# IoT-Based Solid Waste Management Solutions: A Survey
## 5 Value Chain of IoT-Based Waste Management Systems  
Understanding the integration of several empowering technologies in a system (such as data acquisition and network transmission) offers an improved insight into the meaning of each functionality within the context of IoT [57]. An overview of how these technologies play a key role in an IoT-based solid waste management system is presented in this section. A set of activities is appropriately related from the beginning of its cycle through the identification of each compartment. It is associated with a useful sensing and capable of accurately presenting service level conditions with adequate communication and capable of providing the minimum requirements necessary for the proper functioning of this system. Moreover, an applied computation is added to break the information that meets the users' need within a large amount of collected data accessed by simple services, and it is easy to use until semantic representation of information through an object. Figure 3 illustrates this value chain for IoT-based waste management systems. Figure 2: Layered architecture for waste management systems. As may be seen in Figure 3, the proposed value-chain for IoT-based waste management systems considers the following aspects that are described as follows:  
* **Identification. ** For IoT, classifying services and linking them to demand is extremely important, so various identification methods are supported by IoT, such as the electronic product code (EPC) and ubiquitous codes (uCode) [58], and GPS trackers [59], which will determine the exact location. The key to identifying a particular object within a telecommunication network is to provide you with an ID and address. The ID refers to the name of the object, e.g., \"P1\" for a specific pressure sensor and its address refers to a number that identifies that device within the network. The methods of object nesting within an IoT network may include Internet Protocol version 4 and version 6 (IPv4 and IPv6). The IPv6 on low power personal networks (6 LoWPAN) [60] provides a compression mechanism over headers. As a method of identifying objects within a network, public IP addressing is used. * **Sensing. ** Sensing means to capture specific and relevant data from objects on a network and send them to a database or cloud so that they can be analyzed and serve as the basis for decision making in a particular service. Sensors can be classified as intelligent [61], such as actuators [62], or sensitive portable devices. Many IoT solutions associate sensors with single board computers (SBCs) that are devices (for example, Arduino Yun, Raspberry PI, Beagle Bone Black) which connect to application software in a central management to provide information that clients need. * **Communication. ** In order to integrate different objects and provide specific services within an IoT environment, it is necessary to apply communication technologies such as Wi-Fi [63], Bluetooth [64], Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 [51], LoRa [65], wave Z, GSM/GPRS, broadband code division multiple access (WCDMA), long term evolution (LTE) and Advanced LTE [66, 67], near field communication (NFC) [68], Ultra-wideband (UWB) [69] and 6 LoWPAN [60, 70], and the IoT nodes must operate with low power consumption. RFID [71] is a specific communication technology that can also be considered where a query signal is emitted from the RFID reader against a label called TAG that reflects and returns to the reader. There are different types of TAGs; active TAGs that are battery powered; passive TAGs that operate without the presence of a battery for power supply; and semipassive TAGs that, when necessary, use the board supply [72]. NFC technology operates in a high-frequency band of 13.56 MHz with rates of 424 kbps in a band of a distance of up to 10 cm [60]. UWB, also known as 802.15.3, is a communications technology designed by the IEEE to operate within areas of low coverage and bandwidth requirements. [69].