# Laser Use in Creating Orthodontic Adhesion to Ceramic Surfaces
## 4 Discussion  
As dental ceramics are rigid, brittle and crack sensitive, but highly aesthetic and versatile, they are continuously evolving. Because of the improvement in strength of more recent, machined ceramics, dentists can use them not only for veneers, full or partial crowns, but also for implant abutments, bridgework and orthodontic brackets [24]. In 2015 [PERSON] et al. published a classification of dental ceramics dividing them into two main categories--glass matrix ceramic and polycrystalline ceramics [25]. A short classification of dental ceramics and their clinical indications is shown in Table 3.  
## 4 Discussion  
As dental ceramics are rigid, brittle and crack sensitive, but highly aesthetic and versatile, they are continuously evolving. Because of the improvement in strength of more recent, machined ceramics, dentists can use them not only for veneers, full or partial crowns, but also for implant abutments, bridgework and orthodontic brackets [24]. In 2015 [PERSON] et al. published a classification of dental ceramics dividing them into two main categories--glass matrix ceramic and polycrystalline ceramics [25]. A short classification of dental ceramics and their clinical indications is shown in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No Ref.** & **Ceramic Type** & **Samples No** & **Bracket Type** & **Laser Type** & **Adhesion Type** & **Results** & **Additional Examination** \\ \hline
[18] & Feldspathic & 42 & Metallic & Er:YAG & \
\begin{tabular}{c} APA/9.6\% HF/Er:YAG \\ irradiation (2 W, 10 Hz for \\ 10 s). \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Er:YAG = HF \textgreater{} APA \\ 10 s). \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[19] & Feldspathic & 150 & Metallic & Er:YAG short & \begin{tabular}{c} 5 groups Braby:U 200, \\ 5 groups Braby:Tashboard. Xr. \\ AP/Er:YAG short pulse and \\ super short pulse \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Er:YAG laser \\ spot/p/Er:YAG laser \\ spot/p/SNR/bandlsted:+SP/sandblasted+SP/ \\ sandblasted+SP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Er:YAG laser \\ spot/p/SNR/bandlsted+SP/ \\ sandblasted+SP \\ and Transbond XT. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[20] & Feldspathic & 100 & Metallic & Er:YAG lasers & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Deglaz, silane for all, \\ 9.6\% HF/Er:YAG lasers \\ 1.6, 2, and 32 W \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Mean SBS in the laser \\ group with power of 1.6 W \\ > HF, 2-W power, 3.2-W \\ power groups, but not sgn \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[21] & Feldspathic & 80 & Metallic & \begin{tabular}{c} T:isapphire \\ femtosecond, \\ Nd:YAG laser \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Group Nd:YAG isomer \\ femtosecond, \\ Hf/Nd:YAG laser, silane for all \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Memory cycling \\ sgn differences between the \\ other groups. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[22] & Feldspathic & 72 & Metallic & Nd:YAG & \begin{tabular}{c} No sign differences between \\ HF lasers with power of 1.5 \\ 1.25-, 1.5-, and 2-W \\ Nd:YAG for 10 s. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Thermocycling \\ 0 or 2 W, no sgn difference \\ between all test groups in \\ ARI scores \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Thermocycling \\ 500 cycles \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[23] & Feldspathic & 100 & Metallic & Nd:YAGEr:YAG & \begin{tabular}{c} Diamond bur/9.6\% HF 4 \\ min/0.8-W Nd:YAG/2-W \\ Er:YAG/3-W Er:YAG laser \\ for 10 s \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} The diamond bur/9.6\% HF 4 \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ethable (Yes/No) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Type of Ceramic** & **Clinical Indications** & **Etchable (Yes/No)** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Glass matrix ceramics} & Feldspathic & Veneer restoration & Y \\ \cline{2-4}  & Leucite-based & \begin{tabular}{c} Veneer restoration, partial crowns \\ and anterior full crowns \\ \end{tabular}  & Y \\ \cline{2-4}  & Litchium disilicate & \begin{tabular}{c} Veneer restoration, partial crowns \\ and anterior and posterior \\ full crowns \\ \end{tabular}  & Y \\ \cline{2-4}  &