# Challenges of Using Blockchain in the Education Sector: A Literature Review
## 3 Results
### Challenges of Blockchain in Education
#### 3.2.1 Technological Barriers
In addition, when using asymmetric cryptography as part of a blockchain protocol, the security and confidentiality of any transaction become virtually unbreakable [19]. Therefore, it is particularly hard to update data units after they have been recorded; as a result, there is more trust in the data's integrity, and the risk of fraud is reduced [19]. In addition, for any transaction on a blockchain to be approved as a valid transaction, all members involved in the transaction must approve its legitimacy and no one can tamper with it after a transaction has been recorded in the ledger. Therefore, if a transaction is incorrect, it must be corrected by creating a new transaction, so these two transactions will be available in the ledger. Thus, any attempt to modify data in one place will be seen by other members as illegitimate and as an attack on the data's integrity; therefore, it will be refused [19]. The immutability of blockchain technology is a key quality for building more trust among all parties engaged in the chain. Once a student's credentials are recorded on a blockchain, no one can change them. This feature, however, would be a double-edged sword [9]. It would eliminate the capacity for certain students' records to be modified for valid reasons. Furthermore, the immutability property of blockchain technology may constitute a barrier to its acceptance in the sector of education as it may be challenging for educational institutions to comply with new data-storage laws [9]. The immutability aspect of blockchain technology can also be troublesome, as it precludes those in the educational system, learners, and external stakeholders from erasing educational data for valid reasons. These can be changed by authorized parties, but the original data will still be stored in the blockchain indefinitely, which conflicts with the GDPR's right to be forgotten [9]. The benefit of issuing certificates instantly on a ledger is that the diplomas themselves become irreversible and everlasting, rather than merely acting as proof of their signing [19]. In addition, issuing certificates on a blockchain will turn a digital certificate that a learner typically receives privately into an automatically valid piece of information that can be checked by third parties on a public blockchain, via an immutable proof mechanism [19]. However, the revocation of diplomas is one of the most significant difficulties. Even though this is a rare operation, it can be employed in special circumstances when diplomas are revoked. However, the published certificate in the blockchain cannot be changed [43]. As a result, immutability may limit the use of the blockchain for private student data, such as enrollment, diploma verification, and tests that require the right to remove [43]. However, several solutions have been proposed to solve this problem, such as the issuer offering a list of diplomas that have been revoked; the verification in this scenario is contingent on the issuer's availability [55]. Another solution in the Ethereum platform is offered through the use of smart contracts [48]. A similar issue is the diploma expiration date, in some cases. This issue's solution will most likely be identical to the previous one [47].