## 3 Technology Design
### Par  
The fourth online module (refer to Figure 2) is called 'FBE Piling AR' (PAR). FBE refers to the Faculty of Built Environment. The PAR is an interactive virtual environment that goes beyond the traditional pages of a textbook or PowerPoint and enables the foundation construction process to be explained in 4D (3D spatial models plus time). Students will have the ability to play through the animation of the developed typical example of the construction foundation piling work that supports the building. The PAR is an augmented reality app that is available on AppStore or Google Play to all global users. FBE can students download it, and with additional information provided in the course, they will experience the different processes of building construction, particularly piling methods and various types of piling failures. FBE's students can answer relevant quiz questions available on their course webpage on Moodle. PAR was developed in two main versions: one version can be downloaded on smart devices (e.g., phones or tablets), and another version is available on Oculus headsets. An unlimited number of students can use PAR. However, if they want to experience the gaming environment as a group, up to ten students can enter into PAR simultaneously. Then they can see avatars in the headset representing their teammates. Avatars can see and ask each other questions when experiencing a different section of the App on the headset version. The avatars' appearance can be edited in Oculus Home, the virtual living room which a student launches into when the student puts on a Rift headset. They can save their experience in the augmented reality environment as a video or image formats, either to use the visual material later or to share/communicate their expertise with others/friends on Facebook. PAR was designed for collaborative, interactive, and engaging practice and includes eight sections, as shown in Figure 1. It represents the construction process undertaken for a multi-story building and provides insights into structural foundation piles for students. The construction process covers site establishment, piling, and constructing the entire structure. The PAR experience is collaborative, i.e., all users see the same model in their VR headsets, allowing exploration and discussion as a group. The collaboration mechanism was enabled using Oculus Quest headsets (Figure 13) connected via a local Wi-Fi network. PAR offers both a mobile-based AR experience and an Oculus headset experience to learn from a construction case study project. In particular, students can observe different types of failure modes of foundation piles. Students across both platforms can view simplified structures and failure modes of the structural foundation elements (Figure 13). The experience shows how the structural foundations of the building can fail due to the quality of the piling. The experience includes a foundation pile construction animation showing the entire construction process, including heavy equipment such as a drilling rig and excavator in different sections of the virtual animation. This animation gave the student the ability to explore the model  
Figure 12: Screenshots from the menu and different sections. section by section, and students were provided with additional information via hotspots around the model. The PAR model is based on 3D models of the Materials Science & Engineering building and the Kensington campus. The BIM file of that building, campus geographic information system (GIS) data [68] and light detection and ranging (lidar) data providing building height in a 3D context [69; 70], were valuable in illustrating the built environment based on a real building. The BIM data available from the case study was used for representing different elements of the building from a pile to a completed building facade. PAR allowed students to look at the structural 'anatomy' of the selected structure (Figure 14) via a mobile device's AR interface or a VR headset (Oculus Quest).