# Phytocannabinoids Biosynthesis in Angiosperms, Fungi, and Liverworts and Their Versatile Role
## 10 Conclusions and Future Prospects  
Phytocannabinoids are bioactive naturally occurring terpenoids that were earlier thought to be exclusive to _C. sativa_ but have now also been produced in _Rhododendon_ species, some legumes, the liverwort genus _Radula_, and some fungi. Bioactive phytocannabinoids show remarkable non-hallucinogenic biological properties determined by the variable nature of the side chain and prenyl group defined by the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis. The present review focused on genes and enzymes involved in biosynthesis across several plant species such as cannabis, _Rhododendon_ and liverworts were discussed here. Moreover, these species are used in the combinatorial fashion to construct a required new bioactive phytocannabinoid structure established on integrating peculiar prenyl moieties, side chains, and unique cyclized core structures. Meanwhile, phytocannabinoids biosynthesis involves a large collection of enzymes that can potentially develop bioactive phytocannabinoids via genetic engineering. This review gives a better understanding of the diverse role of phytocannabinoids in humans, plants, microbiology, and biotechnology (Figure 8). In particular, active phytocannabinoids play a crucial role in treating several diseases in humans. They possess antibacterial and antimicrobial properties in several industries. Recent studies also appraise phytocannabinoids role in cold, heat, and radiation stress tolerance. Phytocannabinoids also protect the plant from pathogens and herbivory. Moreover, the review also focuses on the foe of improper use of phytocannabinoids and why it is banned in many countries.  
The hypothesis is that phytocannabinoids have versatile use and are beneficial for humans and plants if appropriately used. Further investigations are needed on genes and enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway in different plant species. Comparative study between type III PKS from cannabis and liverwort might explain their specificity to particular molecular structure and insight of genetic and protein engineering. Semistynthetic techniques and chemical modification integration can be used for the biosynthesis of different types of cannabinoids--it also modulates their bioactivity and bioavailability. The availability of naturally occurring cannabinoids provides an insight into scrutinizing  
Figure 8: Selective role of active phytocannabinoids in humans, mammals, plants, biotechnology, and industries. Abbreviations: CBC, cannabichromene; CBCA, cannabichromenic acid; CBD, cannabidiol; CBDA, cannabidiolic acid; CBG, cannabigerol; CBGA, cannabigerolic acid; CBN, cannabiol; CBR, cannabinoid receptor; DCA, daurichromenic acid; PA, perrottettinenic acid; \(\Delta^{9}\)-THC, \(\Delta^{9}\)-tetrahydrocannabinol.  
their role in plant stress tolerance, including individual and combinatorial exogenous effects. Lastly, quantitative chemical profiling can also give a deep knowledge of the occurrence and importance of NADES and their other possible role in plants and their role in reducing autotoxicity.  
Conceptualization, S.H.; methodology, S.H.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.A. and P.S.; writing--review and editing, S.H. and A.B.; visualization, A.B.; supervision, S.H. and A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
[PERSON] acknowledges the receipt of Inspire fellowship (IF 180778) by the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.