esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experimental Results Analysis
### Load-Strain  
From the load-displacement curve, it is evident that the specimen can be divided into three stages: elastic stage, crack initiation and propagation stage, and failure stage. Therefore, measurements were taken at various critical positions of the specimen for analysis corresponding to these three stages. As shown in Figure 4, the load-strain curve in the elastic stage exhibits linear growth, followed by a continuous increase in strain values, and finally, a rapid increase in strain values in the failure stage, where the load-strain curve tends towards a horizontal line. Strains at JF13 and C2 are negative and smaller than those at JF4 and JY10, indicating significant compressive stress near the shear groove section, with strains lower than those at the loading positions and the interface of old and new sections. As shown in Figure 5, at loads less than 200 kN, the steel at the interface exhibits an elastic stage, followed by crack initiation and propagation. As concrete cracks and gradually loses effectiveness, stress on the steel increases rapidly, leading to a rapid increase in strain after reaching 600 kN, indicating the yielding of the steel and entry into the failure stage. Figure 6 depicts the variation of load-strain at various concrete measurement points. As shown in Figure 6a, at loads less than 200 kN, the load-strain curve exhibits linear growth, indicating the specimen remains in the elastic stage, and upon reaching 600 kN, a significant increase in strain is observed at JF4 and JY10, indicating entry into the failure stage. Comparing strain values at the loading position with those at the interface of old and new sections, it is evident that strains at the interface are greater. Moreover, the rate of strain increases at the interface after entering the stage of crack initiation and propagation is significantly lower than at the loading position, indicating significant tensile stress on the concrete near the interface of old and new sections after the elastic stage, ultimately leading to failure near the interface. As shown in Figure 6b, strains at the interface and bottom of the slab near the interface exhibit negative values, indicating significant compressive stress at these positions, with strains slightly larger at the bottom of the slab near the interface than at the section near the shear groove. Throughout the loading process, strains at various measurement points before failure exhibit a generally linear distribution, satisfying the assumption of a plane section, as shown in Figure 6c.  
Figure 4: Comparison of concrete strain at key measurement point locations.  
Figure 3: Load-displacement curve.
# An Overview of Indoor Positioning and Mapping Technology Standards
## 3 Requirements and Architecture of IPMN Standards System
Testing and evaluation. The last stage is testing and evaluating accuracy and cost of positioning technologies. A consistency test is also required for software development. Both of the tests should have standards as guidance. Based on these considerations, in this paper, we propose a standard system architecture, composed of four layers: the basic general layer, the data layer, the application layer, and the environment and software layer. As shown in Figure 2, the general class includes terms, pattern language, reference models, coordinate reference system, and consistency test. The data sources class includes metadata, indoor map data acquisition, data models, resource catalog, database building and updating. the application service class includes information transmission and exchange, visualization, SDK interface, services, and products. The environment and tools class includes deployment of positioning infrastructure and software. The standard system will intersect, coordinate, and share with other related standard systems, such as RTLS, surveying and mapping geographic information standards and smart city standards. In this architecture, there are inertial connections between each class. For example, visualizations in an application service class should be based on the data model in the data sources class. The basic general class is the basis of this system framework, and the data sources class and application service class are the main body of this standard system. The environment and tool class provide guarantees for the three classes. To improve the rationality, coordination and integrity of the system, some of the standards are strengthened on the basis of existing standards. At the present stage, we provide a hybrid indoor positioning system architecture, two draft standards for the indoor map models, core information models, and navigation information standards, detailed in Section 4.
# A Data-Driven Approach for Generating Synthetic Load Profiles with GANs
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Model Definition
#### 2.6.3 Hyperparameters  
When training a model, regardless of its purpose, the tuning of the hyperparameters is an important step. In this study, hyperparameters such as latent dimension, batch size, epochs, number of critics, and gradient penalty coefficient (\(\lambda\)) are optimized.  
When the model is expected to work with small datasets, careful tuning of key hyperparameters is essential to achieve stable and meaningful synthetic data generation. While the data structure resembles a time series, in this context it is more appropriate to treat each 24 h vector as a structured spatial sequence, similar to a 1D image where adjacent hourly values are tightly correlated. This comes with specific requirements about the values of the hyperparameters. An initial grid search is conducted across the following ranges, informed by prior GAN literature and domain-specific knowledge for time-series data:  
* Latent Dimension: 8, 16, 32;
* Batch Size: 32, 64, 128;
* Epochs: Fixed at 1000 for comparability;
* Number of Critics: 3, 5, 10;
* Gradient Penalty Coefficient \(\lambda\): 1, 2, 5, 10.  
One of the first decisions is choosing the dimensionality of the latent space. Since the dataset is small and the data structure compact (i.e., a 24-value vector), a large latent space can introduce unnecessary complexity and overfit the generator. A latent vector size in the range of 10 to 30 dimensions is generally appropriate and applied. It provides enough capacity to encode meaningful variation in daily load patterns while avoiding overparameterization. Using a lower-dimensional latent space also helps the generator converge faster and learn more stable mappings, especially when paired with Conv1D layers that capture localized features.  
The batch size should remain relatively small to prevent overfitting and to ensure gradient diversity during training. Values like 8, 16, or 32 are recommended, considering the expected datasets. Smaller batch sizes also make better use of the limited data by introducing stochasticity in learning, which is helpful for generalization. Additionally, smaller batches make the gradient penalty estimation more stable.  
The number of critic updates per generator in WGAN-GP is another important parameter. With limited data, setting the number of critics (discriminators) to 3 or 5 often strikes the right balance. Nevertheless, experimental studies with the benchmark datasets showed that 10 critics yield better results.  
Finally, the gradient penalty coefficient (\(\lambda\)) typically defaults to 10 in the WGAN-GP literature. A high \(\lambda\) can overly constrain the discriminator, especially when the data are sparse, leading to vanishing gradients and poor generator performance. The preliminary experiments with the datasets and the benchmark models showed that the optimal value of \(\lambda\) is 2.  
The final selected values (Table 5) reflect the combination that yielded the most stable training and most realistic outputs across all datasets, balancing low statistical divergence and high realism.
## 5 Experimental Verification and Result Analysis  
### Experimental Scheme  
To verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the measurement method, three groups of experiments were designed. The first group photographed the inner surface of the \(\varphi\)18 mm hole with four evenly distributed 1 mm deep grooves (as shown in Figure 1a), verifying the circumferential correction ability and measurement error through groove position and distance in the corrected image. The second set photographed the inner surface of an M18 stainless steel thread hole (as shown in Figure 1b), verifying axial correction ability and measurement error through bright and dark band width in the corrected image.  
In the third group, a real \(\varphi\)18 mm hole inner surface was photographed. Firstly, the side wall of the hole was cut using wire cutting, and then round spots were painted on the inner surface of the cut hole using a carbon pen to simulate rust spots caused by oxidation. Before shooting, the cut side wall was put back in its original position and aligned properly. A calibration paper with a 10 \(\times\) 30 mm hollow area was placed inside the hole. The experimental process and shooting results are shown in Figure 14. Specifically, (a) shows a  
Figure 13: Correction results in different \(r_{\rm max}\). (a) \(r_{\rm max}\)1 = 253 Pixel (b) \(r_{\rm max}\)2 = 258 Pixel (c) \(r_{\rm max}\)3 = 263 Pixel.  
According to Table 6, the average error of the three experimental groups is 5.35%, with an absolute error of less than 1 mm. This indicates that the proposed endoscope image correction method can effectively measure surface defects in holes.
###### Abstract  
The impact of building the Belt and Road on the ecological environment and the health of the related cities along this belt deserves more attention. Currently, there are few relevant pieces of research in this area, and the problem of a time lag between the ecological environment and health (e.g., life expectancy, LE) has not been explored. This paper investigates the aforementioned problem based on five ecological indicators, i.e., normalized difference vegetation index, leaf area index, gross primary production (GPP), land surface temperature (LST), and wet, which were obtained from MODIS satellite remote-sensing products in 2010, 2015, and 2020. The research steps are as follows: firstly, a comprehensive ecological index (CEI) of the areas along the Belt and Road was calculated based on the principle of component analysis; secondly, the changes in the trends of the five ecological indicators and the CEI in the research area in the past \(11\) years were calculated by using the trend degree analysis method; then, the distributions of the cold and hot spots of each index in the research area were calculated via cold and hot spot analysis; finally, the time lag relationship between LE and the ecological environment was explored by using the proposed spatiotemporal lag spatial crosscorrelation analysis. The experimental results show that 1 there is a positive correlation between LE and ecological environment quality in the study area; 2 the ecological environment has a lagging impact on LE, and the impact of ecological indicators in 2010 on LE in 2020 is greater than that in 2015; 3 among the ecological indicators, GPP has the highest impact on LE, while LST and Wet have a negative correlation with LE.  
belt and road; life expectancy; ecological environment; spatiotemporal lag spatial cross-correlation analysis; comprehensive ecological index +
Footnote †: journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
## 4 Diamond-Based 1D Metal Oxide Heterojunction Classes
### D N-ZnO/P-Diamond Heterojunction
#### 4.1.3. Electrical Transport Behavior of N-ZnO NRs/P-BDD Heterojunction at Elevated Temperatures  
Both diamond and ZnO are significant high-temperature materials, so the behavior of n-ZnO/p-BDD system is investigated at elevated temperatures. [PERSON] et al. [24] reported on the preparation progress of n-ZnO NRs/p-BDD heterojunction devices and their electrical transport behavior in the temperature range from 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The device exhibits representative rectifying behavior at all test temperatures (Figure 15). The turn-on voltage of heterojunction decreases at higher temperatures. This is due to the fact that at higher temperatures, more holes are produced on the BDD side. The conductivity was lower than that of n-ZnO NRs/p-Si heterojunction [87], indicating that n-ZnO/p-BDD-based devices have better electrical properties at high temperatures. The decrease of \(n\) at higher temperatures is due to the increasing number of thermally excited carriers, the enhanced barrier tunneling, and the recombination process in the depletion region. At higher temperatures, both the carrier injection and ohmic behavior are improved. The detection temperature of n-ZnO NRs/p-BDD reaches about 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is currently the maximum temperature for the p-n heterojunctions based on n-ZnO NRs.
# Investigation of Guidewire Deformation in Blood Vessels Based on an SQP Algorithm
## 3 Results  
### Deformation by SQP Algorithm  
According to the SQP algorithm introduced in the second part of paper, we designed a program to realize the contact deformation of the guidewire. Now, we will show the results from three perspectives.  
* Two-point contact  
There are only two contact points between the guidewire and the vessel wall. Table 1 shows the information about the contact points.  
Figure 4 shows the deformation of the guidewire when \(\theta_{B}\) is equal to \(-\pi/2\), \(-\pi/4\), \(0\), \(\pi/4\), \(\pi/2\), and the color bar in the figure indicates the relative deflection angle (\(\Delta\theta\)), which we use to indicate the relative magnitude of the bending stress at each point on the guidewire, rather than the actual size.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Contact Point** & **Coordinate** & **Deflection Angle (Rad)** & **L(mm)** & **n** \\ \hline A & (0,0) & 0 & & \\ B & (60,40) & \(\theta_{B}\) & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Input data for the two-point contact guidewire deformation problem.  
Figure 3: Flow chart of the proposed method.  
* Three-point contact  
There are only three contact points between the guidewire and the vessel wall. Table 2 shows the information on the contact points.  
Figure 4: Optimized deformed shape of the two-point contact guidewire for different values of \(\theta_{B}\).  
Figure 5: Optimized deformed shape of the three-point contact guidewire for different values of \(\theta_{C}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Contact Point** & **Coordinate (mm)** & **Deflection Angle (Rad)** & **L(mm)** & **n** \\ \hline A & \((0,0)\) & 0 & & \\ B & \((60,40)\) & 0 & & \\ C & \((30,20)\) & \(\theta_{C}\) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Input data for the three-point contact guidewire deformation problem.  
Multipoint contact  
When the guidewire moves from the origin and goes forward along the x-axis to contact the unilateral vessel wall, there are many touch points on the guidewire. Figure 6 shows the deformation simulation results of the guidewire in two contact situations. The equation for an oblique vessel wall in Figure 6a is \(y=1.5x-30\), and its position constraint function can be expressed by Equation (23). The equation for a vertical vessel wall in Figure 6b is \(x=45\), and its position constraint function can be expressed by Equation (24).  
\[\frac{\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{n}}\underset{\mathrm{i=1}}{\overset{\mathrm{h}}{ \sum}}\sin(\underset{\mathrm{j=1}}{\overset{\mathrm{i}}{\sum}}\Delta\theta_{ \mathrm{j}})\geq\frac{3\mathrm{L}}{2\mathrm{n}}\underset{\mathrm{i=1}}{\overset{ \mathrm{h}}{\sum}}\cos(\underset{\mathrm{j=1}}{\overset{\mathrm{i}}{\sum}} \Delta\theta_{\mathrm{j}})-30,\ \mathrm{h}=1,\ 2,\ 3,\ \ldots,\ \mathrm{n}, \tag{23}\]  
\[\frac{\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{n}}\underset{\mathrm{i=1}}{\overset{\mathrm{h}}{ \sum}}\cos(\underset{\mathrm{j=1}}{\overset{\mathrm{i}}{\sum}}\Delta\theta_{ \mathrm{j}})\leq 45,\ \mathrm{h}=1,\ 2,\ 3,\ \ldots,\ \mathrm{n}. \tag{24}\]
# Ephemeral Node Identifiers for Enhanced Flow Privacy
## 6 Conclusions  
Ephemeral NIDs prevent flow-correlation attacks by avoiding address reuse, and can be implemented completely in end-systems. This is an evolution of the approach already taken by temporary addresses as in TA-SLAAC, but provides stronger privacy protection.  
The comparison presented in our Testbed experiments uses ILNP's semantics of addressing and address bindings at client end-points for ephemeral identities. Our experiments show: (1) that flow-correlation attacks from an on-path attacker can be thwarted effectively; (2) that ephemeral NIDs outperform the use of temporary addresses with TA-SLAAC; and (3) that ephemeral NIDs can be used with existing (legacy) transport protocols and legacy applications. Further, we argue that careful generation of ephemeral NID values could also provide a lightweight network-layer authentication method that could aid in countering denial of service attacks.
## 3 EMA and Flame-Retardant Dual-Functional MOF Composites
### Ni-Mof  
In recent years, layered nanocomposites have demonstrated remarkable EMA and infrared shielding capabilities, providing new avenues for the development of multifunctional materials. [PERSON] et al. [89] reported the synthesis of versatile layered Ni nanoparticle@porous carbon (Ni@C) nanocomposites through the simple carbonization of the Ni-MOF precursor. The results revealed that the layered porous Ni@C nanocomposites exhibited enhanced EMA performance, achieving a RL\({}_{\text{min}}\) of \(-\)59.8 dB and an EAB of 4.5 GHz at a loading of 25 wt.% (d = 1.5 mm). Furthermore, thermal infrared imaging and contact angle experiments demonstrated that the layered porous Ni@C nanocomposites possessed certain infrared shielding, thermal insulation, and waterproofing properties. Building upon this, [PERSON] et al. [90] proposed a controlled assembly strategy to construct nano-/microstructured 2D MXene-encapsulated Ni@C-layered microcubes (Ti\({}_{3}\)CNT\({}_{\text{x}}\)/Ni@C) via the thermal decomposition of self-assembled 2D Ni-MOF templates and subsequent electrostatic assembly with Ti\({}_{3}\)CNT\({}_{\text{x}}\) MXene nanosheets (Figure 7a). As shown in Figure 7d-f, the composite material exhibited efficient EMA with a RL\({}_{\text{min}}\) of \(-\)65.7 dB and an EAB of 5.4 GHz at a low loading of 8 wt.% (d = 1.5 mm). Figure 7b shows that a 60 \(\upmu\)m thick Ti\({}_{3}\)CNT\({}_{\text{x}}\)/Ni@C (5 wt%) film burned over an alcohol lamp emitted a red glow for 60 s without igniting and retained its original shape. Additionally, when placed on a heating platform, the film exhibited the slowest temperature rise compared to PU and FN, as illustrated in Figure 7c. These tests confirmed the excellent thermal stability, flame retardancy, thermal insulation, and infrared shielding properties of the layered porous Ti\({}_{3}\)CNT\({}_{\text{x}}\)/Ni@C composites. Moreover, the Ti\({}_{3}\)CNT\({}_{\text{x}}\)/Ni@C layered film demonstrated high electrical conductivity, enabling effective conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy, thereby exhibiting outstanding Joule heating performance.  
Figure 6: PW-CMF@Co/NC: (**a**) schematic diagram of the synthesis process, (**b**) RL–f curve, (**c,d**) thermal infrared images, (**e**) HRR and THR, (**f**) SPR and TSR, and (**g**) alcohol lamp vertical combustion test (reprinted with permission from [88] © 2024 Elsevier).
## 2 Literature Review and Exploration of Concepts
### Smart Contracts and Digital Trust  
Contracts are fundamental binding agreements that govern interactions between parties, encompassing rights, duties, obligations, and costs. They can be verbal or written, often legally binding [13] and subject to oversight by legal entities, ensuring compliance with laws and human rights.  
A typical contract includes the identifying parties and the contract's purpose, terms and conditions, duration, and dispute resolution. Contracts are not limited to formal business agreements and encompass daily activities like following traffic rules, using public transit, or making purchases, effectively forming implicit contracts [13].  
While contracts provide a structured framework for agreements and protect parties' interests, they rely on mutual trust between the parties [13]. This inherent trust issue poses a challenge as contracts serve as frameworks, not guarantees, and parties may not always honor their commitments.  
To address this trust issue, contracts can involve intermediaries or escrows. However, this approach introduces additional parties [14] and does not eliminate the need for underlying trust.  
The concept of digital trust, often called trustless [15] or mathematical trust, embodies systems functioning without relying on trust between parties. Achieved through mathematical proofs or cryptography, digital trust minimizes reliance on intermediaries, enhancing security and reliability. Blockchain, as an example, empowers participants to control their assets and data, reducing the risks associated with third-party involvement [16; 17].  
Digital trust also enables the use of smart contracts, first conceptualized by [PERSON] [18]. These contracts are self-executing, utilizing digital systems to enforce terms and conditions and minimizing exceptions and errors. Smart contracts operate without intermediaries, as parties can clearly comprehend the agreement's terms and automatically fulfill [19] their obligations when predefined conditions are met.  
In summary, contracts form the basis of binding agreements, covering various aspects of parties' commitments. However, they require mutual trust, which can be challenging to ensure. Digital trust, or trustless trust, addresses this issue by allowing systems to function securely without relying on intermediaries. Smart contracts, a product of digital trust, automate and enforce agreements, reducing the need for third-party oversight and enhancing transaction reliability.
## 6 Analysis of Ultimate Axial Load under Various Service Conditions
### Effect of Wall Thickness and Misalignment  
Due to effects related to the welding environment, labor conditions, and other factors, girth welded joints often have misalignments. By controlling the maximum and minimum crack size, the effects of wall thickness and misalignment on the ultimate axial load were analyzed and the results are presented in Figure 13.  
It can be observed that, the larger the level of misalignment, the lower the ultimate axial tensile load that the ring welded joint can withstand. According to the Option 1 evaluation, when the size of the crack is the smallest and the misalignment is 3 mm, the maximum axial load should not exceed 0.62 times the minimum yield strength. Under the same conditions and when the crack size is the largest, the maximum axial load should not exceed 0.51 times the minimum yield strength. For different crack sizes with respect to the depth ratio, the effect of the wall thickness on the axial load does not exhibit a completely  
Figure 12: Ultimate axial load of girth weld cracks in pipes with different wall thickness values (\(a/\mathcal{B}=0.3\)). (**a**) \(e=0\) mm; (**b**) \(e=1\) mm.  
Figure 13: Effects of wall thicknesses and misalignment on the ultimate axial load of pipeline girth weld cracks. (**a**) \(a/\mathcal{B}=0.1\); \(2c/\pi D=0.01\); (**b**) \(a/\mathcal{B}=0.3\); \(2c/\pi D=0.07\).  
consistent trend, which also indicates that the ultimate axial load that the girth weld can bear is the result of multi-factor comprehensive effects, and the effect of wall thickness alone is not significant.