## 4 Discussion
[47] reported that they used the mandibular canine index to measure sex dimorphism in regions with varying fluoride levels, highlighting the importance of this index in various contexts. [PERSON] et al. [48] investigated the morphometric parameters for sex estimation and opened that the dental metrics are indicators of sexual dimorphism. Similar to the current study, their findings support the inclusion of dental measurements in the range of tools available for sex assessment. This convergence highlights the crucial role of morphometrics in identifying sex differences and highlights the study's significant contribution. Together, these studies show the different ways that morphometrics can be used and how sexual dimorphism can be slightly different in different settings. They also show how important it is for dental anthropology and forensic research to have reference data that is specific to a population. Researchers have found that the mesiodistal width and inter-canine width of maxillary canines are significantly different between men and women. Usually, men have higher mean values than women. Previously published studies [27; 48; 49; 50; 51] have confirmed these findings, specifically highlighting the more pronounced sex differences in mesiodistal width in the right maxillary canine. A recent study [26] from Saudi Arabia used mesiodistal width, canine index, intra-canine width, and labiolingual widths were utilized to estimate sex dimorphism. A recent prospective study evaluated only mesiodistal width and canine index, and the results aligned with previous research [21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 27]. Notably, a study focusing on the Saudi Arabian population reported an unusual case of reverse sex dimorphism, where males had a lower mean mesiodistal width for maxillary canines compared to females. This is in contrast to the results of an Indian study, which revealed a higher percentage of sex dimorphism in the maxillary intra-canine width, specifically highlighting the more dimorphic nature of the right canine compared to the left [48]. A Chinese study revealed a slightly higher percentage of sex dimorphism in tooth 23's mesiodistal width compared to the right [49]. The present study found that males exhibited significantly greater mesiodistal widths for both right and left maxillary canines compared to females, documenting findings from earlier studies within the Saudi Arabian demographic [26, 27, 52, 53]. However, a conflicting study reported no significant differences in mesiodistal width between genders for the right and left maxillary canines. In contrast, research from Nigeria indicated that the mesiodistal width of the left maxillary canine was significantly larger in males than in females [54]. In the present study, it was evident that the males tended to have higher mean values of mesiodistal and females had more cervicoincisal widths (\(p<0.05\)). These finding support the prior insight on canines tend to have different measurements in male sand females [55]. The work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [56] stands as a light in the field of sex determination from skeletal remains, amplifying the study's forensic ramifications. Similar to the current study's perseverance in gender identification by dental metrics, their rigorous anthropometric analysis of hand proportions revealed gender identities. This resonance further solidifies the integrative use of morphometrics and anthropometric procedures in the broad field of forensic science. The study's ability to identify the distinctive dental characteristics that are inherent to the Arabian population is a notable outcome. This finding supports the assertions made by [PERSON] et al. [57], emphasizing the crucial role that genetic factors play in determining dental morphology. The distinctive dental traits identified in this community result from the genetic inheritance and cultural traditions intrinsic to the Arabian population. This discovery highlights the wide range of human dental differences as well as the complex interaction between heredity and cultural factors.