## 3 Results
The ANOVA results show a significant difference in the mean roughness associated with the different powders (F(2.9) = 9.772, \(p\) = 0.00555). This significant difference implies that the type of powder used has a statistically significant effect on surface roughness. To identify which pairs of groups differ from each other, [PERSON]'s post hoc test is performed (Table 6). The results indicate that the mean roughness associated with the use of glycine is significantly lower than that associated with the use of sodium bicarbonate (difference = \(-\)0.4975, \(p\) = 0.00427). However, no significant difference is found between the other comparison pairs (erythnitol/bicarbonate and glycine-erythnitol), with _p_-values of 0.12898 and 0.11663, respectively. SEM analysis of the materials' surface is represented in Figures 8 and 9. At 500\(\times\) magnification, the Fuji(tm) IX surfaces treated with different powders shows clear variations in surface roughness. Sodium bicarbonate consistently  
Figure 6: Boxplot of Fuji(tm) roughness by abrasives (time 10s). produces the highest roughness, especially after 10 s of application, characterized by pronounced abrasions and grooves. In contrast, glycine-treated surfaces exhibit the least amount of roughening, with smoother textures even after 10 s. Erythrhitol-treated surfaces are intermediate in roughness, with moderate abrasions and uniformity. Figure 8: Fuji IX SEM images at 500 and 200 magnification. Figure 7: Boxplot of FujiTM roughness by abrasives (time 5s). At 200\(\times\) magnification, the topographical differences between the treatments become more apparent. Sodium bicarbonate generates visible coarse surface alterations, with the extent of disruption increasing significantly after 10 s. Erythntitol also causes surface roughening but to a lesser extent than sodium bicarbonate, maintaining a more homogeneous texture. Glycine continues to demonstrate minimal surface alterations, suggesting its gentler impact on the material. Regarding 3M Filek Supreme XTE, at 500\(\times\) magnification, sodium bicarbonate results in significant surface roughness after just 5 s, characterized by visible abrasions and deep grooves. When the exposure time is increased to 10 s, the roughness intensifies, producing even deeper more widespread surface damage. Erythntitol, although less abrasive than sodium bicarbonate, still causes noticeable surface alterations after 5 s, with small abrasions visible across the surface. Extending the exposure to 10 s amplifies these effects, although the surface remains less disrupted compared with sodium bicarbonate. Glycine, in contrast, shows the least impact on the composite surface. After 5 s, minimal surface changes are observed, and even after 10 s, the surface maintains a relatively smooth texture, with only slight roughening visible. At 200\(\times\) magnification, the differences in the overall topography are more evident. The surfaces treated with sodium bicarbonate display substantial roughening and a general increase in surface texture. Erythntitol produces a moderate level of roughness, with the abrasions becoming more pronounced after 10 s. Glycine continues to show a minimal effect, preserving much of the composite's smoothness, even after 10 s of treatment.