# Design Procedures for Sustainable Structural Concretes Using Wastes and Industrial By-Products
## 2 Experimental Program
### Materials
Then, the limestone filler was replaced by the recycled materials EAFS fraction 0-0.5 mm and/or FA. However, depending on the algorithm optimization, the abovementioned fine powders may not be incorporated as ingredients in the new EAFS concrete compositions. For EAFS mixtures based on REF2 the cement, water, SP and PL amounts were changed in accordance with the REF2 values. During the investigation, it was necessary to make some changes to the previously predefined restrictions, in order to obtain EAFS mixtures with the predefined requirements according to the reference mixtures, REF1 and REF2. The restrictions that underwent successive iterations, until the desired EAFS concrete mixture was obtained, were the \(w/p\) ratio and the distribution modulus, \(q\). Moreover, the distinct EAFS fractions were combined in different ways. From these different combinations and iterations, several EAFS mixtures emerged, as shown in Tables 5 and 6. These EAFS mixtures present the aggregates amounts as the saturate weight. Figure 3 shows the particle size distribution of the target and resulting grading curves of the selected EAFS mixtures, which were based on the modified Andreasen and Andersen particle packing model. Finally, 0.5% (in volume) of RTSF was added to the selected EAFS mixture, which was defined as FRC_EAFS (Table 5). The selection of the EAFS mixture was based on the predefined requirements of the reference mixtures REF1 and REF2, by applying the optimized particle packing model, designated as EAFS8D1. Table 7 shows a summarized description of the abbreviations used to designate the mixtures. Figure 3: Particle size distribution of the target and resulting grading curves of the EAFS mixtures: (**a**) for \(q\) = 0.35; (**b**) For \(q\) = 0.25; (**c**) for \(q\) = 0.20; (**d**) for \(q\) = 0.15. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(q\) = 0.35} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(q\) = 0.25} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\(q\) = 0.20} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(q\) = 0.15} \\ \cline{2-10}
**EAFS Mixtures** & **2** & **3A** & **4** & **6** & **3B** & **8B** & **5C** & **8C** & **8D** \\ \hline CEM & 234 & 233.7 & 233.8 & 233.7 & 241.5 & 252.2 & 254.4 & 257.4 & 257.4 \\ FA\_1 & & 3.6 & & & 123.7 & 135.5 & 169.3 & 210.4 & 286.5 \\ Filler & & & & 22.4 & & & & & \\ Sand 0–2 & 528.3 & 176.8 & & 66.9 & 234.7 & 194.5 & & 225 & 247.3 \\ Sand 0–4 & & & & 654.1 & & & & & \\ EAFS 0–0.5 & & & 316.7 & & & 498.2 & & & \\ EAFS 0.5–4 & & & 810.6 & & & 879.8 & & & \\ EAFS 0–4 & & 848.2 & & & 792.1 & 1050.1 & & 832.5 & 933 \\ EAFS 4–10 & 734.4 & 414.4 & 394.4 & & 363.1 & & 452.5 & & \\ EAFS 10–14 & & & & & & 144.9 & & & \\ EAFS 14–20 & & & & & & 257.4 & & & \\ EAFS 0–20 & 981.8 & 958 & 931 & 1448.5 & 721.1 & 978.5 & & 828.4 & 705.9 \\ * SP & 2.61 & 2.61 & 2.61 & 2.61 & 2.69 & 2.81 & 2.84 & 2.87 & 2.87 \\ * Water & 155.7 & 151 & 153.9 & 158.9 & 188.5 & 153.0 & 199.8 & 221.5 & 195.7 \\ \hline \(w/p\)\({}^{(b)}\) & 0.55 & 0.55 & 0.55 & 0.55 & 0.48 & 0.37 & 0.43 & 0.45 & 0.35 \\ \(w/c\) & 0.67 & 0.65 & 0.66 & 0.68 & 0.78 & 0.61 & 0.79 & 0.86 & 0.76 \\ RSS & 0.07 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.10 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.03 \\ \% EAFS (\({}^{a}\)) & 69.2 & 84.3 & 91.3 & 59.7 & 75.8 & 77.7 & 84.0 & 70.6 & 67.4 \\ \% FA (\({}^{a}\)) & & 0.1 & & 5.0 & 5.2 & 6.4 & 8.9 & 11.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Designed EAFS mixtures based on REF1 [kg/m\({}^{3}\) or * L/m\({}^{3}\)].