## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Comparison to Existing Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Monitoring Parameter** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Field Device** \\ **Implementation** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Monitoring** \\ **Dashboard** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Monitoring** \\ **Device** \\ \end{tabular} & **Cost (Approx.)** \\ \hline
[7; 8; 9] & Leaf temperature &
\begin{tabular}{c} Handheld or portable \\ thermal camera, Battery \\ powered, Not IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & - & Thermal camera & \textgreater{}US\$ 400 \\ \hline
[10; 11] & Leaf temperature & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, DC \\ power supply, Not \\ IoT system \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Python- \\ based/Web \\ API \\ \end{tabular} & Raspberry Pi & US\$ 300 \\ \hline
[12] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Leaf temperature, Air \\ temperature, humidity, CO\({}_{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, DC \\ power supply, Not \\ IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & LabView & PC & US\$ 210 \\ \hline
[13] & Leaf temperature &
\begin{tabular}{c} Developed handheld \\ device, Battery powered, \\ Not IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & Arduino display & Arduino & US\$ 158 \\ \hline
[14] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Air temperature \\ and humidity \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, DC \\ power supply, Not \\ continuous monitoring, \\ IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & Blynk App. & PC, Smartphone & US\$ 35 \\ \hline
[16] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Air temperature and \\ humidity; soil \\ temperature and moisture \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Commercial product \\ (ADCON), Solar powered, \\ IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & Grafana & PC & NA \\ \hline
[17] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Air temperature and \\ humidity; pressure; light; gas (H\({}_{2}\), LPG, CH\({}_{4}\), CO, \\ alcohol, smoke) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, \\ Battery powered, \\ IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & Web-based GUI & PC, Smartphone & US\$ 130 \\ \hline
[18] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Air temperature and \\ humidity; soil \\ temperature and \\ moisture; CO\({}_{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, DC \\ power supply, IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & Huawei cloud & PC, Smartphone & US\$ 133 \\ \hline
[23] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Air temperature, humidity, \\ pressure and gas; soil NPK \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, DC \\ power supply, IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & ThingSpeak & PC, Smartphone & US\$ 333 \\ \hline
[26] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Soil temperature, EC, \\ moisture, pH, and NPK \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, \\ Battery powered and solar \\ panel, IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & Mobile application & Smartphone & US\$ 300 \\ \hline
[27] & Soil NPK & \begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, \\ Battery powered, \\ IoT system \\ \end{tabular} & Google cloud & PC, Smartphone & US\$ 55 \\ \hline Proposed & \begin{tabular}{c} Leaf temperature; air \\ temperature and \\ humidity; soil \\ temperature, EC, moisture, \\ pH, and NPK \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Hardware prototype, DC \\ power supply, IoT-based \\ SCADA system \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Haiwell \\ CADA HMI \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} PC, Smartphone, \\ HMI panel \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} US\$ 500 \\ (including \\ HMI device) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 14: Comparison to existing plant monitoring systems. Compared to the existing systems, our system provides all three monitored objects: leaf temperature, air parameters, and soil parameters. Further, our proposed system is IoT-enabled, where the monitoring dashboard uses the SCADA HMI, which can be accessed from the cloud or the HMI panel. Currently, our developed hardware prototype still uses a DC power supply. However, since air and soil sensor devices are similar to battery-powered systems [17; 27], and considering the low power consumption of the AMG8833 thermal camera and the small type of Raspberry Pi Zero W, our proposed system is reliable to be powered by a battery.