## 5 Conclusions and Recommendations
### Recommendations  
It is evident that the critical nodes and segments in sparse road networks play a crucial role during disasters. To enhance the resilience of sparse road networks, the following points should be emphasized.  
Firstly, the protection and maintenance of critical nodes and segments should be strengthened. Resilience weak points (nodes and segments) within the network should be identified and categorized, and regular structural safety inspections and maintenance should be conducted. Secondly, the emergency response and recovery speed should be improved. During disasters, measures such as partial road closures should be implemented to mitigate their negative impacts on the network. Post-disaster, two-way traffic capacity should be promptly restored to enhance network resilience and adaptability. Thirdly, resource allocation should be optimized. Resources should be allocated based on resilience assessment results, ensuring the reserve of critical materials and equipment, such as rapid deployment bridges and debris removal vehicles. Fourthly, the redundancy of sparse road networks should be increased by leveraging the advantages of macroscopic topological nodes in regional networks. This enables the quick diversion of mainline traffic during emergencies, ensuring the rapid arrival of emergency response vehicles. Additionally, network connectivity should be improved through road upgrades and new construction, especially near critical nodes and segments, to provide more alternative routes and options, enhancing network resilience in the event of complete interruptions.  
Conceptualization, S.X. and Z.Y.; data curation, S.X. and G.X.; formal analysis, S.X.; funding acquisition, Z.Y.; investigation, S.X., M.W., G.X. and S.B.; methodology, S.X. and Z.Y.; project administration, Z.Y.; resources, Z.Y.; software, S.X. and M.W.; supervision, Z.Y.; validation, S.X. and M.W.; visualization, S.X.; writing--original draft, S.X.; writing--review and editing, Z.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (funding number: 2022 YFC3002604).  
Not applicable.  
The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because the data are part of an ongoing study or due to technical. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to the corresponding author.  
This manuscript is an extended version of our conference paper originally published as: [PERSON], et al. Construction Method for a Dual-Layer Topological Model of Sparse Road Networks in Geological and Meteorological Disaster-Prone Areas. First published in The Proceedings of the 11 th International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies, pp. 436-444, 2025, by Springer Nature Singapore. The current manuscript includes over 75% new material, focusing on expanded resilience concepts, new quantification methods, advanced evaluation metrics, and in-depth case study analysis, which significantly differ from the original conference paper. The authors would like to thank the organizers of the 11 th International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies for their support. Furthermore, we acknowledge the support of the China Scholarship Council (CSC) program (Project ID: 202406260266).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.