## 2 Results
### Antibacterial Capacity  
Table 3 presented antibacterial capacities using the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of leaf and stem oils, which demonstrated that all bacteria were more sensitive to stem volatiles than leaf volatiles. In particular, the stem oil showed strong activity against Gram-positive (G\({}^{+}\)) microbes, such as methicillin-sensitive _Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)_ and methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)_ (MIC = 0.16 mg/mL), while \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**IC\({}_{50}\) (mg/mL, _n = 3_)**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **DPPH** & **-OH** \\ \hline Leaf oil & 20.56 \(\pm\) 0.20 & 1.52 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ Stem oil & 9.22 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ Vitamin C \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4.10 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 0.65 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-vinylhydrazyl; -OH, hydroxyl free radical. \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) Used as a positive control.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Antioxidant capacities of leaf and stem oils in _F. japonicum_. exhibiting weak capacity against Gram-negative (G\({}^{-}\)) microbes, including _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Escherichia coli_, _Proteus_ spp., and _Klebsiella pneumoniae_. As antibiotic ineffectiveness due to drug resistance has been a severe clinical problem, particularly in relation to hospital-acquired infections and animal-derived antibiotic diseases, plant-based antibacterial compounds are arousing wider interest. One of the intrinsic qualities of volatile oils is their antimicrobial activity; \(\beta\)-linalool, one of the stem volatiles, is reported to have antibacterial characteristics as a preservative against pathogenic germs [32]. According to several additional studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, or citral, the antibacterial action of volatiles showed both single and multiple target capacities. The hydrophobicity of volatiles made it significantly easier for them to travel through the lipid layer of bacterial cell membranes. In particular, they destroyed the function and structural components of the cell membrane, and they inhibited enzymatic processes and further disrupted the architecture of the cell walls to make them more permeable. Under certain circumstances, volatiles changed the membrane's permeability by a different mechanism, namely by destroying the electronic transport, which triggered a rise in the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. After the electron transport system was inhibited, it triggered a rise in energy, proteins, and other cellular components; furthermore, it disturbed the force that promotes the movement of protons across membranes, lowered the electrochemical potential, and finally led to cell lysis and death [25;33]. In addition, cell death also resulted from the release of ions and other cellular components caused by this shift in membrane permeability [34]. However, antibacterial capacities were strongly correlated with volatile components, with phenols showing obvious inhibition, ketones showing weaker activity, and hydrocarbons being almost inactive [25]. Terpenoids are important components found in volatiles, and they have methyl groups or oxygen atoms that combined with specific bacterial enzymes or are directly localized to bacteria. As an example, \(\beta\)-linalool has improved antibacterial properties because of the existence of powerful effective groups that delocalize electrons [35]. As previously discussed, stem volatiles had stronger antibacterial capacities due to their eight benzenes, eight terpenoids, and three phenolics constituents with total ratios of 18.8%, 17.0%, and 8.7%, respectively. The monoterenes of the stem volatiles played a key role, including \(\beta\)-linalool (2.9%), 4-terpenoel (1.7%), \(\alpha\)-terpineol (1.7%), trans-nerolidol (3.2%), boronia butenal (2.2%), etc. Therefore, the results demonstrated the monoterenes had a vital impact on the antioxidative and antibacterial activities of volatiles, showing some difference with the reported oxygenated terpenoids [14].