# Predicting Shot Accuracy in Badminton Using Quiet Eye Metrics and Neural Networks
## 5 Results
### Relationship Between Quiet Eye and Shot Accuracy
#### 5.2.2 Multiple Regression Analysis  
A multiple regression model that included QE duration, QE onset, and key biomechanical variables (racket speed, wrist angle at impact) accounted for 68% of the variance in shot accuracy (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.68, F(4,25) = 13.25, \(p\) < 0.001). Among the predictors, QE duration (\(\beta\) = 0.45, \(p\) < 0.001) and racket speed (\(\beta\) = 0.32, \(p\) = 0.008) were the most significant factors influencing accuracy.  
Table 5 presents the results of a multiple regression analysis aimed at examining the relationship between various predictors--such as Quiet Eye (QE) duration, body posture, and racket head trajectory--and shot accuracy across different skill levels (elite, intermediate, and novice players).  
* The \(\beta\) (Standardized Beta Coefficients) values indicate the strength and direction of the relationship between the independent variables (such as QE duration) and the dependent variable (shot accuracy). A higher beta value suggests a stronger impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable, with positive values indicating a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline
**Variable** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** \\ \hline
1. Shot Accuracy & 1 & & & & \\
2. QE Duration & 0.72 * & 1 & & & \\
3. QE Onset & \(-\)0.58 * & \(-\)0.43 * & 1 & & \\
4. Racket Speed & 0.61 * & 0.39 * & \(-\)0.28 & 1 & \\
5. Wrist Angle & 0.47 * & 0.31 & \(-\)0.19 & 0.35 * & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Correlation matrix of key variables.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Skill Level** & **QE Duration (ms)** & **QE Onset (ms before Impact)** \\ \hline Elite & \(289.5\pm 34.2\) & \(-385.2\pm 52.1\) \\ Intermediate & \(213.7\pm 41.5\) & \(-298.6\pm 63.4\) \\ Novice & \(168.3\pm 38.9\) & \(-215.4\pm 71.8\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Quiet Eye characteristics across skill levels.  
direct relationship and negative values indicating an inverse relationship. A higher absolute beta value indicates a stronger relationship. In the case of elite players, for example, a beta value of 0.82 for QE duration signifies that longer QE durations are strongly associated with higher shot accuracy. This positive relationship suggests that elite players with longer fixation periods before executing a shot tend to perform more accurately.
* t (t-statistic): The t-values test the hypothesis that each independent variable's coefficient is significantly different from zero. Larger t-values indicate stronger evidence that the predictor has a meaningful impact on shot accuracy. For instance, the t-value of 8.10 for QE duration in elite players indicates a highly significant effect, reinforcing the role of QE in predicting shot accuracy.
* \(p\)-value: The \(p\)-values indicate the level of statistical significance. In the table, a \(p\)-value of less than 0.001 (\(p<0.001\)) for QE duration in both elite and intermediate players suggests that the relationship between QE duration and shot accuracy is highly significant and unlikely to have occurred by chance. This confirms that QE duration plays a key role in shot performance.  
These results indicate that QE duration has a stronger impact on shot accuracy in elite players compared to intermediate and novice players, as reflected by the higher beta values and statistically significant \(p\)-values.