## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Essential Oil Compositions  
Hydrodistillation of _Helianthus_ aerial parts gave pale yellow essential oils in 0.105%, 0.025%, and 0.037% yield (_w/w_) for _H. annuus_ \"Chianti\", _H. annuus_ \"Mammoth\", and _H. strumosus_, respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & **Percent Composition \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\)** & \\ \cline{4-6} \multirow{2}{*}{**RI \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RI \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Compound**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_H. annuus_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_H. annuus_} \\  & & & \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\)**Chianti”** & \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\)**Mammoth\({}^{\mathrm{a}}\)** & H. _strumosus_ \\ \hline
1387 & 1389 & \(\beta\)-Elemene & \(0.05\pm 0.01\) & \(0.17\pm 0.01\) & tr \\
1392 & 1392 & (Z)-Jasmone & — & — & tr \\
1416 & 1419 & \(\beta\)-Ylangene & \(0.07\pm 0.01\) & \(0.15\pm 0.01\) & tr \\
1417 & 1417 & \(\beta\)-Caryophyllene & \(0.33\pm 0.03\) & \(0.54\pm 0.09\) & \(0.84\pm 0.00\) \\
1427 & 1434 & \(\gamma\)-Elemene & — & — & tr \\
1428 & 1431 & \(\beta\)-Gurjunene (=Calarene) & \(0.62\pm 0.01\) & \(0.86\pm 0.01\) & tr \\
1430 & 1432 & _trans_-\(\alpha\)-Bergamotene & \(0.06\pm 0.00\) & \(0.14\pm 0.03\) & tr \\
1442 & 1442 & 6,9-Guaadiene & tr & tr & — \\
1446 & 1453 & Germany acetone & tr & tr & — \\
1454 & 1452 & \(\alpha\)-Humulene & \(0.19\pm 0.02\) & \(0.29\pm 0.01\) & \(0.20\pm 0.00\) \\
1479 & 1484 & Germacre D & \(3.32\pm 0.03\) & \(6.84\pm 0.09\) & \(3.68\pm 0.02\) \\
1487 & 1489 & \(\beta\)-Selinene & \(0.12\pm 0.01\) & tr & tr \\
1493 & 1493 & _epi_-Cubebol & \(0.12\pm 0.04\) & — & — \\
1494 & 1500 & Bicyclogermacrene & — & \(0.16\pm 0.01\) & \(0.07\pm 0.01\) \\
1513 & 1514 & Cubebol & \(0.14\pm 0.02\) & tr & tr \\
1516 & 1522 & \(\delta\)-Cadinene & tr & \(0.07\pm 0.00\) & tr \\
1547 & 1548 & Elemol & — & tr & \(0.07\pm 0.01\) \\
1559 & 1561 & (_E_)-Nerolidol & \(0.10\pm 0.02\) & \(0.09\pm 0.03\) & \(0.64\pm 0.03\) \\
1575 & 1574 & Germacre D-4\(\beta\)-ol & \(0.37\pm 0.02\) & \(0.46\pm 0.00\) & \(0.46\pm 0.00\) \\
1581 & 1582 & Caryophyllene oxide & \(0.16\pm 0.09\) & tr & \(0.37\pm 0.01\) \\
1608 & 1608 & Humulene epoxide II & — & — & \(0.05\pm 0.01\) \\
1636 & 1639 & Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5\(\beta\)-ol & — & — & tr \\
1638 & 1643 & Hedycaryol & — & — & \(0.10\pm 0.01\) \\
1641 & 1638 & \(\tau\)-Cadinol & \(0.18\pm 0.01\) & tr & \(0.14\pm 0.01\) \\
1654 & 1649 & \(\beta\)-Eudesmol & \(0.10\pm 0.02\) & — & \(0.16\pm 0.03\) \\
1655 & 1652 & \(\alpha\)-Cadinol & — & tr & tr \\
1663 & 1665 & Intermediol & tr & \(0.56\pm 0.01\) & — \\
1683 & 1685 & Germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1\(\alpha\)-ol & \(0.13\pm 0.04\) & — & \(0.51\pm 0.01\) \\
1686 & 1687 & Eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1\(\beta\)-ol & — & — & \(0.14\pm 0.00\) \\
1689 & 1690 & (_Z_)-_trans_-\(\alpha\)-Bergamotol & — & — & \(0.12\pm 0.01\) \\
1699 & 1695 & 6-_epi_-Shyobunol & — & — & \(0.05\pm 0.01\) \\  & Monoterpene hydrocarbons & \(79.21\) & \(81.56\) & \(83.13\) \\  & Oxygenated monoterponoids & \(11.80\) & \(3.85\) & \(5.64\) \\  & Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons \({}^{\mathrm{e}}\) & \(4.97\) & \(9.40\) & \(4.79\) \\  & Oxygenated sesquiterpenenoids \({}^{\mathrm{e}}\) & \(1.39\) & \(1.11\) & \(2.79\) \\  & Green leaf volatiles & \(1.54\) & \(1.07\) & \(2.53\) \\  & Others & \(0.091\) & \(0.13\) & \(0.18\) \\  & Total Identified & \(99.01\) & \(97.12\) & \(99.05\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) RI = Retention index determined with reference to a homologous series of _n_-alkanes on a ZB-5 column. \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) RI values from the databases (NIST17) [31], FFNSC 3 [32], Adams [30], or Satyal [33]). \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) Average of three measurements \(\pm\) standard deviations. \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) tr = “trace” (\(<\)0.05%). \({}^{\mathrm{e}}\) Sesquiterpenenoids are considered tentatively identified based on MS and RI.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont.