## 3 Results and Discussion  
Wells are often drilled without prior information of the permeable/saturated hydrological repositories. Hydrogeological parameters such as porosity (\(\Phi\)), formation factors (F), tortuosity (\(\tau\)), and hydraulic conductivity (K) that are necessary for effective groundwater extraction and management are not all considered [77; 78; 79]. These pore properties also control fluid transmissibility in geologic units [80]. In the present study, pumping test values (K\({}_{\text{pump}}\)) were significantly higher than laboratory values (K\({}_{\text{lab}}\)) and hence, cannot be used to compute hydrological parameters because these values are not true representative as their physical properties were changed during the drilling process. To compute true representative values, a new methodology has been introduced those bridges hydraulic conductivity data with lab measurements. The difference (K\({}_{\text{diff}}\)) between K\({}_{\text{lab}}\) and K\({}_{\text{pump}}\) was added to the individual laboratory conductivities, previously evaluated, and on this basis, new conductivities were obtained for the model, termed as \"K\({}_{\text{model}}\)\". The zones are made for the K\({}_{\text{model}}\) values for the aquifer and are shown in Figure 7.  
Fractional porosity (\(\Phi\)) is a volumetric parameter and plays an important role in assessing the aquifer potential. It was calculated using Equation (3) developed by [81]. \[\Phi=25.5+4.5\text{ In K}_{\text{h}} \tag{3}\]  
The porosity of each polygon was estimated and is given in Table 4. The estimated values of porosity vary across the study area that represents the sandy aquifer. The interpreted porosity values range from 32 to 45% with an average of 38.5%. These values  
reflect the presence of sand having variable grain sizes. Higher values indicated the fine sand or silty sand while the lower values represent the coarse sand which is also confirmed the lithological column of the already drilled water wells. The precise and accurate measurement of the formation factor depends largely on the precise measurement of electrical conductivity, clay contents, and cementing factor of the water conductive layer [82]. Generally, an increasing trend is noted in the formation factor with an increase in cementing factor, decrease in porosity and clay contents. The formation factor is estimated by using well-known [PERSON]'s Equation (4). \[\mathrm{F=a/\phi^{m}} \tag{4}\]  
where \"a\" is the tortuosity factor and \"m\" is the cementation exponent, and \"\(\phi\)\" is porosity. The value of \"a \"and \"m\" depends on the site-specific lithology. In general m and a are equivalent to 2 and 1, respectively [61; 83]. As per [PERSON] [84] \"m\" varies from 1.7 to 3.0 but normally is 2.0. For the present study, a = 1 and the value of m ranged from 1.5 to 2.3. These dimensionless constants affect the geometric spread of formation factor and porosity. The mechanisms involving non-connectivity between pores or increase in pore communication are described by the cementation factor, such that m approaches unity when pore throats are closer to pore radius [85]. The computed values are given in Table 4. These values ranged from 4 to 12.2, showing a large variation in the texture of the aquifers. Tortuosity is a geometric parameter of porous media that describes the interconnected pore spaces and relates with hydraulic and electrical properties [85; 86; 87]. It controls the flow of water in an aquifer and depends on the formation factor with aquifer porosity. Tortuosity can be estimated with the help of Equation (5) [88]. \[\mathrm{\tau=(F\phi)^{1/2}} \tag{5}\]