# The 2011-2020 Trends of Data-Driven Approaches in Medical Informatics for Active Pharmacovigilance
## 3 Pharmacokine Systems
### Assessment for ADR  
Assessment through clinical or scientific interpretation is a requirement to evaluate drug safety indicators. To prepare an evaluation system and expand the reference standard, a systematic strategy is required. Reference sets used commonly in pharmacovigilance include side effect resource (SIDER) [50], The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) [51], and EU-ADR [35]. These references set the standards for known drug-related information that provide positive and negative controls based on drug safety indicators and ADR. Different terminology systems exist in pharmacovigilance (e.g., MedDRA and WHO Adverse Reactions Terminology (WHO-ART)); thus, unification and mapping between the terms must be performed to develop reference standards. Table 4 summarizes the related papers and their properties [52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61]. Some studies approached the signals in specific diseases in more detail, such as pancreatitis [52] and liver injury [53; 54; 58], and used EHR [36] or observational data that contain more patient information than other databases. Additionally, studies that proposed the refer \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Data** & **Objective** & **Methods** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [40]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. EHRs} & Detailed study on & \\  & & 1. EHRs & antipsychotics prescribed to & \\  & & 2. Claims databases & evaluate the effects of & \\  & & & risperidone & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [41]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. EHRs} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. Statistical analysis} \\  & & & Assess the utility of & \\  & & unplanned medication & \\  & & discontinuation as a signal for & \\  & & possible ADEs in children and & \\  & & young people & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] [42]} & \multirow{4}{*}{2. Drug information databases} & Propose an automatic method & \\  & & to assist in the creation of & \\  & & Standardized MedDRA & \\  & & Queries (SMQs) using the & \\  & & clustering of terms & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [43]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. SRSs} & Investigate the potential of & \\  & & 2. ADE databases & EHRs to be used alongside & \\  & & 3. Bibliographic databases & SRSs, to improve signal & \\  & & detection & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [44]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. EHRs} & Develop a method to extract & \\  & & and standardize patient & \\  & & complaints from electronic & \\  & & medication history data & \\  & & (EMHD) & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [45]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. Bibliographic databases} & Describe the development & \\  & & process of Pharmacovigilance & 1. Text mining \\  & & Entity Drug Annotation & 2. Machine learning \\  & & (PHAEDRA) with annotation & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [46]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. SRSs} & Characterize the reported & \\  & & ADE onsets registered with & \\  & & & VigiBase and describe an & \\  & & analytical approach for & \\  & & patients receiving & \\  & & antiretroviral therapy & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] [47]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. EHRs} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. Text mining} \\  & & 2. SRS & \\  & & 3. ADE databases & \\  & & 4. Bibliographic databases & \\  & & 5. Social media & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [48]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. ADE databases} & Identify a method to detect & \\  & & potential ADEs of drugs & \\  & & 2. Bibliographic databases & automatically using a deep & \\  & & neural network (DNN) & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [49]} & \multirow{4}{*}{1. ADE databases} & Develop a new irAE signal & \\  & & detection and filtering & \\  & & framework concerning six & \\  & & FDA-approved immune & \\  & & checkpoint inhibitor drugs & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: List of papers for ADR detection methods and algorithms. ence standards to identify drug-induced ADRs did literature analysis used bibliographic databases [53; 54; 56; 57]. We found that experts worked manually to determine the signals and produce results [53].