# SEAIS: Secure and Efficient Agricultural Image Storage Combining Blockchain and Satellite Networks
## 1 Introduction  
Ensuring the integrity and authenticity of agricultural image data is important. In agriculture 4.0, the application of precision agriculture is becoming increasingly widespread [1]. These technologies rely on high-quality image data for their implementation [2, 3, 4]. Accurate images can help farmers and researchers monitor important factors, such as crop growth, pest and disease levels, soil moisture, nutrient content, and weather changes. These images assist farmers in making precise decisions in daily management and provide a substantial foundation for agricultural research [5, 6]. In the production process, any tampering or loss of data can lead to incorrect decisions, resulting in agricultural production losses and potentially affecting food safety [7]. Therefore, to ensure agricultural production efficiency and sustainable development, a reliable image data storage and verification mechanism is crucial.  
However, existing studies mainly focus on ground-based equipment and drone imaging [8, 9]. Ground-based devices, such as sensors and smart devices, provide high-resolution and high-precision image data [10]. Drones can cover large farmland areas and flexibly capture images from different angles [11]. These devices are effective in many situations, but they face limitations in remote areas or extreme environments [12]. For example, in large farmlands, mountains, or during adverse weather, ground equipment and drones areoften impractical. Additionally, drones have limited flight time and altitude, making them inadequate for continuous monitoring over extensive areas [13].  
Satellite imaging offers a viable solution due to its wide coverage, high frequency, and independence from ground conditions, providing continuous monitoring in large and extreme environments [14]. However, satellite imaging generates vast amounts of data, which are complex to process. The resolution may be lower than that of ground-based equipment and drones, increasing the difficulty of data management and verification [15]. Therefore, an effective scheme is needed to ensure the integrity and authenticity of this large and complex data. Blockchain, with its decentralized, tamper-proof, and transparent nature, is a reliable solution for addressing these challenges [16; 17; 18]. Thus, this paper proposes SEAIS, a secure and efficient agricultural image storage scheme combining blockchain and satellite networks. The contributions are as follows:  
1. We propose a mathematical model for agricultural image processing and transmission based on satellite networks, specifically considering the use of satellite imaging in remote areas or extreme environments. The model ensures the effective acquisition and processing of agricultural image data in a variety of environments.
2. We design a secure agricultural image storage and verification method based on blockchain, homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proof. The method guarantees data transparency and immutability while ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the image.
3. We implement the prototype for SEAIS on Hyperledger Fabric and NS-3. The simulation results show that SEAIS has stable encryption and decryption rates, with time overhead increasing as image size grows. Also, the transmission time of SEAIS for \((1024\times 1024)\) images is about 21.3% of the traditional ground networks.  
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents a review of related works. Section 3 outlines the system model, providing details about the components and architecture of SEAIS. Section 4 describes the design and methodology of the proposed scheme. Section 5 offers a thorough security analysis. Section 6 covers experimental evaluations, demonstrating the performance of SEAIS in terms of encryption and decryption times, transmission efficiency, and storage overheads. Finally, Section 7 concludes the paper.