## 1 Introduction
### Human Evacuation Behavior Modeling  
Understanding human behavior during an emergency can help improve emergency management and safety planning. The first model of human behavior is the \"panic\" model, which holds that escape entails a homogeneous population of individuals with a loss of self-control and an emphasis on self-preservation [16; 17]. However, even [PERSON] [18], who first articulated a cogent panic theory, maintained that \"panic\" was exceedingly rare in emergencies and disasters; for decades, the idea that people panic has been a widely held but disproven myth [19; 20]. Since the 1950s, numerous researchers have investigated hypotheses regarding human behavior in situations of extreme duress. In the most recent classification, as depicted in Figure 2, [PERSON] et al. [16] classified human activity into four categories: pre-evacuation behavior, wayfinding behavior, interaction behavior with others, and interaction behavior with the environment. The pre-evacuation phase is crucial for survival as it determines the critical reaction time for evacuation. The pre-evacuation is divided into pre-event activity and information-seeking behavior. People tend to continue their behavior even after receiving emergency cues, and providing adequate information about the situation can increase their search for additional details. The evacuation time is often determined by individual characteristics like risk tolerance and value placed on pre-event activities. General situational factors like pre-event commitment, information availability, and felt time constraints also influence risk perception. Several theoretical approaches have been developed to explain human risk perception before evacuation. These approaches suggest that people need to receive and analyze emergency cues to make a sufficiently high-risk judgment before commencing evacuation [16; 21; 22]. To evacuate quickly and safely, individuals must navigate to the designated destination, a process known as wayfinding, which can significantly affect evacuation performance and survival in a fire. Wayfinding is influenced by various factors, including structure design and layout, signage systems, availability of vertical mobility, human factors, and social variables. One notable social variable is the herding phenomenon, where people tend to move in groups during a crisis. This behavior can affect wayfinding [16; 23]. However, research indicates that individuals do not always follow their peers unless they face significant ambiguity and lack of evidence on which to base their own decisions. Thus, herding behavior may simply be the result of individuals making similar decisions based on the same information [24]. The behavior of individuals during an emergency, such as their interactions with others, can have a significant impact on evacuation performance [25]. Positive interactions, such as assisting those with disabilities, are prevalent during emergencies. However, negative interactions, including competitiveness, can prolong the evacuation  
Figure 2: List of human behaviors [16]. process and cause physical injuries. Queuing, while a norm-abiding conduct, can also lead to negative consequences, such as blocking exits and causing trampling. Moreover, pre-existing relationships can influence evacuation behavior, as people may refuse to evacuate if it means leaving family members or close friends behind [16; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. Furthermore, the way people interact with their environment significantly influences their safety. According to recent studies, people are more likely to take risks when they perceive the danger to be low or when they observe their neighbors taking comparable risks [32; 33]. Moreover, during emergencies, individuals often attempt to protect their possessions, even if doing so puts them at risk of harm. When people believe their possessions are indispensable to their livelihood or irreplaceable, this conduct is more common.