esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Video Compression Sub-Application Layer Protocol for WVSN  
This sub-layer, located in application layer (App.), consists of a model for compressing and transmitting video in WMSN. The proposed model is based on MPEG-2 [34] and is called M-MPEG (Modified-MPEG). M-MPEG model provides facilities to overcome available constraints in VSNs such as bandwidth and energy. It is designed compatible with other layer services; therefore, the generated packets in this model consist of additional information which is used in the services of other layers such as proposed video transport and network layer. The user can adjust the energy consumption, video quality, and bandwidth usage in this sub-layer.  
M-MPEG supposed that each video frame is in gray-scale. The resolution of video frames should be adapted to the need of each application. The M-MPEG utilizes two types of video frames. The first type is named Main-Frame (M-Frame), and second is named Difference-Frame (D-Frame). These types and their methods are described below.
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a reliability-based and cost-oriented product optimization integrating FRPN, interval expert evaluation and cultural-based DMOPSO using crowding distance sorting. Based on the subsystem division with failure decoupling, it introduces FRPN to calculate the subsystem weight considering the failure diagnosis. The interval expert evaluation is adopted to calculate the subsystem weight considering development cost. Multi-objective optimization model is built with the two types of subsystem weights obtained. Cultural-based DMOPSO using crowding distance sorting is employed to get the Pareto fronts based on which the fuzzy-based mechanism picks out the best compromise solution. Compared with the conventional reliability design methods, the proposed method can not only take advantage of the uncertain expert evaluation for essential factors, but also take the dynamic and uncertain propagation of product failure into account. In addition, subsystem division with failure decoupling is performed at first so that consideration must be given to both the validity and the efficiency of the product reliability optimization design proposed. A numerical example of a CNC machine tool illustrates the practicality and efficiency of the proposed method. However, the proposed method cannot provide an effective way to consider the experts' caution degree in failure diagnosis based on FRPN, and it also fails to offer an overall analysis on how the experts' caution degree affects the best compromise solution of the product reliability design scheme. More attention should be paid to these issues in the future work of this paper. For example, a further exploration into a series of the best compromise solutions of the product reliability design with different decision maker's caution degree is indispensable to find the mathematical relationships among decision maker's caution degree, the reliability and cost obtained by the optimization calculation proposed in this paper. If the quantitative mathematical relationships can be extracted, the decision maker's caution degree can be regarded as an objective variable rather than a subjective variable. In this way, designers can invite experts with particular mentality to give their evaluation information to get the best compromise solution of the product reliability design scheme.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51490663, 51521064, and 51475459), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LR14E050003), Funding for Six-Peaks Talents in Jiangsu Province (No. 2015-XXRJ-007), and Innovation Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems. Sincere appreciation is extended to the reviewers of this paper for their helpful comments.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the proposed optimal reliability design method, as well as performed the models and wrote the paper; [PERSON] and [PERSON] collected and analyzed the data; and [PERSON] provided the professional guidance.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Vertical Deflections
### Along-Track Vertical Deflection
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Experimental** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**HY-2A**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**HY-2B**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**HY-2C**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**HY-2D**} \\ \cline{2-9}
**Region** & **Num** & **SD** & **Num** & **SD** & **Num** & **SD** & **Num** & **SD** \\ \hline
1 & 1057 & 1.4130 & 1058 & 1.3100 & 1167 & 1.0749 & 1166 & 1.2805 \\
2 & 1060 & 1.4783 & 1060 & 1.0544 & 1168 & 1.0571 & 1167 & 0.9400 \\
3 & 1054 & 1.2890 & 1054 & 0.8987 & 1135 & 1.0829 & 1137 & 0.8626 \\
4 & 1059 & 1.7919 & 1059 & 1.1186 & 1168 & 1.1093 & 1161 & 1.0600 \\
5 & 994 & 1.4002 & 1056 & 0.9773 & 1166 & 1.1223 & 1167 & 0.9631 \\
6 & 1060 & 1.3742 & 1060 & 0.9170 & 1051 & 1.0810 & 1167 & 0.9359 \\ Average & 6284 & 1.4578 & 6347 & 1.0460 & 6855 & 1.0879 & 6965 & 1.0070 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Comparison of determined along-track vertical deflections with XGM2019 for HY-2 missions (unit arcsec): Region 1, North Pacific; Region 2, South Pacific; Region 3, Mid-Pacific; Region 4, Indian Ocean; Region 5, North Atlantic; Region 6, South Atlantic.
# Low-Thrust Nonlinear Orbit Control for Very Low Lunar Orbits
## 5 Discussion of Results  
From inspection of the results, it is evident that the proposed feedback control law is capable of adjusting the injection errors and keeping the spacecraft along the desired operational state, despite the active perturbations. In particular, in both operational scenarios the orbital elements are kept close to the desired value, with limited standard deviations. Unsurprisingly, when tolerances are introduced, the accuracy of the control law tends to decrease. For instance, the comparison between Figures 2a and 3a or between Figures 4a and 5a show that, when the constraint on the final orbit is relaxed, the oscillations in the semimajor axis are wider as expected, though very limited. However, despite a marginal increment in the error, the fuel saving is considerable, as the final mass ratio increases by 43% and 45%, respectively, for target orbit 1 and 2. The same considerations apply from inspection of Figures 2b-5b, by comparing the time histories of the eccentricity. Figures 2d and 4d highlight the capability of the control strategy at hand to keep the RAAN close to the desired value either when the secular variation vanishes or when the gravitational perturbations yield a near-linear drift.  
Finally, Figure 6 depicts the time histories of the mass ratio for the first target orbit under the two operational scenarios. In both cases, the thrust is always on and at maximum value during the acquisition phase, and consequently, all the curves overlap, resulting in a global linear trend with respect to time. During the maintenance phase, the perturbation accelerations are comparable with the thrust acceleration. Therefore, when no tolerances are set, the thrust acceleration is variable. Instead, when tolerances are included, orbit maintenance is achieved through the succession of either zero thrust or variable thrust intervals, resulting in a shallow profile that mimics a step function. This results in a globally lower fuel expenditure.  
Figure 6: Time histories of the mass ratio for the first target orbit (in the insets, zoom on the acquisition phase). (**top**) Circular orbit. (**bottom**) Elliptic orbit with assigned \(r_{Pmin}/r_{Amax}\).
# Performance Evaluation of MPTCP on Simultaneous Use of 5G and 4G Networks
## 2 An Overview of The MPTCP Schedulers and Congestion Control Algorithms
### MPTCP Congestion Control Algorithms
#### 2.2.1 Linked Increase Algorithm  
Linked increase algorithm (LIA) was proposed by [PERSON] et al. to fulfill the three design goals of MPTCP [33]. It maintains separate CWND for each SF, increases the CWND on an SF upon reception of acknowledgments (ACKs) on that SF, and decreases it for packet drops. The increase and decrease in CWND of an SF depend on the CWND and RTT of all the SFs. LIA provides a trade-off between optimal congestion balance and responsiveness. LIA obtains a reasonable resource pool by choosing the appropriate amount of increase and decrease in CWND. At the same time, it ensures fairness with SPTCP even without explicitly knowing which SFs are going through a common bottleneck. However, the fairness-ensuring mechanism sometimes behaves so aggressively that LIA obtains a much lower throughput than that of a SPTCP, thus failing to fulfill Goal One, as reported by [PERSON] et al. [34]. Again, at times, LIA behaves highly aggressively towards SPTCP while not producing a visible advantage for MPTCP, according to [PERSON] et al. [35].
## 4 Results
It can be seen from the results that most of the strong scatters in imaging results are detected which presents the composition of the ambiguous area. The results show the accuracy and validity of the detection algorithm. We selected an attenuation multiplier \(N\) = 100 according to the power of the ambiguous area and main imaging area. Actually, the performance of ambiguity suppression depends on the detection results more than the attenuation multiplier \(N\). Thus, there is no need to be entangled in the precise choice of \(N\) as long as it can suppress the ambiguous power effectively. The image results after ambiguity suppression and chirp-scaling algorithm imaging are shown in Figure 8 (HH-polarization) and Figure 9 (VV-polarization). Comparing with the results in Figure 4a,b, respectively, the bright lines in the top left part of the image are almost invisible. It indicates that the ambiguity signal power in data have been well suppressed and the effect of ambiguity suppression is remarkable. The results show the accuracy and validity of the proposed ambiguity suppression algorithm. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Target window length & 2 \\ Protection window length & 8 \\ Background window length & 32 \\ \(t_{1}\) & 2.5–3.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Parameters used in CFAR. Figure 6: (**a**) magnification details of the main ambiguous area image with \(n\) = \(-1\) shown in Figure 5a; (**b**) shows the corresponding optical image obtained by latitude and longitude information of \(n\) = \(-1\). Figure 8: The range ambiguity suppression result of HH-polarization mode. Figure 7: Detection results of ambiguous area targets based on CFAR. (**a**) represents the ambiguous area imaging results; (**b**) represents the detection results.
# Dynamic Relief Items Distribution Model with Sliding Time Window in the Post-Disaster Environment
## 4 Computational Experiments
### Dynamic RID Scheduling
#### 4.2.2 Dynamic Scheduling with Fuzzy Distance  
With the change in the road conditions after a disaster, the optimised vehicle routing under normal circumstances may not be efficient after a disaster strike. A fuzzy distance measure is implemented to find the best feasible routes in the disaster environment. In this dynamic RID model, a fuzzy distance measure is incorporated to address vehicle routing in more realistic conditions after any disaster where the distance matrix is modified into a fuzzified distance matrix to find the effective shortest path for vehicle routing. The fuzzified distance matrix is updated for each time slot with updated information on road conditions. For each time slot, the shortest route between two points is found based on fuzzified distance using the Floyd-Warshall algorithm.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests  
The selected strains were sown in Hektoen enteric agar with the aim of obtaining pure colonies. Bacteria were collected from the gel surface and added to demineralized water to make a suspension equivalent to a 0.5 McFarland standard adjusted by using a nephelometer. A total of 10 uL of bacterial suspension was collected and mixed in tubes with 11 mL of Mueller Hinton Broth. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of _Salmonella_ strains were determined by broth microdilution using the Sensititre EUVSEC kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Monza, Italy) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Fourteen antimicrobials were tested (test range): sulfamethoxazole-SMX (8-1024 ug/mL), trimethoprim-TMP (0.25-32 ug/mL), ciprofloxacin-CIP (0.015-8 ug/mL), tetracyclines-TET (2-64 ug/mL), meropenem-MERO (0.03-16 ug/mL), azithromycin- AZI (2-64 ug/mL), malidixic acid-NAL (4-128 ug/mL), cefotaxime-FOT (0.25-4 ug/mL), chloramphenicol-CHL(8-128 \(\upmu\)g/mL), tigecycline-TGC (0.25-8 \(\upmu\)g/mL), ceftazidime-TAZ (0.5-8 \(\upmu\)g/mL), colistincoll (1-16 \(\upmu\)g/mL), ampicillin-AMP (1-64 \(\upmu\)g/mL), and gentamicin-GEN (0.5-32 \(\upmu\)g/mL). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each antimicrobial was interpreted using the clinical breakpoints, established by the European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests (EUCAST) to categorize MIC results as susceptible or resistant.
## 1 Introduction
However, due to the huge dynamic mobility of vehicles, these protocols become inefficient for VANETs. To overcome these drawbacks in this research, privacy-preserving optimization-based advanced CH selection (P2O-ACH) is proposed, which helps to reduce network congestion and instability. The two main sections of the protocol are enhanced rider optimization algorithm-based CH selection and privacy-preserving mobility patterns. By using these methods, the network stability is increased, which leads to effective communication in VANETs.
# K2S Challenge: From Undersampled K-Space to Automatic Segmentation
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Overview of Top Submission Methodologies
#### 2.5.4 NYU-Knee AI (New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA)  
NYU-Knee AI trained multiple components individually: a Variational Network (VN) for image reconstruction, followed by an ensemble of 2D U-Nets to predict tissue segmentations [55; 56; 57; 58; 59]. For reconstruction, eSPIRIT was used to calculate coil sensitivity maps for undersampled and ground truth data using the central 24 \(\times\) 24 region in k-space [60]. Zero-filled k-space was then fed through a VN for K = 10 iterations, at each iteration using calculated coil sensitivity maps and acquired k-space to ensure data consistency with intermediate reconstructed images, while also feeding iteration outputs through a convolutional, ReLU, and transpose convolutional layer to encourage recovery of details lost from undersampling. The VN was trained with an MSE loss function between the 256 \(\times\) 256 ground truth and the reconstructed coil-combined images for 200 epochs. VN outputs were fed to 2D U-Nets, predicting 256 \(\times\) 256 segmentations that were upsampled and convolved to the intended 512 \(\times\) 512 output resolution. Multiple networks were trained with either focal loss, cross-entropy loss, or a hybrid of both for 300 epochs; an internal validation set was used to choose the best-performing network for each of the 6 tissue classes, ultimately using 3 focal loss networks and 1 weighted cross entropy loss network in the final submission.
# Optimal Power Dispatch of an Offshore Wind Farm under Generator Fault
## 2 Wind Farm Model
### Wind Farm Layout  
Due to the wake losses, the layout directly affects the power production of the WF. It can be seen from the wake model that the smaller the spacing of the WTs, the larger the loss of the wind speed in the downstream WTs and the larger the power loss of the WF. However, if the spacing is too large, it will also lead to an increase in the investment costs. This is because the layout is not only related to the site area of the WF, but also because of the increase to the length of the electricity collector system cables. Therefore, the layout design is an optimization problem that should be solved in the design stage of the WF. There are many relevant research efforts on this topic [23]. Typically, the spacing of an offshore WF is in the range of 5 \(D\)-15 \(D\)[24], where \(D\) represents the rotor diameter of the WTs.  
It can be seen from Figure 6 that, even in the case of the full wake with the worst wake loss, the wind speed loss is very small after the fourth WT. Therefore, the layout of the WF adopted in this paper is five WTs arranged in a straight line with a 6.5-\(D\) spacing. This layout is sufficient to illustrate the characteristics of the offshore WF to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. In order to highlight the influence of the wake, the wind direction is chosen to be 270 degrees, that is all the downstream WTs are in the full wake condition. The specific layout is shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the wind speeds of five WTs in the full wake condition. The inflow wind speed of the first WT is 12 m/s. The wind velocity deficit can be seen clearly. The wind speed of the fifth WT drops to 9.24 m/s.  
Figure 5: Wind farm layout.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characteristics of LSS in Hybrid Bonding between CFRP/Steel with Clearance-Filling Effect  
#### 3.1.1 Riveting  
Figure 3 shows the effect of adhesive when CFRP and steel are fastened with rivets. The LSS was evaluated for the following cases: riveting without the adhesive, applying the structural adhesive only to the contact surface, and applying the adhesive to both the contact surface and the clearance between materials and rivet. When only rivets were used, the rivet bent significantly and showed the lowest LSS value (10 MPa) among the three cases. When the structural adhesive was used on the adhesive surface along with the rivets, the LSS was 12 MPa, which was higher than that for rivets alone. This is because the structural adhesive increased the resistance in the shear direction of the adhesive surface, which in turn reduced the force transmitted to the rivet and improved the physical properties of LSS by 20%. When the adhesive was applied to all surfaces of the material in contact with the rivet, the adhesive strength increased to 16 MPa. This was a 50% improvement in LSS compared to the case where only the rivet was used. Thus, the structural adhesive not only showed resistance in the shear direction but also tightened the movement of the rivet, thereby reducing the stress transferred to the rivet during the test, resulting in a high LSS. In other words, strong bonding is possible only if the movement of the fastener can be minimized with additives such as structural adhesives during mechanical fastening. Figure 4 clarifies this explanation, showing the observations of the fractured surface of the specimen when only rivets were used and when the structural adhesive was applied to all contact surfaces. In all cases, the LSS tests demonstrate that fractures occur at the rivets. When only rivets were used, the rivets bent significantly and were crushed, gaining an oval shape instead of a perfect circle (Figure 4a). The reason for this is that the rivet tilted owing to the presence of a 2 mm clearance and then deformed under a significant load. However, when the structural adhesive was used, as shown in Figure 4b, it filled the clearance and prevented tilting of the fastener; consequently, the rivet was not significantly deformed.  
Figure 3: LSS results of CFRP/steel composites using riveting: (**a**) Load-extension graph and (**b**) LSS results in each case.
## 2 Experiment 1
### Discussion  
Participants running on a treadmill were asked to match their running speed to a previously experienced reference running speed while being presented with different optical flow conditions. For all optical flow conditions, participants selected a running speed that did not differ significantly from the reference speed, and there was no difference in the selected speed between the four optical flow conditions. Also, the duration of the selection task did not differ significantly between the four optical flow conditions.  
Previous studies with walking participants showed an influence of the optical flow rate on the control of locomotor speed [15; 17; 28], suggesting an internal calibration between locomotion and visual perception. Here, the adaptation of running speed to the presented optical flow speed was not possible, as the treadmill was not self-driven, but should have influenced the ability to retrieve the reference running speed due to the disruption of this internal calibration. Our results show that this is not the case for running individuals. Moreover, for walking individuals, previous studies suggested the presence of a predetermined expectation of the visual effect that should be associated with a certain walking speed [26]. This should also have led to expecting an influence on the ability to retrieve an imposed speed in the different optical flow conditions. It seems that visual incongrurences do not have the same influence on running speed control as they do on walking speed control, possibly due to the higher automatization of running compared to walking as well as to the fact that it requires less cortical control [25; 29].  
Note that our results might be consistent with a statistically optimal integration model [30], which predicts that sensory information from multiple sources is weighted according to the estimation of the reliability of each sensory source. In our task, because running at the reference speed was performed without optical flow, participants might have given more weight to proprioceptive information than to visual information also in the second part of the running task.
## 2 Background  
### Periodic Porous Solids  
In contrast to amorphous solids such as silica gel and aerogels, zeolites, periodic mesoporous silicas [40, 41], metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [42, 43, 44, 45] and zeolite-templated porous carbons [47, 48, 49, 50, 51] show a regular distribution of channels and cavities that can be engineered in order to improve performance in the aforementioned technical and industrial applications. Herein, an overview of relevant developments in the field is given, keeping the focus on zeolites, which can be regarded as the archetype of periodic porous solids. Zeolites are three-dimensional aluminosilicates formed by corner sharing SiO\({}_{4}\) and AlO\({}_{4}\) tetrahedral units. As shown in Figure 1 (top) the framework thus formed has a negative electric charge that has to be balanced by an extra-framework cation (M\({}^{+}\)) or a proton. These charge balancing ions constitute (together with the nearby oxygen atoms) the gas adsorption centres, as shown in Figure 1. Note that the adsorbed molecule (CO in this case) can interact with the adsorption centre either through the carbon or the oxygen atom, forming the adsorption complex M\({}^{+}\cdots\)CO or M\({}^{+}\cdots\)OC, respectively [52, 53]; but the latter is known to be far less stable than the former [54, 55] and therefore they constitute only a very minor part of the adsorbed gas, which will not be further considered herein.  
The versatility of zeolites (both, natural and synthetic) for practical usage stems, to a large extent, from their large number of structure types, which is well over one hundred, and continues to grow by adding new synthetic members. These structure types are named using a code consisting of three capital letters, which denote the topology of each zeolite-type framework. Examples are given in Table 1 and Figure 2[56, 57, 58, 59]. Note that dimensionality refers to channel interconnection.  
Figure 1: View along the straight channels of the Na-ZSM-5 zeolite with adsorbed CO (C and O shown in green and red, respectively).