# Review of Monitoring and Control Systems Based on Internet of Things
## 3 Monitoring and Control Systems Based on IoT
### Monitoring and Control Systems for Smart Cities Based on IoT  
With the dynamic development of urbanization and the growing urban population, cities worldwide face numerous challenges related to infrastructure, transport, resource management, and the quality of life of their inhabitants. Advanced technologies, including the IoT, are increasingly used to meet these challenges and make cities more effective, sustainable, and friendly to residents. Smart cities use the IoT to create integrated monitoring and control systems that enable the collection and analysis of data in real time, improving the management of urban infrastructure and services. IoT systems in smart cities are widely used, from road traffic monitoring and public transport management through intelligent street lighting to waste management and air quality monitoring. Thanks to sensors, communication networks, and advanced analytical algorithms, cities can respond more effectively to the needs of residents, optimize energy and resource consumption, and improve the safety and comfort of life. [PERSON] et al. in [58] present an innovative approach to street lighting control and monitoring based on IoT technology, representing a breakthrough in urban lighting infrastructure, offering intelligent, more tailored solutions that consider the dynamic needs of modern cities. Using technologies such as NodeMCU microcontrollers, relay modules, light-dependent resistors (LDRs), and motion and environmental sensors, these systems enable dynamic lighting level adjustment depending on traffic, pedestrian activity, and light conditions. Integrating remote monitoring and management enables city governments to proactively identify problems, optimize performance, and reduce operational costs. Through cause-and-effect analysis, complex control algorithms consider traffic, pedestrian activity, time of day, and weather conditions to optimize lighting levels. It is worth noting that the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontrollers used constitute the central control units, enabling communication between relays, LDR, and LED sensors. LDRs, strategically placed in urban areas, collect data on light intensity, and relay modules control street lighting. The system's operation scheme involves using LDR sensors to collect light-intensity data, which is then processed by the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller. Based on these data, the system makes decisions regarding street lighting control, which allows for optimizing energy consumption and minimizing operating costs. The above-mentioned elements and data integration from many sensors and control algorithms constitute a comprehensive system that ensures effective, energy-saving, and intelligent street lighting, which positively affects residents' quality of life and the urban environment. In [59], the authors present the importance of the problem of environmental pollution by waste and the need to monitor and manage it to protect the environment. Accumulating garbage around streets can be a breeding ground for rats and fleas that carry harmful diseases, leading to epidemics and deaths. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a waste monitoring system to reduce pollution. The article discusses various IoT-based approaches to waste monitoring, such as intelligent garbage bins using infrared and load sensors, GSM-based alarm systems, and RFID and Zigbee-based systems. In addition, an analysis of municipal waste management in various regions of the world was presented, and the benefits of using intelligent waste monitoring solutions were discussed. As part of the experiments in the article, a waste monitoring system based on the Thingspeak platform was proposed, using ultrasonic sensors and load sensors that collect data on the level and weight of waste in the bin. These data are transmitted in real time to the Thingspeak platform, where it is updated and made publicly available, allowing users to monitor the status of their bin online.