# Clone Node Detection Attacks and Mitigation Mechanisms in Static Wireless Sensor Networks
###### Abstract
As WSNs fall into the category of the _information system_, the CIA (_confidentiality, integrity, availability_) key security principles automatically apply to it. As opposed to the industrial control system (ICS) in operational technology (OT), which greatly suffers from the availability feature due to the need for the integration of IT, where its security requirements rely on the Triad \"_availability, integrity, confidentiality_\" AIC, the WSNs also suffer from the availability feature whereas its security foundation is CIA. Some researchers also include another requirement in the security principles for WSNs, which is _Communication_. However, this feature can be negligible as it is a subset of the triad. Please see [4, 5]. The security requirements of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) triad also depends on the availability property. Therefore, creating a WSN which encompasses the cryptographic security measures for the communication of the nodes is of great importance. That being said, the performance would have to be always available. This characteristic affects the system in such a way that, by using some encryption techniques, they can slow down the performance and even become unavailable for a specific time. Compared to the industrial control system (ICS) where the use of encryption methods can be severely significant (for example, imagine a situation where the encryption phase, or any update or antivirus scanning, makes the ICS of the energy system become unavailable for a short time; there would be a lot of car accidents), the impact to the WSN system may not be that grave. However, it can be of great importance. In this paper, our attention will focus much more on the detection of the clone node attacks in the static wireless sensor networks, and after, on some techniques used for the mitigation. A variety of protocols to detect clone node attacks in static WSNs can be found in the literature. In the following chapters, we highlight a few of them. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a general idea of the installation of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Section 3 provides different types of attacks in cybersecurity, the classification of the WSNs, the classification of attacks, and security issues are also outlined in this section. The last chapter in this section gives special attention to the clone node attacks, for example, detection techniques used, the difference between these primary mentioned techniques, their advantages, and disadvantages by employing them in static WSNs. The conclusion of this chapter in Section 3 provides the limitation of the WSNs. Section 4 provides the mitigation techniques that can be applied to the WSN to thwart the replication attacks. Section 5 elaborates on the concept of ontology, its importance in WSNs, and some popular ontology languages. At the end of this section, we provided our proposed ontology scheme (ORASWSN, Figure 6) that can be used to detect and mitigate the replication attack. The related works are listed in Section 6. The contribution of this research and future proposal are mentioned in Section 7. Section 8 concludes the paper.