## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phase II: Greenhouse Panel Study
#### 3.3.6 Oil Content and Quality of Camelina Seeds  
The oil, protein, and moisture contents of amelina seeds was 20 (\(\pm\)0.25), 22.7 (\(\pm\)0.58), and 6.83% (\(\pm\)0.07), respectively. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39] reported the oil content of amelina seeds in their study as 30.5%. Previous studies by [PERSON] et al. [40], [PERSON] [41], and [PERSON] [42] also found the oil content of amelina to be in that range. The oil content of rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower was reported to be in the range 40-44%, 18-22%, and 39-49% [43]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [44] reported the protein content of the seed as 24.5% and was similar to the values 23.5-30.1% reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [45]. The protein content of the plant is one of the qualitative parameters that indicate the nutritional value of the crop. The unsaturated fatty acid composition in the amelina seeds consists of high percentage of \(\alpha\)-linolenic acid (32-40%), which makes it suitable for ruminants when it is used as meal [46].  
The fatty acid composition of amelina seeds in our study (Figure 5) showed a high content of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18:1; 15.9%), linoleic acid (C18:2; 17.6%), \(\alpha\)-linolenic acid (C18:3; 27.6%), eicosenoic acid (C20:1; 13%), and erucic acid (C22:1; 5.5%) comprising a total of 79.6% of the total fatty acids. The saturated fatty acids comprised of palmitic acid (C16:0; 7.1%), stearic acid (C18:0; 4.1%), arachidonic acid (C20:0; 3.5%), behenic acid (C22:0; 1%), and lignoercic acid (C24:0; 1.2%).  
Fatty acid composition in amelina is highly variable, due to differences in plant cultivars, geographical regions, and different growing conditions [47; 48]. The reported content of various fatty acids in amelina are palmitic acid (5-6%), stearic acid (1.5-3.5%), arachidonic acid (1-2%), oleic acid (14-19%), linoleic acid (13-24%), and \(\alpha\)-linolenic acid (27-40%) [49]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39] found that oil obtained from amelina seeds contained a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (54.3%), with high content of \(\alpha\)-linolenic (32.6%) and linoleic acid (19.6%). [PERSON] et al. [46] and [PERSON] et al. [50] also observed that \(\alpha\)-linolenic acid comprised between 32% and 40% of the fatty acid composition of amelina oil. Other fatty acids in contents above 10% include linoleic, oleic, and eicosenoic acids.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Roots** & **Stem** & **Leaves** & **Pods** & **Seeds** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Total plant** \\ **uptake** \\ \end{tabular} & **Leachates** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Surface** \\ **Runoff** \\ \end{tabular} & **Soil** \\
\begin{tabular}{c} Control \\ (No plant) \\ \end{tabular} & - & - & - & - & - & - & 90 & 1786 & 76,565 \\ Camelina & 2.48 & 1.90 & 3.84 & 0.34 & 0.63 & 9.2 & 84 & 123 & 78,545 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Mass balance of Cu (mg) in the greenhouse panel study.  
When plants were grown in environments with high metal content, cellular modifications in the content and composition of fatty acids occur [51; 52; 53]. [PERSON] et al. [54] observed that there was a decrease in the unsaturated fatty acid amount under Cd, Co, Zn, Pb stress in camelina. [PERSON] et al. [55] reported similar changes in fatty acid composition in Indian mustard on treatment with Cd. As Cd concentration increased, there was a decline in unsaturated fatty acid content in the seeds, along with an increase in saturated fatty acids.  
Oil content and fatty acid composition are the two determining characteristics for suitability of the oil to be used to generate biodiesel on an industrial scale [56]. In our study, the oil content was lower (20%) when compared to previous studies [39; 40; 41; 42] which reported the camelina oil content to be about 30%. However, the fatty acid composition remains consistent with previous reports, with no major change in the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids.