# GIS-Based Multi-Objective Routing Approach for Street-Based Sporting-Event Routing
## 1 Introduction  
### Research Background  
Events staged in urban public spaces effectively create a sense of social solidarity by inducing citizens to participate [1]. Moreover, events staged in familiar spaces provide new experiences for citizens [2], and they can be used by policymakers as media for effective message delivery [3]. [PERSON] [4] asserted that mega events such, as sporting events, can be used to effectively deliver urban messages by fostering citizens' voluntary participation. However, mega events in public spaces can restrict, control, and damage the host's space, thereby eroding a city's public life [5]. Street-based sporting events, such as cycling events and marathons, inevitably have a larger impact, since they utilize the host city's roads as venues [1]. Street-based events generally require roads to be closed for longer periods than the number of days they actually last. Restrictions on public spaces are inconvenient for citizens, although this problem can be solved by environmental design and by considering the impact of events on city centers. The Formula E World Championship is a sustainable urban race that aims to develop and promote low-carbon, low-emissions technology for electric vehicles [6]. The event first took place in 2014, and 99 races have been held over the last eight years in major host cities around the world [6]. The event occurs annually, and the hosting trend has continuously increased, except for the 2019/2020 seasons, which were affected by theCOVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, the event, which started with 11 rounds in 10 cities in its first season, grew to 16 rounds in 11 cities by 2022. These data indicate the possibility of hosting more street-based sporting events in the future. The event offers participants and visitors a dynamic and exciting experience through urban racing. However, compared to street-based sports, such as cycling events and marathons, significant construction is involved, and the use of public roads is restricted for long periods. For example, traffic islands, flower beds, and speed bumps that interfere with the host city's roads must be removed. Indeed, when the championship was held in Jamsil, Seoul, in 2022, the use of public roads was restricted for 47 days for a 4-day race. In sum, because the championship has a direct and critical impact on host cities, environmental design based on the analysis of a given city is a key requirement in the event-planning stage. However, the route selection for existing street-based sports events is based on the subjective judgment of policy makers rather than objective data, and there is a tendency to value the success of the event rather than its impact on the city. The Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) provides guidelines, including regulations on track design for events, through event specifications. However, problems with street-based sporting events, such as the Formula E World Championship, include the selection method for the initial venue and the limited decision-making process. Venues and track routes are determined by the local government of the host city. Local governments lack motorsport expertise and have difficulties in selecting reasonable routes for races. Moreover, feasibility reviews of selected venues and track routes are conducted under limited conditions. As a result, considerable time is consumed in making decisions regarding the hosting of these events, and it is impossible to analyze various alternatives, resulting in monotonous track composition. Additionally, design changes may occur because information is not reviewed in advance, and routes that do not fit the host city may be designed. These obstacles can reduce the positive impact of events and increase inconvenience for citizens. For example, in the 2022 Jamsil E-Prix, it took four months to explore the first track route because of the manually conducted event-planning process, and the initially selected track route was changed just before the event due to insufficient evaluation of the impact on the downtown area.