esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Copper Oxide  
CuO was used as a microwave absorbent material in the pyrolysis of cane bagasse. The CuO was synthesized by the precipitation method using Cu(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\) as a precursor. pH 10 was maintained during the precipitation using a 0.5 M NaOH solution. The gel obtained was irradiated for 5 min with ultrasound, microwave, or combined mode. The obtained materials were identified as CuO US, Cu MW, and Cu MW US, respectively. A CW-2000\({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) equipment was used for the three types of synthesis. In the ultrasonic mode it operates with a power of 50 W and a frequency of 40 kHz. The microwave mode works with 800 W and 2450 MHz, and for the combined mode the above conditions were used. The resulting materials were washed with distilled water. thermogravimetric analysis was achieved in a Simultaneous Thermal Analysis STA 1000, it was performed from 50 to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C in steps of 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min in air atmosphere. The materials were heated at 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C as a result of the thermogravimetric analysis.  
The copper oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction in a Rigaku Miniflex 600 diffractometer using Cu K\(\alpha\) radiation (\(\alpha\) = 1.54 A). A Soller slit with a Ni filter of 0.5 mm was fitted in the incident beam, and an ultra-high speed Dtex detector was used. Measurements were performed with a sweep from 5 to 110 degrees with a step size of 0.01 and a speed of 0.9 degrees/min. Crystal size and lattice parameters were calculated using Rietveld refinement, with the help of HighScore Plus diffraction software.  
The textural properties of the synthesized materials were characterized by nitrogen physisorption in a Gemini VII Surface Area Analyzer. The specific surface area was determined by BET (Brunauer, Emmet and Teller) multipoint method with a pre-treatment in temperature at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 8 h under vacuum. The pore size was determined by the BjH (Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda) method. The pore volume was calculated at P/P\({}_{0}\) = 0.99.  
The SEM micrographs were obtained in a JEOL scanning electron microscope model JSM7800 F at 2 and 10 kV. A low electron detector (LED) or a backscatter electron detector (BED) was used. The samples were placed on conductive carbon tape.
# Cell-Based Target Localization and Tracking with an Active Camera
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a target localization and tracking method based on cells and an active camera. In this method, the experimental scene is divided into multiple continuous cells and the vertices of each cell are calibrated. The cell vertices and targets in the experimental scene are detected and recognized by the YOLOv4 algorithm. When the target was running in the experiment scene, we detected which image cell the image principal point was located in, and which cell of the real scene the projection point of the image principal point was located in. Then, we calculated the accurate world coordinates of the target at the current time using the projection model and converted the accurate world coordinates of the target into \(P\), \(T\), and \(H\) values using the PTH model for the purpose of tracking and observing the target in the experimental scene with the PTZ camera. This  
Figure 17: Final recognition result. (**a**) Preliminary identification result of the horizontal channel. (**b**) Final identification result of the horizontal channel. (**c**) Preliminary identification result of the vertical channel. (**d**) Final identification result of the vertical channel.  
method can accurately locate the target position in the real scene and track the target quickly. The system proposed in this paper has the characteristics of robustness, accuracy, and easy installation.  
The method proposed in this paper still has great room for improvement in the future. The proposed method is only implemented and verified in a small space and has good results. When the channel is long or the external conditions are complex, its effect needs to be examined. In addition, when the target runs in a fixed direction in the channel, it will have a better effect; when the target changes its travel attitude or direction in the channel, the target positioning error will increase exponentially.  
Conceptualization, J.Y. and Z.H.; data curation, J.Y. and Z.H.; funding acquisition, Z.H. and H.X.; project administration, Z.H. and C.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 51679181), research project of provincial teaching reform in colleges and universities of Hubei Province (No. 2020809), guiding project of scientific research plan of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (No. B2021457, B2021563), Industry university cooperation collaborative education project (No. 202102191003).  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is not applicable.  
The author would like to thank all teachers and colleagues from Wuhan University of technology, and all involved in this research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Future Perspectives for Gamma-ray Burst Detection from Space
## 13 Conclusions
STROBE-X and THESEUS are being planned for scientific operations no earlier than the mid- to late-2030s. STROBE-X is competing with several other candidate missions in both the X-ray and IR domain within the NASA 2023 Probe mission call ([[https://explorers.larc.nasa.gov/2023](https://explorers.larc.nasa.gov/2023) APPROBE/]([https://explorers.larc.nasa.gov/2023](https://explorers.larc.nasa.gov/2023) APPROBE/), while THESEUS is competing against two further candidate missions for a launch opportunity in \(\sim\)2037 within the context of the ESA's seventh call for medium-sized missions ([[https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Final_three_for_ESA_s_next_medium_science_mission](https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Final_three_for_ESA_s_next_medium_science_mission)]([https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Final_three_for_ESA_s_next_medium_science_mission](https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Final_three_for_ESA_s_next_medium_science_mission))). Although the possible launch dates of STROBE-X and THESEUS are projected relatively far in the future, their timeline could interestingly match the planned observational runs from the third generation of GW detectors, such as the Einstein Telescope (ET) (see, e.g., [63; 64] and the references therein) and the Cosmic Explorer (CE) (see, e.g., [65] and the references therein). The enhanced sensitivity of these instruments would greatly increase the number of possibly detected electromagnetic counterparts of GW sources, reaching up to a few tens per year, as reported, e.g., in the case of THESEUS [66]. E.B. coordinated the overall work; [PERSON] and H.S. provided information on the Einstein Probe; [PERSON], S.Z., M.F., M.H. and A.S. provided information on the eXTP; N.W., S.G., T.-C.C., M.S., W.B., C.K. and A.v.d.H. provided information on Gamow; [PERSON], A.D. and H.M. provided information on HiZ-GUNDAM; [PERSON], J.G., C.W.-H. and P.V. provided information on LEAP; C.M.H., C.W.-H., A.G. and P.J. provided information on MoonBEAM; M.K., N.P. and N.D.A. provided information on POLAR-2; D.K. and J.E.G. provided information on StarBurst; P.R., C.F., P.S.R. and T.M. provided information on STROBE-X; D.G., B.C. and J.W. provided information on SVOM; E.B., L.A., D.G., P.O. and A.S. provided information on THESEUS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. L.A. acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of University and Research through grant PRIN MIUR 2020-2020 KB33 TP METE and the INAF grant program 2022. This paper contains information about different missions either being planned for the future or starting nominal operations soon. Further details on all missions considered can be found on the corresponding websites (if applicable) or in complementary material in the literature. We thank all referees for their constructive comments and suggestions. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 The Proposed Algorithm
### How to Choose Array Rotation Velocity  
Consider the rotation frequency is \(f_{z}\), and \(f_{z}=1/T\), \(f_{s}\) is the sampling frequency of the receiver. Select 2\(M\) antenna elements within _T_/2 period while array rotating. Because the characteristics of element 1 are the same as element 2, we only need to analyze element 1 in this subsection. As we know, the received signal data is sampled while the array is rotating, which will cause a tiny phase difference between every two sampled data. In order to ensure the stability of sampled data, \(\Delta\tau\) should satisfy the following equation  
\[\frac{T}{2}>\Delta\tau\gg\frac{1}{f_{s}} \tag{25}\]  
where \(\Delta\tau\) is much greater than the sampling time interval. We have  
\[\Delta\tau=\frac{T}{2M}=\frac{1}{2 Mf_{z}} \tag{26}\]  
Assume the snapshots is \(L\), then  
\[\frac{1}{2f_{z}}>\frac{1}{2 Mf_{z}}\gg\frac{L}{f_{s}} \tag{27}\]  
\[f_{z}\ll\frac{f_{s}}{2 ML}\,,\,M>1 \tag{28}\]  
As a result, if (28) is satisfied, the stability of the algorithm could be ensured. Consider the sampling frequency of a receiver is 50 MHz, the elements number is 8, the snapshots number \(L\) is 100, according to (28), we can get \(f_{z}\ll 31250\) Hz. If the antenna rotation frequency is much smaller than 31,250 Hz, the stability of the sampled data will be guaranteed.  
where \(\bigcirc\) denotes the Hadamard product.
## 2 Local Energy Markets
### Design of LEM  
To enable local energy trading, an LEM is operated at the distribution level to actively involve local end-users in the CEM, offering a decentralized platform for the energy trading between sellers and buyers within a specific geographic area, such as a neighborhood, community, town, or city. LEMs have gained significant attention in recent years to increase the integration of DERs and promote local energy generation and consumption [45]. LEMs offer a decentralized structure enabled by local generation and distribution of energy and different technology domains, like smart contracts, ML, blockchain technology (BCT), and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline
**Entity** & **Market Players** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Local Sellers} & Local Electricity Sources—DGs [22; 23; 24] \\  & Local Grid—ESS [25; 26; 27] \\  & Electric Vehicles [28; 29; 30] \\  & Utility Companies and Generators [31; 32] \\  & Prosumers [33] \\ \hline Local Buyer & Consumers and Prosumers [34; 35; 36] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Local Energy Mediator} & Market Operators [37; 38] \\  & Market Auctioneers [39; 40] \\ \cline{1-1}  & Market Aggregators [41; 42] \\ \cline{1-1}  & Market Regulators [43; 44] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Summary of market players’ classifications in LEM.  
Figure 6: Framework of local energy market.  
the Internet of Things, to facilitate energy exchange, thus creating a sustainable and efficient energy system. The design of an LEM depends on the characteristics, active involvement, interaction, and objectives of the market's participating players and stakeholders, like prosumers, consumers, suppliers, network operators, aggregators, etc., at the distribution network level [46]. The design of LEMs can be based on a systematic structure that encompasses local energy dynamics, driving mechanisms, and market platforms. This structure can be analyzed from both technical and economic perspectives [47]. Technical considerations include voltage, power, frequency and transient stability, and active and reactive power control, while economic perspectives are centered around energy trading price structures and business models. The pricing model in LEMs is dynamic, constantly adjusting based on factors such as the time of day, supply availability, and demand fluctuations. Consequently, short-term or real-time energy contracts are typically favored, which differs from earlier theories that compared LEM trading to traditional markets with medium- and long-term energy contracts. In LEM design, two pivotal entities emerge: prosumers, who engage in energy trading, and LEM coordinators, who facilitate these transactions. The roles of energy trading participation and facilitation can be further categorized into two trading models: auction-based and non-auction-based designs. Figure 7 illustrates the available LEM design options.
###### Abstract  
The tremendous demand for low-cost, low-consumption and high-capacity optical transmitters in data centers challenges the current InP-photonics platform. The use of silicon (Si) photonics platform to fabricate photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is a promising approach for low-cost large-scale fabrication considering the CMOS-technology maturity and scalability. However, Si itself cannot provide an efficient emitting light source due to its indirect bandgap. Therefore, the integration of III-V semiconductors on Si wafers allows us to benefit from the III-V emitting properties combined with benefits offered by the Si photonics platform. Direct epitaxy of InP-based materials on 300 mm Si wafers is the most promising approach to reduce the costs. However, the differences between InP and Si in terms of lattice mismatch, thermal coefficients and polarity inducing defects are challenging issues to overcome. III-V/Si hetero-integration platform by wafer-bonding is the most mature integration scheme. However, no additional epitaxial growth steps are implemented after the bonding step. Considering the much larger epitaxial toolkit available in the conventional monolithic InP platform, where several epitaxial steps are often implemented, this represents a significant limitation. In this paper, we review an advanced integration scheme of AlGaInAs-based laser sources on Si wafers by bonding a thin InP seed on which further regrowth steps are implemented. A 3 \(\upmu\)m-thick AlGaInAs-based MutiQuantum Wells (MQW) laser structure was grown onto on InP-SiO\({}_{2}\)/Si (InPoSi) wafer and compared to the same structure grown on InP wafer as a reference. The 400 ppm thermal strain on the structure grown on InPSi, induced by the difference of coefficient of thermal expansion between InP and Si, was assessed at growth temperature. We also showed that this structure demonstrates laser performance similar to the ones obtained for the same structure grown on InP. Therefore, no material degradation was observed in spite of the thermal strain. Then, we developed the Selective Area Growth (SAG) technique to grow multi-wavelength laser sources from a single growth step on InPSi. A 155 nm-wide spectral range from 1515 nm to 1670 nm was achieved. Furthermore, an AlGaInAs MQW-based laser source was successfully grown on InP-SOI wafers and efficiently coupled to Si-photonic DBR cavities. Altogether, the regrowth on InP-SOI wafers holds great promises to combine the best from the III-V monolithic platform combined with the possibilities offered by the Si photonics circuitry via efficient light-coupling.  
heterogeneous integration; epitaxial growth; direct wafer bonding; semiconductor lasers; silicon photonics +
Footnote †: journal: _Sciences_
## 3 Results and Discussion  
After processing, the grinding time of the ground parts was measured (grinding time is displayed on the control panel of CNC milling machine). The different levels of the input parameters and the results of the output response (the grinding time of the ground parts) are presented in Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Experiment** \\ **Number** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Factors and Their Levels**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Response: The Grinding Time (\(t_{\text{tw}}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**S/N**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-7}  & \(\mathbf{a_{ed}}\) & \(\mathbf{R_{PM}}\) & \(\mathbf{F_{e}}\) & \(\mathbf{t_{w1}}\) & \(\mathbf{t_{w2}}\) & \(\mathbf{t_{w3}}\) & \(\mathbf{t_{wmean}}\) \\  & **(mm)** & **(trpm)** & **(mm/min)** & **(min)** & **(min)** & **(min)** & **(min)** & **(min)** \\ \hline
1 & 0.02 & 4000 & 2500 & 19.31 & 19.38 & 19.40 & 19.36 & \(-\)25.74 \\ \hline
2 & 0.02 & 4500 & 3000 & 16.20 & 16.22 & 16.25 & 16.22 & \(-\)24.20 \\ \hline
3 & 0.02 & 5000 & 3500 & 13.92 & 13.97 & 14.02 & 13.97 & \(-\)22.90 \\ \hline
4 & 0.025 & 4000 & 3000 & 13.54 & 13.58 & 13.61 & 13.58 & \(-\)22.66 \\ \hline
5 & 0.025 & 4500 & 3500 & 11.69 & 11.72 & 11.68 & 11.70 & \(-\)21.36 \\ \hline
6 & 0.025 & 5000 & 2500 & 16.18 & 16.22 & 16.20 & 16.20 & \(-\)24.19 \\ \hline
7 & 0.03 & 4000 & 3500 & 10.48 & 10.52 & 10.50 & 10.50 & \(-\)20.42 \\ \hline
8 & 0.03 & 4500 & 2500 & 14.50 & 14.53 & 14.52 & 14.52 & \(-\)23.24 \\ \hline
9 & 0.03 & 5000 & 3000 & 12.16 & 12.18 & 12.15 & 12.16 & \(-\)21.70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Experimental results of L9 (3\({}^{3}\)) for grinding time and their corresponding S/N ratios.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Experiment Number** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Factors**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & \(\mathbf{a_{ed}}\) & \(\mathbf{R_{PM}}\) & \(\mathbf{F_{e}}\) \\  & **(mm)** & **(trpm)** & **(mm/min)** \\ \hline
1 & 0.02 & 4000 & 2500 \\ \hline
2 & 0.02 & 4500 & 3000 \\ \hline
3 & 0.02 & 5000 & 3500 \\ \hline
4 & 0.025 & 4000 & 3000 \\ \hline
5 & 0.025 & 4500 & 3500 \\ \hline
6 & 0.025 & 5000 & 2500 \\ \hline
7 & 0.03 & 4000 & 3500 \\ \hline
8 & 0.03 & 4500 & 2500 \\ \hline
9 & 0.03 & 5000 & 3000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Standard L9 (3\({}^{3}\)) orthogonal matrix.  
After collecting results, the data were analyzed using ANOVA in Minitab 18 software. With the target function of the least grinding time, the criterion LB was selected for the S/N ratio, and it is described by the following equation [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]:  
\[SN=-10 log_{10}(\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}^{2}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(n\) is the number of experiments under the same design parameter conditions, and \(y_{i}\) is the value of measured surface roughness for the \(i_{\text{th}}\) experiment (\(i\) = 1, 2, 3). The experimental results and corresponding S/N ratios are given in Table 4.
# On-the-Fly Repairing of Atomicity Violations in ARINC 653 Software
## 4 RAV: Repairing Atomicity Violations
### Application to ARINC 653  
The operation of RAV between target software and the ARINC 653 HM is illustrated in Figure 3. The diagnosis engine of the RAV receives access information from the target application, diagnoses an atomicity violation and reports the result to the ARINC 653 HM. The treatment engine is invoked by the ARINC 653 HM to control a thread of the target application. Algorithm 3 represents a procedure that describes the process depicted in Figure 3. The diagnosis engine (AV-DE) is instrumented before and after the shared variables of ARINC 653 application. The instruction and memory address required for diagnosis are passed to DiagnoseAV() of eAI and the result is returned to the ARINC 653 HM. If an error occurs, the AV-DE reports the error to the ARINC 653 Health monitor (ARINC 653 HM) through RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(). Then, the ARINC 653 HM executes the registered error handler, the treatment engine (AV-TE), and takes actions to treat atomicity violations. The AV-DE can take on different roles depending on where it is instrumented. In the case of AV-DE being instrumented before shared variable access, the thread waits immediately when an atomicity violation occurs. In the case of AV-DE being instrumented after shared variable access, as soon as it is diagnosed that there are no atomicity violations, _signal_ by treatAV() is executed so that the waiting thread is normally executed. All the diagnostic results from the AV-DE are reported to the ARINC 653 HM and the ARINC 653 HM treats the violations.  
```
1 FunctionAV-DE(Dynamic Instruction ins, Memory Adress addr):
2 boolisAV= DiagnoseAV(ins, addr)
3 int error_type=\"atomicity_violations\"
4 int rc=0
5 ifisAV==truethen
6 RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(error_type,status,sizeof(int), rc)
7 FunctionAV-TE(Repairing Status status):
8 TreatAV(status)
```  
**Algorithm 3**Algorithm of eAI with ARINC 653 HM.
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we have demonstrated a non-pulse-leakage high power industrial grade Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) picosecond amplifier. Two double BBO crystal Pockels cells were used in the pulse picker and regenerative amplifier, respectively. This design successfully suppresses the appetence of pulse leakage in the regenerative amplifier that improved the purity of the output pulses, which makes it possible for the regenerative amplifier to operate stably at the repetition rate of 100-kHz level with lower high voltage driving supply. A maximum power of 24.5 W was obtained at 500 kHz, and a maximum single pulse energy 0.11 mJ was obtained at 200 kHz. High beam quality output is obtained with \(M^{2}\) about 1.25 and the roundness of near-field distribution up to 99%. The output pulse width measured to be 16.9 ps with the RMSE of the output is less than 0.04%. Our work offers a new approach to generate high quality (in both time domain and space domain) 100-kHz level repetition rate continuous adjustable picosecond regenerative amplified output. This solution can be made possible with high efficiency and high precision processing for nonmetallic brittle materials, as well as low noise space communication.  
This work was supported by the Development of High Power Nanosecond Laser & Precision Detecting Instrument Foundation (Grant No. ZDYZ2013-2) and China Innovative Talent Promotion Plans for Innovation Team in Priority Fields (Grant No. 2014 RA4051). We also acknowledge [PERSON] (Macquarie University) for his helpful comments.  
We confirm that all authors contributed substantially to the reported work. [PERSON] was the originator of the idea of this study and conceived most of the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript under the supervision of [PERSON] and [PERSON]; [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] participated in the research design and analyzed the data; [PERSON] supervised the research and provided the facilities. All the authors discussed and interpreted the results. All the authors read the final manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.