# Vision-Language Models for Zero-Shot Classification of Remote Sensing Images
## 4 Experimental Results
### Comparison to Existing Solutions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline CYCLEWGAN [25] & 58.36 \(\pm\) 10.04 & 36.81 \(\pm\) 5.53 & 28.37 \(\pm\) 4.53 & 21.15 \(\pm\) 3.51 & ---- \\ \hline DSAE [13] & 58.63 \(\pm\) 11.23 & 37.5 \(\pm\) 7.79 & 25.59 \(\pm\) 5.24 & 20.18 \(\pm\) 3.07 & ---- \\ \hline CSPWGAN [13] & 62.66 \(\pm\) 10.79 & 46.19 \(\pm\) 5.52 & 35.17 \(\pm\) 4.93 & 26.17 \(\pm\) 3.87 & ---- \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{VLMs} \\ \hline xlm-roberta-large (Open-CLIP) & 91.50 \(\pm\) 7.57 & 86.2 \(\pm\) 6.28 & 83.8 \(\pm\) 6.07 & 79.55 \(+\) 5.55 & 75\% \\ \hline ViT-H-14 (Open-CLIP) & 91.10 \(\pm\) 7.47 & 86.65 \(\pm\) 5.12 & 85.05 \(+\) 5.54 & 81.22 \(+\) 5.44 & 73\% \\ \hline RN50-quickgelu (CLIP) & 78.50 \(\pm\) 10.20 & 73.40 \(\pm\) 6.39 & 77.4 \(+\) 12.23 & 73.95 \(+\) 11.09 & 48\% \\ \hline ViT-B-32 (CLIP) & 79.30 \(\pm\) 8.93 & 73.40 \(+\) 6.39 & 75.53 \(+\) 11.62 & 71.77 \(+\) 11.35 & 59\% \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{(B)} \\ \hline Method & 25/5 & 20/10 & 15/15 & 10/20 & 0/30 \\ \hline SSE [20] & 46.11 \(\pm\) 7.21 & 30.28 \(\pm\) 4.90 & 19.94 \(\pm\) 2.43 & 12.73 \(\pm\) 1.27 & ---- \\ \hline DMaP [21] & 43.40 \(\pm\) 7.29 & 28.29 \(\pm\) 4.78 & 19.38 \(\pm\) 2.62 & 11.56 \(\pm\) 1.29 & ---- \\ \hline SAE [22] & 47.34 \(\pm\) 8.42 & 32.12 \(\pm\) 4.45 & 23.73 \(\pm\) 3.28 & 13.77 \(\pm\) 1.17 & ---- \\ \hline ZSLLP [15] & 46.77 \(\pm\) 7.65 & 30.82 \(\pm\) 4.90 & 21.78 \(\pm\) 3.37 & 12.97 \(\pm\) 1.06 & ---- \\ \hline VSOP [23] & 48.56 \(\pm\) 7.90 & 32.95 \(\pm\) 5.52 & 24.84 \(\pm\) 3.04 & 14.03 \(\pm\) 2.47 & ---- \\ \hline f-CLSWGAN [24] & 50.68 \(\pm\) 11.25 & 33.89 \(\pm\) 5.72 & 24.95 \(\pm\) 2.96 & 17.26 \(\pm\) 3.06 & ---- \\ \hline CYCLEWGAN [25] & 52.37 \(\pm\) 10.47 & 35.94 \(\pm\) 5.46 & 25.28 \(\pm\) 2.66 & 17.89 \(\pm\) 2.86 & ---- \\ \hline DSAE [13] & 53.49 \(\pm\) 8.58 & 35.32 \(\pm\) 5.17 & 25.92 \(\pm\) 3.92 & 17.65 \(\pm\) 2.52 & ---- \\ \hline CSPWGAN [13] & 55.86 \(\pm\) 10.60 & 37.93 \(\pm\) 5.26 & 26.97 \(\pm\) 2.53 & 19.43 \(\pm\) 3.02 & ---- \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{VLMs} \\ \hline xlm-roberta-large (Open-CLIP) & 88.10 \(+\) 5.53 & 80.40 \(+\) 6.74 & 79.00 \(+\) 5.15 & 74.90 \(+\) 2.58 & 70\% \\ \hline ViT-H-14 (Open-CLIP) & 88.40 \(+\) 8.30 & 79.9 \(+\) 0+7.07 & 76.55 \(+\) 5.91 & 72.90 \(+\) 3.36 & 73\% \\ \hline RN50-quickgelu (CLIP) & 82.03 \(+\) 13.89 & 74.0 \(+\) 10.07 & 69.73 \(+\) 11.07 & 66.20 \(+\) 10.10 & 46\% \\ \hline ViT-B-32 (CLIP) & 81.00 \(+\) 13.49 & 73.40 \(+\) 10.36 & 67.67 \(+\) 10.50 & 64.30 \(+\) 9.51 & 54\% \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{(C)} \\ \hline Method & 35/10 & 30/15 & 25/20 & 20/25 & 0/45 \\ \hline SSE [20] & 33.36 \(\pm\) 3.58 & 23.30 \(\pm\) 2.48 & 16.88 \(\pm\) 2.29 & 12.94 \(\pm\) 1.46 & ---- \\ \hline DMaP [21] & 49.53 \(\pm\) 6.31 & 38.07 \(\pm\) 4.83 & 28.15 \(\pm\) 3.86 & 23.95 \(\pm\) 2.60 & ---- \\ \hline SAE [22] & 44.81 \(\pm\) 4.73 & 35.07 \(\pm\) 3.91 & 24.65 \(\pm\) 3.71 & 20.77 \(\pm\) 2.02 & ---- \\ \hline ZSLLP [15] & 47.00 \(\pm\) 6.64 & 36.45 \(\pm\) 4.58 & 26.71 \(\pm\) 3.43 & 22.90 \(\pm\) 2.47 & ---- \\ \hline VSOP [23] & 45.32 \(\pm\) 5.71 & 36.09 \(\pm\) 4.63 & 25.44 \(\pm\) 3.13 & 22.18 \(\pm\) 2.00 & ---- \\ \hline f-CLSWGAN [24] & 45.35 \(\pm\) 6.37 & 38.97 \(\pm\) 4.93 & 30.06 \(\pm\) 2.96 & 24.31 \(\pm\) 2.57 & ---- \\ \hline CYCLEWGAN [25] & 46.87 \(\pm\) 5.99 & 39.85 \(\pm\) 4.71 & 31.17 \(\pm\) 2.66 & 25.06 \(\pm\) 2.74 & ---- \\ \hline DSAE [13] & 44.68 \(\pm\) 6.14 & 40.31 \(\pm\) 4.89 & 31.91 \(\pm\) 3.07 & 24.89 \(\pm\) 2.44 & ---- \\ \hline CSPWGAN [13] & 51.52 \(\pm\) 6.91 & 41.94 \(\pm\) 4.61 & 31.85 \(\pm\) 3.32 & 25.20 \(\pm\) 2.17 & ---- \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{VLMs} \\ \hline xlm-roberta-large (Open-CLIP) & 85.30 \(\pm\) 5.21 & 81.70 \(+\) 2.86 & 76.60 \(+\) 2.57 & 73.40 \(+\) 3.49 & 66\% \\ \hline ViT-H-14 (Open-CLIP) & 87.10 \(+\) 4.94 & 84.30 \(+\) 3.93 & 79.95 \(+\) 4.05 & 76.95 \(+\) 4.82 & 72\% \\ \hline RN50-quickgelu (CLIP) & 80.40 \(+\) 10.99 & 77.53 \(+\) 10.60 & 72.50 \(+\) 11.23 & 69.00 \(+\) 12.20 & 45\% \\ \hline ViT-B-32 (CLIP) & 79.82 \(\pm\) 9.85 & 76.75 \(+\) 9.50 & 71.52 \(\pm\) 10.01 & 68.32 \(+\) 10.84 & 51\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}