## 5 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Research** \\ **Method** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Main Variables**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Measurement Tools—Research Tools**} \\ \hline
[149] & Quantitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} Control, sensory, distraction, and \\ realism factors of the overall \\ experience \\ \end{tabular} & The Presence Questionnaire [216] \\ \hline
[150] & Quantitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} Students’ pre-test and post-test scores \\ \end{tabular} & 3 ad hoc pre-test and post-test quizzes, one for each class \\ \hline
[151] & Mixed & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Time on task, engagement, and \\ collaborative learning \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Pre-play and post-play questionnaires, interviews, and \\ video recordings \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[152] & Mixed & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Retention rate, communication and \\ interaction, learners’ attitudes, and \\ overall effect on the educational \\ process \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Post-test, teachers’/researchers’ journals, and \\ semi-structured interviews \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[153] & Quantitative & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Students’ knowledge of \\ emotional terms and concepts \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Multiple-choice learning tests adapted from the History \\ Word Association Test (HWAT) [217] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[154] & Quantitative & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Learning effectiveness and usability \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ad hoc pre-test and post-test questionnaires \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[155] & Quantitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} The impact of gamified augmented \\ reality application on beginner \\ language learners \\ \end{tabular} & Ad hoc survey with open-ended questions \\ \hline
[156] & Quantitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} Students’ attitudes \\ \end{tabular} & 26-item questionnaire [64] \\ \hline
[157] & Qualitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} Vocabulary development, students’ \\ active participation, and topic \\ awareness \\ \end{tabular} & Interviews with open-ended questions and observations \\ \hline
[158] & Mixed & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Students’ comprehension of \\ intelligent environments \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Open-ended questions, pre-test, post-test, and \\ observations \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[159] & Quantitative & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Students’ viewpoints \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ad hoc questionnaire \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[160] & Quantitative & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Image detection model accuracy \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Cross-validation \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[161] & Qualitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} The impact of gamified augmented \\ reality on learning motivation and \\ collaboration \\ \end{tabular} & Interviews \\ \hline
[162] & Quantitative & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Effects of different gamification \\ mechanisms on learning experiences \\ in augmented reality learning \\ applications \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ad hoc 3-item questionnaire, measuring interest, \\ confidence, and intention \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[163] & Quantitative & Deep learning model performance &
\begin{tabular}{c} 3-part questionnaire, including demographic \\ information, user experience, and information \\ comprehension \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[164] & Quantitative & System usability and learning aspects &
\begin{tabular}{c} Two ad hoc questionnaires regarding the systems \\ interface, interactions, and learning aspects \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[165] & Quantitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} Students’ viewpoints \\ \end{tabular} & 7-item ad hoc questionnaire \\ \hline
[166] & Quantitative & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Users’ acceptance and application \\ performance \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ad hoc questionnaire to evaluate the performance and \\ acceptance of the application following the suggestions \\ made by [218] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[167] & Qualitative & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Students’ viewpoints, motivation, \\ attitudes, and learning-related \\ outcomes \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ad hoc questionnaire, observations, protocols, and \\ guided interviews \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[168] & Qualitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} Students’ errors made, interactions \\ and hints used for each task \\ \end{tabular} & Observations \\ \hline
[169] & Quantitative &
\begin{tabular}{c} 4-year academic results in the form of \\ grades and overall module \\ completion rate \\ \end{tabular} & Academic performance assessment \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}