## 2 Materials and Methods
### Implications of Ignoring Erosion Induced Transport of Carbon in Estimating Global Carbon Budget  
Erosion-induced transport of soil C (SOC and SIC) is a large and growing component with a strong impact on the GCB, but which is now being omitted [21]. However, the erosion-induced impact on soil C stock and flux, a large component comprising of multiple gases (CO\({}_{2}\), CH\({}_{4}\), N\({}_{2}\)O) and multiple processes (e.g., water, wind, gravity, and tillage), must be dually considered. High-resolution models [20] must be developed to improve methodological protocols to account for this serious omission. By credibly accounting for the effects of erosion on net C exchange between the soil and the atmosphere, it may be possible to identify global hot spots of undertaking targeted interventions to mitigate the erosion-induced positive feedback to global warming. In Australia, [PERSON] et al. [25] found SOC erosion by all processes at 4 Tg/yr. (or 2% of total C stock in 10-cm depth). Assuming that most of this is mineralized, [PERSON] and colleagues estimated a flux of \(\sim\)15 Tg CO\({}_{2}\) e/yr. representing 12% emissions from all C pools in Australia and concluded that it was an important source of uncertainty in the national carbon budget. By extending this study globally, [PERSON] et al. [50] estimated global terrestrial SOC erosion of 0.3-1.0 Pg C/yr, highlighted the significance of ignoring it in the accounting of the GCB, and suggested that accounting for SOC erosion would reduce uncertainty in the GCB.  
Conservation: Effective Measures for Reducing SOC Erosion and Afforestation of Eroded Lands for Sequestration of Atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) in the Terrestrial Biosphere  
During the 1950s to 1990s, the objective of erosion control was to conserve soil and water, reduce the loss of soil fertility, and minimize the risks of non-point source pollution. Since the 1990s, two among important objectives of soil conservation and effective erosion control measures are to: (1) promote low-C agriculture (9), reduce risks of water runoff and soil erosion so that the attendant emission of GHGs can also be reduced from SOC erosion, and (2) to sequester atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) in soil and vegetation through the restoration of eroded soils and desertified ecosystems. Examples of technological options to accomplish these include the adoption of conservation agriculture including no-till farming with retention of crop residue mulch [4, 64, 65, 66, 67] and use of cover cropping during the off-season [68] that reduce the risks of water runoff [69], boost SOC stock for food and climate [8, 67], and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Country** & **Experiment** & **Emission** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{U.K.} & \multirow{3}{*}{Field} & Emission factor of 5.5, 4.4, and 0.3 Mg CO\({}_{2}\) & \\  & & Eq/yr\({}^{\star}\)Mg of fluvial C, gross C erosion, and gross soil & [60] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & erosion, respectively & \\ \hline South Africa & Simulated Rain & 0.031–0.039 gC CO\({}_{2}\)/g C & [61] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Examples of gaseous emission from eroded sediments and disrupted/broken aggregates by erosional processes.  
curtail transport of SOC and nutrient-enriched sediments [70] for accomplishing objective 1. Similarly, promoting afforestation [71] and adopting the concept of \"Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation or REDD [72] through afforestation of degraded soils [73], and establishments of shelterbells in areas prone to wind erosion [74; 75; 76] would be pertinent to advancing objective 2 of sequestration of atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) in the terrestrial biosphere.