esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Color  
The color parameters of saffron and its floral by-products are shown in Table 3. The L* values were around 30 in all samples indicating a low luminosity and lightness. Regarding powdered saffron floral by-products, SFL1 and SFL2, positive a* values and negative b* values represented a color in the ranges of red and blue, respectively, which were characteristic of the violet color of petals. It should be noted that the b* value of SFL2 (\(-4.77\pm 0.14\)) indicated a higher blue color intensity with respect to SFL1 (\(-1.63\pm 0.25\)). This fact may be mainly related to the high concentration of anthocyanins pigments found in SFL2, which render a blue, red, or purple color [30]. Moreover, \(h\) values (\({}^{\circ}\)) of SFL1 (\(334.50\pm 2.46\)) and SFL2 (\(313.00\pm 0.19\)) represented a tone in the blue/purple range, and the color was more saturated and intense in SFL2 than SFL1, represented by the chroma (C*) values (6.53 \(\pm\) 0.18 and 3.78 \(\pm\) 0.22, respectively).  
Saffron stigmas from Spain, Iran, and Greece showed positive a* and b* values, representing colors ranging from red to yellow, respectively, which are characteristic of saffron spice. The \(h\) values were around 26-28\({}^{\circ}\) which indicated a red-orange tone that was saturated and intense in all saffron samples (C* values around 10-12). This yellow to red color observed in the stigmas of _Crocus sativus_ L. was due to the presence of a high amount of carotenoids, such as crocetin and crocins, which are responsible for the coloring power of the saffron spice exhibiting red, orange, and yellow colors [22].  
The results showed that the color parameters variability within the flowers and stigmas of _Crocus sativus_ L. is related to the number of bioactive compounds with coloring properties in the different parts of the plant.
# Edge-Guided Dual-Stream U-Net for Secure Image Steganography
## 3 The Proposed Method
### Decoder Architecture  
The decoder module is designed to extract hidden information from stego images with a focus on simplicity and efficient feature extraction, meeting the data recovery requirements of steganography. The module consists of three convolutional blocks, each containing a convolutional layer (with a kernel size of 3 and a stride of 1), followed by a LeakyReLU activation function and Batch Normalization layers. After these three blocks, a final convolutional layer transforms the feature maps into the required data depth to generate the decoded output. This architecture ensures accurate decoding while maintaining high computational efficiency.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Total Protein After Pretreatment  
The total protein present within a sample can serve as a determining factor in evaluating the efficacy of pretreatment processes and the solubilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Figure 4 shows the HTP efficiency in protein extraction from four different biomasses. Notably, a significant increase in PR yield was detected over time for all substrates, achieving the maximum yields after 30 min of treatment. Furthermore, the highest PR concentration was obtained from OP, reaching 20.6 g/L, equivalent to 25.7% (\(w/w\)), followed by SBP at 10.5 g/L (13.1% \(w/w\)), BSG at 4.9 g/L (6.1% \(w/w\)), and RH at 3.9 g/L (4.9% \(w/w\)).  
Significantly, the duration of treatment exhibited a significant influence on protein extraction. Consequently, the protein yield showed a 2.6-fold increase for OP, 5.2-fold for SBP, 2.92-fold for RH, and 1.8-fold for BSG between 10 and 30 min.  
Figure 4: Total protein (PR) of OP, SBP, BSG, and RH, expressed as % (\(w/w\)), after HTP. Note: Unt—Untreated.  
Nevertheless, the present study demonstrated that OP and SBP were the best substrates for protein extraction. Accordingly, this may be attributed to their fiber composition, which is represented by high soluble fiber content and low lignin content. Consequently, this facilitated the breakdown of structural bonds, thereby increasing the release of proteins over time. In contrast, BSG and RH biomasses are comparatively more complex and recalcitrant in their structural composition. The presence of high lignin content in these substrates significantly limits bond disintegration and solubilization, thereby reducing the efficiency of protein extraction. Furthermore, the lignin is known to act as a physical barrier, thereby reducing the intracellular accessibility during pretreatment.  
Multiple studies have demonstrated that subcritical treatment significantly enhances protein extraction [40]. [PERSON] et al. (2014) [41] examined the effect of temperature on a mixed food waste substrate, applying thermal treatments ranging from 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Protein extraction at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min yielded 1.55 g/kg of protein, approximately 16.5% of the total soluble protein yield. This result was significantly lower than the protein yield obtained in our study [41]. In contrast, a study by [PERSON] et al. (2018) demonstrated the efficacy of hydrothermal processing (HTP) for PR extraction from BSG, achieving a total protein yield of 19.28 g/100 g in the liquid fraction, compared to 6 g/100 g obtained in our study, whereas their study utilized 1200 mg H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)/g BSG at a temperature of 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 27 min [42].
# A Fast Acquisition Algorithm for Hybrid Signals of 5G and BeiDou B1
## 2 Proposed Method
### Receiver Acquisition Algorithm Design
#### 2.2.2 Receiver Hybrid Coherent Acquisition Algorithm Design
The total multiplicative computation cost is as follows:  
\[ \begin{split}\frac{2f_{\text{ds}}}{f_{s}}+2\times PMF_{-}FFT_{-}X ^{2}\times PMF_{-}FFT_{-}D+\\ 3\times PMF_{-}FFT_{-}D\times PMF_{-}FFT_{-}L\times\log_{2}PMF_{-}FFT_{-}L \end{split}  \tag{25}\]  
Finally, the performance of the frequency Doppler acquisition range, Doppler frequency calculation resolution, and code phase acquisition resolution of the SC-PMF-FFT algorithm for BeiDou and 5G signals with default parameters are analyzed, as shown in Table 11.
## 4 Simulation Results
### Speed Regulation at Sinusoidal Load Case  
Most of the industrial applications such as robotics and CNC machines are exposed to sinusoidal load because of the rotor movements under continuous change of inertia so need to regulate the speed of the BLDC motor. Applying sinusoidal load on the BLDC motor drive system as shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 displays that the CVOA-based PID controller can track the reference speed better than other techniques (GA-based PID controller and HS-based PID controller) although the sinusoidal load. Where the CVOA-based PID controller has maximum speed tolerance about the reference speed \(\pm 4\) RPM while the maximum deviation of GA-based PID controller \(\pm 25\) RPM and the HS-based PID controller is \(\pm 10\) RPM.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Control Technique** & **Rise Time (s)** & **Settling Time (s)** & **Overshoot (\%)** \\ \hline GA-based PID controller & 0.0234 & 0.0417 & 0.0089 \\ HS-based PID controller & 0.0104 & 0.0191 & 0.0159 \\ CVOA-based PID controller & 0.0042 & 0.0079 & 0.0511 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The performance of each control technique.  
Figure 8: The controller outputs at speed regulation with sudden load test.  
Figure 9: The applied sinusoidal load.  
Figure 11 illustrates the corresponding controller output of each control technique at sinusoidal load torque. It can be noted that the controller output is fluctuating to can absorb the sinusoidal load disturbance. The phase shift between the output of the CVOA-based PID controller and the phase of the sinusoidal load is very small so, it can give a high performance through the continuous change of load.
# Vulnerability of Satellite Quantum Key Distribution to Disruption from Ground-Based Lasers
## 2 Methods
### Impact on Quantum Bit Error Rate  
QBER is a measure that identifies the fraction of signals received during the QKD transmission that were not from the originally transmitted QKD protocol. Such events have the potential to be the result of an eavesdropper performing, for example, a measure and resend attack. As such, once the QBER reaches above a threshold level for the particular QKD protocol, the amount of leaked information to a potential eavesdropper reaches a level where, even with privacy amplification and distillation steps, no provably secure key can be generated. For the BB84 protocol used by _[PERSON]_, this threshold is at 0.11, or 11% [12] and is further reduced if imperfect sources and detection systems [13; 14] are considered as all leaked information has to be considered. For our investigation we will focus on the fundamental limitation of an 11% QBER which is independent of any specifics of the utilised equipment or operating conditions.  
The QBER, \(Q\), is calculated as in [15]:  
\[Q=\frac{N_{I}}{N_{I}+N_{C}}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(N_{I}\) are all detected events not from the QKD transmission, and \(N_{C}\) are the detected events from the protocol. The net key rate can then be calculated from  
\[R_{net}=[1-f_{p}H_{2}(Q)]R_{sifted}, \tag{9}\]  
where \(f_{p}\) is the inefficiency function for the error correction relative to the theoretical Shannon Limit and \(H_{2}(Q)\) is the binary entropy function  
\[H_{2}(Q)=-Q\log_{2}(Q)-(1-Q)\log_{2}(1-Q). \tag{10}\]  
It can be seen that, therefore, the increase in noise photons at low rates leads to a rapid increase in QBER, in turn reducing the available key rate and, once the ratio between signal to noise detections exceeds 8.06, the QBER will exceed the threshold to suppress all BB84 secure key generation. [PERSON] [16] provides a more comprehensive analysis of the impact of the equipment on weak state coherent decoy state QKD as used by [7].
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
### Conclusions  
1. Based on the gray correlation analysis of multiple factors, the calculation of the constraint control value of urban space expansion can provide policy guidance for the next round of spatial optimization of the city- and county-level land-space master plan and can also develop more precise constraint indicators to achieve the national 2030 carbon peak and carbon-neutral policy goals.
2. A coordinated development between urban land use and public transportation, particularly the promotion of rail transit to guide land development and reduce traffic trips, is the first strategy that needs to be considered for the reduction of carbon emissions.
3. The rapid urbanization and expansion of urban land is a necessity that continuously increases total carbon emissions and per capita carbon emissions. The goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is not simply to limit urban expansion, nor is it simply to delineate urban spatial growth boundaries and control the total scale of construction lands. It should be more about the optimization of the urban space from the inside and change the urban development model from \"incremental development\" to \"stock development\" to reduce the disorderly expansion in favor of compact spatial development.
4. Although the gray system theoretical model introduced in this paper has high simulation accuracy, different types of gray models need to be selected for different types of data, and the quantitative relationship expression is more complex, so MATLAB software is needed to assist in analysis and research. Therefore, the correlation model of urban spatial expansion and carbon emissions is worth further deepening to select a more appropriate quantitative model to fit.  
Conceptualization and methodology, L.L. and Z.W.; software, L.X. and Y.H.; writing--original draft preparation, L.L.; writing--review and editing, L.L. and H.L.; supervision, K.B.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 31901363, the Education Bureau of Hunan Province, grant number 22B0285, and the cultivation of \"double first-class\" disciplines in Hunan Province, grant number [2018] NO. 469.  
Not applicable.  
The data are contained within the article. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Fire Performance of Self-Tapping Screws in Tall Mass-Timber Buildings
###### Abstract  
Building elements are required to provide sufficient fire resistance based on requirements set forth in the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC). Annex B of the Canadian standard for wood engineering design (CSA O86-19) provides a design methodology to calculate the structural fire-resistance of large cross-section timber elements. However, it lacks at providing design provisions for connections. The objectives of this study are to understand the fire performance of modern mass timber fasteners such as self-tapping screws, namely to evaluate their thermo-mechanical behavior and to predict their structural fire-resistance for standard fire exposure up to two hours, as would be required for tall buildings in Canada. The results present the great fire performance of using self-tapping screws under a long time exposure on connections in mass timber construction. The smaller heated area of the exposed surface has limited thermal conduction along the fastener's shanks and maintained their temperature profiles relatively low for two hours of exposure. Based on the heat-affected area, the study presents new design principles to determine the residual length of penetration that would provide adequate load-capacity of the fastener under fire conditions. It also allows determining safe fire-resistance values for unprotected fasteners in mass timber construction exposed up to two hours of standard fire exposure.  
self-tapping screws; heat transfer; connections; fire performance; mass timber; finite element modeling +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
Footnote 1: Wood and Forest Sciences Department, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V OA6, Canada; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (ML.-G.); pierre.blanchet@8 bf.ulaval.ca (P.B.)  
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
# A Baseband Wireless Spectrum Hypervisor for Multiplexing Concurrent OFDM Signals
###### Abstract  
The next generation of wireless and mobile networks will have to handle a significant increase in traffic load compared to the current ones. This situation calls for novel ways to increase the spectral efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a wireless spectrum hypervisor architecture that abstracts a radio frequency (RF) front-end into a configurable number of virtual RF front ends. The proposed architecture has the ability to enable flexible spectrum access in existing wireless and mobile networks, which is a challenging task due to the limited spectrum programmability, i.e., the capability a system has to change the spectral properties of a given signal to fit an arbitrary frequency allocation. The proposed architecture is a non-intrusive and highly optimized wireless hypervisor that multiplexes the signals of several different and concurrent multi-carrier-based radio access technologies with numerologies that are multiple integers of one another, which are also referred in our work as radio access technologies with correlated numerology. For example, the proposed architecture can multiplex the signals of several Wi-Fi access points, several LTE base stations, several WiMAX base stations, etc. As it able to multiplex the signals of radio access technologies with correlated numerology, it can, for instance, multiplex the signals of LTE, 5G-NR and NB-IoT base stations. It abstracts a radio frequency front-end into a configurable number of virtual RF front ends, making it possible for such different technologies to share the same RF front-end and consequently reduce the costs and increasing the spectral efficiency by employing densification, once several networks share the same infrastructure or by dynamically accessing free chunks of spectrum. Therefore, the main goal of the proposed approach is to improve spectral efficiency by efficiently using vacant gaps in congested spectrum bandwidths or adopting network densification through infrastructure sharing. We demonstrate mathematically how our proposed approach works and present several simulation results proving its functionality and efficiency. Additionally, we designed and implemented an open-source and free proof of concept prototype of the proposed architecture, which can be used by researchers and developers to run experiments or extend the concept to other applications. We present several experimental results used to validate the proposed prototype. We demonstrate that the prototype can easily handle up to 12 concurrent physical layers.  
radio virtualization; network densification; infrastructure sharing; multi-tenancy; cognitive radios; NB-IoT; MTC +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Article_  
A Baseband Wireless Spectrum Hypervisor for Multiplexing Concurrent OFDM Signals
## 2 Dynamic Modeling of Trans-Medium Process
### Dynamic Modeling  
Most of the operating conditions of the HAUV are in the state of underwater navigation or air flight, and the cross-domain maneuvering process is very short. Purely from the perspective of dynamics, the HAUV has the most force action during underwater movement, which is affected by gravity, buoyancy, propeller thrust and drag, and corresponding torque. When the HAUV breaks through the water surface and enters the flight state, its dynamics change greatly. In order to organically unify the whole dynamic change process, the HAUV can be modeled as a mixed system, and the dynamics of the HAUV can be defined according to the operating environmental medium (air or water).
## 2 Virtual Private Networks in Static and Dynamic Networks
### Classical VPN Solutions for Static Networks
It is very stable and secure (supporting AES 128,AES 192, AES 256 and 3 DES ciphers) and easy to setup on the client side, although not yet supported on many platforms.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Enhancement of Seed Germination and Seeding Growth of Mung Bean  
The seeds were pre-selected to ensure germination capability, and had similar sizes and shapes. A batch of 25 seeds was placed 10 mm below the plasma tip and exposed to an Ar-gas plasma jet for different treatment times: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 15 min. The plasma jet was continuously moved around the seeds by an automatic holder to guarantee equal plasma treatment for all seeds. These 25 seeds were then overspread, without touching each other, in a 90-mm diameter glass Petri dish, covered by a wet thin paper, and 5 mL of water was added to create the moisture conditions for germination. Meanwhile, the controlled seeds were also subjected to the same conditions as the treated seeds: Ar gas flow, but without plasma treatment. All samples were incubated in a humidity cabinet (Taisite, model: RGX400) with a set-up at room temperature \(\sim\) 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C to ensure all seeds were grown under the same conditions. During germination and growth, 5 mL of distilled water was added every 12 h to each petri dish to maintain moisture conditions. Seed growth was observed, and the number of germinated seeds was recorded every 12 h. Each experiment contained 5 batches (a total of 125 seeds per experiment). The germination rate was defined as:  
\[\text{Germination rate}=\frac{\text{total number of germinated seeds}}{\text{total number of seeds}}\times 100\% \tag{1}\]  
Figure 1: Experimental plasma jet system for treatment of mung bean seeds.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Qualitative Method  
All four experiments were conducted successfully, and the procedure was followed smoothly. Based on researchers' personal observations, pupils were very excited, and after completing the experiment, they requested to play another AR game. Another point that researchers noted was that two (2) out of six (6) teachers did not have the requisite computer literacy to support the experiment as instructors, a condition that might have caused some problems. However, because of the pupils' familiarity with the technology, which is due to the AR games such as Pokemon GO, they successfully completed the experiment without their motivation being reduced. Even in the case of a teacher who had the expertise and attempted to advise the pupils on how to use the AR app, this attempt was rejected by the pupils who, as digital natives, did not require any specific instructions.  
Teachers' acceptance of the AR technology was wide since they were impressed by the impact the AR apps had on pupils. It should be mentioned that, according to teachers' comments, the average score of correct answers of pupils while using the AR app was higher compared to the traditional textbook. Furthermore, teachers found AR apps attractive and motivational. As a result, all teachers, including those who did not have the same level of computer literacy, expressed interest in AR technology and willingness to integrate it as an auxiliary tool into the teaching process. In addition, they claimed that AR could also be expanded in other domains, not only in Geography, since it could be a useful auxiliary tool for the teaching process.  
Finally, regarding the computer science students, the majority were pleased with the design and development of the AR apps, however, they mentioned some improvements-such as having the exit button in a visible place on all screens and having less text so as to be more readable.