## 5 Test and Results Regarding Market Participation
### Test Results and Comparisons
In actual trading, energy purchases shift to 16:00-17:00, and purchased energy is sold between 18:00 and 20:00. Finally, between 23:00 and 00:00, batteries are brought to the desired energy level. The energy transactions for April are shown in Figure 6. Energy purchases and sales based on prediction and actual prices are identical until 10:00. Similarly, energy trading is exactly the same after 20:00. According to the prediction, batteries are charged and discharged twice between 12:00 and 21:00, while based on the actual prices, there is one buy-sell transaction within this interval. It should be emphasized that sales are made at peak prices in the 20:00-21:00 interval. The information regarding energy trading for June is provided in Figure 7. It should be noted that trades closely matched the predictions, with minor deviations until 19:00, based on the actual data. Additionally, buying transactions occur during the cheapest price intervals between 06:00 and 08:00 and between 12:00 and 13:00, where it should be emphasized that the actual prices are closely followed. Energy was purchased at actual prices between 20:00 and 21:00 and sold between 21:00 and 22:00, resulting in profit. It  
Figure 5: Energy transactions for February. Figure 6: Energy transactions for April. should be highlighted that this situation significantly contributed to the increase in revenue. However, it should be noted that energy trading only occurs in the day-ahead electricity market and predicting the next 24 h prices from 24 h in advance may make capturing such subtle arbitrages challenging. For October, energy trading is presented in Figure 8. While the realized selling occurred between 01:00 and 02:00, if the actual prices were known, the sale would have taken place between 06:00 and 07:00. Additionally, it should be noted that a significant difference in the actual prices occurs due to the energy buying and selling differences between 07:00-08:00 and 09:00-10:00. A profitable situation is achieved here with the actual prices. However, it should be emphasized that the predictions accurately realize energy purchases at 12:00-13:00 and energy sales at 19:00-20:00. The predictions successfully capture the lowest and highest prices quite accurately. At the end of the day, some energy is purchased to ensure the desired energy level in the SLB. For June, the energy statuses of the selected sample batteries for each EV type are provided in Figure 9. Here, initially, the energy from the battery is sold to the electricity market between 01:00 and 02:00. Then, energy is purchased at the predicted low-price  
Figure 8: Energy transactions for October. Figure 7: Energy transactions for June. interval of 07:00-08:00 to recharge the batteries. Subsequently, it is predicted that the price will rise between 09:00 and 10:00, and the batteries will be discharged again. Additionally, it should be noted that another arbitrage is executed between 12:00-13:00 and 20:00-21:00. In the final hour of the day, energy is purchased to bring the energy level of the batteries to the desired level. In addition, the state of energy changes of the batteries according to the prediction and actual prices for February is discussed in Figure 10. In general, two arbitrages are carried out, namely during 05:00-11:00 and 12:00-21:00, according to the predicted prices, while in the case of actual prices, a total of three arbitrages are carried out and these transactions are carried out in a way to maximize the profit.