# Parallel-Based Corpus Annotation for Malay Health Documents
## 3 Methodology
### Annotation of English Text  
The existing entity recognition algorithms, such as the Stanford CoreNLP tools [25], predominantly classify basic entity types like person, organization, and location. These established tools, while effective in their own right, lack comprehensive support for the Malay language. This poses a significant challenge for our project since the primary objective is to develop a customized named entity recognition (NER) and relation extraction system tailored to Malay. Considering this, we resolved to create a tailored annotation schema that would effectively cater to the unique needs of the Malay language. This approach would ensure that our annotated text corpus was well equipped to serve as a potent training and evaluation resource for custom NER and relational extraction algorithms. For the English texts within our corpus, we employed biomedical NER tools such as BioYODIE NER. This powerful tool enabled us to efficiently identify named entities such as disease, symptoms, care, and others [25]. This identification process is critical as it facilitates the comprehensive mapping of each text's entity landscape, providing valuable data for subsequent processing and analysis (Table 3). To enhance the breadth of our entity identification, we additionally employed the Stanza i2b2 and NCBI-Disease tools [26]. These resources were instrumental in identifying other biomedical entities, including categories like problem, treatment, test, and disease. The inclusion of these tools in our entity recognition process ensures broader coverage, enabling us to capture a more diverse set of entities within the corpus (Tables 4 and 5). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**English Text**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NCSBI-Disease**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Disease** & \\ \hline A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is usually caused by a blood clot, which stops the blood flowing to a part of the heart muscle. & & heart attack \\ \hline What causes a myocardial infarction (MI)? The most common cause of a myocardial infarction (MI) is a blood clot (thrombosis) that forms inside a coronary artery or one of its branches. & & myocardial infarction \\ \hline What are the symptoms of a myocardial infarction? The most common symptom is severe & & myocardial infarction \\ \hline What causes a myocardial infarction (MI)? The most common cause of a myocardial infarction (MI) is a blood clot (thrombosis) that forms inside a coronary artery, or one of its branches. & & myocardial infarction \\ \hline What are the symptoms of a myocardial infarction? There are two treatments that can restore blood flow back through the blocked artery: Emergency angioplasty. & & myocardial infarction \\ \hline Ideally this is the best treatment if it is available and can be done within a few hours of symptoms starting. & & myocardial infarction \\ \hline An injection of a clot-busting medicine? is an alternative to emergency angioplasty. & & myocardial & myocardial \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Examples result in annotated English text (using NCBI-Disease tools).