## 5 Experimental Results
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **DS1** & **DS2** & **DS3** & **DS4** & **DS5** & **DS6** & **DS7** & **DS8** \\ \hline Type of essay & T1 & T1 & T2 & T2 & T2 & T2 & T2 \\ No. of essays & 1783 & 1800 & 1726 & 1771 & 1805 & 1800 & 600 & 568 \\ Mean number of words & 366.40 & 381.19 & 108.69 & 94.39 & 122.29 & 153.64 & 387.4 & 113.24 \\ Standard deviation of number of words & 120.40 & 156.44 & 53.3 & 51.68 & 57.37 & 55.92 & 156.82 & 65.0 \\ Range of grades & 2–12 & 1–6 & 0–3 & 0–3 & 0–4 & 0–4 & 1–4 & 0–3 \\ Mean grade & 8.35 & 3.42 & 1.85 & 1.43 & 2.41 & 2.72 & 3.42 & 1.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  - Stanford NLTK Kite, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA (www.nlp.stanford.edu/software, accessed on 1 January 2023) [65]: Linguistic attributes were extracted from the text by using the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) for natural language processing from Stanford University. It consists of several modules, but only three were used: the Stanford parser, used to separate phrase structure; the Stanford Named Entity Recognition (NER), used to label sequences of words in a text that are the names of things, such as person and company names or gene and protein names; and The Stanford co-reference resolution module, used to find mentions of the same entity in a text, such as when \"[PERSON]\" and \"she\" refer to the same person. * Protege Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA ([[https://protege.stanford.edu/](https://protege.stanford.edu/)]([https://protege.stanford.edu/](https://protege.stanford.edu/)), accessed on 1 January 2023) [66]: Ontology was built using the Protege application for both Fuzzy and neutrosophic logics. It is a free, open-source ontology editor and a knowledge management system. Protege provides a graphic user interface to define ontologies. It also includes deductive classifiers to validate that models are consistent and to infer new information based on the analysis of an ontology. * Matlab R2022b [67]. The suggested model has been implemented in Matlab. It is used to calculate all the mathematical values which lead to the essay grade. In general, Matlab has several advantages: (1) it allows the testing algorithms immediately without recompilation. It permits typing something at the command line or executing a section in the editor and immediately shows the results, and greatly facilitating algorithm development; (2) MATLAB's built-in graphing tools and Graphical User  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **DS1** & **DS2** & **DS3** & **DS4** & **DS5** & **DS6** & **DS7** & **DS8** \\ \hline Type of essay & T1 & T1 & T2 & T2 & T2 & T2 & T2 & T2 \\ No. of essays & 1783 & 1800 & 1726 & 1771 Interface (GUI) builder ensures that customizing the data and models helps the user interpret their data more easily for quicker decision making; (3) MATLAB's functionality can be expanded by adding toolboxes. These are sets of specific functions that could provide more specialized functionality. The suggested model has been built using a laptop computer (HP pavilion g6 Series) with the following specifications:  
* Processor: Intel (R), Core (TM) i5 CPU, 5200U @ 2.20 GHz (4 CPUs) 2.20 GHz. * RAM: 16 GB. * System type: 64-bit operating system, and Microsoft Windows 10 professional as running operating system. The following metrics were used to assess the accuracy of the prediction models [68; 69]:  
- Exact agreement measure (Z). The Z-score is the percentage of essays that were given the same score by both a human evaluator and the AEE model. In this case, we count the number of scores assigned by the AES system that agree with the human raters relative to the total number of scores (in percent). - The Kappa statistic, also known as the quadratic weighted Kappa (_Kp_), is a measure of inter-rater reliability (how closely two raters' opinions coincide). The quadratic weighted kappa will find agreement between human evaluation score and system evaluation score and produces value ranging from 0 to 1.