## 3 Analysis of the Lighting Levels for an Urban Context
### Software Simulation of the Lighting Parameters at the Design Status and Refurbishment Project  
The refurbishment project of the lighting systems has been developed, for the analysed roads, following a three-phase methodology. In the first phase, the lighting systems of the selected roads are analysed at the present conditions evaluating their energy efficiency and compliance with minimum lighting requirements. In the second phase, a refurbishment project of the lighting systems is developed improving the energy efficiency and compliance with lighting standards requirements. In the third phase, the economic feasibility of the refurbishment project is evaluated. The methodology is well described in recent researches by [PERSON] et al. [59; 60]. The methodology adopted for the refurbishment project ensures the respect of the lighting parameters related to safety and visual comfort tasks, the improvement of the environmental sustainability of the lighting systems and the economic feasibility of the project itself. In particular, the refurbishment project has intended to pursue the following objectives; improve the energy efficiency of the lighting systems and of the luminaires and select design options with a good payback time of the investments needed for the project.  
In general, during the design phase the arrangements and the heights of installation of the luminaires has not been changed due to investment cost reduction reasons (also following the specific solicitations from Pontedera municipality); in some cases, with the aim of improving road safety and lighting systems energy efficiency, it has been necessary to change the luminaires distances. The new adopted luminaires use LED technologies and are in the maximum energy class (A\({}^{++}\)), according to the local regulation of Emilia-Romagna Region (see Appendix A). The adopted luminaires for the 12 analysed roads are shown in Table 9. In the refurbishment project, the design options requiring the lowest initial economic investment have been the priority. Therefore, the first design option has been to replace the obsolete luminaires with new ones, the second design option has been to modify luminaire arrangements (also accepting consequent increasing of the initial economic investment). At the design status, the replacement of obsolete luminaires in 10 roads, with new ones more efficient, has been considered. Furthermore, it has been necessary to change the arrangement of the luminaires installation in two roads (ID 1 and ID 10 roads), to meet at least some of the minimum lighting requirements. Such minimum requirements are not achieved in all the 12 roads, since it is not simple to meet these requirements with the imposed constraints of the installation arrangement.  
In Table 10, the lighting parameters resulting from software simulations at the design status are shown. In Figure 11, false-colour renderings of the horizontal illuminance mapping for six roads (the same shown in Figure 10) are shown. At the design status, the lighting systems of all carriageways meet the minimum energy class prescribed by Emilia-Romagna Region (see Appendix A).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**LID**} & \(\mathbf{P}\) & \(\mathbf{\Phi}\) & \(\mathbf{\eta}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{**S**} & \(\mathbf{T_{c}}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{**Photometry**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Image**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Road of**} \\  & **[W]** & **[Im]** & **[Im/W]** & & & **[K]** & & **[ID Number]** \\ \hline L & 138 & 14,663 & 106 & LED & 4000 & & & 1, 5 \\ M & 63 & 7083 & 112 & LED & 4000 & & & 3, 7, 8, 12 \\ N & 56 & 5742 & 103 & LED & 4000 & & & 2, 6, 10 \\ O & 32 & 3305 & 103 & LED & 4000 & & & 4, 9, 11 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Photometric data of the luminaires at the design status. The following symbols are used; LID: luminaires identification letter; \(P\): luminaire power; \(\Phi\): luminaire luminous flux; \(\eta\): luminaire efficacy; S: source type; \(T_{c}\): correlated colour temperature; LED: light-emitting Diode.