# Proteomics in Forensic Analysis: Applications for Human Samples
## 3 Applications of Forensic Proteomics for Human Samples
### Identification of Body Fluids and Tissues
 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Vaginal**/ \\ **Mestrustual** \\ **IgG**Fcb-binding protein * \\ **Ly6**/ **PLAUR-containing protein * \\ **Ly6**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Ly6**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Ly6**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Matrix metalloproteinase-9** \\ **Ly6**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Matrix metalloproteinase-9** \\ **Neutrophil gelatinase * \\ **Ly6**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Ly6**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Ly6**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Matrix metalloproteinase-9** \\ **Neutrophil gelatinase * \\ **Suprabasin** \\ **Top**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Top**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Top**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Top**/ **PLAUR-containing protein 3** \\ **Matrix metalloproteinase-9** \\ **Neutrophil gelatinase * \\ **Suprabasin**  
[PERSON] et al. devised a MALDI MS-based proteomic strategy that could reliably detect blood, discriminate human and animal blood, determine animal blood species, and identify semen (Figure 5) [44]. This approach can be used for the detection and provenance of blood with easy data acquisition, user-friendly data interpretation, and short analysis time. However, it is unable to detect various body fluids, as previously described. Figure 4: Identification of biological matrices in forensic proteomics. (**a**) Workflow for mass spectrometry-based identification of biological matrices. (**b**) Decision tree with biomarkers per biological matrix. * The absence of the biomarker (uromodulin/alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor protein or immunoglobulins) does not necessarily exclude the presence of the matrix (urine or feces, respectively). Figures redrawn from [14], under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (CC BY 2.0) [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)) (accessed on 3 March 2021). Forensic proteomics is also applicable for organ identification. For instance, [PERSON] et al. performed proteomic analysis of tissue residue from bullets in an attempt to determine which organs had been penetrated by a certain bullet [45]. In this study, the bullets were fired into or pressed through different bovine organs (kidney, lung, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle). Subsequently, the tissue residues were collected and subjected to proteomic analysis. The lists of identified proteins were fed to a machine learning algorithm to predict the relevant organs. The method, however, succeeded only in the test cases. In actual homicide cases, some bullets passed through multiple organs; thus, the method sometimes failed to predict the organs. Nevertheless, the study found highly discriminating proteins in different organs, as presented in Table 4. The proteomic analysis of the tissue residue proposed in this study can be further investigated for future applications. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protein Name** & **Accession (Bovine)** & **Accession (Human)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Pearson Correlation** \\ **Coefficient** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Heart** & & & \\ Myosin binding protein C, cardiac-type & QVDD56\_BOVIN & MYPC3\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form & PYGB\_BOVIN & PYGB\_HUMAN & 0.83 \\ Troponin I, cardiac muscle & TNN13\_BOVIN & TNN13\_HUMAN & 0.79 \\ Myosin light chain 3 & MYL3\_BOVIN & MYL3\_HUMAN & 0.76 \\ Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, & ODPB\_BOVIN & ODPB\_HUMAN & 0.75 \\ mitochondrial & Calgastatin & Q9 XX31\_BOVIN & ICAL\_HUMAN & 0.74 \\ NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4 & NDUA4\_BOVIN & NDUA4\_HUMAN & 0.74 \\ Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial & COX41\_BOVIN & COX41\_HUMAN & 0.70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Highly discriminating protein identifications per organ (top 8).