###### Abstract  
Production systems must be able to adapt to increasingly frequent internal and external changes. Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS), thanks to their potential capacity for self-reconfiguration, can cope with this need for adaptation. To implement the self-reconfiguration functionality in economical and safe conditions, CPPS must have appropriate tools and contextualized information. This information can be organized in the form of an architecture. In this paper, after the analysis of several holonic and nonholonic architectures, we propose a holonic architecture that allows for reliable and efficient reconfiguration. We call this architecture QHAR (Q-Holonic-based ARchitecture). QHAR is constructed based on the idea of a Q-holon, which has four dimensions (physical, cyber, human, and energy) and can exchange three flows (energy, data, and materials). It is a generic Holon that can represent any entity or actor of the supply chain. The QHAR is structured in three levels: centralized control level, decentralized control level, and execution level. QHAR implements the principle of an oligarchical control architecture by deploying both hierarchical and heterarchical control approaches. This ensures the overall system performance and reactivity to hazards. The proposed architecture is tested and validated on a case study. C 2021 22  
entities of the production system, but also those between the company and the external actors of the value chain. Several CPPS architectures were proposed [5; 6; 7; 8] with a wide variety of objectives, including design, deployment, reconfiguration, and so on. Depending on the purpose of the architecture, the scope and level of detail in the description of entities and actors may differ. For machines, for example, some architectures can go down to the sensor/actuator level. As the objective of this research work is to propose a configuration according to a given need or to facilitate the reconfiguration of the system following a change (internal or external), it is not necessary to go down to this level of detail. We can limit ourselves to the machine level and describe its functionalities, inputs, outputs, and the constraints that need to be taken into account. The level of detail required in a reconfiguration is the level of detail needed for a production system manager/pilot to select the appropriate resources to execute a production plan. Architectures can decompose the production system differently. Two different approaches can be followed to decompose a production system: according to functions (functional decomposition), or according to physical entities (physical decomposition) [9]. The physical decomposition mode was more widely adapted for reconfiguration purposes [10]. Production entities are hierarchized. Exchanges between these entities can take place between resources belonging to the same level (i.e., horizontal integration), as well as between resources belonging to different levels (i.e., vertical integration). It is, therefore, necessary that the architecture of the production system takes into account the vertical and horizontal integration of its component entities. To define the architecture, it is necessary to describe each entity/actor that composes the system and the different flows exchanged. In [10], we proposed the Q-Holon, which is capable of representing each of the entities constituting the production system and the actors of the value chain. Using the Q-holon, we can indicate the attributes/properties of the human, physical, cyber, and energy components of an entity/actor, and describe the flows exchanged with other entities and/or actors. We also distinguish three types of flows that each entity/actor can exchange with the others, including information/data flows, material flows, and energy flows. The architecture proposed in this paper is built on the basis of this Q-Holon. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses some CPPS architectures proposed in the literature.