esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Transcranial Doppler-Based Neurofeedback to Improve Hemispheric Lateralization
## 1 Introduction
To our knowledge, only two studies have explored the use of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound in neurofeedback paradigms, both focusing on modulating cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) within single arteries [33; 34]. However, these studies did not exploit interhemispheric differences, nor did they provide a direct measure of lateralization as feedback. In contrast, the present study introduces a novel neurofeedback strategy based on the difference in CBFV between the left and right MCAs, allowing participants to actively modulate hemispheric dominance. This lateralized feedback design represents a significant methodological advancement, as it aligns with established principles of hemispheric specialization and opens the door to individualized, task-independent neurofeedback protocols. In fact, our approach is not constrained to predefined lateralizing tasks, thus potentially enhancing both user engagement and adaptability. By capturing interhemispheric dynamics, this method offers a promising foundation for more targeted applications in cognitive modulation and neurorehabilitation. A technical description of the adopted neurofeedback system has recently been presented [35]. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate, in a group of healthy subjects, the efficacy of neurofeedback in improving their lateralization capacity over four subsequent sessions, each including a free training period and a performance test. The improvements were assessed by quantifying the progressive differentiation of hemodynamic responses to left and right lateralization attempts, as well as the area under the curve of receiver operating curves (ROC) and the accuracy of a simple off-line classification of left/right responses. In view of prospective applications in the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) the possible benefit of a three-class classification (left/right/null) of responses was also tested.
## 2 The Proposed Method
### Encoding  
The carrier MIDI file is unpacked into a stream of MIDI messages \(S_{1},S_{2},S_{m}\) where each message of the type \"note-on\" is evaluated for data embedding. If the velocity for the\"note-on\" event \(S_{i}\) is less than \(2^{N_{e}}\) the velocity \(v_{i}=velocity(S_{i})\) is replaced with a random number between a lower bound \(l\) and an upper bound \(u=2^{\lfloor\log v_{i}\rfloor+1}-1\). If the velocity for the \"note-on\" event \(S_{i}\) is greater than or equal to \(2^{N_{e}}\) the velocity is LSB encoded with the next \(N_{e}\) bits from the encrypted message stream. LSB encoding is performed by clearing the \(N_{e}\) least significant bits of the velocity value and then adding the \(N_{e}\) bit long value from the encrypted message stream.
# Dynamic Reconfiguration of Active Distribution Network Based on Improved Equilibrium Optimizer
## 4 Optimization Algorithms
### Algorithm Comparison and Complexity  
The proposed Improved Equilibrium Optimizer (IEO) introduces several tailored enhancements to address the challenges of dynamic distribution network reconfiguration.  
Unlike the standard EO algorithm, which employs uniform random initialization and lacks explicit feasibility enforcement, IEO incorporates Tent chaotic mapping to enhance population diversity and utilizes an adaptive ordered loop-based feasibility judgment model to ensure compliance with radial topology and operational constraints. In contrast to widely used multi-objective algorithms like NSGA-II, IEO incorporates a more flexible variation strategy through stochastic mutation and binomial crossover, enabling it to better maintain population diversity and avoid premature convergence. While classical metaheuristics often focus solely on optimization, the IEO is embedded within a broader framework that includes load period clustering and feasibility assessment, making it more suitable for handling the temporal variability and complexity inherent in active distribution networks. These design choices collectively enhance the robustness and applicability of the proposed method.  
The computational complexity of the proposed Improved Equilibrium Optimizer (IEO) is influenced by the number of individuals \(N\), the dimension of the decision variable \(D\), and the number of iterations \(T\). For each iteration, all individuals undergo chaotic initialization, feasibility evaluation, non-dominated sorting, mutation, and crossover. Therefore, the overall time complexity of IEO can be approximated as:  
\[O(N\cdot D\cdot T)+O(N\cdot\log N) \tag{43}\]  
where the first term accounts for the core evolutionary operations, and the second term arises from elite sorting and ranking procedures. Additionally, the complexity of the feasibility judgment model and clustering procedure is kept linear with respect to the number of scenarios and time intervals due to the offline precomputation structure. This ensures that the overall framework remains computationally scalable even for medium-sized distribution networks such as the IEEE 69-bus system.
## 4 Materials and Methods  
### Chemicals and Standards  
The external C6 volatile standards, including hexanal (98.0% purity), (_E_)-2-hexenal (98.0%), 1-hexanol (99.0%), (_E_)-2-hexen-1-ol (96.0%), (_E_)-3-hexen-1-ol (98.0%), (_Z_)-2-hexen-1-ol (96.0%), (_Z_)-3-hexen-1-ol (98.0%), ethyl hexanoate (99.0%), hexyl acetate (99.0%), (_Z_)-3-hexen-1-acetate (98.0%), and hexanoic acid (99.0%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The internal standard 4-methyl-2-pentanol was also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, with a purity of 98.0%. Water used in this study was purified from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) was a product of Sigma-Aldrich. SYBR(r) Premix Ex TaqMan and Spectrum(tm) Plant Total RNA Kit were purchased from TaKaRa Bio (Otsu, Shiga, Japan) and Sigma-Aldrich, respectively. A reverse transcription system kit was obtained from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Other reagents used in this study were purchased from the Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China).
# Real-Time Exercise Mode Identification with an Inertial Measurement Unit for Smart Dumbbells
## 3 Methodology
### Determination of the Exercise Cycle  
From Figure 6, we observe certain features of the biceps' mode. The signal can be divided into five steps.  
Figure 4: Distribution of angle parameters for six modes (1 = Bicep, 2 = Deltoid, 3 = Tricep, 4 = Shoulder, 5 = Squat, 6 = Side and lunge).  
Figure 5: Comparison between estimated angles using encoder and Kalman filter.  
First, Section I denotes the period at the beginning of the exercise with no movement. Section II denotes the period during which one cycle (or repetition) of exercise is performed in the biceps' mode. Third, Section III denotes the short time of rest before execution of the next repetition in Section IV. Finally, Section V denotes the completion of the exercise. The dumbbell is not moved at the beginning (I) and the end (III, V) of the exercise, and only the gravitational force acts on the sensor (mostly on the \(Y\)-axis (a-Y)). We can also see the corresponding angular velocity profiles (\(\omega\)-X, \(\omega\)-Y, \(\omega\)-Z). The movement contains a steady rotation around the \(Z\)-axis (yaw (b)).  
Then, we can detect the cycle of exercise, which is the duration of movement to finish one repetition using the gyroscope sensor and the angle between the forearm and the upper arm. As all actions of the mode using dumbbells require time to stop the movement to transform the direction, it is a period of time to make the signal from the gyroscope sensor reach zero. In addition, we need to combine the angle (yaw angle in biceps' mode) to verify that it is the end of the cycle. Based on this phenomenon, we detect the start and endpoints of single repetitions, as shown in Figure 6. In contrast, a previous study described in [4], only used accelerometer sensors and captured a cycle of the time series based on raw acceleration signals. In the proposed method, it is difficult to maintain a constant value for the stopped period of time when the position of the human that performs each exercise mode is different. Furthermore, the proposed method is robust and stable in all modes, resulting in faster and more memory-efficient execution.
## 3 Results and Discussion
At the same time, they react with carbonyl compounds, i.e., reactive intermediates formed during the thermal degradation of carbohydrates and lipids, and trap them, resulting in the inhibition of Maillard reactions [58; 59]. No differences were observed among the CON, SN, POL, NM and POL + NM treatment groups (\(p>0.05\)) in fresh sausages. On months 1, 2 and 3, the SN, POL, NM and POL + NM groups generally showed lower MDA values compared to the controls; this result shows that the antioxidant properties of the natural supplements under investigation are comparable to those of the synthetic SN that served as a positive control. In particular, after one month of refrigerated storage, the SN and POL groups had lower MDA values than the POL + NM group, with the NM group showing intermediate values (\(p<0.01\)). After two months, the SN, POL and POL + NM groups showed lower MDA values compared to the CON and NM groups (\(p<0.001\)). Finally, at month 3, the SN, POL and POL + NM groups had lower MDA values than the NM group, but all groups showed greater oxidative stability compared to controls (\(p<0.001\)). As shown, the POL and POL + NM groups exhibited more intense antioxidant activity than the NM group. However, it should be noted that the sausages in all treatment groups displayed acceptable oxidative stability; MDA values were consistently measured below the limit of 1 mg/kg product that would suggest the development of a rancid flavor [60]. Olive leaf extract (OLE), containing oleuropein, verbascoside, luteolin-7-O-glucose, apigenin-7-O-glucose, tyrosol and hydroxyytrosol at 1151.5, 68.6, 25.6, 15.9, 15.6 and 10.2 ug/mL, respectively, could be used at a concentration of 100-200 mg/g meat to suppress lipid oxidation in minced beef patties [45] and pork sausages [34]. Decreased MDA values are also observed after incorporating an olive waste extract (10.5% hydroxyytrosol and 1.6% tyrosol) in lamb meat patties [61] and a by-product of the oil mill (75-150 mg
# A Review of Regional and Global Gridded Forest Biomass Datasets
## 3 Current Gridded Forest Biomass Maps
### AGB Maps Derived from a Combination of Field Biomass, LiDAR Data and Optical and/or Radar Data
#### 3.4.4 Benchmark Map of Forest Carbon Stocks in Tropical Regions across Three Continents  
[PERSON] et al. [19] generated an AGB map at a 1 km spatial resolution across tropical regions for the early 2000s based on in situ AGB measurements and GLAS data plus optical and microwave imagery to extrapolate over the landscape. They also calculated the BGB as a function of AGB (BGB = 0.489 AGB\({}^{0.89}\)). Total carbon stocks were 50% of total biomass (AGB + BGB). The uncertainty was calculated by a Monte Carlo error propagation and reported to range from \(\pm\)6% to \(\pm\)53% at the pixel scale, and was presented in an uncertainty map of carbon values.
## 4 Task/Transmission Scheduling and Communication Protocols
### Fifo  
Depending on the application, FIFO queuing mechanisms can be implemented as a hardware sliding register or using different memory structures. Such solutions often use network devices such as switches or routers. These devices queue data packets as they travel from source to destination. Typically, one FIFO structure is used per connection [89]. Some network devices also have multiple FIFO structures/implementations for the simultaneous and independent queuing of different types of data. Most software implementations of FIFO queuing do not meet security conditions and require an additional security mechanism to verify the chain of data structures [90]. Achieving good performance in terms of throughput and scalability while maintaining a high level of security in IoT systems has always been a major challenge. The packet queuing process strategy represented by the FIFO algorithm contributed to the later development of algorithms such as SAGA-PBFT (Security-Aware Genetic Algorithm-based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance), which was developed on the basis of the PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) algorithm. The SAGA-PBFT algorithm is used in solutions such as the block chain, where security aspects and transmission time requirements are extremely important [91].
# Research Progress of Enhanced Thermal Evacuation and Cooling Technology for High-Speed Motors
## 2 Different Application and Cooling Requirements for High-Speed Motors
### Motorized Spindle Cooling  
Most of the heat generated from iron loss is conducted to the motor spindle. There will be heat deformation that affects the mechanical properties. To improve spindle heat evacuation, shaft core cooling is applied. Through the tiny channels in the center of the spindle, fluid is introduced for higher heat transfer and heat evacuation. [PERSON] et al. [45] analyzed the thermal problems of motorized spindles with spindle cooling, as shown in Figure 14. A cooling runner was machined into the spindle core and circulated through the oil for cooling. [PERSON] et al. [46] simulated the temperature distribution and thermal deformation of the spindle when the core was cooled by air. The method indicates that core cooling can actively reduce the temperature rise of the spindle.  
Figure 14: Schematic diagram of motor core oil-cooling system [45].  
Figure 13: Stator and rotor reinforced heat dissipation structure [44].  
The utilization of heat pipe structures is a relatively new and efficient means of cooling. [PERSON] et al. [47] investigated a motor center cooling method based on a heat pipe model, as shown in Figure 15. This structure reduces the amount of thermal resistance and dissipates heat from the rotor using heat pipes embedded in the motorized spindle while retaining the water-cooling of the housing. A heat pipe structure can be evaporated at the stator and rotor for cooling purposes and later condensed at the shaft end using impulse jet flow. Compared with the traditional water-cooled form, this new cooling structure reduces the maximum shaft temperature by 35%. [PERSON] et al. [48] designed a central annular spindle core heat pipe cooling system, as shown in Figure 16. This cavity is connected axially to the external cavity to form an annular hydrothermal structure. The heat evacuation characteristics of the circulating heat pipe in the rotating state were investigated.  
from 30 watts to 120 watts and 200 watts, the overall thermal resistance decreased by 31.0% and 37.0%, respectively. However, the temperature difference increased with increase in heating power and decreased with increase in speed.
# A Least Squares Ensemble Model Based on Regularization and Augmentation Strategy
## 5 Results  
In this work, a new method that combines the advantages of least squares method, the regularization, and the augmentation is developed to construct a better and time-saving ensemble model in the cases that only a small number of sample points are available. The weight factors are calculated by the least squares method with the regularization strategy and the augmentation strategy. The augmentation strategy helps to obtain the augmented samples in the unexplored regions by a sample exploration method. On one hand, it helps to improve the accuracy of the individual surrogate models; on the other hand, the augmentation strategy helps to reduce the collinearity problem caused by the intrinsic properties of KRG and RBF and the approximate prediction values on some densely distributed regions. The regularization strategy with an optimal search method to find the best regularization parameter helps to further reduce the collinearity and avoid the potential overfitting problem.  
Six numerical functions and a 9-D CNC milling machine bed deformation prediction problem were used to test the proposed RLS-EM method. Four other ensemble models and KRG, RBF, and SVR were adopted for comparison with RLS-EM. The results show that for the numerical functions, the RLS-EM model can provide satisfactory robustness and accuracy, with better or equivalent levels compared to other ensemble methods, while saving a considerable amount of computational cost. The results of the CNC milling machine bed deformation prediction problem also show that the RLS-EM has a good accuracy and robust performance.  
In the future work, the hyperparametric optimization will be studied in the RLS-EM, which will further help improve the accuracy and robustness of the RLS-EM, and RLS-EM-based optimization will be studied too.  
Conceptualization, P.Z. and S.Z.; methodology, S.Z.; software, P.Z.; validation, L.Q., G.Y. and J.L.; formal analysis, X.L.; investigation, X.L.; resources, G.Y.; data curation, L.Q.; writing--original draft preparation, P.Z.; writing--review and editing, S.Z.; visualization, L.Q.; supervision, X.L.; project administration, S.Z.; funding acquisition, S.Z.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 51675478 and 51875515, the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, grant number LY18E050001, and Youth Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems of Zhejiang University, grant number SKLoFP_QN_1702.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] for the open SURROGATES Toolbox, and the authors would like to thank the editors for their work, and if there is an opportunity, the authors also want to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
### Heat Stress and Mitigation Techniques in Occupational Settings
An individual's core body temperature (CT) is the best indicator of their heat strain as it reflects their body's internal temperature [10], which is tightly regulated by the hypothalamus [11]. An elevated core temperature exceeding 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C can lead to organ failure, heat stroke or death [12]. To ensure the safety and well-being of workers, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends that core body temperature should not exceed 38 \({}^{\circ}\)C for non-acclimatized workers and 38.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C for acclimatized workers [13]. However, to obtain the most clinically relevant measurements of core body temperature, such as those taken from the rectal, esophageal, and pulmonary arteries, wired recording devices are required, which is not always feasible in the workplace. The invasive nature of core body temperature sensors will negatively affect work productivity. Due to this limitation, using an ingestible telemetric pill that records gastrointestinal temperature from the time of ingestion until it is expelled has been reported as another way of monitoring the core temperature [14; 15; 16]. Research has shown that the temperature measurements taken by these telemetric pills are comparable to measurements taken from the esophagus and rectum during physical activity in hot environments [17]. One example of this pill is the Ingestible Core Body Temperature Sensor (ICTS) developed by CorTemp(r). When the ICTS has been ingested, the signal from the sensor is harmlessly transmitted to the CorTemp(r) Data Recorder, which is worn outside of the individual's body [18]. These CorTemp(r) devices were developed as a more convenient alternative for both field and laboratory experiments, and they are generally considered to be a valid and accurate (\(\pm 0.1\) \({}^{\circ}\)C) measure of core temperature [14; 15; 18]. Nonetheless, the ICTS have limitations with respect to users' comfort from swallowing an ingestible pill, continuous monitoring of users from a long range, and non-reusability which makes the pills uneconomical [19]. These challenges have prompted the development of non-invasive wearable devices for monitoring an individual's physiological response to heat stress in real-time in various settings, over a long range, and at a low cost.
# Human-AI Collaboration for Remote Sighted Assistance: Perspectives from the LLM Era +
## 6 Emerging Human-AI Collaboration Problems in RSA
### Emerging Problem 10: Describing Hierarchical Information of Live Camera Feeds  
In RSA services, the agents need to deliver the information from the live camera feed to the users and interact with them constantly. Previous works [1; 101] found the agents having difficulty in providing various required information (e.g., direction, obstacle, and surroundings) in a timely manner. It makes it even more challenging that the agents need to prioritize the information, which requires understanding and communicating with users. Additionally, the agents could stress out if the users move faster than they could describe the environment [1]. These suggest that the requirement of describing a large volume of information to meet the user's needs is a major challenge in RSA services, as listed in problem group G3 in Table 1. Based on this observation, we introduce an emerging research problem of describing hierarchical information of live camera feeds that can be addressed by human-AI collaboration.  
From the perspective of AI solutions, there are some CV methods of image captioning [158; 159] applied for describing the content of an image to visually impaired people with natural language. These methods [159] only show the possibility of using image captioning techniques for PVI, but are not used for practical applications such as describing information from the live camera feed in RSA services. There are also a few CV systems that answer visually impaired people's questions about an image using visual question answering (VQA) techniques [160; 161]. These systems are only academic prototypes tested in lab settings. The state-of-the-art model [161] only achieves the performance of IoU similarity at less than 30% on benchmark datasets, which cannot be compared with human performance. Thus, these VQA systems are far from interacting with the user in RSA.  
Since both the agent and the AI methods face great challenges in delivering information to the user in RSA services, we can resort to human-AI collaboration solutions to address the challenge. Considering that humans perform much better than existing VQA techniques, the agent should take the main responsibility for communicating with the user. Meanwhile, we can use object detection and video captioning methods [105] to help the agent organize the information in a hierarchical structure with priorities for the items. For example, the items related to safety (e.g., detected obstacles) should be prioritized. The VQA model can answer the user's simple questions such as \"what is in front of me?\" When the agent needs to start another parallel task (e.g., browsing the map), the video caption and VQA models can assist the user by describing the scene and answering simple questions, respectively. With the AI assistant, the agent will feel less stress in describing the information from live video feeds.