# Information, Thermodynamics and Life: A Narrative Review
## 1 Introduction
### Quantum Information
In addition, a qubit cannot be translated into bits, due to the non-teleportation theorem (\"In quantum information theory, the no-teleportation theorem states that an arbitrary quantum state cannot be converted into a sequence of classical bits (or even an infinite number of such bits); nor can such bits be used to reconstruct the original state, thus 'teleporting' it by merely moving classical bits around. Put another way, it states that the unit of quantum information, the qubit, cannot be exactly, precisely converted into classical information bits. In crude terms, the no-teleportation theorem stems from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the _Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen_ paradox: although a qubit can be imagined to be a specific direction on the Bloch sphere, that direction cannot be measured precisely; if it could, the results of that measurement would be describable with words, i.e., classical information. If it were possible to convert a qubit into classical bits, then a qubit would be easy to copy (since classical bits are trivially copy-able)\" (from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-teleportation_theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-teleportation_theorem)]([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-teleportation_theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-teleportation_theorem)), accessed 20 October 2020).). Although this theorem holds, it is possible to move qubits from one physical entity to another via quantum teleportation. The qubit cannot be copied or deleted. It cannot be delivered to more than one recipient. A qubit can be changed by applying linear transformations and/or quantum gates to it, the analog of logical circuits in digital information. Qubits can be synthesized and result in digital sets. Quantum information can be transferred to a communication channel, like the classic example of communication channels. The simplest quantum system is described in a complex two-dimensional vector space (2-D Hilbert space C2) [9]. If we define an orthogonal reference system in a Hilbert space and let \(\left|0\right\rangle\) and \(\left|1\right\rangle\) be two constant vectors, then any state of the system can be expressed as a linear combination of these vectors such as \(\left|\Psi\right\rangle=\alpha\left|0\right\rangle+\beta\left|1\right\rangle\), where \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are complex numbers and must satisfy the condition \(\left|a^{2}\right|+\left|\beta^{2}\right|=1\). If those conditions hold then \(\left|\psi\right\rangle\) is said to be normalized. The conditions \(\left|0\right\rangle\) and \(\left|1\right\rangle\) are also referred to as computational basis states. It is useful to make a comparative presentation of the quantum bit with the classic bit. The bit can only exist in one of the discrete states 0 and 1 at a time. In contrast, qubit has a continuous state space and can exist in any state that can be described by the complex numbers \(a\) and \(b\). In the case of bit we can always be sure if our system is in state 0 or 1. On the contrary, for a qubit we cannot say with certainty which of the two states it is in. For example, if we have only one qubit, we can in no way make a measurement that will tell us if our system was in state 0 or the state before the measurement [9]. Determining the initial state, however, it is statistically possible if we have a large number of similar initial states. The difference between qubits and classic bits becomes more apparent when we have to compare systems with more bits. Two classic bits can be found in four different states: 00, 01, 10 and 11. In the case of two qubits, any linear combination of the four base vectors is possible. This means that the two qubits can be found even in states of complete quantum correlation or otherwise in states that are entangled. Such situations are all four Bell states: qubits are useful in the theoretical understanding of the meaning of information, in finding practical methods of its representation and in its processing.