esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Distribution Identification
#### 3.2.1 Marginal Distribution Identification  
Based on the information found in the literature, suitability of different marginal distributions, normal distribution, lognormal distribution, inverse Gaussian distribution, levy distribution, Pareto distribution, scaled t distribution to model the return series of potential inputs were assessed. Normal probability plots of all return series provide evidence to say that normal distribution is not suitable to model return series of financial markets under study. Lognormal distribution is widely used for modelling financial time series. This is an appropriate distribution for a continuous random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed and values of the random variable should be positive as log(x) exist only for positive values of x. The return series considered in the study contains not only the positive values but also negative values as well. Hence lognormal distribution is not a suitable distribution to model the return series considered in this study. Inverse Gaussian distribution is capable of modelling non-negative skewed data and is not suitable for the study as the return series consists of negative values. Similarly, levy distribution is used to model non-negative random variables, and hence levy distribution is unsuitable. Researchers have used log return or the absolute return when applying these distributions to model return series of financial data [45; 46; 47], which is not relevant in this study. Pareto distribution was used to model only the tails of a distribution in the literature and used normal distribution to model whole data series. The goal of marginal distribution identification of the current research is not limited to model tails of the distributions separately. Hence, Pareto distribution is not suitable to model return distributions of financial indices. Further, the suitability of scaled t distribution in modelling return distributions was examined. Scaled t distribution was identified as a more suitable distribution to model marginal return series of financial indices, and Table 2 below illustrates parameters of fitted scaled t distributions for marginal distributions of return series under the study [48; 49; 50; 51].  
Adequacy of the fitted scaled t distributions were assessed using two graphical techniques: probability-probability plots (p-p plots) and cumulative plots [52; 53]. Cumulative plots illustrate that the empirical cumulative distribution and theoretical cumulative distribution agree with each other with respect to fitted scaled t distributions of all financial index returns. Further, p-p plots exhibit that the points disseminate approximately in a straight line in each graph. Both results provide evidence for that the fitted marginal scaled t distributions with respective parameters are suitable to model the financial index return series.
# Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Enabled IoT Platform for Disaster Management
## 2 Literature Review and Applications in Disaster Management
### Applications
#### 2.2.4 Assessment  
Accurate information about the magnitude and scale of damage inflicted by a disaster is critical for efficient disaster management. UAVs collect videos, images, and sensors data from the affected area which is further processed and analyzed for damage assessment. In [44], UAVs are used to estimate the damage to a power network due to some extreme weather event. The authors provided a mathematical framework for efficient damage assessment and also studied the optimal location and trajectory of the UAV for assessing damages. UAVs are used to collect high-resolution videos and images from inaccessible sites after an earthquake to estimate damage in [45]. The authors developed three dimensional (3D) models based on these collected data using the structure-from-motion technique to evaluate damage situation. In [46], UAV images of a site before and after destruction are used to estimate the amount of damage. UAV-based mapping is utilized for quick assessment of the damagecaused by volcano eruption through change detection analysis in [47]. In [5], integration of WSN with UAVs is considered for disaster assessment where UAVs gather data from the affected area and relay it to the data center in real-time.
# Motion Planning in UAV-Aided Data Collection with Dynamic Jamming
###### Abstract  
Unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV)-aided data collection for Internet of Things applications has attracted increasing attention. This paper investigates motion planning for UAV collecting low-power ground sensor node (SN) data in a dynamic jamming environment. We targeted minimizing the flight energy consumption via optimization of the UAV trajectory while considering the indispensable constraints which cover the collection data demodulation threshold, obstacle avoidance, data collection volume, and motion principle. Firstly, we formulate the UAV-aided data collection problem as an energy consumption minimization problem. To solve this nonconvex optimization problem, we rewrite the original problem by introducing relaxation variables and constructing equivalence constraints to obtain a new relaxation convex problem, which can be solved iteratively using the successive convex approximation (SCA) method. However, SCA is susceptible to initial values, especially in dynamic environments where fixed initial values may lead to a wide range of results, making it difficult to obtain a truly optimal solution to the optimization problem. To solve the initial value problem in dynamic environments,  
consider the motion constraints of UAVs and real-time planning in dynamic environments. We use the mobility and flexibility of UAVs for SN data collection. When the UAV flies into the effective communication range of the SN (satisfying the demodulation threshold), it is activated to transmit data within the effective communication range. To achieve full autonomy in UAV data collection, we have taken several aspects into account in the design. Firstly, the motion planning plays an essential role in generating safe and smooth motions which consider motion primitives, flight energy consumption, and flight time during the data collection mission [5]. Secondly, to ensure that the data can be collected to meet the demodulation threshold, it is also necessary to consider the effective communication area [6].
# A Novel Inductor-Based Non-Dissipative Equalizer
## 3 Simulation
### Equalization Simulation for SSIE, PAE and NIBNDE with Sixteen Cells  
SSIE, PAE and NIBNDE are applied to sixteen cells in this section. The number of different distribution sequences of the sixteen batteries is over \(~{}2\times 10^{13}\), of which more than \(~{}1\times 10^{13}\) samples are independent. In this paper, we chose one hundred random samples to simulate. The initial voltages of the sixteen batteries are shown in Table 6, and the equalization threshold is 3 mV.  
Figure 8 presents the simulation waveforms in SSIE, PAE and NIBNDE with the distribution sequences of DPCAEFGHIJKLMBON, in which \(~{}\text{VB}x~{}(x=1\text{--}16)\) represents the voltage of \(~{}B_{x}\). Table 7 shows the comparison of the data. Compared to the SSIE, the NIBNDE reduces the equalization time by 22.4% while using seven more inductors; the PAE reduces the equalization time by 88.8% while using fourteen more inductors. At the cost of increasing the required inductors, the PAE is more efficient than the NIBNDE in increasing the equalization speed. However, when it is necessary to increase the equalization speed while not expecting to excessively increase the required inductors,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **A** & **B** & **C** & **D** & **E** & **F** & **G** & **H** \\ \hline Voltage & 3.98 & 3.96 & 3.94 & 3.92 & 3.90 & 3.88 & 3.86 & 3.84 \\ \hline  & **I** & **J** & **K** & **L** & **M** & **N** & **O** & **P** \\ \hline Voltage & 3.82 & 3.8 & 3.78 & 3.76 & 3.74 & 3.72 & 3.7 & 3.68 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: The initial cell voltages of sixteen cells (voltage unit: V).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Expected Time (s)** & **Cell Number** & **MOSFET** & **Inductor** & **Control Complexity** \\ \hline SSIE & 0.9983 & 6 & 14 & 1 & M \\ PAE & 0.1622 & 6 & 10 & 5 & G \\ NIBNDE & 0.6537 & 6 & 10 & 3 & G \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: The comparison between SSIE, PAE and NIBNDE in a six cell battery string (G: Good; M: Marginal; P: Poor).  
Figure 7: Six cell voltage trajectories in simulation. (**a**) The SSIE. (**b**) The PAE. (**c**) The NIBNDE.  
the NIBNDE proposed in this paper can be considered. That is to say, when considering both the equalization speed and the number of inductors, this paper provides another choice for selecting an equalization circuit.
## 6 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Result and Discussion
#### 6.1.3 Classification by Using Sequential Backward Selection  
After conducting sequential backward selection, we obtain the results shown in Table 6. It is obvious that SBS enhances the accuracy of all methods to different levels. In case of GLCM features, the accuracy is slightly decreased by 0.25% with SVM. For GLRLM and the combination between GLCM and GLCM, the highest result is achieved by SVM and the GLCM-GLRLM combination with SBS (88.87%). This is followed by 88.25% with the model that used GLRLM and SVM.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### The Effect of Different Treatments on Cd and Pb in Soil  
#### 3.1.1 The Effect of Different Treatments on Cd in Soil  
At the end of incubation, the influence of different treatments on the speciation of Cd in soil is shown in Figure 1. After the four treatments (BC, BC + FeCl\({}_{3}\), BC + FeSO\({}_{4}\) and BC + Fe), the percentages of the Cd (F\({}_{1}\)) of each treatment decreased by 17.77%, 33.81%, 39.53%, and 24.40% respectively, the percentages of Cd (F\({}_{2}\)) of each treatment decreased by 1.29%, 11.56%, 12.52%, and 14.43% respectively, the percentage of Cd (F\({}_{3}\)) of each treatment increased by 0.45%, 3.80%, 18.85%, and 8.56% respectively, the percentages of Cd (F\({}_{4}\)) of each treatment increased by 35.68%, 58.75%, 47.69%, and 29.13%, and the percentages of Cd (F\({}_{5}\)) of each treatment increased by 13.10%, 32.89%, 39.38%, and 27.02% respectively, compared with the percentages of these chemicals in the CK (F\({}_{1}\): 31.11%, F\({}_{2}\): 21.28%, F\({}_{3}\): 9.47%, F\({}_{4}\): 7.23%, and F\({}_{5}\): 30.92%).  
The exchangeable fraction and carbonate bound fraction are greatly affected by the environment, because they are easy to be transferred and converted by plants [43]. Fe-Mn oxide fraction can be greatly influenced by soil pH value and redox conditions. While the bound organic and residual fraction are stable forms that cannot be easily absorbed by plants. As shown in Figure 1, different treatments can effectively reduce the percentages of Cd (F\({}_{1}\) and F\({}_{2}\)) and increase those of the Cd (F\({}_{4}\) and F\({}_{5}\)) at the end of incubation, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing Cd bioavailability. The effect of different treatments on speciation of Cd is not consistent. Among them, the treatment of (BC + FeSO\({}_{4}\)) has the best effect, causing an increase of 40.90% in the percentages of the Cd (F\({}_{4}\) and F\({}_{5}\)), and of 28.44% in the percentages of Cd (F\({}_{1}\) and F\({}_{2}\)). The stabilization effect is (BC + FeSO\({}_{4}\)) \(>\) (BC + FeCl\({}_{3}\)) \(>\) (BC + Fe) \(>\) (BC), which indicates that adding iron-based materials can increase the stabilization effect of Cd in soil. Some studies mention that adding iron-based materials can promote the formation of hydroxylated metal ions and promote the formation of hydroxide precipitate of Cd, Pb, Zn, and other PTM ions in soil [44].
# Creating an Interactive Urban Traffic System for the Simulation of Different Traffic Scenarios
## 3 New Approach to Urban Traffic Simulation in (Immersive) VR  
For the development and creation of a 3D environment in the form of an exemplary inner-city intersection situation, the game engine Unity was used in this study. The future purpose of this 3D environment is to use it in geography classes to familiarize students with possible sustainable urban development concepts. The creation of additional 3D objects was realized using the Blender software. Unity provides developers with the ability to contribute their own 3D models and compatible software to the game engine using the Unity Asset Store. The development and implementation of an urban traffic system were performed using the \"Simple Traffic System\" asset, available in the Unity Asset Store by the developer TurnTheGameOn. This asset offers the possibility to build a modular traffic system with the help of a dedicated editor.  
Locomotion in the virtual environment took place through a keyboard and mouse controllable first-person avatar. The application was released as Web Graphics Library (WebGL), which creates the possibility to run and use the application in a web browser. The 3D environment was additionally developed to be experienced with a head-mounted display and controller using teleportation as the type of locomotion. The implementation was performed using SteamVR, and the virtual reality application was released as a Windows standalone.  
The initial point for the development of an urban traffic situation inside an immersive virtual environment was the idea of an intersection situation that can be found within the traffic network of a Central European city. The representation of the city in the virtual environment itself is not built on any real existing urban environment. It is considered a representative model. The intersection situation consists of a main road with four motorized traffic lanes and one lane for a tram. In addition, there are two side streets for motorized traffic (Figure 1). Around the streets, the environment is modelled with buildings (perimeter block development). The focus of transportation planning for the road network is on motorized traffic.
# Compliant Human-Robot Collaboration with Accurate Path-Tracking Ability for a Robot Manipulator
## 3 Experiments and Results
### 3D Path-Tracking Tests  
Three tests were executed using the helix path for comparison to show the behavior of the proposed algorithm in both ends of the assistance range spectrum, namely, fully assisted motion or free motion (FM), and not assisted motion, i.e., force-applied motion (FAM). The combined motion with virtual forces (CVF) is the smooth transition between FM and FAM. Note that for the FAM test we defined \(f_{v}=0\) N to test the case of no assistance individually. This causes that at any instant when there is no external force applied, the robot stops and maintains the last position, meaning that only the user can make the robot move in this case. Moreover, the proposed virtual force scheme provides the means for a smooth transition between FM and FAM. The detailed data of the tests are shown in Figure 7a-i, including the external forces in the TNB frame, the \(s\) parameter variation throughout the task, and the desired velocity \(\dot{r}_{d}\) in the TNB frame obtained from the constant virtual force \(f_{v}\).
## 4 Validation Through Sea Trials  
The simulation results indicate that the proposed reception method can effectively handle Doppler shifts caused by various motion patterns. However, the actual motion states of the targets are not as ideal as those in the numerical simulations. Therefore, we validated the true performance of the proposed reception method through sea trials.  
In March 2023, we conducted an underwater acoustic M-SS communication experiment in Laoshan Bay, China, with the experimental area location shown in Figure 7. During the experiment, the receiving vessel was anchored while the transmitting vessel was in motion, and the speed and direction of its movement were determined and recorded by the BeiDou satellite positioning system (BDS). The radial velocity was calculated based on the latitude and longitude measurements of both the transmitting and receiving vessels, and due to the measurement errors inherent in the BDS and the fact that the receiving vessel was not strictly fixed, there is a certain systematic error in the derived radial velocity. Both the transmitter and receiver were deployed at a depth of 10 m underwater, with the transmitter's depth being inversely proportional to the speed of the transmitting vessel; the actual receiving depth was influenced by the relative motion of background currents and their own platforms, resulting in certain time variability.  
Figure 7: Map of sea trial scope of Laoshan Bay.  
The average water depth in the sea trial area is 18.1 m, with a gentle slope between the signal receiver and the transmitting vessel (excluding nearby islands and surrounding waters), and the water depth varies little, characterized by a muddy seabed. On the day of the trial, the weather was clear, with temperatures ranging from 8 to 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a south wind of 3 to 4 on the Beaufort scale, and wave heights of less than 0.5 m.  
The entire sea trial process is divided into three groups. The distance between the receiver and transmitter ranges up to 3.5 km, with a maximum distance of 5 km. There is a significant variation in SNR among the different groups, with a maximum difference of up to 3 dB. The parameters of the transmitter are presented in Table 1. Similar to the aforementioned simulation process, we continue to use reception methods such as WDE-MSS, CDE-MSS, and FDE-MSS for comparison.  
Table 2 presents the decoding results of the experimental data for each group. The average SNR of each frame signal is estimated using Equation (23), as follows:  
\[SNR=10 log_{10}(\frac{P_{r}-P_{u}}{P_{u}}) \tag{23}\]  
Here, \(P_{r}\) represents the average power of the received signal during the duration of the communication signal, and \(P_{u}\) denotes the average power of the noise signal during the communication gaps. To highlight the performance differences among the various reception methods, we first conduct a brief analysis of the sea trial data from each group and then select the portions of the sea trial data from each group that exhibit significant distortion for detailed analysis.
# AR Displays: Next-Generation Technologies to Solve the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict
## 4 Overview of Proposed Next-Generation 3D Display Solutions  
Capability of depicting a true 3D scene has been a challenge for displays for a long time. In the past, and as can be witnessed even today, the classic stereoscopic approach with utilization of binocular disparities is the go-to solution for gaining the desired 3D capability. It is easily implementable and, what is also quite important, is computationally undemanding. Nevertheless, as already mentioned, it introduces many unsolved issues which limits its applicability. If a 3D scene is to be reconstructed as truthfully as possible, it is necessary to recreate a true wavefront of light emanating from that scene. As this can be achieved by holography, the holographic displays are considered the ultimate display of the future. Nonetheless, a true wavefront carries a large amount of information, which, if calculated, is computationally highly intensive, limiting real-time data rendering, transfer, and output. Moreover, to reach limits of visual perception, the spatial light modulator of such a display has to be of very high resolution, which currently is not the case. Consequently, holographic displays capable of reproducing full color real-time 3D image with quality comparable to that of current static holograms is a prospect for the rather far future [6; 7].  
Nonetheless, as there is a need and demand for 3D displays, alternative next-generation solutions and iterations of the basic stereoscopic approach are being intensively investigated and introduced into the market. These include varifocal displays, multifocal displays, volumetric display technology, light-field display technology, and also what is the beginnings of holographic technology. Further we will briefly overview each of the approaches.
# Mouth Sounds: A Review of Acoustic Applications and Methodologies
## 4 Main Findings
### Mental Health  
Regarding mental health, in [132], the voice of participants related to personality traits was analyzed. It was expected to find information linked to mental disorders, specifically alexithymiaia, the inability to perform or match actions with emotions. The results obtained showed a correlation between personality traits and speech features. Nevertheless, this investigation did not consider participants with any mental disorders, and considered only healthy people.  
In [81], cries from newborns before feeding were recorded to study neurodevelopmental-mental disorders. F\({}_{0}\) and five basic melodic shapes (falling, rising, symmetrical, plateau, and complex) were analyzed. After feature extraction, parameters were introduced into an automated classification method that reached 89.5% accuracy. Further research is needed to identify a trend, because only six babies participated in the study.