## 4 Defense Strategies Against Deliberate Attacks on IECPS
### Process Response
#### 4.2.3 Multi-Source Coordinated Dispatch  
After fault isolation, the primary task is to rapidly restore the system's energy supply. In traditional single-energy systems, operators are limited to dispatching emergency resources within the system, with repair speed hindered by the availability of these resources, resulting in prolonged recovery times. Despite some studies have introduced energy storage [161; 162; 163] and emergency generators [164; 165; 166] to provide backup support for critical loads, the mitigation of system losses remains limited. Other studies have considered introducing renewable energy sources during faults to supply power and reduce load loss during fault recovery [167]. However, this method is characterized by significant uncertainty, as its effectiveness is greatly impacted by weather conditions. In [168], active load shedding was employed to mitigate the risk of larger-scale energy supply disruptions during extreme events. Due to the uncertainty of fault severity and the cost limitations of emergency resource allocation, it is not feasible to configure backup equipment at every node of the system. Consequently, the aforementioned mitigation strategies exhibit limited effect in addressing faults in single-energy systems. In integrated energy systems, operators have comprehensive control over different energy subsystems and can support load supply to faulty systems by coordinating the scheduling of these subsystems. In [169], the authors analyzed a case where the natural gas system supported the economic and secure operation of the power system, highlighting that the flexibility of natural gas infrastructure can effectively address intermittent power shortages in the electricity grid. In [170], the authors coordinated and optimized the output of gas turbines and P2G devices to mitigate safety violations in integrated energy systems caused by wind power forecast errors in real-time. In [171], the authors further explored how coordinating the scheduling of electrical, gas, and thermal subsystems could mitigate the impact of extreme disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods, ensuring high-quality energy supply restoration. During the coordination of subsystems, power imbalance risks may arise, at which point selective load shedding or transfer can be implemented. In [148], the authors mentioned initiating ice storage systems to release cold energy by melting ice, thereby substituting electrical refrigeration and mitigating the power imbalance. In [172], the authors discussed reducing a range of non-critical loads and increasing the utilization of electrical and thermal energy storage to ensure that energy demands of critical loads can still be met during extreme events. In addition to load shedding and transfer, energy balance within subsystems can also be achieved through network reconfiguration and partitioning. In [173; 174], network reconfiguration was performed for electric-thermal and gas-electric integrated energy systems, respectively, to ensure power supply in non-fault areas. In [175], the authors actively disconnected loads with islanding capabilities and performed energy coordination within these loads to form energy-balanced islanded integrated energy microgrids. With the continuous development of integrated energy systems, the scope of multi-source coordinated scheduling is no longer limited to the coordination of energy flows, such as natural gas, thermal energy, and electricity, but has also expanded to the transportation system. In [176], researchers used the Delphi method to survey members of the U.S. Department of Energy's Electricity Advisory Committee, pointing out that vehicle-grid integration can significantly enhance the resilience of energy systems. Additionally, the study conducted a detailed analysis of the potential roles of three integration modes:grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G), and vehicle-to-building (V2B).