## 3 Results
### UV-VIS Spectral Fingerprinting Related to Botanical Origin
In SBO, palmitic acid was a major FA (C16:0 at 35.8-36.2%), while in the EVOO group of oils, oleic acid (C18:1n-9) had values from 76.5% to 82.9%. Differences were noticed also between the percentages of the other mono- or polyunsaturated acids. The ratios PUFA/MUFA and MUFA + PUFA/SFA (considered as an unsaturation index) of each category can discriminate roughly between highly unsaturated ones (WO) and medium unsaturated oils (SFO, HO, LSO, PO, SO, EVOO). The SBO group of oils was represented mainly by palmitic C16:0 and palmitoleic C16:1 acid and showed the lowest unsaturation index, the PUFA content being mainly represented by C18:2n-6 (5.2-11.4%). The SO and EVOO groups were similar in unsaturation index, but SO had a higher percentage of PUFAs due to C18:2n-6 and C18:1n-9, compared to EVOO. The highest ratio PUFA/MUFA and unsaturation was noticed for WO, represented mainly by C18:2n-6 and C18:1n-9 (Figure 1b). The HO and LSO oils contained distinctly C18:3n-3 at 52.5-67.1% and 9.9-10.1% respectively, the first one having a superior unsaturation. The unsaturation of SFO and PO (represented mainly by C18:2n-6 and C18:1n-9 at percentages higher than 85%) was found to be higher compared to SO and EVOO. No significant differences were noticed between the authentic samples and the commercial ones, when fatty acids were considered as potential biomarkers of authenticity. These data are in good agreement with recent publications which referred mainly to olive oils and sunflower, hemp, linesed (flaxseed), walnut and sea buckthorn oils [32; 33; 34; 35]. For sunflower oils, recent data showed a dominant level of 64% linoleic acid C18:2n-6, while in our study the percentage reached an average of 70%; for flaxseed oils linolenic acid represented 46.5%, while in our case it was around 65%, with similar percentages being noticed by other authors [36; 37]. The levels of the fatty acids were useful for the detection of frauds of olive oil (rich in C18:1) with sunflower, soybean and walnut, even at levels of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Oil Type** & **SFA (\(\pm\) SD)** & **MUFA (\(\pm\) SD)** & **PUFA (\(\pm\) SD)** & **PUFA/MUFA** & **MUFA + PUFA/SFA** \\ \hline SFO & 5.621 \(\pm\) 1.855 & 20.396 \(\pm\) 11.349 & 73.982 \(\pm\) 13.175 & 3.627 & 16.791 \\ PO & 11.042 \(\pm\) 2.125 & 27.659 \(\pm\) 6.014 & 61.297 \(\pm\) 8.052 & 2.216 & 13.569 \\ LSO & 6.556 \(\pm\) 1.657 & 17.510 \(\pm\) 4.691 & 75.933 \(\pm\) 6.247 & 4.337 & 14.253 \\ HO & 7.614 \(\pm\) 1.277 & 13.833 \(\pm\) 4.175 & 78.551 \(\pm\) 5.409 & 5.678 & 12.133 \\ SO & 11.865 \(\pm\) 0.754 & 21.891 \(\pm\) 2.232 & 66.243 \(\pm\) 1.863 & 3.026 & 7.428 \\ WO & 4.405 \(\pm\) 0.075 & 9.949 \(\pm\) 3.311 & 85.645 \(\pm\) 3.360 & 8.608 & 21.700 \\ SBO & 36.783 \(\pm\) 7.364 & 52.171 \(\pm\) 4.251 & 11.045 \(\pm\) 1.559 & 0.212 & 1.719 \\ EVOO1,3 & 13.251 \(\pm\) 2.183 & 78.306 \(\pm\) 2.284 & 8.443 \(\pm\) 1.053 & 0.107 & 6.546 \\ EVOO2,4 & 10.166 \(\pm\) 1.568 & 85.879 \(\pm\) 3.068 & 3.955 \(\pm\) 0.869 & 0.046 & 8.836 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean values and standard deviations (x \(\pm\) SD) representing the percentages of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids identified in each type of oil. The ratios PUFA/MUFA and MUFA + PUFA/SFA (unsaturation index) are presented in columns 5 and 6, respectively. For oil abbreviations, see Table 1.  
Figure 1: (**a**) The PLSDA score plot for the discriminatory analysis of the eight classes of oils. (**b**) The heatmap illustrating the individual fatty acids to be considered potential biomarkers of each oil group. adulteration (below 5%), as demonstrated previously [38]. Sunflower, soybean, linseed and olive oils were found to have different percentages of linolenic/linoleic/oleic or palmitic acid, dominated by palmitoleic acid in sea buckthorn oil, by oleic acid in olive oil, linoleic acid in sunflower and soybean [37], and linolenic in pumpkineseed oil (46.40%), while in our samples the percentage reached 60%.