## 3 Results and Discussion
### Lean Design and Its Functionalities
#### 3.2.1 Definition of Each Functionality
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Functionality** & **Definition** & **References** \\ \hline Global Collaborative & Initial planning that details project milestones and phases, organized by function or area, covering the entire duration and guided by constraints and objectives. & [36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Phase Collaborative Scheduling (Pull Planning)} & A team planning technique that works backward from a target date, organizing tasks to release work requested by others, reducing waste, and focusing on value addition. & [36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Lookahead Collaborative Scheduling} & An intermediate planning process that adjusts budgets and schedules, optimizes resources and coordinates activities to effectively control project workflow. & [76; 77] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Weekly Collaborative Scheduling} & The most detailed planning phase before execution, conducted by various supervisors, promotes bidirectional communication and efficiency in projects. & [36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 75; 76; 77; 78; 79] \\ Data Recording Analysis & Involves examining collected data to extract valuable information, and identify patterns, trends, relationships, or significant conclusions from documents or records. & [76; 77] \\ Constraint Analysis & Evaluates the necessary conditions for an activity to be executed, identifying the constraints that prevent its realization. & [74; 77] \\ Visual Communication & Represents design as an information flow using images, graphics, and models to improve communication, reduce time and errors, and enhance collaboration among stakeholders. & [74; 77] \\ Root Cause Problem & A problem-solving approach that seeks the root cause of a problem through repeated ‘why’ questioning to resolve its origin. & [76; 77] \\ Design-Construction & Effectively integrates architectural and engineering design during construction to avoid issues, and costly changes, and ensure design feasibility in practice. & [24] \\ Progress Evaluation & Analysis of team progress according to the schedule, measured by evaluating the number of committed tasks completed divided by the total committed tasks and comparing it to the target progress. & [74; 77] \\ Open, Transparent Communication Sharing & Direct and honest exchange of information without blame, promoting problem-solving, cooperation, and trust in projects and organizations. & [75; 77] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Entire Team} & Stakeholder involvement involves collaboration among clients, \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Stakeholder Involvement} & \multirow{2}{*}{architects, engineers, contractors, and specialists to achieve common goals, prevent design changes, and improve the client’s technical understanding.} & [24; 77] \\ Optimization of Value/Cost & Identifying needs through regular dialogue, optimizing costs and schedules, avoiding scope changes, and ensuring client satisfaction. & [24; 77] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Exploration of Alternative Solutions} & The evaluation of options by a design team based on project requirements and preferences, promoting participation and considering diverse perspectives. & [75] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Effective Teamwork} & Collaboration in a project team where members are committed to goals and values, led by the most qualified individuals, with defined roles and open communication. & [75; 77] \\ Identification and & Recognizing necessary activities where some add value, and others do not, by mapping the value flow to eliminate or minimize & [74; 77] \\ Non-Value-Added Activities & non-value-adding activities. & [74; 77] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Anticipation and Rapid Problem-Solving} & Based on foreseeing problematic situations, identifying patterns or difficulties that may arise in the future, and, if they occur, quickly and effectively finding collaborative solutions. & [74; 77] \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Commitment Management} & Ensures responsible fulfillment of agreements and tasks, ensuring efficiency and punctuality in work environments. & [74; 76; 77] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}