# Spatial Distribution and Monitoring of Land Subsidence Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data in Java, Indonesia
## 5 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**City** & **Lat (o)** & **Lon Lat (o)** & **Lithology** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **LS Rate** \\ **(mm/Year)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Possible Cause** \\ \hline Sidoardjo & \(-7.50605\) & 112.74362 & Loose Sediment & 150 & LUSI mud volcano, industrial activities \\ Surabaya & \(-7.23975\) & 112.67260 & Loose Sediment & 73 & High-density development, extensive groundwater extraction, \\ Demak & \(-6.98937\) & 110.52673 & Loose Sediment & 163 & Extensive groundwater extraction in residential and agricultural areas \\ Semarang & \(-6.98086\) & 110.49777 & Loose Sediment & 174 & Extensive groundwater extraction in residential areas \\ Bandung & \(-6.97255\) & 107.57692 & Loose Sediment & 200 & Extensive groundwater extraction in residential areas \\ Kendal & \(-6.92732\) & 110.25208 & Loose Sediment & 85 & Industrial areas near the port \\ Brebes & \(-6.92707\) & 108.89761 & Loose Sediment & 84 & Densely populated residential areas and agricultural zones \\ Peaklongan & \(-6.86861\) & 109.64395 & Loose Sediment & 145 & Groundwater exploitation and geological condition \\ Tegal & \(-6.85227\) & 109.10610 & Loose Sediment & 77 & Groundwater irrigation network \\ Cirebon & \(-6.78547\) & 108.65221 & Loose Sediment & 67 & Natural compaction processes in areas with thick sedimentary \\ Cianjur & \(-6.77317\) & 107.25231 & Volcanic Rocks & 89 & Extensive groundwater extraction in industrial area \\ Indramayu & \(-6.34368\) & 108.34367 & Loose Sediment & 73 & Densely populated residential areas \\ Bekasi & \(-6.25617\) & 107.18126 & Loose Sediment & 140 & Densely populated residential areas \\ Jakarta & \(-6.10652\) & 106.77290 & Loose Sediment & 120 & Densely populated residential areas \\ Banten & \(-6.09787\) & 106.17277 & Loose Sediment & 60 & Excessive groundwater use for residential purposes \\ Tangergang & \(-6.08126\) & 106.69800 & Loose Sediment & 81 & Extensive groundwater extraction in industrial area \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Lithological composition of LS-indicated areas. Reference Stations), available at [[https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/inacors](https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/inacors)]([https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/inacors](https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/inacors)) (accessed on 10 October 2024); DEMNAS (Digital Elevation Model Nisonal; Indonesia's DEM), available at [[https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/demnas](https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/demnas)]([https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/demnas](https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/demnas)) (accessed on 2 February 2024); USGS (United States Geological Survey), available at [[https://www.usgs.gov](https://www.usgs.gov)]([https://www.usgs.gov](https://www.usgs.gov)) (accessed on 17 November 2024); and ASF (Alaska Satellite Facility), available at [[https://www.asf.alaska.edu](https://www.asf.alaska.edu)]([https://www.asf.alaska.edu](https://www.asf.alaska.edu)) (accessed on 5 April 2024). We express our gratitude to the Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial) for their valuable discussions and access to data that supported this research. We also thank the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (Kementerian PUPR) of Indonesia for their insightful discussions and provision of computational resources during the initial stages of this study. Additionally, our appreciation goes to Bumi Kala Carta Bandung for their support in conducting part of the field surveys related to this study. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.