## 5 Conclusions  
We have quantified the intra- and inter-observer variations in manual contours for liver, prostate, and lung cancer patients imaged with 3 T MRI. These quantifications were used to evaluate our tumor-autocontouring algorithm, which was customized through patient-, expert-, and session-specific hyperparameter optimization and training. Consequently, the algorithm generated tumor autoconuts that faithfully emulated the contouring tendencies of each expert, but with high efficiency (54 ms/contour). Moreover, the consistency between autoconuts and manual contours was comparable to the manual intra- and inter-observer variabilities observed across liver, prostate, and lung cases. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, [PERSON] and B.G.F. ; methodology, [PERSON] and J.Y. ; software, [PERSON] and J.Y. ; validation, [PERSON] and J.Y. ; formal analysis, [PERSON] and J.Y. ; investigation, G.H., A.E., J.W., A.W. and K.W. ; resources, N.U., Z.G. and J.Y. ; data curation, G.H. ; writing--original draft preparation, G.H. ; writing--review and editing, [PERSON], A.E., J.W., A.W., K.W., N.U., Z.G., J.Y. and B.G.F. ; visualization, [PERSON] and J.Y. ; supervision, [PERSON], J.Y. and B.G.F. ; project administration, J.Y. ; funding acquisition, J.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), under grant number 437221. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta, Cancer Committee (HREBACC-18-0314, HREBA.CC-19-0158) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, as revised in 2013. **Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent for participation was obtained from all subjects involved in this study. **Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author due to ethical reasons. **Conflicts of Interest:** N.U. reports grants from Alberta Innovates Health Solutions, Kaye Competition, the University of Alberta Summer Research Award, the Ontario Institute in Cancer Research, the Alberta Cancer Foundation, the New Frontiers in Research Fund, the Astra Zeneca Research Grant, and CIHR; the patents Theranostic radiophotodynamic therapy nanoparticles and Hand-held device and computer-implemented system and method for assisted steering of a percutaneously inserted needle; an unpaid leadership role in the Canadian Cancer Trials Group Genito-Urinary Trial Development Group; and financial interest in MagnetTx Oncology Solutions by being a medical consultant. [PERSON] is a stockholder of MagnetTx Oncology Solutions. B.G.F. is co-founder, co-inventer, chair and shareholder of MagnetTx Oncology Solutions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{\(\text{M}_{\text{G}}\)} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{\(\text{M}_{\text{G}}\)} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{\(\text{M}_{\text{G}}\)} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{\(\text{M}_{\text{G}}\)} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{\(\text{M}_{\text{G}}\)} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{\(\text{M}_{\text{G}}\)} \\ \hline  & DC & CD & HD & DC & HD & DC & CD & HD & DC & CD & HD & DC & HD & DC & CD & HD \\ \hline \hline \(\text{A}_{\alpha}\) & 0.980(0.00) & 2.700(0.00) & 2.700(0.00) & 4.800(0.00) & 2.50(0.00) & 2.70(0.00) & 2.10(0.00) & 7.71(0.00) & 2.50(0.00) & 9.0(0.00) & 2.70(0.00) & 6.0(0.00) & 2.70(0.00) & 6.0(0.00) & 5.0(0.00) & 5.0(0.00) & 5.0(0.00) & 5.0(0.00) \\ \(\text{A}_{\alpha}\) & 0.980(0.00) & 1.980(0.00) & 4.12(0.00) & 2.45(0.00) & 2.45(0.00) & 1.68(0.00) & 3.11(0.00) & 0.0(0.00) & 1.58(0.00) & 2.70(0. +++ ==WARNING: Truncated because of repetitions==
9)  
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* (25) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In Proceedings of the Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention-MICCAI 2015: 18 th International Conference, Munich, Germany, 5-9 October 2015; Proceedings, Part III 18.