esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
From the accuracy point of view, the temperature \(T_{mf}\) is the most suitable to use where the maximum discrepancy for \(10^{3}<Re<10^{4}\) is 2.24% compared to the Zukauskas correlating equation. Due to its range discontinuity, there is no smooth course and therefore the correlation according to the ESDU is taken into consideration for \(10^{2}<Re<10^{3}\). The lowest discrepancies for this variant are obtained when using the temperature \(T_{c,\ mass}\), where the highest one is 6.23%. A detailed comparison is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 8: Average Nusselt number for the staggered tube bank. Figure 7: Average Nusselt number for the inline tube bank at \(Re=1000\)–\(10,000\). The temperature fields (Figure 10) show a thicker boundary layer for lower Reynolds numbers, which causes the diminishing of the temperature gradient on the surface and the reduction in the local and average Nusselt numbers. From the reference temperature point of view, the flow at the staggered tube bank is mixed even for higher Reynolds numbers; therefore, it is simpler to find a unique reference temperature. On the other hand, the inline tube bank has a subdomain divided into the free stream and stream between the tubes, and therefore, there is a need to compile the reference temperatures from several locations for higher Reynolds numbers. The local heat transfer coefficients for the inline and staggered tube banks at \(Re=500\) and \(5000\) are shown in Figures 11 and 12. As investigated by [PERSON], the maximum value of the heat transfer for the inline tube bank was observed at \(\varphi=50^{\circ}\), which is closed to the obtained numerical results. Considering the staggered tube bank, the heat transfer in the first row is similar to that of a single tube. In subsequent rows, an increase in heat transfer is achieved. On the other hand, the heat transfer at low Reynolds numbers is similar for all the tubes. For both the inline and staggered tube banks, the heat transfer becomes similar from the third or fourth row. Figure 10: The temperature fields of the inline and staggered tube banks. Figure 9: Average Nusselt number for the staggered tube bank—detailed fitting. This paper deals with an approach where a constant tube wall temperature is considered. According to [PERSON] [20], when a constant heat flux is set on the tube wall, the temperature is variable and the average Nusselt number is generally higher. The difference increases with the increase in the Reynolds number. When considering gravity, it is proved that at lower Reynolds numbers, gravity has a significant effect on the local Nusselt numbers for a single tube. The higher the Reynolds number, the lower the Nusselt number difference noticed. Since gravity is ubiquitous in real life, it was considered in the paper as well.
# Performance Analysis of Hybrid PDM-SAC-OCDMA-Enabled FSO Transmission Using ZCC Codes
## 4 PDM-SAC-OCDMA-Enabled FSO System Description  
Figure 2 illustrates the diagram describing the proposed PDM-SAC-OCDMA-enabled FSO system. It comprises three main parts: the transmitter, the FSO channel, and the receiver. The transmitter consists of multiple continuous-wave laser (CWL) sources, a ZCC code encoder, information data, and an optical modulator. In information data, the pseudo-random-bit-sequence (PRBS) generator with a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) on-off keying (OOK) modulator are used for generating 20 Gbps of information data. CWL sources are used for generating the wavelengths corresponding to the ZCC code as given in Table 3. Each user required two CWL sources for generating the optical codes equivalent to the presence of bit \"1\". As an example, user one has ZCC code sequence \"000101\", so two CWL lasers are used with wavelengths \"\(\lambda_{4}\) and \(\lambda_{6}\)\". The two polarization states, \(X_{Polar}\) and \(Y_{polar}\), are delivered from the CWL source (0\({}^{\circ}\) azimuthal angle for \(X_{Polar}\) and 90\({}^{\circ}\) azimuthal angle for \(Y_{polar}\)). The ZCC code encoder is formed by combining the wavelengths that are generated from the CWL according to the corresponding code sequence assigned to each user. The electrical information stream is then modulated into the optical signals produced by the CWL source using a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). After being combined by a PDM combiner, the information of the six users is transmitted to the FSO channel. The information signals of the six users are then transmitted through the FSO channel. At the receiver, a PDM splitter is used to split the signal into \(X_{Polar}\) signals and \(Y_{polar}\) signals. To convert the information signal back to its original electrical signal, a p-type, intrinsic, n-type (PIN) photodetector is used. A low-pass filter (LPF) is then used to block unwanted signals, followed by a BER analyzer to visualize the received signal's BER, Q-factor, and eye diagram.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Users**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Wavelengths (nm)**} \\  & **1550** & **1550.8** & **1551.6** & **1552.4** & **1553.2** & **1554** \\ \hline Users 1, 4 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(\lambda_{4}\) & 0 & \(\lambda_{6}\) \\ Users 2, 5 & 0 & \(\lambda_{2}\) & 0 & 0 & \(\lambda_{5}\) & 0 \\ Users 3, 6 & \(\lambda_{1}\) & 0 & \(\lambda_{3}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Users assigned with ZCC code and their corresponding wavelengths.
## 1 Introduction
Inspired by these views, this paper studies a signal adaptive decomposition algorithm on the basis of the theoretical framework of RM. By the theoretical calculation from RM, Reassignment Vector (RV) can identify the main TF ridges, representing the different mode components of the composed signal [25; 26]. Different from the adaptive decomposition algorithm of one-dimensional signal such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) [27; 28], RV is proposed from two-dimensional TF presentations and behaves better in extracting the strong time-varying amplitude modulation and frequency modulation (AM/FM) modes. More importantly, compared with the above-mentioned methods, it has greater decomposition ability for impulse signal, which is of outstanding significance for structural health monitoring. For the further improvement of the decomposition performance of multi-component vibration signal, this paper also presents a TF plane denoising method, which is based on the existence in the form of matrix and an obvious sparsity of the TF transformation coefficient. Through the non-convex penalty function and convex optimization framework, the desired coefficient matrix, or clean TF plane, can be obtained by sparse low-rank matrix estimation [29; 30]. Afterwards, RV is employed to identify different modes from the denoised TF representations. Combining the superiority of low-rank matrix approximation and RV, a novel signal adaptive decomposition algorithm is proposed to extract different fault mode components under diverse working conditions. The rest of this paper contains four parts. Section 2 elaborates on the proposed method, especially TF plane denoising using sparse low-rank matrix estimation and adaptive signal decomposition based on reassignment vector. In the following section, simulation analysis with multi-components will be used for verifying the effectiveness of the raised method in signal adaptive decomposition. In Section 4, the vibration signal of rolling bearing with inner ring fault under constant condition and time-varying speed were used for experimental verification. Finally, Section 5 contains the conclusion.
## 3 Analysis of the Flexural Performances of CCFSts with Gaps
### Effect of the Coronal Gap Height  
In this section, to investigate the effect of the coronal gap height, \(D\), on the flexural capacity of CCFSTs, heights, \(D\), were set to 0.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 5.0 mm, and 7.5 mm. As discussed in the above section, the largest peak force appeared when the angle between the load direction and coronal gap axis was 45\({}^{\circ}\). Therefore, an inclination of 45\({}^{\circ}\) was used as the preset condition and the other factors were also kept unchanged.  
Figure 11: Equivalent plastic strain contours of the outer steel tube under different angles between the load direction and coronal gap axis of the CCFST without a mortar interface.  
Figure 12: The load–displacement curves under different angles between the load direction and coronal gap axis of the CCFST without a mortar interface.  
Figure 14 shows the CCFST damage fields under different coronal gap heights, from which we can see that after the three-point bending load, their damage distributions were very similar, which means that the coronal gap height had little effect on the formation and evolution of damage in the structure. From Figure 15, we can find that when the gap height was 2.5 mm, the equivalent plastic strain of the outer steel tube was the largest. Then, the equivalent plastic strain decreased with the gap height rose from 0.0 mm to 5.0 mm and 7.5 mm. Furthermore, as illustrated in Figure 16, the force-displacement curves show the comparatively obvious regularity. The curves of the four conditions show the same initial stiffness. However, the peak loads were obviously different. The order of the peak forces, from highest to lowest, are when the gap height equaled 0.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 5.0 mm, and 7.5 mm. When there is no coronal gap, the flexural capacity of the CCFST is significantly higher than that with a coronal gap. Hence, the integrity of the core concrete has an important impact on the flexural capacity of CCFSTs.  
Figure 14: Damage contours of the CCFST under different gap heights.  
Figure 13: Comparison of the flexural capacity of the CCFSTs with and without a mortar interface.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Discussion  
The case study results described above show that it would be possible to reduce the construction waste generation with the application of different slab systems over the typical solid slab system. In this study, the alternative construction method, which is the void slab system, is discussed as one of the potential approaches to alleviate the waste generation during the construction phase. In particular, the construction materials precisely processed in the factories or manufacturing facilities would contribute to decreasing the generation of construction waste on site. Furthermore, it was found that less use of the forms for the formwork made at the construction site by carpenters and workers would be an important factor in reducing in the waste generation during the construction phase. Even though this case study project would fill the knowledge gaps of generation of construction waste by adopting the materials loss rate-based calculation, there are several limitations associated with the results as well as their application in generalisation.  
Firstly, estimating the construction waste generation of this case study did not include the other building materials used in the different stages of the construction works. Construction a building consists of a number of sub-tasks, and it is necessary for a comprehensive comparison of the amount of construction waste generation to consider all the tasks in a construction project.  
Secondly, only one case study was carried out to evaluate the amount of construction waste during the application of different slab systems. In the further research, all the construction works related to the structural systems with variety of cases applied to the void slab system and flat plate slab system should be conducted not only to enhance the accuracy but also to apply to the results shown in this study.  
Thirdly, most studies [7; 31; 32] estimate the amount of construction and demolition waste based on the waste-weight-per-construction-area method. While this method is useful to estimate the approximate amount of waste generation during the construction phase, it would be difficult to compare the amount of waste generation from different construction methods for the same floor area. In order to overcome such a situation, the material loss rate was adopted to calculate the generation of waste during the construction phase for a different structural system.  
Lastly, the quantification method of waste generation in this study would be beneficial to use for estimating the various scenarios in the same building. One of the most significant factors to guarantee the results from the material loss rate-based quantification method is to increase the accuracy of the loss rate of various building materials. In the further research, an accurate material loss rate of building materials based on the site observation and field interviews from project managers should be obtained to maximise accuracy for the general application of the method utilised in this research.
# Modified Equation of Shear Strength with Respect to Saturation
## 2 Theory
### Van Genuchten SWCC Model  
Many models that considered matrix suction and the degree of saturation are listed in the literature [16; 28; 29]. In this study, the vG numerical model was selected because this model has been widely used for various soil types and this model has many advantages such as the documented quality as well as numerical reliability. In the vG numerical model, the relationship between matric suction and the degree of saturation can be expressed as follows:  
\[P_{c}=-P_{0}[(\frac{S_{r}-S_{rw}}{1-S_{rw}})^{-1/m}-1]^{1-m} \tag{2}\]  
where \(P_{c}\) is the matric suction; \(P_{0}\) and m are curve-fitting parameters \(P_{0}\) is a pressure scaling factor corresponding approximately to the inflexion point of the retention curve; m is a parameter related to the material characteristic; \(S_{r}\) is the degree of saturation; \(S_{rw}\) is the residual degree of saturation.
## 3 Security Implications and Fundamental Approaches of Blockchain-Based Data Storage Methods
### The Role of Cryptographic Methods in Blockchain-Based Data Storage Systems
#### 3.2.6 Threshold Cryptography  
Threshold Cryptography is a technique that splits a cryptographic key into multiple fragments, requiring a subset of authorized participants to reconstruct it. This method is widely applied in blockchain-based systems for access control and key management. A notable example is digital wallet security, where funds can only be accessed by multiple authorized parties, ensuring decentralized security. While implementation complexity and management challenges are key drawbacks, it is widely used in high-security industries such as healthcare and finance. In hybrid architectures, off-chain key sharing and management are combined with on-chain access control and authentication mechanisms. A practical use case involves verifying multiple authorized digital signatures on-chain before granting access [58; 59].
# A Novel Drone Design Based on a Reconfigurable Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Wildfire Management
## 6 PULSAR Applications in Forest and Wildfire Management
### Edge Computing and Cartographic Product Generation on the Fly  
Edge computing plays a crucial role in enhancing the agility of wildfire and prescribed fire responses [44]. By processing data locally on the UAV, latency is reduced, facilitating the generation of real-time cartographic products. Drones equipped with both edge com  
Figure 13: Total assembly of the drone: (**a,d**) octocopter configuration; (**b,e**) quadcopter configuration; (**c,f**) co-axial quadcopter configuration—top view and trimetric view; (**g**) rendered representation of the total assembly of the quadcopter configuration—trimetric view.  
puting capabilities and RGB sensors can analyze flight data and generate dynamic maps on the fly. Among the various cartographic products that can be produced, one particularly valuable application is the generation of vegetation density and type maps. Leveraging the high resolution of RGB imagery and the processing power of the on-board processor, the PULSAR prototype can perform near real-time analysis to identify different types of vegetation and assess their density within the fire-affected area, providing firefighters with essential insights for making proactive decisions. For instance, they can identify areas with high vegetation density that are at greater risk of intense fire spread and prioritize suppression efforts accordingly. Additionally, the real-time mapping and analysis capabilities enable firefighters to adapt their strategies dynamically as the situation evolves, improving the overall effectiveness of wildfire response efforts and minimizing damage to the environment and surrounding communities.
## 1 Introduction
This study presents some unique high-resolution (\(\sim\)30 m) airborne radar observations of a downslope wind storm that persisted for at least five hours. The radar data are limited to two dimensions (the vertical plane), within the radar echo region, and provide kinematics only. Therefore we also use a 1 km resolution non-idealized numerical simulation of this event to place the radar observations in a dynamically consistent 4D context. The primary objective of this study is to examine the fine-scale flow and turbulence structure of a downslope windstorm in the lee of the MBM. We also analyze upstream conditions in this and 19 other winter storms over the same mountains, to explore the predictability of cross-mountain flow acceleration and downslope wind formation based on upstream wind and stability profiles. Observational and modeling designs are presented in Section 2. Section 3 provides an overview of atmospheric conditions of the downslope windstorm, based on soundings and WRF modeling. WCR observations are presented in Section 4. The question of predictability based on upstream stability and flow characteristics is discussed in Section 5. A summary follows in Section 6.
## 4 Grid Synchronization for the Secondary Control Unit
### Phase-Locked Loop
A frequency-fixed SOGI-PLL (FFSOGI-PLL) [154; 155] has been introduced to enhance the conventional method by eliminating the frequency feedback loop, thereby increasing the speed and accuracy of the frequency trade-off. * FRF-PLL: FRF-PLL detects the angular frequency and is used for synchronization purposes instead of for phase angle detection. Thus, the fundamental component is provided in fixed-reference-frame coordinates, including both positive and negative sequences, and makes the assumptions of the angular frequency as an uncertain parameter [156; 157]. The operation's performance under unbalanced conditions is reported in [142; 158] as being robust against variations in angular frequency and the sag or swells in voltage. * E-PLL: Using E-PLL, the authors in [159] track the three-phase input signal variables in terms of frequency, amplitude, and phase angle. The fundamental operation is through the extraction of the positive-sequence component of the input signal through an adaptive band-pass filter, as it adjusts the transfer function in proportion to the error signal. It shows a higher degree level of transient response and thus delivers smooth and accurate detection of the fundamental parameters within zero steady-state error. As a result, it provides a robust and precise performance under grid contingencies.
## 5 Model Verification with Experimental Results
### Model Verification Analysis  
In order to verify that the model can observe the driver's NMS characteristics, the principle of covariance is utilized to analyze the correlation between the actual and observed value of Subject 1. From the statistical principle, the larger var\((t)\) value represents the higher degree of data fusion between two groups.  
\[\text{var}(t)=\frac{\Sigma_{t=1}^{n}(y_{1}(t)-\overline{y}_{t})(y_{s}(t)- \overline{y}_{s})}{n-1} \tag{44}\]  
where, \(y_{1}(t)\) and \(y_{s}(t)\) represents the initial value and the estimated value which characterizing the subject at time t respectively; \(\overline{y}_{l}\) and \(\overline{y}_{s}\) refers to the mean value of the initial value and estimated value respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**ParameterSubject** & **Range** & **Initial** & **Sub1** & **Sub2** & **Sub3** \\ \hline \(J_{dr}\) (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & [0.03–0.14] & 0.172 & 0.162 & 0.097 & 0.125 \\ \(B_{dr}\) (Nm/rad) & [0.1–2.5] & 1.032 & 0.989 & 0.91 & 0.932 \\ \(K_{dr}\) (Nm/rad) & [20–90] & 60.707 & 58.873 & 49.105 & 52.34 \\ \(B_{r}\) (Nm/rad) & [0.5–2] & 1.69 & 1.532 & 0.9 & 1.472 \\ \(K_{r}\) (Nm/rad) & [2–30] & 3.424 & 2.502 & 2.15 & 2.27 \\ \(K_{tend}\) (Nm/rad) & [1799–3988] & 2799 & 2771 & 2096 & 2459 \\ \(K_{f}\) (Nm/rad) & [\(-\)0.81–1.78] & 1.18 & 1.27 & 1.36 & 1.32 \\ \(K_{vd}\) (Nm/rad) & [–0.40–48.6] & 40.4 & 41.51 & 33.12 & 38.74 \\ \(K_{int}\) (Nm/rad) & [191–505] & 334 & 318 & 381 & 397 \\ \(B_{int}\) (Nm/rad) & [16–22.2] & 19.4 & 19.3 & 16.1 & 17.8 \\ \(K_{corr}\) (Nm/rad) & [615–1143] & 1033 & 1022 & 893 & 921 \\ \(B_{corr}\) (Nm/rad) & [10.6–11.7] & 11.2 & 11.32 & 10.87 & 10.91 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Identified parameter of NMS characteristics.  
Figure 9: Vehicle state estimated value.  
As shown in Table 5, fifteen correlation coefficients between the actual value and the UKF estimated value are calculated with covariance analysis. From the analysis, all the coefficients greater than 0.7, which indicated that the parameter identification, as well as the UKF observer we proposed, have significant precision.  
Figure 11: Leg state estimated value.  
Figure 10: Arm state estimated value.  
Furthermore, in order to prove the model's practicability in reflecting the personalized driver characteristics, the actual value of Subject 1 is compared with three subjects' estimated values. The covariance analysis results in Figure 12 is normalized for visualization. It can be observed that the histogram of Subject 1 has the highest covariance with the initial state vector. Finally, we can deduce that the HVSC dynamic model we proposed can represent the evolution of personal characteristics.
# Flooding Message Mitigation of Wireless Content Centric Networking for Last-Mile Smart-Grid +
###### Abstract  
In view of Smart-Grid architecture, wireless Last-Mile Network (LMN) devices as smart meters and intelligent home control machines are normally installed in harsh and lossy communication environment. In order to improve communication reliability of LMN, we proposed Wireless Topology Aware Content Centric Networking (TOP-CCN) protocol. TOP-CCN reduces channel access overhead of traditional Content Centric Networking and supports efficient multicast message transmission by using Multiple Point Relay (MPR), and Publisher MPR (PMPR). In addition, TOP-CCN LMN provides simple multi-hop forwarding scheme that can reduce the traditional routing control message overhead in multi-hop wireless LMN environment. The simulation result shows TOP-CCN can improve the service provisioning time and reliability compared to traditional IP based network model in LMN.  
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)network; internet-of-things; wireless content centric networking; last-mile smart grid +
Footnote †: This paper is an extended version of paper published in the 19 th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON), Singapore, 11–13 December 2013.