###### Abstract
This technology facilitates a better understanding of the design problem, deepens the materialization and experiential quality of space, and encourages a rethinking of teaching methods in architectural workshops [18]. IVR is considered a valuable tool in education, enabling learning and training in a safe environment that replicates real situations or creates novel experiences [26]. This technology is particularly useful for the repetitive practice of skills without risk, which increases its appeal in the educational sphere [27]. Currently, IVR is being widely adopted in architecture and industrial design, allowing users to immerse themselves in simulations of unbuilt projects [28] and to analyze diverse scenarios. Its application in the AEC sector has improved aspects such as safety and health in construction, team training, facility management, and the evaluation of preliminary projects [29; 30]. IVR facilitates the visualization of proposals and solutions, the understanding of various design stages, and the communication inherent in the participatory design process [28; 31]. Research has shown that IVR enables the exploration and expression of design ideas in a more creative and efficient manner, offering immediate feedback and simulating the feeling of presence in a realistic virtual space [32; 33; 34]. IVR promotes exploratory experiences and stimulates holistic design based on human experience [35]. [PERSON] et al. [36] propose a comprehensive framework for evaluating 3D sketching, structured into three main categories: Evaluating the 3D sketching activity, evaluating3D sketching tools, and evaluating 3D sketching artifacts. Each category encompasses specific sub-categories tailored to assess distinct aspects of 3D sketching, emphasizing the need for evaluations aligned with research questions. The authors advocate for a shift from generic tools to task-specific solutions and highlight the necessity of thoughtful evaluation in 3D sketching research, urging researchers to move beyond novelty and adopt appropriate methodologies in conceptual design research. The work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37] show and test a tool developed to create rapid sketch modeling method using hand movements in a VR environment, demonstrating its benefits during the concept design phase in architectural education [36]. However, the study acknowledges limitations, as the tool remains in its early stages and was tested with a limited participant group. The authors highlight the potential of VR-based sketching tools to enhance design processes while underscoring the need for further refinement and broader validation. For their part, [PERSON] et al. [38] underline that traditional drawing is more accessible than VR drawing, as the latter demands greater drawing skills and visuospatial abilities from novice users. They outline three key requirements for effective VR drawing: prior experience in traditional or VR drawing, high visuospatial skills, and active movement within the virtual environment to perceive depth accurately. To avoid miscommunications and better articulate design needs, they recommend that beginners supplement VR sketches with traditional hand-drawn sketches. Further elaborating on this work, the authors confirmed in a recent publication that VR sketching is a complex task: movement, spatial inspection, training, and mental rotation skills are all key to quality sketches [39], and it is strongly advised that users move around in the virtual environment during a VR sketching task to become aware of the depth of the drawing in progress, but above all, the most important thing is not to remain static. The research into the application of VR environments and tools for drawing during the conceptual design phase remains an emerging field, with limited research currently available. A notable contribution to this area is the recent study by [PERSON] et al. [40], which evaluated the impact of VR sketching on novice product designers' cognitive actions during conceptual design, comparing it to traditional and tablet sketching.