## 3 Results
### Determination of PON and \(\beta\)-Glucosidase Levels from Serum and Liver  
The result of the ELISA assay from rat liver tissues and serum samples and the changes in the PON and \(\beta\)-glucosidase levels for young, adult, and middle-aged rats are presented  
Figure 1: The effect of scopolamine administration on the MWM test. (**A**) The results of the acquisition test of MWM. Each value represents the mean \(\pm\) SEM (\(n\) = 10). (**B**) The results of the probe test of MWM test. Each value represents the mean \(\pm\) SEM (\(n\) = 10). \(\alpha\)\(p\) < 0.05 compared with the control group. (**C**) The total distance moved during the probe test of the MWM test. Each value represents the mean \(\pm\) SEM (\(n\) = 10). (**D**) The mean speed during the probe test of the MWM test. Each value represents the mean \(\pm\) SEM (\(n\) = 10).  
in Figure 2A,B, respectively. However, serum PON levels did not differ significantly for young, adult, and middle-aged rats, while the liver PON levels of the middle-aged group were found to be statistically significantly higher compared to young (F = 49.913; df = 2.12; \(p\) = 0.004) and adult (F = 49.913; df = 2.12; \(p\) = 0.005) groups (Figure 2A). Liver \(\beta\)-glucosidase levels of adult rats were found to be lower than those for the young (F = 16.145; df = 2.12; \(p\) = 0.0005) and middle-aged groups (F = 16.145; df = 2.12; \(p\) = 0.010) but no statistically significant changes were observed for the serum \(\beta\)-glucosidase levels between young, adult and middle-aged rats (Figure 2B).  
The in vivo effects of single dose and multiple doses of scopolamine treatment on serum and liver PON levels are given in Figure 2C. The Morris water maze test increased the liver PON level of the control group compared to the non-treated group (F = 27.934 df = 3.16; \(p\) = 0.018). While single-dose scopolamine treatment decreased the level of liver PON compared to the control group, the decrease was not found to be significant. Administration of multiple doses of scopolamine caused a statistically significant decrease in the liver PON level compared to the control (F = 27.934 df = 3.16; \(p\) = 0.019). Differences in liver PON levels between single dose and multiple doses of scopolamine-administered groups were also significant (F = 27.934 df = 3.16; \(p\) = 0.001). In general, serum and liver beta glucosidase levels are increased for MWM, single and multiple dose scopolamine groups compared to non-treated group.But only increase of single scopolamine for liver was found statistically significant (F = 9.378; df = 3.16; \(p\) = 0.0005). Multiple doses of scopolamine decreased the liver \(\beta\)-glucosidase significantly compared to the single-dose scopolamine-treated group (F = 9.378; df = 3.16; \(p\) = 0.022) (Figure 2D).  
Figure 2: Changes in enzyme levels. (**A**) Serum and liver PON levels for young, adult, and middle-aged rats. (**B**) Serum and liver \(\beta\)-glucosidase levels for young, adult, and middle-aged rats. (**C**) In vivo effects of single/multiple dose scopolamine administration on the levels of serum and liver PON. (**D**) In vivo effects of single/multiple dose scopolamine administration on the levels of serum and liver \(\beta\)-glucosidase levels. ELISA assay was performed to determine the PON and \(\beta\)-glucosidase levels. The data represent the means \(\pm\) SD (\(n\) = 5 mice/group) and results are analyzed using one-way ANOVA. \({}^{*}\)\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05; \({}^{**}\)\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.01.