## 1 Introduction  
Bankruptcy fraud involves falsifying information during bankruptcy filing and can also include deceiving creditors by filing for bankruptcy. Bankruptcy cases often involve deceitful assertions. The four primary categories of fraudulent schemes consist of utilizing petition mills, partaking in multiple-filing schemes, engaging in bust-out schemes, and concealing assets, the most commonly encountered form of bankruptcy fraud, with over two-thirds of all fraudulent bankruptcy cases invoking variants of this scheme [1]. Asset concealment is not only a concern for creditors in bankruptcy proceedings but also for tax authorities. Its motivations vary, including tax evasion, avoiding legal judgments, and hiding proceeds from illegal activities. For instance, individuals involved in criminal enterprises may conceal assets to launder money or protect their wealth from seizure by law enforcement agencies. Similarly, business executives may hide assets to evade regulatory scrutiny or to engage in financial fraud. According to the Criminal Resource Manual published by the U.S. Department of Justice, concealment of assets or properties occurs when there is a \"person who knowingly and fraudulently conceals from a custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court charged with the control or custody of property, or, in connection with a case under title 11, from creditors or the United States Trustee, any property belonging to the estate of a debtor\" [2]. It is a fraudulent practice in which individuals or entities hide or disguise assets to evade detection, often to avoid creditors or legal obligations. When debtors initiate bankruptcy proceedings, they are obligated to disclose all their assets, allowing creditors the chance to stake a claim on the proceeds generated from the liquidation of said assets. Debtors engaging in the fraudulent concealment of assets willfully omit to list certain assets assuming that creditors cannot recover payment from the sale of undisclosed assets. Asset concealment can take various forms, such as transferring property to family members or friends, under-reporting income, or creating fake debts to reduce the appearance of wealth [3]. One common method involves using offshore accounts in jurisdictions with strict privacy laws. These accounts are often used to hide income and assets from tax authorities, as well as from creditors and other interested parties. The complexity and secrecy associated with offshore banking make it an attractive option for those seeking to conceal assets. Another technique for hiding assets is transferring property ownership to shell companies [3]. These entities exist only on paper and have no physical presence or significant operations. They can hold assets and conduct transactions while keeping the true owner's identity hidden. Shell companies are often established in countries with lenient regulatory requirements, which makes it easier to obscure ownership and financial activities. In addition, their complex ownership structures involving multiple layers of shell companies and trusts can add opacity to the true ownership of assets, making it even more challenging for authorities to trace the flow of funds. Detecting and avoiding this fraud requires a multi-faceted approach involving regulatory oversight, international cooperation, and advanced technological tools. Governments and regulatory bodies must work together to close loopholes facilitating asset concealment. This includes enforcing stringent reporting requirements, enhancing financial transaction transparency, and promoting information exchange between jurisdictions. The investigation of asset concealment is complex, involving teams of lawyers, criminal investigators, and professionals specialized in forensic accounting. They employ various techniques to detect hidden assets, including financial and graph analysis. Furthermore, advanced technological tools such as data analytics, machine learning, and graph theory have become increasingly crucial in uncovering hidden assets.