# An Overview of Fog Computing and Edge Computing Security and Privacy Issues
## 7 Future of Fog and Edge Computing and How That Will Affect IoT and Smart Cities  
Fog and edge computing technologies are going to revolutionize the current picture of the wireless communication networks, with their efficiency, effectiveness, delay-free services, real-time applications and performance enhancement capabilities. Not only this, but these technologies are also expected to increase the performance efficiency and service delivery of other technologies such as IoT. IoT technology has received immense attention not only from the academic side but from the industrial side as well. It is basically the upcoming new era of 'connectivity everywhere'. According to the author of [58], it is estimated that more than 20 billion devices would be connected by the end of 2020 that will be present in various business organization, industrial departments and consumer side. As per the article [59], there will be more than 21 billion devices connected by the year 2025. As the technology is advancing, the IoT is flourishing at a great pace with increased number of sensors that are assigned to \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Countermeasures** & **Brief Description** \\ \hline Edge Node Security & Same level of security must be applied on all nodes of the edge network to ensure proper safety protocols. In case of different security levels, the attacker may break through the node having weak security algorithm. \\ \hline Full-time Monitoring & It refers to constantly keep an eye on all the edge nodes and provide network visibility to the users in an interactive interface. \\ \hline Proper Encryption & It involves a complex algorithm or a secret key which is properly secured and shared between the legitimate sender and receiver that allows the genuine users to decrypt the algorithm and access the data. \\ \hline Intrusion Detection System & It is a system which informs the user about any anomaly or unauthorized access it detects in the system. \\ \hline User Behavior Profiling & It refers to the observation, monitoring and maintenance of general behavior of users so that any activity apart from the normal behavior will determine the presence of an attacker. \\ \hline Cryptographic Techniques & These techniques are used to deal with the security attacks launched by hackers and intruders by using a secret key. \\ \hline Data Confidentiality & This mechanisms deal with different privacy issues that are caused by the illegal data operations, loss of data, data manipulation, data breach etc. by network attackers. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Security attacks and privacy-preserving countermeasures in edge. various devices to efficiently handle the large amount of data being generated and store it on regular basis. The applications of IoT require cloud technology for processing. However, as the number of IoT devices is increasing, so is the data being generated by them due to which the IoT devices can no longer depend on any central entity such as cloud computing to perform processing of such large amount of data, rather it requires a technology that can not only handle its large amount of data and service applications but also manage and control numerous sensors, actuators, device users, operations and connectivity by bringing processing facilities nearer to users. The traditional cloud computing is unable to solve the issues related to time sensitivity and connectivity. Whereas in IoT, there are large number of areas where even a delay of a microsecond can cause huge consequences like in the field of telemedicine, healthcare centers, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, security departments and many more. Hence, fog computing is being considered to be a better choice for employing with IoT technology. The devices present on the edge generate data from their allotted areas and transmit to nearest fog nodes for analysis and decisions.