# Impacts of E-Micromobility on the Sustainability of Urban Transportation--A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Impacts on Travel Behaviors
#### 3.1.3 Purpose of E-Micromobility Usage  
As mentioned in the previous section, e-scooters are used mostly for less than 1.5-km trips. Moreover, it is clear that e-scooters are not preferred for long journeys, which means that they are used for limited travel purposes. Figure 7 illustrates the usage purposes of e-scooters among the selected literature. In the USA, most e-scooters were used to commute to work and school, or fun/recreation, and proportions of these purposes were notably close to each other [6; 13; 23]. Percentages varied from city to city in the USA, as well as in Europe. For instance, in Chicago, 50 percent of users stated that they had been using e-scooters for social/entertainment reasons [13]; however, in Austin, Portland, and San Francisco, the most commonly specified purpose of usage was commuting to work or school [6]. In the study by [PERSON] et al. (2019), in Portland, the most common e-scooter usage was recreational, reported by 28 percent of participants, and the second most common form of e  
Figure 6: Average daily duration of use of e-bikes (minutes). \({}^{\text{a}}\) Jump. Figure 7: Purposes for using e-scooters. \({}^{\text{a}}\) San Francisco, \({}^{\text{b}}\) Austin, \({}^{\text{c}}\) Portland. scooter usage was commuting to work and school, reported by 20 percent [6]. Moreover, in Austin, the most common purpose for dockless e-scooter and e-bike usage was commuting to work and school, reported by 35 percent of participants. In San Francisco, the most common e-scooter usage was commuting to work and school, at 55 percent [6]. In the study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] conducted in Munich (2019), the usage purposes for e-scooters were reported as 38 percent for commuting trips, 31 percent for leisure, 16 percent for business trips, 8 percent for shopping, and 6 percent for errands [16]. In the study by [PERSON] et al. (2020) from Zurich (Switzerland), 24.64 percent of e-scooter trips were for leisure purposes, 22.77 percent were for going home, and 20.06 percent were for going to work in the normal period (in the study, the normal period referred to before the COVID-19 pandemic) [22]. Furthermore, according to [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020), in Washington, Oregon and Idaho, USA, the most common purpose for e-scooter usage was recreation, at 23 percent [23]. Regarding the pilot evaluation made by the city of Chicago (2020), the travel purposes for e-scooter users consisted of 50 percent for social/entertainment, 42 percent for going to or from restaurants, 41 percent for fun/recreation, 30 percent for commuting, 34 percent for going to or from transit, 28 percent for shopping/errands, 10 percent for going to/from business appointment, 4 percent for going to or from school, and 2 percent for exercise [13]. Presumably, in the Chicago survey, participants were able to choose more than one option for their travel preferences. Therefore, the cumulative percentages are higher than one hundred, as is the case in the study by [PERSON] et al. (2018) [13,14]. Regarding [PERSON] et al. (2018), in Ontario (Canada), the usage purposes for e-scooters were reported as commuting (70 percent), recreation (more than 80 percent), errands (more than 50 percent) and first-/last-mile travel (about 40 percent) [14]. As indicated in Figure 8, in the study by [PERSON] et al. (2017) in Brighton, UK, the most common purpose of the use of e-bikes was commuting to work, followed by recreational usage, including daily activities, in second place [24]. [PERSON] et al. (2019) reported that it can be presumed that e-bikes were used for longer recreational trips compared to conventional bikes [21]. As mentioned earlier in relation to the purposes of using e-scooters, participants could choose more than one option for their travel preferences in the survey by [PERSON] et al. (2018) [14]. Therefore, the cumulative percentages are higher than one hundred.