## 4 Conclusions  
This study assessed PAH concentrations, source apportionment, and health risks in five different agricultural soils of Bangladesh, providing critical insights into contamination patterns and potential risks. Sixteen PAHs were detected, with Nap, Phe, BbF, and BkF being the most prevalent. Higher PAH concentrations were observed in industrial and coastal areas, while rural and research areas had lower concentrations due to limited PAH sources. Surface soils had higher concentrations than sub-surface soils, with low-molecular-weight PAHs comprising 46.06-83.18% of total PAHs. Integrated pyrogenic and petrogenic sources were identified as the contributors to PAHs in the studied soils. Children were found to have higher exposure via ingestion compared to adults, with lower exposure through inhalation and dermal contact. Fortunately, no carcinogenic risk was detected for either children or adults. By integrating localized data with global perspectives, this \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Pathways** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Research** \\ **Area** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Industrial** \\ **Area** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Local Market** \\ **Area** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Coastal** \\ **Area** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Rural Area** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Children} \\ \hline \(\text{L}\text{L}\text{R}_{\text{ing}}\) & \(1.00\times 10^{-8}\) & \(4.04\times 10^{-7}\) & \(9.00\times 10^{-8}\) & \(9.03\times 10^{-8}\) & \(9.87\times 10^{-9}\) \\ \(\text{L}\text{L}\text{R}_{\text{inh}}\) & \(1.94\times 10^{-13}\) & \(7.83\times 10^{-12}\) & \(1.74\times 10^{-12}\) & \(1.75\times 10^{-12}\) & \(1.91\times 10^{-13}\) \\ \(\text{L}\text{L}\text{R}_{\text{derm}}\) & \(1.25\times 10^{-8}\) & \(5.04\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.12\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.13\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.23\times 10^{-8}\) \\ \(\text{L}\text{L}\text{R}_{\text{total}}\) & \(2.25\times 10^{-8}\) & \(9.07\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.02\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.03\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.22\times 10^{-8}\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Adults} \\ \hline \(\text{L}\text{R}_{\text{ing}}\) & \(7.17\times 10^{-9}\) & \(2.89\times 10^{-7}\) & \(6.45\times 10^{-8}\) & \(6.47\times 10^{-8}\) & \(7.08\times 10^{-9}\) \\ \(\text{L}\text{L}\text{R}_{\text{inh}}\) & \(5.56\times 10^{-13}\) & \(2.25\times 10^{-11}\) & \(5.00\times 10^{-12}\) & \(5.02\times 10^{-12}\) & \(5.49\times 10^{-13}\) \\ \(\text{L}\text{L}\text{R}_{\text{derm}}\) & \(1.27\times 10^{-8}\) & \(5.14\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.15\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.15\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.26\times 10^{-8}\) \\ \(\text{L}\text{R}_{\text{total}}\) & \(1.99\times 10^{-8}\) & \(8.04\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.79\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.80\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.96\times 10^{-8}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: LCR values in different agricultural soils of Bangladesh. Figure 8: LČ values against exposure pathways. study contributes to the growing knowledge on soil PAH dynamics and emphasizes the urgent need for continuous monitoring, mitigation strategies, and sustainable agricultural practices to safeguard environmental and public health concerns. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010056/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010056/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010056/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010056/s1)), Figure S1: Schematic diagram of PAH determination. S.S.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing--original draft preparation. Q.W. : supervision, writing--original draft preparation, review and editing. M.R.I. : methodology, writing--original draft preparation, review and editing. W.W.: methodology, review and editing. Y.W. : methodology. C.E.E. : methodology, review and editing. M.S.R. : methodology. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.