## 4 Results
### Spatial and Temporal Dimensions
DRT systems could be timed to public transport hubs to ensure reductions in transfer times. Public transport would therefore form the backbone of these \"pulse networks\", which could also allow for integrated ticketing and services [103]. The overall coverage of these networks could be supported by shared mobility such as FFM that would provide connections for shorter distances and provide more transportation options [37; 104]. By limiting long trips, directly into denser urban areas congestion will be reduced, which means individuals who are required to travel by PMV will likely see a reduction in fuel price and time spent in traffic [96]. Efficient trip chaining is also important as studies have shown that users are more sensitive to travel time than travel cost; thus, ensuring transfers are easy and free from unnecessary delays can contribute to improving the appeal of public transport [105]. ITS has a role in improving the efficiency of these transfer, by improving the ability to apply real-time alterations to routing [26; 106; 104]. In fact, studies have shown that DRT services that connect directly to major transportation hubs and are enabled by ITS contribute to increases in total public transport ridership [27; 107]. Furthermore, significant modal shift away from PMV has been observed when \"artificial intelligence\" (AI) is used to configure routes to reduce travel time [108] or through the use of MaaS systems to create synergies between mobility providers [109]. Thirdly, by improving the flexibility of public transport and offering services on-demand, transportation systems can be designed to respond directly to the specific geographic and social characteristics of the local area [32; 97]. For example, in some areas, such as those with large numbers of tourists, conventional public transport with fixed schedules and timetables may be more advantageous [28; 110]. In addition, in areas with higher numbers of people unable to operate a vehicle, car sharing schemes should be limited in favor of more flexible routes and timetables [111]. Similarly, in very low-density areas, semi-fixed, as opposed to door-to-door, services may be more efficient [33]. In designing transportation systems, planners should consider how changes respond to local characteristics and ensure the optimal allocation of available resources [32]. Furthermore,any local transportation plan should be able to be scaled up if demand increases to ensure equal and equitable coverage [96]. Finally, using smart mobility to create more options for users in areas where transportation choice is limited can be beneficial [59]. Having more mobility options available to users has been identified as an important step to overcome the culture of PMV ownership. Similarly, supportive policies with awareness of shared services would be useful [112]. MaaS provides an opportunity to bundle services and offer a range of options to consumers through a single online platform [83,109]. Alternatively, transportation choice may also include the choice to not travel. Advances in the design of digital neighborhoods, smart homes, ICT, and home delivery has the potential to remove the need for physical trips--particularly those related to employment [94,112]. Similarly, with the view to reduce PMV, ICT and data obtained from ITS can be used to help residents make more informed decisions regarding residential or work location [113].