esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
With the increase in wind power penetration in the power system, WTs are required to have the ability to control active power output. In order to compensate for DFIG's weakness in FR caused by the indeterminacy and volatility of wind power, an electric vehicle is adopted as an auxiliary storage device to assist WTs to participate in system FR. This study establishes the FR model of DFIG under continuously varying WS in whole WS range, then proposes a coordinated control strategy of DFIG and EV cluster for system secondary FR with the real-time allocation of system FR task. The effectiveness of the proposed FR strategy is verified through various simulation cases based on a two-area interconnected system. Through the analysis of simulation results, the following conclusion can be obtained:  
1. Considering the smooth transition of different control methods, the de-loading strategy enables DFIG to have both up-regulation and down-regulation capacity in every FR region, and the FR capacity increases with WS in low and medium WS regions while remains at the steady value in high WS region.
2. Through the FR control model based on the combination of rotor speed and pitch angle control, DFIG can effectively suppress system frequency deviation under continuously varying WS in the FR region.
3. Through the coordinated FR strategy of DFIG and EV, EV cluster can assist DFIG to participate in system secondary FR effective in the premise of meeting driver's demand, and the FR effect is better than DFIG coordinating with the conventional unit.
4. The real-time allocation strategy of system FR task, considering the FR capacity of DFIG and EV cluster, is reasonable and ensures good FR effect, which is better than the situation of fixed allocation ratio.  
Conceptualization, Q.Z.; Methodology, Q.Z., Y.L., and C.L.; software, C.L.; Validation, Y.L. and C.L.; Formal analysis, Y.L.; Investigation, Y.L.; Resources, D.Z.; Data curation, W.X.; Writing--Original Draft preparation, Z.D.; Writing--REVIEW and Editing, W.X.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51507022).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Concept Justification of Future 3 DPVS and Novel Approach towards its Conceptual Development
## 3 Conceptual Design Approach for 3 DPVS
### Establishing Conceptual Design Process for 3 DPVS  
A complete design process of 3 DPVS includes three main stages as discussed; the first practice logically follows as the conceptual design. For a novel product like 3 DPVS, this part tends to be the most innovative, as well as providing great value to designers to optimize the potentiality of product.  
Based on traditional conceptual design processes studied in previous section, here we propose a tailored conceptual design process for the 3 DPVS development. The input for the conceptual design is a set of requirements such as cell culture, scaffold and dynamicity requirements from customers, researchers or companies. This phase is proposed as the design initiation for conceptual design; fundamental requirements and speculations of the 3 DPVS will be acquired here, which will help generate the alternative solutions or concepts for the 3 DPVS required. The concept-generating stage is the second stage for the conceptual design process of 3 DPVS. The third stage will be concept evaluation, where optimum conceptual solutions will be selected from these generated alternative solutions and a process of concept validation follows thereafter. During the evaluation stage, the concepts or solutions that fail to satisfy the initial requirements will need to go through the concept generation phase again to generate other alternatives solutions or concepts.  
Since the prioritized work at the present stage is focusing on the conceptual stage of 3 DPVS, concept evaluation will be based on a philosophical evaluation process which mainly contains criterion selecting and concept weighting. A phase of computer-aided evaluation as well as 3 DP prototyping testing will be utilized afterwards to further validate the eligibility of the concepts generated for the required 3 DPVS.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Proposed Problem and Related Methodology  
As stated in the Introduction, the deterioration of materials over time takes place depending on the type of material and the conditions in which the materials are placed, and accordingly, different linear and nonlinear models can be observed of the corrosion degradation of materials. Motivated by previous work [36; 38; 39; 40], in this paper we explore a linear model of corrosion of two NiTi alloys. Both NiTi alloys are considered in the conditions of three specific influences of the marine environment, where the first is the constant influence of the atmosphere, the second is the constant influence of the sea, while the third influence represents the changing influences of the sea and atmosphere that take place on the sea's surface and due to waves.  
Following the described methodology, the conceptual model of the research is shown in Figure 3. The experiment is based on monitoring 18 samples of NiTi alloy (three samples of each NiTi alloy were exposed for 6, 12 and 18 months to different environmental influences). As shown in the conceptual model, all samples were placed at clearly defined locations in the boundary zone of the sea and atmosphere. Samples exposed to the atmosphere were placed near the sea but 3 m above the surface, samples exposed to the sea's influence were immersed in the sea near the coast at a depth of 3 m, while samples exposed to the changeable influences of the ebb and flood tides were positioned on the surface.  
Material characterisation by the FIB method (Focused Ion Beam on a Scanning Electron Microscope) is one of the most advanced methods for materials' analysis. FIB instruments have both imaging and micromachining capabilities at the nanometre-micrometre scale, enhancing and enabling a broad range of fundamental studies and technological applications [36]. The research was carried out based on the characterisation of the Focused Ion Beam by measuring the depth of corrosion (in nm) on the surface of the NiTi-1 and NiTi-2 alloys after 6, 12 and 18 months of exposure. On the obtained empirical data for each  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\% Ni**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\% Ti**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\% Fe**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **ICP** & **XRF** & **ICP** & **XRF** & **ICP** & **XRF** \\ \hline NiTi-1 & 55.4 & 55.2–55.5 & 44.6 & 44.4–44.8 & / & \\ \hline NiTi-2 & 62.6 & 62.5–62.6 & 35.9 & 35.9 & 1.4 & 1.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Chemical composition of the NiTi-1 and NiTi-2 samples.  
Figure 3: The scheme of the research conceptual model.  
observed alloy, we applied an appropriate linear corrosion model, to find the best fitted three-parameter distribution functions in different areas of the seawater environment.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, we have proposed a gain-independent index (i.e., IER) based on the first and second IMF components (i.e., \(C_{1}\) and \(C_{2}\) images) obtained from EMD. The contributions of this study are summarized below: (i) the theoretical demonstration showed that signal decomposition and normalization by using EMD can eliminate the gain effect from the IER; (ii) the experimental results indicated that the IER can describe the echogenicity and that its value is less affected by the gain factor; and (iii) the image intensities (\(C_{1}\) and \(C_{2}\)) and the IER are frequency-dependent. However, the IER has advantages over the \(C_{1}\) and \(C_{2}\) intensities in reducing the mean decreasing rate with frequency. This means that using the IER to describe the echogenicity provides a relatively low degree of frequency dependence compared with using the image intensities for the same measurement purpose. The current findings reveal that the gain-independent measurement on the echogenicity is possible when signal decomposition and normalization techniques are applied to image data.  
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan) under Grant No. MOST 103-2221-E-182-001-MY3 and by the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou, Taiwan) under Grant Nos. CIRPD1E0022, CMRPD1F0311, and CMRPD1C0711.  
[PERSON] conducted theoretical analysis, performed experiments, and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conducted data analysis. [PERSON] conducted data analysis and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.  
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
# Downlink Training Design for FDD Massive MIMO Systems in the Presence of Colored Noise
###### Abstract  
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MaMi) systems have attracted much research attention during the last few years. This is because MaMi systems are able to achieve a remarkable improvement in data rate and thus meet the immensely ongoing traffic demands required by the future wireless networks. To date, the downlink training sequence (DTS) for the frequency division duplex (FDD) MaMi communications systems have been designed based on the idealistic assumption of white noise environments. However, it is essential and more practical to consider the colored noise environments when designing an efficient DTS for channel estimation. To this end, this paper proposes a new DTS design by exploring the joint use of spatial channel and noise covariance matrices, when the channel is not reciprocal but the coherence block length remains limited. We derive an analytical solution for the mean square error (MSE) based on the proposed training design with colored noise. In addition, this paper exploits the method of random matrix theory to provide an analytical solution for the downlink (DL) achievable sum rate of the regularized zero forcing beamforming (RZFBF) precoder. Numerical results demonstrate that using the proposed DTS design, the MSE of the channel estimate is significantly reduced compared with the conventional training designs with white noise. Furthermore, the results show that the proposed pilot design markedly improves the DL achievable SR over the conventional training designs, especially at relatively low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) levels. This enables FDD MaMi systems to operate under more practical scenarios of colored noise and limited coherence time environments.  
**Keywords:** massive MIMO systems; channel estimation; sum rate maximization; mean square error minimization; spatial correlation; training sequence; FDD; colored noise +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Article_
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Variable Measurements  
#### 2.3.1 Measurement of the Explained Variables  
Agricultural green development (\(Inagftp\)). Based on the SBM-GML index model of undesirable output [27; 28; 29], the provincial agricultural green total factor productivity (\(Inagftp\)) and dynamic GML index are calculated by the sample data from the years 2000 to 2020. To eliminate the price impact, the value added of the provincial primary industry is adjusted based on the year 2000. This paper adopts labor, land and resources as input variables and the added value of the primary industry as desirable output. The previous literature shows that the undesired output variable of agricultural green total factor productivity and its calculation methods could be mainly divided into two types, which are agricultural non-point source pollution calculated by the inventory analysis method [29] and agricultural carbon emissions [30]. Given the data availability with carbon source and its corresponding emission coefficient of agricultural productionas well as the increasing consumption of agricultural diesel CO\({}_{2}\) emissions requiring be further considered [30], then, agricultural carbon emissions are adopted to measure the undesired output variable of agricultural green total factor productivity in this paper. In addition, referring to the research [31; 32], this paper calculates CO\({}_{2}\) emissions by using the emission coefficients of four inputs: chemical fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural film and diesel oil. The total agricultural CO\({}_{2}\) emissions could be obtained by adding the product of agricultural pollution input (\(P\)), related net calorific value (\(NCV\)), carbon emission factor (\(CEF\)), carbon oxidation factor (\(COF\)) and carbon quantity factor (\(12/44\)), which is setas follows:  
\[C=\sum_{n=1}^{4}P_{n}\times\text{NCV}_{n}\times\text{CEF}_{n}\times\text{COF}_ {n}\times 12/4 \tag{8}\]  
In Equation (8), \(CO_{2}\) emission coefficient is referenced by [PERSON] et al. [33], which is 1.397 kg/kg, 18.993 kg/kg, 18.103 kg/kg and 3.161 kg/kg of chemical fertilizer, agricultural film, pesticide and diesel, respectively. Moreover, the specific input-output indicators and data sources are shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable Categories** & **Variables: Definitions/Unit** & **Variable Abbreviations** & **The Data Source** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Input} & Labor force: Number of primary industry & \multirow{2}{*}{L} & China Statistical Yearbook, \\  & employees/ten thousand & & Provinces and Cities \\ \cline{1-1}  & Land resources: total sown area of & & China Rural Statistical \\ \cline{1-1}  & crops/1000 ha, aquaculture area/1000 ha & & Year-book, China Statistical \\ \cline{1-1}  & Water Resources: Total agricultural water & & Year-book \\ \cline{1-1}  & use (billion m\({}^{3}\)) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Connotation of input and output variables.
## 3 Applications of Single Molecule Measurement: Disease Diagnosis, Monitoring
### Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, and Prion Diseases Detection  
In addition to cancer diagnoses, there have been reports on the detection of Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and prion diseases related to target markers [101; 102; 103; 104; 105; 106]. These diseases are known to be induced by abnormal protein aggregation, thus the detection of the protein aggregation is the first step for the disease diagnosis. For instance, single-molecule detection method by nanodevice succeeded in detecting differences in the aggregation structure of amyloid-\(\beta\)[103; 104] and prion [105]. Therefore, these methods are expected to contribute to the understanding of the cause of the disease, early detection, and the development of drugs.
# Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Optical Wireless Communication in NEOM Smart City
## 8 Conclusions  
The effect of atmospheric turbulence on FSO communication for NEOM, a smart city envisioned in Saudi Arabia, was examined using daily meteorological data. The FSO link performance, in terms of the SNR, BER, and link availability, was simulated. The results show that in the winter and summer seasons, the atmospheric turbulence is moderate and strong, respectively. Furthermore, the high temperature in summer and relatively high wind speed in winter are the two major weather parameters affecting the FSO performance. Therefore, these factors must be considered during the installation and operation of FSO communication links. Furthermore, it shows that OOK outperforms higher-order modulation PAM. The OOK modulation is a cheap and simple technique which makes it a recommended modulation technique for the considered scenario. Moreover, the atmospheric turbulence exerts a negligible effect at transmission distances less than 300 m. The results indicate that at larger propagation distances, a higher SNR is required to achieve the target BER of \(10^{-9}\). They shows also that to achieve 99% link availability, the required power margin in summer is about 8 dB more than in winter. Finally, the study shows the  
Figure 12: Proposed System Winter Availability.  
Figure 13: Proposed System Summer Availability.  
feasibility of FSO in MEOM city where it can be used for applications such as last access and milestone communication solution, Fiber Optic Back-Up link and temporary links.  
Conceptualization, A.S.A. and M.A.; methodology, A.S.; software, M.A.; validation, A.A.Y., M.A.U. and A.M.; formal analysis, A.A.Y.; investigation, A.S.A.; resources, A.S.A.; data curation, A.A.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, A.A.Y.; writing--review and editing, M.A. and A.S.A.; visualization, A.A.; supervision, A.M. and M.A.U.; project administration, A.M.; funding acquisition, A.S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors extend their appreciation to the the Deanship of Scientific Research at University of Tabuk for funding this work through Research Group RGP-S-1441-0148.  
Not applicable.  
The authors extend their appreciation to the Saudi National Center for Meteorology for providing weather data for the study.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The sponsors had no role in the design, execution, interpretation, or writing of the study.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antimicrobial Activity  
Plant endophytic bacteria are excellent candidates for antibiotic agents against human pathogenic microorganisms. Previous reports have demonstrated that _Bacillus_ has displayed antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic microorganisms [24]. For example, _B. subtilis_ YRL02, _B. licheniformis_ YRL03, and _B. subtilis_ YRL07 inhibited moderate antifungal activity against the plant pathogens _Phytophylora capsii, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani_, and _Phythium ultimu_[35]. [PERSON] et al. [36] reported that several endophytic bacteria associated with plants have shown significant antimicrobial activity. Other researchers found that terpen compounds synthesized by endophytic microorganisms displayed powerful antimicrobial activity [37; 38]. For example, novel sesquiterpene derivatives obtained from the endophytic fungus _Bipolaris eleusines_ showed potent antibacterial activities against _Alternaria solani_, with MIC values of 8 and 16 g/mL, respectively [39]. Others diterpenoids were isolated from the fungal strain Drechmeria sp. and exhibited significant inhibition of _C. albicans_, with an MIC value of 12.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL [40]. In our previous studies, we have reported the antibacterial and antifungal activity of total ethyl acetate extracts as well as pure secondary metabolites of the endophytic bacteria and fungus associated with _V. anthelmintica_ roots [19; 21]. In the present study, 10 bacterial strains were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against three human pathogenic bacteria (_E. coli_ and _S. aureus_) and one fungus (_C. albicans_). The results showed that the majority of tested strains exhibited activity against all pathogens. The crude extract of B. _haltolerans_ XJB-35 was assayed and demonstrated strong to moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity against _E. coli_, _S. aureus_, and _C. albicans_ with an inhibition zone of 17.5, 18, and 10.5 mm, respectively. Three species of _Bacillus_, _B. haynesii_ XJB-5, _B. proteolytic_ XJB-16, and _B. safensis_ XJB-71 also demonstrated activity against all pathogens. _S. lutetiensis_ XJB-66 showed satisfactory antifungal and higher antibacterial activity against C. _albicans_, _E. coli_, and _S. aureus_ with inhibition zones of 9.5, 15 and 17 mm, respectively (Table 3). The crude extract of _L.adecoxylata_ XJB-12 significantly inhibited _S. aureus_, with an inhibition zone of 18 mm. Our investigation suggests that antibiotics synthesized by bacterial endophytes, particularly _Bacillus_ strains, are active against the screened pathogens. _Bacillus_ are a potential source due to their structurally diverse range of bioactive products, including novel antibiotics. The advantage of using bacterial endophytes as antimicrobial treatments is that they can often be cultured and produced after isolation from their host plant. Moreover, endophytic bacteria are rich natural sources of antimicrobial active natural compounds.
# Study on the Early Warning Methods of Dynamic Landslides of Large Abandoned Rockfill Slopes
## 2 Project Overview
### Monitoring Equipment  
This research used the IBIS-L system [2; 27] for monitoring. The IBIS-L system is mainly composed of four parts: radar sensor, linear scanner, computer, and power supply module (Figure 5). When using  
Figure 4: Loading and transportation.  
Figure 3: Relative position of project site (adapted from google maps). Where GB-InSAR is ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar.  
IBIS for field monitoring tests, in addition to ensuring the normal monitoring of the target, the power supply of the equipment should also be considered. IBIS has a power of about 100 W. Even though a battery can be used as a power source, it does not effectively guarantee the continuous working time of IBIS.  
The theoretical monitoring range of the IBIS-L system is 0-4000 m. Due to the limitation of the radar antenna beam angle, the azimuth monitoring range is \(-50^{\circ}\) to \(50^{\circ}\). The specific system parameter settings are shown in Table 2. As for the working process of the system, the computer controls the radar sensor to move from the left to the right end of the linear guide in an \"off-on-off\" manner. The length of the linear guide is 2 m, \"off\" every 5 mm, during which electromagnetic waves are emitted and echoes are received a total of 401 times. Then, the received signal is processed by synthetic aperture technology to realize azimuth focusing. Finally, according to the phase information of each pixel obtained by the synthetic aperture, the deformation information \(d\) of the target can be acquired by the interferometry of the phase difference between the echo signals of the targets at different times:  
\[d=\frac{\lambda(\varphi_{2}-\varphi_{1})}{4\pi} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\varphi_{1}\) and \(\varphi_{2}\) represent the phase information of each pixel obtained by synthetic aperture at different times, and \(\lambda\) is the radar wavelength. Thus, the displacement of each pixel in the whole field can be obtained.
## 3 Results
### Statistical Analysis  
Paired \(t\)-tests revealed that U-Net's Dice performance was statistically superior to both NablaNet and SegNet (\(p<0.001\)). Additionally, U-Net demonstrated significantly lower HD95 values (\(p<0.01\)), indicating better boundary delineation. No statistically significant difference in specificity was observed between NablaNet and SegNet (\(p=0.09\)).