## 4 Results and Discussion
### Actual Energy Efficiency  
In 2018, transport by sectors consumed energy, thousand ton of oil equivalent: road--7267; railway--603; IWT--39 [32]. In the same year, freight transport operations were equal to, million tkm: road--65; railway--181.8; IWT--1.6 [48]. The actual specific energy consumptions were equal, kJ/tkm: road--4673.2; railway--138.64; IWT--1018.9. To determine the above, Formula (1) is used. Actual specific energy consumptions of Ukrainian transport systems exceed theoretical values (Figure 6) and similar indicators for European countries (Figure 7) [10; 49]. Ukrainian railway has better specific energy consumption compared to European Union countries. It is a result of the fact that it has a higher load factor. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Type of Vessel**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Project**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Rated Power on Main** \\ **Engines, kW** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{1}{c}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Cargo Capacity, t** \\ **Ratio, t/kW** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Dry cargo} & RSD44 & 2400 & 5698 & 2.37 \\ \cline{2-4}  & RSD06 & 1470 & 4492 & 3.06 \\ \cline{2-4}  & RSD11 & 1766 & 4434 & 2.51 \\ \cline{2-4}  & RSD49 & 2400 & 4505 & 1.88 \\ \cline{2-4}  & RSD59 & 2400 & 5320 & 2.22 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Pushers and Tugs} & 121 & 882.0 & 6000 & 6.80 \\ \cline{2-4}  & T410 & 367.5 & 3000 & 8.16 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & 81340 & 110.0 & 1300 & 11.82 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & 81200 & 544.0 & 8000 & 14.71 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & P153 & 1100.0 & 15,000 & 13.64 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & 947 & 1837.5 & 20,000 & 10.88 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & 81170 & 441.0 & 5000 & 11.34 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Characteristics of river fleet. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Make**} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Engine Rated** \\ **Power, kW** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Load** \\ **Capacity, t** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Cargo Carried to a** \\ **Rated Power** \\ **Ratio, t/kW** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Fuel Economy,** \\ **L/100 km** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Specific Fuel** \\ **Consumption,** \\ **L/(1000 km)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline HOWO ZZ3327N4347C & 246.96 & 30 & 0.121 & 36 & 12.00 \\ KamA Z6520-10 & 374.85 & 20 & 0.080 & 39 & 19.50 \\ KamA Z53229 & 235.20 & 14 & 0.085 & 36 & 25.71 \\ FORD 3535D & 176.40 & 22 & 0.079 & 32 & 14.55 \\ KrAZ 6230C4 & 220.50 & 18 & 0.100 & 35 & 19.44 \\ KraAZ 65055-073-02 & 242.55 & 18 & 0.074 & 33 & 18.33 \\ MAZ 5516A8-336 & 243.00 & 20 & 0.074 & 37 & 18.50 \\ HOWO ZZ3317N3867C1 & 294.00 & 40 & 0.068 & 48 & 12.00 \\ MAN TGX 33.480 & 275.63 & 50 & 0.145 & 55 & 11.00 \\ BB-WW & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Characteristics of selected trucks (road grain carriers). According to the data of the Royal Commission for Environmental Contamination Monitoring (Great Britain), the specific consumption of energy according to the transport mode is as follows, kJ/tkm: road--2890; railway--677; river--423 [50]. As can be seen, inland waterway transport is 1.6 times more efficient than railway transportation and seven times than road transport. Its energy efficiency is closer to Ukrainian than Germany or Belgium. [PERSON] and [PERSON] studied the traction efficiency of transportation means. They found the following limits, t/kW: IWT--from 2.5 to 8; road--around 0.194; railway--from 0.523 to 1.7. These values coincide with our results. Energy-saving technologies are within three main domains: technical, operational, and transport management. They have different energy and economic efficiency (Table 5) [51]. Figure 6: Specific energy consumption. Figure 7: Actual specific energy consumption. Ship power plants and their conditions cannot result in a fourfold increase in specific energy consumption.