## 4 Discussion of Results  
### Regarding the Model Generation (Phase 1)  
To generate a GIS-3D model of the city, three key aspects must be considered: First, there is the challenge of obtaining an optimal 3D volumetric representation of the city as volumes are extruded using algorithms that rely on building footprints and LiDAR flight point clouds as input data. This process often results in graphic errors, largely due to the insufficient quality of the latter. Second, the challenge of configuring the realistic appearance of building facades (LoD 3) involves defining textures (multipaths) and external elements, such as windows and doors, on the established building volumes. Multipaths are polygonal elements that define the 3D contours of buildings, allowing for textures or photographs to be applied either manually or automatically. LoD 4 models, which are highly valued for their detailed interior partition definitions, require substantial labor and are not commonly produced in GIS, as most software lacks the necessary tools to effectively manage the complexities associated with this level of detail. Third, the hardware required for creating the GIS-3D models should include a minimum of 1 TB of disk space and 36 GB of RAM. For effective BIM model generation, expertise in 3D modeling specifically tailored to building construction is essential. This requires not only software proficiency but also a thorough understanding of the various facets of 3D modeling. A critical skill is the ability to differentiate between the disciplines associated with various components, whether they pertain to architectural design, structural engineering, or MEP systems  
Figure 28: (a) Dashboard designed for the supervision of maintenance work. It provides a comprehensive overview of active and pending work orders, facilitating efficient monitoring and management of maintenance activities. (b) Dashboard for the supervision of maintenance work, specifically focused on updating work order (WO) documentation. This dashboard enables users to efficiently manage and revise documentation related to the WO, ensuring that all relevant information is current and accessible. This functionality enhances the overall management of maintenance tasks. (mechanical, electrical, and plumbing). Each discipline requires distinct parameter settings to ensure accurate representation and functionality within the model. Table 2 summarizes the challenges encountered in the model generation process. The acquisition of geometric data for buildings, including measurements, irregularities, and deformations, is significantly enhanced by photogrammetric techniques and laser scanning (LiDAR). Both methods are essential for generating precise 3D point clouds and meshes that document architectural and structural features. These point clouds serve as templates for creating BIM models, enabling accurate representations for design and construction. Photogrammetry captures images from various angles to derive spatial data through triangulation, but it can be time-consuming and affected by environmental factors. In contrast, LiDAR offers a faster, more robust solution, using laser beams to measure distances and generate high-density point clouds. Its speed and accuracy make LiDAR an invaluable tool in architecture, engineering, and construction, improving data collection efficiency compared with photogrammetry. The BIM model generated from blueprints plays a crucial role in creating virtual libraries to organize and visualize building data in a 3D environment [31]. This capability enhances communication among stakeholders, such as architects, engineers, and facility managers. However, a limitation of BIM models created from blueprints is the potential lack of accuracy in measurements, especially for applications requiring precision, such as construction coordination, structural analysis, or system integration. Discrepancies in drafting, construction changes, or material variations can lead to inaccuracies.