## 3 Results and Discussions
### Analysis of Variance
#### 3.2.2 Analysis of Variance Experimental Data for AA5083/Coal Composite
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Level** & **Traverse Speed (mm/min)** & **Rotational Speed (rpm)** & **Tilt Angle (\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \hline
1 & 20.29 & 21.82 & 23.39 \\
2 & 21.78 & **24.85** & 19.35 \\
3 & **24.33** & 19.72 & **23.65** \\ Delta & 4.03 & 5.13 & 4.30 \\ Rank & 3 & 1 & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 15: Table of Responses for the S/N ratio of percentage elongation parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Degree of Freedom (DF)** & **Seq SS** & **F-Value** & \(p\)**-Value** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Percentage** \\ **Contribution** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline TS & 2 & 10.233 & 0.47 & 0.682 & 19.3 \\ (mm/min) & 2 & 6.4510 & 0.29 & 0.773 & 12.8 \\ RS (rpm) & 2 & 14.329 & 0.65 & 0.605 & **27.0** \\ Error & 2 & 21.969 & & & 41.5 \\ Total & 8 & 52.982 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 17: Contribution of individual factor to the variation of ultimate tensile strength. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Level** & **Traverse Speed (mm/min)** & **Rotational Speed (rpm)** & **Tilt Angle (\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \hline
1 & 42.36 & 44.07 & 44.58 \\
2 & 44.53 & **44.78** & 42.09 \\
3 & **44.71** & 42.74 & **44.92** \\ Delta & 2.35 & 2.04 & 2.83 \\ Rank & 2 & 3 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 14: Table of Responses for the S/N ratio of ultimate tensile strength parameters. The optimized parameter micrographs for the AA5083/SiC and AA5083/Coal composite joints, captured at 50\(\times\) and 100\(\times\) magnifications, are presented in Figures 5a and 5b, respectively. Figure 5(a,b) correspond to the optimal parameters of 900 rpm, 30 mm/min, and a 2\({}^{\circ}\) tilt angle for AA5083/SiC. Figure 5(a,b) depicts 900 rpm, 45 mm/min, and a 2\({}^{\circ}\) tilt angle for AA5083/SiC. Figure 5(a,b) shows 900 rpm, 60 mm/min, and a 2\({}^{\circ}\) tilt angle for AA5083/Coal. The microstructural images reveal the distribution of the reinforcement particles (SiC or Coal) within the AA5083 matrix, showing how different FSP parameters influence particle dispersion and bonding in the composites. These details explain the variations in mechanical properties based on the reinforcement material and processing conditions. The microstructural results show incomplete bonding between the reinforcement particles and the matrix, which can impact mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and ductility. As a result, it can be concluded that when it comes to the microstructure, proper bonding and uniform particle dispersion result in better mechanical performance, while incomplete bonding or uneven distribution can lead to reduced strength and ductility. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Degree of Freedom (DF)** & **Seq SS** & **F-Value** & **\(p\)-Value** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Percentage** \\ **Contribution** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline TS & 2 & 24.97 & 1.52 & 0.397 & 21.5 \\ (mm/min) & 2 & 39.93 & 2.43 & 0.292 & **34.4** \\ TA (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 2 & 34.89 & 2.12 & 0.320 & 30.0 \\ Error & 2 & 16.44 & & & 14.1 \\ Total & 8 & 116.23 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 18: Contribution of individual factor to the variation of percentage elongation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Degree of Freedom (DF)** & **Seq SS** & **F-Value** & **\(p\)-Value** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Percentage** \\ **Contribution** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline TS & 2 & 0.04040 & 0.14 & 0.874 & 5.792 \\ (mm/min) & 2 & 0.31316 & 1.12 & 0.472 & **44.89** \\ TA (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 2 & 0.06369 & 0.23 & 0.815 & 9.131 \\ Error & 2 & 0.28026 & & & 40.18 \\ Total & 8 & 0.69751 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 19: Contribution of individual factor to the variation of microhardness.