## 5 Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Weight Management and Metabolic Health in Obesity
### Doses of Micronutrients That Were Found to Be Effective in Aiding Weight Loss and Metabolic Health  
Micronutrient supplementation displayed dose-dependent effects on weight loss and metabolic health. Further research on implementing vitamins and minerals in the treatment of obesity should hence consider these doses that were found to be effective. In Table 6, a summary of the supplementation levels suggested by meta-analyses was presented. In addition, Table 6 contains tolerable upper intake levels (UL), average requirements (AR), and adequate intakes (AI) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for adults [131]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Micronutrient**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Studied** \\ **Group** \\ **(Dose/Day)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \begin{tabular}{c} **Range in** \\ **Studies** \\ **Included** \\ **Analysis** \\ **(Dose/Day)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Parameter for** \\ **Which the** \\ **Effective Dose** \\ **was Proposed** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Suggested** \\ **Effective Dose** \\ **per Day** \\ \end{tabular} & **Reference** & **UL per Day** & **AR per Day** & **AI per Day** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Vit. D} & \begin{tabular}{c} **OW and OB** \\ **children and** \\ **adolescents** \\ \end{tabular} & 357–42,857 IU & HDL, CRP & \(\geq\)4000 IU & [89] & \begin{tabular}{c} 4000 IU \\ (100 \(\mu\)g)\({}^{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 600 IU \\ (15 \(\mu\)g)\({}^{4}\) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Vit. E} & Patients with & \multirow{3}{*}{90–1620 mg} & \multirow{3}{*}{HbA1c, FI} & \multirow{3}{*}{400–700 mg} & \multirow{3}{*}{[57]} & \multirow{3}{*}{300 mg\({}^{3}\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{11 and 13 mg\({}^{7}\)} \\ \cline{1-1}  & diabetes & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Vit. C} & \begin{tabular}{c} **OW and OB** \\ **adults with** \\ T2D** \\ \end{tabular} & 250–2000 mg & HOMA-IR & \(\geq\)1000 mg & [115] & N/A & 80 and 90 mg\({}^{7}\) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7} \multirow{3}{*}{Vit. B1} & Adults with & \multirow{3}{*}{100–900 mg} & \multirow{3}{*}{TG} & \multirow{3}{*}{120 mg} & \multirow{3}{*}{[91]} & \multirow{3}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.6–0.8 and 0.7–1 mg\({}^{7}\)} \\ \cline{1-1}  & T2D & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Vit. B6} & Iranian \({}^{-}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{80 mg} & \multirow{3}{*}{TG, TC, LDL,} & \multirow{3}{*}{80 mg\({}^{1}\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{[77]} & \multirow{3}{*}{25 mg\({}^{4}\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{1.3 and 1.5 mg\({}^{7}\)} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7} \multirow{3}{*}{Vit. B9} & Adults & \multirow{3}{*}{0.25–15 mg} & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} HOMA-IR, TC, LDL. \\ LDL. \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\geq\)5 mg & [92,116] & 1 mg\({}^{5}\) & 0.25 mg \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Mg} & Adults & \multirow{3}{*}{48–450 mg} & BMI & \(\geq\)350 mg & [80] & 250 mg\({}^{6}\) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 300 and \\ 350 mg\({}^{7}\) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7} \multirow{3}{*}{Vit. B1} & \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Adults \\ **Actual** \\ **(Dose/Day)** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: The effective doses of micronutrients for weight loss and metabolic health in obesity and dietary reference values recommended by the European Food Safety Authority [131]. The choice of the literature data was focused primarily on the doses that showed significant weight or BMI reduction effects, and then doses affecting glucose and lipid homeostasis were considered. The mentioned dietary reference intake values (DRIs) were available for all nutrients except for vitamins C and B1 (no UL) and Cr (no DRIs available). For Cr, Al was proposed by the American Food and Nutrition Board at 25 and 35 \(\mu\)g/day for young women and men, respectively, but no UL was established due to insufficient data at the time of document publication (in 2001) [132].