# Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration
## 3 Low Power Wide Area Network
### LPWAN Technologies
**Ingenu RPMA:** Ingenu was formerly known as On-Ramp Wireless [4]. It is a proprietary LPWAN technology designed to function strictly in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. It adopts a PHY layer technology based on random phase multiple access (RPMA) direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). RPMA enables multiple transmitters to share a single time slot. Ingenu-based RPMA achieves a high sensitivity level of about \(-\)142 dBm and a link budget of 168 dB [4; 9; 29]. It complies with the IEEE 802.15.4 k standard. 4. **Telensa:** Telensa is a LPWAN proprietary technology provider that renders end-to-end device connectivity [6]. It operates in the unlicensed sub-GHz ISM bands using a proprietary UNB modulation technique. Telensa complies with the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) low throughput network (LTN) standard, which enables heterogeneous integration with other LPWAN technologies [4]. Telensa is widely considered for smart city applications such as intelligent traffic control and smart parking. 5. **Qowisio:** Qowisio is a proprietary LPWAN technology that combines its vertical stack with the use of LoRa PHY layer technology [4]. It ensures the provision of LPWAN services to end-users, with integration to cloud services for network operation. It adopts a proprietary UNB technology that provides most LPWAN characteristics such as low data rate and long-range transmissions. 6. **IQRF:** IQRF is a proprietary LPWAN technology developed by IORF Alliance in Pisek, Czech Republic [6]. Unlike other technologies, it uses mesh network topology supporting up to 239 devices with a single coordinator. It implements a dual communication mode to enable single or multimode peer-to-peer communication [13]. IQRF uses its own IQMESH protocol to communicate based on the mesh topology. It works in the unlicensed sub-GHz bands using 62 channels of 100 kHz bandwidth. * **LTE-M:** Long-Term Evolution, Category M1 (LTE-M) is proposed by the 3 GPP group to provide connectivity for IoT devices. It can work in either full or half-duplex modes and provides a large receiver bandwidth of 1.4 MHz, which makes it relatively faster with a higher data rate (up to 1 Mbit/s in both uplink and downlink channels) than most other products [32]. It uses a deep sleep mode under the power saving mode (PSM) scheme and wakes only periodically to guarantee long battery lifetime. Its downlink channels work using both orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and 16-QAM modulation techniques, whereas its uplink employs the single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) and 16-QAM modulation techniques [33]. It aims to profit from the existing cellular infrastructure of the 3 GPP group. * **NB-IoT:** Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is another scheme proposed by the 3 GPP group for the connectivity of IoT devices. It supports up to 50,000 devices per cell using between 180 and 200 kHz bandwidth. It can operate in three different modes namely, the stand-alone, guard band, and in-band operating modes. Further details about these communication modes can be found in [34]. It uses quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme for transmission in the licensed LTE frequency bands. It attains a maximum data rate of 200 kbps on half duplex mode. It complies with the 3 GPP standardization specifications. * **Weightless:** Weightless is an open-standard LPWAN technology that operates in the sub-GHz unlicensed spectrum [35]. It achieves this feat via three different versions namely, Weightless-W, Weightless-N, and Weightless-P. Weightless-W leverages white space CR technology via dynamic spectrum access. However, it suffers from a shorter battery lifetime as against the other two versions [35]. Weightless-N operates in the unlicensed spectrum using narrow band protocols developed by NWave. Weightless-P, on the other hand works on a fully bidirectional based communication protocol developed by M2 COMM's Platanus technology [35].