esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
Currently, the ability of liquid water to form structures at ambient temperature cannot be considered well studied. Numerous difficulties related to mathematical modeling of water structure do not yet allow development of a model simultaneously describing all its anomalous properties [35]. This suggests that consideration of simple short-range electrostatic interactions is insufficient for description of water physics. Therefore, longer-range interactions seem to be more significant than anticipated. To date, the data on long-term electromagnetic fluctuations in water are considered promising for practical use. These include previously mentioned magnetic fluctuations at 48.5 Hz after water exposure under ICR conditions [18], and the earlier data obtained after water exposure at 36 GHz [14]. In this study [14], characteristics of fading voltage fluctuations on capacitor plates filled with water were measured during discharge. Computer analysis of low-frequency fluctuations revealed two well-distinguished peaks in fluctuation spectrum close to 5 and 47 Hz. Cell exposure for several minutes to microwave radiation field at 36 GHz inhibited 47 Hz peak. Such water state was retained after switching off microwave field for several minutes or hours depending on radiation power. It is noteworthy that weak radiation of 50 \(\mu\)Wt/cm\({}^{2}\) exhibited much more of a pronounced effect compared to that of a hundred times more powerful radiation. Another study [15] demonstrated that aqueous solution used to measure the activity of calcium-dependent potassium channels remembers the effect of microwave radiation. Therefore, the previous data obtained both in physical (characteristics of voltage fluctuations on capacitor plates) and biological systems (activity of calcium-dependent potassium channels) are in line with the results of the current study suggesting that water is capable of modifying its properties after not only microwave exposure, but also after the CMF exposure. The current study demonstrated that the magnetic and mechanical (serial dilution and shaking) treatment of water alters its ability to cause biological effects. Our results may indicate a change in the properties of water under the influence of applied magnetic and mechanical treatments, which may be responsible for a more pronounced neutrophil respiratory burst and, subsequently, for functional, organizational and structural changes of tissues and organs. These data can be important to consider when preparing samples of substances for the study of their physico-chemical and biological properties. A potential medical application may be of interest, in which the exposure of water to magnetic field with a certain frequency will lead to the desired physiological result. Further studies of the demonstrated effects in the animal models will be required for identifying their potential applications in medicine.
# The MADAG Strategy for Fault Location Techniques
## 3 The Proposed MADAG Strategy
### Overview  
In order to maintain the superiority of SBFL, which can rapidly locate the fault, we need to keep \"critical\" test cases that can provide the information required for SBFL techniques to locate the fault and reduce the test input cost. Before applying our strategy, we must obtain the spectrum information by using a tool such as the \"gcov\" command of the GNC C compiler. Intuitively, the failed test cases can provide more information for SBFL to locate the fault. The execution traces of the failed test cases are more likely to be faulty. Such assumptions were adapted by [PERSON] et al. [18] and [PERSON] et al. [27] for the SBFL technique. Therefore, we set a failed test case as the starting point of our strategy. Before encountering a failed test, we may have to check some test cases. For a simple test case selection process, we adopt the same assumption as that adopted by [PERSON] et al. [10]. That is, before checking the results of the test cases, the first test case encountered was a failed test. Moreover, we set the covered maximum number of statements of a failed test as the starting point of our strategy because there is a relatively small possibility of the covered maximum number of statements of a failed test missing locating faults.  
When obtaining the spectrum information of a program and the initial failed test case, we set the execution trace of the initial failed test as the initial group. For the SBFL technique, an appropriate test suite can discriminatively divide the statements of a program. Therefore, it is possible that the suspected number of the same top-ranking program statements' can be minimized, e.g., to narrow down the inspection of the located fault. On the basis of this concept, our strategy selects test cases that have a stronger division capability for the number of statements in a program, such that each group composed of statements can be divided into subgroups, and the subtraction of the number of subgroup statements is the smallest. In Section 3.2, we illustrate the MADAG strategy in detail.  
In this study, we implement the MADAG strategy based on statement coverage type. However, this approach can be easily shifted to other program elements, such as those related to function or branch coverage types, which we will evaluate and then use in an analysis of the effectiveness of different program elements in our future work.
# A Novel Fractional Fourier Transform-Based ASK-OFDM System for Underwater Acoustic Communications
## 6 Numerical Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **QPSK** & **16-QAM** & **4-ASK** & **16-ASK** \\ \hline Long range & 5.07 kbps & 10.14 kbps & 10.12 kbps & 20.24 kbps \\ Medium range & 10.14 kbps & 20.28 kbps & 20.24 kbps & 40.48 kbps \\ Short range & 50.7 kbps & 101.41 kbps & 101.2 kbps & 202.425 kbps \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Data rates for OFDM systems under investigation. Figure 7: BER performance of \(M\)-ary FrFT-ASK-OFDM in the frequency-selective UWA channel with CFO = 0.05.
## 3 Analytical Models of Lattice Structures Built with Polygon Hollow Shapes
### Geometry Representation Models of Selected Polygon Hollow Structures  
Geometrical representations of four polygon unit cell shapes, including the hexagon, triangle, square, and circle, are adopted for determining the relevant geometrical parameters used in describing the various lattice designs. Figure 2 shows one of the most commonly used polygonal shapes and its geometrical parameters, the hexagonal cell inspired by the honeycomb [17].  
These geometrical parameters are modelled and represented in the form of density equations for the four polygonal hollow shapes of the hexagon, triangle, square, and circle, as is illustrated by the following equations [18].  
\[\frac{\rho_{h}^{*}}{\rho_{s}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\frac{t}{L} \tag{1}\]  
\[\frac{\rho_{s}^{*}}{\rho_{s}}=2\sqrt{3}\;\frac{t}{L} \tag{2}\]  
\[\frac{\rho_{s}^{*}}{\rho_{s}}=2\frac{t}{L} \tag{3}\]  
\[\frac{\rho_{c}^{*}}{\rho_{s}}=\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\frac{t}{L}\bigg{[}\frac{1}{2} +\bigg{(}\frac{2\pi}{3}-1\bigg{)}\frac{R}{L}\bigg{]} \tag{4}\]  
where the symbols \(t\) and \(L\), \(R\), and \(\rho^{*}\) and \(\rho_{s}\) represent the wall thickness and length of the polygon hollow walls, radius of a unit circular cell, and density of the polygon hollow structure and of the solid material for the cell wall, respectively. The parameters \(\rho_{h}^{*}\), \(\rho_{t}^{*}\), \(\rho_{s}^{*}\), and \(\rho_{c}^{*}\) denote the densities of regular hexagonal, triangular, square, and circular structures, respectively. Equations (1)-(4) show that the relative densities of each of the four polygon hollow cells are related to their ratios of wall thickness \(t\) to wall length \(L\). These ratios have a significant impact on the stiffness of polygonal hollow structures. When the thickness (\(t\)) is greater than the overall dimension (\(L\)), the structure is more resilient to deformation. The material is distributed over a larger cross-sectional area in this particular case, resulting in an improved stiffness. Structures are referred to as thin-walled when their thickness is ten times or less smaller than the overall dimension \(L\). Structures with thin walls are more prone to buckling deflection and are less resilient. Their stiffness is lower given the fact that buckling deflection will precede direct deformation for such thin cross-sections. In investigating all four polygon designs discussed in this review, consistency is guaranteed by considering \(t/L\) ratios lesser or equal to 0.1.  
Numerous studies [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22] have, however, ignored analytical modelling of the effects of the connections at the nodes of polygonal hollow structures on their stiffness. This is  
Figure 2: (**a**) Natural beehive honeycomb and (**b**) regular hexagonal geometry of a honeycomb [17].  
a concern because numerous studies [17; 23; 24; 25; 26] suggest that vertices are highly stressed regions, which, thus, are prone to failing first under applied loads. This challenge is currently the focus of ongoing research by the authors.
# A Systematic Review of the Role of BIM in Building Sustainability Assessment Methods
## 4 Results
### Publications for Consideration  
By applying the keyword combinations of the systematic review (Figure 1), the research on the Principal Collection of Web of Science returned a total of 245 peer-reviewed publications. By applying the reference manager citation filter for duplicated publications, only 83 publications were left for consideration. However, when reading the title and abstract from all the remaining publications, only 41 were left over regarding the assessment of BSA criteria from the selected schemes. The final filtration stage was performed by reading the 41 full-text publication (whenever available), resulting in 23 publications concerning the research question(s): 19 for LEED, two for BREEAM, one for both and one for SBTool. Finally, by performing a quick manual research, three additional publications were found outside the keyword combinations. One for LEED, one for BREEAM and another one for both schemes, achieving the final number of 26 publications for consideration. Figure 2 presents the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram with the search phases and number of records. The first exclusion phase represents the title and abstract filtering. Full-text publications that were excluded did not address the practical assessment of one or more BSA criteria.  
Initial insights are in line with other review studies, pointing out the trend in research in assessing LEED criteria with BIM [26]. LEED has more than 400% of the studies compared with BREEAM. Concerning the SBTool, only one publication was found regarding a framework for a BIM-based assessment, which will be further explored later. All 26 publications will be used to conduct the statistical analysis.
# Methodology for Simulating 5G and GNSS High-Accuracy Positioning
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper presents a representative methodology to evaluate the hybridisation of fifth generation (5G) cellular observables with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). This methodology is based on a novel scenario definition, where the GNSS visibility masks are related to the network density. Based on a realistic network deployment and standard models, GNSS, centimetre-wave (cmWave) and millimetre-wave (mmWave) observables are characterized according to the main scenario parameters, such as the satellite elevation or the multipath effect. Using a snapshot localization approach, the hybrid fusion of GNSS and cmWave observables is first evaluated with the proposed methodology. The simulation results indicate the limited positioning improvement of cmWave observables, due to the dominant non-line-of-sight (NLoS) propagation conditions. Therefore, the knowledge of these NLoS conditions is critical to perform the adequate weighting within the positioning algorithm. This is then further evaluated with a stand-alone localization method based on mmWave observables in line-of-sight (LoS) conditions. First the error bounds of mmWave observables  
Figure 14: Urban scenarios (<100 m) mmWave NLS positioning with LoS link from one or three base stations.  
Figure 13: Urban scenarios (<50 m) mmWave NLS positioning with LoS link from one or three base stations.  
are analyzed via the derivation of Fisher Information Matrix (FIM). Then the mmWave localization method is evaluated via simulations, whose results show that the centimeter-level accuracies for UE localization are feasible. The advantage of multi-connectivity is clear and significant over the single base-station approach, nonetheless, the cost for coordination and coverage is higher.  
[PERSON] proposed the simulation methodology. [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the simulation tests and analysed the results. The paper was mainly written by [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON], with the help of [PERSON] and [PERSON] on the revision of the manuscript.  
This research was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Project under grant TEC2017-89925-R.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Experimental Programs  
### Test Items and Parameters  
The novelty of this study is the application of MICP technology to improve the bond strength of LWAC after high temperatures and pull-out damage. Specimens for a control group (Group A) and two experimental groups (Group B and Group C) were prepared. The control group was prepared using LWAs that were not immersed in a nutrient solution or bacterial solution. The experimental group was prepared using LWAs that had been immersed in a nutrient solution and a bacterial solution. Each liter of nutrient source solution contained 80 g of calcium lactate and 1 g of yeast extract. The concentration of bacterial solution was approximately \(10^{8}\) cells/mL. When the concrete specimens had been cured to the age of 28 days, they were divided into two parts. A portion of the specimens was designed to undergo compressive strength and pull-out tests at room temperature. Another part of the specimen was first subjected to a high-temperature test. After reaching the target temperature and cooling to room temperature, the specimens were divided into unhealed ones and healed ones. The unhealed specimens were immediately subjected to the pull-out test. The healed specimens were first self-healed to the planned age, and then the pull-out test was performed. Groups A and B used the same self-healing method, which involved placing their specimens in a programmable incubator at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Group C used different self-healing methods. The specimens in this group were soaked in a nutrient solution at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for two days and then taken out and placed in a programmable incubator at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for two days. A cycle took four days until the expected self-healing age was reached, such as 28 days or 90 days. After self-healing, the damaged specimens were subjected to a secondary pull-out test.  
Table 1 lists the test items and test parameters of this study. The test project is mainly a series of pull-out tests. The test parameters include the self-healing method, self-healing age, and target temperature. Research on the repair of fire-damaged reinforced concrete shows that the fire damage temperature is mostly between 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C. When the temperature is higher than 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the hydrate of cement has been severely decomposed, and the aggregates have also degraded to varying degrees. In this case, there is no need to repair the concrete. Based on the above, this study conducted high-temperature exposure of LWAC specimens at specific temperatures of 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This is different from a real-world fire scenario, but it still provides insight into the effectiveness of MICP technology in repairing LWAC specimens within the temperature range discussed.
## 2 Numerical Simulation Model
### Model Setup
#### 2.2.2 Calibration  
Four commonly used calibration methods, namely [PERSON]'s modulus (\(E\)) and [PERSON]'s ratio (\(v\)), Brazilian splitting strength (\(BTS\)), and uniaxial compression strength (\(UCS\)) obtained from the laboratory were used to determine the DEM micro bond parameters.  
Figure 3: Numerical model of the indentation test: (**a**) numerical simulation model; (**b**) carbide button model.  
Figure 2: Carbide buttons with different geometric parameters.  
Based on the experimental results according to ISRM specifications, the physical and mechanical properties of Beishan granite are shown in Table 1.  
The models consisted of 2 cylindrical samples with dimensions of 25 mm (diameter) \(\times\) 50 mm (height) for the uniaxial compression test and 50 mm (diameter) \(\times\) 25 mm (thickness) for the Brazilian disc test, as shown in Figure 4. The samples were constructed from randomly packed particles with a radius of 0.18 mm to 0.31 mm. The number of particles in the samples used for uniaxial compression test and Brazilian disk test was 280,141 and 568,854, respectively. Both samples were subjected to compression by two walls with a loading speed of 0.01 m/s. The parameter calibration was still a trial-and-error process, and the calibration result is illustrated in Table 1. It can be seen that both elasticity and strength parameters were well predicted.
## 1 Introduction
The images can also improve the accuracy of the estimation part through several means, such as deblurring, denoising and image enhancement, and even satellite images are gradually applied in structural monitoring [37; 38]. Although the application of machine vision technology in structural displacement monitoring has many advantages, there are still some problems to be solved. In the recent research, part of it is aimed at small-scale structure, which can capture all structure displacements with a camera's field of view. However, for large-scale structure monitoring, to achieve sufficient accuracy, only the structural displacement for a specific area of the structure can be obtained, ignoring the overall deformation state of the structure from the macro view as a whole. Meanwhile, as a kind of holographic data, machine vision can obtain the displacement information of every pixel of an image in theory, but is mainly focused on obtaining the displacement information of key points in practice.
# Ultra-Low-Power FinFETs-Based TPCA-PUF Circuit for Secure IoT Devices
## 3 Simulation and Results
### Simulation Result  
The relationship of input challenge bits and the output response bits of the proposed FinFET-based TPCA-PUF cell is in correct function, as depicted in Figure 6. For performance analysis, two major evaluation results are presented in this section: the energy dissipation per cycle per challenge bits (logic \"1\" and \"0\"), and the PUF evaluation metrics of uniqueness, reliability, and the bit-error-rate (BER).
# Evolving Dispatching Rules for Dynamic Vehicle Routing with Genetic Programming
## 1 Introduction
To be able to achieve this, we identify and propose the following main contributions:  
* definition of schedule generation algorithms and a learning environment for automatic development of VRP heuristics;
* definition of functional and terminal elements for two VRP variants: capacitated VRP (CVRP) and VRP with time windows (VRPTW);
* automated development of dispatching rules for static and dynamic instances of CVRP and VRPTW;
* automated optimisation of arbitrary criteria, such as soft constrained time windows and minimisation of vehicle time travel deviation. It must be noted that the aim of this approach is not the generation of optimal or near-optimal solutions. If one is able to devote an arbitrary amount of time for creating the schedule, more efficient solutions can always be obtained by using improvement heuristics. However, if changes occur during the actual execution of the system (i.e., while vehicles are on route), one may not have enough time available to rebuild the rest of the schedule taking new information into account. Furthermore, most improvement heuristics are not easily accommodated to the fact that a partial schedule is already underway, and only the unfinished part must be optimised (constructive heuristics are readily applicable in this case). On the other hand, using the hyper-heuristic approach, one is able to find simple heuristics that operate very fast and are suitable in both dynamic and stochastic conditions. Furthermore, by setting an appropriate performance measure, the user can generate customised heuristics that perform well given specific constraints or requirements. The rest of the paper is organised as follows; in the following section the motivation and related work are briefly discussed. Section 3 describes the proposed approach and is central to the paper. Sections 5 and 6 show the application of the hyper-heuristic to CVRP and VRPTW variants, respectively. Section 7 offers a discussion about the scalability and parameter sensitivity, as well as outlining some avenues for future research. Finally, Section 8 concludes the paper.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Reaction Kinetics Mechanism  
#### 3.3.1 Kinetic Models  
The reaction mechanism between the SA/PVP/TiO\({}_{2}\) nanocomposite beads and MB is examined by making use of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The reaction rate is usually described by the kinetic model, whereas the dependence of the former on the reacting species concentration defines the reaction order [33; 34]. The study involved carrying out experiments both in the dark and under light irradiation. Table 2 shows that there are clear differences between the two models in the dark and under irradiation of visible light. In the pseudo-second order model, the rate constant \(K_{2}\) for SA/PVP/TiO\({}_{2}\)-3 in dark mode is the highest, indicating the chemisorption nature of the MB adsorption process [35].  
Figure 7: Effect of the initial concentration of MB dye on its photocatalytic decay using the nanocomposite beads (pH: 7; contact time: 120 min; light intensity: 1200 lm).