# Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar PV/BG-Powered Heterogeneous Network
###### Abstract
This amount has been growing at a 10% annual rate [12]. The international energy agency (IEA) has predicted in its 2018 world energy outlook (WEO2018) a 27% increase in global energy consumption from 2017 to 2040, which is equal to 3743 million tons of oil [13]. According to [14], the information and communication technology (ICT) sector consumes roughly 5% to 10% of the worldwide electrical generation and contributes about 2% to 4% of the global CO2 emissions. Moreover, the worldwide reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas continue to decrease drastically, triggering the need for alternative energy sources, such as RES [15; 16; 17]. However, maintaining a high quality of service while lowering costs is a challenging problem for mobile industries. Powering BSs using locally available renewable energy sources is a potential solution to the problem. Efficient use of renewable energy is therefore one of the key priorities for the mobile industry to reduce costs and emissions while guaranteeing QoS. Consequently, it is necessary to incorporate sources of locally available RESs with conventional energy/electrical grid systems [15; 16; 17]. Overall, harvesting energy from locally accessible renewable energy sources is becoming a popular and established technique. Firstly, it lessens the reliance on fossil fuels as a sole source of energy. Secondly, these sources are abundant all around the globe. Thirdly, by lowering power generation costs and lowering carbon content, a large quantity of green energy may be harvested from renewable energy sources. Despite the above benefits, there are significant problems associated with generating energy, such as weather conditions and the dynamic nature of renewable energy sources, which can result in energy shortages or outages and negatively impact the QoS. However, combining multiple sources by integrating renewable energy sources with nonrenewable energy sources and suitable energy storage devices can improve QoS. The primary goal of the renewable-energy-powered cellular BS is currently to produce a green mobile communication framework with a minimum net cost. The main focus of this paper is to develop an energy-efficient hybrid supply system to power the green cellular network in Bangladesh, taking into account the locally accessible renewable energy sources. Its main contributions are as follows:  
* It proposes a hybrid solar PV and biomass-based energy supply system with enough energy storage devices for the long-term powering of heterogeneous cellular networks. * Using HOMER optimization software, it investigates the techno-economic viability of the proposed architecture in the context of various system bandwidths. * MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the network's performance in terms of data rate and energy efficacy while considering dynamic traffic profiles. * In contrast to previous concepts [18], it proposes a sleep mode mechanism to schedule bandwidth for NRT as well as IoT applications, thus resulting in considerable power savings and acceptable delays. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is included in Section 2. The proposed HetNet architecture is detailed in Section 3. The cost modeling and optimization formula for the hybrid supply system are described in Section 4. The performance of the HetNet architecture is assessed in Section 5. Several key factors, including optimum system architecture, economic issues, wireless issues, and environmental issues are considered in the performance analysis. Conclusions are finally given in Section 6.