# Human Factors and Ergonomics in Industry 5.0--A Systematic Literature Review
## 1 Introduction  
Industry 5.0 represents a human-centered, resilient, and sustainable system that should overcome the barriers of the previously presented Industry 4.0 concept, which has not been implemented in the manufacturing industry on the expected level mostly due to its very challenging implementation process in which the focus was set on automatization and digitalization that only referred to technology while neglecting the human role and perspective. This is why Industry 5.0 was presented as a socio-technical (manufacturing) system in which the human is back at the center, and the human's relations and communication with machines are now one of the most common challenges. Industry 4.0 centers on the digital transformation of industries, leveraging smart technologies to automate and optimize processes. In contrast, Industry 5.0 is about combining human intelligenceand creativity with advanced technologies to create a more sustainable, human-centric, and ethical industrial environment [1]. Owing to numerous unforeseen global events and volatile market conditions, Industry 5.0 requires not only resilience but also sustainability with an impact on wider society [2]. Humans remain the primary drivers of the production system, necessitating support from those responsible for managing production systems. Therefore, it is imperative to address the adaptation of technology to human needs [3].  
With technology replacing less qualified human jobs, there is a shift toward more complex human roles and an increased emphasis on interdisciplinary cooperation. Enterprises should now prioritize ergonomics for enhanced productivity while preventing workplace-related illnesses and injuries. Providing operators with not only physical but also cognitive support tools is crucial for ensuring efficient work [4]. Integrating collaborative machines can reduce ergonomic and cognitive loads on human workers, ensuring safety, proper monitoring, and increased productivity by speeding up production processes, reducing errors, and improving the quality of the resulting products, which will lead to greater competitiveness of the company in the market. On the other hand, most SMEs lack in-house knowledge and skills for the implementation of such collaborative technologies [5]. Furthermore, these companies may be confronted with high upfront costs, the need to upgrade infrastructure, and possible employee resistance to change. However, to overcome these barriers, SMEs can partner with technology companies that can provide the necessary support and training or invest in skills development for their employees. This collaboration can be made even more effective by applying a human-centered design approach that focuses on incorporating human factors into production systems and addresses their physical, psychological, social, and cultural needs [6].  
The motivation for this paper was to recognize the main characteristics of human-centric systems and their interrelation with human factors and ergonomics. Therefore, the systematic literature review has been conducted to answer the following research questions:  
RQ1:What are the main characteristics of a human-centered work environment?  
RQ2:What are the dimensions the manufacturing company has to fulfill to create a human-centered work environment?  
RQ3:Which principles and elements of human factors and ergonomics support (enable) or hinder (act as barriers to) creating a human-centered work environment?