esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 An Improved \(q\)-samples Index
### A Hybrid \(q\)-samples Index  
We have explained all the ideas necessary to describe a hybrid \(q\)-samples index. The algorithm works in two steps. First we determine all the \(q\)-samples \(O_{i}\) for which \(ed(O_{i},P^{\prime})<k\cdot|O_{i}|_{v}\) for some substring \(P^{\prime}\) of \(P\). In this phase we also determine the \(q\)-samples that contain a suffix \(O_{1}\) for which \(ed(O_{1},P^{\prime})<k\cdot|O_{1}|_{v}\) for some prefix \(P^{\prime}\) of \(P\) (note that we do not need to consider substrings of \(P\), just prefixes). Likewise we also determine the \(q\)-samples that contain a prefix \(O_{j}\) for which \(ed(O_{j},P^{\prime})<k\cdot|O_{j}|_{v}\) for some suffix \(P^{\prime}\) of \(P\) (similar observation). The \(q\)-samples that qualify are potentially contained inside an approximate occurrence of \(P\), _i.e._\(O_{i}\) may be a substring of a string \(O\) such that \(ed(O,P)\leq k\). In order to verify whether this is the case, in the second phase we scan the text context around \(O_{i}\) with a sequential algorithm.  
As the reader might have noticed, the problem of verifying conditions such as \(ed(O_{i},P^{\prime})<k\cdot|O_{i}|_{v}\) is that we cannot know a priori which \(i\) does a given text \(q\)-sample correspond to. Different occurrences of the \(q\)-sample in the text could participate in different positions of an \(O\), and even a single occurrence in \(T\) could appear in several different \(O\)'s. We do not know either the size \(|O|\), as it may range from \(m-k\) to \(m+k\).  
A simple solution is as follows. Conservatively assume \(|O|=m-k\). Then, search \(P\) for each different text \(q\)-sample in three roles: (1) as a \(q\)-sample contained in \(O\), so that \(|O_{i}|=q\), assuming pessimistically \(|O_{i}|_{v}=(1+\epsilon)\min(q/(m-k-2v),1)\); (2) as an \(O_{1}\), matching a prefix of \(P\) for each of the \(q\)-sample suffixes of lengths \(v<\ell<q\), assuming \(|O_{1}|=\ell\) and thus \(|O_{1}|_{v}=(1+\epsilon)\ \min((\ell-v)/(m-k-2v),1)\); (3) as an \(O_{j}\), matching a suffix of \(P\) for each of the \(q\)-sample prefixes, similarly to case (2) (_i.e._\(|O_{j}|_{v}=|O_{1}|_{v}\)). We assume that \(q<m-k\) and thus the case of \(O\) contained inside a \(q\)-sample does not occur.  
In practice, one does not search for each \(q\)-sample in isolation, but rather factors out the work due to common \(q\)-gram prefixes by backtracking over the trie and incrementally computing the DP matrix between every different \(q\)-sample and any substring of \(P\) ([4], recall Section 2.2.). We note that the trie of \(q\)-samples is appropriate for role (3), but not particularly efficient for roles (1) and (2) (finding \(q\)-samples with some specific suffix). In our application to a Lempel-Ziv index this will not be a problem because we will have also a trie of the reversed phrases (that will replace the \(q\)-grams).
# Architectural Patterns for Blockchain Systems and Application Design
## 4 Pattern Description
### Transactional View Patterns
#### 4.3.2 Replicated Repository Pattern  
**Summary:** This pattern addresses concerns regarding distributing on-chain data as a replicated ledger.  
**Context:** A software application utilizes blockchain services as a distributed ledger.  
**Solution:** A blockchain is a digital archive of transactions that are replicated and broadcast across the blockchain network nodes. Every time a new block is committed, a copy of this block is added to the ledgers of the other participants, as shown in Figure 8. Because each participant, with the exception of light clients, has its copy, ledgers on the blockchain are replicated rather than shared. Although nominated public nodes share their replications with other nodes and clients in permissionless networks, any newly added block is replicated and broadcast among all network participants. Reading from and writing to these replications is permitted equally among all the nodes in the network. In permissioned networks, broadcasting is performed for a subset of the network participants based on their granted permissions. This permission-based replication allows complex ledger structures in enterprise applications. In such cases, each member in a consortium has a digital ledger, and any subset of members of the consortium can have a mutual replication. Finally, there is a master replication among all the consortium members. The replicated records are also at varying transparencies to ensure data confidentiality in the private environment.  
Figure 7: The on-chain pipe-filter pattern for blockchain applications.  
**Known uses:** The Ethereum network is permissionless, and its digital ledger is replicated among all Ethereum nodes as a single-ledger-based architecture. The Hyperledger Fabric network is permissioned, and its digital ledger is replicated per channel, allowing for a multi-ledger-based architecture. The Corda network is permissioned and allows for shared ledger structures.  
**Related patterns:** The data in a replicated ledger can be linked, as in the chain-of-blocks pattern.
## 3 Results
### Spatial Autocorrelation of LCE  
Table 5 shows that the Global Moran's I was higher than 0 for different years within the 2000-2019 range, with the normal statistic Z values found to be higher than 2.58 and the \(p\) values found to be significant at the 5% level (i.e., \(p<0.05\)), indicating that LCE showed a significant positive spatial correlation in the GZA. In addition, temporally, Moran's I of LCE experienced an overall increasing trend in GZA from 2000 to 2017 (from 0.1117 in 2000 to 0.1755 in 2017), but it began to decrease after 2017, indicating that the spatial correlation of LCE in the GZA was increasing and more spatially concentrated, but there was somewhat of a decrease over time after 2017.  
The local spatial autocorrelation clustering results of LCE from 2000 to 2019 were as follows (Figure 8). From 2000 to 2001, the H-H agglomeration area of LCE in the whole study area was distributed in the central urban agglomeration of the study area, including  
Figure 7: Spatial dynamics of LCE in the GZA from 2000 to 2019. (**a**) the spatial variation trend of LCE; (**b**) Significance test results of change trends based on MK; (**c**) Superimposed results of spatial change rate and significance test.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Moran’s I** & **Z Value** & \(p\) **Value** & **Year** & **Moran’s I** & **Z Value** & \(p\) **Value** \\ \hline
2000 & 0.1117 & 3.9563 & 0.001 & 2010 & 0.1244 & 4.4225 & 0.002 \\
2001 & 0.1073 & 3.7998 & 0.001 & 2011 &  
Xi'an, Xianyang and, Baoji. These regions had dense cities and large populations, which led to high energy consumption, resulting in high concentrations of carbon emissions. At this time, the H-H agglomeration area is large (accounting for about 10%). However, from 2002 to 2019, the H-H agglomeration area showed an obvious downward trend, from 5.67% in 2002 to 2.89% in 2019. During the period of 2012-2019, the H-H agglomeration area mainly formed core urban areas with rapid economic development and population growth, such as Xi'an and Baoji. The L-L agglomeration area was always distributed in scale, and the spatial distribution range was relatively stable (26-29%), mainly distributed in the southwest parts of the GZA, such as the western and southern areas of Baoji City, the southern areas of Xi'an City, and Weinan City; the area was also distributed in the junction area of Tongchuan and Xianyang. These areas were mainly located on the east side of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the southwest side of the Loess Plateau, and most of them were located on the edge of the Qinling Mountains, with high vegetation coverage, strong ecological environmental constraints, sparse population, inadequate development of the central city itself, and a weak connection with the surrounding cities, resulting in low carbon emissions. The H-L aggregation area was the smallest part of the study area. From 2000 to 2004, the L-H aggregation area showed an increase and remained stable after 2004, accounting for about 1%.  
Figure 8: Spatial clustering features of LCE in the GZA from 2000 to 2019.
## 3 Dynamic Model and Equations of Motion
### Component Equivalent Displacements in HPGT  
Figures 4-6 respectively show the dynamic models of the external (sun-planet \(i\)) and internal (carrier-planet \(i\)) mesh pair, and carrier-planet \(i\) pair. In the derivation of the dynamic equations of the entire HPGT system, the relative displacements between the components in HPGT need to be obtained first. According to the motion and deformation relationships between components as shown in Figures 4-6, the relative displacements can be deduced [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21].  
(1) The equivalent deformation \(\Theta_{spi}^{L}\) of the \(i\)th external mesh on the left side is written as  
\[\begin{array}{ll}\Theta_{spi}^{L}&=\left[(-x_{s}\sin\varphi_{si}+y_{s}\cos \varphi_{si}+u_{s})-(x_{i}\sin\alpha_{t}+y_{i}\cos\alpha_{t}-u_{i})\right] \cdot\cos\beta_{b}\\ &-(z_{i}-z_{s})\cdot\sin\beta_{b}+e_{spi}^{L}(t)\end{array} \tag{4}\]  
(2) The equivalent deformation \(\Theta_{spi}^{R}\) of the \(i\)th external mesh on the right side is expressed as  
\[\begin{array}{ll}\Theta_{spi}^{R}&=\left[(-x_{s}\sin\varphi_{si}+y_{s}\cos \varphi_{si}+u_{s})-(x_{i}\sin\alpha_{t}+y_{i}\cos\alpha_{t}-u_{i})\right] \cdot\cos\beta_{b}\\ &-(z_{s}-z_{i})\cdot\sin\beta_{b}+e_{spi}^{R}(t)\end{array} \tag{5}\]  
(3) The equivalent deformation \(\Theta_{r2 pi}^{L}\) of the \(i\)th left-side internal mesh is given by  
\[\begin{array}{ll}\Theta_{r2 pi}^{L}&=\left[(-x_{r2}\sin\varphi_{ri}+y_{r2} \cos\varphi_{ri}+u_{r2})-(-x_{i}\sin\alpha_{t}+y_{i}\cos\alpha_{t}+u_{i}) \right]\cdot\cos\beta_{b}\\ &+(z_{i}-z_{r2})\cdot\sin\beta_{b}+e_{r2 pi}^{L}(t)\end{array} \tag{6}\]  
(4) The equivalent deformation \(\Theta_{r1 pi}^{R}\) of the \(i\)th right-side internal mesh is written as  
\[\begin{array}{ll}\Theta_{r1 pi}^{R}&=\left[(-x_{r1}\sin\varphi_{ri}+y_{r1} \cos\varphi_{ri}+u_{r1})-(-x_{i}\sin\alpha_{t}+y_{i}\cos\alpha_{t}+u_{i}) \right]\cdot\cos\beta_{b}\\ &+(-z_{i}+z_{r1})\cdot\sin\beta_{b}+e_{r1 pi}^{R}(t)\end{array} \tag{7}\]  
(5) The radial relative deflection \(\Theta_{xepi}\) between the \(i\)th planet and the carrier is determined by  
\[\Theta_{xepi}=-x_{i}+y_{c}\cdot\sin\varphi_{i}+x_{c}\cdot\cos\varphi_{i} \tag{8}\]  
(6) The tangential relative deflection \(\Theta_{yepi}\) between the \(i\)th planet and the carrier is expressed as  
\[\Theta_{yepi}=-y_{i}+y_{c}\cdot\cos\varphi_{i}-x_{c}\cdot\sin\varphi_{i}+u_{c} \tag{9}\]  
(7) The axial relative deflection \(\Theta_{xepi}\) between the \(i\)th planet and the carrier is given by  
\[\Theta_{zepi}=-z_{c}+z_{i} \tag{10}\]Figure 4: Dynamic model of the \(i\)th herringbone planet-sun gear pair.  
Figure 5: Dynamic model of the \(i\)th herringbone planet-ring gear pair.
# Time-Dependency in the Corrosion Process of Reinforced Concrete Subjected to a Chloride Solution
###### Abstract  
The corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete exposed to marine environments or winter de-icing poses a significant threat. However, evaluation of it is challenging due to variables such as environmental conditions and concrete properties. Many studies in concrete engineering have introduced a performance-based approach, evaluating structures with experimental data by considering the environmental conditions. Electrochemical techniques, including half-cell potential (HP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic pulse (GP), are widely used for studying steel corrosion in concrete. Despite the widespread use, corrosion measurements have still limitations due to ambiguous impedance results from concrete presence, equipment sensitivity, and analysis flexibility. The corrosion of steel in chloride-laden concrete was assessed in well-controlled laboratory conditions using EIS and GP before field application. The results showed that measured values for corrosion parameters were consistent with each other (within 10% discrepancy). Corrosion initiation times varied from 171 to 319 days depending on the techniques, the differences attributed to measurement periods, and the condition of the steel. In addition, it was confirmed that the corrosion potential for HP was significantly correlated with the time constant for GP. This study demonstrated these techniques to improve both the understanding of the corrosion process and the accuracy of the calculated corrosion rate.  
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; galvanostatic pulse technique; chloride; steel; corrosion +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
This research intends to understand whether users would adopt the interactive interface of hand gesture recognition for XRSPACE MANOVA in the virtual-reality environment. Different from the traditional joystick control and external sensors, XRSPACE MANOVA's hand gesture recognition relies on cameras built into the head-mount display to detect users' hand gestures and interact with the system to provide a more life-like immersive experience. To better understand if users would accept this hand gesture recognition, the current experiment compares users' experiences with hand gesture recognition and joystick control for XRSPACE MANOVA while controlling for the effects of gender, college major, and the completion time. The results suggest that users of hand gesture recognition have better perceptions of enjoyment, satisfaction, and confirmation, which means that they have a relatively fun and satisfying experience and that their expectations of the system/technology confirm their actual usage. Based on the parametric statistical analyses, user assessments show that perceived usefulness, perceived ease-of-use, attitude, and perception of internal control suggest that, in terms of operating performance, users are more accepting of the traditional joystick control. When considering the length of usage time, this study finds that, when hand gesture recognition is used for a relatively longer time, users' subjective evaluations of internal control and behavioral intention to use are reduced. This study has, therefore, identified potential issues with hand gesture recognition for XRSPACE MANOVA and discussed how to improve this interactive interface. It is hoped that users of hand gesture recognition will obtain the same level of operating experience as if they were using the traditional joystick control.  
virtual reality; user experience; human-computer interaction; XRSPACE MANOVA; hand gesture recognition; joystick control Article  
User Experience of Virtual-Reality Interactive Interfaces: A Comparison between Hand Gesture Recognition and Joystick Control for XRSPACE MANOVA  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan 1  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan 1  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Adult and Continuing Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan 2  
*Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
## 4 Model Checking Fidelity Properties  
The quantum CTL logic we have considered in the previous sections focus on the probability of events, as carried by the computed super-operator. For instance, when model checking an LQMC against a CTL formula \(\mathbb{Q}_{\sim\mathcal{E}}[\psi]\), we solve the problem to check whether \(Q^{\mathfrak{M}}_{\odot}(\{\,\sigma\in\operatorname{Path}^{\mathfrak{M}}\ |\ L(\sigma)\in\mathit{ Words}(\psi)\,\})\sim\mathcal{E}\) for some given \(\sim\in\{\lesssim,\gtrsim,\simeq\}\) and \(\mathcal{E}\in\mathcal{S}^{\mathcal{I}}(\mathcal{H})\) (cf. Definition 3). This means, more precisely, to check whether, for each \(\rho\in\mathcal{D}(\mathcal{H})\), the trace of \(Q^{\mathfrak{M}}_{\rm s}(\{\,\sigma\in\operatorname{Path}^{\mathfrak{M}}\ |\ L(\sigma)\in\mathit{ Words}(\psi)\,\})(\rho)\) is bounded by the trace of \(\mathcal{E}(\rho)\).  
Quantum CTL is not able to characterize the effect of the super-operators on the quantum states, unless this is reflected on the probability value of their trace. This means, for instance, that the effect of a measurement can be recognized, since the associated probability value is likely to decrease; on the other hand, a bit flip remains undetected, since the whole probability mass is preserved.  
To express properties about how well the super-operator modelled by the QMC preserves the quantum state it is applied on a different operator is needed, such as a fidelity operator. The logic we consider is the _Fidelity CTL logic_ (FCTL) proposed in [50], also based on CTL. (The authors of [50] call this logic _Quantum CTL_. Instead, we call it Fidelity CTL to avoid confusion with the homonym logic in Section 3.) As such, this logic is essentially the same as the classical and probabilistic CTL from literature, and QCTL considered in Section 3. The only difference is on the operator wrapping the path formulas: instead of using the universal \(\forall\), existential \(\exists\), probabilistic \(\mathbb{P}_{\sim p}\), or quantum \(\mathbb{Q}_{\sim\mathcal{E}}\) operators, FCTL uses the fidelity operator \(\mathbb{F}_{\sim\tau}\), to check whether the fidelity is bounded by \(\tau\). (For uniformity of notation, we use the operator \(\mathbb{F}_{\sim\tau}\) instead of the operator \(\mathfrak{F}_{\sim\tau}\) that is used in [50]).
## 7 Risk Analysis
### Tcu
#### 7.2.2 Denial of Service  
1. **Component**  
_Security risk:_ If unauthorized individuals are able to perform DoS on the TCU, the attacker will be able to block all the outgoing and incoming vehicle communication. Moreover, the in-vehicle functions communicate with each other using the networking protocols enabled by the TCU, making the entire communication system not available.  
Security measure:_ The communication between the TCU and external devices can be equipped with frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), which is a technique for hopping between random radio frequencies in a short amount of time. Such hopping in frequency is used to send and receive data on changing carriers that can help block DoS packages. The usage of hardware- or software-based solutions can be applied as an alternative to FHSS. A typical solution for preventing DoS attacks is the use of firewall-based applications that aim at preventing flooding attacks by detecting malicious traffic.
# Simulation of Achievable Data Rates of Broadband Power Line Communication for Smart Metering
## 6 Simulation--Basic Topologies
### Simulation Set-Up  
To evaluate the capacity of BB-PLC channels for the best-case scenario, these parameters for basic topology simulation are considered:  
* The frequency band 1.8-30 MHz for broadband PLC.
* The 64 PSK modulation.
* According to IEEE 1901 standard and FFT OFDM PHY specifications, 917 active carriers were considered.
* Transmitter impedance was 40 \(\Omega\), receiver impedance 100 \(\Omega\), and node impedance was 250 \(\Omega\).
* Transmitting power was \(-\)50 dBm/Hz.
* Background noise for basic topologies was set according to real measurements [54] on the value of \(-\)90 dBm/Hz. This value represents ideal condition or environment in the real power line networks.
## 2 Method and Modeling
Three methods are available for computing \(K_{us}\), namely:  
**Method 1:**  
\[K_{us}=\frac{\alpha_{f}-\alpha_{r}}{A_{y}}\]  
where \(\alpha_{f}=(\alpha_{lf}+\alpha_{Rf})/2\) and \(\alpha_{r}=(\alpha_{lr}+\alpha_{Rr})/2\). **Method 2:**  
\[K_{us}=\frac{ang_{act}-ang_{in}}{A_{y}}\]  
Figure 3: Body-centered axis model. where \(ang_{act}\) is the (steering wheel angle)/(overall steering ratio), and is given as:  
\[ang_{in}=\frac{L\times A_{y}}{V_{x}^{2}}=L\times\frac{V_{x}^{2}}{R}\times\frac{1 }{V_{x}^{2}}=\frac{L}{R}\]  
In addition, \(ang_{in}\) is the Ackerman steering angle and is given theoretically as:  
\[\theta=\tan^{-1}\frac{L}{R}\approx\frac{L}{R}\]  
**Method 3**: Bicycle model  
\[Kus=\frac{W_{f}}{C_{af}}-\frac{W_{r}}{C_{ar}}\]  
Among these three methods, Methods 1 and 2 are simple and extensively applied, and Method 3 is tenable if the speed is very low and no lateral acceleration or slip angle occurs [14; 15]. In the present study, the steady-state analysis considered a low-speed curve maneuver (10 km/h). Hence, Method 3 was used to compute the understeer coefficient.
## 5 Results and Discussion: Cogging Torque
### Summary: SE and DE on Cogging Torque of PMSMs and MPMSMs  
In summary, it was found that the cogging torque can be separated into two components: NHC, which are originally present in the faultless machine, and AHC, which appears due to eccentricity. In this regard:  
* NHC is not affected by eccentricity, and its magnitude can be related to the slot/pole combination by means of the main harmonic order of the cogging torque, which can be determined as the least common multiple of slot and pole number.
* AHC is affected by eccentricity and can translate into severe peak-to-peak increases of the cogging torque. Machines that have a slot number close to their pole number are very sensitive to eccentricity and develop a higher cogging torque increase. In terms of magnitude, there are no significant differences between DE and SE. However, the order of the AHC generated by DE are multiples of the slot number, and the order of the AHC generated by SE are multiples of the pole number.
* Modular machines may have different native harmonic components when compared to their monolithic counterparts due to the stator/rotor periodicity break when adopting a modular stator core. Nevertheless, AHC is generated to a similar extent in both modular and monolithic machines.  
These findings can be used for diagnosis ends: in machines with their slot number close to their pole number, anomalous cogging torque increases with certain harmonic orders can indicate the presence of SE or DE.
# Design and Analysis of the High-Speed Underwater Glider with a Bladder-Type Buoyancy Engine
## 2 Analysis of UG  
### Hull Shape Design  
The external design of the UG was designed using the Myring hull profile equations [22], which are empirical equations that can create an external shape that can minimize resistance from external fluids. The parameters used here are shown in Table 1. The bow and stern profile were designed using Equations (1) and (2):  
\[\mathrm{r}(\Xi)=\frac{1}{2}d\left[1-\left(\frac{\Xi+a_{offset}-a}{a}\right)^{2 }\right]^{\frac{1}{\alpha}} \tag{1}\]  
\[\mathrm{r}(\Xi)=\frac{1}{2}d-\left[\frac{3d}{2c^{2}}-\frac{\tan\theta}{c} \right](\Xi-l)^{2}+\left[\frac{d}{c^{2}}-\frac{\tan\theta}{c}\right]\left( \Xi-l_{f}\right)^{3} \tag{2}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Description** & **Units** \\ \hline \(a\) & Nose section length & m \\ \(a_{offset}\) & Nose offset & m \\ \(b\) & Constant radius center section & m \\ \(c\) & Tail section length & m \\ \(c_{offset}\) & Tail offset & m \\ \(n\) & Exponential coefficient & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Myring parameters for UG.  
The parameters used for the design are shown in Figure 1. By adjusting the parameters, a suitable shape can be obtained.