# Integrating Gear Shifting Preference into Personalized Shift-Scheduling Calibration
## 4 Numerical Experiments and Results
### Effects of Driving Preference  
It is widely acknowledged that driving styles are representative of driving preferences and have significant impacts on both drivability and fuel economy. In this part, more results are provided to r analyze how the driving styles could affect the shifting performance. Figure 9 illustrates the TP maneuvers of three drivers with calibrated shift schedules when fulfilling the FTP-72 speed following task. As shown in Figure 9, it is clear that there exist much more frequent and drastic operations on the gas pedal for the aggressive driver than the moderate and mild drivers, which is in accordance with the reality. Due to this reason, the aggressive drivers has largest fuel consumption and gear counts. The statistics on shifting performance are presented in Table 4. Speed error (SE) denotes the average on the absolute scalar calculated by the desired and real vehicle speed, which reflects the speed tracking performance. According to Table 4, the gear counts are improved by 19.6%, 19.8%, and 20.1%, with respect to the Aggressive No.1, the Moderate No.1, and the Mild No.1, respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Driver ID**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\(\mathbf{I_{1}\) WD**}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**KS Test**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Before** & **After** & **Before** & **After** \\ \hline Aggr1 & 0.089 & 0.043 & 0 & 1 \\ Aggr2 & 0.092 & 0.037 & 1 & 1 \\ Aggr3 & 0.097 & 0.048 & 0 & 1 \\ Model1 & 0.074 & 0.031 & 1 & 1 \\ Mode2 & 0.081 & 0.038 & 0 & 1 \\ Mode3 & 0.079 & 0.042 & 1 & 1 \\ Mild1 & 0.083 & 0.036 & 1 & 1 \\ Mild2 & 0.075 & 0.041 & 1 & 1 \\ Mild3 & 0.086 & 0.047 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Notice: In the KS test, the scalar 1 means the hypothesis of the data consistency is accepted.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Consistency statistics among three styled drivers. Figure 10 depicts the gear indications of the drivers with three styles before and after shift-scheduling calibration during the same driving process. It is evident from Figure 10a that the gear change frequency is distinctly reduced for the aggressive driver, especially in high gears. This will not only lower the fuel consumption, but also enhance the driving comfort. Furthermore, for the moderate and mild drivers, the gear change operations are more timid than the aggressive driver, thus the improvements are not as great. More calibrations tasks are conducted on other drivers with four models for every style and the statistics on performance and gear counts were illustrated in Figure 11. It is clear that the calibrated shift schedules are superior to the base map in both gear counts and performance index, regardless of their styles. Moreover, it is noticed that the calibrated shift schedules for aggressive drivers achieve larger improvements in shift performance than the other drivers. This could be explained by the fact that the moderate and mild drivers have more gentle operations on the gas pedal than the aggressive drivers, thus the aggressive drivers might have more significant improvements after the calibrations. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Index**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Aggressive No.1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Moderate No.1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mild No.1**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Before** & **After** & **Before** & **After** & **Before** & **After** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Gear counts \\ Speed error \\ \end{tabular} } & 92 & 74 & 81 & 65 & 73 & 58 \\  & 0.5621 & 0.5478 & 0.5328 & 0.5183 & 0.5227 & 0.5061 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Calibration statistics among three styled drivers. Figure 9: TP of different styles after calibration: (**a**) Aggressive driver; (**b**) Moderate driver; (**c**) Mild driver. In Table 5, the statistics on acceleration and deceleration are illustrated. The standard driving cycle is conducted for both the primary shift map and calibrated shift schedules.