# A Cyber-Physical System for Wildfire Detection and Firefighting
## 2 Related Work  
In recent years, with global temperature rise, extreme weather, and climate events, especially droughts, wildfires are a natural phenomenon that has increased in frequency and magnitude over the past decade, causing damage to life and property, and impacting climate and air quality [17]. The wildfire season has lengthened in many countries due to shifting climate patterns. Studies report that the number of wildfires has declined, thanks to the strict and full implementation of forest fire prevention and management strategies and the philosophy of forest protection and green development in the world; however, climate warming will continue in the world, leading to the more frequent occurrence of dry thunderstorms, increased number of days with forest fire alerts, higher fire risks, and greater challenges in forest fire prevention [18]. Therefore, we must strengthen studies on the impacts of climate change on forest fires; improve the monitoring, prediction, and alert system for forest fires; and raise public awareness and knowledge of forest fire prevention [19]. To minimize their impact, effective prevention, early warning, and response approaches are needed. Research is ongoing to develop high-accuracy fire detection systems for challenging environments [20]. Traditionally, forest fires were mainly detected by human observation from fire lookout towers and involved only primitive tools, such as the Osborne fire Finder [21], which is a tool consisting of a card topographic printed on a disc with edge graduated. Unfortunately, these primary techniques are inefficient due to the unreliability of human observation towers and difficult living conditions. Advanced technologies such as satellites, UAV, UGV, ground-based sensor nodes, and camera systems supplement traditional firefighting techniques, focusing on detecting wildfires at early stages, and predicting hot spots by combining all the methods for a robust fire monitoring system [22]. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which integrate computing and control technologies into physical systems aim to contribute to real-time wildfire detection through the Internet of Things (IoT) wireless sensor [23] and the use of a collaborative unmanned system [11]. In the past few years, IoT has been gaining significant attention in various fields, including forest fire detection. IoT technologies are very useful in forest management systems because they can provide real-time monitoring of forest conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed. These data can be used to predict the likelihood of a wildfire, to detect a fire, and to track the progression of an active fire. This kind of technology is also called the Internet of Forest Things (IoFT) [24]. The Milesight Company is an example of a company that has developed a technology to detect and prevent forest fires using an IoT system (Figure 1). The system is comprised of:  
* **IoT nodes:** A microcontroller unit connected with carbon dioxide, barometric pressure, temperature, and humidity sensors. * **Gateway:** A central hub that connects and manages the various sensors and devices, is able to collect data from IoT nodes, transmit it to the cloud, and perform edge computing tasks. * **Cloud:** A remote server that provides a scalable and flexible platform used to process, and analyze the data collected by the sensors, but also used to store data, provides visualization and reporting tools and enables integration with other systems for enhanced capabilities. Typically, the IoT nodes used in this type of application employ Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, such as LoRa and Sigfox, to enable long-range communication with a battery life that can last for several years. This allows for coverage of an entire forest at a cost-effective price.