## 5 Conclusions  
A series of numerical analysis of a 2 m high Soil Geosynthetic Composite (SGC) mass and a hypothetical 6 m high Geo-synthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) mass has been performed in this study. The effect of simulated compaction procedures, compaction loads, surcharge loads have been examined via the simulation of the SGC mass and compared with the experimental lateral displacements and reinforcement strains. Finally, the mechanism of compaction-induced stress has also been studied via the simulation of the GRS mass. Based on the above simulations the findings and conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows:  
1. The numerical and lateral displacement result of the SGC mass obtained in this study were in good agreement with the experimental result of Reference [6], in particular, for surcharge loads smaller than 2000 kPa.
2. The simulated compaction procedures, that is, Type-I (an uniformly distributed load applied to the top surface of each soil lift), Type-II (an uniformly distributed load applied to the top and bottom surfaces of each soil lift), and Type-III (with various widths of strip load \(w\) = 0.7 m, 0.35 m, 0.175 m), the compaction loads used during the construction of the SGC mass, and the surcharge loads induced during the serviceability stage of the mass were all found to have insignificant or no effect at all on the reinforcement strains, and the open face lateral displacement of the simulated GRS mass compared with the experimental results in Reference [6].
3. The numerical result of the net CIS profile obtained via simulating the compaction process by applying a uniformly distributed load at the top and bottom surfaces of each soil lift (compaction procedure Type-II) was found to be in good agreement with the analytical model proposed in Reference [12].
4. Both the types of simulated compaction procedure and the compaction load have significant effect on the compaction-induced stress, with compaction procedure Type-III (strip load) has the most influence, while compaction procedure Type-II has the least influence. Compaction procedure Type-III was found to amplify the lateral stress by a \"nominal average value\" of approximately 140% when the compaction load was increased from 44 kPa to 70 kPa, compared to that of 120% and 110% when, respectively, compaction procedures Type-I and II was adopted.
5. The range of the value of the net CIS was found to be between the active and the passive earth pressure.  
Conceptualization, [PERSON] ([PERSON]), T.P. ([PERSON]) and M.G.; numerical analysis, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); experimental data curation, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); numerical data curation, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and M.G.; writing--original draft preparation, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); writing--review and editing, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and M.G.; supervision, M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
CIS Compaction-Induced Stress  
GRS Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil  
SGC Soil Geosynthetic Composite  
\(p\) Surcharge Load During Serviceability Stage  
\(q\) Compaction Load For Each Soil Lift