# System Architecture Design of IoT-Based Smart Cities
## 8 Related Work
The latest datasets, algorithms, and recent advancements in embedded systems are discussed in the paper, and future trends and challenges in this field are addressed. The paper emphasizes the significance of IoT systems in collecting big data analytics to gain insights for automation strategies in smart cities. Study [35] proposes an efficient data collection algorithm for an IoT-based smart water meter system, which reduces the number of packet transmissions to save energy. The system components include Arduino Uno, Wi-Fi-ESP8266, and water flow sensors, and the algorithm is implemented and analyzed using MATLAB. Results show that the applied algorithm can save up to 93% of energy consumption in all nodes, making it a promising solution for energy-efficient smart water metering applications. In reference [35] the authors propose an intelligent proficient data collection approach (IPDCA) for large-scale smart city environments that uses public vehicles as mobile data collectors to collect data from multiple access points and send it back to a central base station. The proposed approach also utilizes a modified Bat algorithm for path finding of data collectors and a multi-objective fitness function to select them in smart city settings. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through simulations. Several European research projects on IoT provided facilities that can be exploited for the development of interoperable smart city applications. For example, SymBiote is an EU-funded project that aims to develop an open and secure middleware platform for the Internet of Things (IoT) [36]. The project seeks to address the challenges of heterogeneity, scalability, and security that arise in IoT systems. The SymBiote middleware platform is designed to enable seamless communication between different IoT devices and systems, regardless of their manufacturer or technology used. It provides a set of services and tools for managing data, security, and communication between devices and systems. One of the key objectives of the SymBiote project is to promote interoperability and standardization in IoT systems. Similarly, Open IoT is building a novel open source platform for the Internet of Things (IoT), which includes a middleware infrastructure to support flexible configuration and deployment of interoperable IoT systems [37]. Snap4 City is a platform for building and deploying smart city applications, which aims to provide a user-friendly and customizable environment for developing IoT applications. The platform includes a range of tools and services for collecting, processing, and analyzing data from various sources, including IoT devices, social media, and open data sources. One of the key features of the Snap4 City platform is its support for interoperability, and likewise provides support for a wide range of protocols and standards, including MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP, making it compatible with a wide range of IoT devices and systems. In general, the related work in smart cities has focused on a wide range of topics, including IoT, data analytics, and cloud computing in smart cities. In addition, the proposed architectures and frameworks have focused on different aspects of smart cities, including transportation systems, energy systems, public safety, healthcare, and waste management. However, there is still a need for more research on the design and development of IoT-based smart cities, particularly in integrating various technologies, communication protocols, and data processing and management systems.