## 5 Wood-Based Panel Emissions  
### Wood Panels Bonded with an Adhesive  
#### 5.1.1 VOC Emissions from Wood-Based Panels with a Petrochemical Binder  
Formaldehyde is the most widely researched compound. It has been found in the emissions of various wood-based boards such as MDF [133; 134], particleboards [118; 134], OSB [133; 134; 135], or plywood [114; 136; 137]. Formaldehyde was found to originate in a larger amount from the formaldehyde-based binders used, but also from the wood species, in smaller quantities. Other VOCs have been identified in the emissions of wood panels bonded with petrochemical resins (Table 6).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Wood Panel** & **VOCs Identified in Emissions** & **References** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MDF} & Formaldehyde * & [133] \\ \cline{2-2}  & Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, hexanal & [134] \\ \cline{2-2}  & Acetic acid, tetrahydrofuran, \(\alpha\)-pinene, styrene, hexane, camphene, p-xylene, & [138] \\ \cline{2-2}  & dichloromethane, naphthalene & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Particleboards} & Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, hexanal, pentanal, benzaldehyde, & [134] \\ \cline{2-2}  & Formaldehyde, \(n\)-hexane, 3-methylheptane, 2,2-dimethylhexane, undecane, & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & Formaldehyde, toluene, benzene, xylenes, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & 1-methyllnphthalene, 2-methylfuran, & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & 2,3-dimethyllnphthalene, 1,7-dimethyllnphthalene, pentanal, hexanal, & [118] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & nonanal, decanal, 2-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-ethylhexanol, & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & isobutanol, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, \(n\)-butyl acetate, isoocyl acetate, dibutyl & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & phthalate, dimethyl carbonate, trichloromethane, phthalic anhydride, TVOCs & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Type of wood boards and their emissions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Emission Chamber** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Chamber Volume(s)** \\ **(Internal Dimensions)** \\ \end{tabular} & **T** & **RH** & **d** & **ACR** & **Examples of** \\ \cline{2-2}  & **(\"C)** & **(\"\%)** & **(L min\({}^{-1}\))** & **(h\({}^{-1}\))** & **Standards** \\ \hline Model VCE 200 or 1000, & 200 L (61 cm \(\times\) 61 cm \(\times\) 56 cm) & 20–130 & 5–95 & / & 0.1–1.8 & \begin{tabular}{c} ISO 16000-1 [128] \\ ENV 13419-1 [123] \\ \end{tabular} \\ _Votsch Industrietechnik_ & 1000 L (75 cm \(\times\) 163 cm \(\times\) 75 cm) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mu\)-CTE, _Markes_} & 44 mL & 20–120 & / & 10–70 & / & \begin{tabular}{c} ISO 16000-25 [129] \\ ISO 12219-3 [130] \\ ASTM D7706-17 [131] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline CLIMPAQ, _Climtech_ & 50 L (21 cm \(\times\) 81 cm \(\times\) 22 cm) & ambient & / & / & 0.02–140 & \begin{tabular}{c} EN 717-1 [115] \\ ISO 16000 [132] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline FLEC, _Chematech_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 35 mL \\ (\(\Phi\) = 150 mm; h\({}_{\text{max}}\) = 18 mm) \\ \end{tabular} & ambient & / & / & / &
\begin{tabular}{c} ISO 16000-10:2006 \\ [127] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Characteristics of some emission cells mentioned previously.  
These VOCs can be emitted for months or even years after panel production [139; 140]. The nature of these VOCs emitted is linked to a wide range of factors, such as wood species, binder rate, or binder type [141], including carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, hexanal) and terpene compounds (\(\alpha\)- and \(\beta\)-pinene, camphene, limonene) [139; 140; 142].