## 7 Conclusions and Future Work  
Disasters have the potential to inflict harm upon human lives and result in significant economic and environmental repercussions, particularly in densely populated urban areas [6; 7]. Given the substantial magnitude of losses incurred by urban disasters, it is imperative to enhance the efficacy of urban disaster management. Furthermore, the implementation of effective disaster management strategies is of utmost importance for urban areas to successfully attain the UNSDGs [12]. Sensors play a crucial role in the acquisition of data within IoT devices. They serve as a connection between the physical and digital realms, playing a vital function within the IoT framework. IoT has the potential to offer real-time monitoring, early warning systems, post-disaster response, and rescue support, thereby playing a significant role in the field of urban catastrophe management. This study conducted a SLR to examine the utilization of sensors in the IoT for urban catastrophe management. The evaluation encompassed both the pre-disaster and post-disaster stages and analyzed a total of 72 publications. This study fills the research gap in sensors on IoT systems for urban disaster management. Nevertheless, this study possesses certain limitations that warrant further investigation in order to enhance its findings. The utilization of keywords has the potential to restrict the size of the sample. The formulation of keywords and establishment of inclusion criteria are based on the research questions, which may lead to the exclusion of some articles. Additionally, the selected publications may place a greater emphasis on the topics of earthquakes, landslides, and floods. There are a limited number of scholarly works that specifically address the topic of natural disasters, such as storms. In addition, we explore potential avenues for future study in the field of disaster management. Specifically, we highlight the following areas: sensor heterogeneity, post-disaster emergency communication, integration of sensor technology with unmanned aerial vehicles, user participation in sensing, and the calculation of post-disaster rescue time. Firstly, it can be observed that a diverse range of sensors are employed in the field of disaster management, encompassing both the pre-disaster and post-disaster stages. The presence of various manufacturers and the diverse applications of sensors in disaster scenarios contribute to the heterogeneity of these sensors, hence hindering the integration and sharing of information [107; 108]. Some disasters may cause sequent disasters. For example, seismic activity or inundations can cause floods [109]. By performing an analysis of sensor data pertaining to various sorts of disasters, it becomes possible to anticipate the occurrence of subsequent disasters following an initial one. Moreover, future research endeavors could explore the integration of disparate sensors in order to develop a holistic application capable of facilitating the visualization of sensor data and the dissemination of alerts pertaining to various categories of disasters. To facilitate communication among heterogeneous sensors, future research endeavors may explore novel communication technologies and protocols, including the incorporation of integration brokerage applications. The JosNet system serves as a brokerage platform that facilitates interoperability and integration among many low-rate and low-power protocols, including Bluetooth LE, Zigbee, and Thread [110]. Furthermore, integration brokerage programs provide seamless communication with the remaining sensors and other heterogeneous devices throughout the post-disaster phase, hence enabling sustained communication in this critical time. Secondly, in the aftermath of a disaster, it is possible to employ low-power communication technologies and protocols to sustain communication. For instance, one such technology is low-power satellite communication protocols.