## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Field Experiment and Sample Preparation  
The field trial was conducted over the growing seasons in 3 years (2017, 2018, and 2019) at a commercial vineyard (120\({}^{\circ}\)89\({}^{\prime}\)68\({}^{\prime\prime}\) east latitude, 37\({}^{\circ}\)77\({}^{\prime}\)29\({}^{\prime\prime}\) north latitude, COFCO, Great Wall Winery, Shandong, China). Nine-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon (_Vitis vinifera_ L.) vines were grafted on SO4 rootstock and planted in north-south-oriented rows at a spacing of 2.5 m \(\times\) 1 m. The vines were single cordon-trained and 8-12 two-bud spurs per vine were retained. Clean-tillage was implemented in the vineyard soils, and organic fertilizer was applied every winter and spring.  
Leaf removal was established and initialed 10 days before flowering (LR-BF), 35 days after flowering (LR-AF), and during veraison (LR-V). Vines without leaf removal served as the control (CN). Leaf removal was performed manually in the cluster zone, wherein all primary and lateral leaves were removed from the basal node to the third node (Supplemental Figure S1).  
Weather data (from April to October) were collected from a meteorological weather station located in the vineyard (Table 1). Each treatment was replicated five times in plots of 10 vines based on a randomized block design. Ten clusters were randomly collected from each plot at harvest, frozen on dry ice, and transferred to a laboratory immediately, where they were stored at \(-40\)\({}^{\circ}\)C.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Month**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Precipitation**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sunshine Duration**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Relative Humidity**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Min.** & **Max.** & **Avg.** & **(mm)** & **(h)** & **(\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{2017} & April & 8.3 & 18.1 & 12.8 & 42.2 & 242.9 & 54 \\  & May & 14.4 & 23.8 & 18.8 & 27.7 & 275.0 & 52 \\  & June & 18.8 & 27.5 & 22.8 & 27.3 & 269.1 & 64 \\  & July & 22.1 & 29.3 & 25.3 & 34.9 & 250.6 & 69 \\  & August & 22.3 & 29.3 & 25.7 & 276.1 & 223.2 & 74 \\  & September & 18.0 & 25.2 & 21.5 & 106.7 & 216.1 & 68 \\  & October & 13.1 & 20.1 & 16.3 & 18.2 & 183.9 & 60 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{2018} & April & 9.7 & 19.7 & 14.3 & 37.0 & 251.1 & 50 \\  & May & 13.8 & 24.1 & 18.7 & 58.1 & 237.1 & 55 \\  & June & 19.2 & 28.2 & 23.4 & 71.7 & 265.3 & 62 \\  & July & 22.8 & 30 & 25.9 & 130.4 & 227.5 & 77 \\  & August & 20.7 & 27.1 & 23.9 & 129.0 & 210.5 & 63 \\  & September & 18.2 & 25.4 & 21.6 & 25.6 & 225.6 & 72 \\  & October & 12.5 & 19.3 & 15.5 & 35.1 & 162.8 & 69 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{2019} & April & 9.9 & 19.4 & 14.3 & 20.8 & 240.5 & 52 \\  & May & 15.1 & 26.4 & 20.4 & 19.9 & 323.7 & 52 \\ \cline{1-1}  & June & 18.8 & 28.1 & 23.1 & 74.5 & 279.5 & 58 \\ \cline{1-1}  & July & 23.8 & 30.6 & 26.9 & 159.1 & 176.6 & 80 \\ \cline{1-1}  & August & 22.7 & 28.8 & 25.5 & 195.3 & 221.2 & 81 \\ \cline{1-1}  & September & 18.7 & 27 & 22.4 & 14.8 & 288.3 & 71 \\ \cline{1-1}  & October & 11.7 & 18.4 & 14.8 & 32.5 & 162.5 & 65 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and relative humidity from April to October in three years.