## 6 Illustrative Case Study and Discussion
### Conflict over the Gadeok Island New Airport Project
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Date** & **Major Event** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{December 2006} & The president ordered a review of the construction of a new airport in the southeastern region \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{December 2009} & Miryang and Gadeok Island in Busan were selected as candidate sites \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{December 2011} & The president made a decision to cancel the project \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{December 2012} & The presidential candidate promised to implement the project again \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{June 2016} & Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport presented a plan to expand the Gimhae Airport \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{April 2017} & The preliminary feasibility study of the Gimhae New Airport \\  & was completed \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{December 2018} & Establishment of a master plan for the Gimhae New Airport \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{April 2019} & The Busan–Ulsan–Gyeongnam Review Committee concluded that the Gimhae New Airport is unsuitable \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{June 2019} & Prime minister’s Office launched the Gimhae New Airport \\  & Review Committee \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{November 2020} & The Gimhae New Airport Review Committee announced that the Gimhae New Airport project needs re-consideration \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{November 2020} & The ruling party proposed a special law for the construction of a new airport on Gadeok Island \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{February 2021} & A special law was enacted for the construction of a new airport on Gadeok Island \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{April 2022} & The preliminary feasibility study of the Gadeok Island New Airport \\  & was completed \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{August 2022} & Commencement of a master plan establishment service \\ \cline{2-2}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Progress of the Gadeok Island New Airport Project. Figure 3 presents the KPE results of the Gadeok New Airport Project from 2008 to 2022. A total of 2783 keyphrases were identified over 15 years, and the appearance of keyphrases jumped in 2016 and 2020. This indicates that there was significant controversy for the decision of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in 2016 and the special law for the construction of the Gadeok Island New Airport in 2020 as shown in Table 8. While the conflict in the Cheonseong Mountain Tunnel case was focused on ecological and technical issues, there have been diverse issues that arose in the Gadeok Island New Airport Project. Table 9 presents the representative keyphrases related to the Gadeok Island New Airport Project that accounted for more than 5% of all keyphrases. The most frequently presented conflict driver was the project objective issue (D-10). Most of the extracted keyphrases are related to the necessity of a new airport in the southeastern region of South Korea and the balance of national development. This is because the international airport that is actually active in the mainland of South Korea is far from the southeastern region. Stakeholders who wish to attract new airport infrastructure propagated why it should be located in their neighborhood and how it would contribute to regional development. While project objective issues (D-10) emphasize the necessity of a new airport in a specific region, ecological issues (D-03) represent why another alternative site is not suitable for a new airport. In addition, keyphrases of facility operation and utilization issues (D-06) show future plans for how the new airport will be operated and associated with nearby infrastructure. In the Gadeok Island New Airport case, perception and emotional issues (D-08) appeared as both positive and negative perspectives because opinions for and against each alternative were mixed. Lastly, most of the keyphrases related to the laws, institution, and guideline issue (D-14) indicate the enactment and passage of the Gadeok Island New Airport Special Law. Figure 3: Number of extracted keyphrases from the Gadeok Island New Airport case.