esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Survey on Botnets: Incentives, Evolution, Detection and Current Trends
## 2 Related Work
Reference [23] proposes detection, prevention, investigation and mitigation techniques by classifying the evolved strategies into five categories: anomaly, signature, DNS, data mining and hybrid technique. Again, the paper is limited in scope with only 39 different detection papers mentioned. Reference [25] addresses four different major botnet detection approaches: signature-based, anomaly-based, DNS-based and mining based detection but does so with four pages and only seen papers mentioned. Reference [30] focuses primarily on botnets used in DDoS attacks. The paper goes into depth about the life cycle, communication mechanisms and attack types within DDoS-enabled botnets. The paper does not discuss any mitigation mechanisms, however. Reference [31] is another survey with a specific focus, namely IoT botnets, which gives a very good introduction to the specific topic of IoT botnets, but otherwise does not cover any other kinds of botnets. Reference [24] endorses convolutional neural network (CNN) as being one of the best-performing techniques for detecting botnets in IoT devices. While a newer systematic review [32] answers the questions of how IoT botnets are formed, what kind of communication and scenarios involve IoT botnets, and which methods currently exist to detect IoT botnets. A detailed survey [15] touches on problems with other botnet detection papers such as the lack of public dataset, lack of comparison with other papers, very few botnets in datasets, inaccurate outcomes of experiments and more. According to [15], the general best practice of botnet detection is using the most general behavioural features to generate a hybrid detection method where multiple detection algorithms work together as botnets evolve faster than ever. Furthermore, the paper appeals for dataset improvements and studies to compare methods used in detection. Like [1], the paper is a bit on the older side (2013). While many surveys have gone into great depth on specific areas of botnets, such as detection, it is the opinion of the authors of this paper that a comprehensive systematic literature review with updated literature is needed. Like [1,15], the paper should focus on the current state of botnet evolution, detection, mitigation and current trends and challenges, as well as provide new insights and ideas through more recent (2013+) research. This will allow the research community a more holistic source of reference for the current state of botnets in 2021.
## 2 Literature Review  
The deterministic FSP is one of the most frequently studied problems in the scheduling literature, but the stochastic version has been addressed less often. The FSP under the conditions of uncertainty has received more attention recently because it is closer to real manufacturing environments. Nevertheless, there are fewer FSP studies under uncertain conditions than there are deterministic FSP studies. For the literature reviews, deterministic FSPs and its solution methods have more than ten literature reviews, including [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24], [PERSON] et al. [25], and [PERSON] et al. [26]. Meanwhile, their stochastic and uncertain counterparts have had only two literature reviews in the past 18 years, [PERSON] et al. [5] and [PERSON] et al. [27]. Studies of the FSP with uncertainty generally use one of three approaches to deal with uncertain parameters: the stochastic approach, the robustness approach, and the fuzzy approach. The most frequently used approach is stochastic, with the uncertain parameters modeled using probability distributions. Examples of this approach can be found in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29], and [PERSON] et al. [30]. For the robustness approach, there is no need for acknowledging the distribution of the data of uncertain parameters due to this being modeled with intervals or datasets. Examples of this approach can be found in [PERSON] et al. [31] and [PERSON] [32]. For the fuzzy approach, uncertain parameters are modeled using fuzzy numbers, as in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] and [PERSON] et al. [34].  
The aim of this paper is to obtain robust schedules for the stochastic permutation flow shop problem (SPFSP), considering both quantitative and qualitative objective criteria. Then, the literature review in this paper is organized into four subsections: Section 2.1 presents the literature review for single-objective SFSPs. Section 2.2 presents an overview of studies using the robust FSP with a single objective. Section 2.3 examines current approaches for a multi-objective FSP under uncertain conditions, including robust, stochastic, and fuzzy approaches. Section 2.4 presents a review of qualitative production criteria.
## 2 Related Works
### Discriminative Correlation Filter  
In recent research, discriminative classifiers were the core component of modern trackers, and the discriminative model distinguished the object from the surrounding environment [21] to effectively track the object of interest. To distinguish between the object and surrounding environment, discriminative model-based trackers [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 19; 20; 21; 22] learned about the positive samples and the negative samples. The discriminative model-based trackers were considered to be more significant with respect to negative samples, and negative samples did not cover the object, completely. This means that the positive sample was located closer to the location of the object, and the positive sample contained enough information to represent the object. Generally, a large number of negative samples increases the computational cost. Most trackers [3; 4; 6; 8; 9; 32] employed the random sampling methods to avoid high computational cost. However, correlation filter-based trackers [20; 21; 22] efficiently tracked objects using the circulant structure [20] and FFT to incorporate all samples without iterating them. In addition, the dual correlation filter (DCF) was proposed in the literature [21]. The DCF performs linear multi-channel filtering for a similar performance of a nonlinear kernel with very low complexity. Thus, CSK [20], KCF [21] and DSST [22] used dense sampling with all samples; nevertheless, they can perform object tracking in real time because the computational cost is not high. Real-time processing is one of the significant components in object tracking for various vision applications.
# Effects of Curcumin on the Renal Toxicity Induced by Ochratoxin A in Rats
## 3 Results
### Antioxidant Enzymes SOD, CAT, GPx Activity  
There was no significant difference in the SOD activity of the renal tissue in the different experimental groups after 14 days of treatment. Actually, the SOD value was \(14.22\pm 1.62\) in the Control group, \(13.40\pm 1.12\) in the OTA group, \(18.64\pm 1.31\) in the CURC group and \(16.31\pm 0.51\) in the OTA plus CURC group, respectively (Figure 2a). Also, the CAT activity of the renal tissue did not change in the OTA group or in the OTA plus CURC group in comparison to the Control group after 14 days of treatment. Actually, the CAT value was \(280.20\pm 36.11\) in the OTA group, \(339.81\pm 23.21\) in the OTA plus CURC group compared to \(305.10\pm 38.12\) in the Control group. A significant increase in CAT enzyme activity was found when CURC was used alone, in fact, the CAT value was \(430.12\pm 10.51\) in the CURC group compared to \(305.10\pm 38.12\) in the Control group (*\(p<0.05\)) (Figure 2b). Instead, OTA significantly reduced the GPx activity. Actually, the GPx value was changed from \(14.11\pm 1.31\) in the Control group to \(6.32\pm 2.22\) in the OTA group (*\(p<0.05\)) and, when the OTA group was treated with CURC, we observed a good recovery of the GPx value (\(12.23\pm 2.21\) OTA plus CURC compared to \(6.32\pm 2.22\) in the OTA group, #\(p<0.05\)). When CURC was used alone, no change in the GPx activity was observed (\(17.42\pm 2.82\)). (Figure 2c).  
Figure 1: Effects of Curcumin (CURC) on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), expressed as ml/min 100 g body weight (b.w.) after 14 days of treatment. Control group (Control); Curcumin group (CURC); Ochratoxin A group (OTA); Curcumin plus Ochratoxin A group (CURC + OTA). Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) of \(n=6\) rats. OTA treatment significantly decreased GFR, while co-administration with CURC significantly restored this effect (***\(p<0.001\) versus Control; ***\(p<0.001\) versus OTA).  
Figure 2: Effects of Curcumin (CURC) on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities expressed as unit for milligrams of proteins (U/mg of proteins) in renal tissue of experimental groups after 14 days of treatment. (**a**) Renal SOD activity, (**b**) Renal CAT activity, (**c**) Renal GPx activity. Control group (Control); Curcumin group (CURC); Ochratoxin A group (OTA); Curcumin plus Ochratoxin A group (CURC + OTA). Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) of \(n=6\) rats. OTA treatment significantly decreased GPx enzyme activity, while co-administration with CURC significantly restored this effect (\(\sharp p<0.05\) versus Control; \(\#p<0.05\) versus OTA).
## 2 D2D Communications in LTE-A Standards
### LTE-A Architecture for D2D  
In the D2D underlying LTE-A network system, it is important to maintain the conventional architecture of the LTE-A core system. For this reason, the two main parts of the LTE-A architecture, evolved terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) and evolved packet core (EPC) are firstly described as shown in Figure 1. E-UTRAN is a radio interface defined as a part of LTE physical layer specification. The prime entity of E-UTRAN is evolved node-B (eNB) in the LTE system. EPC is a core network architecture that has the features of an all-IP network to provide high data rate and low latency. For D2D communications, there are five additional interfaces, referred to as PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4a, and PC4b, to connect with other LTE core entities [17]. A proximity-based service (ProSe) application server has been newly introduced for proximity services. It interoperates with a mobility management entity (MME), a home subscriber server (HSS), and a secure user plane location platform (SLP) to support ProSe functions as shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) Device-to-Device (D2D) Architecture.
## 3 Geological Characteristics of Shales in the Yanchang Formation
### Lithology and Mineral Compositions  
The results of field profiles and core observations showed that the lithology of the Yanchang Formation mainly includes mud shale, silt-fine sandstone and thin-layer tuff [19]. The lower part of Chang 7, the middle part of Chang 8, and the top part of Chang 9 have each developed a set of shale formations. Their lithology is mainly black shale, mixed with dark gray sandy laminated shale and siltstone. Shales in the Yanchang Formation are easily identifiable on well-logging curves, exhibiting obvious electrical characteristics such as high acoustic time difference, high resistivity, low density, and high gamma values (Figure 5). The mineral composition of Yanchang Formation shales predominantly includes quartz, feldspar, carbonate minerals, and clay minerals, with minor amounts of pyrite. The average clay mineral content is 46.7%, the quartz content averages 27.8%, the feldspar content averages 16.8%, the carbonate content averages 5.9%, and the pyrite content averages 2.5% (Figures 5 and 6). The clay minerals are primarily mixed-layer illite-smectite, illite, and chlorite, with an average mixed-layer illite-smectite content of about 46.8%. Compared to marine shales in Southern China, the Yanchang Formation shales have higher clay mineral contents and lower brittle mineral contents.  
Figure 4: Thickness distribution of the Chang 7 shale in the study area.  
Figure 5: Logging response characteristics of shales in the Yanchang Formation, and mineral composition of Chang 7 shale in Well Y22.
## 5 Joint Rock Slope Stability Analysis Using the FLAC3D Model
### Basic Statistical Properties of Joint Slope  
Table 4 summarizes the basic statistical properties of horizontal, vertical, and total displacements across monitoring points on the joint slope. As explained by [PERSON] et al., reporting metrics such as mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and quartiles provide a quantitative characterization of the displacement distributions [56]. The data reveal a high degree of variability from point to point. For example, monitoring point 2 has much larger average horizontal and vertical displacements than other locations. Meanwhile, point 5 appears to be the most stable, with consistently negligible displacements. As [PERSON] and [PERSON] noted, slope movements tend to initiate and concentrate locally before spreading. These statistics help to identify emerging unstable zones [54]. In addition, larger standard deviations indicate greater data scatter and variability in measurements over time [56]. For example, monitoring points 2 and 4 show more widespread shifts that may indicate emerging slope instability. The localized insights from statistical testing better inform targeted remediation. Going beyond qualitative observations, numerical profiling of displacement data distributions provides more precise, standardized, and objective comparisons of slope behavior across locations. This augmentation of visual analysis with robust statistical performance metrics improves interpretation and detection capabilities.
## 4 Results
### Numerical Simulation Results
#### 4.1.3 The Formation Mechanism of Frost-Heave Force within the Voids  
For type I voids, the freeze/thaw cycle generally does not produce frost-heave force. Since the hollowed-out top surface is the initial support, we can considered the entire top surface a drainage channel. Under the condition of short-term temperature fluctuations, whether freezing or thawing, the groundwater supply and drainage channels will remain open, and frost heaving will essentially not occur.  
For type II voids, the frost-heave force in the cavity will gradually increase under freeze/thaw cycles. Since the top surface of the hollow is a waterproof layer, the water accumulated within it is the seepage of groundwater flowing through the contact surface of the lining and the waterproof layer into the hollow cavity. The groundwater infiltration channels are located at the edge of the hollow cavity, where the thickness of the water body in the cavity is the greatest. The thin part is the first part to be frozen during the freezing process. Therefore, under the condition of short-term temperature fluctuations, when the temperature drops and freezing begins, the drainage channel freezes first, causing frost-heave force in the cavity; when the temperature rises and melting begins, the drainage channel melts first, and the cavity volume increases due to frost heaving caused by the accumulated water, and the new water body moves along the channel into the cavity. When freezing again, the excretion channel is also frozen first, causing frost-heave force in the cavity and causing the cavity volume to increase again. That is, under the condition of short-term temperature fluctuations, the water body in the cavity will undergo a cyclical process of frost heaving, melting, supplying water, and then further frost heaving. This causes the frost-heave force of the structure under the conditions of short-term temperature fluctuations to gradually increase, and lining cracks will occur, or even blockage, collapse, and other forms of damage.
## 5 Discussion
### Disaster Prevention and Control Recommendations  
As presented in Section 5.1, the analysis in this study highlights the susceptibility of the eastern pit slope to deformation and damage due to various factors. This study recommends the following measures to effectively secure the mine site:  
1. Management measures such as slope cutting and anchor support are taken to attenuate the effects of slope weight forces or to increase the structural stability of slopes.  
2. Geotextile fabric can be placed on the slope surface to cope with the upcoming rainy season. At the same time, ditching works could be carried out in the eastern watercourse to reduce the impact of surface water on the slope. 3. During and after the disaster management process, GPS receivers and ground-based SAR need to be arranged on the slope surface and nearby areas, and specialists need to be arranged to monitor the dynamics of the landslide and to grasp the deformation and displacement characteristics of the slope. If large deformation is monitored, timely feedback should be given to experts for safety assessment. The research conducted herein establishes a scientific foundation for mine management in the context of soft-hard-interbedded anti-inclined layered rock slopes.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Survey Analysis of the Priority Management Areas for Eight Years  
The number of identified LMOs and types of LMO crops were investigated to understand the LMO collection patterns in the priority management areas from 2014 to 2021. In total, 684 LMOs were detected at 237 LMO monitoring sites and 299 LMOs at 198 priority management areas for eight years (Figure 4A). From 2014 to 2016, similar numbers of LMOs were collected in the general and priority surveys. Since 2017, the number of general monitoring surveys has accidentally increased because of the massive cultivation of unapproved LM canola and LM cotton in 2017. Accordingly, the number of priority management areas dramatically increased from 2018 to 2021 compared with that in 2017.  
Figure 4B shows the crop types and the number of collected LMOs in the priority management areas by year. From 2014 to 2021, 531 suspicious samples collected from the priority management area were investigated using LMO event-specific PCR analysis (Figures S1-S3, Tables S1 and S2) [49; 53; 54]. The LMO gene identified by PCR was subjected to sequencing, and its event name was finally confirmed (Figures S4-S6). In summary, various LM cotton and LM maize events were identified, but all LM canola were only GT73 events. A total of 299 LMOs were identified (44 LM corn, 188 LM cotton, and 67 LM canola). As shown in Figure 4B, cotton was the dominant LMO crop collected from 2014 to 2017, along with several LM corn and canola crops. Due to this issue, in 2017, the numbers of LM cotton and LM canola significantly increased in 2018 and 2019, respectively. LM soybeans were not collected during this period.  
The categories of LMO collection sites and LMO collection numbers in the priority management areas were investigated (Table 2). The different types and numbers of LMO crops collected from priority management areas each year were believed to be related to the various types of priority management areas assigned each year. The categories of LMO collection sites were classified as stockbreeding farms, feed factories, roadsides, ports, and others, where \"others\" included festival and planting sites. The main collection sites of 299 LMOs were roadsides (51.8%), stockbreeding farms (25.4%), feed factories (12.0%), others (8.4%), and ports (2.3%). Interestingly, as time has passed, the variety of places where LMOs have been found has increased. One of the reasons is that, as the nationwide monitoring survey sites have increased from 2014 to 2021, the LMO collection site category has been diversified with the increase in priority management areas. The other is an intensive survey and post-management in the priority management areas since  
Figure 4: Survey results of the priority management area for eight years. (**A**) The number of collected LMO samples through the nationwide LMO monitoring project (white bar) and priority management areas (black bar). (**B**) Crop type and the number of collected LMOs in priority management areas.  
2014. This result suggests that classifying collection sites may help with post-management and survey strategies in individual priority management areas.
# A Comparative Study of Real and Virtual Environment via Psychological and Physiological Responses
## 1 Introduction
Similarly, studies conducted in offices [31; 32] revealed no significant differences in the performance of tasks performed by participants between well-lit and dimly-lit conditions in both physical and IVE environments. Equivalence has also been observed in studies examining the estimation of dimensions in generic rooms [33] and in the biophilic hypothesis [34], which concluded that exposure to natural elements in IVE reduced negative mood to the same extent as exposure to natural elements in situ with a comparative study. However, the same effect was not observed for the tests of positive affect, visual working memory, and stress level. These findings suggest that virtual environments can be a valuable tool for psychological research, as they can provide a similar experience to that of physical environments. Additionally, other studies have generated physiological responses in subjects that are similar to those obtained in corresponding physical environments [3]. For example, an investigation of an art museum [35] that utilised an electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV) analysed the psychophysiological patterns induced during the unguided exploration of the virtual and physical museums. The results indicated that IVEs are effective tools for evoking emotions, as most stimuli did not elicit significant differences in the affective statements reported by subjects compared to those evoked in physical environments. Other studies have employed electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate variability (HRV) in commercial settings [36]. These authors compared the psychological and physiological responses induced by simulated environments with those of a physical environment. The analysis showed that 360\({}^{\circ}\) panoramas provided the most similar-to-reality results according to the participants' psychological responses, while virtual reality offered the closest resemblance to the physical environment based on physiological responses. Correlations were also observed between the sense of presence and both physiological and psychological responses. The participants' pleasure was predicted using EDA phasic and the sense of presence using nHF-HRV. Furthermore, it is essential that IVEs are capable of inducing a high level of sense of presence in subjects [37]: that is,the extent to which a medium can create seemingly accurate representations of real-world objects, events, and individuals [38]. In conclusion, the validity of IVEs indicates that they are tools that provide results that can be applied to physical environments. This study aims to compare the real and virtual environments via examining the psychological and physiological responses of participants. The goal is to establish the validity of immersive virtual environments (IVEs) for use in architecture and environmental psychology research. A classroom was selected as the IVE environment due to its activation of critical cognitive functions such as attention and memory and its relevance to architects and designers for potential design interventions.
# Designed on 0.18 um CMOS Process Small Size Broadband Millimeter Wave Chip Antenna
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Parameter Analysis of Triangular Patch  
Next, we analyze the antenna parameter W\({}_{2}\), as shown in Figure 9, when W\({}_{2}\) is equal to 50, 125, and 200 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. The simulation results are shown in Figure 10. When the reflection coefficient is \(-10\) dB and the parameter W\({}_{2}\) is equal to 50 \(\upmu\)m, the bandwidth range is 78.2-86.7 GHz. When W\({}_{2}\) is equal to 125 \(\upmu\)m, the bandwidth range is from 75.5-87.7 GHz. When W\({}_{2}\) is equal to 200 \(\upmu\)m, the bandwidth range is 73.8-89.1 GHz. From this parameter simulation, it can be seen that when the antenna parameter W\({}_{2}\) is equal to 200 \(\upmu\)m, there is the best bandwidth performance.