## 1 Introduction  
When the environment is contaminated by liquid petroleum derivatives, whether intentionally or not, this act is denoted as an \"oil spill\". Even on a small scale (e.g., failures of pipelines), such events can cause severe environmental damage due to the displacement of contaminants, with transboundary effects [1]. Among the various approaches developed to deal with oil spills,orbents are quite popular because they act in two ways: passively, exerting a containment effect, and actively, for the physical recovery of oil contamination from both land and water [2, 3]. In fact, adsorption is known for its simplicity and efficacy in treating aqueous solutions contaminated with a wide range of pollutants [4, 5, 6]. Due to additional advantages such as the possibility of oil recovery and the absence of secondary pollution [7], the use of adsorbents is widespread in the case of oil spills involving water bodies, while for terrestrial oil spills, other physical, chemical, and biological approaches are preferred, including in situ burning and bioremediation [8; 9]. However, an aspect that is often not considered is that remediation activities do have an impact on the environment because the chemical products or processes involved may consume both materials and energy or lead to the undesired production of toxic byproducts (secondary contamination) [10]. An environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative consists of remediation technologies based on natural-based solutions (NBS), which allow either the elimination or reduction in the level of contaminants to achieve the desired security levels while looking for a minimal environmental footprint. Among NBS approaches, phytoremediation is crucial [10; 11]. In this approach, the handling of organic and inorganic contaminants in the target matrix is carried out by plant species via extraction, degradation and stabilization, the actual methodology being dependent on the pollutant. The low cost and simplicity of operation combined with the obvious environmental benefits [12] fuel interest in these phytotechnologies, also in combination with other green strategies to further reduce the overall carbon footprint [13; 14]. Also included in this discourse are green roofs [15] and green-based materials derived from agricultural waste [16], which allow for an improvement of the energetic and environmental performance of urbanized areas by combining constructed wetland techniques with other approaches in order to alleviate the increasing effects of climate changes [17; 18; 19]. In addressing contamination by potentially toxic metals, phytoextraction--where roots adsorb metals which are subsequentially accumulated and translocated in different plant tissues--is considered a non-invasive, environmentally friendly, and economical approach [20; 21]. Since plants can only take up species dissolved in the soil moisture [22], strategies to facilitate this process are constantly being investigated, such as chelating/mobilizing agents to increase the bioavailability of metal ions [23; 24] or the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) such as _Bacillus flexus_[25] and _Kocuria rhizophila_[26], especially those who live in the rhizosphere (PGPR) [27; 28], to support the plant in its biological activities, as well as promoting metals' mobility/bioavailability in the soil in some cases [29; 30; 31]. In the case of oil spills, petroleum derivatives such as alkanes, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., BTEX), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) impact soil quality due to important alterations to various physicochemical and biological characteristics. Even if present in traces, such compounds can harm soil microorganisms, reducing their activity and causing the saturation of the soil matrix, preventing root functionality and compromising plants subsistence [32].