## 4 Discussion
In addition, incorporating biochar into soil can enhance soil moisture levels, improve water availability for plant roots, and reduce the frequency of irrigation, making it an effective tool for sustainable agriculture, especially in arid or drought-prone regions [29; 30]. Poultry waste may be transformed into valuable products that have potential applications as alternative fuels, fertilizers, and soil amendments. Feather and bone pyrolysis produces energy-rich oils and gases that could serve as renewable fuel sources while helping reduce reliance on conventional fossil fuels [31; 32; 33]. Unlike other processing systems that convert poultry waste into energy, the proposed approach of utilizing bones and feathers in agriculture for soil enhancement offers a dual benefit. Beyond energy recovery, this method prioritizes ecological sustainability by directly contributing to the improvement of soil properties. Other studies also reported that feathers and manure improve nutrient bioavailability, particularly for essential elements like phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium [34; 35]. While pyrolysis effectively eliminates contaminants such as pathogens, antibiotics, and organic pollutants found in poultry waste, the scalability and economic feasibility of these technologies remain subjects of ongoing research [36; 37]. Future work will explore scaling this technology to industrial levels (considering that the designed equipment operates in batches and not in continuous flow), as well as conducting field trials across diverse soil types and climatic conditions. By optimizing both biochar production and furrow-diking design, we can develop a holistic solution for degraded soils, contributing to the broader goals of sustainable and regenerative agriculture. Evaluation of the Novel Approach Pyrolysis--_Furrow-Diking Technology with Regard to Soil Improvement_  
The utility of the novel approach, combining integrated pyrolysis and furrow-diking technology to enhance challenging terrains, was evaluated through a structured multi-criteria assessment process, which involved comparing experimental results with alternative methods such as electricity generation and biogas production. Table 3 presents a comparative evaluation of the proposed approach against the most common traditional methods of poultry waste management. The proposed dual-action approach not only improves soil structure and fertility but also promotes carbon sequestration, with an estimated 5-8 metric tons of carbon sequestered annually per hectare. The novel combination of pyrolysis and furrow diking thus provides a scalable, eco-friendly solution for challenging terrains, offering substantial agricultural, environmental, and waste-management benefits, while contributing to regenerative agriculture and sustainability goals. Biochar produced from poultry waste, including bones and feathers, features a highly porous structure that serves as a reservoir, gradually releasing water over time. Additionally, the chemical composition of biochar, particularly its nitrogen content and stability, enhances nutrient retention and improves soil fertility. It reduces nutrient leaching, thereby supporting crop growth in erosion-prone areas. The stable structure of biochar ensures its long-term presence in the soil, fostering carbon sequestration. Approximately 60-90% of biochar's carbon remains in the soil each year, contributing to improved soil health and helping mitigate carbon emissions.