# A BIM-Based Value for Money Assessment in Public-Private Partnership: An Overall Review
## Overview of Value for Money Assessment
### PPP Literature Review and VfM
There were articles in the selected papers that used a five-point Likert rating scale to assess important factors from one to five. In this article, the papers that contained specific mean values of important factors are presented in Table 2. To classify indicators along with procurement stages, the table lists the subset of internal procurement indicators that refer to in the World Bank's typical PPP process, which goes through the contract \"pipeline\" until the final implementation [11]. The external indices were not included. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Internal Indicators** & [12] & [12] & [13] & [14] & [15] & [16] & [17] & [18] & [18] & [19] & [20] & **Average Value** \\ \hline
**Screen as PPP** & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline The methodology of project selection & & & & & & & & & & \\ Project plan/programming & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Structure PPP** & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Risk/Responsibility & & & & & & & & & & & \\ allocation & 4.34 & 3.89 & 3.77 & & & 3.98 & 3.99 & & & & & \\ \hline
**Appraise PPP** & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Cost/benefits assessment & 3.79 & 3.61 & & 4.25 & 4.51 & 4.00 & & 3.57 & 4.81 & 4.08 \\ Finance/resources & & & & & 2.90 & & 4.37 & & & & & \\ availability & & & & & & & & & & & 3.84 \\ Finance closure & & & & & & & & & & & \\ Technical innovation & 3.62 & 3.72 & & & 4.40 & & 3.88 & 3.38 & 4.25 & & 4.06 & 3.90 \\ Delay in approval and payment & & & & & & & & & & 3.40 & 4.35 & 3.87 \\ \hline
**Design and Manage PPP** & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Tender and competition & 3.81 & 3.70 & & 3.06 & & & & 4.17 & 3.82 & 3.35 & & 3.65 \\ Requirements of stakeholders & 4.04 & & 3.33 & 3.66 & 2.92 & 3.70 & 4.33 & 3.15 & 4.00 & & 4.55 & 3.74 \\ Brief and contract & & & & & & & & & & & \\ documents & & 3.75 & & 3.63 & & 3.91 & 4.34 & & & 3.48 & 4.61 & 3.95 \\ Transparent procurement process & 4.00 & 3.98 & & & & 4.00 & & & & & 3.69 & 3.92 \\ Building a team/Competent team & & & & & 3.07 & 4.06 & 4.30 & & & & 4.35 & 3.95 \\ Change in contract & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Design \& Construction and Completion** & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Site construction safety & 4.08 & & 3.13 & & & & & & & & 4.65 & 3.95 \\ Site availability & & 2.50 & & & & & 3.92 & 4.00 & 3.43 & & & 3.46 \\ Design & 3.17 & & & & & & & & & & 4.74 & 3.96 \\ deficiency/Buildability & & & & & & 4.17 & & & & & & 3.66 \\ Workmanship/Complexity & & & & & & & & & & & & 3.66 \\ Completion/Time delay & 4.21 & & 4.57 & 3.04 & & & 3.54 & 4.44 & 3.49 & & & 3.88 \\ Material/Labour/Equipment & & & 3.28 & 4.36 & & & 3.64 & 4.23 & 4.47 & 3.41 & 4.74 & 4.02 \\ Construction cost overrun & & 4.08 & & & & & & 4.15 & 4.29 & & & 4.65 & 4.29 \\ \hline
**Operation and Market** & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**Risk** & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Market interest & 4.15 & 3.54 & 3.42 & 3.00 & 4.07 & & & & & 3.60 & 3.63 \\ Operation cost & & & 3.29 & & 4.43 & & & 4.15 & 3.94 & 3.54 & & 3.87 \\ Operation performance & & & & 3.23 & & & & 3.73 & 4.27 & & & 3.74 \\ Residual assets & & & & & & & & & & & 2.70 & 2.59 \\ Operation strategy & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ change & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Overview of PPP project internal indicators in recent research articles with the mean values of importance. Source: selected literature. The classification catalogue is based on the World Bank Group PPP reports. Through the average of the mean values in procurement workflow, it can be seen that, in the PPP project stages, \"risk and responsibility allocation\" and \"procurement assessment of cost and benefits\" in the preconstruction phase are regarded as very important and are focused upon in the literature. These two aspects are vital constituents of the early stage VfM process, which indicate that the VfM influences the success of a PPP project [21]. The performance \"technical innovation\", \"brief and contract documents\", and \"market interest\" are also overlapped with the performance indicators in the VfM qualitative assessment.