## 1 Introduction  
Optical communication, which uses light in transmission, offers increased data rates, longer transmission distances, and improved reliability. These factors made optical communication a solution for high-capacity, long-distance data transmission. Therefore, it emerged as a critical component of the internet backbone and data center infrastructure [1]. If the light used as a carrier signal falls in the visible light region, 400-700 nm or 430-750 THz of the electromagnetic spectrum, then such communication system is called visible light communication (VLC) [2, 3, 4, 5]. It has several advantages such as supporting high data rates, using abundant free spectrum, and being immune to electromagnetic interference. Additionally, the implementation cost is lower. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and light amplification by stimulated emission radiation (LASER) serve as transmitters, while photodiodes can be used as receivers. LEDs offer several advantages, including long lifespan, low manufacturing costs, and broad adoption in indoor lighting applications. In contrast, LASER provides a higher data rate and a longer range due to its higher frequency and power [6]. Visible light communication (VLC) has found applications in a wide range of areas such as light-fidelity (Li-Fi), intelligent transportation systems (ITS), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, and smart city infrastructure [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. These applications leverage VLC's inherent advantages, including high data rates, enhanced security, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Its use of visible spectrum light enables it to coexist with existing lighting infrastructure, making it a suitable candidate for various short- and medium-range wireless communication scenarios, particularly in indoor and controlled environments. VLC has evolved beyond indoor environments to play a significant role in various outdoor applications, particularly in enhancing ITS [8]. VLC enables high-speed, secure, and interference-free communication, making it ideal for V2V and V2I communications [9; 10]. These applications facilitate real-time data exchange for traffic management, collision avoidance, and autonomous vehicle coordination. Recent studies have highlighted VLC's potential to improve traffic flow and safety by integrating it with traffic signals and vehicle headlights to create dynamic communication networks. Moreover, VLC's low power consumption and immunity to electromagnetic interference make it ideal for energy-efficient, secure communication in rural or greenhouse environments, promoting sustainable farming practices. In addition to transportation, VLC is being explored for applications in smart city infrastructure, where it can support data transmission for street lighting systems, public safety communications, and environmental monitoring [11; 12]. By leveraging existing lighting infrastructure, VLC offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution for expanding communication networks in urban and rural areas. Despite its advantages, VLC faces significant challenges such as limited range, susceptibility to blockages, and interference from sources like sunlight, daylight, LED lamps, and mobile phone screens. Ambient light is typically considered a DC-level signal under non-mobile conditions. Various techniques have been proposed to mitigate the impact of ambient light interference [13; 14]. One common approach involves filtering the DC component by placing a capacitor at the receiver's input, though this can introduce transmission delays. Another method uses a differential amplifier to subtract a positive DC voltage from the output of the transimpedance amplifier, or alternatively, summing a negative DC voltage with the output signal. Additionally, high-pass filters can be employed to eliminate low-frequency ambient light interference [15].