## 2 C-EMO Modelling Framework  
The Collaborative EMOtion modelling framework (C-EMO) [6], represents a system that appraises emotions of members of a collaborative network and reasons about the way emotions affect those members and the entire CN environment. The definition of CN adopted in this research work is: \"_A Collaborative Network is a network consisting of a variety of entities (e.g., organizations, people, even intelligent machines) that are largely autonomous, geographically distributed, and heterogeneous in terms of their operating environment, culture, social capital and goals, but which decide to collaborate to better achieve common or compatible goals (e.g., problem solving, production, or innovation), and whose interactions are supported by computer networks_\" [7]. In this way, C-EMO systematizes the notion of emotions in the CN context, building on theories of human emotion found in psychology and sociology and formalizing those theoretical models in computational models of collaborative network emotion. C-EMO is built as generically as possible, covering the different typologies of CNs, and serves as a starting point for further implementations and experiments in this area of research. Therefore, it comprises two essential building blocks, as presented in Figure 1: _(i) Individual Member Emotion (IME) Model_, for appraising the emotion of each CN member individually and examining the effects this emotion has on both the CN member's behavior and the CN environment; and _(ii) Aggregated Network Emotion (ANE) Model_, for estimating the overall emotion present in the CN and examining the effects such emotion has on the network environment and its members. C-EMO considers three distinct types of emotion:  
1. _CNE (collaborative network emotion)_ which is the \"emotion\" that represents the collaborative network participants' \"feelings\" and comprises the types of emotion that are \"felt\" by individual members and by the CN as a whole;
2. _IME (individual member emotion)_ which is defined as the emotion that is \"felt\" by each CN member as a result of its expectations of the CN, the dynamics of its interactions and collaboration, and the influence of the aggregated network emotion; and
3. _ANE (aggregated network emotion)_ which is defined as the emotion that is \"felt\" by the collaborative network as a whole and that results from the influence of the CN member's individual emotions and the dynamics of the network. The theories that support C-EMO are adapted from the theories of human emotion [6] and consist of a combination of dimensional and appraisal theories. The former is based on [PERSON]'s circumplex model of emotion [8], which provides a suitable framework for representing emotions from a structural perspective, defining emotions as states that can be represented on a common multidimensional space and differentiated on the basis of dimensional parameters. In this context, the model that represents the CNE comprises two dimensions: the _Valence_, which represents the pleasure-displeasure continuum, and the _Arousal_, which represents the level of activation, novelty and expectation of the emotional stimuli. Hence, CNEs can be differentiated according to their positive or negative valence and high or low arousal. The emotions that were adopted to describe the \"emotional states\" within the collaborative environment (with the assumption that they are the more appropriate ones for characterizing emotions, both for the CN and the involved member organizations) are excitement, contentment, frustration, and depression. Accordingly, _excitement_ is defined by positive valence and high arousal; _contentment_ by positive valence and low arousal; _frustration_ by negative valence and high arousal; and finally, _depression_ by negative valence and low arousal. Table 1 summarizes the CNEs' dimensional placement. The other theory used in C-EMO adopts [PERSON]'s components of emotion [9], which considers emotion as a process rather than as a simply affective state that influences cognition.