## 5 Conclusions  
China's urbanization not only determines the future development of its own country but also influences the global urbanization development process. Due to the differences in population, land use, and ecological environment, different urbanization systems have different characteristics. This study analyzes the coupling coordination degree and decoupling relationship between the population, urbanization, and ecological environment, which provide effective support for promoting the coordinated development of the population, land, and environment in specific regions. The conclusions of this study are as follows. (1) This study established a comprehensive index system using the population, economy, society, space, environmental pressure, ecological governance, ecological status, ecological services, etc. It combined the coupling coordination degree model and the decoupling index to establish the evaluation framework of the population-urbanization-ecological environment. (2) During the construction of the new type of urbanization in China over the past 10 years, the coupling coordination degree has increased from 0.54 to 0.60. The coupling coordination degree of different urbanizations has been improved to a certain extent, indicating that China's new type of urbanization is on the road to sustainable economic development, population quality, and ecological environment. (3) The decoupling relationship between China's overall population-urbanization-ecological environment indicates that the decoupling of population and social urbanization from environmental pressure is more obvious. In contrast, the economy and spatial urbanization are still relatively extensive, which creates a certain environmental pressure. (4) This study found that the greater the decoupling of environmental pressure from urbanization and population, the more conducive it is to improving the coupling coordination degree of the population-urbanization-ecological environment, and the more conducive it is to the balance between the population, land, and nature. In general, rational urbanization development strategies can optimize demographic, social, ecological, and economic sustainability. The relationship between the population, urbanization, and the ecological environment is an important topic in studying natural and human-influenced processes in sustainable development. This study verifies the conflict and coordination among the three components of the new type of urbanization in China. Although the new type of urbanization has achieved some success, China still has a long way to go before achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations from economic, social, and environmental perspectives [22; 57]. In addition, the basic conditions and urbanization paths vary among countries, and it is necessary for developing countries to learn from the lessons of the past in the urbanization process and to develop a green development path that is different from the old \"pollute first, treat later\" path of the West. C.Y. : conceptualization, methodology, software, data curation, writing--original draft preparation, visualization; Q.S. : conceptualization, methodology, writing--review and editing, visualization; data curation. J.L. : Conceptualization, methodology, writing--review and editing, visualization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** Projects of the Fujian Social Science Foundation (No. FJ2022C097); projects of the Fuzhou Philosophy and Social Science Foundation (No. 2023 FZC32); The Project Supported by the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources (No. LMEE-KF2023002). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.