## 5 Conclusions  
Vessel position data (AIS) and the species distribution model (ISDM) demonstrated significant practical value in constructing species distribution models under data-limited conditions. The research results show that: (1) Offshore distance and chlorophyll concentration are important environmental indicators affecting Antarctic krill habitat; (2) There is no significant correlation between habitat area and catch; (3) Fishing operation duration exhibits a strong positive correlation with catch. Performance metrics (AUC, TSS) of the model indicate that the constructed integrated species distribution model demonstrates excellent performance and high reliability in prediction results.  
When analyzing Antarctic krill habitats, vessel position data outperforms traditional commercial fishing logs in terms of accessibility, data volume, accuracy, and spatiotemporal continuity. This enables the model to capture the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of Antarctic krill when fitting fishing locations more precisely with environmental variables. Although vessel position data have obvious advantages over traditional commercial fishing logs, they can only characterize the operational position features of fishing vessels and lack biomass information, such as per trawl catch, which may lead to misjudgment risks in habitat prediction. Future research can integrate fishing gear specifications, pumping efficiency, and other operational characteristics data to construct catch estimation models, thereby further improving the model.  
Conceptualization, H.Z. ([PERSON]) and Y.L.; methodology, H.Z. ([PERSON]) and Y.L.; software, Y.L. and Y.S.; validation, Y.L., H.Z. ([PERSON]) and H.Z. ([PERSON]); formal analysis, Y.L. and Y.S.; investigation, Y.L. and J.W.; resources, Y.L. and H.Z.; data curation, Y.L. and D.X.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.L. and F.Z.; visualization, Y.L. and D.X.; supervision, H.Z. ([PERSON]) and S.H.; project administration, H.Z. ([PERSON]); funding acquisition, H.Z. ([PERSON]) All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022 YFC2807504); Marine Science and Technology Fund of Shandong Province for Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center (No. 2022 QNLM030002-1); the Zhejiang ocean fishery resources exploration and capture project (CTZB-2022080076); Program on the Survey, Monitoring and Assessment of Global Fishery Resources (Comprehensive scientific survey of fisheries resources at the high seas) sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.  
The data used in this study include commercial fishing operation records, vessel positioning data, and marine environmental data. As no animal experiments were involved, approval from the local ethics committee is not required.  
Not applicable.  
The marine environmental data used in this study can be downloaded from the following three websites. [[https://gmed.auckland.ac.nz/download.html](https://gmed.auckland.ac.nz/download.html)]([https://gmed.auckland.ac.nz/download.html](https://gmed.auckland.ac.nz/download.html)) (accessed on 22 May 2025), [[https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/](https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/)]([https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/](https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/)) (accessed on 22 May 2025).  
We would like to acknowledge [PERSON] for his valuable guidance throughout this research, and we extend our gratitude to all authors for their contributions and support.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.