esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Damage Detection Method Based on Continuous Wavelet Transformation of Lamb Wave Signals
## 2 Damage Estimation Method Based on CWT
### Imaging Algorithm  
The monitoring region containing the actuator-sensor pairs is divided into a uniform mesh of \(N\times N\) grid points. The possibility of damage existence at a grid point \((x_{i},y_{i})\) for an actuator-sensor pair  
Figure 3: The 383 kHz excitation signal: (**a**) time domain; (**b**) frequency domain.  
Figure 2: (**a**) A damage-scattered signal; (**b**) coefficient of continuous wavelet transformation (CWT) with and without time compensation.  
is represented by the damage index for a sensing pair (\(DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i})\)) where, \(i=1,\ldots,N\), \(P=1,\ldots,N_{P}\), and \(N_{P}\) is the total number of actuator-sensor paths. The solution of Equation (1) on the mesh grid for any actuator-sensor pair provides an image with an infinite number of path loci. The grid points that have the same value of T\({}_{D}\) fall on one path locus. The time-compensated CWT envelope of the normalized damage-scattered signal \(f_{D}(t)\) defined by Equation (7) provides \(DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i}))\) at different time values, T\({}_{D}\). The value of \(DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i})\) can be expressed as  
\[DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i})=\big{|}I(\text{T}_{D}(x_{i},y_{i}))\big{|}_{P} \tag{9}\]  
The image defined by \(DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i})\) provides possible damage locations with the maximum possibility of damage existence at the time when the peak value 1 appears in the CWT envelope. An imaging algorithm was designed in MATLAB to implement Equation (9) in three steps: In the first step, the envelopes provided by the time-compensated coefficient of CWT of the normalized damage-scattered signals were plotted based on Equation (7). In the second step, the infinite number of elliptical path loci provided by Equation (1) were plotted on the discretized domain, which provided a color-mapped image for each sensing pair. Since, Equation (1) represents the ToF of the damage-scattered signals, in step 3, the field values plotted in step 2 were replaced by the values from the CWT envelopes at the corresponding times. The image obtained in step 3 represented possible damage locations in the discretized domain for individual sensing pairs, with the maximum possibility corresponding to the same time and location as in CWT envelopes.  
A damage index, \(DI(x_{i},y_{i})\), then defines the aggregate image by fusion of \(DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i})\) images for each actuator-sensor pair. Two different image fusion schemes were tested for the proposed method: conjunctive fusion scheme based on the multiplication of \(DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i})\) values from all pairs at a grid point and compromised fusion scheme based on addition of the values. The damage indices for compromised fusion \(DI_{a}(x_{i},y_{i})\) and conjunctive fusion \(DI_{m}(x_{i},y_{i})\) schemes can be written as  
\[DI_{a}(x_{i},y_{i})=\frac{1}{N_{P}}\sum_{P=1}^{N_{P}}DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i}) \tag{10}\]  
\[DI_{m}(x_{i},y_{i})=\prod_{P=1}^{N_{P}}DISP_{P}(x_{i},y_{i}) \tag{11}\]
###### Abstract  
Background: A number of mechanical decontamination methods have been proposed, however, there is no agreed-upon gold standard among them. This study aims to conduct a meta-analysis to assess the differences in the management of an inflammatory reaction around dental implants between air abrasion and mechanical decontamination. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was employed, incorporating controlled vocabulary (MeSH) and free-text terms. This search was conducted by two reviewers to identify published systematic reviews. Three major electronic databases, namely, Medline via PubMed, the Cochrane database, and Embase, were searched up to May 2024. Results: Initially, 300 articles were identified. After conducting a comprehensive search and applying strict inclusion criteria, a total of 13 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the mean difference in probing depth between air abrasion and other mechanical decontamination was 0.28 (95% confidence interval, \(-0.20\) to 0.76). The mean difference in probing depth of air abrasion compared with other mechanical decontamination in maintenance purposes was 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 0.18 to 1.91). The mean difference in bleeding on probing between air abrasion and other mechanical decontamination was 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.07 to 0.95). The mean difference in alveolar bone loss between air abrasion and other mechanical decontamination was \(-0.14\) (95% confidence interval, \(-0.77\) to 0.48). The mean difference in alveolar bone loss for surgical approaches of air abrasion compared with other mechanical decontamination was 0.32 (95% confidence interval, 0.03 to 0.61). Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate that the use of air abrasion was just as effective as other mechanical decontamination methods in reducing probing depth and alveolar bone loss. The subgroup analysis showed that air abrasion was less effective in reducing probing depth in maintenance purposes. Additionally, air abrasion was less effective in reducing alveolar bone loss in surgical approaches.  
**Keywords:** air abrasion; dental; decontamination; dental implants; dental instruments; peri-implantitis; titanium
# The Quality Analysis and Deterioration Mechanism of Liquid Egg White during Storage
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Different Packaging Materials on LEW
#### 3.1.3 Color Difference  
Color values (L, a, b) of LEW-PG, LEW-PP, and LEW-PT are shown in Figure 2a-c. L represents lightness, and the value range is 0-100, where 0 = black and 100 = white. As presented in Figure 2a, the L values of LEW-PG, LEW-PP, and LEW-PT decreased significantly with the increase in storage time (\(p\) < 0.05), and the values were reduced by 3.73%, 1.42%, and 39.24%, respectively, on the last day of shelf life. A positive value represents red hues, and a negative value represents green hues. Less statistical fluctuation of a value in the LEW-PG and LEW-PP groups was observed throughout the storage time, showing a visible green tint (Figure 2b). The value of LEW-PT was elevated significantly and reached a positive value (as well as presenting a visible red hue), which was consistent with color changes in the context of sensory quality. This phenomenon might be associated with the formation of Fe\({}^{3+}\)-acid metabolite complexes in the tinplate package [38]. A positive b value represented yellow tints, and a negative b value represented blue tints. As shown in Figure 2c, the b value of these three groups showed an irregular trend, and was mainly affected by multiple factors, such as gas tightness and light reflection [39]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Storage Days** & **Color** & **Odor** & **Status** & **Taste** & **Total Scores** \\ \hline
0 & 25.0 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 25.0 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 25.0 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 25.0 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 100.0 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\
1 & 23.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{ef}}\) & 24.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{cd}}\) & 23.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 22.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 92.7 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\
2 & 21.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{de}}\) & 21.7 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 21.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 20.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 83.7 \(\pm\) 4.5 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\
3 & 19.3 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{cd}}\) & 18.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 21.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 18.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{bc}}\) & 76.7 \(\pm\) 2.5 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\
4 & 17.3 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{bc}}\) & 17.3 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 18.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 16.7 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 69.3 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\
5 & 16.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 16.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 16.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 16.3 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 64.7 \(\pm\) 3.2 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\
6 & 14.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 13.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 14.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 15.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 56.7 \(\pm\) 1.5 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} Different lowercase letters in the tables indicate significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Sensory quality of LEW-PP with room temperature storage.
# Empowering Pedestrian Safety: Unveiling a Lightweight Scheme for Improved Vehicle-Pedestrian Safety
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
Traffic accidents are a consistent tragic reality of the contemporary world. While numerous endeavors have strived to mitigate the casualties of such accidents, they still remain a significant contributor to global fatalities every year. There is a growing interest in the involvement of pedestrians as subjects in the research field of collision prevention, using vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication. In this paper, we proposed a pedestrian protection scheme based on communication between vulnerable road users' smartphones and smart vehicles. We used NS-3 to simulate different traffic scenarios to confirm the efficiency of our scheme. We measured essential network parameters such as average throughput, processing delay, and network load. Our simulation results indicate that the overhead introduced by our scheme is minimal and acceptable. These results confirm that the proposed scheme scales well in dense traffic scenarios and will certainly contribute to the safety of vulnerable road users. Future research efforts that can be based on our work include the following:  
1. The study of the effect of including a synchronization server in our V2P system to measure the expected delay;
2. We will study different behaviors of pedestrians to consider the differences in their patterns of motion (like children, elderly pedestrians, and disabled pedestrians);
3. We will include different types of vulnerable road users other than pedestrians, like cyclists and motorized two-wheelers in our study.  
By undertaking these future research efforts, we anticipate not only refining our proposed scheme but also contributing valuable insights to the broader domain of collision prevention and V2P communication. Through continuous exploration and collaboration, we strive to make meaningful strides toward enhancing the safety of vulnerable road users in diverse traffic scenarios.  
Writing--original draft: K.R. and M.A.A.; Methodology: K.R.; Visualization: K.R. and M.A.A.; Resources: K.R.; Software: K.R.; Validation: K.R. and R.S.; Writing--review & editing: K.R., R.S. and M.A.A.; Formal analysis: K.R.; Funding acquisition: R.S.; Project Administration: M.A.A.; Supervision: M.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# A Novel Bitrate Adaptation Method for Heterogeneous Wireless Body Area Networks
## 1 Introduction
In the third section, a novel method for adaptive data stream allocation is proposed. The method is dedicated for the heterogeneous WBANs, with at least two simultaneously operating radio interfaces, even if they have different characteristics. In the fourth section, a heterogeneous WBAN network simulator is presented. It was developed based on real measurements carried out in a harsh environment, in this case, a ferryboat environment. Comparisons with existing simulation software, which is mainly designed for standardized homogeneous sensor networks (e.g., ZigBee or Bluetooth), reveal that the key feature of the developed software is an ability to simulate different characteristics of radio channels for two interfaces at the same time. In addition to the simulator concept, the derivation of its parameters, including statistical analysis of the measurement data, is widely presented. In the fifth section, a simulation study of the proposed method and other well-known methods is presented. The authors analyzed the effectiveness of the data stream allocation in exemplary heterogeneous WBANs with narrowband (NB) and ultra-wide band (UWB) radio interfaces. It should be noted, that the simulation parameters corresponded to the possible real interfaces' operation parameters for the WSNs. The higher efficiency of the proposed method was proved by an increased usage of the available resources, keeping the PER for the UWB interface at the same level as for the rest of the algorithms and minimizing it for the NB interface. The research work is concluded in Section 6. A summary of the obtained research results carried out in the harsh environment is presented. In addition, the limitations of the proposed method and future works are briefly described in accordance to the obtained results from the simulation tool.
## 5 Cross-Section Model Based on Polygonal Discretization
### Cross-Section Stiffness Matrix
#### 6.1.2 Convergence Criteria for Newton-Raphson Iterations per Load Step  
The intermediate loop, with backward step order 15-22-23-24-7 (green path), refers to the iterations of the Newton-Raphson method, which is necessary for the determination of the structure state in terms of forces and deformations at each load step. These iterations, indicated by \(i\), aim for the minimization of the unbalanced forces of the structure, resulting in convergence of the algorithm and therefore the equilibrium of the structure.  
The decision for convergence or no convergence is made in step 15, which includes two criteria for this purpose. Convergence is considered to be achieved if at least one of the two criteria is satisfied.  
The first criterion is the major one and it concerns the evolution of the relative change of the structure internal forces \(\mathbf{P}_{int}\) in successive iterations \(i\) of the following algorithm  
\[\left|\frac{\mathbf{P}_{int}^{i}-\mathbf{P}_{int}^{i-1}}{\mathbf{P}_{int}^{i-1 }}\right|<tol1 \tag{63}\]  
where the tolerance \(tol1\) usually takes values between 0.001 and 0.01. The criterion is applied for each degree of freedom of the structure.  
The second convergence criterion accompanies the first and concerns the decreasing evolution of the absolute values of the unbalanced forces, according to the equation  
\[\left|\mathbf{P}_{U}^{i}\right|<tol2 \tag{64}\]  
where \(tol2\) depends on the number of iterations \(i\) in the structure level of the algorithm.  
It is also applied for each degree of freedom of the structure and is checked along with the first criterion in each iteration \(i\), if necessary. Generally, the value of tolerance \(tol2\) gradually relaxes the value of limit \(tol1\), but in terms of load values (forces or moments), up to an upper limit predefined by the user for the computer analysis.  
As it is explained in detail in a section below, in the case of no convergence at all, for a particular load step \(k\), the load increment \(\Delta\mathbf{P}\) is reduced by successive divisions by three and computations of the load step \(k\) are repeated from the beginning. The greater number of successive divisions of the load increment declares the greater difficulty of the algorithm to converge. The small increase of the value of \(tol2\) leads to a \"relaxation\" of this convergence criterion. But it is pointed out that this relaxation facilitates convergence at the current load step \(k\), while at the same time it has no adverse effect on the overall accuracy. The small error introduced in the current load step \(k\) is corrected in the next \(k+1\), where the tolerance \(tol2\) is reset to its original value. Thus, the minimal negative influence of the second accompanying convergence criterion is locally limited to the specific step in which the problem occurred.  
The combination of the above two convergence criteria guarantees the stability and convergence of the overall FE algorithm as it has been successfully verified in a large number of analyses for predicting experimental results.
# Adsorption of Ammonium, Nitrate, and Phosphate on Hydrochars and Biochars
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Zeta Potential  
The zeta potential values of the HCs, BCs, and AC were measured after the adsorption of NH4+, NO3-, and PO4-, as presented in Figure 2. The samples were analysed for their zeta potential at pH 7, which was found to range from \(-\)18.7 to \(-\)32.6 mV. This suggests that the particles present in the samples possessed negatively charged surfaces. The results of this study indicate that the AC exhibited the highest average zeta potential, while the HC displayed the lowest. An increase in the pH of the suspension resulted in an elevated discrepancy in the zeta potential between the systems. The findings of this study indicate that HCs, BCs, and AC have the ability to selectively adsorb NH4+, NO3-, and PO4-. Moreover, it was observed that the influence of specific adsorption became more pronounced at elevated suspension pH levels. Similar findings [16; 43] were reported in studies on the utilisation of crop straw feedstock-based biochar for the adsorption of copper and phosphate, respectively.  
Furthermore, the zeta potential of the HCs, BCs, and AC became more negative with increased pH values, suggesting that the amount of negative charge increased with the increase in pH and that the adsorption capacity should be lower. The electrostatic adsorption of ions on solid charged surfaces does not tend to affect the surface charge or surface potential of colloidal particles, as the adsorbed ions exist in the diffuse layer of the electric double layers on the particles. Nevertheless, the specific adsorption of ions  
Figure 2: Zeta potential of HCs, BCs, and AC after NH4+, NO3–, and PO4– adsorption.  
changes the surface charge and the surface potential of colloidal particles, since these ions go into the Stern layer of the electric double layers and form chemical bonds with the solid particle surfaces. In addition, during the process of cation specific adsorption, some positive charges are transferred to the surface of biochars. This process could lead to a less negative surface charge or even a net positive charge [44]. Accordingly, the zeta potential of the BCs became less negative or changed from negative to positive.
# Artificial Intelligence vs. Human: Decoding Text Authenticity with Transformers
## 5 Discussion  
The experiments in this study evaluated the performance of various pretrained models from the BERT family, fine-tuned with a custom classifier, to detect AI-generated text.  
* For **monolingual models**, the results from monolingual models offered significant insights, particularly highlighting the performance of the RoBERTa-large model. Whenpaired with a custom classification layer, RoBERTa-large outperformed all other models, achieving the highest accuracy and surpassing baseline results, such as those from SemEval-2024 Task 8 [58]. While DistilBERT exhibited slightly lower accuracy, it demonstrated exceptional resource efficiency, making it a practical choice for scenarios requiring computational efficiency. The RoBERTa-base model presented a strong balance between performance and training speed, delivering results comparable to RoBERTa-large but with significantly faster training times. One noteworthy experiment involved a hybrid model that combined a pretrained transformer with DistilBERT alongside a custom classifier. Although this hybrid model achieved a lower overall accuracy of 68%, it demonstrated commendable precision (73%) and exceptional resource efficiency, highlighting its potential in resource-constrained environments.
* **For multilingual models**. The multilingual presented unique challenges, including increased dataset complexity, which led to lower accuracy levels and longer training times compared to monolingual models. Interestingly, the **DistilBERT-base-multilingual-cased model** outperformed its teacher model, **BERT-base-multilingual-cased**, achieving an accuracy of 70% compared to the baseline of 68%. This finding underscores the potential of lighter models like DistilBERT in handling complex multilingual tasks while delivering competitive performance.  
The findings emphasize the inherent difficulties in distinguishing between human-written and AI-generated text. While pretrained transformer models have demonstrated significant potential, they also highlight areas that require further investigation to enhance model robustness and real-world applicability.  
Future research should focus on the following:  
* Exploring alternative architectures, such as ALBERT (A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations) [59], for increased efficiency and scalability.
* Refining feature engineering techniques to better capture nuanced distinctions in generated text.
* Experimenting with hybrid machine learning methods to develop more sophisticated systems for diverse applications.
# A Hierarchical Fusion SAR Image Change-Detection Method Based on HF-CRF Model
## 3 Experiment and Analysis
### Efficiency Comparison Experiments  
The neural-network-based comparison methods DD-CNN, as well as TransUNet in Section 3.4, are selected for the comparison of network computational efficiency. The network parameters (Params) and the number of floating-point operations (FLOPs) are used as effective indicators of the computational complexity of the network model. The specific calculation results are shown in Table 9.  
We propose a new change-detection model that outperforms existing methods in terms of evaluation metrics. Unlike the DD-CNN approach, our model does not incorporate residual structures, resulting in a significantly larger number of parameters. However, compared to TransUNet, our model has fewer parameters while achieving better performance. This trade-off between model complexity and detection performance is a key contribution of our work.  
Our proposed model utilizes a two-branch modal encoding strategy and a two-skip connection structure, which allows for effective fusion of multimodal differences. This approach introduces a new avenue for multimodal fusion in change detection.
# Optimal Interplanetary Transfer of Solar Wind Ion Focusing Thruster-Based Spacecraft
###### Abstract  
The Solar Wind Ion Focusing Thruster (SWIFT) is a highly-innovative propellantless propulsion concept, recently proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. In its nominal configuration, a SWIFT consists of a conically-shaped mesh of positively-charged conducting tethers, with its vertex linked to the spacecraft and its axis oriented towards the Sun. The SWIFT collects and filters the solar wind plasma and suitably directs the positive ions, which are then accelerated by an ion thruster. Such a device is theoretically able to generate a deep-space propulsive acceleration that comes, in part, from the solar wind dynamic pressure impinging on the conical grid and, in part, from the positive ion beam. In particular, the orientation of the ion beam may be chosen in such a way as to set the resultant propulsive acceleration and steer the spacecraft. The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of a SWIFT-propelled spacecraft in an orbit-to-orbit two-dimensional interplanetary transfer. To that end, some mission scenarios are studied, in an optimal framework, by minimizing the total flight time necessary for the spacecraft to complete the transfer as a function of the propulsion system performance parameters. Numerical simulations are used to compare the optimal flight times calculated in simplified Earth-Venus and Earth-Mars transfers with those obtained by considering other propellantless propulsion systems.  
Solar Wind Ion Focusing Thruster; optimal transfer; heliocentric mission analysis Article  
Optimal Interplanetary Transfer of Solar Wind Thruster-Based Spacecraft