & 100.82 & 79.70 & 1.26 \\ P9 & 34.89 & 37.55 & 0.93 & 35.29 & 45.00 & 0.78 \\ P10 & 27.43 & 21.68 & 1.27 & 14.64 & 17.76 & 0.82 \\ P11 & 14.86 & 17.31 & 0.86 & 60.40 & 56.34 & 1.07 \\ P12 & 24.90 & 20.00 & 1.25 & 46.00 & 63.00 & 0.73 \\ P13 & 65 & 46.00 & 1.41 & 14.64 & 17.76 & 0.82 \\ P14 & 34.57 & 33.24 & 1.04 & 29.16 & 31.83 & 0.92 \\ P15 & 89.74 & 59.00 & 1.52 & 38.27 & 50.40 & 0.76 \\ Minimum & 14 & 17.30 & 0.36 & 14.64 & 17.76 & 0.64 \\ Maximum & 89.73 & 113.31 & 1.52 & 113 & 82 & 1.41 \\ Mean & 42.20 & 43.34 & 1.03 & 53.07 & 53.09 & 0.95 \\ Standard & & & & & & \\ Deviation & 22.99 & 24.72 & 0.29 & 30.06 & 19.92 & 0.22 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Symmetry index right/left in orthostatic position. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **Patient** \\ **Code** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{**T1 EMG 1**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**T1 EMG 2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{c} **T1** \\ **Symmetry** \\ **Index** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{**T2 EMG 1**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**T2 EMG 2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **Symmetry** \\ **Index** \\ \end{tabular}  } \\ \hline P1 & 30.71 & 30.84 & 1.00 & 52.59 & 53.75 & 0.98 \\ P2 & 71.23 & 125.95 & 0.57 & 56 & 56 & 1 \\ P3 & 14 & 18 & 0.78 & 150 & 200 & 0.75 \\ P4 & 49 & 59 & 0.83 & 186 & 204 & 0.91 \\ P5 & 29.25 & 29.49 & 0.99 & 37.37 &During orthostatic position, symmetry index values lead towards a muscular imbalance for 11 out of 15 patients. Such results led to a differentiated statistical analysis for establishing the significance threshold. The complexity of the EMG recordings and their variability imposed an approach that allows an electrical muscle behavior analysis (action potential of the motor unit) within a dynamic EMG. The statistical analyses of the EMG signal collected from the right paravertebral muscles (EMG 1) and left paravertebral muscles (EMG 2) for the 15 subjects included in the study were developed for the flexion and hyperextension movement as well as for the orthostatic posture. Table 11 presents statistical indexes of the EMG electrical signal variation collected before and after the completion of the therapeutic protocol. The threshold values are related to the situation in which the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that EMG results obtained before and after completion of the therapeutic protocol are statistically significantly different (improvement). A favorable evolution was noticed during the flexion of the torso. This represents an activation of the paravertebral muscles that stabilize the spine. This result was obtained by strengthening and postural reeducation exercises. Table 12 presents statistical indexes of the symmetry index variation (right/left) before and after performing the therapeutic protocol. The threshold values are related to the situation in which the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning that symmetry indexes (right/left) obtained before and after completion of the therapeutic protocol are statistically significantly different (improvement). As before, a favorable symmetry index can only be noticed during flexion movement of the torso.