## 3 Pharmacological Properties of GP
### Others  
In addition to the above significant biological activities, GP also possessed an additional anti-aging effect, anxiolytic effect, anti-gastric ulcer effect, anti-fatigue effect, anti-platelet aggregation activity, antidepressant effect, sedative and hypnotic effect, immunomodulatory effect, antiviral activity, antimicrobial activity, and effects on osteoporosis and hyperuricemia, as Table 7 shown.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Other Bioactivities** & **Component/Dosage** & **Activity/Mechanism** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Anti-aging effect} & \multirow{2}{*}{GPS (8 g/kg) for 30 days, i.g.} & Increased the activity of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the skin, reduced the MDA content. & [133] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & Increased the activities of antioxidant enzyme SOD and GSH-Px, decreased the contents of NOS and NO in hypothalamus, reduced the strong excitatory toxicity of the two on neurons and delayed aging. & [134] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & Increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, T-AOC, GSH-Px, CAT) in serum, brain and liver, increased the \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & hydroxyproline content in the skin and reduced the damage caused by peroxidation products (MDA), thus \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Anxiolytic effect} & \multirow{2}{*}{GPS (100, 200 mg/kg); GP-WX} & Recovered the number of open arm entries and the time \\  & & spent on open arms, reduced the number of marbles buried, \\ \cline{2-3}  & & (50 mg/kg) for 10 days, p.o. & increased the spontaneous locomotor activities, increased \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, reduced the serum levels of corticosterone, reduced c-Fos expression. & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & Reduced “anxiety proneness” as shown by a decrease in the score of T-STAI and the tendency for a decrease in the total score of STAI. & [137] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Antidepressant effect} & \multirow{6}{*}{GPS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, p.o.} & Increased the sucrose preference, reduced the immobility time, increased the hippocampal BDNF expression and neuronal proliferation, and exhibited antidepressant-like effects in mice, which might be mediated by activation of the BDNF-ERK/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus. & [138] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & Increased the spleen and thymus indices, activated the macrophages and NK cells, elevated CD4+ T lymphocyte \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & counts as well as the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in a dose-dependent manner, and increased IL-2 level in the sera and spleen. & [139] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Anti-gastric ulcer effect} & \multirow{2}{*}{GP butanol fraction (200 and 400 mg/kg), p.o.} & Preserved the gastric mucus synthesis and secretion but \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & could not significantly decrease gastric volume and increase \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & gastric pH and acidity. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Anti-fatigue effect} & \multirow{2}{*}{GPP (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) for 30 days, p.o.} & Extended the exhaustive swimming time of the rats, elevated the exercise tolerance, lowered the levels of blood lactic acid and urea nitrogen, increased the hemoglobin, liver glycogen, and muscle glycogen concentrations, and postponed the appearance of fatigue. & [141] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & Stimulated lactate metabolism, promoted the differentiation \\ \cline{2-3}  & & (0.36 \(\mu\)g/mL) or GL & of myoblasts into myotubes, enhanced exercise \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & endurance capacity. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Other activities of GP.