esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Capsule Network Based on Wide Convolution and Multi-Scale Convolution for Fault Diagnosis
## 4 Experimental Analysis
### Dataset Introduction  
The Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) dataset [31] is the data source of this paper. The test bench is shown in Figure 2, which includes a motor, torque transducer/encoder, dynamometer, etc. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is used to implant single point faults of different diameters into different positions in the Svenska Kullager-Fabriken (SKF) bearing--that is, the inner raceway, balls, and outer raceway. There are three kinds of fault sizes; the smallest is 0.007 inches and the largest is 0.014 inches.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Layer Name** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Kernel** \\ **Size/Strides/Filters** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Parameters** \\ **Filters** \\ \end{tabular} & **Output Shape** & **Padding** \\ \hline
1 & Conv1 & 64/16/32 & 2080 & (125,32) & No \\
2 & Conv2 & 16/3/64 & 32,832 & (37,64) & No \\
3 & Multi-scale convolution & \(i\) (\(i=1,2,3,\ldots\), 8)/1/16 & 36,992 & (37,128) & Yes \\
4 & Primary capsule & 3/(1,2)/32 & 15,424 & (68,8) & No \\
5 & Digit capsule & - & 54,400 & (10,10) & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Model structure parameters.  
The above faulty bearings are installed into the motor shown in Figure 2, and the accelerometer is used to collect vibration data. Speed and horsepower data are collected using the torque transducer/encoder. This paper uses the acceleration data of the driving end as an input. The dataset contains three different fault locations and three different fault sizes, corresponding to nine damage states. In addition to the health state, the final number of digit capsules in our fault diagnosis model is set to 10.  
The accelerometer collects vibration signals for 10 s and the sampling frequency is 12 kHz, so each fault sample contains 120,000 points. In addition, the experiment also set at three different working conditions--that is, the motor load is 1 hp, 2 hp, and 3 hp, respectively. In the experiment, 2048 data points were used for fault diagnosis at a time. To facilitate the training of the network, each signal is standardized and the formula is shown below.  
\[x^{*}=\frac{x-\overline{x}}{\sigma}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(\overline{x}\) and \(\sigma\) represent the mean and standard deviation of the original signal, respectively.  
Further, data augmentation technology is applied to augment the original data during the preprocessing stage. As shown in Figure 3, the original fault information is divided into two parts; the first half contains 60,000 points as the training set and the second half contains about 60,000 points as the test set. Data enhancement is performed on the training set--that is, overlap sampling is performed with an offset of 100. It is worth noting that the test samples do not overlap. After processing the dataset, the training set has 17,400 samples and the test set has 870 samples.
## 4 Discussion  
### Prioritizing Areas for the GGP  
Reforestation is an approach of ecosystem management, aiming to increase regulating services and to improve well-being in multiple dimensions [44]. A key question confronts managers looking to maximize the return on investment in forest restoration, and what is required for this achievement is understanding the tradeoffs between the concerned ecosystem services [16; 45; 46].  
In this study, we observed a significant change of LULC patterns driven by the first round of the GGP, and quantified the improvement in the capacity to supply regulating services. This finding accords with the most of reported findings in the studies [13; 47; 48]. However, most of converted farmlands (87.4%) were distributed across a relatively flat area, which is not the primarily target of the GGP. The scenario analysis suggested that this improvement would be more efficient by prioritizing conversions of steep-sloped or riparian farmlands to forests, where the conversions of farmlands to forests can enhance regulating services better. Given the importance of water conservation in our focal region [49], we considered water purification, flood mitigation, and soil retention as the preferential regulating services. Through scenario simulation, we found that water purification service was promoted greatly by the PRC scenario, indicating riparian vegetation restoration as a feasible approach to water conservation for a headwater area. This result was reported to be similar in other contexts [23], and was supported by the field-based evidences [26; 50]. As expected, the PSC scenario, original concern of the GGP for converting slope-steep farmlands to forests, could efficiently promote soil retention and flood mitigation services. Notably, the trade-offs among the regulating ecosystem  
Figure 5: The difference in regulating services and provisioning service between economic forest and ecological forest along a gradient of site condition. Soil retention service and provisioning service (**a**); water purification service and provisioning service (**b**); flood mitigation service and provisioning service (**c**); the trends of difference in the regulating services and provisioning service (**d**).  
services occurred when comparing the PSC and PRC scenarios, suggesting the two potential scenarios can both promote the regulating services for the mountainous water source region, but with the different priorities. We recommend that riverain farmlands should be considered for conversion to forests as slope-steeped farmlands in the new round of the GGP. In 2015, there were still steep-sloped and riparian farmlands in the study area, with an area of 6156.5 ha and an area of 2597.0 ha, respectively, which are supposed to be converted preferentially in the new round of the GGP.
## 4 Empirical Results
### Simulation Result
#### 4.2.1 Simulation Environment  
The SLD-GEDIR algorithm has been simulated using the NS-2.34 network simulator. The mobility model generator for vehicular networks (MOVE) has been used to generate a realistic mobility model and a realistic urban traffic environment. MOVE is built on the top of an open-source micro-traffic simulator, Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO). Most of the essential features of the vehicular traffic environment such as number of roads, number of lanes in each road, number of flows in each lane, number of junctions, traffic lights in a particular junction, speed of vehicles, probability of turning left or right of a vehicle at a particular junction etc. have been setup and implemented utilizing the two main modules of MOVE, namely the road map editor and vehicle movement editor. The mobility trace  
Figure 9: \(Cont.\)  
generated by MOVE with the help of SUMO, has been directly used in NS-2. Two types of vehicular traffic environment, High Speed and High Density has been considered to evaluate SLD-GEDIR. In a high speed traffic environment, the performance of the three SLD-GEDIR modules, namely segment vehicle, one-hop link quality and degree of connectivity in the segment area have been analyzed. In a high density traffic environment, the analysis focuses on verifying whether the three modules of SLD-GEDIR increase forwarding overheads with increasing vehicle density. A set of four horizontal and four vertical roads crossing each other and thus making sixteen junction points at equal distance is used as simulation area. Each road has double lanes. Important simulation parameters have been summarized in Table 1. The simulations have been performed after setting the network and traffic flow with the considered parameter values. In each simulation run the source vehicle and geocasting region is selected randomly from two pre-specified different junctions that remain same for all the 30 simulation runs. An average of 30 different simulation runs has been taken for each value used in the result analysis.
## 3 Use Case: UMTS Networks
### Theoretical Framework  
At this point, the basis for the selection of variables is established. As study elements, groups of UMTS cells are generated with different characteristics. Among the KPIs categories, five of them are selected to cover the main features of the network, which is, accessibility (ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and other conditions), retainability (probability that a service, once obtained, will continue to be provided under given conditions for a given duration), integrity (degree to which a service is provided without excessive impairments), mobility (handover performance), and quality. The added value of the obtained composite indicator is the opportunity to detect trends and patterns from a global vision of the network.  
Three levels are considered in the process: (i) individual indicators, which are KPIs that are built based on counters; (ii) thematic indicators, where KPIs are grouped according to the area; and, (iii) the composite indicator.  
Figure 1: Mobile network operators (MNO) builds the composite indicator from KPIs of 5 different clusters of cells: urban macro (1), suburban (2), urban micro (3), rural macro (4), and rural micro (5).
# Numerical Analysis of the Kinematic Accuracy of the Hermetic Harmonic Drive in Space Vehicles
## 5 Discussion
The harmonic drives work under load, so also in the FEM analysis the load of the circular spline model with the external moment was simulated. The load was first applied in the direction of rotation of the circular spline and then its direction was changed to the opposite. In the first step of the calculations, no negative effect of the torque on the value of the kinematic error of harmonic drive was observed, regardless of its direction. However, in the second step of the calculations, when the wave generator started to rotate in the opposite direction after stopping, there were discrepancies between the values of the angle of rotation of the circular spline without and with the load. The greatest difference occurred immediately after the change in the direction of rotation of the wave generator, indicating the clearances on the sides of the teeth. The occurring delays in the angle of rotation of the circular spline are also influenced by additional and unforeseen deformations of the flexspline or slippage between the generator and the inner diameter of the flexspline. Based on results obtained in the FEM calculations, it is clearly shown that the error is greater when using a disc generator than when using a cam generator. The values read for both generators are so low that, according to the producers' recommendations, they should be classified as harmonic drives with higher than standard kinematic accuracy. However, it should be taken into account that in real harmonic hermetic drives, the value of the backlash and also the total kinematic error includes the torsional stiffness of the flexspline, vibrations of elements, or sliding between all elements of the kinematic chain. Finally, of all computational models tested, the smallest values of kinematic error occurred in the hermetic harmonic drive with a cam generator. This type of harmonic drive is recommended for applications that require the highest kinematic accuracy. With airtightness in mind, it is recommended to use hermetic gears in devices that explore new planets or space objects. The hermetic harmonic drive kinematic accuracy tests confirm its high kinematic accuracy, which further demonstrates the possibility of its use also in precision mechanisms and space vehicle control systems. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.P. and A.P. ; methodology, J.P.; software, J.P. and D.S. ; validation, D.S., A.P. and J.P.; formal analysis, J.P.; investigation, D.S. ; resources, D.S. ; data curation, A.P. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.P. and D.S. ; writing--review and editing, A.P. ; visualization, D.S. ; supervision, A.P. and J.P.; project administration, A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Antimicrobial Assay  
The determination of the MIC values was performed using Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria via the broth microdilution method for antimicrobial peptides previously described in [40; 57; 80], with minor modifications. In detail, the assays were carried out in Nutrient Broth 0.5\(\times\) (Difco, Detroit, Michigan), using sterile 96-well polypropylene microtiter plates (cat. 3879, Costar Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA). Bacterial strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium overnight at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then diluted in the Nutrient Broth at a final concentration of \(\sim\)5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) CFU/mL per well. Twofold serial dilutions of P13#1 and (P)GKY20 were carried out in the test wells to obtain concentrations ranging from 50 \(\upmu\)M to 0.05 uM. The plates were incubated overnight at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The MIC value was taken as the lowest concentration that completely prevented visible growth [80]. Three independent experiments were performed for each MIC value. The antibiotic peptides polymycin B and vancomycin (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were tested as controls (twofold serial dilutions, starting from a concentration of 64 ug/mL). The MIC values were measured on Gram(\(-\))_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ PAO1, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ KK27, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ RP73, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ AA2, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ PA14, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_ ATCC 700603, _Acinetobacter baumannii_ ATCC 17878, _Burkholderia cencopacea_ LMG 18863, _Escherichia coli_ ATCC 25922, _Salmonella typhimurium_ ATCC 14028 and _Salmonella enteriditis_ 706 RIVM) and the Gram(+) strains _Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC 6538P, _Staphylococcus aureus_ WKZ2, _Staphylococcus aureus_ Newman and _Enterococcus faecalis_ ATCC 29212. To evaluate the bactericidal activity of P13#1 and (P)GKY20, the MBC was determined from the broth dilution of the MIC tests by subculturing cell mixtures on LB agar plates. The MBC was defined as the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent that killed \(\geq\) 99.9% of bacterial cells. Synergy between P13#1/antibiotic combinations was assessed via the so-called checkerboard assay, a broth microdilution assay based on a two-dimensional array of serial dilutions of tested compounds. The experiments were carried out in 96-well plates on _P. aeruginosa_ PAO1 (Gram-negative) and _S. aureus_ ATCC 6538P (Gram-positive). P13#1 was tested in combination with colistin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem. The plates were incubated for 16 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi) was calculated as follows: FICA + FICB, where FICA = MIC of drug A in combination/MIC of drug A alone, and FICB = MIC of drug B in combination/MIC of drug B alone.
## 1 Introduction
### Organization and Notations  
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the system model. Section 3 presents the energy and information beamforming design. Section 4 presents the EE optimization scheme. Section 5 presents the simulation results. Section 6 draws the conclusions.  
Notations: The symbol \(J\) denotes \(\sqrt{-1}\). \(\mathbb{E}(\cdot)\) denotes the expectation. \(\otimes\) denotes the Kronecker product. \((\cdot)^{*}\), \((\cdot)^{T}\) and \((\cdot)^{H}\) denote the conjugate, transpose and conjugate-transpose of the matrix, respectively. \(\mathbf{u}_{\max}(\mathbf{A})\) and \(\lambda_{\max}(\mathbf{A})\) denote the dominant eigenvector and eigenvalue of matrix \(\mathbf{A}\). \(||\cdot||\) denotes the Euclidean norm.
# Durability and Safety Performance of Pavements with Added Photocatalysts
###### Abstract  
The use of photocatalysts to enhance the performance of construction materials with large surfaces exposed to sunlight has become an increasingly common practice in recent decades. Although construction material durability is of crucial importance and is extensively studied when incorporating new additions, very few studies have specifically addressed the effects when adding photocatalysts. This paper discusses the effect of TiO\({}_{2}\)-based photocatalysts on pavement durability (porosity, time of transmission of ultrasonic pulses, freeze-thaw resistance and capillary water absorption) and safety (slip resistance and roughness) by comparison of commercial photocatalytic materials of different families and twin materials without the photocatalyst added. The analysis covers concrete tile pavements and porous asphalt treated with photocatalysts in the form of sprayed emulsions, slurry admixtures or built-in during casting. The findings show that changes in the properties of a construction material induced by photocatalytic functionality depend primarily on the porous structure of the matrix and the properties of the resulting photocatalytic surface.  
TiO\({}_{2}\); nanoparticles; photocatalytic; durability; slip resistance; pavements; asphalt; concrete
# A Multi-Objective Bio-Inspired Optimization for Voice Disorders Detection: A Comparative Study
## 4 Results and Discussion
Specifically, we used a subset of the SVD dataset, employed distinct hand-crafted features (849 in total), and focused on underexplored datasets such as VOICED and SLI, for which, to the best of our knowledge, no multi-objective evolutionary optimization approaches have been previously applied. The approach designed in this study emphasizes a multi-objective formulation using algorithms like NSGA-II to jointly minimize classification error and reduce the feature set. Despite relatively lower classification metrics in some cases, our methods achieve a three-fold reduction in dimensionality, improving computational efficiency and interpretability. Overall, although the table does not represent a direct benchmarking effort, it reinforces the unique value of this study's contributions. Specifically, it emphasizes the integration of multi-objective optimization and the exploration of lesser-studied datasets. Thus, adding diversity and new directions to the existing body of research.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Varying Effect of Dual Alloying Elements  
Figure 6 illustrates the Ms temperature variations by different dual alloying elements for steel set #290, with color bands highlighting temperature differences. Figure 6a examines the influence of C and Mn on the Ms temperature. It shows that as the amount of C and Mn increases, the Ms temperature decreases regularly, by the evidence of the mostly parallel contour bars. Figure 6b explores the Ms temperature variation by C versus Si. The nearly parallel Si-axis to the contour bars indicates that the effect of C is significantly greater than that of Si. When compared to C and Mn in Figure 6a, it demonstrates a similar Ms temperature-decreasing behavior for Cr and Ni in Figure 6c. Additionally, W, as a strong carbide former, exhibits its ability to increase the Ms temperature, as illustrated in Figure 6d.  
Figure 5: Stepwise prediction and quantitative effect of alloying elements on Ms temperature for steel set #290.  
Figure 6: Ms temperature variations of steel set #290 by dual alloying additions predicted by ANN model: (**a**) C-Mn; (**b**) C-Si; (**c**) Cr-Ni; and (**d**) W-Cu.
To search for novel bioproducts to alleviate the effects of cold stress towards a sustainable agriculture, Chile presents ideal extreme environments for the isolation of psychrotolerant bacteria associated with wild plants adapted to low-temperature conditions. Chile is a 4500 km long and narrow country that includes a wide variety of climates and extreme ecosystems, such as the Atacama Desert, Altiplano, the Andes Mountains, Patagonia, and Antarctica [30; 31]. Psychrotolerant PGPB from areas with extreme environments such as Chilean Andes Mountains, Patagonia, and Antarctica, Canadian Arctic, and High Indian Himalayas have been isolated [17; 19; 20; 21; 22; 26; 30; 32; 33]. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize psychrotolerant PGPB from the wild flora of Chile, and to formulate PGPB consortia. The bioprospecting of psychrotolerant PGPB with novel characteristics was carried out from wild plants that inhabit three areas of the Andes Mountains and one area of the Patagonia of Chile during the winter of 2015. These areas have low temperatures and frosts throughout the year [31; 34]. The bacterial isolations were carried out at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C, obtaining a total of 130 isolates. A scale of bacterial cell survival (BCS%) to temperatures below zero (\(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) was used to screening the psychrotolerant potential of the 130 strains. Seventy strains with high psychrotolerant potential were selected (\(\geq\)33% BCS, high category). Bacterial isolates identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses belong to 4 phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes,and Bacteroidetes) and 18 different genera. Bacterial consortia were selected based on psychrottolerance, auxin production, phosphate solubilization, detection of _nifH_ (nitrogen-nase reductase) and _acdS_ (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase) genes, and antimicrobial activities to phytopathogens. Three bacterial consortia were selected for tomato growth-promoting assays; two consortia promoted growth of tomato plants. Finally, the ACC deaminase and ice recrystallization inhibition activities allowed the selection of one bacterial consortium composed of _Pseudomonas_ sp. TmR5a & _Cutrobacterium_ sp. BmP22c (BC3), which possess diverse plant growth-promoting activities. The BC3 is an attractive candidate for future plant frost protection assays.