## 3 Results  
### Energy Performance Statistical Results  
The database analyzed in this study includes 45,908 dwellings. The sample is characterized by the high variability of the parameters evaluated, where there are dwellings with years of construction from 1850 to 2023 and dwellings with floor areas ranging from 12 to 1160 m\({}^{2}\). The results obtained show that 60% of the dwellings were built before the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Median Energy Expenditure Value in Spain** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Twice the Mean** \\ **Value of the Median** \\ **Energy Expenditure in Spain (2M)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Energy Poverty** \\ **Threshold (2M)** \\ **Selected for** \\ **This Study** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Energy Poverty** \\ **Vulnerability** \\ **Threshold Selected** \\ **for This Study** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Spanish national values & 4.4\% & 8.8–9\% & 10\% & 5\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Energy poverty indicators used for this study [41, 42]. NBE CT-1979 standard [43], 33% between the NBE CT-1979 standard and the CTE-2006 [44] standard, and 7% after the entry into force of the CTE-2006 standard. Figure 4 shows the distribution of dwellings according to the regulations in force when they were built. It can be seen that dwellings built to older standards are concentrated in the city center, while those built to more recent standards are on the outskirts. Table 4 shows the distribution of SFDs and DMBs in Seville's districts according to the results obtained from the database. DMBs in the sample represent 88.6% and SFDs 11.4%. The district with the highest number of records is Cerro-Amate, while the least representative is the Los Remedios district.5  
Figures 5 and 6 show, based on the results obtained from the EPC database, the distribution of \(\mathrm{EP_{nr}}\) and \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) by dwelling typology and type of energy consumed. It is observed that the \(\mathrm{EP_{nr}}\) consumption in SFDs is higher than in DMBs. In the less efficient dwellings (classification D, E, F and G), the main energy demand comes from heating, while in the more efficient dwellings it is due to cooling. This pattern is also reflected in \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) emissions (Figure 5). Figure 4: Distribution of dwellings in Seville according to the regulations under which they were built. The numbers indicate the district ID. The distribution of energy certificate labels by energy consumption and CO2 emissions according to dwelling typology is shown in Figures 7 and 8. The graphs show that the most frequent energy classification is type 'E'. Furthermore, it is observed that most of the dwellings are grouped in the medium efficiency labels (D and E), while the high performance labels (A, B and C) are scarce, representing only 0.7% of the SFDs and 5.9% of the DMBs. This suggests that the SFDs in Seville are more energy efficient than the DMBs according to their labelling. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**District ID** & **District** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Dwellings in Multi-Family** \\ **Residential Buildings (DMBs)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Single-Family Dwellings (SFDs)** \\ \hline
1 & Casco Antiguo & 4335 & 90.2\% & 473 & 8.8\% \\ \hline
2 & Macarena & 6043 & 97.9\% & 129 & 2.1\% \\ \hline
3 & Nervión & 2973 & 88.6\% & 381 & 11.4\% \\ \hline
4 & Cerro-Amate & 4832 & 77.3\% & 1412 & 22.7\% \\ \hline
5 & Sur & 4290 & 96.3\% & 163 & 3.6\% \\ \hline
6 & Triana & 3100 & 94.7\% & 173 & 5.3\% \\ \hline
7 & Norte & 3000 & 93.5\% & 209 & 6.5\% \\ \hline
8 & San Pablo- Santa Justa & 4011 & 91.3\% & 382 & 8.7\% \\ \hline
9 & Este & 4469 & 77.7\% & 1279 & 22.3\% \\ \hline
10 & Bellavista- La Palmera & 1960 & 77.2\% & 580 & 22.4\% \\ \hline
11 & Los Remedios & 1663 & 97.0\% & 51 & 51.0\% \\ \hline  & Total & 40,676 & 88.6\% & 5232 & 11.4\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Characteristics of the districts of Seville. Figure 5: Distribution of \(EP_{nr}\) consumption by type of dwelling.