# Optical Technologies Supporting 5G/6G Mobile Networks
## 2 An Overview of Published Articles  
Heterogeneous optical networks pose an increasing challenge. It seems that the standardization of systems forces the use of specific solutions to ensure that networks can be efficiently connected, effectively managed, and monitored together. However, in reality, the delivered systems are often equipped with proprietary solutions designed to enhance performance. As a result, connecting network components from different manufacturers becomes a big challenge, especially at the level of adapting the software that ensures the establishment of SDN connections, taking into account the required quality parameters. The Next-Generation RAN (NG-RAN) of 5G mobile systems uses network slicing services, which involve network traffic in various network domains. This is one of many examples where an optical transport network may be an assembly of many heterogeneous components that must work together. The first paper, authored by [PERSON] et al. and titled \"Data Processing and Distribution System Based on Apache NiFi\" [30], presents an exemplary system based on Apache NiFi for collecting and processing data from transceivers as optical terminations of transmission links (log/setup files), taking into account their current settings adapted to the network requirements of the selected 5G system domain (5 GC and NG-RAN). It was assumed that the monitoring data may concern even thousands of optical transceivers. The proposed use of Apache NiFi software to manage data from optical converters from various operator domains in the domain of 5G/6G mobile systems is a novel solution previously unavailable in both the research and commercial fields. In order to increase the efficiency of NiFi use, the standard software configuration was modified. The experiments were performed for configurations from 1 to 5 nodes in the NiFi cluster. This demonstrated the functioning of the proposed solution and the specific use of computing resources in the time needed to perform the task in the standard and optimized configuration. It was determined that, under certain conditions, a NiFi cluster consisting of three nodes is optimal. Next-generation mobile networks are becoming more and more demanding at the level of fiber-optic transport networks. Optical networks based on DWDM systems are usually used here. Due to the increasingly used cloud services provided via mobile systems, network traffic is becoming larger and more demanding. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is an example of a technology that significantly increases the demand for guaranteed network traffic, resulting from the need for the proper functioning of cloud computing and data storage. In order for optical transport networks to efficiently adapt to such requirements, they must become more dynamic and flexible. To achieve this, the grid of DWDM systems must be denser, and the method of managing the optical resources must be made more effective. These problems are significantly reduced by introducing EON technologies. The second paper, authored by [PERSON] et al. and titled \"Performance Analysis of Automatic Hidden Lighthpaths in Multi-Layer Networks\" [31], presents an example of improving the method of managing optical resources in the EON network through the so-called automatic hiding of lightpaths to allocate resources in emergency situations. Thanks to this approach, in a multi-layer network, higher logical layers do not see the selected paths on the optical layer. Simulations were carried out using OMNeT++ software and the Euro28 optical network model consisting of 28 nodes and 82 directed internode connections. Each optical link was set as a resource of 320 slices, where each slice occupies an optical channel with a minimum frequency width of 12.5 GHz. The simulatednetwork operated in IPoEON technology. The logical IP layer was configured in static mode during the simulation. Logical connections were directly assigned to the lightpaths of the EON. Two types of traffic were established in the network, one was static and the other dynamic.