# Future Internet Architectures on an Emerging Scale--A Systematic Review
## 1 Introduction  
The internet has revolutionized over time as an ecosystem, connecting people across the globe and hosting a variety of services, such as multimedia, information, news, business, and education, which have spearheaded the development of new architectures, applications, and devices. It is seen that the client-server model is aging, reflecting a paradigm shift and a need to focus on new network architectures that improve all kinds of network services, thus improving quality of life [1]. The evolution of the internet has seen tremendous growth, starting from a few hundred users to more than three billion global users, thereby transforming a wide range of economic, social, societal, and business practices. The internet began with ARPANET and progressed to the web-based internet, followed by the application-based internet, with Android and iOS as standards. The next transformation of the internet is the augmented reality and virtual-reality-based internet that provides enormous opportunities (cognitive internet) but also significant risks, including cyber-attacks. Additionally, the evolution of \"edge networks\" promises to push the network closer to the utilization ends of user devices, mitigating the additional storage and computation in-distant server farms. The significant emergence of the programmable user plane has enabled faster data filtering, and the continuous availability of networks among server farms makes us ponder about the growing scale of the internet, connecting people, intelligent systems, more sensors, and actuators [1]. The question of where exactly this journey of future internet may take us to is still subject to an important debate. A few issues to ponder on are as follows:  
1. How to overcome network distortions on a large scale? The ability to stay connected without experiencing network distortions is now a reality. According to the reports in [2], at the start of 2023, over 5.16 billion people worldwide use the internet, which accounts for approximately 64.4 percent of the global population. Their data indicate that these figures are expected to continue to rise steadily, with the world's connected population growing by almost 100 million worldwide in January 2023, over the last 12 months. Mobile devices, on the other hand, have become the primary means of accessing the internet for many users, with approximately 92.3 percent of internet users going online at least once using their mobile devices. These devices account for more than 56.9 percent of online time and contribute to around 60 percent of web traffic. In the year 2011, the experts in [3] predicted how digital life was going to be in 2025. They believed that the internet was likely to be the new electricity, effortless and less discernable and becoming deeply entrenched in human lives. They were of the opinion that mobile, wearable, and embedded computing, combined with the Internet of Things (IoT), would allow users to delve into artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud-based information sharing and storage. 2. How to manage data generated through sensors that require machine-to-machine communication over the network? A major trend which we see intensifying in the future is machine-to-machine communication: sensors which communicate with smart homes and cars that communicate with each other (e.g., by giving warning of hazards, with respect to slippery roads). In such communications, there might be high requirements of a very low latency and high reliability. It is seen that in each case, machine-to-machine communication can bring numerous benefits, such as increased efficiency, improved safety, and reduced costs. For example, in a self-driving car, a slight delay in communication between the car's sensors and the cloud-based control system can lead to fatal accidents. Similarly, in industrial automation, any communication delay or disruption can lead to costly downtime. To overcome these challenges, several communication technologies have been put in place, such as cellular networks, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, to name a few.