# Developmental History of Soil Concepts from a Scientific Perspective
## 3 Results
### Early Studies of Soil Concepts  
The earliest soil concept publications were identified in all journals and soil science journals available in the Web of Science. In all journals, soil fertility was the earliest concept published in a journal (1908), followed chronologically in the literature by soil productivity, conservation, quality, health, protection, care, security, sustainability, and resilience (Table 4). Soil quality was examined in one article written in German; all the other materials were written in English. Interestingly, the earliest article on soil health was found in a medical journal (Table 4). Soil sustainability and soil resilience were the only concepts that, on the first occasion, were published in soil science journals. When the search window was limited to soil science journals, the order of first appearance for some soil concepts was different from the order for all journals (Table 5). The earliest literature for soil fertility was found in 1917, which was nine years after the article was published in a non-soil-science journal. Ten authors were identified for early studies of soil conservation. The authors ([PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON]) published their article in 1947 in the same issue of _Soil Science Journal_ (SSJ, volume 64, issue 6). The author who published the first articles about soil resilience in the category 'all journal' and soil science journals was [PERSON] [20]. The soil quality concept appeared for the first time in an article in the _Soviet Soil Science-USSR_ (SSS-USSR) in 1971. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Soil Concepts** & **All** & **Soil Science** & **(\%)** \\ \hline Soil Fertility & 12,498 & 3064 & (24.52) \\ Soil Quality & 8029 & 2846 & (35.45) \\ Soil Conservation & 3554 & 883 & (24.85) \\ Soil Health & 1657 & 459 & (27.70) \\ Soil Productivity & 1318 & 483 & (36.65) \\ Soil Protection & 793 & 210 & (26.48) \\ Soil Sustainability & 166 & 57 & (34.34) \\ Soil Resilience & 119 & 64 & (53.78) \\ Soil Security & 33 & 15 & (45.45) \\ Soil Care & 21 & 6 & (28.57) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Number of publications using soil concepts in all journals and soil science journals. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Soil Concepts** & **Year** & **Author** & **Title of Published Article** & **Name of Journal** & **Volume** & **Issue** & **Pages** \\ \hline Soil Fertility & 1908 & [PERSON], and & The isolation of picoline carboxylic acid from soils & _Journal of the American Chemical Society_ & 30 & 8 & 1295-1307 \\ Soil Productivity & 1910 & [PERSON] & The Effect of Earthworms on Soil Productiveness & _Journal of Agricultural Science_ & 3 & 246-257 \\ Soil Conservation & 1926 & [PERSON] & Future Trends in Soil Conservation & _Industrial and Engineering Chemistry_ & 18 & 1034-1040 \\ Soil Quality & 1939 & [PERSON] & [PERSON]/The science of soil basis of & _Naturwissenschaftften_ & 27 & 374-376 \\  & & & German soil quality evaluation) & & & \\ Soil Health & 1951 & [PERSON] & Soil, Health, and the Detail Protection & _Journal of Prosthetic Deriststry_ & 1 & 5 & 508-522 \\ Soil Protection & 1953 & [PERSON] & Cabgrass for Soil Protection and Forage & _Agranomy Journal_ & 45 & 3 & 123-123 \\ Soil Care & 1972 & Anonymous & Soil Care & _Agriculture Journal_ & 79 & 12 & 549-550 \\ Soil Security & 1985 & [PERSON] and & Soil Security Test for Water Retaining Structures & _Journal of Medicinal Engineering-ASCE_ & 111 & 3 & 298-301 \\ Soil Sustainability & 1992 & [PERSON] & Achieving Soil Sustainability & _Journal of Soil and Water Conservation_ & 47 & 2 & 156–157 \\ Soil Resilience & 1993 & [PERSON] & Tillage Effects on Soil Degradation, Soil Resilience, Soil Quality, and Sustainability-Introduction & _Sol \& Tilage Research_ & 27 & 1-4 & 1–8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Search results for soil concepts found in articles in all (soil and non-soil science) journals (1900 to 2018) available at Web of Science.