# Performance Analysis of Downlink 5G Networks in Realistic Environments
## 1 Introduction
* Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Index Modulation (OFDM-IM): Combines OFDM with IM by activating a subset of subcarriers to carry information, enhancing both spectral efficiency and bit error rate (BER) performance [6; 8; 9]. * Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing with Index Modulation (GFDM-IM)**: Extends the concept of IM to GFDM systems, offering better error performance and flexibility in multicarrier systems [10; 11]. Moreover, IM has the following applications in 5G systems:
* Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): IM techniques can support high data rates and improved spectral efficiency, which are essential for eMBB services [7]. * Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTCs): The energy efficiency of IM makes it suitable for mMTCs, where numerous devices require low-power communication [7]. * Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC): IM can help achieve the low latency and high reliability required for URLLC applications by optimizing resource usage [7]. It is essential to acknowledge that the rollout and accessibility of 5G networks and services differ from one region and country to another. Network operators are slowly implementing 5G infrastructure, and the complete potential of 5G technology is anticipated to be achieved gradually as additional devices, applications, and industries take advantage of its features. The term \"cells\" refers to the small hexagonal geographic areas that constitute 5G networks, which are the fifth generation of cellular networks. Before the final deployment of 5G, as described in [12], research centers must manage certain needs. Therefore, mobile operators are battling to increase their capacity without sacrificing the quality of service (QoS) to address the issue of a lack of resources [13]. Fifth-generation network infrastructure is built on the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band [14; 15; 16; 17], which can provide broadband access to a wide range of low-latency, high-speed, and high data rates. In addition, mm-wave antennas are ideal for many Internet of Things (IoT) applications that require specialized and compact components. Capacity is projected to be maximized under these conditions. On the other hand, signal strength is affected by propagation phenomena, and this situation necessitates the use of small cell sizes for Wi-Fi and cellular network structures. As a result, the performance of such systems should be evaluated in real-world settings, considering propagation phenomena in various contexts, such as dens-urban, urban, suburban, and rural. In mobile communications, the signal sent must be strong enough to satisfy the network QoS standards while providing adequate coverage across the service region. Typically, the required strength at the receiver is not obtained in real-world situations with multipath propagation phenomena, such as diffraction, scattering, or reflection. Therefore, the path loss effect should be considered in the performance evaluation and capacity bounds analysis of such systems under diverse propagation conditions. The primary contributions of this research are summarized below. * This work is a continuation of the research presented in [18]. * The work presented at the conference focused on deriving 5G performance and capacity bounds for a single-service example. The capacity bounds are also derived in this enhanced version for multiservice applications, and the capacity of 5G networks is evaluated accordingly. * This research study derives capacity bounds in various propagation scenarios while considering mobility scenarios and two crucial elements that affect performance: interference and restricted transmission power. * Based on the multiservice case of the derived capacity bounds, new numerical results with a discussion and explanation of the new results are presented in this extended version, taking into consideration the cell breathing phenomenon, which affects cell coverage and capacity by considering different cell sizes.