## 3 IoV Enpowered IVI in 3G and 4G
### 4G: LTE-V2X Promoting IVI  
In 4G era, with the prosperity of social media (e.g., Wechat, Sina Weibo) and electronic commerce platforms (e.g., Alibaba), people rethink the vehicle as the third living space, especially when the intelligent connected vehicles supported by LTE-V2X standard in 3 GPP Release 14 [54,68] become true. Some automobiles with built-in LTE-V2X IVI systems are introduced to the market, e.g., Mercedes-Benz E-class model. The functionalities of IVI has been gradually improved thanks to the promotion of LTE-V2X, which shows the growing numbers of applications in the IVI ecosystem and better user experience. According to the Deloitte survey about connected vehicles, 76% of the respondents in China give positive comments on its development [69].  
Traditional automobile and emerging Internet-based car manufacturers have accelerated to construct their own IoV ecosystems and developed various representative IVI systems, as shown in Table 4. For the traditional automobile, Geely GUKI contains high-quality audiovisual contents and supports the functionalities of multi-vehicle interconnection and G-Wallet payment. The BYD DiLink with a rotatable central control screen can connect mobile phone ecosystems, providing the services of Karaoke and games. The Internet-based car manufacturers (e.g., Nextev and Xpeng) offer target users with high-quality IVI experiments. For example, the cockpit-installed IVI system on NIO ES8 has high-definition camera and electronic photo album to satisfy the requirements of youth-sharing behavior. The robot NOMI in anthropomorphic design can perform real-time emotional communication with users by detecting the external environment. For instance, the NOMI presents a welcome when users step into the cabin. The Xpeng Auto highlights the companionship of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**System** & **Mobile OS/Brand** & **Supported Model** & **APPs and Service** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{MirrorLink} & Huawei, Sony, & Toyota, Volkswagen, & QQ music, Ximalaya, \\  & Samsung, LG, & Mitsubishi, Citroen, & WeChat, Baidu map, \\  & HTC, Fujitsu etc. & BMW, Skoda, Kia, etc. & miRoamer, Ease2 pay, etc. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Apple Carplay} & \multirow{3}{*}{iOS} & Kia, Volvo, BMW, & QQ music, Netease music, \\  & & Ford, Skoda, more & Overcast, Dragonfly FM, \\  & & than 500 models & Sogou navigation, etc. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Baidu Carlife} & \multirow{3}{*}{Android, iOS} & Great Wall, Benz, & Baidu map, Ximalaya, \\  & & Geely, Harvard, & Baidu music, Koala FM, \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Mitsubishi more 200 models & Netease music, etc. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{AutoAI WeLink} & \multirow{3}{*}{Android, iOS} & Nextev, Volvo, BMW & Didi, Toutiao, iQiyi, \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Mercedes-Benz more & Tik Tok, Ximalaya, \\ \cline{1-1}  & & than 33 automakers & QQ music, Meituan, etc. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Typical interconnection systems.  
audio entertainment and its XmartOS system includes massive audio resources (e.g., audiobook and popular music). Moreover, a 360 degree camera is installed on top of the car to meet users' needs of video shooting.  
From being deemed as the \"new media\" in the beginning, the vehicle has gradually become \"super media\" and a new major portal of Internet access, through which Internet giants (e.g., Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent in China) expect to reach more users. The partnership between Internet companies and motor groups is tightly built to jointly bolster their IoV strategy. As a result, many intelligent connected solutions for the MaaS are proposed and then installed on specific car models, such as Banma MARS by Alibaba and SAIC, Xiaodu In-Car OS by Baidu and Hyundai, TAI system by Tencent Auto Intelligence and Honda, etc. The characteristics of LTE-V2X based IVI can be categorized as four aspects.