# Contamination in Bone Substitute Materials: A Systematic Review  
[PERSON]  
1 Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
3 Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 35 Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 51 Department of Organic Chemistry, Biorganica Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzzywoustego 4, 4-100 Gliwice, Poland 1  
[PERSON]  
4 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 42 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 4  
[PERSON]  
4 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 4  
[PERSON]  
3 Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 35 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 51 Department of Organic Chemistry, Biorganica Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzzywoustego 4, 4-100 Gliwice, Poland 1  
[PERSON]  
5 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; 51 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Kregeneration processes are frequently insufficient in cases of significant bone deficit. In such cases, bone grafting is one of the most frequently employed surgical techniques for augmenting bone tissue [2]. Bone substitute materials are pivotal in clinical applications for bone tissue regeneration and repair. These materials must closely replicate the properties of natural bone, including chemical composition, phase composition, and microstructure [2]. Their clinical relevance spans a variety of orthopedic and dental procedures, such as bone grafting, fracture repair, and the reconstruction of bone defects resulting from trauma, tumors, or congenital conditions [2]. The purity of bone substitute materials is crucial for their clinical efficacy and safety. Impurities in these materials can significantly compromise biocompatibility, potentially leading to adverse reactions like inflammation, infection, or material rejection by the body [3]. Contaminants can also impair the material's bioactivity, undermining its ability to support new bone formation through osteoconduction or osteoinduction. For example, residual cellular debris, foreign particles, or unintended phases might trigger immune responses, disrupting the healing process and increasing the risk of implant failure. Additionally, impurities can adversely affect the mechanical properties of bone substitutes. Unwanted phases or structural irregularities may weaken the material, reducing its durability and making it susceptible to degradation under physiological stress [2; 3; 4]. This is especially critical for applications requiring mechanical support, where the material's strength and longevity are essential for the success of the implant. In clinical settings, the use of high-purity bone substitute materials is essential for ensuring effective structural and functional integration with host bone while minimizing the risk of complications. Achieving the desired biomechanical properties often necessitates precise control over the material's chemical composition, phase purity, and microstructure. Consequently, the strategic use of combinations of structurally distinct compounds is common, allowing for the optimization of material properties to meet specific clinical requirements while maintaining high standards of purity [3].