## 5 Discussion  
Regarding lane changes, the study found that signalized roundabouts exhibited a higher rate of lane changes compared to non-signalized roundabouts. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant association between junction control and lane change behavior, highlighting the influence of traffic signals on driver actions. The congestion in signalized roundabouts, along with extended waiting times, often results in drivers changing lanes within the roundabout itself rather than before entering. This contrasts with non-signalized roundabouts, where smoother traffic flow allows drivers to change lanes more easily prior to entry, thus reducing abrupt maneuvers within the roundabout. Abrupt maneuvers, in this context, refer to quick, unanticipated actions such as sudden lane shifts or abrupt stops that are often required in more congested or controlled environments like signalized roundabouts. To improve lane change behavior at signalized roundabouts, the study recommends focusing on the specific findings of the observed congestion and lane change patterns. Adjusting signal timing to reduce congestion and waiting times can provide drivers with better opportunities to change lanes before entering the roundabout. It is important to consider the impact of congestion in signalized roundabouts. The presence of congestion, combined with long waiting times, makes it more difficult for drivers to change lanes before entering the roundabout, often leading to lane changes within the roundabout itself. This observation is based on the visual assessment of traffic flow during the study. Although congestion was not explicitly included in the checklist, the effect of long waiting times and traffic buildup was noted as a contributing factor to lane changes within the roundabout. Further studies could include congestion levels as a defined criterion to better quantify its influence on driver behavior. Moreover, road markings play a significant role in guiding lane transitions. The study suggests enhancing road markings to improve lane guidance and reduce confusion. Clear lane arrows, improved lane separation, and the use of textured or colored pavements can reinforce lane discipline, making it easier for drivers to make proper lane changes. Additionally, these improvements could minimize the occurrence of lane changes within the roundabout, contributing to safer and more efficient traffic flow. Regarding correct lane usage, the study found no statistically significant association between junction control (signalized vs. non-signalized) and correct lane usage when entering roundabouts. However, the data suggest that non-signalized roundabouts tend to have better rates of correct lane usage, likely due to drivers relying on their own judgment and observation, supported by clearer road markings and signage. In non-signalized roundabouts, lane changes are generally easier because there is no need to wait for traffic signals, allowing for a more continuous flow of vehicles. Drivers can assess gaps in traffic and make adjustments more freely before entering the roundabout. In contrast, signalized roundabouts often experience congestion and waiting times due to traffic signals, which can limit the opportunity for drivers to change lanes before entering. The presence of a signal creates a more controlled environment, where drivers must focus on signal changes and the movement of vehicles ahead, making lane changes more difficult before entering the roundabout. The smoother traffic flow in non-signalized roundabouts also facilitates easier lane changes before entry, reducing the need for abrupt maneuvers that can lead to incorrect lane usage. To improve lane usage at signalized roundabouts, especially during congested conditions, it is essential to focus on enhancing road markings and signage. The use of high-visibility road markings, including lane arrows and boundary lines, along with clearer signage, can reduce confusion and improve lane discipline [43].