# Moving towards Personalized Medicine--The Broad Use of Aptamers for Targeted Theranostic
## 2 Cancer Therapeutics
Regarding prostate cancer, several studies have focused on the finding of new aptamers, since this cancer affects millions of men. Apt63 aptamer targets APT5B to reduce its metastatic potential and leads to cancer cell death, with no toxicity in non-tumoral cells, both in cell lines and in xenograft models [34]; two aptamer target PSMA, namely A9g [35] and other PSMA-specific aptamers [36], which is considered to have high potential against this cancer type, since PSMA is specific to prostate cancer tissue; combining A9 gwith AGRO100, the inhibition of cancer features seems to be highly improved [37]; CG3 is an aptamer that inhibits the proliferation of blood cancer cells originated in prostate, showing potential both as a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer and as a drug delivery therapy system [38]; the AS1411 also expresses impact on prostate cancer [39]; finally, the shRNA/PEI-PEG-APT/DOX conjugates can detect and inactivate PSMA-positive cancer cells [40]. Regarding other types of cancer, there are aptamers that exhibit potential in treatment and/or diagnosis. For glioblastoma, 40L and A40s target CD133 and allow the reduction in metastasis process [41]; in oral cancer, the inhibition of Heparinase by the anti-HPSE1 seemed to be effective to reduce invasion capacity and lead to cytotoxicity of cancer cells [42]; regarding cervical cancer, A2 aptamer targets E6 and E7 oncogenes, which lead to tumor regression and growth inhibition [43]; concerning bladder cancer, alncRNA aptamer inhibits TF transcription and oncogene activity, leading to reduced cancer features [44]; and, in view of gastric cancer, the use of trimeric aptamer targets to ErbB-2/HER2, showing high efficiency when combined in the trimeric form, reducing endocytosis and growth rate [45]. Leukemia has some potential aptamers, such as AS1411 [46], ap\(\beta\)-arrestin2 for the reduction in the progression of chronic myeloid leukemia [47], and ssRNA MLL-1 to target MLL-1, leading to cancer growth reduction [48]. For [PERSON]'s lymphoma, an aptamer for CD30 is used to diagnose the disease, namely the CD-RNA aptamer with gold nanospheres called HAuNS [49]. In the myeloma disease, the use of NOX-A12, which targets CXCL12, leads to a reduction in cell adhesion and signaling processes, as well as cancer cell growth and proliferation [17], a phase IIa study in 28 relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients found NOX-A12, whether given alone or with bortezomib/dexamethasone, to be safe and well-tolerated [24]. Regarding skin cancer, F3B aptamers inhibit MMP-9, which reduces cell proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling as well as allowing of the detection, being a therapists aptamer [50]. Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with local invasion and distant metastases, which contribute to the high mortality rates associated with the disease [75; 76]. The lack of effective treatments and diagnostic methods further compounds the problem, underscoring the need to develop targeted therapeutics and diagnostic approaches to improve patient outcomes [63]. Optamers are, therefore, an attractive option for developing more accurate diagnostic tests and more effective treatments for pancreatic cancer. The E07 aptamer, which targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), can be used to improve the effectiveness of gemcitabine, having the potential to be a more effective treatment for pancreatic cancer than current therapies using gemcitabine alone [51]. Two RNA aptamers (P19 and P1) were selected to specifically recognize pancreatic cancer cells and deliver a duplex C/EBP\(\alpha\)-saRNA molecule to target tumor growth suppression. In animal models, P19-C/EBP\(\alpha\)-saRNA induced a 40% decrease in tumor growth with no toxicity [52]. A TfR aptamer-C/EBP\(\alpha\)-saRNA conjugate used to treat advanced PDAC in a mouse model, also showed a significant reduction in tumor size [53].