esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Sentiment-Aware Contextual Model for Real-Time Disaster Prediction Using Twitter Data
## 2 Related Work
### RNN/CNN-Based Models in Text Mining  
Active development in deep learning in recent years has generated fruitful achievements in social text learning. As two representative learning models, RNN and CNN have been seen in numerous studies, either individually or in a hybrid fashion.  
[PERSON] et al. [17] combined BiLSTM and Conditional Random Field (CRF) to build a sequential tagging framework that can be applied to parts of speech (POS), chunking, and NER tasks. In [18], [PERSON] et al. propose a Stochastic Answer Network (SAN) that stacks various layer types, including GRU, BiLSTM, and self-attention; along with a stochastic prediction dropout trick, the SAN model shows superior performance in reading comprehension.  
[PERSON] et al. [19] designed one of the earliest CNN-based methods for sentence modeling, which featured a dynamic CNN (DCNN) that uses the dynamic k-max pooling subsampling and achieves superior performance in sentiment classification. Due to CNN's ability in feature extraction, the DCNN-based system does not require hand-crafted features, which is appreciated and widely adopted by numerous subsequent studies. [PERSON] [4] proposed a simple but effective CNN architecture that utilizes pre-trained word embeddings by word2 vec. [PERSON]'s work was modified by [PERSON] et al. [20], who propose to learn word embeddings rather than use pre-trained ones directly. [PERSON] et al. designed a tree-based CNN [21] that can capture the general semantics of sentences. In [22], [PERSON] et al. proposed to transform the text matching problem into an image recognition task that can be solved by a CNN-based model. In addition to open-domain datasets, CNNs have also been extensively used in domain-specific tasks, especially in biomedical text classification [22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27].  
[PERSON] et al. [18] proposed a two-stage method that combines BiLSTM and CNN for sentiment classification. First, the BiLSTM model is used for sentence type classification. Once assigned a type, a sentence then goes through a 1D CNN layer for sentiment detection. In [28], the authors designed a hybrid network that combines RNN, MLP, and CNN to explore semantic information at each hierarchical level of a document.
# Application of HY-2B Satellite Data to Retrieve Snow Depth on Antarctic Sea Ice
The Chinese ocean series satellites (HY), launched by the National Satellite Ocean Application Center, include HY-2A (launched on 16 August 2011), an experimental satellite; HY-2B (launched on 25 October 2018), a sun-synchronous orbit satellite; and HY-2C/2D (launched on 21 September 2020 and 19 May 2021, respectively), which are inclined orbit (non-sun-synchronous orbit) satellites. These satellites form a three-star integrated satellite constellation to obtain real-time high-precision ocean dynamic environmental parameters such as global sea surface height, sea surface temperature, and sea surface wind field, supporting efforts to prevent and mitigate marine disasters, as well as to protect and develop marine resources. Currently, HY-2B Scanning Microwave Radiometer (SMR) brightness temperature data are applied to retrieve parameters such as sea ice concentration and sea ice drift. Despite this, the potential of utilizing HY-2B SMR data for the retrieval of snow depth on Antarctic sea ice represents a significant and innovative exploration, holding the promise of advancing our understanding of key polar climatic interactions and sea ice dynamics. Against this background, this study utilized HY-2B SMR data, combined with the ship-based observational snow depth from the R/V XueLong, to investigate the feasibility of retrieving snow depth on Antarctic sea ice from Chinese HY-2B satellite data based on different snow depth retrieval models. The derived HY-2B snow depth was also compared and evaluated against the AMSR-2 snow depth product released by the NSIDC.
# Mimicking Human Verification Behavior for News Media Credibility Evaluation
## 3 Methodology  
The architecture of the proposed MiBeMC for media credibility evaluation is presented in this section. MiBeMC evaluates the credibility of media by simulating the human's process of reading and verifying information, which can effectively extract and integrate features within and between different parts.  
As shown in Figure 3, MiBeMC has six different modules, which are two different intra module feature extractors, one similarity module, one interaction module, one aggregation module, and one media credibility evaluation module. Specifically, these modules modeled three stages of human evaluation behavior into the following five steps: (1) the different intra modules extract the latent semantic of each component of the information, (2) the similarity module achieves the additional information by search operation, (3) the interaction module simulates the reading and understanding behavior between intra modules, (4) the aggregation module integrates these interaction features based on mimicking human verification behaviors, and (5) the media credibility evaluation module predicts the factuality label of news outlet based on the output of the final aggregation module.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Nephroprotective Effect of APTM
#### 2.4.9 Effect of APTM on Histopathological Alterations in the Kidneys  
Examination of histological sections separated from the normal control group (NCG) showed normal and intact tubules and glomeruli (Figure 8A). While analysis of histological sections from the negative control group (GGM) revealed loss of glomerular and tubular cells, dilation of renal tubules, deformation of Bowman space, and vascular congestion causing epithelial cell atrophy. These results are congruent with those obtained by several authors [7, 47, 48]. In contrast, the concomitant administration of GM and APTM aqueous extract at 200 mg/kg (Figure 8C) and 400 mg/kg (Figure 8D) in rats improved the histoarchitecture of the kidneys compared with those of healthy rats (NCG). In addition, this, improvement in kidney histology in GM-poisoned rats is comparable to that in normal control rats (Figure 8A). One potential mechanism to protect the kidneys from the oxidative stress caused by GM, according to several studies, is to reduce oxidative stress [7, 8, 10, 49]. Polyphenols and flavonoids have been shown to reduce the nephrotoxicity of GM through increased antioxidant enzyme activity, decreased lipid peroxidation, trapping free radicals and improving kidney tissue architecture [17, 43]. Our findings demonstrate that the APTM extract is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which are well known for their antioxidant capacity and have been generated and utilized by plants to defend themselves from pathogens [45, 46]. According to these findings, our extract, based on these bioactive molecular activities, by scavenging free radicals produced by GM metabolism, protects the kidneys against GM nephrotoxicity.
## 4. Clamping Resonators
### Transmission beyond the Clamping Resonator Array  
A cursory look at Figure 2c reveals that compared to the baseline results shown in Figure 2a, the clamping resonators noticeably reduce the amplitude of the transmitted S0 Lamb wave mode. By extracting slices of data from Figure 2 that are parallel to the frequency or wavenumber axis we can plot the frequency spectrum, or the wavenumber spectrum as shown in Figure 4a and b, respectively. These spectra reveal that the clamping resonator reduces the S0 Lamb wave mode by about 75% of the baseline measurement. On the other hand, the frequency-matched resonator unexpectedly causes a very slight increase in the transmitted S0 mode.  
Figure 4: **(a)** The frequency spectra of the transmitted signal, which were extracted from the 2 DFFTs shown in Figure 2 at a wavenumber of \(-\)58.1 rad/m; **(b)** The wavenumber spectra of the transmitted signal, which were extracted from the 2 DFFTs shown Figure 2 at a frequency of 53.9 kHz.  
Figure 3: **(a)** Isometric view of a clamping resonator, and **(b)** the 30 clamping resonators in an array according to the spacing shown in Figure 1b.  
Examples of the transmitted waveforms for the baseline and clamping resonators are shown in Figure 5. The comparison shows that the wave packet received beyond the clamping resonators has a significantly reduced amplitude at its center (around 200 \(\upmu\)s). The inclusion of the clamping resonators caused the measured signals to vary slightly more than the signals from the baseline and frequency-matched resonator measurements; presumably due to scattering from the resonators. We note that putty was used to reduce edge reflections, but it did not completely attenuate the wayward waves, which could explain why some noise remains in the A-scans shown in Figure 5. The 2 DFFT was used to help reduce unwanted signals reflecting off the edges of the plate by organizing the components of the A-scan measurements by wavenumber and frequency.
# Narrative Review on Methods of Activating Irrigation Liquids for Root Canal Treatment
## 4 Irrigants Activation Techniques  
Using a conventional syringe for irrigation is the most prevalent method used for clinical practice. It implies a variety of problems including the vapor lock effect [29] and a lower disinfection level of up to one-third of the apical portion of the root canal [30].  
The shape of the needle used with a syringe in irrigation may also modulate the flow of the irrigant within a canal, thereby influencing the efficacy of the process. In general, needles can be classified as closed-ended or open-ended. The latter is described as more effective but increases the danger of irrigant extrusion through the apical foramen [31]. The computational fluid dynamics may differ based on the type of needle. It may be validated using micro-particle image velocimetry measurements [32]. The literature reports that activation of irrigants led to more efficient smear layer cleansing in comparison with the same liquids without activation [33]. Moreover, it was reported that activation of sodium hypochlorite improves its capability of dissolving organic tissue [34]. Irrigants need to have direct contact with the root canal's wall in order to act effectively. During conventional irrigation with a needle, the exchange of fluids occurs only in very close proximity around the needle's tip (approximately 1.00-1.15 mm according to the studies) [35]. This is a reason why syringe irrigation should only be used when it can be inserted within 1 mm of the working length. It is not always possible due to the complicated morphology of root canals and the danger of forcing the solution through the tissues [35; 36]. The velocity of liquid administration is a factor directly influencing flow outside of the needle. Between operators, a broad distribution of the aforementioned parameter was observed. It makes the syringe irrigation challenging to standardize and control [37].
## 4 Discussion
[PERSON] et al. [34] studied three obturation systems used for different times, namely 10, 15, 20 and 25 s, and the different systems used were System B(r), Endo-Twin(r) and E-Fill(r). The results obtained showed that System B(r) reached temperatures of 86.85 \({}^{\circ}\)C after 10 s, 94.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C after 15 s, 100.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C after 20 s and 104.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C after 25 s; with Endo-Twin(r), similar results to System B(r) were observed but E-Fill(r) had temperatures lower than 69.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The study concluded that with System B(r) and Endo-Twin(r), the temperatures reached at 25 s were sufficient for correct gutta-percha adaptation in the canals. This study did not take into account the possible damage to surrounding tissues that could occur at these temperatures. In the studies by [PERSON] et al. [24] and [PERSON] et al. [34], a temperature increase of more than 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C was observed if the heat application time with the plugger was longer than 3 s, but the temperatures still did not exceed 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
One limitation of this study was that only one heat carrier was assigned per manufacturer. Therefore, the quality of the heat carriers used for this study could have affected the results. Furthermore, not having included the samples in some medium that simulated the periodontal ligament could have affected the temperature measurements. Measurement with a thermographic camera instead of a thermocouple could also have yielded different results. In the future, finite element analysis (FEA) may use these data to reveal the actual effect of these temperature levels on the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone. From a clinical point of view, this in vitro study presented the difficulties associated with all the clinically relevant factors, so the question of the possible implications of temperature increases in the periodontal tissues remains unsolved. However, knowing which system transfers the temperature most effectively allows better use of the technology.
## 3 Algorithms
### Single-Air-Route Planning Based on A* Algorithm
#### 3.1.2 Smooth Route  
Due to the limitation of the path-finding direction of the A* algorithm in a two-dimensional grid environment, the air route can only be found in eight directions during air-route planning. Therefore, the planned UAV air route may have unnecessary turns due to the limitation of the air-route-finding direction of the A* algorithm, and such turns need to be smoothed. The smoothing idea is: For point \(P_{i}\) with a direction change in the planned air route, judge whether deleting \(P_{i+1}\) and connecting \(P_{i}\) directly with \(P_{i+2}\) will cause the air route to cross the no-fly airspace. If it does not cross the no-fly airspace and segments \(P_{i}\)-\(P_{i+2}\) meet the constraints of route planning and the total cost is smaller, then delete route point \(P_{i+1}\) and update segments \(P_{i}\)-\(P_{i+1}\)-\(P_{i+2}\) to \(P_{i}\)-\(P_{i+2}\). Repeat this operation until there is no change in each segment of the output route. As shown in Figure 2, the initial air-route segment is \(P_{1}\)-\(P_{2}\)-\(P_{3}\)-\(P_{4}\)-\(P_{5}\)-\(P_{6}\)-\(P_{7}\)-\(P_{8}\), which is updated to \(P_{1}\)-\(P_{8}\) after smoothing.  
Figure 2: Air-route smoothing result. **(a)** Before smoothing. **(b)** After smoothing.
## 2 Literature Review
### Need for Smart Bekeeping Device-to-Device Communication (SBD2D)  
Our proposed approach to providing energy efficiency in smart beekeeping D2D communication is based on two main approaches discussed below. The first approach is about the analysis of the energy efficiency and throughput performance of SBD2D communication, concerning both the discovery and communication phases of D2D communication. SBD2D communication supports beekeepers to remotely monitor the status of beehives and other operations. Different devices such as sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers are used in the implementation of SBD2D communication. All of these devices need to communicate directly with each other without the involvement of the base station. During the remote monitoring of beehives especially, all the captured data about the inside and outside environment of the hive should be remotely accessible to the beekeepers through a direct communication concept between near-to-near devices without the retransmission of these data; thus, energy efficiency can also be maintained. The second approach is about designing and developing an energy-efficient algorithm for the proposed SBD2D communication based on data scheduling during transmission. SBD2D transmits the data collected from the beekeeper's apiary to the mobile phones of the bee farmers. To maintain the good performance of the SBD2D, different parameters such as the energy efficiency and QoS need to be maintained. To achieve these performance metrics, a novel, energy-efficient algorithm is proposed in this work. The SBD2D's performance is analyzed, especially the communication and discovery phases.
# A Game-Theoretic Rent-Seeking Framework for Improving Multipath TCP Performance +
## 6 Potential Usage and Applications
### Applicability of the Proposed RSF Framework  
We employed the RSF framework [8] in this paper to guarantee network utility maximization in a contest between many data subflows for future internet applications. The RSF framework can be enhanced and applied to simulate the interplay of rival entities in the field of distributed computing networks [13]. To this end, the competition among social media users for exposure over the timeline was modeled using RSF [12]. In a different context, an RSF-based incentive mechanism for crowd-sourcing was developed [37] and the contention between the miners was framed as RSF [38] in order to examine the multi-cryptocurrency blockchain. Recently, RSF has been employed for strategic resource management to operationalize network slicing [39]. Therefore, the developed RSF framework and the findings in this paper are not only timely, but have the potential for high impact in the field.
# An Assessment of the Structural Performance of  
Rebar-Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beam Members  
[PERSON]  
As corrosion further progresses, the reduction of the rebar's cross-sectional area, the yield strength of the corroded rebar, the bond strength, and a loss of the concrete cross-sectional area in the tensile area collectively lead to a gradual decrease in the load-carrying capacity of the corroded reinforced concrete structures [4; 54; 55; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54]. Experimental studies have previously been carried out on the effect of uniform reinforcement corrosion on the residual load-carrying capacity of corroded concrete beams [54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 4; 48]. The mechanical behavior of corroded concrete beams is characterized by a reduction in the bending capacity and a shift in the failure mode [10; 60; 61; 62; 63]. Consequently, the change in failure mode, such as from rebar tensile yielding failure at the earlier corrosion stage or rebar anchorage failure due to insufficient bond strength, must be considered in predicting the residual flexural capacity of the corroded concrete beams [50; 54; 64; 65].  
However, in real structures, not every part of the structure deteriorates even though it is of the same member and under the same condition [66; 67; 68; 69; 15]. Similarly, sections of the members and reinforcing bars corrode unevenly [51; 70]. The mechanical performance of reinforced concrete structural members is influenced by the complex interplay between the deteriorated and sound parts of the structural member.  
This paper aims to determine the effects of local corrosion at three different corrosion areas on the flexural performance of RC beams. To analyze this, an experimental study was carried out to prepare two series of RC beams (200 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 2800 mm) created with three different degrees of corrosion, inducing local rebar corrosion. And two series of experimental tests were conducted under different loading types: monotonic and cyclic loading.
## 3 Proposed Multi-Modulus Multiplier Based on Radix-8 Booth Encoding  
Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the system architecture of the proposed multi-modulus multiplier based on an area-saving HMG using a radix-8 Booth-encoding scheme. Multi-modulus multipliers are defined to support modulo (\(2^{n}-1\)), modulo (\(2^{n}\)), and modulo (\(2^{n}+1\)) multiplication functions in the same circuit hardware by the control signal (S1, S0). When (S1, S0) = (0, 0), the modulo (\(2^{n}-1\)) multiplier operation is selected; when (S1, S0) = (0, 1), the modulo (\(2^{n}\)) multiplier operation is selected; and when (S1, S0) = (1, 0),  
the modulo (\(2^{n}+1\)) multiplier operation is selected. In Figure 1, the proposed multi-modulus multiplier includes the Booth encoder (BE) unit, hard multiple generator (HMG) unit, Booth selector (BS) unit, compensation unit, an inverse end-around-carry carry-save adder tree (IEAC CSA tree), and the proposed improved parallel prefix adder unit. The multiplier is Booth-encoded by 4 bits to generate \(\times 1\), \(\times 2\), \(\times 3\), \(\times 4\), and s signals. Such an encoding can reduce the number of partial products. The multiplicand, +2X (one left shift), +4X (two left shift), and +3X are generated by the HMG. They then enter the BS unit and are selected by the output of the Booth encoder and obtain the output of the \(i\)th-row partial product (\(pp\)). Afterwards, the partial product (\(pp\)) and compensation value C1 and C2 from the compensation circuit are fed into the IEAC CSA tree and summed to obtain sum (S) and carry (C). Finally, the obtained S and C are summed through the final parallel prefix adder to obtain the product O. The proposed multi-modulus HMG and proposed radix-8 multi-modulus multiplier are discussed in the following subsection.
# A Survey on the Application of WirelessHART for Industrial Process Monitoring and Control
## 4 Challenges and Design Requirements
### Interoperability  
Though industrial process plants contain multiple field devices which support different wireless communication protocols, all the IWSN protocols use the standard 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band as a physical layer. Recent significant improvements were made in the network layer, MAC layer, and physical layer to enhance these standards coexistence. These advancements are based on improving the routing methods, MAC layer restructuring, device sleep scheduling, and transmission power control. However, there is still a much wider gap that needs to be reduced to make all the IWSNs comply with each other, and carrying out more research on real-time scheduling for WHNCS is a high priority [109; 110]. Interoperability will also reduce the necessity of procuring new devices for adopting new standards in the industrial environment [111].
# Evaluation of Rural Visual Landscape Quality Based on Multi-Source Affective Computing
## 4 Discussion
### Enrich Sustainable Assessment Methods  
Building on the analysis above, this study has been validated by constructing a multi-source emotion model that integrates eye movement, EEG, and landscape beauty questionnaires into a unified framework. This approach enriches the interdisciplinary methodology for assessing rural landscape sustainability. In practical terms, the model provides innovative solutions to address the three major challenges in rural revitalization, as outlined in Section 3.3 First, by establishing the spatial coupling relationship between eye movement, EEG, beauty assessment questionnaires, and the SAM emotion scale, we can accurately identify traditional villages that require protection, thus preventing the destruction of cultural heritage caused by the \"largestcale demolition and construction\" transformation. Second, dynamic monitoring, based on an emotional feedback database, enables the establishment of a tiered update mechanism--comprising \"negative spatial early warning, moderate intervention, and positive maintenance\"--that overcomes time-domain constraints and facilitates real-time monitoring of emotional responses to rural landscape designs. Third, the model can be seamlessly integrated with GIS systems to transcend the limitations of point-based analysis, enhancing the ecological perception oftourists' experiences. Finally, the visual emotional responses are translated into quantifiable landscape indicators through the affective computing model, enabling rural landscape designers to better contribute to SDG 11.7 (providing inclusive green public spaces) through the quantitative insights offered by the multi-source affective model.