## 1 Introduction  
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most destructive natural hazards, causing significant loss of life and huge devastation of property due to their catastrophic nature [1, 2, 3]. Even though 7% of global tropical cyclones occur in the North Indian Ocean (NIO), their devastation is very high because of the shallow waters of the BoB, the low, flat coastal terrain, and the funneling shape of the coastline, which favors strong storm surges [4]. A \"cyclone\" is an intense vortex that mostly originates in warm oceans or a whirl in the atmosphere with very strong winds circulating around it in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and a clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere (IMD). The Bay of Bengal (BoB) and Arabian Sea (AS) are regions prone to TC activity, particularly during the post-monsoon season (October-November-December), as reported by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) for the TCs by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), and the details are discussed in [[https://rsmcnewedlhi.imd.gov.in/](https://rsmcnewedlhi.imd.gov.in/)]([https://rsmcnewedlhi.imd.gov.in/](https://rsmcnewedlhi.imd.gov.in/)) (accessed on 26 February 2025). Understanding the factors influencing TC genesis, intensification, and lifetime in these basins is crucial for improving early warning systemsand disaster preparedness [5]. Several studies have highlighted the role of sea surface temperature (SST) in modulating TC activity [6; 7]. After genesis from a warm ocean surface, tropical cyclonic disturbances can intensify into severe storms by inducing the upward transport of heat fluxes [7]. Warming in the tropical Indian Ocean increased at 0.15 \({}^{\circ}\)C per decade from 1951 to 2015, a faster rate compared to the global ocean's 0.11 \({}^{\circ}\)C per decade [8]. Study has also revealed that this warming was non-uniform, and \(\sim\)90% of it is attributed to anthropogenic activities [9]. Warming of the SST and mid-tropospheric moisture (specific humidity) over the past two decades, which are key ingredients for TC development [10], have been observed over the western and central Indian Ocean. However, one of the few prominent features of local warming is the indication of the potential for surface heat and moisture fluxes capable of fueling a self-sustaining circulation [11]. The availability of moisture from the surface to the middle atmosphere in recent decades is an important factor in the rapid intensification and strengthening of tropical cyclones before their landfall. The North Indian Ocean (NIO) has experienced rising temperatures in recent decades due to global warming [12]. Based on the theory of rising ocean temperatures, [PERSON] [13] suggested that tropical cyclones during 1981-2006 and 2007-2019 showed the strongest intensification, as tropical oceans have continued to warm, contributing to an increase in global tropical cyclones by approximately 3.5% to 4.5% in the period 2007-2019 relative to the earlier base period (1981-2006). Specifically, the BoB basin has shown an upward trend in the intensity of extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCSs). [PERSON] et al. [14], analysis TCs from 2000 to 2021, documented an increase in cyclone frequency in the BoB during November, which may be due to strong warming over the East Equatorial Indian Oceanic (EEIO) region. Under the global warming scenario, there may be other reasons for the rapid intensification of storms before landfall. However, SST and moisture supply are two primary driving factors over the Indian Ocean during the post-monsoon season. We found that SST and moisture supply are among the main components of the rapid intensification of cyclones over the BoB. Table 1 shows the formation of the total number of low-pressure systems and storms over the BoB and Arabian Sea (AS) from November in the last 20 years (2000-2020). There were significant variations in the number of cyclone formations in the first decade, 1991-2000. The number of depressions decreased, while the number of severe cyclones increased.