## 4 Further Analysis with Discussions and Implications
### Angular Analysis and the Inferences of Fact
#### 4.2.3 Analysing the Technological Domains Addressed by the Technological Powers  
The following analysis is focused on the IPC codes, rather than the countries. To gain further knowledge, the results of the 'by-IPC analysis' can be scrutinised. In Section 4.2.2, in the first main group of technological powers, the arrow for the USA is the one closest to the horizontal axis. The implication that the technologies of the USA align with the'mainstream' (that is, the first principal component) is very much reflective of the common knowledge that the \"USA is the leading technological power\". However, further 'by-IPC' observations can also be made based on this:  
* _The market or industry in the USA addresses technologies related to communications and software._ In Figure 7b, the arrow for the USA points to many IPC codes, including H04N (pictorial communication, e.g., TV or smartphone screens), H04B (transmission technologies, e.g., wireless transceivers), H02J (circuit arrangements or systems for supplying or distributing electric power; systems for Storing Electric Energy, e.g., batteries) and G06F (electrical digital data processing and peripherals, e.g., CPUs). This implies that the market or industry in the USA is biased toward communications and software technologies, and that the USA is the battleground for products in these areas. * _The markets or industries in CHN and the EU are similar, and they differ from the USA from the subclass level_. In the figure, it can also be observed that for the other countries in group (i), the arrows of CHN and the EU almost overlap. This implies that the technological markets or industrial properties in these two economies are almost identical. In addition to this, the IPC codes being pointed to by these two arrows are as follows: G06K (recognition/presentation of data; record carriers; handling record carriers, e.g., OCR devices), G06T (image data processing or generation, in general, e.g., computer graphics) and H04M (telephonic communications, e.g., switches or PBX). So, as can be seen, although the three countries in group (i) all exhibit a general interest in the G06 and the H04 classes, their real interests are varied because the subclasses that are focused on are different. In other words, within group (i), in general, the main interests of the technology industries vary at the subclass level. * _Technologies pertaining to smartphone design are the main focus_. If the above two findings for the group (i) countries are combined to state something other than their differences, it reflects the remarkable technological developments for smartphones during the study period. Over that time span, these countries have, coincidentally, targeted the technologies making up the market for 'touchable mobile device with panels', which is, in other words, the smartphone market. * _Industries and markets for countries in group (ii) are more homogeneous, but JPN and KOR address more areas in similar fields_. JPN, GER and KOR form group (ii). Unlike in group (i), in which the arrows of the EU and CHN overlap but that of the USA is somewhat farther away, the vectors of JPN, GER and KOR all almost overlap with each other in Figure 7b. This not only indicates the homogeneity of the market/industrial properties among them, but also facilitates the 'by-IPC analysis', because they point in an almost uniform direction. After identifying the subclasses along with the directions of these three arrows, it can be seen that the main technologies in these countries include those in the following categories: G01R (measuring electric variables; measuring magnetic variables, e.g., filters), G02B (optical elements, systems, or apparatuses, e.g., fibres), H01L (semiconductor devices; electric solid state devices not otherwise specified, e.g., LEDs), H01M (processes or means for the direct conversion of chemical into electrical energy, e.g., fuel cells), H02K (dynamo-electric machines, e.g., clutches) and H05B (electric heating; electric lighting not otherwise specified, e.g., electric heating elements).