## 1 Introduction  
Developing the compressor for a wide flow range is essential for improving the internal combustion engine (ICE) operation at low engine speeds. Surge is a phenomenon that limits the operating range of the compressor at low air mass flow rates/low engine speeds. Surge and rotational stall in axial flow compressors were studied by [PERSON] et al., theoretically in [1] and experimentally in [2], to provide a non-dimensional parameter on which surge, or stall response depends. Surge mitigation is possible by changing piping geometry or using air filters, flow straighteners, or inlet air throttling upstream of the compressor. Researchers from [3] presented an extended version of the Greitzer surge model, and results show that surge is a system-dependent phenomenon influenced by compressor aerodynamics and boundary conditions. Extensive research in the transonic state has also been carried out, experimentally and using calculation, to explain the lower compressor performance. For example, using particle image velocimetry (PIV) studies, [PERSON] et al. [4] revealed blade vibration correlated with an axial velocity around the blade leading edge. Under the same flow condition, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses presented by [PERSON] et al. in [5] showed high flow separation and losses in the hub region, resulting in an 18% decrease in compressor discharge pressure. The development of map-based compressor range extenders has been a prime focus for research, either to bypass the flow at stall/higher mass flow rates or streamline the flow at surge/low mass flow rates. One such concept of variable inlet guide vanes (VIGV) has been analyzed extensively, using experimental and CFD simulation analysis [6]. Severalresearchers have taken the knowledge available from the design and development of aeronautical applications to study different compressor configurations. These configurations include variable stator vans (VSV) and VIGV, which can be used efficiently near surge and stall. With the available resources from VIGV and VSV, [PERSON] et al. [7] analyzed the different compressor configurations, including variable nozzle guide vans (VNGV) and variable geometry compressor (VGC). Simulation analysis performed by [PERSON] et al. [7] shows that VGC and VIGV can be used for automotive applications to perform near surge and stall. Other studies carried out by [PERSON] et al. [8] in 0D and [PERSON] et al. [9] in 1D analyzed automotive diesel engines with VGC and VIGV, respectively, and highlighted the benefits of such systems near surge. The available knowledge was then used to develop a compressor with variable geometry for gasoline engines. 1D and 3D simulations were used to calculate and identify potential losses and constraints over a fixed geometry compressor, and results are depicted in [10]. Researchers such as [PERSON] et al. [11] eliminated the use of inlet pre-whirls guide vane and implemented an electrically driven axial flow fan upstream of the compressor. By doing such an operation, the inlet pre-whirls generation is entirely regulated by the fan and aided in efficiently generating large pre-whirls at low mass flow rates. Other studies dealing with laser droplet anemometry (LDA) were performed on VIGV to study the pre-rotational flow generated by VIVG, and its effect on compressor performance is analyzed and detailed in [12]. The objective in [13] was to extend compressor performance using VIVG in the transient engine running conditions at low-end torque. For this purpose, a curved wall cavity technique was studied in [13] and shows a 30% extension beyond the surge limit compared to conventional VIVG. CFD studies on VIGVs conclude that under high mass flow rates, flow separation occurs on the splitter's surface, while at low flow rates, flow separation occurs on the suction surface along the main blades [14]. Other studies of inlet pre-whirl using RANS (Reynolds Average Navier Stoke) were studied by [PERSON] et al.