## 3 Methodology
### Questionnaire Design and Development
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Code** & **Risk Factors** & **References** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{6}{*}{R30} & R29 & Unproven construction techniques \\ \cline{2-3}  & R30 & Failure to consider \\  & legislative/regulation issues \\ \cline{2-3}  & R31 & Failure to consider new/change \\  & in technology \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R32} & Failure to meet performance or \\  & design standards \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R34} & Failure to choose/specify reliable materials \\ \cline{2-3}  & R37 & Failure to consider inter-dependence \\  & between components in design \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R40} & Insufficient space and capacity \\ \cline{2-3}  & R41 & Failure to consider construction health \\  & and safety \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R11} & Failure to recognize cost–value mismatches \\ \cline{2-3}  & R10 & Failure to identify cost–value relationships \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R8} & Failure to consider the cost of losing \\  & potential revenue \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R12} & Failure to appropriately locate \\  & cost-to-function allocation & [PERSON] et al. [29] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R9} & Uncertainty about prices & [PERSON] [31] \\ \cline{2-3}  & R5 & Inappropriate cost evaluation criteria \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R6} & Failure to consider future operational costs & [PERSON] and \\  & & [PERSON] [32] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Financial Risks} & Failure to consider implication of \\  & economic conditions & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R1} & Insufficient funding & Cajias and Bienert [30] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R7} & Failure to recognise cost as \\  & resource expenditure & [PERSON] et al. [48] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R65} & Incorrect estimated cost of maintenance & [PERSON] [46] \\ \cline{2-3}  & R63 & Incorrect cost estimate \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R66} & Incorrect estimated cost of energy used \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R2} & Funding is unavailable \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R4} & Inadequate inflation forecasts \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R13} & Failure to identify \\  & cost-to-worth relationships \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{R14} & Failure to link or identify \\  & performance-to-cost relationships \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Operational Risks} & \multirow{2}{*}{R44} & Failure to consider increase in \\  & routine maintenance \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Operational Risks} & \multirow{2}{*}{R45} & Failure to consider increase in life \\  & cycle replacement & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & [PERSON] [31] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & [PERSON] [46] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Operational Risks} & \multirow{2}{*}{R39} & Limited knowledge of maintenance issues \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._In part 2, a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 (very unlikely, unlikely, neutral, likely, and very likely) was used for rating the list of risk factors, because it is easy to construct, modify, and direct use for statistical inference of the numerical measurement for reliable results. The questionnaire acquired the rate the likelihood of risk factors impacting on the project value created by green building design. A sample of the questionnaire is given in Appendix A. Details on questionnaire development and validation can be seen in [PERSON] et al. [19]. The population and the sample size were based on the number of professionals having knowledge about the application of value engineering approaches in the Saudi Arabian construction industry. As per SAVE International, more than 1356 people have obtained value engineering certificates in Saudi Arabia [52; 53]. Approximately 30 of them are Certified Value Specialist (CVS), i.e., 16% of global certified population. Annually, 60-80 value engineering training workshops and more than 80 VE study programs are being offered in Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf countries. Using a confidence interval of 10% and confidence level of 95% from the population of 1356, the research needs at least 76 respondents.