# Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges
## 4 Smart Mobility Services and Applications
### Mobility-as-a-Service
#### 4.1.1 MaaS Implementation Challenges
Payment System Integration: the complete and efficient implementation of MaaS platforms ensuring a seamless mobility experience requires a hassle free payment system that allows users to manage the various mobility services through a single platform. Integrating a single payment system involves multiple stakeholders at different levels of hierarchies, such as banking systems, transport companies, parking systems, vehicle owners, etc. This requires significant technological development in overcoming the security, safety and privacy requirements of multiple stakeholders and heterogeneous entities and services. MaaS Subscription Models: currently, the existing transportation systems and companies provide their users with subscription models based on weekly, monthly and yearly services. These packages allow users to avail various services at lower costs as per the terms and conditions of the particular company. Implementing a similar service with the MaaS platform requires cooperation and coordination amongst various companies, transportation service providers, governments, private players and other related services. Ensuring a single subscription model for a MaaS platform is still a challenge. Data and Information Sharing Amounts Service Providers: the implementation of an efficient MaaS platform requires real time data sharing amongst the various service providers to ensure a real time seamless mobility service to the users. This poses serious security and privacy concerns as many stakeholders do not wish to share their personal information, payment histories, transportation preferences and habits with others. Additionally, since MaaS integrates multiple services at different hierarchical levels, the privacy concerns and security techniques vary significantly. As per the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), businesses must protect the personal information of users ([[https://gdpr-info.eu](https://gdpr-info.eu)]([https://gdpr-info.eu](https://gdpr-info.eu)) (accessed on 3 February 2021)), and therefore MaaS platforms must also comply with the digital privacy of their users. Legal Challenges: MaaS platforms facilitate the integration of multiple services on a single platform and also provide opportunities for new business models. The involvement of multiple services such as transport, traffic systems, parking, payments, ticketing, identity management, data sharing, etc., requires standardized laws and regulations governing the entire process. Currently, there are no legal services and laws that regulate the entire MaaS platform. Adoption Challenges: one of the biggest challenges for the successful implementation of a MaaS platform is the willingness of the various stakeholders such as users, the government, service providers, etc., to adopt the service model. Although smart transportation systems are slowly and steadily making their way into the daily lives of the people, the mass adoption of platforms such as MaaS is still far from reality. Scalability: the scalability of the MaaS platforms from a locality to a city, from a city to a country and eventually to the entire world requires rules that can encompass the laws pertaining to various nations. Developing a service model that can adapt to multiple cities and countries and can be reused in multiple jurisdictions is still a challenge. Trust and Collaboration amongst Stakeholders: the need for trust is one of the most important aspects of a successful collaboration. Multiple entities in a MaaS platform require a clear understanding of the financial, societal and environmental gains of the collaboration. There are apprehensions related to the neutrality and fairness of the system from different viewpoints. From the user's viewpoint there may be questions related to the quality of the service and value for money, and the service providers may have fears related to the manner in which the algorithms work and the services are presented to the users [67].