esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Simplified Matrix Formulation for Sensitivity Analysis of Hidden Markov Models
## 5 Conclusions and Future Research  
This research has shown that it is more efficient to compute the coefficients for the HMM sensitivity function directly from the HMM representation. The proposed method exploits the simplified matrix formulation for HMMs. A simple algorithm is presented which computes the coefficients for the sensitivity function of filtering and smoothing probabilities for transition, initial and observation parameter variation for all hidden states, as well as all time steps. This method differs from the other approaches in that it neither depends on a specific computational architecture nor requires a Bayesian network representation of the HMM.  
The future extension of this work will include sensitivity analysis of predicted future observations \(p(y_{e}^{t}|y_{e}^{t:T})(\theta),t>T\), and the most probable explanation for the corresponding parameter variations.  
Future research on the sensitivity analysis of HMM, where different types of model parameters are varied simultaneously, as well as the case of continuous observations will be considered.  
This work is partially supported by the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) under University Transportation Center (UTC) Program (DTRT13-G-UTC47), the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and the Air Force Research Laboratory under agreement number FA8750-15-2-0116. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes, notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of USDOT, OSD, Air Force Research Laboratory, or the U.S. Government. The first, and the second authors would like to acknowledge the support from the USDOT, and the second author would also like to acknowledge the support from the OSD and the Air Force.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed equally to this work. [PERSON] helped in writing the manuscript; All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest exist in this work.
# A Study on Heater Design for Crystal Growth of GaAs Ingot Using Growth Temperature Simulation
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the GaAs ingot for micro LEDs was produced by applying the VGF method. The core of the production equipment is the heater applying heat. This study used the technology of controlling crystal growth temperature through temperature simulation to design the heater for producing 4-inch-large diameter GaAs. The technology that could sensitively cope with temperature change depending on the surrounding environmental change was developed based on temperature simulation technology. The result of numerical analysis on heat transfer was used to develop the VGF equipment embedded with a total of eight heaters. In addition, this study developed a technology that could minimize the rate of defects such as twin and poly and secure the optimum conditions on the solid-liquid interface during growth. The result of this study could be used to produce substrates that could be applied to optical devices and special purposes such as satellites and the military in the future.  
Y.P., conceptualization, software, validation, writing--original draft preparation; H.P., writing--review and editing and work guidance. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Test Standard** & **Test Results** & **Unit** \\ \hline Diameter & 105 & mm \\ Length & 154 & mm \\ Carrier density & \(1.06\times 10^{18}\) & CC/Cm\({}^{3}\) \\ Mobility & \(4.06\times 10^{3}\) & \(\text{Cm}^{2}/\text{Vs}\) \\ EPD (Etched Pit Density) & 750 & EA/Cm\({}^{2}\) \\ Roughness & 0.057 & mm \\ Thickness deviation & 1.11 & \(\upmu\)m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The measurement result of roughness.  
Figure 12: The manufactured wafer.  
Funding: This research was supported by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) grant funded by the Korean Government (MOTIE) (P0012769, the Competency Development Program for Industry Specialist). Furthermore, this research was supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 2023R1A6C101B042).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
To address the issues discussed above, we first adopt the idea of virtualization and software definition to construct a multi-star joint digital base station system architecture. Then, a fast adaptive migration algorithm of network functions based on multi-dimensional environment awareness is proposed to find the proper satellite to migrate the functions to and reduce the migration time on this architecture. Our main contributions are as follows:  
* We construct a multi-star joint digital base station system architecture. Since the virtualization technology is used, the hardware and software of the base station are decoupled. Additionally, the functions of the base station can be flexibly orchestrated and dynamically loaded by software, so that they can be distributed and deployed on different nearby satellites. * Because of the distributed deployment of the functions of the base station, the frequently changing topology of LEO satellites leads to frequent function migration between the satellites. Then, a fast adaptive migration algorithm of network functions based on multi-dimensional environment awareness is proposed to guarantee the network load balance, find the proper satellite to which functions will be migrated, and reduce the real-time computing overhead of the system network migration. Additionally, a reasonable VNF to be migrated is selected by the RAIL resource-aware algorithm, and a multi-objective decision is made by the TOPSIS multi-objective decision algorithm to reduce additional delays brought by migration and the impact brought by migration for the destination node. * Extensive experiments based on the proposed architecture were carried out to illustrate that the suggested digitized satellite base station system increases the adaptability of satellite network services and enables rapid network deployment, flexible scheduling, and dynamic function loading and that our proposed algorithm can achieve better performance than other algorithms. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: The associated work is summarized in Section 2. Section 3 presents a multi-star joint digital base station system architecture. Section 4 describes the suggested multidimensional environment awareness based quick adaptive migration technique for the architecture. The evaluation results are shown in Section 5. Section 6 concludes this paper.
# Intraoperative Use of Mixed Reality Technology in Median Neck and Branchial Cyst Excision
## 3 Results
### Case 2. Adjustable Navigation Frame  
Patient B. was diagnosed with a median neck cyst. During inpatient preoperative treatment in the Maxillofacial Surgery Department, the patient underwent MSCT of the neck, with intravenous contrast enhancement and cystography (Figure 5).  
Figure 4: Referencing of the patient’s position in the operating room using a reference marker installed on a perforated thermoplastic cerviocofacial mask-frame (**left**). Result: a 3D model of anatomical structures overlapping the patient as seen from the mixed reality glasses (**right**).  
Figure 5: MSCT of the neck: axial view, lateral view, frontal view, and 3D reconstruction.  
The MSCT of the neck was performed in the patient's selected position, similar to the intraoperative one, with a full extension of the cervical spine, using a facial frame made of polyamide and a PLA reference marker.  
Operating Principle and Conclusion  
This solution entailed the use of a special adjustable frame (Patent [23]), which was attached to the patient's head and adjusted according to the head parameters (Figure 6). It was applied during the CT and was later used again with the customized parameters in the operating room. As a result, the patient's head was positioned in the same way as during the CT. The hologram positioning was realized by means of a marker installed on the frame (Figure 8). The frame was 3D-printed from polyamide; both the frame and the marker were sterilized.  
Initially, the frame was attached to the auricles via metal screws and nuts that generated severe artifacts in the MSCT imaging. This led to a replacement of these parts with polyamide elements. Thus, radiopaque markers were the only metal components of the frame.  
This approach included not a manual but a semi-automatic adjustment (matching the initial frame coordinates in the virtual space with the CT coordinate system). The frame hade built-in radiopaque markers made of radiodense material in the form of 2 mm \(\times\) 2 mm metal adjusting screws. These markers allowed the system to match two coordinate systems (Figure 7).  
The advantage this method has over the previous one is that it consists of smaller dimensions and that there is no need to produce individual fixation frameworks (Figure 8). In addition, this solution allows for a significant reduction of patient positioning time. Nonetheless, it still requires some preparations to attach the frame to the patient's head before the surgery.
# Clutch Pressure Plate Temperature Prediction Based on Bi-LSTM and Migration Learning
## 2 Clutch Temperature Prediction Model Construction Based on Bi-LSTM and Migration Learning
### Transfer Learning Algorithms  
The objective of transfer learning is to leverage knowledge acquired from one domain (source domain) to enhance performance in another domain (target domain). In this study, we aim to improve the clutch platen temperature prediction in the target domain by utilizing both the trained platen data (source domain) and the upcoming platen data (target domain). As the eigenvalues of these two datasets exhibit some similarity, we employ the ADDA algorithm, a feature-based transfer learning approach. This algorithm maps the real data of the pressure plate from both the source and target domains into a shared virtual space, where the model is constructed. This process enhances the generalization capability of the virtual platen and the algorithm model.  
Figure 6: Comparison of results: (**A**) BP; (**B**) LSTM; and (**C**) Bi-LSTM.
###### Abstract  
A new preservation approach is presented in this article to prolong the lifetime of raw chicken meat and enhance its quality at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C via coating with highly soluble kidney bean protein hydrolysate. The hydrolysates of the black, red, and white kidney protein (BKH, RKH, and WKH) were obtained after 30 min enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase (E/S ratio of 1:100, hydrolysis degree 25-29%). The different phaseloin subunits (88) appeared in SDS-PAGE in 35-45 kD molecular weight range while victim appeared in the molecular weight range of 55-75 kD. The kidney bean protein hydrolysates have considerable antioxidant activity as evidenced by the DPPH-scavenging activity and \(\beta\)-carotene-linolenic assay, as well as antimicrobial activity evaluated by disc diffusion assay. BKH followed by RKH (800 ug/mL) significantly (\(p\leq 0.05\)) scavenged 95, 91% of DPPH and inhibited 82-88% of linoleic oxidation. The three studied hydrolysates significantly inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeast, and fungi, where BKH was the most performing. Kidney bean protein hydrolysates could shield the chicken meat because of their amphoteric nature and many functional properties (water and oil-absorbing capacity and foaming stability). The quality of chicken meat was assessed by tracing the fluctuations in the chemical parameters (pH, met-myoglobin, lipid oxidation, and TVBN), bacterial load (total bacterial count, and psychrophilic count), color parameters and sensorial traits during cold preservation (4 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The hydrolysates (800 ug/g) significantly \(p\leq 0.05\) reduced the increment in meat pH and TVBN values, inhibited 59-70% of lipid oxidation as compared to control during 30 days of cold storage via eliminating 50% of bacterial load and maintained secured storage for 30 days. RKH and WKH significantly (\(p\leq 0.05\)) enhanced \(L^{\star}\), \(a^{\star}\) values, thus augmented the meat whiteness and redness, while, BKH increased \(b^{\star}\) values, declining all color parameters during meat storage. RKH and WKH (800 ug/g) (\(p\leq 0.05\)) maintained 50-71% and 69-75% of meat color and odor, respectively, increased the meat juiciness after 30 days of cold storage. BKH, RKH and WKH can be safely incorporated into novel foods.  
legume protein isolation; enzymatic hydrolysis; phaseolin; antioxidant; antimicrobial; chicken meat cold storage
# Temperature Fluctuation Attenuation of Circulating Cooling Water Using Dynamic Thermal Filtering
###### Abstract  
The Demand for circulating cooling water (CCW) with high temperature stability and a quick response to temperature control is essential for precision engineering, so a dynamic thermal filtering method is proposed in this paper. Some CCW is bypassed, blocked, and used as a thermal capacity medium, and the temperature fluctuation of CCW is significantly reduced by heat exchanging with the medium. The temperature of the medium dynamically follows the set value of the CCW temperature by real time updating, and so realizes a quick CCW temperature control response. The attenuation ratio of temperature fluctuation was derived, theoretically validating the effectiveness of the method. The experimental results indicate that a CCW temperature fluctuation attenuation ratio of tens of dB (\(-3.47\) dB, \(-6.91\) dB, \(-10.97\) dB and \(-15.28\) dB corresponding to temperature fluctuation frequencies of 0.01 Hz, 0.025 Hz, 0.053 Hz and 0.105 Hz, respectively) is achieved by the proposed method. The updating time of thermal capacity medium is 82 s, which means that the temperature fluctuation attenuation remains functionally valid when the set value of CCW changes. The proposed method is low cost in operation and provides an effective approach to satisfy the challenging demand for CCW with high stability and a good dynamic temperature control performance.  
dynamic thermal filtering; circulating cooling water; temperature stability; quick response; lithography +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Study of Solid Particle Erosion on Helicopter Rotor Blades Surfaces
## 1 Introduction
simulated the various body postures of fish swimming in water in response to the incoming flow conditions, and proposed the concept of adaptive flexible deformed wings to improve aircraft aerodynamic performance [25]. [PERSON] et al. [26], [PERSON] et al. [27], and [PERSON] et al. [28] all studied the fin wings of bionic humpback whales, these researchers are very innovative in improving the aerodynamic characteristics of the blades through the bionics perspective, but the researchers have not considered the erosion of the bionic blades. [PERSON] et al. [29] carried out extensive research on helicopter coatings, where such coatings can improve the erosion resistance of compressor blades [30]. [PERSON] [31] assumed that the coating was a linear elastomer, and calculated the residual and thermal stresses therein using the boundary element method; their results showed that stress in the corners and free edges causes cracking and peeling of the coating, leading directly to coating failure. [PERSON] et al. [32] studied the combination of particles and substrates at different temperatures to determine the optimal coating method. Many studies have reported that temperature shock does more damage to the coating than a constant high temperature in coating aging experiments, and mechanical factors have also been considered in the simulation experiments of coating failure [33; 34]. Installing coatings is a popular anti-erosion method today. It is important to study whether it is feasible to install bionic structures as coatings on blades to prevent erosion. To reduce the operating costs of helicopters, alloy materials are commonly used to cover the helicopter rotor blades. In this study, the following models were used to test the SPE of helicopter rotor blades in which the outer skin of the helicopter blades was constructed from titanium alloy (Ti-4 Al-1.5 Mn), magnesium alloy (Mg-Li9-A3-Zn3,) and aluminum alloy (Al7075-T6). In these models, the leading edge of the blade is fitted with a V- or VC-type bionic anti-erosion coating. The alloy materials, with and without bionic coatings, were then tested for erosion resistance with respect to changes in the particle speed and angle of attack, in an attempt to optimize the anti-erosion properties of helicopter rotor blades.
# A Novel Device-Free Counting Method Based on Channel Status Information
## 4 Experiment Results and Analysis
### Comparison with Existing Approaches  
Table 1 compares the number of people identified by FCC system with our method. The percentage is used to indicate the number of people in the sensing area, and The percentage is saturated in the table. In addition, it is worth noting that the comparison result is performed in the same environment and the same setting conditions (i.e., same position of transmitters and receivers, same volunteers and equipment) [29]. For phase information, the percentage reached saturation of our method from the seventh person, which FCC system from the fourth person. The percentage reached saturation means that the method can detect so many people at most. In other words, although the percentage increases as the number of moving people grows, it would be saturated when the crowd density reaches a certain threshold. Therefore, for the percentage at saturation, our method is 42% higher than the FCC system, with three more people identified. A similar case occurs at the amplitude.
# Experimental and Theoretical Study on Anchorage Loss of Prestressed CFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams
## 3 Experimental Study
### Theoretical Validation  
The experimental data were theoretically verified by using Formulas (5) and (4) obtained above, resulting in the data shown in Figure 17. The group analysis showed the following: By comparing (a) and (b), increasing the screw length by 176% resulted in a 79% increase in total deformation. This suggests that screw length significantly affects anchorage loss. In (c) and (d), a 100% increase in prestressing force led to a 66% increase in total deformation. The differing increments further confirm the presence of gaps. In (e), a 33.9% increase in the spacing between the side plates resulted in a 19.2% increase in total deformation. This indicates that increasing the size of the steel reaction frame front end increases anchorage loss.  
The proposed theoretical framework shows high accuracy in reinforcing concrete beams with externally prestressed CFRP tendons. Anchorage loss forms a significant part of the total prestress loss and is categorized as a short-term loss. The primary factors influencing it are the dimensions of the steel reaction frame front end, the size of the  
Figure 16: Diagram showing variation in prestress over 200 days: (**a**) prestress of 950 MPa; (**b**) prestress of 475 MPa.  
Figure 15: Diagram comparing the experimental and theoretical results of anchorage loss.  
connecting screws, and the gap values in threaded connections. Properly sizing these components in the reinforcement design can effectively reduce anchorage loss.  
Figure 17: Diagrams comparing the experimental and theoretical data for each condition: (**a**) with screw length as a variable and adjustment of thread clearance; (**b**) with screw length as a variable; (**c**) with prestress magnitude as a variable and adjustment of thread clearance; (**d**) with prestress magnitude as a variable; (**e**) with the dimensions of the front end of the steel reaction frame as variables.
# Transformation-Based Fuzzy Rule Interpolation Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets
## 5 Type-2 Fuzzy Sets vs. Rough-Fuzzy Sets for T-FRI
### Practical Application and Comparison
#### 5.2.1 Application Problem  
Environmental change influences disease burden [43; 44]. Intensive studies have been made in an effort to identify logical relationships underlying such influences so that the consequences of a certain environmental change may be predicted. One particular application problem in this area has recently been investigated in [15; 45], which is based on the study of [46]. The original problem of [15] is simplified such that all of the examined factors are linearly connected. The resulting simpler causal model is shown in Figure 8.  
All factors considered in this application study are represented as system variables, and each relation between two directly connected factors is represented as a rule associating the relevant variables. In summary, there are five variables in the problem: contact outside of the village, reintroduction of pathogenic strains, social connectedness, hygiene and sanitation infrastructure and infections disease rate, denoted as \(x_{1},\ldots,x_{5}\), respectively. Note that different variables are defined on different domains. To simplify knowledge representation, variable domains are mapped onto the real line and normalised.  
In order to evaluate the final disease rate, a group of experts is selected to express their views on each factor. As with the work of [23], suppose that the opinions are obtained from six experts, denoted as \(T_{1},\ldots,T_{6}\), respectively, and that the subsets of rules (one subset per causal implication): \(A\to B\), \(C\to D\) and \(B\wedge D\to E\) are established by these experts with each supported by two of them. Note that here, \(A\), \(B\), \(C\), \(D\) and \(E\) represent the certain qualitative values expressing the opinions given by the experts with regard to the domain variables \(x_{1}\), \(x_{2}\), \(x_{3}\), \(x_{4}\) and \(x_{5}\), respectively.
# Emerging Technologies for Degradation of Dichlorvos: A Review
## 4 Microbial Degradation of DDVP  
Microbial degradation is regarded as a cost-effective and promising method with a huge potential for the removal of pesticides, compared to physicochemical approaches [9; 13; 19]. Soil bacteria and fungi have been documented as being able to mineralize various organic pollutants as a sole carbon source [56; 57; 58; 59; 60]. Based on the existing research, the effective soil microorganisms for solving the DDVP residual have been isolated and studied (Table 3). Five kinds of strains were selected and studied for the plant-fungi-spent mushroom compost (SMC) interaction, which has the potential to speed up the DDVP degradation rate [56]. According to this research, fungal strains identified as _Cunningham elegans_, _Fusarium solani_, _Talaromycesastro roseus_, _Aspergillus oryzae_, and _Penicillium_ sp. were isolated from pesticide-polluted soil. Their rhizosphere interaction with plants (_Panicum maximum_) was shown in this study. The plant-fungi-SMC interaction synergistically sped up the DDVP degradation rate in a shorter time period, and an appreciable loss of DDVP of 72.23% and 82.70% degradation efficiency was observed in 30% and 40% of treatments, respectively, as compared to controls 1 and 2, with 62.20% and 62.33% degradation efficiency, respectively. As a representative organophosphorus pesticide, DDVP has been applied in biodegradation studies. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [61], they found a bacterium that can degrade DDVP rapidly, _Orthobactrum intermedium_ DV-B31. This bacterium degraded 96.38% of DDVP samples in 8 days, which proved its potential for bioremediation. Interestingly, some bacteria, such as _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ and _Bacillus amyloliquefaciens_YP6, can degrade DDVP and other pesticides [62]. Nonetheless, the bioremediation ability of the bacterial cultures can be affected by different factors, including the type of inoculum and its density, pH, temperature, and toxic compounds present in the system [63].