## 1 Introduction  
During the past few years, the generation of electricity through conventional energy sources is raising major environmental concerns because of the greenhouse effect and other pollutants [1]. Various methods have been introduced to combat environmental pollution and climate change. One of the significant ways is to implement a renewable energy sources (RESs)-based microgrid, due to its high efficiency and simplicity, and that it has played a vital role in clean energy generation [2, 3]. Moreover, increasing consumption of RESs in microgrid development has significant concerns about power balance and stable frequency due to the unpredictable environmental effects on RESs. Therefore, they are not preferred to be implemented alone; hence, the energy storage system's (ESS) integration is preferred [3, 4]. Renewable sources, either photovoltaic (PV) or wind, are used in distribution generation (DG) systems in microgrids mostly. However, a combination of PV and wind is proposed in [5, 6], which increases energy flow towards the utility grid and enhances the overall stability. It is observed that DG systems with two or more RESs present complementary nature and reduces the sizing of the energy storage elements [7]. Mostly battery banks and ultra-capacitors are integrated with microgrid as energy storage system (ESS) and ensure the steady flow of power [8; 9]. In recent years, hybrid AC/DC microgrid-based solutions have gained popularity in the DG system by integrating renewable sources [10; 11; 12]. Typically, AC/DC microgrid consists of AC and DC sub-grid and interconnected via power converters. This type of model provides the merits of both DC microgrid and AC microgrid [6]. It can facilitate the AC and DC loads by avoiding multi-conversion processes, which increase the overall energy efficiency [13]. A hybrid PV and wind energy system with ESS is studied in [14]. The framework of the proposed system contains multiple converters attached with the RESs and ESS to the common DC bus. However, it does not guarantee stability, uses the hit and trial method to optimize the solution, and several tuning parameters are compulsory. The paper [15] presents a RESs based microgrid functioning in a grid-connected mode. Such a type of system involves difficult control procedures and demands extreme operating conditions among the power converters. Ref. [16] presents the wind, PV, and ESS model connected with AC loads via back-to-back converters. PV system design can be operated in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode and off-MPPT mode, and the battery supports the power balance at the DC bus. The coordinate linear control technique is used in the paper, and it does not compensate for the non-linear attributes of the power circuitry used in the model [17]. Transfer of power with quality, efficiency, and stability are the key requirements in any system and different energy management techniques, and composite control process is inevitable in the microgrid. Different control techniques to stabilize the common DC bus have been proposed in [18; 19; 20; 21]. Some studies [22; 23; 24; 25; 26] suggest some control techniques for power managing framework in AC microgrids. However, the hybrid AC/DC microgrid performs synthesis operation to aim the control and optimization of DC subgrid and AC subgrid [27]. Hence, these techniques are not directly applicable to hybrid AC/DC microgrids. Many studies provide the control techniques for the hybrid AC/DC microgrids. The proposed model in [28] operates in islanded mode and grid-connected mode. An inverter ensures the stable voltage and frequency at the AC subgrid, and the converter regulates the voltage at the DC common bus under the islanding operation of microgrid. During the grid-connected mode, the AC subgrid maintains its stable voltage and frequency, acting as a finite bus. Therefore, the objective to be aimed is the DC common bus stabilization, which is performed by the DC-DC converters.