esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cell Cultures and Cell Viability Assays  
To set up the experimental conditions and find out the compounds' concentration to be used in dynamic experiments, three concentrations of each selected compound were used to test cell viability by MTS assay (Promega). In brief, Caco-2 cells were grown as reported in [30] and plated in 96 multiwells at a density of 5000 cells/cm\({}^{2}\) in the presence of 5% fetal bovine. Three concentrations for each compound were tested (0.02, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/mL). After incubation time (6 and 24 h), the MTS Cell Titer 96 AQueous One Solution (20 \(\upmu\)L) was added to the wells, and the cells were incubated for 2 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The absorbance was read at 450 nm by a multiwell plate reader (HT Synergy). Eight wells were used for each experimental point and each independent experiment was repeated six times. Cell viability was measured as percentage of viable cells in presence of each compound compared to controls (untreated cells). For all the experiments, the controls exhibited cell viability % in the range of 100.00 \(\pm\) 2.87-100.00 \(\pm\) 8.48.  
For experiments under dynamic conditions, Caco-2 cells were plated in the millifluidic chambers at a density of 5000 cells/cm\({}^{2}\) under the same growth conditions and treated with the indicated concentrations of each compound for 6 and 24 h.
## 1 Introduction
### User Testing and Evaluation of VGEs  
In many areas, current VGEs are still lacking various properties (e.g., fidelity of computer graphics, sensory quality and immersion, ease-of-use of UIs, etc.). Even though VR is continually evolving, research on VGEs was once (and to some extent still is) constrained by huge technological limits [13]. Previous studies (pre-2010's) on this issue are both rare and questionable in their topicality. Recent strides in VR have provided a great opportunity to make use of realistic and usable simulations for accurate feedback and an unprecedented level of immersion (e.g., 3D visualization). However, the delivery of a persuasive stimuli exposition must also come with detailed recording and subsequent behavioral input analysis (i.e., user interaction with VGE), which plays an important role in the human perception, understanding, and subsequent processing (via interaction) of tasks [14]. From an experimental point of view, VGEs can be considered two-way products. One thing is that VGEs can serve as a controlled experimental stimuli exposition tool, even for potentially complex properties or visual patterns (especially dynamic animations, interactive objects, realism-inducing simulations, etc.); the other advantage is that the users interaction with such controlled virtual environment can be precisely measured/recorded and specific (inter)action patterns can be identified there. This opens up many potential lines of research in view of the fact that VR may help increase the ecological validity of research and experimental control.  
With a specifically designed VGE in mind, different types of VR settings (e.g., types of visualization) can be measured and compared. This was previously explored in several studies examining the use of 3D technology in geo-visualizations, for example, References [15; 16; 17; 18; 19]. In geography especially, the effects of different visualization types have been compared, for example, between interactive versus static 3D visualizations [16; 20], photorealistic versus non-photorealistic 3D visualizations [21; 22] and eventually visualizations with different ratios of realistic/abstract elements [23; 24; 25]. How suitable a visualization is to a user depends heavily on the purpose of the task. Beyond that, the individual differences between users (or groups of users) can also be studied. The approach of measuring individual differences has a long tradition, stemming largely from psychology and behavioral sciences [26]. We reason that a well-structured VGE with proper functionality and supplemented by psychological testing can effectively and quickly provide a large amount of complex user behavioral data, and as such may be used to develop strategies in user interface (UI) optimization and individual customization.  
The process of adding more than one method of user testing and monitoring to achieve complex insight into user activity is covered by the concept of methodological/research triangulation.
## 1 Introduction
However, in their study, particles were applied directly on the carbon fiber prepreg surface resulting in poor control of dispersion and particle loading. If the particles are not well dispersed, they may act as defects and, thus, the dispersion of particles is a very important parameter in the overall performance of the finished structure. [PERSON] et al. improved damping of composite structures by using piezoelectric filler-dispersed films [21]. They made films dispersed piezoelectric and conductive particles in PA or PEKK for enhancing damping of the composite. In their study, the effect of particle dispersion on damping was not analyzed. In this investigation, we established a process to fabricate thin resin mixture films containing PZT and SMA particles within the composites with increased dispersion. By dispersing the particles evenly inside the mixture film and applying them to the carbon fiber reinforced composite material as interleaves, the vibration damping ability of the composite specimen increased. In the research so far, there have been many studies to improve the vibration damping of composite materials by using PZT particles or SMA particles alone. Of course, there have also been attempts to apply PZT and SMA to composite materials at the same time. [PERSON] et al. fabricated the thin SMA film deposited on PZT substrate composite by sputtering for enhancing damping property [22]. However, devices fabricated in this way are very expensive and difficult to apply to large-area composite materials. In this study, PZT and SMA particles were applied separately to composite laminates to evaluate the vibration damping efficiency. In order to observe the effect of particle mixing, both PZT and SMA particles were mixed and applied to composite laminates to evaluate the effect. Particles are dispersed in large area films, so it is easy to apply to a large area and can be manufactured relatively inexpensively. The loss factor (tan \(\delta\)) was used as a parameter to indicate the vibration damping capability, measured using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The change in vibration damping as a function of the particles loading was observed. Inaddition, flexural moduli of the interleaved specimens were evaluated to investigate the effect of the interleaved layers on the mechanical performance. The structure of the paper is as follows: in Section 2, materials and manufacturing methods for making specimens are introduced, and experiment methods to measure the physical properties of specimens are introduced. Section 3, the loss factor according to the frequency of each specimen is examined, and the results are compared. The dispersion degree of the film in which the PZT particles were dispersed was confirmed through the EPMA results, and the loss factor and mechanical properties of the specimens in which the PZT particles and the SMA particles were simultaneously dispersed were confirmed through the experiments. Next, a discussion of the results obtained is provided. Section 4 contains the final conclusions that summarize the most important achievements of the article.
###### Abstract
However, the low-latitude regions of China, particularly in Hainan Province, remain insufficiently covered by dedicated ocean-focused spaceborne instruments, requiring further development of such specialized systems. Situated in southern China, Hainan Province is a typical tropical/subtropical region surrounded by the sea, boasting rich natural resources in agriculture, marine, and forestry. Monitoring dynamic changes in these resources is crucial. Spaceborne remote sensing is a crucial tool for accurate and comprehensive data acquisition over extensive oceanic areas. The ongoing construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port demands precise spatial information, which can be retrieved through remote sensing and elaborated via data-driven tools. However, the low-latitude location of Hainan, coupled with the region's frequent cloudy/rainy conditions, complicates the acquisition of precise spatial information. This significantly decreases the effective acquisition ability of remote sensing satellites in low-latitude regions. Consequently, current spaceborne instruments fall short of providing adequate coverage in such areas. Due to the prevalent cloudy and rainy conditions in Hainan Province, the applicability of optical satellites is limited in this region. SAR-equipped satellites, benefiting from an active microwave remote sensing technology, can retrieve radar images in nearly all weather conditions [41; 42]. Existing on-orbit SAR satellites turned out to be incapable of meeting the actual needs of resource monitoring for Hainan Province due to their incomplete coverage. Furthermore, considering that hyperspectral satellites generally have multiple wave bands with a narrow band range but can provide detailed information, a hybrid constellation including multispectral, hyperspectral, and SAR sensors is therefore required to meet the spatial information needs of Hainan and its surrounding areas. In response to these challenges, the proposed Hainan satellite constellation (HSC) comprising ten satellites, including six optical satellites (HN-1 01/02/03/04 and WC-1 01/02), two hyperspectral satellites (SY-1 01/02), and two SAR satellites (SS-1 01/02), has been designed. HSC aims to address the specific climate characteristics, geographic location, and regional socioeconomic development needs. It can not only offer high-quality spaceborne information but also overcome the incomplete coverage of existing satellites. This study details the technical design and proposed implementation strategies for the HSC, encompassing its technical characteristics, composition, capacity, construction, and application features. Additionally, it provides insights into the potential development of follow-up satellites.
# Gateway-Assisted Retransmission for Lightweight and Reliable IoT Communications
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a gateway-assisted method for IoT devices to determine the RTO value of their wireless link. The main concept is transferring the calculation from devices to a gateway. The gateway dynamically calculates the RTO and then broadcasts the result to the devices connected to it. Using this method, the devices can save more power because they are able to obtain an appropriate RTO value earlier by overhearing. Then, we conducted experiments from four aspects to investigate the performance.  
Compared to the other methods, the devices in GaCoAP can get dynamic RTO earlier, which results in much smaller retransmission times and larger message delivery ratio with some latency sacrifice. In the case that MLR = 10% and \(\mu=10\), the devices adopting GaCoAP can save at most 73.3% in terms of the number of retransmissions, and improve the message delivery ratio to at most 19% among methods with RRP policy. The devices only sacrifice up to 10 s (21 s -11 s) latency. Note that 10 s latency is ignorable in most IoT applications. The message delivery ratio in MQTT-SN is the best due to persistent policy; however, the number of retransmissions in MQTT-SN is the largest and the delivered message may be out-of-date. As long as the gateway connects to more than five devices, the GaCoAP mechanism outperforms all other mechanisms in terms of the number of retransmissions. Therefore, GaCoAP is better than other methods for IoT applications concerning energy usage.  
Recently, several works have discussed applying Information Centric Networking (ICN) to IoT [15; 16; 17]. The IoT devices can benefit from this network paradigm in terms of power consumption, especially in multi-hop networks. Although we only consider the star topology in this paper, it is worth discussing how GaCoAP performs in ICN in the future. Another interesting work is applying lightweight application protocols on smartphones to improve performance of transmission. Since smartphones are embedded with various sensors and are widely used in modern society, it is important to involve smartphones in sensor networks. In [18], the performance of applying MQTT and CoAP to smartphones has been studied. Applying GaCoAP to smartphones brings more benefits (e.g., multiple sensors) as well as more challenges (e.g., mobility). We will also consider adopting GaCoAP on smartphones in future work.  
**Acknowledgments:** Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan: 104-2221-E-006-041-, 104-3115-E-009-006-.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; and [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.
# Hardware Mechanism for Energy Saving in WiFi Access Points
## 1 Introduction  
Wireless fidelity (WiFi) networks [1] are massively used today in smart homes [2; 3], enterprises, public buildings, university campuses, and smart cities [4; 5]. In those domains, usually WiFi access points (AP) are always on, consuming a large amount of energy.  
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 ac WiFi standard [6] defines a power saving mode (PSM) for the WiFi terminal (WT) during an idle time (defined by the user), but it does not define any rule for energy saving in the AP. In the smart city domain, changes to IEEE 802.11e (included in IEEE 802.11 ac) [7] have been proposed to reduce power consumption of WTs when communicating sensor data in the Internet of Things (IoT) [8; 9] where, as mentioned in [10], WiFi is considered as the bottleneck to reducing the power consumption of an IoT device. Device-to-device (\(D2D\)) communications allow the minimization of the amount of time the WiFi interface of the WTs are active communicating data. In [11] the programming of beacon intervals delivery is analyzed for efficiently reducing the energy consumption of IoT devices using WiFi direct. In [12] severalrecommendations for energy saving are presented. An energy-saving mechanism taking parts of those recommendations are proposed in [13] for machine-to-machine (M2M [14]) communications taking the advantage of idle cycling technique. In mobile cloud computing for IoT, a cloudlet is proposed for processing data close to the WT using WiFi instead of long-term evolution to communicate data [15] for energy saving. We are interested in an energy-saving mechanism that can be generally applied instead of customized to specific domains.  
Planned for this year, IEEE 802.11 ax (WiFi 6) will provide 6 to 11 Gbps, which implies APs that will consume more energy than actual APs. For that reason, it allows the WT to negotiate the target wake up time (TWT) [16] to reduce the energy consumption [17] of WT but it does not specify anything for energy consumption in APs.  
Some information and communication technology (ICT) companies [18] define energy-efficient powered device APs receiving energy from power sourcing equipment (PSE) like HPE 2520G-24-PoE and HPE 2920-48G-PoE+ [19] using power over ethernet (PoE) or directly from the electrical network. Those PSEs provide power between 15.4 W and 90 W for ethernet wires of 100 m considering standards such as IEEE 802.3 af, 802.3 at y 802.3 bt [20]. Those initiatives do not avoid that the energy consumption of WiFi AP is between 2% and 10% of world power consumption [21] at present and could be 1700 TWh at the end of 2030 [22] (ICT is responsible for 2% to 2.5% of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the world [23]). We focus on a hardware mechanism for energy saving in WiFi APs independent of the standard version and kind of AP.
# Digital Twin in the Maritime Domain: A Review and Emerging Trends
## 8 Conclusions  
In this study, a comprehensive literature review has been performed to explore the applications of DT technology within the maritime domain. Since its introduction in the early 2000s, DT technology has progressed at a slower pace due to the absence of necessary components such as hardware, software, remote sensing techniques, cloud computing, big data analytics, digital manufacturing architecture, and satellite communication facilities. Despite the limited implementation of DTs in real-life projects during the early years of the millennium, the recognition of its capabilities and potential has led to its increasing adoption in the manufacturing and service sectors of the maritime industry. With the abundance of computational resources and recent emergent trends in AI-based technologies, DT is likely to become an effective solution for validating state-of-the-art designs in a virtual environment, resulting in significant time and cost savings. Many projects are already underway in many parts of the world to acquaint the existing operations with DT-based solutions in designing, monitoring, manufacturing, training, testing, simulations, etc. Based on the bibliometric study performed using scientometric analysis, it can be deduced that there is a growing trend of incorporating DTs into maritime operations as the industry becomes increasingly digitized and electrified. The proposed four-layer ship DT framework in this study has compiled and deduced these necessities to be addressed within the maritime sector and can be utilized as a base model in designing a comprehensive DT architecture covering the life cycle of a ship. The majority of the DT projects in the maritime sector are still in the developing stage with limited research work/data available on the subject. However, by observing the current bloom in technology and research trends on DT-based systems, it can be concluded that the potential of DT will revolutionize the maritime sector, especially the shipping and offshore engineering sectors with expected major outcomes in achieving high-tech-based design, development, manufacturing, and operations.  
Conceptualization, X.X. and S.Y.; methodology, S.Y. and X.X.; investigation, N.S.M., Y.F., S.Y. and X.X.; formal analysis, N.S.M. and S.Y.; resources, X.X. and S.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, N.S.M.; writing--review and editing, N.S.M., S.Y. and X.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 52131101 and the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Innovation Groups, grant number 2021 CFA026. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
# Machine Learning-Based Approach for Predicting Diabetes Employing Socio-Demographic Characteristics
## Materials and Methods
### Data Preprocessing  
The preprocessing of data is essential for all ML as well as data mining techniques, due to the fact that the efficiency of a model mostly depends on data preprocessing. Missing values were handled after obtaining the dataset. However, there were no missing values in this dataset. Then, an encoding technique was employed for the processed dataset. Encoding is a fundamental technique in data preprocessing. If there is any object-type (String) data present in the dataset, these are not used for any ML algorithms. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the object-type (String) data into integer-type data, which is suitable  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Attributes** & **Data Type** & **Interpretation** \\ \hline age & numeric & Age of the patient \\ gender & nominal & Whether the patient is male/female \\ polyuria & nominal & Whether the patient experienced frequent urination \\ polydispsia & nominal & Whether the patient had excessive thirst/drinking \\ sudden\_weight\_loss & nominal & Whether the patient experienced a period of sudden reduced weight \\ weakness & nominal & Whether the patient experienced a moment of weakness \\ polyphagia & nominal & Whether the patient experienced extreme hunger \\ genital\_thrush & nominal & Whether the patient had a yeast infection \\ visual\_blurring & nominal & Whether the patient experienced unclear vision \\ itching & nominal & Whether the patient experienced itching \\ irritability & nominal & Whether the patient experienced irritability \\ delayed\_healing & nominal & Whether the patient observed a delay in recovery after being injured \\ partial\_pares & nominal & Whether the patient experienced a period of muscle wasting or a group of failing muscles \\ muscle\_ Stiffness & nominal & Whether the patient experienced muscle stiffness \\ alopecia & nominal & Whether the patient experienced hair loss \\ obesity & nominal & Considering their body mass index, determine whether the patient is obese \\ class & nominal & Presence of diabetes (positive/negative) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Brief explanation of dataset.  
for ML algorithms. In this dataset, there is one feature (gender) that is object-type; for that reason, an encoding technique is employed. This research used the one-hot encoding technique. After completing the encoding method, this dataset was made suitable for ML algorithms. Then, statistical analysis and exploratory data analysis (EDA) were carried out on the processed dataset. The overall research methodology is represented in Figure 1.