## 1 Introduction  
The increasing application of various photovoltaic (PV) technologies has led to the exploring new locations for the installation of PV modules, panels, and arrays. In addition to the functional and default locations for installation in urban areas, such as the roofs of residential [1], commercial [2], industrial [3], and other [4] buildings, PV modules can be installed on highway slopes [5], road structures [6], pavements [7], car parks [8], building facades [9], and so on. By installing PV modules, in particular, on building facades, they become integral parts of the buildings, the so-called Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPVs). PV modules intended for installation on buildings can be fully integrated--as a replacement for window walls and roof windows, or ventilated (passively or actively)--in the case of installation on facades and roofs of buildings in combination with air channels [10]. In addition to generating electricity, BIPVs can be used as a construction or architectural solution for the construction or renovation of building facades [11]. By installing BIPVs, the direct exposure of the building walls to solar heating is prevented, which leads to a decrease in the temperature of the building walls and has a positive effect on the energy efficiency of buildings in the summer months [12]. For building facades, as well as for all other locations where PV modules can be integrated with a solar chimney, the velocity of air along the chimney channel and the average temperature of the PV modules can be estimated iteratively by means of steady-state thermal modeling. Numerous experimental, analytical, and numerical models have already been used in the literature for steady-state thermal analyses. In this view, ventilated air-spaces behind passive and active facades were studied numerically and experimentally in [13]. Reference [14] reviewed and analyzed options to integrate various configurations of a solar chimney with various buildings for the purpose of air ventilation. Air channels of different sizes used for passive ventilation of wall-mounted PV panels were analyzed numerically in [15]. According to [15], the air velocity in any air-cooled channel decreases with increasing channel thickness and increases with increasing channel width. The electrical and thermal performance parameters of a PV wall with different air gaps in unclosed, partially enclosed, and enclosed modes were estimated using a finite element method in [16]. In addition, a BIPV system with enhanced passive ventilation was modeled by computational fluid dynamics in [17]. Performance prediction of a ventilated BIPV system with a crystalline silicon module based on an experimental fitting method was conducted in [18]. The solar chimney effect in a passively ventilated BIPV system was studied experimentally in [19]. This effect has been used for a long time in solar chimney power plants. A solar chimney power plant with various types of heat storage systems was analyzed in [20]. Some methods for improving the performance of such a solar chimney power plant with heat storage were discussed in [21], while a review of existing methods of this kind can be found in [22]. The enhancement of ventilation performance of a roof solar chimney was considered in [23]. The electricity generation and temperature of a roof-integrated PV system in South Korea over a period of 2.5 years were analyzed in [24]. The performance of a combined roof-integrated solar chimney for the natural ventilation of buildings was evaluated in [25]. An assessment of thermal conditioning in a house with a solar chimney using computational fluid dynamics was performed in [26]. A novel method to manufacture power-efficient BIPV modules that are esthetically acceptable for use in zero-energy buildings was suggested in [27]. Two steady-state temperature models for BIPV modules were analyzed in [28]. Moreover, the results of experimental and numerical analyses of the performance of a ventilated energy-productive wall were reported in [29].