# Diversity of Potential (Bio)Technological Applications of Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids
## 2 Bioapplications of AA ILs: An Overview
### AA ILs as Catalysts
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**AA IL Catalyst** & **Reaction/Mechanism** & **Advantages of the AA IL Catalyst** & **References** \\ \hline
[Pro][HSO\({}_{4}\)], [Gly][HSO\({}_{4}\)], & \multirow{2}{*}{esterification} & _Target product(s):_ & [215] \\
[Ala][HSO\({}_{4}\)] & & 99.9\% yield of ethyl valerate & \\ \hline
[P\({}_{4444}\)][Z-Asp] & \multirow{2}{*}{enzymatic synthesis of a model peptide, Z-APM} & the IL is both media and substrate & \\  & & much higher productivity compared & \\
[P\({}_{4444}\)][Z-Asp] & & & much higher productivity compared & \\  & & model peptide, Z-APM & with conventional IL reaction media & \\  & & for proteases & \\ \hline
[Gly][NO\({}_{3}\)] (*), & \multirow{2}{*}{Biginelli condensation} & _Target product(s):_ & \\
[Gly][SO\({}_{4}\)] & & 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones & [217] \\
[Gly][Cl] & & (*) 92\% yield of dihydropyrimidinone & \\ \hline
[Pro\({}_{\text{N}4,A}\)][Br] & cycloaddition reaction &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Target product(s):_ \\ cyclic carbonate \\ 83\% yield of styrene carbonate; \\ 98\% selectivity \\ \end{tabular} & [218] \\ \hline
[N\({}_{2222}\)][Pro] & \multirow{2}{*}{click reaction} & _Target product(s):_ & \\
[N\({}_{2222}\)][OH\({}_{\text{H}}\)-Pro] & & 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazolecles & \\
[Emim][Pro] & & the yield of the derivatives is from & \\
[Emim][OH\({}_{\text{H}}\)-Pro] & & traces to 99\% & \\ \hline
[Emim][Pro] & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] additions of cyclohexanones} & _Target product(s):_ & \\  & & chalcones & \\
[Emim][Pro] & [PERSON] additions of cyclohexanones & the yield of the derivatives is within & \\  & & the range of & \\  & & 85–98\%; moderate to good & \\  & & enantioselectivity (16–94\%) & \\ \hline
[Bmim][Pro] supported on polystyrene & \begin{tabular}{c} N-arylation/ \\ Buchwald–Hartwig \\ amation \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} _Target product(s):_ \\ N-(4-methoxyphenyl)Jimidazole \\ derivatives \\ the yield of the derivatives is from \\ traces to 97\% \\ \end{tabular} & [221] \\ \hline p-toluenesulffonic acid ionic liquid ([Lys][p-TSA])– lipase system & \
\begin{tabular}{c} degradation of \\ poly(lactide)/poly(butylene \\ adipate-co-terephthalate \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} weight loss of the blend at optimal \\ conditions reached 31.59\% after \\ 49 days, which was 3.79 times higher \\ than that of the PLA/PBAT blend \\ without [Lys][p-TSA] \\ \end{tabular} & [222] \\ \hline
[Bmim][Pro] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} degradation of \\ polyethylene terephthalate \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} weight loss of the blend at optimal \\ conditions reached 31.59\% after \\ 49 days, which was 3.79 times higher \\ than that of the PLA/PBAT blend \\ without [Lys][p-TSA] \\ \end{tabular} & [223] \\ \hline
[Ch][Met] & \multirow{2}{*}{hydrolysis of paraoxon (organophosphorus (*) \(\tau 1/2=19.8\) min (224)} \\
[Ch][Gly] &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Target product:_ \\ bis-hydroxyethyl \\ terephthalate \\ \end{tabular} & [225] \\ \hline
[Ch][Gly] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} glycolysis of poly(ethylene \\ terephthalate) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Target product:_ \\ bis-hydroxyethyl \\ terephthalate – 51\% yield; \\ 85\% conversion of the starting \\ material \\ \end{tabular} & [223] \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* The highest yields, obtained at optimal reactions are shown.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._