# Managing a Smart City Integrated Model through Smart Program Management
## 1 Introduction  
Smart cities represent a future challenge, they are a city model where technology is a service for the people and a means for improving the quality of their economic and social life [1]. Since its origin, the Smart city concept has evolved from the execution of specific projects to the implementation of global strategies to deal with wider city challenges [2]. This concept implies a comprehensive approach to managing and developing a city that is able to balance technological, economic, and social factors involved in an urban ecosystem. A city can be viewed as a system of systems in a particular social andeconomic framework where all the systems work together [3]. Simply infusing intelligence into each subsystem of a city is not enough to become a smarter city [4]. Rather, a Smart city should be viewed as a large organic system [5] where city administrations develop an integrated city-planning framework, based on deciding where their internal expertise lie and identifying the city's core competencies. The interrelationship between the Smart city's core systems can make the \"system of systems\" smarter because no system can operate in isolation [6]. Many functions such as those serving individuals, buildings, and traffic systems are being automated in a way that enables policy makers to monitor, understand, analyze, and plan the city, improving aspects such as efficiency, equity, and quality of life for its citizens in real time [7]. Consequently, enormous amounts of data are automatically and routinely generated by access and interaction with a wide variety of devices, such as smartphones, computers, surveillance cameras, home appliances, sensors, commercial transactions, social networking sites, global positioning systems, and games [8]. Given these premises, Smart city projects need to adopt an integrated model of data and services from heterogeneous sources and multiple providers to ultimately allow the collaboration among different actors and coordinate the management of different initiatives in order to maximize the synergy between them, reuse common components, and align the management based on changes that may occur over time. The integrated management of related projects [9] is a prerequisite to obtain benefits and optimize and/or integrate costs, time, effort, and common assets. However, it requires the adoption of structured management processes [10]. Unfortunately, the current lack of integration between smart projects does not achieve these important synergies, making it difficult to communicate the improved smartness of the city to citizens [11]. Projects focused on individual smart dimensions--mobility, environment, people, living, governance, economy, etc. [12]--are no longer required, but instead a systemic and integrated approach that enhances the interoperability and scalability of solutions is needed. As so, management of smart projects must also be smart and a Smart city should be conceived as a solution that effectively integrates bi-dimensional assets, which are application domains and technology layers. Nonetheless, an integrated management of projects goes beyond the objectives of ordinary project management as the latter focuses on the management of individual project initiatives by providing ad hoc processes and support methods and techniques. For example, the Project Management Institute in the well-known Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) [9], currently in its seventh edition, identifies 49 different processes for effectively managing a single project in compliance with the time, cost, and quality desired. Managing integration between different projects requires more than that. For this purpose, the Project Management Institute (PMI) introduces the concepts of \"program\" (i.e., a set of correlated and interrelated projects), as well as \"program management\" (i.e., the set of additional processes, methods, and techniques that are all necessary to achieve an integrated management of the projects contained in a program).