# Could the 'Spinner Innovation' and 'Triple Helix' Models Improve System Innovation?
## 3 Method  
In keeping with this theoretical background, the scope of this review seeks to describe the contributions made by the Triple Helix and Spinner Innovation models to co-creation processes ongoing in system innovation. This orientation guided the literature search and analysis carried out in Elsevier's Scopus online database [49] ([[http://www.scopus.com](http://www.scopus.com)]([http://www.scopus.com](http://www.scopus.com)) (accessed on 1 January 2023)), incorporating all documents published through to 2021. Applying the Boolean operators [50], the search terms featured the keywords: \"innovation\"; \"triple helix model\" and \"spinner model\", (TITLE (innovation) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (triple AND helix) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (spinner AND innovation AND model)) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, \"ar\")) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, \"BUSI\")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, \"English\")) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRTYPE, \"J\")) AND (LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2021) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2020) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2019) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2018) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2017) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2016) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2015) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2014) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2013) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2012)). We applied additional limitations and checkpoints taking into consideration only peer-reviewed journals, articles in English, and the Business, Management and Accounting subject fields. We thus collected a total of 128 publications, which we then exported in the BibTex format [51]. The process and criteria deployed to understand and select the papers in terms of analysis adopted the five criteria proposed by [52]. The articles published (1) span the 2012-2021 period; (2) are in English to facilitate comparisons; (3) are theoretical and/or empirical academic papers; (4) closely relate to the topics under analysis, the Triple Helix Model, the Spinner Model and innovation, and, finally, (5) are significant works systematically cited as key references in other selected studies with quite similar focuses. We applied the \"summative approach\" to identify the codes (key-words) before and during data content analysis [53]. This process assisted with single words in the innovation context as well as understanding the meaning of specific terms related with the Spinner and Triple Helix models and innovation. Content analysis served to clarify some of the similarities and distinctions between innovation under the Spinner and the Triple Helix models: (a) applications of these models have focused on the innovation context; (b) their main targets are similar and particularly industry and SMEs, government, academia and research centres, (c) society and regional development; (d) environmental impacts and sustainability. In terms of limitations of this method, the applied inductive logic may not be tested in the future by third parties and we do not know whether the proposed integration of the Spinner and Triple Helix models will return positive results. The Triple Helix Model and Spinner Models of Innovation: Why Are They So Important to System Innovation? The initial purpose of the Triple Helix model [38] was to understand regional economic growth and promote entrepreneurship through dynamic interactions ongoing among the three spheres of university, industry and government. On the other hand, the origins of the Spinner Innovation model were to contribute to the European Commission in terms of economic growth, regional development and performance by engaging with three dimensions: (KIBS), (FIRM) and the (Service Sector). The Triple Helix model has experience the evolution of its helices, both supporting and expanding the model by taking into consideration the new features emerging in contemporary societies and their citizens. In turn, the Spinner model has been working on the challenges of supporting SMEs through establishing regional ecosystems and adding more variables to the new \"fidget\", intellectual property (IP) for example.