## 7 Future Roadmap  
In this section, we discuss some open research challenges related to the security of SF and PA. While in this paper, we begin the first steps in creating novel SF/PA mitigation strategies by reviewing the literature, developing a taxonomy, and conducting a case study on APTs. Future research can build upon this through interdisciplinary research that draws on knowledge from farmers, SF tool developers, and computer scientists to test the mitigation techniques mentioned here and to develop more specific strategies to the SF and PA context. Listed below, these challenges can highlight a future road map for further research in this area. * **Access Control from a Security Perspective:** Dealing with hired labor and livestock, the owners of farms, greenhouses, etc. are traditionally concerned about access control. However, they need to adopt a security perspective for their property. Authentication, authorization, and accounting should be incorporated to prevent unauthorized access, which is the stepping stone in many severe attacks on SF and PA. Although the literature in this area comes with some relevant research reports [1; 2; 3; 41; 50], there is still opportunities for systematic research. * **Data Protection:** Given, the abilities of smart devices and IoT, enormous data acquisition, communication and processing is a well-known characteristic of SF and PA [1; 2]. This raises the need for efficient data protection mechanisms, which has been of interest to a few researchers [1; 2]. However, data protection can still be considered as an open research challenge in this area. * **Network Infrastructure and Physical Layer Protection:** The physical layer and the network infrastructure play critical roles in SF and PA. They are targeted by several attacks [3]. Although a few research projects have focused on this topic [4; 9; 135; 136], research in this area still needs to be developed. * **Education as Risk Reduction:** The social elements of reducing cyber-risks, such as education, has received relatively little attention by scholars [146]. Not only are farmers are interested in education regarding security threats to their operations, but education is regarded as a vital tool for reducing security risk [147; 132; 148]. Future research opportunities exist in assessing what cyber-safe behaviours farmers currently utilize. From this, there can be investigation of what educational formats, content, and dispersion would be most effective and appreciated by these vital stakeholders. * **Specific Secure Communication Protocols for SF and PA:** In SF and PA, where sensors, actuators, drones, autonomous tractors and other smart devices are spread out in various locations, communication protocols are of critical importance. Although several network, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and IoT protocols such as Bluetooth, NFC, WiFi, SSL, TCP, UDP and 6 loWPA have been adopted from other technologies [3; 121; 149], there is still room for research on secure protocols specifically designed and standardized for SF and PA. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Measure** & **IoT Layer** & **Related Security Aspect** \\ \hline Password Recovery & & Privacy, \\ Made Safe [65; 137; 138; 141; 144] & Middleware & Confidentially, \\  & & Authenticity \\ \hline Unauthorized Account Deactivation & & Privacy, \\ [138; 139; 140; 142; 144] & Edge layer & Confidentially, \\  & & Authenticity \\ \hline Periodic Device Evaluation & & Privacy, \\ [65; 137; 139; 141; 143; 144; 144] & Edge layer & Availability \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Attack Countermeasures for SF and PA.  
* **Secure Smart Devices:** Given the threats to smart devices used in SF and PA (studied in previous sections), security needs to be taken into consideration in design and implementation phases of these devices. * **Secure AI Adoption:** In recent years, some researchers have been concerned about the application of AI in SF and PA [2,3].