## 4 Discussion
### Sex Ratio of Copepods  
Unbalanced sex ratios were discovered at the beginning of the 20 th century by [PERSON] [92]. [PERSON] [40] reviewed the sex ratio of 12 copepod families and pointed out that the values varied between 0.15 and 1.1. The general sex ratios were higher and had a wider range of variation in broadcast spawners than in sac spawners (Table 4). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [93] reported that the sex ratio of _Temora longicornis_ was lowest with 0.75 during February to October in 1947 and the highest number was recorded with 1.63 during March to September in 1993. The sex ratio of _Temora stylifera_ ranged from 0.32 (from September 1971 to August 1973) to 1.27 (during September 1986 to June in 1988). The present study found that _T. turbinata_ and the other two congener species (_T. longicornis_ and _T. stylifera_) show similar changes in sex ratio. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & **Sex Ratios** & **Period** & **Location** & **References** \\ \hline Family Acartiidae & & & & \\ _Acartia bifilosa_ & 0.59 & January/1970-October/1971 & Kiel Bay, Baltic & Schnack [94] \\ _A. bifilosa_ & 0.35 & January–December/1993 & Southampton Water, UK & [PERSON] et al. [95] \\ _Acartia clausi_ & 0.72 & April–December/1993 & Southampton Water, UK & [PERSON] et al. [95] \\ _A. clausi_ & 0.2 & September/1986–June/1988 & Golfe du Lion, Mediterranean & Kouwenberg [47] \\ _A. clausi_ & 0 & September/1986–June/1988 & Golfe du Lion, Mediterranean & Kouwenberg [47] \\ _A. clausi_ & 0.75 & January–October/1933 & Loch Striven, Scotland & Marshall [96] \\ _A. clausi_ & 0.56 & January–November/1947 & Plymouth Area, English & Digby [97] \\ _A. clausi_ & 0.75 & November/1971– & Damarsicotta River estuary, USA & Lee and McAlice [98] \\ _Acartia discaudata_ & 0.89 & March–December/1993 & Southampton Water, UK & [PERSON] et al. [95] \\ _A. discaudata_ & 0.45 & January/1970-October/1971 & Kiel Bay, Baltic & Schnack [94] \\ _Acartia longiremis_ & 0.67 & January/1970-October/1971 & Kiel Bay, Baltic & Schnack [94] \\ _A. longiremis_ & 0.18 & October/1985– & Balsfjorden, Norway & Norrbin [99] \\ _A. longiremis_ & 0.39 & November/1971– & Damarsicotta River estuary, USA & Lee and McAlice [98] \\ _Acartia onori_ & 0.79 & November/1986–July/1987 & Fukuyama Harbor, Inland Sea of Japan & Liang and Uye [100] \\ _Acartia tonsa_ & 0.39 & January/1970-October/1971– & Kiel Bay, Baltic & Schnack [94] \\ _A. tonsa_ & 1.44 & November/1971– & Damarsicotta River estuary, USA & [PERSON] and McAlice [98] \\ Family Calanidae & & & & \\ _Calanus_ & 0 & August/1950–August/1961 & Scoresby Sound, East & Digby [101] \\ _Finnarchicus_ & 0.23 & February–August/1933 & Scottish Waters & Gibbons [102] \\ _Calanus_ & 0.25 & June/1933–May/1934 & Oslo Fjord, Norway & Wiborg [103] \\ _Finnarchicus_ & 0.18 & September/1986–June/1988 & Golfe du Lion, Mediterranean & Kouwenberg [47] \\ _C. helgolandicus_ & 0.08 & September/1986–June/1988 & Golfe du Lion, Mediterranean & Kouwenberg [47] \\ _C. helgolandicus_ & 0.04 & 3 seasons & North Aegean Sea & Moraitou-Apostolopoulou [104] \\ _Calanus minor_ & 0.28 & 3 seasons & North Aegean Sea & Moraitou-Apostolopoulou [104] \\ _Calanus_ & 0.01 & 3 seasons & North Aegean Sea & Moraitou-Apostolopoulou [104] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Field adult sex ratio of planktonic copepods (adopted from [PERSON] and Kierboe [93]).