## 5 Conclusions  
This work endeavors to utilize waste soil generated from urban construction as a subgrade filler following stabilization with lime and cement. This practice is feasible and environmentally friendly, aligning with the current world trend towards environmental protection. Comprehensive assessments of the key engineering properties and the progressive nature of disintegration characteristics in the stabilized soil were conducted. Furthermore, a disintegration model based on the two-parameter Weibull distribution was developed. The primary conclusions drawn from this investigation are summarized as follows:  
1. With lime content increasing, the lime-stabilized soils presented an increase in the maximum dry density while the optimum moisture content decreased. The lime-cement-stabilized soils exhibited similar behavior but less maximum dry density.
2. Compared with the single stabilizer of lime, the CBR value of soils increased more significantly, and the expansion ratio was smaller using the addition of cement at the same stabilizer content. The stabilized waste soil with 4% lime or 1% lime + 1% cement could satisfy the requirements of subgrade materials, according to JTG D30-2015.
3. The disintegration time of all the mixed soil with lime increased by 8%, corresponding to the addition of 1% in lime content. The lime and cement soil showed better resistance to disintegration, with an increase in disintegration time of approximately 110% and 115% at the compactness of 90% and 100%, respectively. The stabilizer of lime combined with cement for waste soil should be given priority in areas under high groundwater.
4. An evolution model describing the disintegration ratio in the stabilized soil using the Weibull distribution has been developed. The model parameters, namely d and k, were found to be associated with alterations in the disintegration curve, where d represents the intercept, and k signifies the gradient. Both parameters demonstrate gradual increments with increased stabilizer content.
5. Disintegration rate equations were formulated by using the developed evolution model. The disintegration rate curve demonstrates a parabolic pattern, with the peak  
Figure 20: Instantaneous disintegration rate of silty clay stabilized by lime and cement: (**a**) 90% compactness; (**b**) 100% compactness.  
disintegration rate being exactly twice the average disintegration rate. Higher levels of compactness and stabilizer contents reduce the peak disintegration rate and delay the occurrence of peak disintegration time.  
Conceptualization, F.H. and Z.L.; methodology, Z.L.; formal analysis, F.H.; investigation, W.Y.; data curation, W.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, F.H.; writing--review and editing, Z.L.; visualization, F.H.; supervision, Z.L.; project administration, Z.L.; funding acquisition, Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Construction Research Project of Zhejiang Province (grant number 2020K153), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (grant number 2022 JJ30257) and the Zhengzhou Research and Development (R&D) Project (grant number 31310122).  
Not applicable.  
Some or all data, models or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
We extend our deepest appreciation to [PERSON] for his invaluable guidance, unwavering support, and mentorship throughout this research.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.