esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Interference Signal Feature Extraction and Pattern Classification Algorithm Based on Deep Learning
## 2 Satellite-to-Ground Communication System  
Due to the complex electromagnetic environment in space, the communication link between the user and the satellite is subject to external interference. When the uplink or downlink of communication between users and satellites is disturbed, the communication between them will fall into a state of paralysis, which brings great challenges to space-based information support.  
To solve the problem, this paper proposes an anti-interference communication system between users and satellites. As shown in Figure 1, the anti-interference communication system is different from the existing satellite communication system for it adding an additional interference monitoring and anti-interference decision-making module at the receiving end (blue area in the figure). At the same time, the system takes the determined waveform parameter information as a part of the source and sends it to the other end in the next round of communication. Both users and satellites monitor the channel with 2 MHz monitoring bandwidth.  
Figure 1: Composition of anti-interference communication system.  
The user monitors the downlink channel to perceive whether the satellite downlink data is interfered, and selects appropriate anti-interference waveform parameters through anti-interference decision-making technology. The waveform parameters are transmitted to the satellite through the uplink, based on which, the satellite adjusts the waveform to equip itself with the ability of anti-interference, thereby improving the communication quality and reliability of the downlink. Similarly, the satellite monitors the uplink channel and transmits the anti-interference waveform parameters to the user through downlink in the same way, so as to improve the user's transmission waveform and improve the communication quality and reliability of the uplink.  
To sum up, the anti-interference communication system between users and satellites can sense the characteristics of the space electromagnetic spectrum, search idle channels, identify enemy interference modes, and reconstruct the anti-interference communication link between users and satellites, so as to improve the reliability of emergency search. Both user and satellite use anti-interference and anti-interception technology, which includes three parts: interference monitoring technology, anti-interference decision technology and waveform generation technology. The waveform of the user terminal is generated according to the anti-interference decision-making parameters of the satellite and the waveform of the satellite is generated according to the anti-interference decision-making parameters of the user.
## 2 Problem Description--Energy Monitoring in Industries
### IoT-Based Energy Monitoring System  
To enable real-time energy and air consumption monitoring, the Wiedemann TPP was retrofitted with an IoT-based system. The setup includes the following:  
* Smart flow/pressure meter to measure compressed air consumption and pressure.
* Energy monitoring modules suitable for factory electrical systems (3-phase, 4-wire, 100-277V AC, 100A CTs) to track active power consumption.
* Ethernet communication modules to transmit real-time data to an IoT platform via Modbus TCP/IP.
* IoT dashboard for data visualization, storage, and further analysis.  
Figure 2 illustrates the data flow from sensors and monitoring modules to the IoT platform.  
The system measures current and voltage (as shown in Figure 3), calculates active power, and transmits the data to an edge device for processing and visualization. By integrating Industry 4.0 solutions, this system enhances visibility into machine operations, supporting predictive maintenance, cost reduction, and sustainability efforts at M-ACE.  
Figure 1: The Wiedemann TPP machine.  
Figure 2: Data flow from sensors and energy monitoring module to the IoT platform.
## 5 Application Case Study  
### Project Introduction  
This project is a demonstration of the WSHP energy station in the Hankou Binjiang International Business District, located in the Jiang'an District, Wuhan City. It provides centralized cooling and heating for buildings in the Hankou International Binjiang Business District. It has a total designed energy capacity of 2.11 million m\({}^{2}\) and uses river water from the Wuhan Yangtze River section as a cold and heat source. The project's designed air conditioning cooling load is 164.14 MW, and the heating load is 78.84 MW. A map of the location of each system in the project and an internal sectional view of the energy station are shown in Figure 3. The construction of the smart energy station management and control system in this project includes a centralized energy monitoring and management software system, a hardware system, a regional centralized cooling and heating centralized group control system, a power monitoring system, a digital twin platform, an energy billing system, an energy expert service system, etc.  
Through the discussion of key issues and technical paths for the intelligent operation of the WSHP energy station, we have designed a scientifically efficient, comprehensive, and fully functional smart energy station control platform construction plan to achieve the goal of fully automated operation with long-term unmanned intervention throughout the year. This plan includes functions such as equipment monitoring, energy regulation, energy management, energy efficiency analysis, and load forecasting. On the basis of meeting the cold and hot needs of users, this plan reduces the number of operation and maintenance personnel, lowers operation and maintenance costs, improves system energy efficiency, and increases system reliability. The functional design of the project system is shown in Figure 4.
# First Earth-Imaging CubeSat with Harmonic Diffractive Lens
## 2 A CubeSX-HSE Nanosatellite-Based Remote Sensing Platform
### Onboard Computing Module
While the Basler acA1920-40 uc USB 3.0 camera with the Sony IMX249 CMOS sensor [27] was successfully used both at our lab and in our outdoor experiments with a harmonic diffractive lens (HDL), it required a 2.7 W of power through USB 3.0, so a different camera had to be used onboard the satellite. We selected a Basler da1600-60 uc USB 3.0 camera with an e2V EV76C570 CMOS sensor [28]. According to the official user guide [27], this camera can operate with USB 2.0 hosts drawing only 1.3 W [29]. The lower power consumption of the Basler da1600-60 uc camera came at a cost of the higher levels of e2V EV76C570 sensor noise compared to Sony IMX249. Basler has tested and compared its monochrome camera products with the EMVA 1288 standard [30]. The Sony IMX249 specification is clearly superior to e2V EV76C570, as shown in Table 1. The resulting quality of acquired images depends on the camera settings, especially the gain setting, as will be shown in Section 3.
## 7 Evaluation and Discussion
### Experimental Setup
#### 7.1.2 Evaluation Platform  
In principle, the idea of _VMGuards_ applies to most architectures. Our prototype implementation targets the 32-bit Intel x86 platform (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Our experimental platform is a Dell OptiPlex 960 PC (Round Rock, TX, USA) with a 3 GHz Intel Core Duo processor and 4 GB of RAM. It runs on the 32-bit Windows 7 operating system.
# Measurement-Driven Synthesis of Female Digital Mannequin Using Convex Sub-Volumes
###### Abstract  
In the context of computer-aided apparel-fitting simulation, the problem of generating (a) simulation-inexpensive and (b) tailor-measurement-driven digital mannequins is central. Three-dimensional scanning of human bodies produces high-fidelity datasets. However, this technique does not satisfy conditions (a) and (b) above. In addition, it requires extensive data cleaning and processing. Existing approaches to this problem broadly fall into these mainstreams: (i) biased scaling, interpolation, or morphing of template models; or (ii) bottom-up construction of anatomy (bone medial axis, kinematic joints, muscles, skin, and other layers). Both alternatives imply extensive scanning, application of heuristics, tuning, and storage, among other tasks. Both alternatives produce non-convex datasets that have to be processed further for cloth-body interaction simulation, as physics engines require some type of data convexity for realistic simulations. This manuscript presents a modeling methodology that partially overcomes these limitations by (1) coarsely approximating a template female body with sets of convex volumes (ellipsoids and _custions_), (2) building a set of Reference Mamequins for a particular set of extreme and average tailor measurements, and (3) creating sets of functions that synthesize new individuals of digital mannequins as results of convex volumes that satisfy specified tailor measurements. These mannequins present a reasonable and realistic demeanor. At the same time, they are shown to be economical at the stage of simulation of garment fitting. Future work is encouraged to define kinematic chains for straightforward pose definition, modeling male bodies, and exploring the behavior of the synthesis functions with more parameters.  
Keywords:measurement-driven digital mannequins; human body modeling; parametric modeling; tailor measurements; convex-volume-based modeling +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 2 QADA Optical Front-End  
The optical front-end of a QADA receiver is shown in Figure 1a. It consists of a quadrant PD, shown in blue located directly below an aperture. The aperture is made in an opaque screen that is parallel to the plane on which the PD is placed. Light passing through the aperture falls on the quadrant PD creating a light spot, shown in yellow. In Figure 1a the light is coming from a particular direction denoted by \((\varphi,\theta)\), where \(\varphi\) is the incident angle and \(\theta\) is the polar angle. Based on the direction of the light source, the light spot may overlap with the quadrant PD beneath it. Figure 1b shows an example of the overlap between the light spot and the PD. The aperture has the same size and shape as the PD and the shape and size of the light spot match that of the aperture. A square quadrant PD and a square aperture are chosen. This is similar to the design in [17] in which the positioning performance of a VLP system using QADA was studied. Each quadrant in the PD has its own output, thus four signals are generated at the output of the PD.  
The locations of the light spots and the locations of the quadrants are defined in the coordinate system, \(x^{\prime}y^{\prime}z^{\prime}\), with the origin, \(O^{\prime}\), at the center of the aperture as shown in Figure 1b. In these coordinates, the center of the \(k\)-th quadrant is given by  
\[\begin{split}\left(x^{\prime}{}_{k},y^{\prime}{}_{k},z^{\prime} {}_{k}\right)=&\left(\frac{L_{\text{PD}}}{\sqrt{2}}\cos\left(k \frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right),\right.\\ &\left.\frac{L_{\text{PD}}}{\sqrt{2}}\sin\left(k\frac{\pi}{2}- \frac{\pi}{4}\right),-d\right)\end{split} \tag{1}\]  
where \(L_{\text{PD}}\) is the length of the quadrant of the PD and \(d\) is the aperture height. The center of the light spot is given by  
\[\left(x^{\prime}{}_{s},y^{\prime}{}_{s},z^{\prime}{}_{s}\right)=\left(d\cos \theta\tan\varphi,d\sin\theta\tan\varphi,-d\right) \tag{2}\]
## 1 Introduction  
There are various types of enamel matrix proteins. The enamel matrix proteins exhibit a variety of isoforms, generated by mRNA splicing. Among the enamel proteins, amelogenin is suspected to have at least six molecular types, and many of their biological functions remain unknown [1; 2; 3].  
Amelogenin is synthesized by ameloblasts and is a major component of enamel matrix proteins; notably, amelogenin is an extracellular matrix protein that consists of various molecular-size proteins and amino acids. In the early stages of tooth development, amelogenin contributes to regulating mineralization in enamel and bone regeneration [4]. Although there are applications for amelogenin in clinical treatment, its biological functions remain unknown. In general, amelogenin is used in periodontal tissue engineering as an enamel matrix derivative (EMD).  
EMD--an extract of porcine fetal tooth material--promotes cell proliferation and mineralization in dental pulp cells [5; 6]. EMD has been used in periodontal regenerative surgery, and there is evidence that EMD can induce new cementum and bone tissue [7; 8].  
Previously, we found that the injections of EMD on the backs of rats can induce hard tissue formation and eosinophil round bodies (ERBs) [9]. We investigated these ERBs and found fragmentsof amelogenin exon 5. We examined ERBs using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MMALDI-TOF) and found fragments of amelogenin exon5. We synthesized a seven-amino acid (WYQNMIR) peptide based on these fragments. We made a synthetic amelogenin exon 5 encoded peptide (SP) to see if it would behave in a manner similar to EMD (i.e., whether it would induce formation of cement and bone-like tissue) [10]. Our previous study showed that SP induced bone and cement tissue in rats [11]. We also showed that SP promotes cell viability in human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts [12], and promotes the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [13] and PDL stem cells [14], as well as EMD.  
[PERSON] found dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and contributed to the homeostasis of dental pulp tissue [15]. These cells have proliferative potential and osteogenic differentiation potential; thus, they may be useful in bone regeneration [16; 17; 18; 19]. The function of amelogenin in dental pulp cells (DPCs) has been elucidated in some studies, but the biological effects of each portion of amelogenin are not clear.  
Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the biological function of the amelogenin exon 5-encoded peptide on human DPSCs, and to investigate whether the amelogenin exon 5-encoded peptide acts through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway.
# A Comparative Analysis of Arabic Text Steganography
## 2 Steganography
### Steganography Types
#### 2.2.1 Image Steganography  
When the carrier file is an image, the stenography type is referred to as image steganography. Here, the image files (e.g., JPEG, GIF, BMP, and PNG) are utilized to cover the sensitive message. Image steganography is achieved by employing the image format, spatial domain steganography and adaptive steganography [28].  
Recently, an image steganography approach used a data mapping technique to minimize the number of bits changed per pixel. Four hidden data bits were mapped to the four most important bits of a cover pixel [29].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Organic Compounds Identified by GC-MS  
HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis was used to investigate the VOCs of OOT and TOT (Supplemental Figure S1). A total of 104 VOCs were identified by mass spectrometry and retention index. Although the variety of volatiles was abundant, they were detected in trace levels. Volatile compounds were divided into six categories: alcohols, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and others (Supplemental Figure S2) [23]. The main compounds were alcohols, with 49.81% and 45.71% of total volatiles in TOT and OOT, respectively. Alkenes were 24.44% and 30.19% and esters were 6.85% and 6.65% of the total. The content of aldehydes in TOT was significantly higher than that of OOT, while the content of alkenes and other components of TOT were significantly lower (Figure 2A and Figure S2).  
The Wickremasinghe-Yamanishi ratio and [PERSON]'s flavor index, both known to correlate with sensory evaluations of tea, were used to evaluate the aroma quality of the samples [13; 14]. The Wickremasinghe-Yamanishi ratio is as follows: the smaller the index, the higher the quality; while the larger the Owuor's flavor index indicate the higher the aroma quality. The Wickremasinghe-Yamanishi ratios of TOT and OOT were 0.33 and 0.30, respectively, but were not significantly different (Figure 2B and Supplemental Table S1). The [PERSON]'s flavor index of TOT and OOT were 39.67 and 29.06, respectively. The Owuor's flavor index of TOT was significantly higher than that of OOT, which implied that the aroma quality of TOT was better than OOT (Figure 2C and Supplemental Table S2).  
Figure 1: Principle component analysis of aroma-active compounds of TOT and OOT analyzed by an electronic nose.
###### Abstract
Based on the conditions and method used for synthesis, ZnO can be obtained in the form of knots, needles, nanorods, nanosheets, or nanoplates [26]. Thus, the shape of the nanoparticle usually affects its properties, such as its tensile strength, hardness, and stiffness, and its functions [27]. Hence, the present study focused on the synthesis of ZnO NPs using _P. ostreatus_ mushrooms to evaluate both the antioxidant and the antibacterial effects against the multidrug resistance bacteria (_P. aeruginosa_ and _E. faecalis_). This study proved to be advantageous in finding ways to eliminate the regime of multidrug-resistance, especially since mushroom-derived NPs are known to have high stability, longer shelf life, water-solubility, and good dispersion properties [22]. This technology of synthesizing nanoparticles using mushrooms is very promising for the synthesis of non-toxic, ecofriendly, and mostly stable nanomaterials [28; 29]. Hence, this study promotes mushrooms as an alternative source for the synthesis of nanoparticles using a very cost-effective, non-toxic, and ecofriendly synthesis method for ZnO NPs. Previous researchers have only used green-synthesis methods for the production of CuO NPs using actinomycetes bacteria [30]. Hence the main objective of this study was to synthesize stable and biocompatible ZnO NPs, which would be an efficient antimicrobial and potential anticancer agent, using a fast, safe, cost-effective, and ecofriendly green method. This was achieved through incorporating a rarely used _P. ostreatus_ mushroom as a capping and reducing agent during green synthesis.
# Solution for Active and Passive Earth Pressure on Rigid Retaining Walls with Narrow Backfill
## 3 Experimental Verification
### DEM Numerical Experiment
#### 3.2.2 Active Limit Earth Pressure
When the backfill width behind the wall (\(L\)) is zero, the resultant active earth pressure force (\(E_{a}\)) is also zero. As \(L\) increases, \(E_{a}\) follows a pattern of initially increasing and then decreasing, gradually approaching the Coulomb theory considering cohesion. When \(L=L_{a}\) (critical width), the triangular slip wedge assumed in Coulomb theory represents a special case of the trapezoidal slip wedge. The trapezoidal slip wedge assumed in this article fails prior to the triangular slip wedge. In this case, the Coulomb result is not the maximum value of the function \(E_{1}(\theta)\) due to the influence of cohesion. The depth-dependent distributions of active earth pressure under various width conditions are shown in Figure 9b. As the soil modulus exhibits a nonlinear increasing trend with burial depth, under identical soil deformation conditions, the burial depth shows proportional increases in earth pressure. The consistent variation trends between both components demonstrate the validity of the proposed methodology. During wall displacement, pre-existing interparticle contacts may be disrupted. The formation of new contacts occurs when sufficient relative displacement develops between particles. Regions exhibiting concentrated new contacts can be considered as the location of the slip surface. The slip surface distribution and rupture angle obtained in this study under various backfill widths are shown in Figure 10.  
Figure 8: (**a**) Static earth pressure with different backfill widths; (**b**) Relationship between the active earth pressure resultant force and displacement. As depicted in Figure 10, the rupture angle (\(\theta\)) decreases with increasing backfill width (\(L\)) behind the wall, while the height of the slip surface inflection point progressively rises. When \(L/H<1/4\) and the slip wedge attain sufficient height, multiple internal failure surfaces develop within the slip wedge, resulting in a more complex distribution pattern. The lowermost slip surface shows fundamental consistency with the results of [PERSON] et al. [32].
# Safety Assessment of the Cover-and-Cut Method Under Blasting Vibration Induced by Tunnel Excavation
## 7 Conclusions  
This study focused on the Guizhou University Station project, using on-site testing and numerical simulations to systematically assess the impact of blasting vibrations on tunnel structures during cover-and-cut construction. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. The measured and predicted peak particle velocities (PPVs) of the diaphragm wall, central pillar, and roof were 1.424 cm/s, 1.482 cm/s, and 1.537 cm/s, respectively, all within the safety limit of 2.0-2.5 cm/s as defined by China's Blasting Safety Regulations.
2. Numerical simulation results indicated that the degree of impact on the structures ranked as follows: central pillar > diaphragm wall > roof. This order aligns with the stress cloud map analysis, confirming that the central pillar experiences the highest vibration impact.
3. The vibration frequencies were in the range of 40-80 Hz, well above the 0.5-25 Hz range of running vehicles, ensuring that no resonance occurs between the vibrations and vehicle operations.
4. The peak vibration velocity caused by blasting remains within the safe range. The regression analysis indicates that eight blasting cycles per day do not affect the safety of the vulnerable point on the central column.  
This study demonstrates a high consistency between numerical simulations and field monitoring results, with a maximum error of 16%. The use of FLAC3D simulations provided reliable predictions, overcoming the difficulty of direct measurement on the roof. The methodology presented here can be applied to similar metro construction projects, offering valuable data and modeling references for risk assessments.  
It is recommended to continuously monitor the vibration response of the central pillar during future construction and adjust blasting parameters based on the findings to ensure structural safety. For other metro projects with complex geological conditions, building numerical models in advance can help optimize blasting parameters and reduce risks. While this study focused primarily on the evaluation of vibration velocities, future work could explore the impact of additional factors, such as temperature variations or different material properties, on structural stability. Additionally, further research could optimize blasting sequences and delays to minimize vibration effects.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Y.C. and E.C.; funding acquisition, E.C.; methodology, Y.C.; software, Y.C.; validation, E.C.; writing--original draft, Y.C.; writing--review and editing, Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors upon request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Wavelet-Based Analysis of Motor Current Signals for Detecting Obstacles in Train Doors
## 2 Dynamic Model of the Train Door  
A dynamic model of a train door was developed that comprised a torque controller for a DC motor and a mechanical model of a train door system. A mathematical model describing the control of current in the DC motor was developed on the basis of torque control characteristics. The mechanical model included the components of the train door system, which were built in MATLAB Simulink, and the relation between the applied load force and the torque acting on the motor.