###### Abstract
These methods include mechanical fasteners, adhesive bonding, bolt and nut, and clinching, each possessing distinct advantages and disadvantages. The selection of a particular joining method hinges upon factors such as the specific materials in use, structural requirements, manufacturing processes, and constraints. Most recently, there has been an increasing trend in the utilization of adhesively bonded hybrid components comprising polymeric fiber-reinforced composites and other lightweight metallic materials, such as aluminum alloys, across various sectors, including automotive and civil engineering. To enhance our understanding of the application of structural adhesive joints in the automotive and other sectors, it is imperative to characterize the mechanical and fracture behavior of joints between various types of polymeric and metallic materials. In recent years, single-lap joint geometry has gained recognition as a well-established test configuration for assessing adhesive bond strength in joints. This type of adhesive joint may be subjected to various types of loading, including tension, bending, and combinations of both tension and bending conditions. Until now, extensive analytical [13; 14; 15], experimental [16; 17], and numerical [18], refs. [19; 20; 21; 22] research efforts have been dedicated to single-lap adhesive joints subjected to tension. For example, some primary analytical solutions were proposed by [PERSON] [23] and [PERSON] [24], and other researchers [14; 25; 26] for evaluating the stress distribution within single-lap adhesive joints under tension, including considering parameters such as adherend bending effect, adhesive and adherend plasticity, stress at free edges, composite adherend, and adhesive spew fillets. Subsequently, numerical approaches based on finite element methods have been introduced to simulate and assess the stress distribution in complex adhesive joints, such as single-lap joints, which consider material and geometrical nonlinearities in the analysis. Automotive components need to maintain their integrity over the vehicle's lifespan. In comparison to tension loading, the behavior of single-lap adhesive joints under bending loading has not received extensive investigation. However, it is worth noting that, in real applications, adhesive joints can experience a variety of conditions, including three-point and four-point loading conditions. Understanding the bending strength of adhesive joints ensures safety and reliability, reducing the risk of structural failure while the vehicle is in use. For example, in braking and accelerating conditions of an automobile, a bending load can be imposed on adhesive joints. Therefore, studying the bending behavior of adhesive joints helps simulate real-world scenarios where bending forces may be prevalent, ensuring that the joints can endure these conditions without failure [27; 28]. Only a few papers that analyze the bending behavior of single-lap adhesive joints can be found. For example, [PERSON] et al. [29] investigated the four-point bending behavior of single-lap adhesive joints both experimentally and theoretically. [PERSON] et al. [30] conducted a study on the four-point bending behavior of single-lap joints with high-strength steel adherends, investigating the impact of adherend thickness, adherend overlap, and adhesive type. [PERSON] et al. [31] conducted a series of experimental and numerical analyses on single-lap adhesive joints consisting of AA2024-T3 adherends with three different overlap lengths and two types of adhesives. Their research revealed that the bending strength of these single-lap adhesive joints increases as the overlap length increases. Furthermore, they demonstrated that a failure in a single-lap joint initiates from the overlap region at the interface between the adhesive and the upper adherend in tension and then propagates toward the center of the overlap.