esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Diagnosis  
Proximal femoral fractures (PFFs) are often preceded by a history of low-energy trauma or falls, which typically results in pain localized to the hip or groin area [62]. However, in 2-3% of cases, no clear history of trauma is noted, and the fracture may be pathological or the result of a stress fracture [63]. This distinction is important because stress fractures often occur in individuals with underlying bone conditions, such as osteoporosis, and may not present with the same clear traumatic event as displaced fractures.  
Patients who present with displaced femoral neck fractures usually exhibit a shortened, externally rotated limb and often have an inability to bear weight on the affected side [64]. Physical examination may reveal tenderness upon palpation over the groin and anterior hip, along with pain during the log roll maneuver, which involves passive internal and external rotation of the lower leg. However, it is important to note that ecchymosis (bruising) is typically not observed in the early stages of the injury [65].  
For patients with non-displaced or impacted fractures, particularly stress fractures, the physical presentation may be less obvious. These patients might not exhibit any noticeable deformity and may still be able to bear weight, although they often experience non-specific symptoms, such as groin pain or discomfort during axial compression [66]. This can make diagnosis more challenging, as the physical findings in these cases can be similar to those seen in extracapsular fractures, making it difficult to differentiate between the two based solely on clinical examination.  
Due to these challenges, radiological imaging plays a crucial role in accurately diagnosing proximal femoral fractures (PFFs). Initial diagnostic tests typically include the cross-table lateral view and anterior-posterior (AP) X-rays of the hip (Figure 2). A frog-leg view is generally avoided in these cases, as the positioning of the limb can cause significant pain [67]. On the AP pelvis X-ray, when evaluating [PERSON]'s arch, the smooth curve of the medial femoral neck and the superior aspect of the obturator foramen can be particularly helpful. A disruption in the integrity of this arch may suggest an undisplaced intracapsular fracture [68].  
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is considered to be more sensitive than computed tomography (CT) scans in detecting femoral neck fractures. However, there are still insufficient data comparing MR imaging with the more advanced CT technology currently available, which offers thinner slices and higher-quality reconstructions. Due to its wideravailability and the ability to provide rapid results, CT imaging is often preferred for first-line screening in many clinical settings [69,70].
# The Progress on Lung Computed Tomography Imaging Signs: A Review
## Preliminary
### Evaluation Criteria  
In order to evaluate the efficiency of the given approach, indices such as sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are typically utilized in the literature for evaluation. For the reader's convenience, this section highlights the assessment indicators typically applied in the literature, as discussed in detail in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Indicator** & **Definition** & **Description** \\ \hline Sensitivity & \(SE=\frac{TP}{TP+FN}\) & True positive rate. \\ Specificity & \(SP=\frac{TP}{TN+FN}\) & True negative rate. \\ Accuracy & \(ACC=\frac{TP+TN}{TP+FN+FN}\) & Proportion of correct sample to total sample. \\ Precision & \(P=\frac{TP}{TP+FP}\) & Proportion of true positive sample to all positive samples. \\ F1-score & \(F1=\frac{2 PR}{TP+FN}\) & Harmonic mean. \\ ROC & TPR versus FPR curve & \(TPR=\frac{TP}{TP+FN}\), \(FPR=\frac{FP}{TN+FP}\). \\ AUC & Total area under the ROC curve & area under curve (AUC). \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: TP is a true positive; TN is a true negative; FP is a false positive; FN is a false negative.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Evaluation indicators.  
Figure 1: The examples of annotated CIS: (**a**) ground-glass opacity (GGO), (**b**) lobulation, (**c**) calcification, (**d**) cavity and vacuulus, (**e**) spiculation, (**f**) obstructive pneumonia, (**g**) bronchial mucus plugs, (**h**) air bronchogram, (**i**) pleural indentation.
# The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Wound Repair and Regeneration
## 8 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
### Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells  
BM-MSCs are the most well-described MSCs, having weak immunogenicity (important for transplants) and possessing a promising wound-healing capacity [16; 55].  
On the other hand, this type of mesenchymal stem cells has a very invasive harvest method, which consists in aspiration from the iliac crest. Therefore, it requires anesthesia and has risks for the patient, which, in comparison with adipose-derived stem cells, represents a disadvantage. Furthermore, the number of cells collected from this method is usually low [7; 55; 56].  
BM-MSCs have been used in several studies and have shown efficacy regarding chronic wounds [3; 7; 16].
# GNSS RTK Positioning Augmented with Large LEO Constellation
## 2 Methods  
In this section, the approach of simulating observation for ground tracking stations and the combined GNSS/LEO DD observation equations is introduced in details, respectively. Especially, considering the need to parameterize the atmospheric delays for medium and long baselines, the observation models have been of short, medium-to-long baseline types.
# Indoor Signal Strength Evaluation of the Orbcomm Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellation +
## 1 Introduction  
In the global economy, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are of increasing importance in asset tracking, vehicular navigation and emergency communication, among others. The main enabler for this is the decline in the cost of launching satellites into LEO, which plays a vital role in opening up this 'New Space' economy [1]. These launch costs have been steadily declining over the past decade, thus opening up new opportunities for companies to design, develop, and launch constellations.  
Indoor signal coverage has always been challenging for higher-orbiting satellite constellations such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) [2]. This is due to the limited Power on Ground (PoG) provided by these satellites, which could lead to unreliable services and bad connectivity in indoor environments. LEO satellites could provide a solution to this problem, due to the shorter pathmaterial losses quickly becomes very difficult due to a large number of variables to take into account [2; 5]. Therefore, in-situ measurements are the preferred method [2].  
In this work, we provide a coverage analysis of different indoor environments for the Orbcomn satellite constellation. This constellation provides a downlink in the Very High Frequency (VHF) band, which could result in better indoor coverage. More specifically, the constellation utilizes a downlink frequency range of 137 MHz up to 138 MHz. Our contribution is (1) an assessment of the limits and possibilities of indoor coverage of Orbcomn LEO satellites, and (2) a quantification of how strong these Orbcomn satellite signals propagate into different indoor environments.  
This paper is outlined as follows. Section 2 analyses similar, previously conducted studies on this topic. Section 3 provides an outline of the research methodology. Section 4 supplies the results in terms of coverage and Section 5 discusses these results. Finally, Section 6 draws the conclusion of the research.
A Highly Selective and Compact Bandpass Filter with a Circular Spiral Inductor and an Embedded Capacitor Structure Using an Integrated Passive Device Technology on a GaAs Substrate  
[PERSON]  
1 Radio Frequency Integrated Center (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.-H.Q.); zhiji-wang@hotmail.  
prototyping [2; 3], and its simplicity prevents high costs and provides devices with wide and flat passbands. Other methods adopt stub-loaded resonators for fabricating BPFs that are capable of controlling the resonant modes, thus easily enabling multiband response and control of the center frequency [4; 5; 6]. However, the length of the conventional transmission lines limits miniaturization when employing these methods. To overcome this shortcoming, several manufacturing processes have been proposed. Designs based on three-dimensional multilayer structures like liquid-crystalline polymer substrate [7] or low temperature co-fired ceramic technology [8] can greatly optimize the design, but they cannot be applied to mass production, given the high prices and large time consumption. Other designs use complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor (CMOS) technology [9], and although it enables miniaturization, some parameters remain to be improved. For these reasons, integrated passive device (IPD) technology is preferred for designing microwave passive devices. IPD technology is a newly developed manufacturing technology that realizes an ideal integrated packaging system and provides complete module solutions at the same time. This technique can be used not only to process bandpass filters, lowpass filters or other filters, but also to process biosensors [10], power dividers [11], and couplers [12]. IPD technology can provide technical support for the growing chip market, with the help of its wide application in the processing of different devices.  
In this study, we developed a compact on-chip BPF with a circular spiral inductor and an embedded capacitor. The filter is fabricated by using a gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate at a center frequency of 1.35 GHz, and it was simulated by using a three-dimensional electromagnetic simulator for more accurate results. After analysis of the structure, we present the IPD process that is used to fabricate the filter. IPD technology allows for the simultaneous achievement of compact size, low cost, and excellent performance. In fact, the dimensions of the proposed BPF are 1.54 mm \(\times\) 0.81 mm, which is ideal for the telecom industry, whose devices require a high degree of integration and accuracy. Moreover, we were able to generate circular patterns, which was relatively hard to process before, owing to inadequate processing techniques. Measurement results with an insertion loss of 0.26 dB and a return loss of 25.6 dB are provided and compared with results from similar works.
# Positioning Systems for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review
## 3 Reviewing Positioning Systems and Their Capabilities
### Communication Problems Due to Water Submersion  
One of the major challenges faced by underwater positioning systems is the issue of depth and signal reach [95]. Unlike in the air, where signals like GPS can travel vast distances [97], underwater environments present significant obstacles to signal propagation due to the physical properties of water. As depth increases, signals like acoustic waves, electromagnetic fields, and light are absorbed or scattered, reducing their range and accuracy. Acoustic signals, commonly used in systems such as LBL (Long Baseline) and USBL (Ultra-Short Baseline), degrade in quality and precision as they encounter noise, water density changes, salinity, and temperature variations at greater depths. Electromagnetic signals, which work well in the atmosphere, suffer even more underwater, where conductivity drastically limits their range. Light-based systems like LIDAR are similarly affected, with water turbidity and particles scattering light, making these systems effective only in shallow, clear waters. The deeper an operation, the more difficult it becomes to maintain accurate positioning, leading to a reliance on technologies such as Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs) or hybrid methods to compensate for signal degradation. This problem of depth and signalreach not only limits operational effectiveness but also increases the complexity and cost of deep-sea exploration, underwater construction, and scientific research.
## 4 Problem Statement
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \(I\) & \(E_{tx}(I)\) & \(R(I)\) & \(I\) & \(E_{tx}(I)\) & \(R(I)\) \\ \hline
1 (\(l_{min}\)) & 671.88 & 19.3 & 14 & 843.75 & 41.19 \\
2 & 687.50 & 20.46 & 15 & 867.19 & 43.67 \\
3 & 703.13 & 21.69 & 16 & 1078.13 & 46.29 \\
4 & 705.73 & 22.69 & 17 & 1132.81 & 49.07 \\
5 & 710.94 & 24.38 & 18 & 1135.42 & 52.01 \\
6 & 723.96 & 25.84 & 19 & 1179.69 & 55.13 \\
7 & 726.56 & 27.39 & 20 & 1234.38 & 58.44 \\
8 & 742.19 & 29.03 & 21 & 1312.50 & 61.95 \\
9 & 757.81 & 30.78 & 22 & 1343.75 & 65.67 \\
10 & 773.44 & 32.62 & 23 & 1445.31 & 69.61 \\
11 & 789.06 & 34.58 & 24 & 1500.01 & 73.79 \\
12 & 812.50 & 36.66 & 25 & 1664.06 & 78.22 \\
13 & 828.13 & 38.86 & 26 (\(l_{max}\)) & 1984.38 & 82.92 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Transmission energy consumption (\(E_{tx}(l)\) in \(nJ/bit\)) and transmission range (\(R_{l}\)) in \(m\)) at each power level (\(l\)) for the Mica2 notes as a function of power level [14]. Energy dissipation for reception of data is constant (\(E_{rx}=922 nJ/bit\)). Once it has finished, using the solution, we perform a node selection by means of features that are later explained. From the result set of nodes, all the combinations are calculated. Since our purpose is to analyze the impact of critical nodes when they are simultaneously removed, it is worth mentioning that the features are important to reduce the number \(M=( \begin{smallmatrix}|N_{c}|\\ C\end{smallmatrix} )\) of combinations \(Perms_{c}\) and, thus, the complexity of the problem. For each of these combinations, a GRASP is run, and, as it can be seen in the figure, this is done in parallel. Once all the GRASPs have finished, the worst result is stored and a new network is analyzed. When finishing the \(K\) valid networks, the average and maximum values are stored as results. Figure 1: Framework used for the identification of critical nodes. Figure 2: Example of the sensor distribution for \(N\) = 100 and 200 m radius area.
# The Period of Ignition Delay for Methane-Air Mixture with Hydrogen and Ethylene Additives
## 1 Introduction
Using scattered data requires their normalization and generalization on the basis of a physical model, as well as taking into account the specifics of the experimental determination of the ignition delay period. Despite this, a preliminary complex analysis of known studies makes it possible to predict the achievement of high ignition efficiency of composite fuel consisting of methane with a small addition of hydrogen and/or ethylene. It is important to mention that the substitution of ethylene for some of the hydrogen can increase the operational efficiency of the mixed gaseous fuel and ensure the high reactivity of the CH\({}_{4}\) + H\({}_{2}\) + C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\) mixture with air. The concomitant factor is the increase in the velocity of flame front spreading and the increase in the detonation ability of the mixture. The use of gaseous fuels based on methane with the addition of hydrogen and ethylene for various heat engines gives a positive effect; however, the feasibility of using this additive requires an understanding of the physical and chemical processes. This requires an estimation of the main indicator, the ignition delay period. At present, there are no studies on the ignition and combustion of such mixed gaseous fuels. Therefore, this work is devoted to the computational-parametric study of the effect of the mixture composition and initial physical conditions on the ignition delay period of CH\({}_{4}\) + H\({}_{2}\) + C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\) with air. The work's tasks were:  
* selection and testing of the most suitable kinetic models of mixture ignition for methane, hydrogen, and ethylene with air;
* identification of the features of the calculated and experimental determination of the ignition delay period of fuel-air mixtures using various percussion mechanisms and methods of processing empirical data;
* comparison of test calculation results with the results of previously published and original experiments;
* formation of the calculation database and regularity identification for the influence of the mixture composition and initial conditions on the ignition delay period of CH\({}_{4}\) + H\({}_{2}\) + C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\) with air. The novelty of this work is in researching the kinetic processes of ignition of the fuel mixture, which consists of three elements: methane, ethylene, and hydrogen. The expectation of this effect is improving fuel combustion processes via replacing some amount of hydrogen, which possesses low density, with ethylene. Some private data about the intensification of ignition processes of mixtures in a wide range of temperatures (900-1400 K) and pressures (1-8 bar) were obtained. An estimation of the delay of the ignition period, which is supposed to be the main factor, was made to accomplish this research. There are no researches on ignition and combustion of such commingled gaseous fuels except this work.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Accuracy of the Results  
The results of heat map comparison using RSSI color ranges are shown in Table 4 for antenna 1 and Table 5 for antenna 2. For antenna 1, it can be seen that there is about a 6.5% difference in the ranges \(-1\) to \(-20\) dBm and \(-20\) to \(-30\) dBm. Looking at the original and simulated heat maps, Figures 10a and 11a, the simulated heat map lacks the orange color at the circular distance from the antenna. It is replaced by the red color of the higher-intensity RSSI values. This is due to the fact that for the RTg method, the level of the transmitted signal does not decrease with distance from the source at the chosen setting with such a steepness as in the case of the Multi-Wall method. The remaining differences are less than 1.6%.  
In the case of antenna 2, the highest difference is 2.7% in the range \(-1\) to \(-20\) dBm. This minor difference is most likely due to the smooth transition between the red and  
Figure 11: RTg heat map of antenna 2 (**a**) and Multi-Wall heat map (**b**) (taken from [11]).  
Figure 12: Smooth color gradient of RSSI values created from the template according to Figure 6.  
orange RSSI values in the simulated heat map, while in the original heat map, the color transitions are strictly limited. The remaining differences are less than 1.4%.  
The remaining percentages, up to 100% of the heat map, are black, white and grayscale colors, which are excluded from the comparison as they do not represent the level of transmitted power.
# The Use of Chemical Sensors to Monitor Odour Emissions at Municipal Waste Biogas Plants
###### Abstract  
Municipal waste treatment plants are an important element of the urban area infrastructure, but also, they are a potential source of odour nuisance. Odour impact from municipal waste processing plants raises social concerns regarding the well-being of employees operating the plants and residents of nearby areas. Chemical methods involve the determination of the quantitative composition of compounds comprising odour. These methods are less costly than olfactory, and their efficiency is not dependent on human response. The relationship between the concentration of a single odorant and its odour threshold (OT) is determined by the odour activity value (OAV) parameter. The research involved the application of a multi-gas detector, MultiRae Pro. Measurements by means of the device were conducted at three municipal waste biogas plants located in Poland. In this paper we describe the results obtained when using a detector during the technological processes, the unitary procedures conducted at the plants, and the technological regime. The determination of these relationships could be useful in the development of odour nuisance minimization procedures at treatment plants and the adjustment to them. This is of paramount importance from the viewpoint of the safety and hygiene of the employees operating the installations and the comfort of residents in the areas surrounding biogas plants. Monitoring of expressed odorant emissions allows the course of technological processes and conducted unit operations to be controlled.  
ammonia; biogas plant; biowaste; correlation coefficient; environmental conditions; municipal waste treatment; odorant concentration; odour activity value; odour source; volatile organic compounds
## 2 Study Areas and Data
### Data  
#### 2.2.1 Hydrological Data  
Daily observed runoff of 79 typical hydrological stations in the 9 major basins were collected. The period of all the data is from 1996 to 2008, with records from 57 stations of 1999-2008 and 22 stations of 1996-2005. A few data gaps existed and linear interpolation was performed to fill them. Table 1 shows the basic information of the hydrological data.
## 3 Node Key Construction Technology
### Cantilever Truss Node
#### 3.3.5 Node 5 Structural Design  
The upper chord SXG1, oblique belly rod FG1, and vertical rod ZFG1 form Node 5, which is an asymmetric node, as shown in Figure 10. The upper chord SXG1 is made of a 1500 mm \(\times\) 1500 mm \(\times\) 80 mm \(\times\) 80 mm box steel plate. The oblique rod FG1 and the vertical rod ZFG1 are both 700 mm \(\times\) 700 mm \(\times\) 40 mm \(\times\) 40 mm box steel plates. In the design of Node 5, the upper chord SXG1, as the main stress component of Node 5, mainly assumes the role of transmitting and supporting the horizontal load, as shown in Table 5. By connecting with the upper chord SXG1, the horizontal and vertical loads can be can effectively transferred by the oblique rod FG1, which can increase the node stiffness. The vertical bar ZFG1 transmits the internal force of the upper chord SXG1 downward, providing vertical support. The upper chord SXG1, the oblique belly rod FG1 and the vertical rod form the asymmetrical shape of Node 5. Node 5 has better overall stability compared with designing the asymmetrical node. This node, with its relatively stable force, is located between Node 1 and Node 4. Moreover, it adopts an asymmetric form in design to simplify the node structure, and it can also reduce the stress concentration at the node of the bar. Meanwhile, the node clarifies the force transmission path in order to ensure the coordination and effective force transmission among the components. Finally, the above design can effectively absorb and disperse seismic energy, which can reduce the degree of damage to the structure when a rare earthquake occurs. This improves the seismic performance of the whole structure.