## 5 Simulation and Experimental Results  
PSIM was used to simulate three control modes, P&O, SMS, and ESMS, to observe the generator characteristics (and prepare the curves) of the maximum power output of the bike power generation system used in this study. Figure 8 shows the characteristic relationship between converter output power Po and output voltage Vo at different speeds. Figure 9a-c show the P&O, SMS, and ESMS converter output power Po and output voltage waveform Vo, at speeds of 7.5 Km/H and 12 Km/H. Figure 10 shows the power output from the three control modes at a speed of 7.5 Km/H. Table 1 shows that the ESMS used in this paper has both high response speed and power output.  
Figure 7: Extension Sliding Mode Control Flowchart of this scheme.  
Figure 8: Simulated generator P-V characteristics curve.  
Figure 9: _Cont._  
Figure 11 shows the experimental configuration of maximum power tracking control. A resistance divider and Hall Element were used in the experiment. The Arduino Mega 2560 (Ivrea, Italy) captures  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **P\&O** & **SMS** & **ESMS** \\ \hline Conversion efficiency \(\eta\) (\%) & 93.83\% & 96.78\% & 99.53\% \\ Response speed Time (s) & 3.55 & 3.27 & 2.77 \\ Output power Po (W) at 7.5 Km/H & 93.83 & 96.78 & 99.53 \\ Input power Pi (W) & 100 & 100 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Characteristics of the three control modes.  
Figure 10: Output power of the three control modes.  
Figure 9: **(a)** P&O at a speed of 7.5 Km/H and 12 Km/H; **(b)** SMS at a speed of 7.5 Km/H and 12 Km/H; **(c)** ESMS at a speed of 7.5 Km/H and 12 Km/H.  
voltage and current data for MPPT control calculation and transmits the PWM signal to the boost converter. Table 2 shows the generator specifications. Figure 12a-c show the output voltage Vo and output current waveform Io of the three control modes. Figure 13 shows the P-V characteristics curve of the actual generator at a speed of 12 Km/H using ESMS MPPT control. Figure 14 shows the actual rotation speed of the generator, the speed is fixed at 12 Km/H, converted into an angular-rate of about \(\omega=100\) rad/s. Figure 15 shows the output power Po of the three control modes. Figure 15 compares the ESMS proposed in this paper with SMS and P&O. It was found that ESMS has a higher tracking response speed, and effectively reduces the noise from high frequency SMS switching. To verify the validity the robustness and stability of this scheme, the experimental results with white noise as external disturbance angular and speeds from \(\omega=100\) rad/s to \(\omega=118.83\) rad/s are shown in Figure 16. It can be seen that the system can rapidly track change of angular speed \(\omega_{\omega}\) MPPT under external disturbance and the experimental results prove the effectiveness and validity of the method.  
Figure 12: **(a)ESMS output voltage (Vo) and current (Io); (b) SMS output voltage (Vo) and current (Io); (c) P&O control output voltage (Vo) and current (Io).**  
Figure 13: ESMS MPPT P-V characteristics curve.  
Figure 16: Stability and robustness verify at speeds from \(\omega=100\) rad/s to \(\omega=118.83\) rad/s with white noise: (**a**) Boost converter input power (Pi); (**b**) Boost converter output power (Po).  
Figure 14: Rotation speed \(\omega\) (rad/s).  
Figure 15: Experimental output power of the three control modes.