### Artificial Lighting and Its Effects on Photography  
The role of artificial lighting in photography is a focal point, with significant emphasis on colour rendering indices (CRI) and gamut area index (GAI) playing an important role in ensuring accurate colour reproduction [16; 17; 18]. These studies emphasise the need for high-quality lighting solutions in photography, especially in controlled environments where artificial lighting is predominant.  
Knowledge of light source correlated colour temperature (CCT) is crucial for determining the colour output of photographs [19]. The ability of a light source to accurately render the natural colour of an object is measured by the colour rendering index (CRI), which is presented as an arithmetical mean Ra of measured results for CRI test points. These are derived from CIE 1974 test colour samples and realistic colours [18]. In addition, the luminous efficacy of the radiation, the perceived quality of whiteness, the general impression of brightness in the illuminated space, and the perceived colour quality of the coloured objects are decisive factors in the evaluation of artificial lighting solutions [20].  
In addition to photosynthetic and photopigmentation performances, the visual and colour performance of LEDs, such as the luminous efficacy of radiation (LER, K) and the CIE colour rendering index (CRI, Ra), are of crucial importance for interior lighting [21]. The biological effects of artificial light on humans are also the subject of numerous studies, emphasising the importance of circadian tuning with metameric white light in both visual and non-visual aspects [22].  
The development and optimisation of artificial light sources have primarily focused on the energy performance and limited colour qualities of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [23]. Colour matching in indoor artificial lighting, especially in sectors such as healthcare and industry, is becoming increasingly important [24; 25]. This is also reflected in the role of colour balance in the creation of virtual backgrounds, which illustrates the practical applications of colour rendering in artificial lighting [19; 26].  
There is growing evidence that the CIE colour rendering index Ra does not match the perceived colour quality of many light sources, particularly some light-emitting diodes(LEDs) [27]. The critical re-evaluation of the CIE colour rendering index (CRI) has driven the development of new methods and indices to better address its limitations [28; 29; 30]. The limitations of the CRI have led to the development of the CQS, which aims to solve the problems of the CRI, apply to all light source technologies, and evaluate aspects of colour quality beyond colour rendering. Additionally, the CQS has been proposed to replace the original CRI colour rendering performance figure. These efforts are essential, as the success of such efforts will ultimately be determined by the end users, especially with regard to their visual assessment of the colour quality of light sources. The introduction of alternative scales such as the Colour Quality Scale (CQS) represents a significant advance in addressing the challenges posed by narrowband emitters [31].  
The importance of artificial lighting in photography, especially in controlled environments, cannot be overstated. The emphasis on colour rendering indices, colour matching in indoor artificial lighting, and the practical applications of colour rendering in artificial lighting underline the crucial role of high-quality lighting solutions in various fields.