## 4 Summary  
The modularity of such a long stator core was necessitated strongly by the thermal expansion coefficient of electrical steel used for this project. The length of the stator blocks was set at 1.3 m, which resulted in the best compromise between the overall cost of the solution, precision of manufacturability, transportation challenges, tolerances of installation, and also flexibility of prototyping, with the test track starting at 10.6 m but also able to be expanded to 60 m (and beyond if necessary). The semi-industrial manufacturing scale posed different challenges than either small-scale, small-volume prototyping or mass-market manufacturing. The target application for this prototype was for investigating electrification of freight forwarding of shipping containers within a seaport.  
As demonstrated in this project, the modular approach proved itself in this case because of the flexibility for providing a shorter test track for the initial testing and a much longer one for further performance tests without the need for significant changes in the manufacturing method. The achieved tolerances were commensurate with the employed technological processes and were perfectly sufficient for the purposes of this very large linear electromagnetic actuator.  
Despite relatively large dimensional changes (as compared to other tolerances), the thermal expansion coefficient was taken into account by designing in and providing sufficient dilatation gaps in the modular stator core assembly. The modular approach provided the required flexibility of the redesign and facilitated relatively low-cost changes in the manufacturing tools required for stamping and cutting the electrical steel laminations for the more challenging parts of the stator cores. The mover parts were manufactured using a different process of laser cutting because the total volume of electrical steel was much smaller. The large longitudinal and lateral forces had to be supported by the main steel construction members, but they also had to be borne and maintained through the lamination clamping and bolting solutions. Glueing the laminations proved to be insufficient during early experimental trials, and a more reliable solution had to be employed, such as welding (stator) or insulated bolting (stator and mover).  
The length of the test track was designed and could be extended to 60 m and beyond, pending further force performance experiments and requirements of the project. The remaining economical and thus practical challenge for devices of this type is the high cost of the stator, due to the large volume of relatively expensive electrical steel laminations.  
Conceptualization, S.Z. and R.R.; methodology, J.R.; writing--original draft preparation, review and editing, S.Z., J.R., and R.R.; project administration, J.R.; funding acquisition, R.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This project was co-sponsored by the European programme Eurostars-2 and Narodowe Centrum Badan i Rozwoju (NCBR)/The National Centre for Research and Development (NCRD) in Poland, project E114573/49/NCBR/2021 \"Innovative Electromagnetic Booster for Sustainable Electric Freight Forwarding\".  
Data are contained within the article.  
The authors are employed by Magneto Sp. z o.o. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} CTE & coefficient of thermal expansion \\ LLEA & large linear electromagnetic actuator \\ GOES & grain-oriented electrical steel \\ NOES & non-oriented electrical steel \\ \end{tabular}