# Analytical Hierarchy Process for Construction Safety Management and Resource Allocation
## 2 Background
### The 5M Model
#### 2.1.5 Management  
Management plays a crucial role in ensuring safety on construction sites, mainly through the supervision and control actions of construction managers and supervisors. Management personnel typically undergo more systematic safety training than frontline workers, leading to a heightened focus on accident prevention.  
However, studies have highlighted challenges in effectively identifying and assessing risks by construction supervisors. Research conducted in 2006 [29] revealed that only 6.7% of construction supervisors could identify all relevant safety risks presented to them. Additionally, a lack of acquaintance with a project's mission may lead to underestimating associated risks [30]. The dynamic nature of construction work often requires on-the-spot solutions to various interferences, underscoring the critical role of foremen and construction supervisors in managing physical site conditions [31; 32]. However, studies have shown variations in risk assessment abilities among construction supervisors. For instance, a study conducted at the Technion [33] found that experienced supervisors and safety managers demonstrated better risk assessment abilities than students with minimal working experience and formal safety training. Their study evaluated risks within a virtual construction site, revealing that experienced professionals typically rated risks as more severe and identified more risks than students. Regarding resource allocation, organizations often underestimate the importance of preventing work accidents, frequently due to a lack of credible data. Research conducted in 2018 [34] aimed to estimate the optimal budget for construction safety investment. The findings suggested that an optimal investment of 1% of the project scope could significantly reduce accident rates and overall safety costs.  
[PERSON] et al. [35] introduced an innovative \"scenario-response\" analysis framework for managing construction safety accidents. Leveraging BN technology, their framework systematically analyzes accident risks and developmental paths. Their study evaluates emergency decision-making plans and establishes a comprehensive accident emergency response evaluation indicator system.  
The intersection of factors such as man, machine, medium, mission, and management underscores the importance of fostering an organizational culture prioritizing safety. This includes enhancing workers' awareness of risk identification. Familiarity with the construction site, creating a safe work environment, and providing general and specific guidance--combined with knowledge and technology--empower project managers, safety managers, constructors, and foremen to receive scenario-based information tailored to different construction stages. While advanced technology can enhance safety practices, the human factor remains crucial. Effective safety management begins with organizational leadership promoting safe behavior and allocating sufficient budgetary resources.  
Promoting collaboration among all stakeholders to enhance worker safety through additional legislation and updates can significantly improve safety practices. Integrating proactive safety approaches into the education and training of all construction professions, including foremen, safety helpers, crane operators, engineers, and practical engineers, is beneficial.