## 2 Triterpenoids
### 8,9-ene-triterpenoids
Moreover, double bond moiety at C-20 and C-22 in the side chain contributes to improving aldose reductase inhibitory activity. All OH substituents at C-3, C-7 and C-15 are valuable for potent aldose reductase inhibition. Fatmawati et al. [164] explained the structural requirements for \(\alpha\)-glucosidase inhibition. The structure-activity relationships of ganoderma acids revealed the same results as the above research. In all, C30 ganoderma acids showed potent metabolic enzyme inhibitory activities, and the carboxyl group in the side chain was the key factor (Figure 4). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Trivial Names** & **Biactivities (IC\({}_{\text{S0}}\)/MIC or ED\({}_{\text{S0}}\))** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sources** \\ _Ganoderma Species_ \\ \end{tabular} & **References** \\ \hline
**1.** & \begin{tabular}{c} Ganoderic acid A \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Promising anticancer agent (via \\ potent inhibitory effect on \\ JAK/STAT3 pathway) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} G. _lacitum_, \\ G. _tsque_ \\ \end{tabular} & [165; 166; 167] \\ \hline
**2.** & \begin{tabular}{c} Ganoderic acid B \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Moderately active inhibitor \\ against HIV-1 (p. 10.7 mM) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} G. _lacitum_, \\ G. _tsque_ \\ \end{tabular} & [165; 166; 168] \\ \hline
**3.** & \begin{tabular}{c} Ganoderic acid C \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Suppressed LPS-induced TNF-\(\alpha\) \\ (IC\({}_{\text{S0}}\) = 24.5 \(\mu\)g/mL) production \\ through down-regulating MAPK, \\ NF-kappa 2B 8 and 2+1-gialing \\ pathways in macrophages \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} G. _lacitum_, \\ G. _tsque_ \\ \end{tabular} & [165; 169] \\ \hline
**4.** & \begin{tabular}{c} Ganoderic acid G \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Antimociceptive effect \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} G. _lacitum_ \\ \end{tabular} & [170; 171] \\ \hline
**5.** & \begin{tabular}{c} Gtopacic acid I \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Cytotoxicity against Hep \\ G2 cells (IC\({}_{\text{S0}}\) = 0.26 mg/mL), \\ HeLa cells (IC\({}_{\text{S0}}\) = 0.33 mg/mL), \\ Caco-2 cells (IC\({}_{\text{S0}}\) = 0.39 mg/mL) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} G. _lacitum_ \\ \end{tabular} & [170; 172] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: 8,9-double-bond triterpenoids and bioactivities from _Ganoderma_. Figure 3: Suggested mechanisms by which ganoderic acid DM (GA-DM) may inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c} \hline \hline
**No. ** & **Trivial Names** & **Bioactivities (IC\({}_{\text{sp}}\)/MIC or ED\({}_{\text{sp}}\))** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sources**} & **References** \\ \hline
**6. ** & Ganoluclidic acid A & - & G. _Incidum_ & [173] \\ \hline
**7. ** & Ganoluclidic acid B & - & G. _Incidum_ & [174] \\ \hline
**8. ** & Methyl ganoderate M & - & G. _Incidum_ & [175] \\ \hline
**9. ** & Methyl ganoderate N & - & G. _Incidum_ & [175] \\ \hline
**10. ** & Methyl ganoderate O & - & G. _Incidum_ & [175] \\ \hline
**11. ** & Methyl ganoderate K & - & G. _Incidum_ & [175] \\ \hline
**12. ** & Compound B9 & - & G. _Incidum_ & [175] \\ \hline
**13. ** & Methyl ganoderate H & - & G. _Incidum_ & [175] \\ \hline
**14. ** & Ganoderic acid a & Anti-HIV protease (0.19 mM) & G. _Incidum_ & [168] \\ \hline
**15. ** & 3-O-acetylganoderic acid B & - & G. _Incidum_ & [176] \\ \hline
**16. ** & Ethyl 3-O-acetylganoderate B & - & G. _Incidum_ & [176] \\ \hline
**17. ** & 3-O-Acetylganoderic acid K & - & G. _Incidum_ & [176] \\ \hline
**18. ** & Ethyl ganoderate J & - & G. _Incidum_ & [176] \\ \hline
**19. ** & Ganoderic acid D & \begin{tabular}{c} Cytotoxicity against HeLa cells \\ (17.3 uM), 5a-reductase \\ inhibition—NE \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} G. _Incidum_, \\ _stugae_ \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} [156,165] \\ _stugae_ \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
**20. ** & Ganoderic acid F &