## 6 Results and Discussion
### Case 4. Complex Partial Shading Condition  
Condition of CPS presents in case 4 and their irradiance pattern is illustrated in Table 2. Figure 12 shows the P-V & I-V characteristics curve of CPS phenomena. In the CPS case, 10 different ratings of PV modules are taken and they are connected in series. A duty cycle of a DC/DC boost converter is utilized to search the MPPT. The proposed hybrid technique is compared with the other DFO, PSO, CS, FA, ACO, and InC techniques and it is observed that The value of GM in the CPS case is 1250 W.  
Power of proposed hybrid and all previous PSO, DFO, InC, hybrid, CS, FA, and ACO techniques are 1246 W, 1248 W, 1094 W, 1249.8 W, 1243 W, 1157 W, and 1247.1 W, respectively. The hybrid algorithm gives the highest power among all the techniques. InC technique with variable step size cannot find the GM and is stuck on LM but it has the lowest convergence and settling time of 0.39 s and 0.45 s, respectively. PSO method shows that it has the highest oscillation among all the techniques that cause the reduction of power loss of the PV system. The settling time of ACO, FA, CS, Hybrid, InC, DFO, and PSO techniques are 1.4 s, 1.80 s, 1.82 s, 0.75 s, 0.45 s, 0.83 s, and 1.91 s respectively. It is noted that the proposed InC-DFO method describes the lowest settling time of 0.75 s. PSO gives a higher oscillation that decreases the power of the PV system. The convergence time of PSO, DFO, InC, hybrid, CS, FA, and ACO techniques are 1.31 s, 0.69 s, 0.39 s, 0.41 s, 0.73 s, 0.52 s, and 0.59 s, respectively. The proposed method can remove the oscillation of the PSO and CS algorithm, thus increasing the efficiency of the PV energy systems. However, InC gives the lowest efficiency 87.52% because it is not able to find GM and is stuck on any value of LM. In the case of CPS, the hybrid algorithm achieved the highest efficiency 99.98%. In the first stage, the InC technique is used because of less settling time but it is stuck in local  
Figure 12: P-V and I-V Characteristics Curves for Complex Partial Shading Cases. maxima and cannot find the GM. So, in the second stage, we use the DFO that has the highest capability of tracking power. The proposed hybrid technique has zero oscillation and the highest convergence time that results in enhancing the efficiency of the PV system. Power, Current, and Voltage comparison of all techniques for Case 3 and Case 4 are represented in Figure 13.  
To validate the effectiveness of the proposed (InC-DFO) and its comparison with six other MPPT techniques, four different cases of PV array are taken for all weather conditions. Among four cases, one is for UI condition, two cases for partial shading condition (PSC), and one is for CPS condition. On the basis of these four cases, the performance valuation of the PV system is carried out and their numerical analysis is illustrated in Table 3.  
Figure 13: Power, Current, and Voltage comparison between all techniques for Case 3 and Case 4. It is observed that the soft computing algorithms are robust, redundant, and highly adaptive. The Conventional InC conductance technique has the lowest convergence time for all weather conditions but it cannot track the GM for 2-3 cases of partial shading. This algorithm is very fast because of its gradient-based control and simplicity and has a low-cost control. InC techniques are only feasible for the UI condition where all the irradiance values of PV modules are the same and it can find GM. However, in the case of PS, this conventional technique has the lowest efficiency among all the other PSO, DFO, Hybrid, CS, FA, and ACO technique. PS conditions are presented in cases 2 and 3. PSO method has taken more time to settle down at GM when compared with all other techniques. Due to the levy flight, the CS algorithm does not give efficient results at the transient's state. CS techniques have less oscillation as compared to the PSO method. So, as a result, there will be less power loss with enhanced performance.