## 1 Introduction  
Microstrip patch antennas are used in aviation and satellite communication, biomedical, radio, and wireless applications due to their important features such as reduced size, weight, and cost [1]. However, low efficiency and narrow bandwidth also can give rise to significant disadvantages [2]. Among the simplest methods of overcoming these deficits, the best-known methods increase the substrate's thickness and the conductive elements to be used [1, 2, 3]. The patch antennas typically have a narrow bandwidth, and using a thicker dielectric substrate widens it [4]; for achieving a bandwidth greater than 10%, a capacitive probe is generally needed [5, 6]. Moreover, bandwidth optimization can be achieved with thick substrates or stacked patch configuration, but these also cause noise. Unfortunately, stacked patch solutions can be obtained with a complex fabrication process, and with these methods, the layers' alignment can cause some problems, such as air gap formation [7, 8, 9]. The compactness of the microstrip antennas is an important feature [10]. Typically, patch antenna size is determined by its resonant size. However, it can be very large for some antennas in practical applications, especially at low frequencies, and it can increase the wireless device's size. Short-circuit walls [11] and pins [12], folded patches [13], or substrates with high dielectric permeability [14] can be used to produce compact antennas. However, shorting pins and walls require complex realization and can generate non-symmetrical broad-edged radiation [15]. Folded patches can also be difficult to apply. Finally, materials with a high dielectric constant have insufficient radiation, and they reduce the bandwidth and are expensive. Previously, two physicists at the University of Manchester in 2004 discovered that graphene could be obtained by isolating a one-atom-thick layer from graphite. The second one is a simple two-dimensional sheet shaped in a hexagonal pattern consisting of carbon atoms [16]. Since its discovery, graphene has been the material that has been studied by many researchers from different fields due to its many new and unique physical properties. Moreover, apart from having electrical mobility higher than 2.105 cm\({}^{2}\)Vm, it has a unique quantum Hall effect, good flexibility, and excellent mechanical resistance, which provides many advantages for different areas such as nanoelectronics, material science, photovoltaics, and engineering. Another important feature is that it has a thermal conductivity of more than ten times copper [17]. Additionally, graphene is already used in biotechnology, antibacterial materials, disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and cancer targeting [18; 19; 20]. A reconfigurable antenna is defined as an antenna in which at least one of its features can be changed by external intervention after its production is completed. There are many ways of classification of these reconfigurable antennas. Here are a few examples in order: It can be listed as causing the antennas to be changed again (changing the current lines, changing the dielectric properties of the antenna elements, geometric deformation), having the elements that allow the change (diodes, transistors, etc.) or changing the geometric structures of the antennas again. Various techniques are used in antenna reconstruction methods. Some researchers use localized active components that allow changing half-point current or impedance lines [21], others apply mechanical remodeling in the antenna [22], and still, other researchers apply configurations using substrates with tunable properties [23]. Again, some techniques go the way of reconfiguring power supply networks or opting for excitation antenna arrays [24]. Developments in microelectronics, the discovery of electrically operable switches, and varactors have revealed important suggestions for the emergence of reconfigurable devices. However, the elements to be put into the configuration increase the device size and bring additional production costs.