## 4 Conclusions  
The results, corroborated by laser profilometry and microscopic analysis, substantiate that the optimal layer height of 0.16 mm yielded the most uniform outcomes, exhibiting the least variation with a minimum range deviation (R) of 0.007392462 and a minimum span (S) of 0.0318, as indicated in the table. Higher print speeds and elevated temperatures resulted in larger oscillations and surface inconsistencies. In particular, the sample printed at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C demonstrated a range deviation of 0.018802606, whereas a speed of 350 mm/s yielded deviations of 0.018380501. This illustrates that these settings introduce dimensional variations that could potentially impair the quality of the final product.  
The analysis demonstrates that samples produced under the optimized printing parameters exhibited the least variation in the dimensional accuracy. The most favorable outcomes can be attained by making minor adjustments to the most crucial variables, including the layer height, printing temperature, and print speed. This approach also serves to reduce the occurrence of errors. This conclusion emphasizes the crucial role of controlling these key parameters in improving the print quality. Furthermore, future studies should investigate a more extensive range of materials, extending beyond PLA, ABS, PETG, and nylon, to gain a deeper understanding of their impact on the surface quality and dimensional precision.  
Further investigation into parameters such as the infill density, cooling settings, and retraction settings is recommended, as they may exert a significant influence on the quality of the final product. The creation of software or algorithms to automate the optimization of these settings across a range of materials and geometries would be of significant benefit to the field. Furthermore, the long-term testing of printed samples will assist with evaluating how the material properties change over time and affect the overall print quality. To enhance the rigor and reliability of the findings, a more comprehensive examination of the materials that influence the print accuracy and quality is necessary. Furthermore, additional research should be conducted to optimize other FDM parameters, such as the filler density and cooling settings, which have the potential to significantly impact the resulting quality. The subsequent phase of this research may entail the development of sophisticated algorithms for the automatic optimization of these parameters across diverse materials and geometries. Moreover, the long-term durability testing of printed objects could yield valuable insights into their longevity and reliability.  
Conceptualization, O.K. and J.H.; methodology, J.H.; software, P.L.; validation, O.K. and J.H.; formal analysis, O.K. and P.L.; investigation, O.K. and J.H.; resources, O.K.; data curation, P.L.; writing--original draft preparation, O.K.; writing--review and editing, J.H. and O.K.; visualization, O.K. and P.L.; supervision, J.H.; project administration, J.H.; funding acquisition, J.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic under the project VEGA 1/0700/24.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.  
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-23-0591, and by the projects VEGA 1/0700/24 and KEGA 014 TURE-4/2023 granted by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.