###### Abstract  
This study conducts a review of energy  
use statistics [5]. [PERSON] et al. (2012) investigate some of the energy parameters in the greenhouse sector in four European countries [7]. [PERSON] et al. (2017) investigate the energy profile of greenhouses in Cyprus [8], while Wageningen University releases an annual report monitoring energy use within the Dutch greenhouse sector [9]. Regarding geography, the Netherlands in particular has the largest and most relevant energy use data available [9]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) investigates energy parameters in greenhouse tomato and cucumber production in semiarid Mediterranean areas [10]. Other studies that look at agricultural production or energy use in the agricultural sector generally provide no data on energy use in greenhouses specifically [11]. In this context, where it is clear that greenhouse cultivation is a significant energy consumer but there is relatively little data available, and taking into account the implementation of EU climate targets and its farm to fork strategy in agriculture, it is apparent that there is a need to move towards sustainable production practices. In order to understand the future of greenhouse production in the EU and how they can contribute to a sustainable transformation of our agricultural systems, it is necessary to understand the energy use in greenhouses. As such, the goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the available data on energy use in the EU and to discuss significant transitions occurring in the sector. The rest of this section provides a brief overview of greenhouses in the EU and their energy use parameters, Section 2 discusses the methodology, Section 3 provides the results presenting available energy use data for greenhouse cultivation in the EU, and Section 4 provides an overall discussion, potential future scenarios, and a proposed framework for measuring energy use in greenhouse agriculture. Greenhouses in the EU and Their Energy Use ParametersGreenhouses are complex structures which aim to create ideal conditions for plant growth and production throughout the year, by controlling temperature, humidity, water, light, and carbon dioxide [12]. There are different types of greenhouses currently in operation in the EU, ranging from intensive structures that heavily regulate the internal environment to those that are solely plastic sheet covered structures in which production inputs are similar to open-field crops [5]. Over the last two decades, the technology associated with the construction of and agricultural production within advanced greenhouses has progressed considerably with significant changes in design, materials, agricultural techniques, etc. Consequently, the potential yield in 'technology intensive' greenhouses has seen dramatic increases, for instance, what is considered a 'good' tomato yield has increased from 100 tonnes per hectare to 600 tonnes per hectare in recent years [13]. There are a variety of options for heating a greenhouse, including air heaters, central heating through pipes, boilers, cogeneration, natural gas, electricity, heat pumps [14]. Energy sources vary, with small systems often running on direct fossil fuels, such as gas or oil, while larger systems may run on cogeneration/combined heat and power from power plants, or geothermal heat pumps. It is important to note that a large proportion of greenhouses, especially in Southern Europe, are not heated, while in temperate and northern European countries greenhouses often have large heating requirements. Conversely, there are a number of options for cooling a greenhouse, including shading, whitening, natural, mechanical or evaporative cooling/ventilation. One or a combination of these are utilised in areas that have high average temperatures for parts of the year [5]. All production in greenhouses requires irrigation for which there are a variety of systems, generally powered through fossil fuels directly or via the electricity network [5]. Other areas that consume direct energy include lighting and machinery use.