esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# TFBN: A Cost Effective High Performance Hierarchical Interconnection Network
## 2 Interconnection of the TFBN
### Basic Module of the TFBN  
Multiple Basic Modules (BMs) are connected in a hierarchical fashion to compose TFBN where each BM is a flattened butterfly network arranged in a \((2^{m}\times 2^{m})\) 2D-torus network with \(2^{2m}\) nodes; these nodes divided into \(2^{m}\) rows and \(2^{m}\) columns, where \(m\) is an integer and a positive integer number, and it is preferable when \(m=2\) because of the better granularity. In arguably for better granularity, the value of \(m\) could be 1. However, if we consider \(m=1\), then the BM becomes a hypercube. In addition, the hypercube is a practically infeasible network topology because of its variable node degree with respect to size and high wiring complexity, even though, theoretically, hypercube is quite a good network topology. \(m=3\) is a bit coarse granularity. Thereby, by assuming \(m=2\), the BM size of the proposed network will be \((4\times 4)\) as portrayed in Figure 1. To connect these BMs hierarchically, the free ports in the contours of each BM will be used for this purpose. In each BM, there are a \(2^{(m+2)}\) free ports for creating higher-level networks as depicted in Figure 1. The BM level of this network is considered a Level-1 network.
# Dynamic Node Privacy Feature Decoupling Graph Autoencoder Based on Attention Mechanism
## 6 Simulation Results
### The Performance of Downstream Tasks  
To verify the representation performance of graph embeddings generated by the dual-channel privacy decoupled graph autoencoder based on the attention mechanism, this study uses link prediction to measure its performance in downstream tasks. Since the edges in the Credit defaulter dataset are established based on node similarity, link prediction for them is of no significant meaning. Therefore, we only conduct experimental verification on the Yale and Rochester datasets. The experimental results are shown in Figure 6 and Table 3. The experimental results show that the method we proposed achieves the best performance on both datasets and two metrics, where in Yale is 0.859 and in Rochester is 0.912. Moreover, the small variance indicates that our method can make stable predictions for the links in the graph, thereby maintaining the performance of graph embedding in downstream tasks. For example, in Yale dataset, when the AUC value is low, such as \(FPR=0.2\), it can be observed that the method proposed in this study has a higher true positive rate compared to other privacy protection methods in the lower false positive rate region. This indicates that the method proposed in this study has higher accuracy in predicting low-probability links. In addition, link prediction is essentially a measure of node similarity. The superior performance that the method we proposed can achieve indicates that we maintain the relative distance between two nodes in the original space during the embedding process.  
Figure 6: The performance on link prediction: (**a**) The performance of link prediction on Yale. (**b**) The performance of link prediction on Rochester.  
Among them, GAE-MI uses mutual information as the measurement index, but estimates the value of mutual information using the variational lower bound. Especially when dealing with high-dimensional graph data, it is prone to fall into local optimum. Meanwhile, the complex distribution of the graph data itself also exacerbates the difficulty of convergence. Furthermore, PVGAE decoupled privacy from all nodes, resulting in excessive protection of non-critical nodes and thereby affecting data utility. In this study, through the attention mechanism, the key nodes that are important for privacy protection can be precisely screened, thereby avoiding excessive utility loss. Meanwhile, the practice of merely decoupling the privacy information of some key nodes can significantly reduce the damage to the topological integrity of the graph.
## 4 Literature Review and Related Work
### Early Solutions for Traceability Systems (2009-2012)  
The early electronic traceability systems were centralized solutions based on databases and data import conducted either in a manual or semiautomatic way. [PERSON] et al. (2009) propose a framework consisting of RFID tags attached on products in a fruit warehouse [81]. The proposed system is a semiautomatic RFID-based traceability platform which was designed in order to test and evaluate the effectiveness and the potential improvement of traceability using automation improvements. Specifically, the experimental system uses RFID tags for reading products' attributes, RFID readers in order to obtain the data from the tags, personal digital assistant (PDA) devices for the personnel, so they could read the RFID readers, and a central computing system with a central database where the obtained data from the RFID tags on products are stored. This specific case study revealed that the application of RFID technology on agriculture traceability can provide many advantages and improvements, such as shorter time for data management and analysis.  
Another traceability system which is based on a central computing system is proposed by [PERSON] et al. (2012) [82]. The proposed framework consists of printed tags with traceability codes for every product, XML (extensible markup language) files containing all the required data regarding the traceable resource units (TRUs), and a central database where all the data are stored and made available for the stakeholders. The system is both efficient and precise when it comes to limited data streams. However, as the data volume increases, the database is heavily loaded and thus additional computational power is needed.  
[PERSON] et al. made a review on RFID and agri-food supply chain traceability in [9], in which the advantages and the possible challenges regarding the application of RFID technology in the food supply chain are elaboratively presented. Furthermore, a conceptual idea of a cloud-based agriculture traceability system is formulated as a future work proposal. Since then and while the blockchain technology has been gaining more and more ground in data science, the first ideas and proposals for cloud traceability systems using DLTs started to formulate.  
The above research efforts represent the very first steps of automated electronic traceability systems (including those based on DLT). Those systems provided or improved the means for the collection of traceability information regarding agri-products by using communication technologies such as RFID and wireless sensor networks.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Method Validation  
In our study, the method performance was evaluated in terms of linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), and accuracy according to the guidelines of SANTE/2020/12830 under the optimized DSPE conditions described above. The standards dissolved in solvents at six concentration levels were used to calculate the linear equation and correlation coefficiency for accurate quantification. Excellent linearity and coefficients (\(R^{2}\geq\) 0.9982) were obtained in a range from 0.1 to 200 ng/mL for all eight analytes (Table S1). The sensitivity of the method was evaluated by the validation of LODs and LOQs of eight insecticides, at 0.05 or 0.1 ng/mL (LODs), and 0.1 or 0.2 ng/mL (LOQs) for bottled water, and 0.5 or 1.0 ng/g (LODs), and 1.0 or 2.0 ng/g (LOQs) for honey products. Spiking experiments in water and honey for all target compounds at concentrations of 0.2, 1, and 10 ng/mL showed satisfactory recoveries between 70.9% and 108.4% (Table S3). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of all analytes ranged between 0.1% and 7.7% for intraday precision and 0.3% and 7.8% for interday precision. The RSDs of the retention time of each analyte within \(\pm\)1.0% were observed after five repeated analyses of fortified bottled water and honey products for five consecutive days. All the evaluated parameters suggested that the developed DSPE scheme was of high accuracy, acceptable reproducibility and practicality for the simultaneous analysis of the eight insecticides in bottled water and honey products. According to SANTE/2020/12830, a recovery of 70-120% with RSDs lower than 20% was considered acceptable, and our result is also comparable with that of the DSPE method reported by [PERSON] [10].  
Figure 5: The recoveries for reuse of zeolite H-Beta in DSPE after repeated regeneration.
###### Abstract  
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER\(\alpha\)) plays a vital role in the development and progression of breast cancer by regulating the expression of genes associated with cell proliferation in breast tissue. ER\(\alpha\) inhibition is a key strategy in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Previous research modified chalcone compounds into pyrazoline benzenesulfonamide derivatives (Modifina) which show activity as an ER\(\alpha\) inhibitor. This study aimed to design novel pyrazoline benzenesulfonamide derivatives (PBDs) as ER\(\alpha\) antagonists using in silico approaches. Structure-based and ligand-based drug design approaches were used to create drug target molecules. A total of forty-five target molecules were initially designed and screened for drug likeness ([PERSON]'s rule of five), cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics and toxicity using a web-based prediction tools. Promising candidates were subjected to molecular docking using AutoDock 4.2.6 to evaluate their binding interaction with ER\(\alpha\), followed by molecular dynamics simulations using AMBER20 to assess complex stability. A pharmacophore model was also generated using LigandScout 4.4.3 Advanced. The molecular docking results identified PBD-17 and PBD-20 as the most promising compounds, with binding free energies (\(\Delta\)G) of \(-\)11.21 kcal/mol and \(-\)11.15 kcal/mol, respectively. Both formed hydrogen bonds with key ER\(\alpha\) residues ARG394, GLU353, and LEU387. MM-PBSA further supported these findings, with binding energies of \(-\)58.23 kJ/mol for PDB-17 and \(-\)139.46 kJ/mol for PDB-20, compared to \(-\)145.31 kJ/mol, for the reference compound, 4-OHT. Although slightly less favorable than 4-OHT, PBD-20 demonstrated a more stable interaction with ER\(\alpha\) than PBD-17. Furthermore, pharmacophore screening showed that both PBD-17 and PBD-20 aligned well with the generated model, each achieving a match score of 45.20. These findings suggest that PBD-17 and PBD-20 are promising lead compounds for the development of a potent ER\(\alpha\) inhibitor in breast cancer therapy.  
**Keywords:** pyrazoline benzenesulfonamide; estrogen receptor alpha; breast cancer therapy; drug design; in silico study
# Authentication Based on Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proofs for the Internet of Things
## 5 Applications to the Internet of Things  
All of the applications that have been implemented and analyzed in this section to prove the effectiveness of the scheme proposed in this work are for a decentralized environment where Wi-Fi Direct and/or Bluetooth Low Energy are used for wireless communications, because already, many of the interconnected objects have access to these technologies, and they are available for Android. In the future, similar applications will be possibly developed based on the prospective LTE Direct technology.  
In particular, the cases in which the required degree of confidentiality is that of communications encrypted with a secret session key are the main use cases of the described system.  
The distribution and management of credentials for secure communication can be a relatively simple task if only a restricted group of centralized application providers is considered. Instead, in a distributed architecture, like the one of the Internet of Things, many more problems emerge, as explained in [29], because any device can be connected to any device at any time, and devices might not have had any previous contact with each other in advance. Hence, in this scenario, the problem of key management becomes an important problem. A solution may be based on using a scheme like the proposed one in this paper because it is quite flexible and adaptable to the needs of the devices that interact in IoT.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of Inorganic Salt Types  
The traditional molten salt technique commonly employs soluble chloride or sulfate salts as fluxes to create a molten environment that facilitates the growth of flaky structures. This study explored the characteristics of sintering aids in the solid-state method and included control experiments with the addition of 1 wt% NaCl, KCl, Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), and K\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) while keeping the proportion of added aluminum fluoride and the calcination temperature at 1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 h constantly. As depicted in Figure 3, in the presence of Cl\({}^{-}\), the effects of Na\({}^{+}\) and K\({}^{+}\) on morphology were nearly negligible. However, when SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) was present, K\({}^{+}\) markedly enhanced the growth and thickness of flaky alumina compared to Na\({}^{+}\). The size of flaky alumina with a trace addition of potassium sulfate ranged from 45 to 65 \(\upmu\)m, whereas the average size of flaky alumina prepared with sodium chloride or potassium chloride was 15-25 \(\upmu\)m. In conclusion, the synergistic effect of SO42\({}^{-}\) and K\({}^{+}\) had a substantial impact on the redevelopment of flaky alumina structures [14].  
Figure 2: Effect of fluoride content on the morphology and size of flake alumina (**a**) 0 wt% AlF\({}_{3}\), (**b**) 4 wt% AlF\({}_{3}\); changes in particle size and thickness of finished products with varying fluoride ion contents (**c**,**d**); SEM image of the particle size and thickness of the finished product after 4% AlF\({}_{3}\) 1100 degree calcination for 4 h (**e**); the crystal phase changes in flake alumina at different temperatures (**f**).  
Compared with other reports that utilized the conventional molten salt method for the preparation of flaky alumina (as shown in Table 1), our improved process, which combines the molten salt and high-temperature solid-state methods, is characterized by large particle sizes, small thicknesses, and reduced costs [15; 16; 17; 18]. The quantity of inorganic salt added was decreased to 1 wt%=1 wt% of that used in the original molten salt method, thereby alleviating the challenges associated with molten salt recycling in the post-treatment.
## 4 Results and Discussion
associated with capturing sensitive visual information in images posted on social networks and to emphasize that even innocuous visual content can result in data leakage. Due to the vast and growing amount of data available on social media, as illustrated in our case study in Figure 3, it is necessary to go beyond increasing awareness and providing training. Deep learning methods, like those presented in this study, should be integrated into robust, automated systems for effective information monitoring. Automated information monitoring systems allow organizations to monitor at a scale and speed required for real-time monitoring, reducing the chances of human error and enhancing overall security. By quickly identifying and managing the risks of sharing sensitive information on social media, organizations are able to maintain better control over what information is shared and ensure that confidential information remains secure. In addition, our method is flexible to allow for customization in accordance with the needs of specific organizations. For example, models can be fine-tuned to recognize objects relevant to a specific organization or industry. As a result of this adaptability, the proposed approach is applicable to a wide range of industries.
## 4 Simulation Experiment and Result Analysis
### Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality  
Perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) [40] is an objective, full-reference speech quality evaluation method with the International Telecommunication Union labeling code ITU-T P.863. PESQ was specially developed for simulating subjective tests commonly used in telecommunications to evaluate human voice quality. Therefore, PESQ uses real speech samples as test signals, based on comparative measurements between the original reference signal and the extracted signal. PESQ was created to provide a subjective Mean Opinion Score (MOS) [41] predictive value for objective speech quality evaluation, and it can be mapped to a scaled range of MOS values. The PESQ score ranges from \(-0.5\) to 4.5, with higher scores indicating better speech quality.  
The experimental conditions are the same as described above, and here the quality of separated speech is evaluated. The PESQ values of each estimated speech \(y_{1}\) and \(y_{2}\) compared with the original reference speech s1 and s2 are given in Table 3. Among them, the PESQ value calculated between \(y_{1}\) and s2 is as high as 3.9232, while the PESQ value between \(y_{2}\) and s1 is also 3.9754. By mapping the PESQ values to MOS, the quality of separated speech can be called \"good\". It is again verified that the Fast IVA algorithm has good separation performance for blind deconvolution of chaos-obscured speech signals and ensures the quality of separated speech signals.  
To illustrate the high perceptual quality of the speech signal extracted by this algorithm, the results are analyzed here in comparison with other algorithms. The same experimental conditions as set as those in the literature [42], and 20 repeated experiments are performed to reduce the randomness of the results and obtain more stable and accurate results. The calculation result in Table 4 is the average value of PESQ obtained after 20 tests.  
In Table 4, the PESQ value obtained by DTW algorithm is 3.17, and the PESQ value obtained by Fast IVA algorithm in this paper is relatively high, which can reach 4.04. Compared with the PESQ value obtained by DTW algorithm, it is 0.87 higher, which is enough to show that the quality of the extracted speech signal is good. This shows that the algorithm has better separation results than other traditional blind separation algorithms. The reason is that the Fast IVA algorithm is a blind extraction process performed sequentially on each vector frequency point without the need for a subsequent permutation process, thus ensuring high-quality estimated speech.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Attention Mechanism
#### 3.2.1 Sru  
The SRU is the spatial reconstruction component of the Spatial and Channel Reconstruction Convolution (SCConv) module proposed in 2023. It adopts a separation-reconstruction approach to effectively reduce redundant features in spatial and channel dimensions, decrease model computational complexity, and enhance semantic feature information. Group normalization is applied to input feature maps, dividing channels equally into 16 groups, with the normalization principle shown in Equation (2).  
\[X_{out}=GN(X)=\gamma\frac{X-\mu}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2}+\varepsilon}}+\beta \tag{2}\]  
where \(\mu\) and \(\sigma\) are the mean and standard deviation of the input feature map \(X\), \(\varepsilon\) is the stability coefficient, and \(\gamma\) and \(\beta\) are trainable affine transformation values.  
Figure 1: Sample classification of ship components.  
Weight coefficients are obtained through normalization processing, as shown in Equation (3).  
\[W_{\gamma}=\{w_{i}\}=\frac{r_{i}}{\sum_{j=1}^{C}r_{i}},i,j=1,2,\ldots C \tag{3}\]  
where \(W_{\gamma}\) represents the normalized weight coefficient vector, \(w_{i}\) represents the weight value of the \(i\)-th channel, \(r_{i}\) represents the scaling parameter of the corresponding channel, and \(C\) represents the total number of feature map channels.  
Based on weight coefficients \(W_{\gamma}\), feature separation is achieved using Sigmoid activation function and gating mechanism, as shown in Equation (4).  
\[W=Gate(Sigmoid(W_{\gamma}(GN(X)))) \tag{4}\]  
where the _Gate_ function converts continuous weights to binary masks through preset thresholds, achieving the separation of information-rich features from redundant features. Finally, based on Equation (5), the separated features are reorganized through cross-reconstruction operations, suppressing spatial redundant information while enhancing effective feature expression.  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}X_{1}^{\omega}=W_{1}\otimes X\\ X_{11}^{\omega}\otimes X_{22}^{\omega}=X^{\omega 1}\\ X_{21}^{\omega}\otimes X_{12}^{\omega}=X^{\omega 2}\\ X^{\omega 1}\cup X^{\omega 2}=X^{\omega}\end{array}\right. \tag{5}\]  
where \(X_{1}^{\omega}\) and \(X_{2}^{\omega}\) represent the feature maps separated by weights \(W_{1}\) and \(W_{2}\), respectively, \(W_{1}\) and \(W_{2}\) are the binary masks obtained from Equation (4), \(X_{11}^{\omega}\), \(X_{22}^{\omega}\), \(X_{21}^{\omega}\), and \(X_{12}^{\omega}\) represent the subdivided feature groups for cross-reconstruction, \(\otimes\) denotes element-wise multiplication, \(\oplus\) denotes element-wise addition, and \(\cup\) denotes concatenation.
## 6 Discussion
### Theoretical and Practical Implications  
This study contributes to the field of emotion analysis by demonstrating a method for enhancing lexicon-based systems through dictionary integration and automatic expression extraction. The findings suggest that while manual expansion remains labor-intensive, it provides a significant improvement in the system's accuracy and granularity. The automatic extraction method shows potential for scalability, although it requires further refinement to reduce the inclusion of non-emotive expressions. These advancements have practical implications for improving sentiment analysis, affective computing, and human-computer interaction applications by providing more nuanced emotion detection capabilities.
## 1 Introduction  
The variable message format (VMF) [1] is a military digital information exchange standard established by the Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control Systems (JINTACCS) program under the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff. It provides common interoperability standards, including command data elements and protocol standards for information transfer in command, control, communications, computer and intelligence (C4I) systems over limited battlefield networks. Further, it enables the real-time exchange of digital tactical information in surveillance systems, command and control (C2) systems, and striking systems in a limited resource-based network-centric operational environment (NCOE) using both wired and wireless military communications. These VMF-based tactical information transmissions involve the transmission of only the required command data to minimize the message size. This technique enables faster message transmission compared to that of previous systems and presents the minimum essential technical parameters in the form of a mandatory system standard and optional design objectives for interoperability and compatibility among digital message transfer devices.