esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Empowering a Broadband Communications Course with a Unified Module on 5G and Fixed 5G Networks +
## 2 Approach and Learning Objectives  
### Methodology  
In this sub-section, we analyze the 5G/F5G module along with its learning objectives. The study material provided to the students included:  
1. A set of slides that were presented during the 6 h (in total) lectures; the synchronous part of the module;
2. Proposed research works for further reading [1, 4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21], that was exploited to enhance students' knowledge of the topic; the asynchronous part of the module;
3. Set of 20 multiple-choice questions (Appendix B) to reinforce the concepts taught in the lectures, which also made students allocate more time to this subject; the asynchronous part of the module. The study materials of the module were incorporated into four sections, as follows:  
1. Section A: a timeline of evolution and relation with Industrial Revolutions.
2. Section B: the service categories of 5G/F5G and 6G networks.
3. Section C: a layered approach for the different standards and technologies.
4. Section D: a business model of 5G and F5G.  
The main elements and learning objectives of the module's four sections are presented in Sections 2.1.1-2.1.4.
# A Novel Signal Design and Performance Analysis in NavCom Based on LEO Constellation
###### Abstract  
The mega-launch of low Earth orbit satellites (LEOs) represents a critical opportunity to integrate navigation and communication (NavCom), but first, challenges related to signal design must be overcome. This article proposes a novel signal scheme named CE-OFDM-PM. Via research on the in-band or adjacent band, it was found that the proposed signal scheme was suitable for S-band and had a wide normalized power spectrum density (PSD), high peak-to-side lobe ratio (PSR), and multiple peaks in autocorrelation. In an analysis of the simulation performance evaluation in navigation and communication, it is found that the proposed signal scheme has the potential for high accuracy, a code tracking accuracy of up to 0.85 m, a small mutual influence between the proposed signal scheme and other schemes, excellent anti-interference properties, and a better performance at both short and long distances in terms of its anti-multipath capability. Furthermore, the proposed signal scheme shows the ability to communicate between satellites and the ground and is outstanding in terms of its bit error rate (BER), CNR, and energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Bb/N0). From the technical, theoretical, and application perspectives, our proposed signal scheme has potential as an alternative scheme in future BDS, PNTs, and even 5G/B5G.  
Keywords:signal design; LEOs; NavCom; BDS; 5G/B5G; CE-OFDM-PM +
Footnote †: journal:
## 4 Results
### Optimization of the Platform and Photoelectric Load Index  
In terms of the trend, both strategies can converge rapidly (Figure 7). However, comparing the results of both methods, the optimization result of the PSO algorithm, near the starting interval of the variable, falls into a local optimum, with the eventual longest task time being 64.75 min (Table 3). In contrast, the CSO algorithm showcases stronger exploratory capabilities, achieving marginally superior results with an optimum task time of 64.39 min.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Algorithm** & **[\(\alpha\), \(\theta_{gd}\), \(L_{gd}\)]** & **Function** & **Mean[\(L_{i}\)]** & **Max[\(L_{i}\)]** \\ \hline PSO & [5.00, 10.00, 1.00] & 104.63 & 39.88 & 64.75 \\ \hline SCO & [17.95, 51.35, 1.01] & 103.87 & 39.58 & 64.39 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Relevant data of UAVs’ platform and photoelectric load index after optimization.  
Figure 6: Sensitive analysis result.  
Regarding the photoelectric load's ascent and descent angles, the optimization outcomes from both algorithms align closely, gravitating towards a \(1\) km interval, indicating that for such a task, the criteria for the photoelectric payload need to be manageable, and meeting the basic requirements will suffice. Concerning the UAV's climb and descent angles, both algorithms optimize the indices to remain below \(20^{\circ}\), which illustrates that, within this scenario, the UAV is not anticipated to engage in rapid ascents or descents. When flying in the mission area, they maintain agility in the pitch direction and take the shortest mission route. Concerning the visible angle of photoelectricity, the indicators optimized by both differ significantly. This may be related to the coupling of the aircraft's ascent and descent angles. In practical applications, this can be validated based on a more precise task model.
# Innovative Hydrogeophysical Approaches as Aids to Assess Hungarian Groundwater Bodies
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Applied Geophysical Methods
#### 2.3.1. Geoelectric Surveying Methods
All data were inverted using L\({}_{2}\)-norm because, in the inversion of the field data, L\({}_{1}\)-norm did not prove to be better than L\({}_{2}\)-norm in the absence of outliers. Damping factor 1 was found to be the optimal one. In Section 3.1.1, a 72 electrode system was used with a 2 m electrode distance, enabling to display of a 28 m deep resistivity section. Res2D-Hu code was used to invert the data of each array. In Section 3.1.2, a 72 electrode system was used with 0.5 m electrode spacing. Although the best would be to measure with each \(\gamma_{11\text{n}}\) array, it would not be very cost-effective. The choice of two \(\gamma_{11\text{n}}\) arrays, between whose \(n\) values the difference is 2 or 3, seems to be optimal [28]. Thus, e.g., the application of the \(\gamma_{112}\) and \(\gamma_{114}\), or \(\gamma_{112}\) and \(\gamma_{115}\), or \(\gamma_{113}\) and \(\gamma_{115}\) arrays is recommended. Their sensitivity focuses on different depths, thus increasing the likelihood to highlight the feature, which is the most important for the experts. The application of only two \(\gamma_{11\text{n}}\) arrays is also very economic. In this case, the \(\gamma_{113}\) and \(\gamma_{115}\) arrays were chosen because this choice proved to be one of the bests in many fields or analog modeling studies [28]. The Kadarta WS data were inverted by both the Res2D-Hu and EarthImager 2D codes. Using the EarthImager 2D, the stop criteria were set with 3% RMS error, and 5% error reduction since 3% noise level was assumed. The inversion terminates on meeting one of  
Figure 4: Traditional and quasi-null arrays, stars denote current-, circles indicate potential electrodes, \(n\) is a properly chosen integer. For the parameters of the Stummer array, see [27]. the criteria in these settings. Damping factor was taken 1. In Section 3.1.3, a 48-electrode system was used with 0.2 m electrode spacing enabling it to reach about 2 m depth. The Dp data were processed by RES2 DINV [46]. Robust inversion was used with default parameters, and the damping factor was optimally chosen based on preliminary inversion runs. Res2D-Hu was used to invert \(\gamma_{116}\) array data. From a geophysical point of view, groundwater bodies can be divided into two main groups: (1) porous, (2) upland and karstic types (Figure 2). While in porous groundwater bodies, the vertical variations of the electrical resistivity, in upland and karstic types, its horizontal variations are more important. While challenges 1 and 6 mainly occur in porous groundwater bodies, challenges 3 and 4 in upland and karstic types (Table 1). Challenges 2 and 5 are possible in both types of groundwater bodies.
## 4 Discussion
### Risk Factors and Adverse Reactions Associated with EMS Application  
None of the 10 included studies reported adverse events associated with EMS applications. However, a substantial body of the literature has documented various side effects related to electrical stimulation. Localized muscle stimulation is frequently linked to delayed-onset muscle soreness and fatigue following use [38]. When stimulation intensity is excessive, it may lead to muscle fiber damage, often indicated by elevated creatine kinase levels, and in rare cases, may result in rhabdomyolysis [39]. In addition, high-intensity stimulation can produce sharp or burning sensations at the site of application, requiring careful adjustment of parameters or gradual adaptation by the user [40]. Erythema under the electrodes is common and typically harmless, though cases of contact dermatitis have also been reported [41]. In comparison, whole-body EMS (WB-EMS)--which involves simultaneous high-intensity activation of multiple muscle groups--presents a higher risk, especially for individuals undergoing their first session [42]. Improper use during initial exposure may cause a marked increase in creatine kinase levels and, in rare circumstances, severe rhabdomyolysis [42]. Consequently, strict regulation of total stimulation intensity and session durations is essential. Moreover, if training sessions are scheduled too frequently or stimulation is applied too often, the resulting accumulation of metabolic stress may lead to symptoms associated with overtraining syndrome [43]. Due to the extensive electrode coverage, WB-EMS may also cause greater discomfort compared to localized stimulation [44].  
The 10 included studies did not report any adverse events, which may be attributed to several factors. First, many of these studies used moderate stimulation levels, short treatment durations, or applied electrical stimulation to specific muscle groups. These settings result in a low likelihood of causing noticeable side effects, especially in trained populations such as soccer players. Second, most studies involved short follow-up periods; hence, they may have missed delayed effects such as increased serum creatine kinase levels or muscle soreness, which frequently occur 24-72 h after the intervention [45]. Further, underreporting of side effects is a known issue in both clinical and sports science studies [46]. This is especially true when the effects are mild, short-term, or not related to the intervention. Studies that do not include proper monitoring tools, such as lab tests, symptom checklists, or follow-up surveys, may not notice some side effects. Further, publication bias may play a role because studies with positive results and no complications are more likely to be published. Some studies have demonstrated that reports of adverse events are more prevalent in the unpublished or gray literature than in published articles [47]. Therefore, future research should consider including the gray literature to provide a more complete picture of the safety of EMS in athletic settings.
## 3 Proposed Scheme
### Proposed SDPCACM Design for NDN  
We will go on with an SDN-based NDN architecture once we have thoroughly reviewed the literature and comprehend these two networking innovations (NDN and SDN). These two emerging technologies (NDN, as well as SDN) are now being evaluated and developed by the global research community because of their characteristics and practical applications. Thus, developing an efficient mobility strategy for an NDN architecture based on SDN is essential. To combat this, we provide an effective and efficient SDPCACM suggested for NDN. The mobility and network model for the proposed software-defined routing are described below.
# Emerging Topics in Joint Radio-Based Positioning, Sensing, and Communications
###### Abstract  
This is an editorial paper focusing on emerging topics in joint wireless positioning, sensing, and communications. After introducing the sometimes-confusing and non-unified terminology in the field and defining the overall research area under the comprehensive terminology of Joint positioning, sensing, and communications (JPSAC), a brief state-of-the art overview is given, followed by a detailed list of emerging topics and open research questions. The ongoing Horizon Europe projects are also reviewed in relation to the emerging JPSAC. Some of the main trends in the JPSAC-related areas are related to extremely large-scale antennas and apertures, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, the integration of terrestrial and satellite-based communication, sensing, and positioning functionalities, and cell-free or distributed networks with JPSAC functions.  
wireless communications; radar; radio signals; positioning; navigation; tracking; wireless sensing; integrated sensing and communications (ISAC); radio-based simultaneous localization and mapping (radio SLAM); joint positioning, sensing, and communications (JPSAC) +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
202525948  
22 January 2025948
# Vibration Energy Harvester Based on Bilateral Periodic One-Dimensional Acoustic Black Hole
###### Abstract  
An acoustic black hole (ABH) has been applied in the regulation of structural performance to form the aggregation effect of elastic waves in the local area of the structure, which has been used in energy harvesting in recent years. The piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (VEH) integrated with the beam of a bilateral periodic 1D ABH is proposed in this study. The theoretical model of the proposed VEH is established and analyzed based on the transfer matrix method. The performance of the VEHs is numerically simulated by COMSOL. Multiphysics. The simulation results show that the performance of the bilateral ABH beam is higher than its traditional counterpart. Finally, the performance of the proposed VEH is validated in an experimental system. The experimental results show that the peak output voltage of the VEH Model 3 can reach 169.16 V, which is 1.9 times that of the traditional one. In the optimal impedance matching, the output power of the third bilateral VEH is 2.7 times that of the traditional ABH, which can reach 91.52 mW.  
acoustic black hole; vibration energy harvester; Gaussian pulse; output voltage +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Advanced Scale-Propeller Design Using a MATLAB Optimization Code
### The Optimum Propeller  
There is ample literature describing and validating various methods of analysing propeller performance, however there is significantly less existing literature on design methods for optimum propellers.  
All propellers have spanwise or radial circulation distributions which minimise the kinetic energy loss associated with the generation of lift (thrust). By determining the geometry which results in these circulation distributions, one can determine the geometry of the propeller which results in the minimum losses (most efficient). In 1979, [PERSON] published Design of Propellers for Motorsoarers [22] which explains his method, and forms a series of equations which are solved iteratively to form the final propeller geometry. The two geometric parameters this method calculates are the chord distribution and the twist distribution. The suitability of the method for three very different applications was then discussed. These were propellers for use on a human-powered aircraft, a powered hang glider and a motorsoarer. Comparisons were made between the calculated propellers and the actual propellers used on these aircraft, and in all instances the calculated geometry was found to be very close to the actual optimum geometry.  
The Design of Optimum Propellers ([PERSON] & [PERSON], 1994) [23] further explains the process, which is based around the Betz condition that a constant-displacement velocity across the propeller wake provides a propeller design with maximum efficiency. Using the circulation functions developed by [PERSON] & [PERSON] [24] and [PERSON] [25], one can use the Betz condition to obtain the chord and twist distributions of a theoretical propeller with minimum losses. The original equations stated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] were only applicable for propellers with light-loading, however, [PERSON] [12] showed that the Betz condition for minimum loss can be applied to heavy-loading as well, by including the contraction of the wake in the equations.  
In his paper entitled Increasing of Aircraft Propeller Efficiency by Using Variable Twist Propeller Blades ([PERSON], 2008) [26], the method is simplified to a simple step by step iterative process. [PERSON] shows that a MATLAB code could be written to generate the optimum chord and twist distributions, and shows that the varying flight conditions will present different optimal geometry, meaning that a propeller can only be optimised for one design point at a time, unless deploying variable pitch mechanisms.
## 1 Introduction
This matrix is transformed into an n-step transition probability matrix. The reading errors of the ILI method, two sources, formulate the observation function. Two observation formulation methods are considered in the model to assess the incorporation of ILI errors. The cost of maintenance and failure define the rewards attained by implementing a certain action. A numerical example is used to explain the model formulation and implementation. The proposed methodology reported optimal maintenance action when the pipeline degradation state could not be pinpointed to a specific state. The benefits of [PERSON]'s chain modeling (such as the consideration of only consecutive states and the integration of a variety of actions) were retained in this method. However, the requirement for the exact determination of the deterioration state, which in most ILI methods is difficult to achieve, has been improved by introducing belief states. This gives maintenance technicians and managers the flexibility to consider additional deterioration states to decide on the appropriate operation. Furthermore, different factors that affect the ILI's accuracy can be defined in the model rather than implicitly expressed in the states. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the basic concepts of the POMDP method and its application. Section 3 presents the POMDP model for pipeline maintenance optimization based on an ILI method. This section describes the framework of the problem and the available solver that can be adopted to solve the problem. In Section 4, the application of the proposed model is demonstrated using modified numerical data from the literature. Finally, Section 5 gives some concluding remarks and future research extension directions for the proposed model.
# Adaptive Seasonality Anomaly Detection Algorithm under Intricate KPI Profiles
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Background  
1. KPI: Key Performance Indicator (KPI) consists of many background system metrics including CPU utilization, memory utilization, network throughput, system response time and so on. Above types of KPI time series data can cover the main information from hardware to software, and reflect the status of the entire system from the bottom up. In brief, it is the focus of the operation and maintenance system.
2. Intricate KPI Profiles: In KPI time series data, time is the independent variable and KPI value is the dependent variable. The shape of the KPI time series data graph is known as the KPI profile. For most operation and maintenance systems, as time passes, the KPI profile will take on new forms, i.e., the graph of KPI time series data usually contains many KPI profiles. In our work, the situation where many types of KPI profiles exist in KPI time series data graph is referred to as intricate KPI profiles.
3. KPI Anomaly: KPI anomalies are data that do not meet expectations in KPI time series data [5; 9]. Anomalies in KPIs are usually a sign that something is wrong with the system. For example, the system's CPU utilization remains excessively high, indicating that the number of computing tasks executed by the system exceeds the typical level, posing a crash risk. Early detection of KPI deviations can aid in the diagnosis and analysis of issues.  
4 Seasonality of Time Series Data: When time series data vary with seasonal influences, they are said to have seasonality [10]. For example, if time series data frequently exhibit fixed characteristics in a certain time interval, this can indicate that the data are seasonal. The seasonal length is the time between repetitions, and it occurs at an observed or predicted period.
# Rapid Classification of Wheat Grain Varieties Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Chemometrics
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Classification Results and Analysis of Discriminant Models Based on Full Wavelengths
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Prepro.**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LDA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SVM**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ELM**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Cal./\%** & **Pre./\%** & **(\(\boldsymbol{c}\), \(\boldsymbol{g}\))** & **Cal./\%** & **Pre./\%** & \(\boldsymbol{n}\)** & **Cal./\%** & **Pre./\%** \\ \hline Raw & 85.19 & 84.02 & (23,170.475, 0.35355) & 90.13 & 87.81 & 2800 & 91.30 & 86.26 \\ WT & 82.30 & 81.81 & (32,768, 0.5) & 86.5 & 85.03 & 2100 & 88.97 & 85.35 \\ SNV & 84.32 & 82.93 & (1024, 0.5) & 92.82 & 87.70 & 2100 & 91.07 & 85.87 \\ MSC & 84.23 & 82.82 & (4096, 2.0) & 88.27 & 86.18 & 2700 & 90.96 & 85.64 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Prepro. means preprocessing methods; Cal. means the accuracy of calibration set; Pre. means the accuracy of prediction set; Penalty coefficient \(\boldsymbol{c}\) and the kernel parameter \(\boldsymbol{g}\) as the parameter of SVM; The optimal number of hidden nodes, \(\boldsymbol{n}\), as the parameter of ELM.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: The classification performance of models based on full wavelengths and preprocessing methods. The detailed presentation of optimal ELM model based on raw full wavelengths are shown in Table 2 in order to deeply explore which varieties caused the most misjudgment. The results showed variety 2 and 3 were difficult to classify with only 74.28% accuracy in prediction set, which fitted in with our analysis to the overview of spectral profiles. It could be known through seed industry co., LTD that Longping6 and Shannong102 were uniformly derived from the variety of anhui52 wheat. Physical characteristics, such as average plant height and number of ears per acre, maintained little difference. The proportion of crude protein and wet gluten were both similar around 14.9% and 32%, respectively, and as were also other ingredients. This might be the reason why these two varieties were not easy to distinguish. As it was, quantitative modeling analysis still provided serious potentiality for discriminating different wheat varieties while using hyperspectral imaging.