## 6 Current Challenges and Future Prospects
### The Role of Additive Manufacturing in the Future Landscape of Manufacturing  
The leading strategy for affordability in today's manufacturing sectors, which helps producers carry out their development plans while cutting down on pollution and resource use during a product's life, is known as sustainable manufacturing [199]. This approach involves additive manufacturing, which constructs product parts layer by layer, resulting in lighter yet stronger components. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and computer vision are used by smart additive manufacturing (SAM) to enhance 3D printing accuracy and visual output. The latest development in additive manufacturing is 5D printing, which allows the printing nozzle additional movement flexibility to create objects along five different axes, resembling the functionality of five-axis machining centers. Moreover, hybrid manufacturing merges the features of both additive and subtractive manufacturing in one system to make the most of both approaches [185]. Companies and researchers are increasingly adopting smart manufacturing technologies, taking advantage of developments in AI, IoT, cloud computing, big data, cyber-physical systems (CPSs), 5G, digital twins (DTs), and edge computing (EC). These advanced technologies are driving improvements in smart manufacturing, delivering gains in sustainability, profitability, and efficiency. Smart additive manufacturing has particularly gained prominence in the last decade, offering environmentally friendly production by saving energy and reducing material consumption [200]. Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is essential in Industry 5.0 to produce more environmentally friendly manufactured goods. Utilizing all of Industry 5.0's benefits, smart additive manufacturing (SAM) collaborates with automated systems to improve supply chain management and reduce product delivery times [13; 201]. In the upcoming era of Industry 5.0, additive manufacturing, often referred to as 3D printing, is set to play a transformative and increasingly significant role in the manufacturing landscape. Table 6 contains some key aspects of its role: \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Concept** & **Definition** \\ \hline Customization & 3D printing allows for the creation of products that are highly customized and personalized, fitting the specific needs and likes of individuals. This fits well with the people-focused approach of Industry 5.0, making it possible to produce unique items that more closely match consumers’ expectations. \\ \hline Agile production & Unlike traditional manufacturing methods, which often require expensive tooling and long lead times for production setup, 3D printing offers greater agility. It enables businesses to quickly adapt to shifting customer needs and market demands by facilitating on-demand manufacturing and rapid prototyping. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Key aspects of 3D printing in Industry 5.0. In the context of complex geometry, one of the methods discussed involves the numerical modeling and design of materials with controlled pore sizes. This process begins with solving the coupled Cahn-Hilliard and Swift-Hohenberg equations using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. The numerical solutions generate intricate patterns, which are further processed into 3D-printable formats, allowing for precise control over the microstructure of the material. These designs can then be adapted into CAD files, making it possible to print structures with customized geometries tailored to specific applications, such as bone scaffolds or other biomedical uses. These patterns exhibit diverse morphologies, including globular, lamellar, or tubular forms, depending on the model parameters. In terms of design integration, the computational process extends beyond generating patterns; it is connected directly to the manufacturing stage. The 3D numerical solutions are translated into stl files, which can be scaled and modified for additive manufacturing processes.