# Internet of Things (IoT) Operating Systems Management: Opportunities, Challenges, and Solution
## 4 Future Research Directions  
_Energy efficiency_ is the crucial aspect for the IoT. Majority of the IoT devices are resource constrained in nature. Therefore, battery or other constrained energy sources are used to operate it. IoT deployment scenarios are diverse, challenging and sometimes in very remote areas. Humongous IoT network size demands IoT OS to be energy efficient to run the IoT devices for many years. IoT employs RDC to achieve the energy efficiency. Efficient techniques are required to achieve the accurate modes synchronization along with the RDC. _Real time capabilities_ of the IoT mites is crucial for timely execution of critical tasks. Internet of Body (IoB) requires to meet hard deadlines to achieve certain task. Real time operating system (RTOS) is specifically designed to guarantee completion of these tasks within the certain time frame. Therefore, IoT OS should have the capability to act as RTOS as well. _Network connectivity_ is essential for upward and download traffic. Multi-interface may be used to provide multi-homing or to communicate on different spectrum frequencies. Continuous evolution and availability of heterogeneous industry standard protocols at different layers is desirable to provide seamless integration and connectivity of mites to form networks. _Security and safety_ of critical systems such as health care, smart home, smart city etc. are highly desirable. In general, IoT OS should support security and privacy of overall IoT network. Open challenges include data integrity, authentication and access mechanisms. Blockchain based optimized solution is one of the promising viable technique to address the privacy and security in the IoT. Further, the deployed network solutions should be continuously reviewed to fix the bugs. Quick development, deployment, testing and adaptation to recent proposed security standards are essential to provide the ultimate network security. _Small memory footprint_ of IoT OS with the availability of complete TCP/IP stack to run on highly constrained devices is crucial to integrate seamlessly with the global internet. The optimization of the modules in memory efficient manner without loosing any functionality is a trivial task. To achieve this, designers and developers have to follow the coding conventions with high degree of ease of configurability and modularity is desirable. _Heterogeneous devices support_ is necessary for the IoT OS. The rapid growth of IoT with diverse use cases leads the way to develop massive heterogeneous devices. Hence, IoT OS needs to constantly incorporate newly developed hardware platform. Explosion of numerous IoT OS and heterogeneous devices pose another challenge called interoperability. Thus, there should be standard set of rules for development of multiple layers of protocol by the IoT OS. Consequently, deployment scenarios with multiple use cases that contains heterogeneous devices, running different IoT OS can seamlessly integrate without an issue. _Intelligent IoT_ (I-IoT) are the future key contributor for massive adaptation of IoT in daily life. In recent years, researchers start exploring and applying the artificial intelligence (AI) to IoT use cases. Machine learning (ML) is well explored and investigated in the area of neural networks and image \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**IoT OS** & **AVR** & **MSP430** & **ARM** & **x86** & **ARC** & **PIC32** \\ \hline TinyOS & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ \\ \hline Contiki & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline RIOT & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ \\ \hline Zephyr & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ \\ \hline MbedOS & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline brillo & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: ✓ Support; � No Support.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: IoT OSs Supported Boardsprocessing. However, its potential and application is not yet fully explored for IoT. ML techniques needs to be optimized to run on IoT constrained devices. _IoT and big data_ is closely linked together as IoT devices generate humongous amount of unstructured data.