# Wave-Shaped Microstructure Cancer Detection Sensor in Terahertz Band: Design and Analysis
## 4 Simulation Results and Discussions
It is important to reduce CL because it causes light to leak from the core region to the cladding. All six analytes' CL decreased as a result of the hollow core area's mode fields being confined more tightly with increasing frequency. As a result, CL is reduced as \(6.1\times 10^{-10}\) dB/cm for adrenal gland cancer, \(6.1\times 10^{-10}\) dB/cm for blood cancer, \(6.1\times 10^{-10}\) dB/cm for breast cancer type-1, \(6.1\times 10^{-10}\) dB/cm for breast cancer type-2, \(6.1\times 10^{-10}\) dB/cm for cervical cancer, and \(6.0\times 10^{-10}\) dB/cm for skin cancer cells at a frequency of 3 THz. The analytes' birefringence property is shown in Figure 6d. Birefringence is officially defined as the double refraction of light in a transparent, molecularly ordered substance, which is exhibited by the existence of orientation-dependent differences in RI. The birefringence decreases with decreasing ERI as the frequency ultimately rises in both x- and y-polarity. Adrenal gland cancer's obtained birefringence at a frequency of 3 THz is \(1\times 10^{-9}\); for other cancer kinds (such as blood cancer, breast cancer type-1, breast cancer type-2, cervical cancer, and skin cancer), these values are below \(1\times 10^{-9}\). Please be aware that theoretically, reducing the core size might raise the birefringence considerably more, but the relative sensitivity would be significantly reduced. Figure 5: Frequency dependent relative sensitivity of adrenal glands cells, blood cells, breast cells type-1, breast cells type-2, cervical cells, and skin cells for strut width (**a**) \(S=10\) μm (**b**) \(S=20\) μm. (**D**ashed Lines (- - -) represent Normal State, Solid Lines (-) represent Cancerous State). The area that a waveguide or fiber mode actually covers in the transverse dimensions is quantified as the effective mode area. In applications where nonlinear effects can significantly impede system performance, the effective area is a better representation of the light-carrying region in fibers used in those applications. The frequency dependency of the effective area for several analytes is shown in Figure 7. The graphic representations of this figure show that the effective mode area decreases with increasing frequency. The mode field is tightly constrained and the effective area is reduced at higher frequencies in the core portion. The effective area value of the planned PCF was \(4.22\times 10^{-7}\) m\({}^{2}\) for adrenal gland cancer, \(4.23\times 10^{-7}\) m\({}^{2}\) for blood cancer, \(4.21\times 10^{-7}\) m\({}^{2}\) for breast cancer type-1, \(4.21\times 10^{-7}\) m\({}^{2}\) for breast cancer type-2, \(4.23\times 10^{-7}\) m\({}^{2}\) for cervical cancer, and \(4.25\times 10^{-7}\) m\({}^{2}\) for skin cancer at a frequency of 3 THz. Figure 6c illustrates how CL decreases as frequency rises, showing the physical result of this phenomenon. Figure 6: The relation of EML, CL and birefringence with frequency for different cell types in both normal state and cancerous state (adrenal glands, blood, breast type 1, breast type 2, cervical, skin). (**a**) EML vs. frequency in x-polarization, (**b**) EML vs. frequency in y-polarization, (**c**) CL vs. frequency, and (**d**) birefringence vs. frequency. (Dashed Lines (- - -) represent Normal State, Solid Lines (-) represent Cancerous State). The spreading out of a light pulse in time as it travels down the fiber is known as dispersion. Figure 8 shows the dispersion relation for each analyte applied to a PCF. As the frequency increases, so does the dispersion of the solution. An optical fiber's NA measures its ability to gather light. Figure 9 shows the NA for various cancer cells in relation to frequency. The graph depicts how NA behaves, acting downward with gradually increasing frequency. Figure 10 depicts the relationship between the nonlinear coefficient of cancer cells and frequency. The nonlinear coefficient grows along with the operating frequency. Figures 7 and 10 depict the expected opposing actions. So, the relationship between nonlinearity and effective area is inverse.