esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy Analysis  
Literature data were used for the identification of bands in the infrared spectra for both cellulose and polyester fibres [20; 28; 29]. The polyester fibres in all tested fabric samples were identified as being made from polyethylene terephthalate. In order to adequately interpret the results of further examination, a spectrum of charred cotton fibre was obtained. The shape and position of the absorption bands were not preserved in relation to the spectrum of unchanged cotton, which confirmed the significant impact of high temperature on the chemical structure of the fibre.  
An analysis of the infrared spectra obtained for fibres, which were the subject of the experiment, allowed for only minor changes resulting from exposure to radiant heat to be observed as compared to the spectra of the output fibres. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that they were mainly associated with the shape of the individual bands and the mutual relation of bands' intensities. The most important change observed in the cotton fibres' spectra was the emergence of a new band with a wavenumber of approximately 1580 cm\({}^{-1}\) after a 40 s exposure to heat radiation (Figure 6). The absorption at 1580 cm\({}^{-1}\) can be attributed to carbon-carbon double bonds arising from the thermal degradation of cotton cellulose. Other authors also assessed the degree of thermal decomposition of cotton fibres and the char formation based on growing absorptions at 1607-1562 cm\({}^{-1}\)[20].  
Figure 6: Infrared spectra recorded in the region 600–1800 cm\({}^{-1}\) for cotton fibres of Sample 2 (CO 79/PES 21) subjected to heat radiation (10 kW/m\({}^{2}\)) for various exposure times.  
The reduction in the intensity of the weak broad band extending from 1620 to 1650 cm\({}^{-1}\) provides information on the weakening of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the cellulose chains [30]. In other studies, based on a similar spectral range 1619-1641 cm\({}^{-1}\), the interaction of the water molecules with the hydrogen bonding network in the cellulose polymer was analysed [31]. In our research, the absorption band in the above-mentioned spectral region for cotton fibres exposed to heat radiation during 40 s becomes practically invisible (Figure 6), although it was clearly visible for the cotton fibres samples before the thermal test and after exposure to radiation for 15 s, 20 s and 30 s.  
An additional change that was noticed in the spectra of cotton fibres after heat flux exposure is the gradual disappearance of the relatively small absorption band at about 1200 cm\({}^{-1}\) with increasing exposure time of the sample to heat radiation.  
A lack of any significant changes between infrared spectra was noted for original polyester fibres and polyester fibres changed by heat radiation at different exposure times. This means that the thermal conditions during the experiments performed, even though the temperature exceeded the melting point of the PES fibres, did not change the chemical structure of the polyester itself.
# Adaptive Power-Controlled Depth-Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Results
### Results and Analysis
#### 4.4.3 Influence of the Node Number on Energy Consumption  
Figure 13 shows the variation in energy consumption with different numbers of nodes. Due to the fact that nodes consume energy, even in an idle state, the total energy consumption of all protocols increases with an increase in the number of nodes. Specifically, DBR and EEDBR are both multi-route routing protocols, resulting in higher energy consumption. However, EEDBR selects a limited number of forwarding nodes based on neighbor information, leading to lower energy consumption compared to DBR. EAVARP and the proposed APCDBRP are both single-route routing protocols. However, EAVARP requires the constant broadcasting of beacon packets to update routing information, resulting in higher energy consumption in denser node deployments. On the other hand, APCDBRP incorporates power control mechanisms and implicit route update mechanisms, while considering energy efficiency in selecting the next hop. As a result, APCDBRP achieves lower energy consumption compared with other routing protocols.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.9 Bacterial Activity  
The antibacterial activity of PETE-Cu(0) composites was tested according to the PN-EN ISO 20645:2006 [119] against a colony of Gram-negative bacteria (_Escherichia coli_, ATCC 25922) and Gram-positive bacteria (_Staphylococcus aureus_, ATCC 6538), using the agar diffusion method of Muller Hinton. The test was initiated by pouring agar on to sterilized Petri dishes and it was allowed to solidify. The surfaces of agar media were inoculated by overnight broth cultures of bacteria (ATCC 25922: \(1.2\times 10^{8}\) CFU/mL, ATCC 6538: \(1.7\times 10^{8}\) CFU/mL) and kept at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C before analysis. In order to establish the bacterial concentration inside the overnight culture the assessment of turbidity of bacterial suspension as well as the culture method were used. The density of the bacterial suspension was firstly determined using a calibrated densitometer. Then, using a series of ten-fold dilutions, the number of colonies grown on the plates was calculated from the appropriate dilutions and relevant calculations were made.  
Discs of PETE-Cu(0) composites (10 mm) were placed onto the inoculated agar and incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. The diameter of the clear zone around the discs was measured as an indication of inhibition of the microbial species. Each side of the sample was tested in duplicate (four tests were performed for each sample). Simultaneously, the same tests were carried out for control samples--unmodified PETE samples.
# A Review of MEMS Scale Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
## 2 Research Progress of PEH
### Optimization of Energy Harvesters' Structure  
When the resonant frequency of the PEH matches the external excitation frequency, its performance of harvesting vibration energy will be highly enhanced. However, when its resonant frequency deviates from the external excitation frequency, its output power is significantly reduced [62]. Therefore, to improve the conversion efficiency of the PEH, the resonant frequency is a main factor. In the meantime, the relationship between internal impedance and load resistance, which is relevant to the output power of the PEH, is another important factor that needs to be considered. This chapter introduces three ways including adjusting the resonant frequency, frequency up-converting and broadening the frequency bandwidth to optimize the structure of PEH. In addition, the impedance matching for the PEH is also discussed.
# Graphene-Based Grid Patterns Fabricated via Direct Ink Writing for Flexible Transparent Electrodes
## 4 Conclusions  
This work demonstrates that a graphene conductive ink consisting of graphene flakes, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and ethanol/water solvent can be used to prepare grid-patterned GFTEs with good overall optical and electronic performance, including high electrical conductivity and relatively high transparency, by the DIW method. It is found that ethanol and SDS play a vital role in forming a well-ordered and densely stacked graphene flake thin film, which improves the electrical conductivity of graphene thin films without using toxic solvents and high-temperature post-treatment, rendering this process green, easy, and low-cost. In addition, the graphene grid patterns maintain good electrical conductivity even in high-temperature and corrosive environments. This strategy might be promising for fabricating GFTEs that can fulfill the requirements in applications like solar cells, flexible screens, and light-emitting diodes. The main conclusions of this study are listed below:  
1. A high electrical conductivity of \(5.22\times 10^{5}\) S/m with 15 layers of graphene conductive ink deposited on a graphene thin film can be achieved due to the orderly packed and well-connected nature of graphene flakes in the film.
2. An optimized microstructure of graphene films is obtained by manipulating the formulation of the ink solution, i.e., adding SDS and ethanol to the solvent to inhibit the coffee ring effect and improve formability during hot-pressing.
3. Grid-patterned graphene electrodes with different aperture sizes were fabricated by DIW using the modified graphene conductive ink. A sheet resistance of \(21.3\,\Omega/\)sq and a transmittance of \(68.5\%\) were achieved by **G-4 \(\times\) 4-15**.  
Conceptualization, H.Z.; Methodology, S.W.; Resources, X.S.; Data curation, S.W., S.Y. and X.S.; Writing--original draft, Y.Z.; Writing--review & editing, Y.Z., H.Z. and S.Y.; Visualization, H.Z.; Supervision, H.Z.; Funding acquisition, H.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department-Local Universities Joint Project of Basic Research (202301 BA070001-068) and Research and Development of Key Technologies for Intelligent Full Closed-Loop Low-Pressure Casting Based on Numerical Simulation and Deep Learning (BE2022149).  
Not applicable.  
Figure 7: (**a**) Thermal stability test results of **G-4 \(\times\) 4-15** at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 160 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 16 h; (**b**) corrosion resistance test results of **G-4 \(\times\) 4-15** at different pH values.  
Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Conclusions  
Long-term deployed WSN nodes face ultra-low-power requirements that have been combated on several fronts in the past decade. Power consumption of computational resources has been rapidly reduced through advances in semiconductor process technology, but the same does not hold for the radio communication interface. Significant energy may be saved related to wireless communication in WSNs through the design of full-vertical communication protocol stacks tailored for the specific WSN  
Figure 12: Packet reception ratio for the four-node setup under various traffic loads with spreading factors of 8, 16 and 32.  
application. Traditional WSN nodes utilize highly integrated off-the-shelf radio transceiver chips that implement the lower layers in ASIC and, therefore, reduce the design flexibility of those layers. SDRs, on the other hand, give full access to the entire stack and allow for rapid prototyping, but their power consumption is prohibitively large for practical battery-based operation.  
In this paper, we presented the hardware design of the Marmote SDR platform, an experimental research platform for WSN communication stacks. Through the flash FPGA-based SoPC architecture, the platform allows for rapid and flexible design of full network stacks from baseband processing in the PHY up to the application layer, which is not possible with integrated radio chips. The computational resources offered by Marmote SDR are less than, but comparable to, that of desktop-connected SDRs. In return, the Marmote SDR consumes an order of magnitude less power than a desktop SDR, although still significantly more than an integrated RF transceiver. The power consumption of Marmote SDR with the _Joshua_ 2.4 GHz radio front-end is approximately 0.25 W in receive and 0.8-1.5 W in transmit mode, depending on the transmit power. This allows for several hours-long battery based operation, which can be further extended by duty cycling. Deployment of a Marmote SDR WSN with a prototype network stack enables researchers to collect real world data on the communication protocol performance, rather than relying solely on simulation results--often prone to oversimplification. An experimentally-verified protocol stack can then be implemented as a highly integrated transceiver, resulting in a much smaller size and a significantly smaller power budget. We believe that a platform like Marmote SDR can serve as a springboard for many novel low-power transceiver solutions in the future.  
The hardware, HDL and software design files of the Marmote SDR platform are open-source and freely available for download from [26].
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Step 6: Solution Ranking Using TOPSIS  
The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) ranks the solutions in \(P^{*}\) (S15-S18) [23].  
* Normalize Decision Matrix: Normalize the objective values \((f_{1},g_{2})\) for solutions in \(P^{*}\).
* Determine Ideal/Negative-Ideal Solutions: \[A^{+} =(\max f_{1}(x),\min g_{2}(x))\quad\forall x\in P^{*}\] (25) \[A^{-} =(\min f_{1}(x),\max g_{2}(x))\quad\forall x\in P^{*}\] (26)Using normalized values \(v_{ij}\) where \(i\) is the solution, and \(j\) is the objective index: \[A^{+}=\{v_{1}^{+},v_{2}^{+},\ldots,v_{M}^{+}\},\quad A^{-}=\{v_{1}^{-},v_{2}^{-},\ldots,v_{M}^{-}\}\] (27) where \(v_{j}^{+}\) is the best value for objective \(j\), and \(v_{j}^{-}\) is the worst.
* Calculate Separation Measures: Compute Euclidean distances for solution \(i\): \[S_{i}^{+} =\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{M}(v_{ij}-v_{j}^{+})^{2}}\] (28) \[S_{i}^{-} =\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{M}(v_{ij}-v_{j}^{-})^{2}}\] (29)
* Compute Relative Closeness: \[C_{i}=\frac{S_{i}^{-}}{S_{i}^{+}+S_{i}^{-}}\] (30) where \(C_{i}\in[0,1]\).
* Rank Solutions: Rank solutions in descending order of \(C_{i}\).
# Modern MultiPort Converter Technologies: A Systematic Review
## 2 General Classification and Operation Principles  
The multiport converter's main objective is to integrate numerous power input nodes into a single device while still allowing power to flow between each node. A photovoltaic panel, a battery energy storage system (BES), a DC-DC converter used for multiple inputs, an inverter, and a load are the components of a two-stage multiport system shown in Figure 1. In addition, the multiport system is linked to the distribution grid.  
The entire power flow expression for the multiport converter system in Figure 1 is as follows:  
\[P_{BES}+P_{PV}+P_{WIND}=P_{LOAD}+P_{GRID}, \tag{1}\]  
where:  
Figure 1: Structure of a double stage MPC system connected to a distribution grid line.  
\(P_{BES}\)--is battery energy storage power, W  
\(P_{PV}\)--is solar power obtained by the photovoltaic panel, W  
\(P_{WIND}\)--is wind generated power, W  
\(P_{LOAD}\)--is the power corresponding to load demands of the local consumers, W  
\(P_{GRID}\)--is grid power, W  
Depending on the power demands, \(P_{GRID}\) is either injected into the grid or withdrawn from it. As a result, grid power can have positive or negative signs based on the direction of power flow in the energy. Multiport converters, as was previously noted, provide some advantages over traditional converters [24]. Table 1 presents the number of components for some typical MPC topologies.  
The multiport converter's architecture helps to prevent the use of the communication bar and aids in achieving centralized control of the energy system [31; 32]. In the literature, numerous topologies for multiport converters have been presented. Figure 2 depicts the broad classification of multiport based on the selection criteria such as structure, isolation characteristics, power flow direction, and gain factor. In general, three major groupings can be used to classify the majority of the known and reported multiport converters based on the isolation characteristics:  
* Non-isolated multiport converters;
* Fully isolated multiport converters;
* Partially isolated converters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline  & **Switches** & **Diodes** & **Inductances** & **Capacitors** \\ \hline Multi-Input & 2 & 3 & 0 & 1 \\ DC–DC Converter [25] & 4 & 0 & 2 & 3 \\ Half-bridge MPC [26] & 4 & 8 & 3 & 3 \\
3-Level MPC [27] & 3 & 4 & 3 & 6 \\ Three-port converter for PV-Battery & 3 & 3 & 1 & 3 \\ Power Supply [28] & 8 & 18 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Component specifications for several types of MPCs.  
Figure 2: General classification of multiport converters.
# Analysis of Mining Waste Dump Site Stability Based on Multiple Remote Sensing Technologies
###### Abstract  
The mining waste of open pit mines is usually piled-up in dump sites, making a man-made hill more than tens of meters high. Because of the loose structure of the dump sites, landslides or debris flow may occur after heavy rainfall, threatening local lives and properties. Therefore, dump stability analysis is crucial for ensuring local safety. In this paper, a collaborative stability analysis based on multiple remote sensing technologies was innovatively conducted at the Xudonggou dump of the Anqian iron mine. A small baseline subset (SBAS) analysis was used to derive the spatial and temporal distributions of displacements in the line-of sight (LOS) over the whole study area. The deformation in LOS is translated to the slope direction based on an assumption that displacements only occur parallel to the slope surface. Infrared Thermography (IRT) technology was used to detect weak aquifer layers located at the toe of possible landslide bodies. Then, numerical simulations based on the limit equilibrium method were conducted to calculate the factor of safety for three profiles located on the dump site. The results, emerging from multiple remote sensing technologies, were very consistent and, eventually, the landslide hazard zone of the Xudonggou dump site was outlined.  
d  
dump stability; landslide; small baseline subset analysis; infrared thermography; limit equilibrium method; factor of safety +
Footnote †: journal: Remote Sensing
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Selection of Variables and Multi-Sensor Satellite Data Productions
#### 2.3.1. Livestock Census Data  
The national census data of livestock numbers contains _soum_-level livestock numbers for five major livestock species (i.e., sheep, goat, cow including yak, horse, and camel). In the present study, goat, cow, horse, and camel numbers were converted to heads of sheep (i.e., sheep unit) at conversion rates of 0.9, 6.0, 6.6, and 5.7, respectively [40]. Then, the percent change in livestock numbers was calculated for each _soum_ (Equation (1))  
\[\Delta\text{Sheep}_{\text{ij}}=\frac{\text{Sheep}_{\text{i}}-\text{Sheep}_{\text {j}}}{\text{Sheep}_{\text{j}}}\times 100(\%) \tag{1}\]  
where Sheep is the _soum_-level livestock number in sheep units; subscripts i and j are the current and previous years, respectively; \(\Delta\text{Sheep}_{\text{ij}}\) is the percent change in livestock numbers from the previous year (Sheep\({}_{\text{j}}\)) to the current year (Sheep\({}_{\text{i}}\)).
## 4 Conclusions  
This research compared traditional methods of analyzing the drilling parameters, i.e., 2D analysis of parameters as a function of depth, with alternative methods of analyzing, such as the response surface method and multi-objective optimization. A field dataset from a real pre-salt operation, specifically from hard rock carbonate reservoir, was used in this analysis and the main conclusions drawn are:  
1. The response surface method and multi-objective optimization (alternative methods of analyzing) provide better results when compared with 2D analysis of parameters as a function of depth (traditional methods of analyzing).
2. The graphical representation of drilling parameters through 2D plots as a function of depth and subsequent cross-analyses allowed inefficient drilling zones to be identified, as well as possible parameters most influential in inefficiency. From approx. 17,245 ft (Figure 4), it is possible to verify that an inefficient drilling process is started, reflected in low ROP and high MSE values.
3. From a detailed statistical analysis, it was possible to identify the main input drilling parameters that affected the response variables (ROP and MSE) in the investigation. The most highlights in terms of influence go for the following analyzed parameters, WOB, RPM, FLOW, and TOR (which depends on other mechanical parameters, for example, WOB and RPM).
4. Statistical models are powerful tools capable of predicting most of the trends presented by the dataset, considering a confidence level up to 95%.
5. The response surface method proved to be considerably effective in analyzing the effects of the input drilling parameters/variables.
6. Multi-objective optimization allows a way forward in verifying the drilling process for the sake of its efficiency. Through multi-objective optimization, it was possible to concomitantly achieve an ROP of approximately 22 ft/h and MSE of nearly 11 kpsi using the values of WOB, RPM, FLOW, and TOR of about 11 klb, 109 rev/min, 803 gpm, and 3 klb-ft, respectively.
7. High WOB values, i.e., from the mean value up to the maximum of 43.31 klb, reflect a low ROP and most likely indicate an operation beyond the foundering (considering a drill-rate test).
8. High and directly customized flow rate allows the hole to be cleaned more efficiently and gravel to be transported as desired, preventing side effects when going for drilling efficiency and drillability enhancement. Flow adjustment also ensures an adequate balance of dynamic bottom hole pressure, in addition to controlling the force impact force of the drilling fluid in contact with the rock being drilled, expressing importance in terms of efficiency and rock penetration. In the particular case verified, for a guarantee of an optimum operation, the flow rate (FLOW) should be kept at a maximum value of approx. 803 gpm.
* Furthermore, it is important to mention that the results of this research are not only applicable to hydrocarbon exploration but also to geothermal systems and natural hydrogen exploration.
## 5 Case Study: \"11.28\" Rockburst in Jinping II Drainage Tunnel  
### Project Overview  
The Jinping II hydropower station tunnel group is located in Southwest China, which is a strategic key project of the country's western development. The total length and the maximum buried depth of the tunnel are about 17 km and 2525 m, respectively. The specific geographical location of the tunnel group is shown in Figure 9a,b [33]. The construction of the tunnel group is significantly affected by the high-ground stress condition. During the drainage tunnel excavation from east to west, it encountered many geological disasters such as rockbursts, and the most serious one occurred on 28 November 2009 in the drainage  
Figure 8: The influence of structural plane geometer parameters on rockburst proneness at each monitoring point: (**a**) Dip angle; (**b**) Length; (**c**) Relative distance. (The influence of structural plane on point D and E are nearly the same in Figure 8a,b, so the point E is ignored).  
tunnel. There was an extremely intense rockburst that occurred in the tunnel section with the pile numbers SK9 + 283-SK9 + 322 (Figure 9c). The accident caused heavy losses of casualties and failure of the TBM. This rockburst case is also called \"11.28\" extremely intense rockburst [34]. After the rockburst, a rigid structural plane approximately parallel to the tunnel axis and with a dip angle of 50\({}^{\circ}\) is exposed (Figure 9d). The structural plane is straight, smooth, and unfilled. The rock mass below the structural plane collapsed during the rockburst, and a \"V\" shaped blasting pit with a depth of about 7 m was formed, which conforms to the characteristics of the strain-structural plane slip rockburst [6].