esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A LoRaWAN Architecture for Communications in Areas without Coverage: Design and Pilot Trials
## 4 Design of the TeamUp Network Based on LoRaWAN
### Central Node  
The central node is the network manager and allows both to remain static and be a dynamic node that allows us to modify the network depending on the circumstances, and it must always offer coverage to the motes. The final node hosts the Chirpstack servers (network and application) and the TeamUp server. This proprietary server has three functions: to request new message information from the application server using MQTT Broker, to process the messages (see Figure 7) and store them in the databases (messages, users and location) so that they are kept up to date, and to handle HTTP requests [34] from the network administrator using the developed interface.
# Parametric Analysis of the Shear Lag Effect in Tube Structural Systems of Tall Buildings
## 5 Parametric Analysis
### The Impact of Layout Dimensions on the Shear Lag Effect  
In this chapter, the impact of building layout dimensions on the shear lag effect will be analyzed. The parameters that are going to stay constant include the beams cross section dimensions b/h = 0.5 m/1.0 m, column cross section dimension c = 0.5 m, column spacing s = 2.4 m, storey height H\({}_{1}\) = 3.5 m and the entire buildings height H = 126 m. The layout ratio of the building will be changed from a rectangular shape to a square shape starting from A/B = 24/43.2 = 0.56 and ending with the final ratio of A/B = 24/24 = 1.0. The value of A is the side of the building parallel to the horizontal load direction (web panel) and the value of B is the side of the building perpendicular to the horizontal load direction (flange panel). The results of the analysis are shown in Figure 11.  
Figure 10: The change in the shear lag effect with the variation of beam height (\(\beta\)—H\({}_{1}\)/h diagram).  
According to the results the following can be concluded:  
1. The 2 nd, 6 th and 12 th storey are in the positive shear lag effect area (\(\beta<1\)). It can be concluded that the largest impact of the positive shear lag effect (lowest \(\beta\)) is seen in the rectangular shaped building with the ratio of floor dimensions of A/B = 0.56 and the smallest impact (highest \(\beta\)) is seen in the square shaped building with the ratio of floor dimensions of A/B = 1.0. In this area the positive shear lag effect is largest in the lowest storey of the building and change (increase) of coefficient \(\beta\) in one storey is more prominent at the lower parts of the building.
2. The transition from the positive to the negative shear lag effect area is no longer unambiguously determined with one location (12 th storey in prior analyses). For the square shape of the building the value of coefficient \(\beta\) = 1 is reached at the 12 th storey, while for the rectangular shape of the building this does not apply. The value of \(\beta\) = 1 for this type of floor dimensions is reached at higher storeys of the building.
3. The negative shear lag effect is largest for the building with the layout dimension ratio of A/B = 0.56 and the smallest for the ratio of A/B = 1.0. Furthermore, the change of coefficient \(\beta\) in one storey due to the variation of layout dimensions in the negative shear lag effect area is more and more prominent as the building rises.  
It can be deduced that the positive and negative shear lag effect are increased with the increase of the building side on which the horizontal loads acts.
## 4 Enabling Technologies for FSO Communication
### Modulation Schemes  
Modulation schemes are fundamental to the robustness and efficiency of FSO communication systems. The choice of modulation technique directly impacts the data rate, power efficiency, and resilience of the communication link, particularly under varying atmospheric conditions. For instance, conventional modulation techniques such as OOK and Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM) are commonly used, but they often suffer from performance degradation under adverse atmospheric conditions. Also, advanced modulation schemes like QAM and Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can be employed to improve data rates and resilience in FSO systems. In addition, the emerging optical spatial modulation (OSM) technique can address the previously mentioned problems associated with conventional modulation schemes and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) setups. This section delves into both conventional and advanced modulation schemes, examining their characteristics, advantages, and limitations in the context of FSOcommunication. A summary of the literature on various modulation formats and their associated metrics for FSO is presented in Table 3.
# A Critical Review of the Status of Current Greenhouse Technology in China and Development Prospects
## 6 Analysis of Key Regions of China's Greenhouse Market
### North and Central China  
Let us take Hebei Province as an example. It is located in the North China Plain, which is both a key province in terms of northern vegetable production facilities and a major supplier of off-season vegetables. Hebei Province has a good solar radiation potential in the winter; therefore, it has been developed as a key province for greenhouse vegetable production; greenhouse vegetables are grown on 240,000 ha, and winter fresh vegetable production is about 100,000 tonnes per day [62]. The average temperature in Hebei Province ranges between \(-8\) and \(-4\)\({}^{\circ}\)C; the wind speed and snowfall are higher in winter and spring, but there are also many sunny days with good solar intensity, and the soil layer is deep, as is the water table.  
Hebei Province's climatic conditions differ greatly from north to south, and its topography is complex and variable, creating a unique regional layout in terms of vegetable production facilities. In the northern part of Hebei Province, where the climate is colder, vegetable growing facilities are dominated by larger solar greenhouses (Section 3.1), which are mainly used for vegetable production before spring and after autumn. Windy coastal areas in north and central China mainly use solar greenhouses that have lower structural heights and smaller spans; regions far from the sea use large solar greenhouses (with larger spans and heights).  
China is focusing on building four vegetable industry production belts in north China, namely the Fuyang River basin vegetable industry belt, the Xiongan fruit and vegetable facilities industry around Beijing, the Tianjin high-end boutique vegetable industry belt, and the provincial capital boutique vegetable industry belt [63]. These four belts are intended to develop modern agriculture and promote the upgrading of the agricultural industry, introduce advanced growing technology and facilities, promote new varieties, and improve the quality and yield of vegetables while also strengthening the processing and marketing of agricultural products.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Preliminary Study to Evaluate the Amount of SSA to Incorporate in the Asphalt Mixtures
#### 3.3.3 Water Sensitivity of the Preliminary Asphalt Mixtures  
After the volumetric characterization, the specimens produced in this preliminary study were used to evaluate the water sensitivity of the asphalt mixtures with SSA. The average results obtained are presented in Table 6, including the indirect tensile strength of the dry (ITSd) and water (ITSw) conditioned specimens, as well as the primary indicator of water sensitivity, the indirect tensile strength ratio (ITSR).  
The results obtained show that the mixtures with SSA have high ITSR values meeting the 70% limit mentioned in Section 2.4.4 for adequate performance in road paving. Furthermore, the ITS values of all asphalt mixtures are elevated. Traditionally, the ITSR results of asphalt mixtures are inversely proportional to their air void contents. However, these mixtures with SSA do not follow this trend since the asphalt mixtures with higher SSA incorporation rates have simultaneously higher air void contents and ITSR values. Thus, it is concluded that the asphalt mixtures with high SSA incorporation rates are not very sensitive to the presence of water due to the excellent SSA affinity with bitumen.  
In conclusion, asphalt mixtures with very high rates of SSA incorporation will not present water sensitivity problems, but should be avoided due to workability issues since they typically show air void contents above the specification limits.
## 4 Evaluation and Implementation
### Performance Simulation  
Firstly, the SNR performance of stochastic logic-based multiplication unit under different bit stream length \(N=4,8,16,...,256\) is shown as Figure 10. Using the proposed adaptive scaling algorithm, the SNR of bipolar scheme [6] and two-line scheme [2] is significantly improved by 12 dB and 8 dB, respectively. Combining the Antithetic Variables method, the SNR is further improved by 6 dB.  
Figure 9: (**a**) The SSM of SFIR Filter with ASA. (**b**) The SSM of SFIR Filter with ASA and AV.  
Afterward, the ASA based SFIR filter with 48-tap under different bit stream length \(N=2,4,8,16,...,1024\) was simulated, and the results are shown in Figure 10(a). The SNR performance gains on the bipolar scheme and two-line scheme are 33 dB and 17 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the ASA-AV-based SFIR filter gained 6 dB on SNR performance compared with the ASA-based scheme. The fix-point TCS-based scheme is also presented in Figure 11 as a comparison, which is optimized using state variable analysis method [18].  
Furthermore, the SNR performance of SFIR filter with bit stream length \(N=256\) under different taps are illustrated as Figure 10(b), which indicates that the proposed ASA method and AV method both contribute stable accuracy gains with increasing filter taps.  
Finally, the magnitude responses of 47-th order lowpass filer under different bit stream length is shown as Figure 12. The proposed ASA method significantly improves the computational accuracy: on the bipolar scheme and the two-line scheme, 33 dB improvement and 9 dB improvement are achieved, respectively, in the case of \(N_{sto}=2^{14}\). In addition, the ASA-AV scheme has 6 dB improvement compared with the ASA scheme.  
Figure 11: SNR performance evaluation on: (**a**) different bit stream lengths; (**b**) different filter taps.  
Figure 10: SNR performance evaluation on stochastic logic-based multiplication unit.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Experimental Tests  
Figure 12 shows the output of the experimental tests performed on the integer (orange curve) and on the fractured (blue curve) samples. As a consequence of the healing process, the secant stiffness of the bone/plate system can improve up to 20.2%. According to experimental tests, the integer sample sustained the load up to 2000 N without damage (the test stopped at 2000 N to prevent prototype failures), while the fractured one failed at 1957 N: the plate remained intact, but the bone broke, in fact a second fracture was indeed visible in proximity of the right lower support. Taking as reference this second result, which was more comparable with an ASTM F382 standard four-point bending test, the peak load was 18% lower than 2400 N, measured for the reference static plate, but it was estimated to be satisfactory, considering the performance of other orthopaedic plates on the market [16]. With reference to finite elements results reported in the previous paragraph, it should be noted how the maximum bending moment from experimental tests has resulted in being equal to 75.3 Nm (obtained by multiplying half load, 978.5 N by its arm equal to 77 mm) which is far beyond 29 Nm applied in the finite element model to compare its results to other obtained for a similar non-dynamizable  
Figure 11: Maximum von Mises stress at 33% of experimental peak static load (660 N): detail of plate components and more stressed screws (\(A\) and \(B\) boxes).  
Figure 10: Maximum contact pressure at the experimental peak static load (2 kN): detail of plate components.  
plate; in addition, even 75.3 Nm did not produced failure of the plate or any of its components in static experimental tests, confirming findings from numerical FE analysis. The same experimental tests allowed us to calculate the bending stiffness of this plate which resulted in being equal to 370 N/mm, that is +46% compared to the static reference plate. Experimental error could not be evaluated since one single specimen was considered; however, similar tests on the reference plate resulted in a 5% variability of results.
## 5 Construction of a Simulation Environment and Evaluation Conditions
### Construction of a Simulation Environment  
We customized a network simulator, _Scenargie_[18], to simulate communication in DTN, and evaluated our proposed protocol and _Epidemic Routing, Spray and Wait_. We implemented the communication algorithm of the proposed protocol in the Base Simulator, and ran Multi-Agent Extension Module and Dot11 Module on it. The language used was C\({}^{++}\), and the development environment was Visual Studio 2010.  
_Scenargie_ consists of four layers, from the physical layer to the application layer. In this simulation, IEEE802.11a was used for the physical layer and the data link layer. IPv4 was used for the network layer. For the transport layer, we used UDP for S\({}_{\text{M}}\) and A\({}_{\text{M}}\), both of which are control bundles, and TCP for R\({}_{\text{M}}\). Since the bundle protocol resides in the application layer in _Scenargie_, the proposed bundle protocol was implemented at the application layer.  
Figure 7: Sequence of communication from a victim terminal to a shelter terminal.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, superelastic (SE) NiTi wire is used to fabricate axially symmetric wire mesh dampers (WMDs) with the expectation of a higher damping capacity. However, the phase transformation damping of the NiTi WMD could be suppressed by the cold-work-induced dislocation. Therefore, the NiTi WMDs were heat-treated and then tested by a hydraulic universal testing machine. The NiTi WMD is found to achieve higher damping capacity when heat-treated at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. However, the WMD heat-treated at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C suffers from a sharp decline in the loss factor in exchange for an improvement in the stiffness. The sine sweep test was then conducted to examine the dependency of the WMD's vibration isolation performance upon the heat treatment temperature and the excitation acceleration. The NiTi WMD outperforms the 304 stainless steel (SS 304) WMD in damping capacity only when the excitation acceleration magnitude is less than 1.5 g. The stiffness of NiTi WMD can be improved without significantly compromising its damping capacity by heat treatment at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min. The present work carries out comprehensive measurements of the NiTi WMD's response to dynamic mechanical test and sine sweep test and addresses how heat treatment influences the stiffness and damping capacity of the SE NiTi WMD.  
wire mesh damper; elastic porous material; pseudoelasticity; heat treatment; sine sweep test; vibration isolation +
Footnote †: journal:  
In contrast to the SM NiTi alloy, the SE NiTi alloy usually has an \(A_{\rm f}\) even lower than room temperature, which allows it to exhibit pseudoelastic behavior without heating. This makes the SE NiTi WMD an excellent solution for passive vibration isolation in aerospace industries. Extensive applications for SE NiTi WMDs have been reported in gear wheel [12], fly-wheel on-orbit vibration-isolation systems [13], and antenna-pointing mechanisms [14].  
Nevertheless, unrecoverable plastic deformation occurs throughout the coiling, winding, and compressing process. From the perspective of material science, the dislocations generated from the cold forming process inhibit the martensite phase transformation and thus undermine the microstructural damping mechanism. As suggested by reference [15], heat treatment can counteract the negative effects of cold work on the phase transformation of NiTi alloy. Research on the heat treatment of SM NiTi WMDs has been conducted by [PERSON] [16] and [PERSON] [17]. However, it is still unclear how heat treatment would influence the SE NiTi WMD's stiffness and damping capacity. Therefore, of particular interest to the authors is regaining the suppressed damping capacity of the SE NiTi wire and achieving an optimized combination of the stiffness and loss factor of the WMD through heat treatment.  
This paper is organized as follows. After a brief description of the experimental procedures, the results of the mechanical response of NiTi WMDs under dynamic load and sine sweep vibration are provided. Finally, attention is focused on clarifying how heat treatment influences the NiTi WMDs' stiffness and damping capacity.
# Approaches and Challenges in Internet of Robotic Things
## 2 IoRT: An Overview
### Robotic and IoRT Enabling Technologies
#### 2.5.1 Robotic Technologies  
The purpose of robotics is to create machines that can support and benefit people. Robotics is the study of creating machines that can replace people and perform human-like tasks. Robotic applications vary according to the environment. In this section, we discuss robots as per IoRT requirements, such as cloud robotics, collaborative robotics, cognitive robotics, fog robotics, network robotics, smart robotics, and swarm robotics [2]. The categorization of different robotic technologies is based on robot functions and numerous interconnected technologies. Cloud robotics uses cloud technology such as processing, storage, and data analysis. HRI is a difficult aspect of robotics, and collaborative robotics aids in the interaction between humans and robots. For intelligent decisions, cognitive behavior is a distinctive trait in robotics, and smart robotics and cognitive robotics play a key part. In communication and computing activities, network robotics and fog robotics are required [1]. Table 2 represents the functions of various robots according to the robotic technologies and purpose.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study investigated experimentally the effect of limestone powder on the composite properties and micromechanical parameters of HDCC in which the cement was partially replaced by limestone powder. From the test results, the following conclusions were drawn.  
1. The compressive strength of the mixtures decreased as the replacement ratio of cement with limestone powder increased. The HDCC45 mixture, in which 45% of the cement was replaced by limestone powder, showed compressive strength over 30 MPa at the age of 28 days, which is the strength value widely used for structural concrete.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Mixture** & \(f_{\textbf{b}}\) **(J/m2)** & \(R_{E}\) **(\(V_{\textbf{b}}\)/\(J_{tip}\))** \\ \hline HDCC0 & 39.1 & 4.8 \\ HDCC15 & 43.1 & 7.2 \\ HDCC30 & 45.4 & 10.9 \\ HDCC45 & 47.6 & 17.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Complementary energy of HDCCs.  
Figure 6: Bridging stress-crack opening displacement relationship of HDCCs.  
2. Although the initial cracking strength and tensile strength of the mixtures decreased with an increase of the replacement ratio of cement with limestone powder, the ratio of tensile strength to initial cracking strength, which is expressed as the stress performance index, increased with an increase of the replacement ratio of cement with limestone powder. It was observed that the tensile strain capacity increased as the stress performance index increased. The tensile strength of HDCC45 was lower by 35% than that of HDCC0. On the other hand, the tensile strain capacity of HDCC45 was higher by 62% than that of HDCC0.  
3. It was observed that the frictional bond strength between the PVA fiber and the matrix, and the fracture energy of the mortar, decreased with an increase of the replacement ratio of cement with limestone powder. The frictional bond strength of the HDCC45 mixture was lower by 38% than that of HDCC0 mixture, and the fracture energy of the HDCC45 mortar mixture was lower by 68.3% than that of HDCC0 mortar mixture. On the other hand, the effect of replacement of cement with limestone powder on the chemical bond strength was negligible.  
4. Micromechanical analysis confirmed that all the mixtures investigated in this study satisfied the strength condition and the energy condition for saturated pseudo-strain hardening behavior of the composite. The stress performance index and the energy performance index of the mixtures increased sequentially as the replacement ratio of cement with limestone powder increased. The energy performance index of the HDCC45 mixture was 17.8, 3.7 times higher than that of the HDCC0 mixture.  
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (No. 2016R1A2B4011810).  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Experimental Results  
To validate the effectiveness of the proposed ADRC combined with improved MPC of HESS in Figure 12, the experimental platform of DC microgrids is built based on Figure 13 and shown in Figure 20. The parameters of the constructed DC microgrid experimental platform are shown in Table 4. The DC microgrids experimental platform consists of a PV generation, 2 battery converters, 2 battery simulators, 1 supercapacitor converter, the supercapacitor, a resistor, a load converter, 2 oscilloscopes, and auxiliary equipment. The PV generation is represented by a current source. The variable load is a closed-loop-controlled resistor. HESS involves 2 battery converters and 1 supercapacitor converter. The controller adopts DSP-TMS320F28335 produced by Texas Instruments (Dallas, TX, USA).  
The bidirectional DC-DC energy storage converters utilize the Intelligent Power Module (IPM) PSS50 SA2 FT of Mitsubishi-electric (Minato District, Tokyo, Japan)as power devices. The maximum voltage of the programmable DC power supply is 600 V. The batteries are represented by the IT-M3400 bidirectional programmable DC power supply produced by ITECH (Nanjing, China). The supercapacitor is produced by GW Instek company (Suzhou, China), and the rated voltage is 48 V, and the capacity is 166 F. The load is IT8900A/E of ITECH company, and the power range is from 2 kW to 54 kW.  
The disturbances of the experiments are introduced by load power variations. The load power decrease is from 80 W to 150 W. The load power increase is from 150 W to 80 W.  
First, the effectiveness of the DC bus voltage compensator to compensate for the bus voltage drop is verified during load variations, the waveforms of the DC bus voltage, the load power, the battery currents, and the supercapacitor current of HESS when PI double closed-loop control used without and with voltage compensation are obtained. Second, the characteristics of the proposed ADRC combined with improved MPC are compared with those of PI double closed-loop control.