# Rainfall Erosivity Main Features and Their Associated Synoptic Conditions in North-Eastern Romania
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall erosivity over northeastern Romania have been outlined using the ERA-5 Land dataset and hourly precipitation data. The Fournier Index revealed a distinct regional gradient, with rainfall erosivity decreasing from north to south and from mountainous areas to lowlands. However, as previously indicated in the literature, the annual amount of the eroded soil across the region is more uniformly distributed, largely due to the heightened pedo-lithological susceptibility in the central-southern part of the study area.  
By examining hourly precipitation data from the Carja and Madarjac weather stations, we identified that the highest rainfall intensity occurs in June, while elevated erosivity extends from May to July. Although the analysis is based on a relatively short time series, it successfully captures the dominant synoptic conditions driving heavy precipitation events. During the summer months, high atmospheric instability prevails, fueled by either west-to-east moving storm cells or easterly blocking circulations. In contrast, spring and autumn are characterized by moderate rainfall erosivity, primarily driven by frontal precipitation associated with Mediterranean cyclones. This analysis should be detailed in further studies with hourly or even sub-hourly data from more weather stations over the region and with longer data series that could enforce the soundness of the scientific approach from a long-term climatic perspective.  
These findings underscore the complex interplay between synoptic weather patterns, rainfall intensity, and soil erosion dynamics in northeastern Romania. The study highlights the need for region-specific soil conservation strategies, particularly in areas with high pedo-lithological susceptibility, to mitigate the impacts of erosive rainfall events. Future research should focus on extending the temporal scope of the analysis and incorporating additional factors, such as land use changes and climate variability, to further refine our understanding of soil erosion processes in the region.  
Conceptualization, LS.; formal analysis, R.H. and M.M.; methodology, R.H., L.S., P.I. and L.N.; supervision, L.S., I.-G.B. and L.N.; validation, L.S., P.I., I.-G.B. and L.N.; visualization, R.H.; writing--original draft, R.H. and M.M.; writing--review and editing, L.S., P.I., I.-G.B. and L.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Geoscience Doctoral School of the Department of Geography from Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
**Acknowledgments:** This study received technical support from the Department of Geography from Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania, which offered us full access to the remote sensing and GIS laboratories. Acknowledgment is also given to the infrastructure support from the Operational Program Competitiveness 2014-2020, Axis 1, under POC/448/1/1 research infrastructure projects for public R&D institutions/Sections F 2018, through the Research Center with Integrated Techniques for Atmospheric Aerosol Investigation in Romania (RECENT AIR) project, under grant agreement MySMIS no. 127324.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.