## 3 Results
### Evaluation of Macro and Micro Elements of GTW and GSW Samples by ICP-OES Method  
In Table 2, GSW and GTW macro and micro element contents are detailed. All the measurements were performed in triplicate and the deviation standard for all the samples ranged between 0.01-0.08%. It is worth underscoring that, except for sodium ions, all the macro-micro element concentrations were considerably higher in GSW samples; this outcome could be due to their significant presence in sea water physical binding with polar residues of both carbohydrate and protein residues inside _Gnocchi_ dough. In fact, macro-micro elements could physically interact with potatoes amylopectin/amylose polar residues, as following demonstrated by morphological and thermal properties and widely reported in the literature [23]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Sample** & **\% NaCl Content** & **\% NaCl Gain (+), Losing (–)** \\ \hline Raw GTW & 1.81 & - \\ GTW cooked in 10\% _w/_s_alted water & 3.00 & +65.7 \\ GTW cooked in unsaltedWater & 0.50 & \(-72.4\) \\ Raw GSW & 2.00 & - \\ GSW cooked in unsaltedWater & 1.40 & \(-30.0\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: NaCl content of raw and cooked GTW and GSW _Gnocchi_. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Sample/Elements** & **Na** & **Ca** & **K** & **Mg** & **Fe** & **Cu** & **Sr** & **Zn** & **I** \\ \hline GTW & 80 & 240 & 1870 & 285 & 11.735 & 2.179 & 1.970 & 11.130 & 0.010 \\ \hline GSW & 50 & 340 & 2500 & 700 & 17.690 & 2.905 & 4.607 & 14.095 & 0.041 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Macro-micro elements of GTW and GSW samples expressed in mg/kg. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium contribute to developing vital cell functions, particularly as heart excitability is concerned. They are key elements for myocardial movement and activation of enzymatic systems [24; 25]. Calcium and magnesium results are higher than those reported by [PERSON] et al. [26]. Magnesium is contained in many foods; however, about 80% of this metal is lost during food processing and as a consequence, a large percentage of people all over the world do not meet the minimum daily magnesium requirement [27]. This mineral activates several biochemical reactions all necessary for proper functioning of the human body. Magnesium has a role in controlling the transport of most minerals, including calcium, potassium, and sodium, in order to exploit their function such as nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and in maintaining heart rhythm [28]. Potassium is an essential mineral and also an electrolyte, mainly found in the intracellular fluid where it is the most important positive ionic strength and is required for normal cell function because of its role in maintaining intracellular fluid volume and transmembrane electrochemical gradients. Along with sodium, it regulates the right heartbeat to tune and stabilize the blood pressure, tunes the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, stimulates the elimination of toxic residues in the body [29]. Zinc and copper are essential elements for the human body and they result in chronic and acute effects in case of their deficiency [30]. About 99% of Zinc is intracellular while the rest is in plasma. The function of zinc in cells and tissues is dependent on metallic proteinase and these enzymes are associated with reproductive, neurological, immune, dermatological systems. It is essential for normal spermatogenesis and maturation, genomic integrity of sperm, for normal organogenesis, proper functioning of neurotransmitters, proper development of the thymus, proper epithelialization in wound healing, taste sensation, secretion of pancreatic and gastric enzymes [31]. Copper plays a very important role in human metabolism particularly because it allows many critical enzymes to function properly. In human blood, copper is principally distributed between the erythrocytes and in the plasma. In erythrocytes, 60% of copper occurs as copper-zinc metallic-enzyme superoxide dismutase [32].