## 5 Results and Discussions  
Figure 6 shows the distribution of crashes based on type, while Figure 7 shows the same on the basis of crash reasons. Using Equation (4), rankings were calculated for each crash type and reason, and are presented in Tables 4 and 5. These tables also show the weights of each criterion and the CI for each matrix, calculated as per Equations (2) and (3). Table 4 shows that \"collision\" was the highest-contributing type of crash to fatal and serious injury crashes in the study, followed by \"vehicle overturned\" and \"hit pedestrian\". Figure 6 also points to the same fact. Table 5 shows that \"sudden lane changing\" was the highest contributing reason for fatal and serious injury crashes, followed by the vehicle overturning. This finding was also corroborated by the fact that the most common type of crash was the \"collision\", which is bound to happen during the sudden turning of a vehicle. Other major contributing reasons to fatal and serious injury crashes were speeding and not giving way. The trends are also evident in Figure 7.  
Inconsistency for these weights was also found to be 0, for the reasons explained above for the crash types. Figures 8 and 9 show the distribution of crash severities based on crash types and reasons, respectively. The rankings of each severity on the basis of each criterion were calculated as per Equation (5). These rankings are shown in Tables 6 and 7. The weights for each crash severity based on each criterion are also shown in these tables. The inconsistency check was not required since there were only two outcomes to be compared. The chances of inconsistency are produced through multiple pairwise comparisons. This is the reason that the inconsistency ratios (IRs) for 1 and 2 dimensional matrices are given as \"0\" [35]. Fatal crashes had the highest weight among \"vehicle overturned\" crashes, while the highest for serious injury crashes was when \"hit motorcycle\" occurred. The crash type \"collision\" also had a relatively high weight for fatal crashes. It should be noted that a higher weight for a certain severity level reduces the weight for the others, as the total of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Crash Severity** & **Fatal** & **Serious Injury** & **Weights** \\ \hline Driver distraction & & & \\ \hline Fatal & 1 & 0.14 & 0.27 \\ \hline Serious injury & 7.14 & 1 & 0.73 \\ \hline Speeding & & & \\ \hline Fatal & 1 & 0.23 & 0.32 \\ \hline Serious injury & 4.35 & 1 & 0.68 \\ \hline Not giving way & & & \\ \hline Fatal & 1 & 0.15 & 0.28 \\ \hline Serious injury & 6.67 & 1 & 0.72 \\ \hline Sudden lane changing & & & \\ \hline Fatal & 1 & 0.26 & 0.34 \\ \hline Serious injury & 3.85 & 1 & 0.66 \\ \hline Insufficient safe distance & & & \\ \hline Fatal & 1 & 0.22 & 0.32 \\ \hline Serious injury & 4.54 & 1 & 0.68 \\ \hline Others & & & \\ \hline Fatal & 1 & 0.36 & 0.38 \\ \hline Serious injury & 2.78 & 1 & 0.62 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Ranking and relative weights for the severity of crashes according to crash reasons. Figure 9: Distribution of fatal and serious injury crashes according to crash reasons. the weights should be \"1\". It seems that the chances of fatalities in crashes increase when a vehicle is overturned, which could be due to the loss of control by the driver. These observations are also confirmed in Figure 8. The total weights were calculated as per Equation (6) for different crash severities, and they are given in Table 6 based on different crash types and reasons. Inconsistency calculations were not required, as explained earlier for crash types. The fatal crashes had the highest weight for \"sudden lane changing\" crashes, while the highest weight for serious injury crash was from \"driver distraction\", and \"leaving insufficient safe distance\" and \"speeding\" also caused similar and relatively high weights for fatal crashes.