# ScienceIoT: Evolution of the Wireless Infrastructure of KREONET
## 4 Current Services of ScienceLoRa
### Safety Service in Underground Research Facility  
Globally, studies based on underground research facilities are actively conducted to search for dark matter and investigate the characteristics of neutrinos. Representative underground research facilities include SNOLAB (Canada) [18], LNGS (Italy) [19], and SURF (USA) [20]. The center for underground physics of the Korea Institute of Basic Science (IBS) [21] is also conducting research activities such as nuclear and particle experiments, searching for dark matter/neutrinos, and developing low-temperature detection technology at Yangyang (Y2L) and Jeongseon (Yemilab). Y2L has two laboratories including COSINE and AMoRe experimental equipment, and the total area is 300 m\({}^{2}\). Figure 12a shows the layout and organization, while Figure 12b shows the supporting infrastructure and experimental equipment in Y2L. The other facility, Yemilab, located at a depth of 1 km from the summit of Yemi mountain, is an underground research facility aimed at searching for dark matter. It consists of twenty-six laboratories for eight experiments and ten support rooms. Figure 13a shows a 3D image of Yemi mountain, while Figure 13b shows the layout and organization of Yemilab. Each research facility has supporting infrastructures for supplying electricity and managing air conditions.  
Figure 11: IERNet network architecture through (**a**) 2G mobile network and (**b**) ScienceLoRa.  
Figure 12: YangYangYang Y2L. (**a**) The layout and organization and (**b**) supporting infrastructures and experimental equipment [21].  
In an underground research facility, the safety monitoring systems are important to ensure the safety of researchers and to control the laboratory environment (i.e., temperature, humidity, and air quality) for preventing accidents. Additionally, visitors' locations are not monitored; instead, a simple confirmation of access authorization at the entrance is conducted. Therefore, the information about whether a visitor is in the facility or not is only available. Additionally, the environmental monitoring of the underground facilities might be integrated with the safety systems to ensure the awareness of dangerous situations such as a lack of oxygen, poor air quality, and the leakage of harmful gases. In this context, for the appropriate lifesaving measures in emergencies, location and physical condition monitoring and environmental monitoring without human intervention are essential.  
To provide IoT-based safety services in underground research facilities, ScienceLoRa was deployed in Y2L and Yemilab. Through the ScienceLoRa network, the real-time location was monitored by indoor localization. In addition, the researchers can collect a variety of environmental sensing data such as temperature, humidity, vibration, wind speed, and oxygen level. Figure 14 shows the operation of ScienceLoRa in the underground location and environment monitoring system. The system consists of a ScienceLoRa-Gateway, ScienceLoRa-Devices, wristbands, location beacons, and environmental sensors. The ScienceLoRa-Device is carried by each researcher as the ID card and includes a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) device for collecting the surrounding data. The wristbands are also carried by a researcher to generate biometric data, including body temperature and heart rate. The location beacons and environmental sensors generate the location identification and sensor data, respectively. The card-type ScienceLoRa-Device exchanges collected data (i.e., location, bio-metric, and environment) and control messages with the ScienceLoRa-Gateway through the LoRa interface. The top right images in Figure 9 show the deployed ScienceLoRa in the underground research facility.  
Figure 14: Schematic diagram of the safety service in underground research facility.  
Figure 13: Jeongseon Yemilab. (**a**) Three-dimensional image of Yemi mountain and (**b**) layout and organization of Yemilab [21].