esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Intensified Pozzolanic Reaction on Kaolinite Clay-Based Mortar
## 3 Results and Discussion
### XRD Analysis  
The results of XRD analysis of raw materials and hydrated kaolinite clay-based pastes at 28 days are shown in Figure 4. The kaolinite clay is composed of quartz, kaolinite, and illite. Hydrated lime consists of mostly calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. SF contains only amorphous silica. In all hydrated samples, an alumino-silicate type of mineral (clinoptilolite) is found. However, while calcium hydroxide is strongly detected in Ref (see red-dotted boxes in Figure 4), it is almost not detected in samples with SF (SF_7.5 and SF_15). It is obvious that calcium hydroxide was consumed by the pozzolanic reaction induced from the addition of SF [40,41].  
Quartz from kaolinite clay is detected in all hydrated samples. The intensity of quartz peak (at 26.5\({}^{\circ}\) theta) increases with addition of SF (see blue-dotted box in Figure 4). This can be explained by calcium hydroxide in hydrated lime preferentially reacting with amorphous silica first rather than with quartz. Thus, the intensity of unreacted quartz peak is the highest in SF_15. This observation also shows that crystalline quartz in kaolinite clay can react with calcium hydroxide to some extent as a pozzolanic agent. The kaolinite peak (at 12.2\({}^{\circ}\) theta) is slightly weaker in samples with SF. Along with the fact that kaolinite has a weak pozzolanic reactivity [42], the weakness of peak intensity can be also due to the smaller absolute amount of the clay in the paste by the SF addition (Table 2).  
Meanwhile, the calcium carbonate peak (at 29.4\({}^{\circ}\) theta) of the hydrated sample increases with SF addition (see purple-dotted box in Figure 4). As can be confirmed by the XRD result, calcium carbonate was initially included in raw hydrated lime. However, the same amount of hydrated lime was added in all samples during the mixing process. In this sense, it is interesting to note that the intensity of calcium carbonate is higher in SF_7.5 or SF_15 than that in Ref. In our system, SF addition increased the carbonation reaction in kaolinite clay-based mortar that contains calcium hydroxide. Similarly,  
Figure 3: Heat of hydration of kaolinite clay based mortars with SF contents: hydration heat flow evolution (**a**), and cumulative heat of hydration (**b**).  
it has been previously reported that the addition of SF increases the carbonation depth of cementitious materials [43; 44].
# Handover-Driven Interference Management for Co-Channel Deployment of Femto- and Macro-Cells
## 3 System Model
### Network Architecture  
A typical two-tier femtocell network architecture where femtocells are overlaid on a macrocell is considered. The number of macrocell users and that of femtocells are denoted by \(M\) and \(F\), respectively. The macrocell and the set of femtocells \(\mathcal{F}=\{1,\ldots,F\}\) use an identical frequency band. Cell \(i\) operates under the control of BS \(i\). Macro and femto BSs are assumed to use identical OFDMA technology. The set of users \(\mathcal{U}=\{1,\ldots,N\}\) is divided into the set \(\mathcal{U}_{M}=\{1,\ldots,M\}\) of macrocell users, and the set \(\mathcal{U}_{i}\) of femtocell users being served by femtocell \(i\in\mathcal{F}\). All femtocells are configured to use the hybrid access mode, i.e., both subscribed and unsubscribed macrocell and femtocell users are allowed to access all femtocells.
## 4 Basic PUMA Architecture
### Workflow Validation  
Once the workflow is generated, the roles in it need to be filled with matching services, which will be discovered by the traditional approach of using a central Web service registry. However, since WSDL is not capable of describing Web services expressively enough for matching the services capabilities and behavior with the roles in our workflows, we utilize a semantically rich description language, namely OWL-S, which allows to specify capabilities by referring to our service ontology and process models to specify the services communicative behavior.  
The workflows used in our approach resemble choreographies, as they are specifying the interactions between the adaptation services and other parts of our architecture. These interactions are required for stream control, such as starting and stopping the playback. Similar to approaches from multi-agent systems, we use a form of bisimulation [33] to ensure, that the messages exchanged between participants are legal w.r.t a globally defined protocol. A more detailed description of the verification step is given in [11].  
Quality of Service Issues  
Another aspect for selecting the right services for the roles in a workflow are the cost associated with each service. These costs do not just consider the execution or failure costs for that service but also a variety of costs depending on device capabilities or the execution environment like e.g., QoS parameters. The approach in [38] proposes an extensible framework for modeling such costs for individual applications. For instance, it is possible to make dynamic bandwidth measurements for selecting providers with highest throughput. Suitable end-to-end measurements are possible e.g., with Self Loading Periodic Streams (SLoPS) [39]. In this case a provider with a low throughput would be assigned higher costs. All the costs can then be aggregated in a cost function which will also be used for the service selection task. The deployment of a complex cost function is very application dependent and therefore out of the scope of this article, but definitely has to be expected.
## 3 The Design Process for an Aging Sensor with Multiple Points of Frequency Detection
A D flip-flop is used to load a single bit of data into the FPGA in this work. The process of this module works as either positive gate triggered (PGT) or negative gate triggered (NGT), depending on the design requirement. The output of this CUT module is an input to the comparator module, which is the subsequent module shown in Figure 4. Within the comparator module, Q\({}_{\text{d}}\) is fed into two distinct sets of logic circuit elements; a group of memory elements from the CUT included the delay called _Clk_Delay_x_ and another CUT set with the original signal input _Vi_. Signals from these two elements were then compared to detect whether any phase difference had occurred. A phase difference implies the occurrence of a delay. For example, if a phase difference between Q\({}_{\text{d}}\) and _Clk_Delay_x_ is detected, _Delay_x_ produces the output HIGH. The _Delay_x_ output and Clk_Delay_x was fed into the last module called the phase shift detector module to identify the range in which the phase delay occurred. Figure 5 presents the phase shift detector module used to indicate the specific range of delays. The input signals for this module were fed from the comparator and clock delay modules. The _Delay_300_ signal must be paired with a clock called _Clk_Delay_300_ to determine whether the circuit detected the occurrence of a delay. The same applied to the other delays and clock signals for \(0^{\circ}\), \(50^{\circ}\), \(100^{\circ}\), \(150^{\circ}\), \(200^{\circ}\), and \(250^{\circ}\). Figure 4: Comparator module. Figure 6 shows an example of the timing diagram obtained from the phase shift detector module for the delay detection of 50\({}^{\circ}\) and 250\({}^{\circ}\). Initially, the synchronized clock _clk_cntrl_ was fed to the CUT and clock delay modules. Next, the output produced from the CUT module Q\({}_{\rm d}\) was compared with different phase shifts inside the comparator module. Then, the injected delay on the input signal _Vi_ with a delay of 108\({}^{\circ}\) phase shift is illustrated for the detection process of the phase shift detector module. Finally, the _Delay_x_ obtained from the Comparator circuit module was checked and tested using seven types of Clk_Delay for this injected delay signal. Therefore, the sensor types for each phase shift were HIGH for sensor 50\({}^{\circ}\) and LOW for sensor 250\({}^{\circ}\). Figure 5: Phase shift detector module. Figure 6: Timing diagram to detect the phase delay for an aging signal.
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] [13] examined the Privatization and production efficiency in Taiwan's telecommunications industry by using DEA. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14] conducted a study measuring the operational efficiency of six major mobile operators in Japan and Korea over the time period 2002-2006 with the application of DEA. The study of [PERSON] [15] used the Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index to measure the technical efficiency of telecom sector over the period of global crisis between the years of 2007-2010 of Turkey and Group of Eight (G8) countries. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] conducted research on the combination between DEA and AHP in producing the priority ranking for a set of companies, the case of the ICT industry. The study of [PERSON] [17] examine investors' valuation of non-financial corporate news items issued by European companies in the information and communications technology industry on a sample of 145 firms from 2003 to 2005. [PERSON] [18] evaluated the performance of 68 corporate ICT companies from 17 industries over six years in the Tehran stock market. Most recently, the study of [PERSON] et al. [19] that measured the efficiency and ICT ecosystem impact of the hardware and software industries in China, Japan, Korea, and the United States. Measuring the performance of the ICT industry can share the understanding of how efficiency this industry was in the past. However, to sustain the development of this industry, the throughout evaluation of performance from the past to the future is very essential. Therefore, this study applies both GM and DEA to measure and forecast the performance efficiency of the ITC industry in Vietnam over the period 2013-2022. DEA is a useful and popular method that is widely applied in many different research areas to evaluate and measure the performance while the grey model is the most popular used forecast model. However, these two methods are usually separately used. Some previous studies were found using both DEA and GM in evaluating performance efficiency, such as the study of [PERSON] et al. [20] using DEA MPI and GM to measure and forecast the productivity the Vietnamese plastic industry. The study of [PERSON] et al. [21] applied GM to DEA to access the performance of hydropower industry, and the study of [PERSON] et al. [22] employed DEA and GM to evaluate the past-to-future performance of Indian electricity industry. The study of [PERSON] et al. [23] applied DEA and GM to evaluate the productivity of the Vietnamese agroforest industry.
# Fire Performance of Self-Tapping Screws in Tall Mass-Timber Buildings
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Fasteners  
The experimental program conducted at Universite Laval in Quebec City (Canada) consisted of unidirectional heat transfer tests on 34 STS and three bolts, withdrawal tests on 51 STS in ambient and fire conditions, and vertical load tests on 12 screwed timber connections. Two types of STS of two outside thread diameters (\(\mathcal{O}\)8 and \(\mathcal{O}\)10 mm) were examined: partial-thread (SWG ASSY\({}^{\oplus}\)3.0 Ecofast) and full-thread (SWG ASSY\({}^{\oplus}\)3.0 VG CSK) supplied by MTC Solutions. The STS are made of carbon steel and have a bending yield strength of 1015 or 942 MPa and a shear strength of 641 or 691 MPa for \(\mathcal{O}\)8 mm and \(\mathcal{O}\)10 mm, respectively [20]. A length of penetration of 120 mm was examined for all STS in ambient conditions whereas a length of penetration of 120 mm and 160 mm were examined for each fastener and diameter, with the tip and head exposed to a radiant heat source, respectively. Bolts of 15.9 mm (\({}^{5}/g\)\") shank diameter with a washer of 38 mm (\(1\ \frac{1}{2}\)\") diameter at the head were commodity off-shelf products. Pilot holes for the shank bolts were 16.8 mm in diameter, in accordance with pilot hole drilling requirements in CSA O86-19 [8]. The dimensions of fasteners are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
# Interpolating the Directional Room Impulse Response for Dynamic Spatial Audio Reproduction
## 3 Experimental Setup
### Real-World DRIR Recordings  
The real-world DRIR recordings were created using the sine sweep technique [26] with a Genelec 8250A loudspeaker and two microphones, an omnidirectional DPA 4006 and a B-format Soundfield SPS422B. The sampling frequency of recordings is 96 kHz.  
The classroom is approximately 9 m \(\times\)7.5 m \(\times\) 3.5 m (236 m\({}^{3}\)) in size with reflective surfaces of a linoleum floor, painted plaster walls and ceiling, and 130 positions within a central area of 6 m \(\times\) 6 m were selected to record the impulse response. Desks and chairs that usually fill the classroom were moved and stacked to the side against the windows when measuring. The selected positions were 50 cm apart, arranged in 10 rows and 13 columns relative to the speaker, with the seventh column directly on an axis with the speaker. This arrangement can be found in Figure 4a [21]. Note that the labels of recording positions start from \"00x00y\" which can be seen as the origin of the two-dimensional recording area, and the two numbers indicate the coordinates along the \(x\) axis and \(y\) axis within the position array, separately. The unit is 10 cm in the classroom, so \"60x00y\" means the position located at 6 m away from the origin on the \(x\) axis in the classroom.  
For the great hall, which is approximately 23 m \(\times\) 16 m in size and has the capability of holding approximately 800 seats, DRIRs were recorded at 169 locations covering a central rectangular region of 12 m \(\times\) 12 m. The chairs were cleared when recording to avoid reflections. The great hall also contains a balcony that is 20 m beyond the rear wall. The recording locations in the great hall have a 1 m spacing in an arrangement of 13 rows and 13 columns, and the loudspeaker is on axis with the middle (seventh) column of recording positions, so \"x12y00\" represents the location that is 12 m away from the origin on the \(x\) axis. The great hall experimental settings can be seen in Figure 4b.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Concentration of Sodium Nitrile  
The effect of the concentration of NaNO\({}_{2}\) on the number-average molecular weight at various reaction times was studied over the range of approximately 0.02 to 0.2 M while keeping the [H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)], pH, and temperature constant, as shown in Figure 6. The results showed that an increasing concentration of NaNO\({}_{2}\) increased the M\({}_{n}\) of LNR at the same reaction time. The increase in M\({}_{n}\) was due to the higher concentration of nitrite ions, which can be oxidized by the \({}^{\bullet}\)OH radicals, providing an excessive amount of \({}^{\bullet}\)NO\({}_{2}\) radicals and hydroxide (OH\({}^{-}\)). The \({}^{\bullet}\)NO\({}_{2}\) radicals became exceedingly unstable in an aqueous solution [22; 23], so it coupled with itself to form N\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\), and hydrolysis of N\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) in water generated HNO\({}_{2}\). The HNO\({}_{2}\) reacted with \({}^{\bullet}\)OH to produce \({}^{\bullet}\)NO\({}_{2}\). The formation of side reactions led to the reduction of \({}^{\bullet}\)OH radicals that inhibited degradative reaction or triggered crosslinking reaction at higher NaNO\({}_{2}\) concentrations [24].  
Condition: H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) = 0.4 M, pH = 5, and T = 338 K.
# Stability of Paracetamol Amorphized by Co-Melting with Various Cellulose Derivatives
###### Abstract  
Co-melting paracetamol with different cellulose derivatives leads to full or partial amorphization of active substance. The aim of this study was to determine whether the amorphization of paracetamol after co-melting with cellulose derivatives is stable and whether it depends on the type of cellulose derivative added and the ratio of components. Mixtures of paracetamol with cellulose derivatives containing different proportions of components were prepared. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the samples were melted and the amorphization of paracetamol was confirmed. After 2 and 4 months, the samples were reanalyzed to determine the amorphization stability during storage and the difference in the effect of different polymers on the amorphization stability. The physical mixtures were additionally tested using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic methods to confirm that no solid-phase interactions were noticed. Samples were also analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) to assess the effect of co-melting and storage on the chemical stability of paracetamol. The results show that paracetamol amorphizes after co-melting with cellulose derivatives. The crystallization of paracetamol after co-melting depends on the polymer used and the proportions of the components. No interactions between the components and the chemical stability of paracetamol in the tested samples were confirmed.  
paracetamol; amorphization of paracetamol; amorphous form stability; DSC analysis; stability by UHPLC
# An Adaptive Hierarchical Hybrid Multicast Based on Information-Centric Networking
## 1 Introduction
To optimize the multicast transmission path, we designed a minimum cost selection strategy for users to select the appropriate MJN to join the multicast group. We evaluated the performance of AHHM through a series of experiments. The experiment results show that: (1) the control overhead of AHHM is much smaller than that of BIER; (2) the multicast forwarding state of AHHM is much smaller than that of SSM but slightly higher than that of BIER; (3) the link load of AHHM is less than that of SSM and BIER. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. We introduce related researches in Section 2. Then, we describe the system design of the proposed AHHM in Section 3 and introduce the multicast mechanism in detail in Section 4. In Section 5, we present the experimental setups and the evaluation results. Finally, we conclude our paper in Section 6.
# GAFOR: Genetic Algorithm Based Fuzzy Optimized Re-Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Proposed System Overview and Models
### System Overview
#### 4.1.4 Path Setup Phase  
The forwarding node selection method in addition to distance, energy, and \(FTR\) are also taken into account. This enables the proposed scheme to respond dynamically to variation in attack density by choosing a path having more verification nodes in case of higher attacks and vice versa. The \(BS\) sends a query message to the \(CH\) in an area of interest to establish a path. As the events randomly occur in any area or cluster for the matter at hand, multiple sessions are possible between the \(BS\) and \(CH\)s.  
In order to create a path, the forwarding node (\(F_{n}\)) method that chooses the fittest node among the candidates nodes is illustrated by Equation (1) as  
\[F_{n} = \arg_{max}\left\{k\times\left(1-\frac{\beta}{2}\right)+\alpha \times\left(d+e\right)\right\}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are the system parameters, \(d\) is the node with the shortest distance in the neighbors, \(e\) is the remaining energy, and \(k\) is the \(k_{w}\) presence. These variables are normalized. The highest fitness value node is chosen as the next forwarding node. Eventually, a path is created by repeating this process. There could be multiple paths dynamically created and utilized. The sessions remain active for their time duration or one of the en-route nodes is depleted.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimization of Individual Bacteria by Mixed PAHs
#### 3.1.2 Optimization of Proportion of Two Individual Bacterium in Bacterial Consortium  
It is impossible that there are only individual bacteria in the natural degradation process of the pollution system. PAHs are often degraded by the bacterial consortium since the diversity of bacterial consortium is conducive to the degradation of PAHs. Some bacteria can provide oxygenase, other degradation enzymes, and growth factors to promote the degradation of PAHs through synergistic effect. For example, _P. putida_ cannot degrade PYR without the present of _Flavobacterium_ and its growth matrix PHE [42].  
In order to optimize the bacterial proportion (volume percent) in degradation bacterial consortium, two degradation bacteria(1-1 and 1-6) were mixed in different ratios to degrad the mixture of PAHs. Since 200 mg/L NAP was completely degraded by bacteria in experiment section of Optimization of Individual Bacteria by Mixed PAHs, the NAP was increased to 500 mg/L in PAHs mixture in the following test, and the results were shown in Figure 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Serial NO.**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NAP**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PHE**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PYR**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **NO.** & **Degradation Rates** & **NO.** & **Degradation Rates** & **NO.** & **Degradation Rates** \\ \hline
1 & 1-1 & 87.40\% & 1-1 & 38.58\% & 1-5 & 45.83\% \\
2 & 1-3 & 86.05\% & 2-1 & 37.15\% & 1-1 & 44.88\% \\
3 & 1-2 & 85.36\% & 1-6 & 37.10\% & 1-3 & 37.42\% \\
4 & 1-6 & 85.25  
NAP degradation rates were not used, since all bacterial consortium could degrade the 500 mg/LNAP completely (Figure 4). It could be observed that, when the inoculation volume ratio was 1:1, the degradation rates of PHE and PYR were higher than others (92.02% and 88.65%) (Figure 4), which was also higher than individual bacteria 1-6 (PHE 89.11% and PYR 79.14%) and 1-3 (PHE 79.24% and PYR 65.09%) (Figure 3). This also proved the previous conjecture that there was no competitive relationship between 1-1 and 1-6, and they are interactive with each other. The synergistic effect of the two bacterium can promote the degradation rates of PHE and PYR.  
Through the experiment in this section, a P&A bacterial consortium composed of _P. aeruginosa_ (1-1) and _A. faecalis_ (1-6) was successfully constructed. The optimal degradation P&A bacterial consortium was in a volume ratio of 1:1 when OD\({}_{600}\) = 1.0 and the best degradation term under laboratory conditions was 8 days. The two bacteria were from oily sludge, which also shows the environmental adaptability of P&A bacterial consortium.
# A Review of Vertical Shaft Technology and Application in Soft Soil for Urban Underground Space
## 5 Technological Advancements in Design Theory
### Shaft Support Structures
Currently, concerns persist regarding unclear safety factor reserves for shaft wall support structures in the construction of ultra-deep vertical shafts. Inadequate support strength can lead to structural instability, while excessive material strength may result in resource wastage. Current design approaches for shaft wall support structures, relying on theoretical or empirical methods, are relevant to shallow vertical shaft excavations, yielding conservative design outcomes. To overcome these challenges, it is necessary to establish a scientific calculation theory suitable for ultra-deep shaft design methods in soft underground urban spaces, ensuring optimized performance and cost efficiency. Moreover, the focus of current research is on the application of prefabricated steel support structures and lining designs for unconventional shafts. These prefabricated solutions enhance construction efficiency and advance standardization, requiring precise customization to meet site-specific demands and emphasizing the need for further innovation and refinement in design methodologies.