# Public Perception of the Introduction of Autonomous Vehicles
## 1 Introduction  
Autonomous and electrical vehicles (EV)s are reshaping transport sector. They are subsystems of the future intelligent transport systems (ITS)s [1] and have the potential to bring safer, more efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable transport. We are in a transition from personally owned means of transport towards a mobility as a service (MaaS) platform. Thanks to AVs, we will have more efficient transport, with less pollution and better safety. Electric cars make it feasible to have green transport if the electricity used for them is green [2]. EVs are reducing greenhouse gas emissions from internal combustion engines (ICE)s. Thanks to MaaS, we will have a smaller number of vehicles on the road and the same benefits introduced by AVs. However, the introduction of AVs on the highest level of autonomy, with no driver involved, brings a number of ethical, moral, and legal issues that must be resolved. MaaS has its own level of maturity, and it varies around the world. As with any new product, public acceptance of a new technology or a new service (in this case, mobility) is a key factor in its implementation. MaaS is available in urban areas in Europe, North America, and Australia, and increasingly in Asia as well. A field investigation into maturity requirements to operate mobility as a service in Rome [3] has shown various limitations. One of them is the low public readiness to pay for the service. Electrical and autonomous vehicles will be subsystems in new mobility solutions, but they all have their own technology acceptance frameworks. In all of them--AVs, EVs, and MaaS--information and communications technology (ICT) plays a key role. Typical MaaS users belong to social groups which are ICT users, regular commuters, and millennials. Global introduction, maturity, and acceptance of MaaS is subjected in many other studies,like one in Sydney [4]. AVs and EVs are just transport modes in multimodal MaaS and subsystems in intelligent transport systems. ICT supports vehicles through a connectivity and networking system known as a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). VANET is also a subsystem in the intelligent transport system. ITS monitors traffic using Internet of Things (IoT) and will soon control it with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI). EVs have few hybrid technologies while AVs are categorized into five, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [5], or six levels of autonomy, as per the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) [6] taxonomy. According to the newest SAE classification, from 2021, AV at level 0 has no autonomous functions, and the driver always has full control of the car. At level 1, the car has some autonomous features like automated braking or electronic stability control, but the driver is still in charge of steering. At level 2, the car can accelerate or steer on its own, but the driver still needs to be focused and prepared to take over at any time. Level 3 vehicles can perform all driving activities under certain circumstances, but the driver must be ready to take over when necessary. The driver must still be present, even when the vehicle is autonomous at level 4, and take over in some circumstances, like inside a specific geographic area, or in certain weather conditions. When a vehicle reaches level 5, it is completely autonomous and does not need a human driver. All technological innovations are disruptions on the market and the automotive sector must respond with new business models. As AV and EV transitions are global, we have applied a hard systems approach (HSA) and soft system approaches (SSAs) in management, to predict and propose future pathways. HSA is used to deal with the AV transition in terms of technology, referring to hardware and software--sensors, actuators, processors, control software, and AI algorithms--used to make vehicles autonomous. AI algorithms for real time processing, self-driving, are still being improved, as it is an evolving process [7].