## 1 Introduction  
The large quantities of biomass wastes generated from food processing industries worldwide could be considered as a huge potential resource with high-value compounds for biorefinery, which can provide bio-based chemicals and renewable energy with high added value rather than environmental pollution compromising the economy, environment, and human society in the future [1; 2]. Although the existing biorefinery technologies (anaerobic digestion, fermentation, hydrothermal conversion, pyrolysis, etc.) have been widely studied and applied in biomass waste reutilization, increasing concern about high setup costs accompanied by incomplete resource utilization, and even secondary pollution, is compelling the scientific, industrial, and government communities to focus more efforts on developing green biorefinery technologies that integrate innovative technologies, which is crucial in achieving maximum recognition of biowastes as chemical and energy resources [3]. Extraction, as the key step in many common process industries and the major expenditure (\(\geq\)50%) of the total costs, has been paramount within the scope of biorefinery technological development in particular [4]. Considering the increasing demand to reduce the amount of time, energy, costs, and solvents involved in conventional extraction procedures, green extraction with its principles regarding renewable raw materials, alternative solvents [5; 6] reduced energy consumption, process intensification, and production of co-products instead of wastes may be well suited as an alternative for a green biorefinery [7]. Currently, several representative technologies such as ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluids, and instantaneous controlled decompression have successfully proved their effectiveness for the green extraction of natural products from laboratorial to industrial scale [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. However, only a few studies had achieved a biowaste biorefinery according to the green extraction concept and principles. Plants, especially herbs and spices, have been the major sources for the extraction of numerous natural products with bioactive properties [13]. The reference matrix chosen for this study is roscenary, a well-known ornamental and aromatic plant that has been cultivated along the Mediterranean Sea and widely applied for different purposes. It contains phenolic compounds of great interest for their high antioxidant activities, which are attributed to known carnosol, carnosic, and rosmarinic acids as main constituents [14; 15; 16]. After the production of roscenary essential oils, the natural phenolic compounds in the residual roscenary have still gained growing interest for direct extraction. Although water or its ethanolic mixture have been recognized as green solvents for extracting roscenary in a sustainable and safe manner, the low extraction yield and unsuitability for the extraction of maximal bioactive compounds other than a single volatile or non-volatile compound limit its application [17; 18]. Recently, the application of vegetable oils as alternative solvents for extracting bioactive compounds in various fields has been revisited. These non-polar edible solvents have the advantage of being non-toxic, non-volatile, and non-irritating. Moreover, the endogenous micronutrients like phospholipids, sterols, monoglycerides, and diglycerides are not handicaps for food, cosmetic, or nutraceutical applications [19]. Considering the polarity of oil constituents and the previous experience, it is believed that such bio-based solvents could also be used for the total valorization of roscenary based on the biorefinery and green extraction concept [20; 21; 22]. The novelty of this work is the development of a direct oleo-extraction method towards the zero-waste biorefinery concept using vegetable oils and their amphiphilic derivatives as solvents, which facilitates the simultaneous extraction of both volatile and non-volatile bioactive compounds from roscenary leaves (Figure 1).