## 2 Literature Review
In Malaysia's tropical climate [32], east-west facing facades experience significant solar exposure, often causing overheating in rooms adjacent to glazed areas. Passive facades offer an effective approach to mitigate solar heat gains in these conditions. The findings highlight that such systems are essential in managing thermal accumulation, driven by indoor-outdoor temperature gradients and surface temperature fluctuations. Another case study conducted in Iran's hot climate [33] compared experimental data with numerical simulations for a passive facade. The model was validated through a strong agreement between measured and simulated values. In terms of energy performance, thermographic analysis revealed energy savings between 0.27 and 0.42 kWh/m\({}^{2}\)/day, resulting from a decrease in intake air temperature for the air conditioning system to 277.15-279.15 K. In a separate study on an eight-story laboratory building featuring a passive facade in Basel [34], the system's behavior was assessed throughout a typical summer day using CFD simulations. Measurements of surface temperatures and heat gains, including thermal loads on sensitive components, were taken. The results indicated that in warm climates with high solar radiation, passive facades using natural ventilation may be unsuitable, as structural components can overheat, potentially damaging interior elements such as shading systems. For older residential buildings exhibiting poor thermal performance in Mediterranean climates [35], enhancing thermal insulation has been demonstrated to be a more effective strategy than implementing passive facades, both in terms of reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring renovation approaches to the unique characteristics of each building, emphasizing interventions that maximize energy efficiency and occupant comfort. A study conducted by one research group [36] performed a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of different design aspects of glazing and shading systems on energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort in an office building with a passive facade in Amritsar, India. The purpose of this investigation was to pinpoint the key parameters influencing building performance within the region's climatic conditions, thereby aiding in the refinement of passive design strategies. Additionally, another study [37] explored the effects of window-to-wall ratio, glazing type, building orientation relative to solar path, and shading element placement on cooling loads and indoor thermal comfort during summer in a building situated in Taiwan. This research emphasizes the necessity of an integrated facade design approach that incorporates both orientation and shading system considerations to optimize energy performance in warm, humid climates. The incorporation of photovoltaic (PV) panels into building facades represents a novel approach for improving energy efficiency and decreasing dependence on external energy supplies [38]. In rapidly expanding urban settings, where high-rise buildings often face constraints on rooftop areas, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) have emerged as a preferred solution for on-site energy generation. PV-integrated facades not only produce electricity from renewable sources but also enhance insulation, daylight control, and visual appeal--key factors in densely populated urban environments [39]. A prominent method includes the deployment of semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) modules within passive facades. Research indicates [40] that STPV systems can modulate solar heat gain by permitting natural light penetration while simultaneously generating power. This approach mitigates cooling loads in summer and heating requirements in winter, proving effective across diverse climatic zones. Additionally, studies highlight that combining PV modules with dynamic elements, such as adjustable louvers, allows facades to respond to changing solar angles, thereby improving energy output and lowering cooling demands.