## 1 Introduction
With reference to the aforementioned considerations, considering the comparability of mechanical properties and failure mode between the composite structures and laminated hybrid structures [28; 29], this paper introduces a rubber layer into SCS composite wall and proposes the steel-damping-concrete (SDC) wall to improve the performance of various aspects of this versatile composite wall including the energy absorption, anti-explosion, and impact resistance. In order to ensure the structural behavior and safety, the compressive behavior, the basic performance of vertical elements in buildings or nuclear constructions, of the composite walls is investigated in this paper. [PERSON] [30] experimentally studied the axial behavior of the SCS sandwich walls with profiled steel sheeting. It was found that the early buckling of the external steel sheeting reduced the compression capacity of the sandwich wall. [PERSON] et al. [31] carried out a series of experimental tests on SCS sandwich walls with short-headed studs under axial compression. [PERSON] et al. [7] experimentally and numerically investigated the load-displacement behavior of the SCS  
Figure 1: Types of composite structures with rubber layers including reinforced concrete (RC). sandwich wall with overlapped headed studs or through connectors. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [3; 32; 33] studied the axial compressive and bending behavior of SCS sandwich walls with J-hook connector, experimentally and numerically. From the aforementioned studies, the ultimate compressive resistances of SCS sandwich walls with different connectors are sufficient while the compressive ductility and the energy dissipation capacities of SCS walls are unsatisfactory. In addition, it can also be found that numerical analysis using the finite element (FE) method becomes increasingly popular and offers a cost-effective approach for carrying out pilot analysis when the research object is in the theoretical stage. The method to simulate different components and materials, the interactions among the steel plates, concrete core, and connectors, and boundary conditions in FE models of SCS sandwich walls also can be used in the SDC composite walls due to the similarities of mechanical properties and structure between the two types of composite walls [33; 34]. It is important to note that only one experimental study [22] has been conducted on RC columns with bonded rubber plates but no study on SCS composite walls with rubber is reported. Moreover, the effect of the rubber interlayer in composite shear walls is not investigated. Therefore, to fill this gap, this paper introduces the rubber layer between the concrete and steel components and proposes the concept of the SDC composite wall. Compared with the conventional SCS wall, the SDC wall is characterized by better ductility and energy dissipation capacity due to the deformation of the concrete core and rubber. Binding bars working with steel sheets and sleeves are also developed as a novel type of connection between the double face plates. A validated FE model of the reinforced SDC wall, which takes into account the material and geometric nonlinearities, has been established in this research to evaluate the compressive performance of the composite walls. An extensive parametric study has been carried out to optimize the design and performance of the SDC walls. Finally, based on the available methods in the current design codes such as Eurocode 4, AISC-360 and various other literatures, a theoretical model considering the weakening effect of rubber layer on the concrete core is developed and verified herein to predict the ultimate compressive resistance of SDC walls.