esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Secure and Efficient Authentication Scheme in IoT Environments
## 1 Introduction
Firstly, we analyzed various recent studies and identified the various factors that include an ECC point multiplication to reduce the operational cost. To ensure security strength that is equivalent or greater than the existing schemes, we efficiently optimized the usage of an ECC point multiplication operation in the proposed scheme, which helped us make the lightweight scheme and improve its performance over existing approaches. The contributions of this study are summarized as follows. * We propose a novel lightweight authentication scheme with defensive tactics provided by the combination of tamper-proof devices, ECC technology, exclusive OR (XOR), concatenation, working bit, and administrator task involvement. * To test the proposed scheme's performance, we implemented a standard pairing-based cryptography (PBC) [10] library on embedded devices that compute the primitive timing of the various cryptography operations included in the proposed scheme and the existing schemes. Using this primitive timing, we calculated the proposed scheme's operational cost and compared it with recent techniques. The comparison shows that the proposed scheme is lightweight in design and requires lower operational cost overhead. * We demonstrate that the proposed scheme is secure under the elliptic curve Diffie Hellman problem (ECDHP) [11] and the computational Diffie Hellman problem (CDHP) [12]. We verify it using mathematical informal security analysis. * Furthermore, to check the correctness of informal security analysis, we implemented the code for the proposed scheme in the widely accepted automated validation of internet security protocol and application (AVISPA) tool [13] and the ProVerif tool [14]. The result of the analysis and comparison with existing schemes demonstrates that the proposed scheme is more dominant, productive, and secure against all active and passive attacks [15], and it achieves the goal of secure design. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the related state-of-the-art works, existing weaknesses, and preliminary mathematics used in the proposed scheme. The proposed ECC-based protocol is introduced in Section 3. Section 4 shows the cryptoanalysis of the proposed protocol by utilizing the informal security analysis and then verifying it using two automated validation of internet security protocol and application tools (i.e., AVISPA and ProVerif). In Section 5, the proposed scheme's performance and efficiency assessments are compared to the existing methods. Finally, Section 6 presents the conclusion and future studies.
# PRANAS: A Process Analytics System Based on Process Warehouse and Cube for Supply Chain Management
## 4 Applications to Process Analytics  
In this section, we demonstrate three applications of PRANAS to process analytics. The example applications explore the different type of analytics used in supply chain analytics: Descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive [18]. In this research, a process warehouse and a process cube were implemented in Microsoft SQL Server Business Intelligence Development Studio (BIDS) (It is contained as an additional package in Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2, USA), as shown in Figure 4, while process mining methods were implemented on the ProM framework (ProM 6.1, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands [[http://www.promtools.org/doku.php?id=prom61](http://www.promtools.org/doku.php?id=prom61)]([http://www.promtools.org/doku.php?id=prom61](http://www.promtools.org/doku.php?id=prom61))) [19]. The implemented system can be used to analyze and report the operation performance measures in multidimensions. In addition, process-oriented analysis can be performed using technologies of existing process mining from event trace and covered process models stored in the process warehouse.  
All the data in the examples were extracted from the process warehouse and the process cube that was designed in Sections 3.3 and 3.4. The first application is process-oriented analytics. This example illustrates process mining techniques such as process discovery and performer recommendation. The second application is data-oriented analytics. The core of the second example are data mining techniques such as classification and regression for on-time delivery prediction on a design change process. The final application is a hybrid scenario of process-oriented and data-oriented analytics. We discover a control-flow process model and the decision rules inside the process.  
Figure 3: The design of a process cube for collaborative operational events between partners in supply chain management.
# Three-Dimensional High-Energy Electron Radiography Method for Static Mesoscale Samples Diagnostics
## 1 Introduction  
High-energy electron radiography (HEER) was proposed as a high spatial and temporal resolution probe tool for high-energy-density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experimental diagnostic studies [1; 2]. In recent years, HEER technology was well developed through both simulations and experiments [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. Radiography can be performed with a ps pulse-width electron beam, achieving a spatial resolution close to 1 \(\upmu\)m in an experiment with a large magnification imaging lens [9]. HEER takes advantage of a high-energy electron beam with powerful penetration, which can be used for thicker samples (tens of microns to millimeters) diagnostics, short period (ps-ns) bunch train time structures for ultra-fast dynamic process diagnostics and point to point imaging with a magnetic lens to achieve high spatial resolution. The high-energy electron beam for HEER is generated by a high-energy electron linear accelerator based on a photocathode injector.  
Concerning the mesoscale sciences, the spatial scale of the samples ranges from tens of \(\upmu\)m to mm and the time scale from ps to ns, which is the bridge between microscale and macroscale. Currently, in mesoscale sciences, HEDP and ICF research are important topics and the focus of intense research efforts. The diagnostic method for mesoscale sciences, especially for material studies, was figured out to be the most important part and will present a substantial challenge in the future [10]. Some research has shown that the radiography capability and characteristics of HEER are suitable candidates for mesoscale sciences diagnostic studies. However, with normal HEER, we can only get a two-dimensional transverse projection of the samples and it is very difficult to get the exact details of the internal structures of samples.  
Here, the three-dimensional high-energy electron radiography (TDHEER) method is put forward for the detailed diagnosis of static mesoscale samples. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the TDHEER method has been proposed, and its validity and usage in static mesoscale samples fully three-dimensional diagnostics is confirmed by start-to-end simulation studies. Detailed studies are shown below. In Section 2, the TDHEER method is introduced and its principle is explained. In Section 3, we present detailed start-to-end simulation studies of TDHEER with dedicated samples to evaluate its feasibility and capability. In Section 4, we report the conclusions and also present a future plan for TDHEER development, which would provide a powerful diagnostic tool for future mesoscale sciences.
## 6 Evaluation Metrics and Simulation Results  
### Evaluation Metrics  
The following three metrics are used to evaluate FPLA in this paper.  
* Accuracy (\(ACC\) ) : \[ACC=\frac{TP+TN}{TP+FN+TN+FP}\] (9)
* False Alarm Rate (\(FAR\)) : \[FAR=\frac{FN}{TP+FN}\] (10)
* Missed Detection Rate (\(MDR\)) : \[MDR=\frac{FP}{FP+TN}\] (11)  
The meanings of \(TP,TN,FP,FN\) are as follows: True Positive (\(TP\)) refers to correctly identifying a legitimate user; True Negative (\(TN\)) refers to correctly identifying malicious user; False Positive (\(FP\)) is that a legitimate user is identified as a malicious user; and False Negative (\(FN\)) is that a malicious user is identified as a legitimate user.
# Mapping Automated Cyber Attack Intelligence to Context-Based Impact on System-Level Goals
## 4 Mapping Cyber Attacks to Statistical Distributions
### Encryption Based Attacks  
A key feature in the majority of IoT devices is their ability to communicate using wireless technology. This introduces several risks, including data leakage, as an attacker could potentially eavesdrop on information sent and received from the IoT. Specifically, if the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is not employed, data transmitted from across the IoT are not encrypted. As a result, an unauthorised party could intercept it by performing passive network sniffing on the operating channel [2; 19]. This can have serious consequences, as an attacker can compromise sensitive personal and identifying information, such as passwords, location, name, etc. Therefore, the damage potential in this scenario is high. On the other hand, if the SSL/TLS protocol is employed, the transmitted data are encrypted. Thus, an eavesdropping attacker will not be able to intercept information in clear-text, in which case the damage is low.  
For wireless communications, an attacker can attempt to perform a MITM attack. Via this attack, the original connection between the two parties gets split into two new ones: one connection between the first party/device and the attacker and another one between the attacker and the second party/device. When the original connection is finally compromised, the attacker is able to act as a proxy and therefore read, insert, and modify data in the intercepted communication. Given the varying damage potential based on system design choices (SSL vs No SSL), a mixed probabilistic distribution has been allocated to each one. Table 4 captures the damage potential and detection summary, and Figure 9 visualises how the risk of these attacks changes over time, as the confidence in an MITM attack increases. This example shows that our proposed methodology can take into account specific system design aspects in this way. MITM attacks are easy to be detected using traffic flow analysis, so they are mapped to an exponential distribution. The probability of a device being operationally impacted is medium damage (as the instructions/actuation may change based on changing payloads), so they follow a medium-decay exponential distribution.  
Figure 8: Distribution of Remote Control.
# Quantitative Optical Coherence Elastography for Robust Stiffness Assessment
## 3 Sample Preparation  
To validate our method for robust stiffness measurement, we fabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) phantoms [13]. These phantoms were made using a Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer base and Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer curing agent. Before curing, Titanium dioxide was added to provide light scattering. We adjusted the stiffness of the phantom by varying the base to curing agent ratio. The weight ratio between the elastomer base and curing agent was measured using a high precision balance (Sartorius practum 13-1 s). The mixture (PDMS base, curing agent and Titanium dioxide) was cured in a temperature controlled oven at 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h. In this study, we fabricated phantoms with two different base-to-agent ratios (10:1 and 20:1), corresponding to stiffness of approximately 2.6 MPa and 1 MPa [17]. Phantoms with different thicknesses were also prepared.
# Research on Microhole Processing Technology Based on the Femtosecond-Laser Spiral Trepanning Method
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, the femtosecond-laser is used to perform microhole machining. By varying the scanning path and energy distribution, an inverted cone hole, straight hole, and normal cone hole could be obtained. The reasons for forming different taper microholes can primarily ascribe different energy distributions by analyzing SEM and EDX. Besides, the effects of air pressure and defocusing amount on the microhole taper were researched. The results show that air pressure has a slighter effect on the taper of the microhole. However, the increase in defocusing amount can process a large taper microhole. Compared with the traditional method and femtosecond-laser percussion drilling, ring cutting, the femtosecond-laser spiral trepanning by varying energy distribution, is very simple and highly efficient for processing different taper microholes. Moreover, owing to the ultra-short pulse cold-working characteristics of the femtosecond laser, the quality of the microhole processed was free of molten matter and cracks. However, some problems still exist --namely, that it is not easy to prepare an inverted cone with a large taper, and a small amount of molten material covers the inner wall of the micropore. Aero-turbine blade film and engine nozzles require the machining of a high-quality and different taper of a microhole; therefore, the microhole machining technology based on femtosecond-laser spiral trepanning by varying the scanning path, energy distribution and defocusing amount can be applied in aerospace, the automotive industry, and other industries.  
[PERSON] devised the research plan. [PERSON] performed the research and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] provided technical help over the course of the research. [PERSON] helped [PERSON] to do the research. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 10: Effect of defocusing on the microhole taper: (**a**) –1.24\({}^{\circ}\) taper; (**b**) 5.24\({}^{\circ}\) taper.  
Figure 9: Effects of air pressure and defocusing amount on the microhole taper.  
**Funding:** This work is financially supported by the Laser Manufacturing and Additive Manufacturing Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018 YFB1108000); Wenzhou Municipal Key Science and Research Program (ZG2019031).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Ramjet Nozzle Analysis for Transport Aircraft Configuration for Sustained Hypersonic Flight
## 2 Concept Aircraft Specification  
The hypersonic combined cycle propulsion concept is based around a self-sustained concept aircraft required to achieve a full commercial-style flight profile for passenger transportation. An example outline of the desired profile is given in Table 1. In order to remain self-sustained, the profile is attained by the combined operation of a turbojet, ramjet, and scramjet propulsion system.  
A feasible combination of a dual-mode ramjet-scramjet is given by Figure 2, such that during high-altitude scramjet flight the ramjet inlets are sealed to prevent excessive drag induced by shockwaves on the ramjet forebody [5].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Phase** & **Description** & **Altitude (ft)** & **Mach** & **Turbojet** & **Ramjet** & **Scramjet** \\ \hline
1 & Take-off and Initial Climb & 0–1500 & 0 to 1 & & & \\
2 & Climb 1 & 1500–40,000 & 1 to 2 & & & \\
3 & Climb 2 & 40,000–60,000 & 2 to 4 & & & \\
4 & Climb 3 & 60,000–100,000 & 4 to 7 & & & \\
5 & Cruise & 100,000 & 8 & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Concept aircraft target flight profile.  
Figure 1: Ramjet engine schematic.  
The requirement from this aircraft was for sustained Mach 8 cruise flight for a substantial part of the flight envelope with the ramjets assisting during phases 2 and 3 of the flight envelope (Table 1). The concept paper as well as it combustion characteristics have been detailed in a previous publication [5].
# Software Fault Localization Based on SALSA Algorithm
## 3 Proposed Approach
### Data Pre-Processing  
#### 3.1.1 Program Spectrum  
In the experimental process of this paper, for each faulty version of the program in the Defects4j dataset, the first step is to execute the test suite corresponding to the  
Figure 1: Method framework diagram.  
faulty version to obtain the program's execution trajectory and generate the spectrum. Program spectrum, also known as code coverage, is a very important concept in the field of software defect localization. It can be defined as the set of program entities that are covered during the execution of tests. Spectrum Based Fault Localization (SBFL) technology utilizes information about program entities executed by test cases to indicate which entities are more likely to be defective. The spectrum, often used to describe the behavior of a program, is a projection of the program's execution trajectory, revealing the active parts of the program during execution and showing the extent to which test cases cover the code. Each element in the spectrum, such as statements or branches, can be marked as executed or not executed, and this information is crucial for identifying testing blind spots and potential defect areas. In this paper, the spectrum used is a statement spectrum. The matrix form of the spectrum is shown in Table 1.  
The rows in the table represent each test case; columns 2 to 8 represent the code lines, with 0 indicating not executed and 1 indicating executed; the last column indicates the result of the test case execution, with 0 indicating failure and 1 indicating success.
## 2 Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
### TC Messages  
Each router maintains information concerning the network topology. This information is built by exchanging and analyzing received TC messages [8; 9]. Only MPRs send TC messages.  
Figure 4 illustrates the format of TC messages. These messages consist of several fields, and the objectives of each one, are as follows:  
* Advertised Neighbor Sequence Number (ANSN): The advertised neighbor set is associated with a sequence number. Whenever a node identifies a modification in its advertised neighbor set, it increments this sequence number. This ANSN value is then transmitted in the ANSN field of each TC message to ensure up-to-date information. Upon receiving a TC message, the recipient node can use the ANSN value to decide whether the received details regarding the advertised neighbors of the originator node are more recent than its existing data.
* Advertised Neighbor Main Address: Within this field lies the main address of a neighbor node. The TC message includes all the main addresses of the advertised neighbors as provided by the originator node. In the event that the network imposes a maximum message size and there are still advertised neighbor addresses pending to be inserted into the TC message, further TC messages will be generated until the entire advertised neighbor set is effectively sent.  
TC messages in OLSR are mainly used to establish the routing tables [8]. Each node has a routing table that allows it to route packets to a recipient. These routing tables are calculated using the Dijkstra algorithm based on the information kept by the nodes and also the information provided by the TC control messages. These routing tables are updated at each topology change.
# Surface Subsidence Monitoring in Kunming City with Time-Series InSAR and GNSS
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparative Analysis of Vertical Deformation Informationining
Equation (8) is used to convert the settlement value in LOS direction monitored by SBAS method into the settlement value in vertical direction, and points within 100 m radius around CORS station are selected for comparison. The results are shown in Figure 11.  
\[D=\frac{h_{LOS}}{cos\theta} \tag{8}\]  
In the formula, \(h_{LOS}\) represents the settlement value of radar line of sight. \(D\) represents the deformation value in the vertical direction. As can be seen from Figure 11, InSAR and CORS have different data acquisition means, observation time, processing methods, error models, etc., and certain systematic deviations may exist in the settlement results of different time series obtained. Because the accuracy of the two inversion is not in the same order of magnitude, the jump of CORS solution results is obvious. Due to the geometric characteristics of GNSS tech-nology, the accuracy in the vertical direction is slightly lower than that in the plane coor-dinate. Therefore, in the comparison of the variation trend of the Cumulative settlement amount of the sites, the monitoring results of GNSS technology showed an abnormal change of 10-18 mm residual. InSAR vertical deformation plane information reflects the local surface subsidence of Kunming city in detail, and several subsidence areas are detected. However, at present, there are few or no CORS sites in the subsidence area, so reliable point and  
Figure 11: Comparison diagram of CORS sites and InSAR time series cumulative shape variables. linear vertical deformation information in the subsidence area cannot be obtained. The vertical deformation and range of its interpolation have certain deviations from the vertical deformation of InSAR. However, on the whole, InSAR and CORS show consistency in amplitude and trend. SBAS-InSAR technology can monitor large-scale deformation, and by adding GACOS model for atmospheric correction, remove the tropospheric atmospheric delay error, and obtain more accurate inversion results. The accuracy of the CORS solution in the vertical direction is 2-3 times lower than that in the horizontal direction, but the error is within millimeter compared with that of the SBAS. Although the CORS sites are not distributed in the subsidence center, the subsidence results obtained by interpolating the velocity field in the vertical direction are highly consistent with those obtained by the SBAS. At the same time, through the analysis of the cumulative deformation of time series of 8 stations, due to the difference of data acquisition means, observation time, processing method and error model of SBAS and CORS, the deformation results of different time series may have some systematic deviation, but generally in the same period of time, the trend is consistent with the results of SBAS. Therefore, GNSS technology can be applied to the deformation region of SBAS monitoring results.