## 4 Related Works
[26] introduced an edge-based architecture specifically designed for geographical IoT applications, which reduces latency and improves system availability through hierarchical topics and broker clusters. Security remains a critical focus. [PERSON] et al. [27] proposed a secure data distribution architecture using MQTT, incorporating discovery and authentication services to enhance scalability and security, while [PERSON] et al. [28] introduced a Redis-based distributed broker architecture that improves scalability and fault tolerance through load balancing and shared memory systems. Network performance in distributed systems is emphasized by [PERSON] et al. [29], who discussed the potential of low-power wide-area networks for large-scale systems. Along the same lines, the study by [PERSON] et al. [30] performs a cross-examination of various MQTT brokers, with particular emphasis on their potential security weaknesses, such as susceptibility to denial-of-service attacks and reconnaissance vulnerabilities. Their study identifies the least vulnerable brokers for secure communication in IoT environments, particularly smart cities. [PERSON] [31] explored MQTT integration into industrial control systems, demonstrating its applicability across various deployment scenarios. To address security vulnerabilities, [PERSON] et al. [32] presented a platform for evaluating the impact of cybersecurity attacks on MQTT using a security information and event management system, highlighting the need for improved detection mechanisms against DoS attacks. [PERSON] et al. [13] introduced BORDER, a benchmarking framework for distributed MQTT brokers, offering insights into the efficiency of clustering versus bridging approaches in resource-constrained environments. Further exploration into DMS security in IoT environments is presented by [PERSON] [33], suggesting a VLAN approach using MQTT, TLS, and SSL, with a similar approach to work [34]. This is validated by considerations of [PERSON]'s work [35] on the VLAN approach in DMS that provides an in-depth analysis of time-sensitive networks (TSN), highlighting their potential use in intelligent and distributed industrial measurement systems. It discusses how TSN networks can ensure deterministic and reliable communications in industrial environments, with a special focus on synchronization, latency, and quality of service. The review also explores the challenges and requirements for implementing TSN networks in these contexts. [PERSON] et al. [18], [PERSON] et al. [19], and [PERSON] [36] emphasized the significance of QoS in critical applications, showcasing MQTT's adaptability in ensuring secure and efficient data transmission across diverse IoT domains. [PERSON] et al. [37] conducted a comparative analysis of distributed brokers, revealing Erlang MQTT Broker's superior performance in cluster-based tests, while other studies [38] explored MQTT's security, addressing emerging vulnerabilities and defense mechanisms. Additionally, related network security topics are explored by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39], who proposed an opportunistic bandwidth measurement algorithm to improve TOR network performance, and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [40], who introduced the Sniper attack, a method for executing DoS attacks on TOR by exploiting legitimate protocol messages. [PERSON]'s research [41] aimed to gauge activity levels on Silk Road 2.0, while [PERSON] et al. [42] introduced VeriDark, a tool for authorship verification in cyber-crime prevention. [PERSON] et al. [43; 44; 45; 46; 47] explored the integration of machine learning within blockchain technology, enhancing security and performance in industrial applications. The research conducted by [PERSON] et al. [5] examined the underlying network topology of the TOR dark web, uncovering parallels with the bow-tie configuration observed in the conventional internet.