# Monitoring Acute Heart Failure Patients Using Internet-of-Things-Based Smart Monitoring System
## 1 Introduction  
We are living in an age in which technology has revolutionized the world. The technological revolution has happened in communication, business, education, medical care, and many other areas. Digital technology removes barriers of distance, enlarges thinking, and benefits businesses. In particular, since the spread of COVID-19, the use of modern smart applications has increased massively. Such applications are used for a variety of applications, including medical care. Furthermore, the birth of the Internet is considered a major contribution to technological advancement [1]. The Internet removes barriers to digital technology and provides access everywhere. Social media is another source of information and has a large impact on the young generation. Handy technology provides instant data on social media. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging field of computer science that has impacted the world in a short period of time. The concepts of smart homes [2], smart-resource-based cities [3], smart driving [4], and smart farming [5] have changed the living and workingstyles of many people around the world. Smart devices are embedded in smart homes and cities, and things are controlled by smart devices. In the near future, real-time human activities will be monitored by smart devices, and real-time data will be collected by tagging sensors within the human body [6]. Human health can be monitored in real-time by sending the information obtained using the sensors to medical consultants. The Internet of medical things (IoMT) is the field in which health equipment is connected with IoT [7]. Authors have discussed IoMt using wearable devices and AI [8]. This concept gives new directions to the health field and opens up new doors of development. As in the medical field, accurate and timely diagnosis and intervention are the main factors in health-related issues, so substantial work is required to fulfill this gap and develop intelligent systems for health monitoring. With the development of information technology (IT), medical fields are being revolutionized in developed countries. In a traditional medical system, huge crowds, power consumption, and routine work all burden the system and lead to delays in facilitation. In IoMT, wearable sensor devices are connected to the care provider's smart devices, and they can monitor the real-time patient health record and treat the patient accordingly [9]. IoMT provides a low-cost and quick solution by remotely monitoring the patient's health. With the spread and rise of chronic diseases, the medical systems of underdeveloped countries face significant issues in managing large numbers of patients due to a shortage of staffing and resources. In the medical field, quick responses significantly impact saving lives. Figure 1 shows the IoMT mechanism in the physical environment. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a domain of computer science that induces intelligence in machines and makes smart devices capable of working without human intervention. Smart devices make smooth connectivity using AI and work innovatively. AI processes help to find hidden patterns in the large volume of data received from smart devices [10]. Moreover, the AI process also makes recommendations to improve the performance of the systems. The domains of AI and machine learning (ML) greatly help in solving today's complex problems. In every field of life, computational systems are designed using AI and ML to solve significant dynamic problems. Combining IoT, AI, and ML can change how people live and interact in their daily lives. In the medical field, large datasets are gathered using smart devices and sensors. AI and ML algorithms are applied to find underlying hidden patterns to diagnose different diseases. Using AI-based solutions, it has become easy for medical staff to work on large datasets and provide future recommendations to prevent diseases. The artificial intelligence of medical things (AloMT) combines AI approaches with health diagnosis approaches to help in the medical field.