# Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in the Analysis of Waters and Wastewaters
## 5 Application of MIPs for the Detection of Different Classes of Contaminants
### Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
#### 5.4.1. Bisphenol A  
Bisphenol A, being widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics (\(\approx\)80%) and epoxy resins (\(\approx\)18%), is also found in the plastic industry of several products used in everyday life. Reports suggest that BPA is an estrogen-like xenoestrogen affecting the body's hormonal system [166]. It is known that BPA is carcinogenic even in low quantities, causing abnormal hormone responses and endocrine abnormalities. Approximately 2000 tons of BPA are released into the environment each year due to its widespread use in industrial and household materials. BPA is not degraded or cleaned by wastewater treatment plants; thus, it can be present in natural waters, drinking freshwater sources, riverbeds, air, and diverse food sources. Due to its toxicity, BPA should not be used in baby teachers or plastic bottles. A total of 50 ug kg\({}^{-1}\) per day is considered safe and tolerated by the United States Food and Drug Administration, but the European Food Safety Authority has established a safe and tolerable dose limit at 0.004 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) per day. To detect BPA in real-time in the field, it is necessary to create sensing techniques that are speedy, economical, sensitive, selective, easy to prepare samples, and simple to renew on surfaces.  
Recently, BPA was detected using 3-aminopropylriethoxysilane (APTES) as the functional monomer hydrogen bonded to amine groups of APTES and BPA's phenolic hydroxyl group on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in the presence of carboxylated cadmium tel  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Analyte(s)** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Monomer(s)** \\ **Used** \\ \end{tabular} & **Modifiers** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Analytical** \\ **Technique** \\ \end{tabular} & **Tested Sample(s)** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Linear Range** \\ **(uM)** \\ \end{tabular} & **LOD (nM)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline DBP & MAA & MIPS@COOH@SO\({}_{2}\) & HPLC-UV & Tap water & 5.0–30 & 60 & [157] \\ \hline BP & MAA & \begin{tabular}{c} MIP-SPME \\ \end{tabular} & HPLC-UV & \begin{tabular}{c} Bottled water, Tap \\ water, and Sea water \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 8.8 \(\times\) \\ 10\({}^{-3}\)–0.22 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 1.1 \\ 1.3 \\ 1.6 \\ \end{tabular} & [158] \\ \hline BP & MAA & \begin{tabular}{c} MIP-coated Silica \\ particles \\ \end{tabular} & HPLC-UV & \begin{tabular}{c} Sunscreen and \\ Swimming pool \\ water \\ \end{tabular} & 0.048–109.5 & 14.6 & [159] \\ \hline PP & MAA & \begin{tabular}{c} MISPE \\ \end{tabular} & HPLC-UV & wastewater & 0.044–2.77 & 13 & [160] \\ \hline BA, 4-HBA & \begin{tabular}{c} 4-VP \\ and SA \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} MMIP \\ \end{tabular} & HPLC-UV & Environmental water & 0.36–36 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} BA-634- \\ HBA- \\ 7.25A–144 \\ \end{tabular} & [161] \\ \hline BPs & 4-VP &
\begin{tabular}{c} MISPE \\ \end{tabular} & HPLC-DAD & Tap and river water & 1.1–54.9 & 1.4–4 & [162] \\ \hline BuP & MAA & MIP/MWCNT/GCE & CV, DPV & River water & up to 100 & 200 & [37] \\ \hline MA, MX, MM, MT, and MC & & & & & & MA—  
luride quantum dots combined with aminated multi-wall carbon nanotubes, as shown in Figure 9[135]. The sensor showed good selectivity towards BPA and little reactivity to interfering substances within a linear range from 0.05 to 50 mM and a detection limit of 0.015 nM.