## 3 Experiment and Results
### Experimental Results and Analysis
For Site 4, the combined models optimized by four different optimization algorithms showed outstanding forecasting potential. For wind power forecasting, the combined model optimized by MODA obtained the lowest MAE, RMSE, STDAPE, and MAPE values of 45.4039, 81.9297, 24.57%, and 14.226%, respectively. There were no obvious differences in MAPE among the other combined models. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Site** & **Data** & **Model** & **MAE** & **RMSE** & **STDAPE** & **DA** & **U1** & **U2** & **MAPE** & **R2** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Site 1} & \multirow{4}{*}{Wind speed} & MOGWO-CM5 & 0.3533 & 0.4647 & 9.07\% & 78.55\% & 0.0457 & 0.7801 & 8.97\% & 0.9765 \\  & & MODA-CM5 & 0.3531 & 0.4644 & 9.06\% & 78.55\% & 0.0456 & 0.7798 & 8.97\% & 0.9765 \\  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 0.3533 & 0.4649 & 9.08\% & 78.45\% & 0.0457 & 0.7802 & 8.97\% & 0.9765 \\  & & MODE-CM5 & 0.3533 & 0.4648 & 9.08\% & 78.35\% & 0.0457 & 0.7799 & 8.97\% & 0.9765 \\ \cline{2-10}  & & MOMGWO-CM5 & 36.8124 & 58.3834 & 61.35\% & 70.51\% & 0.0510 & 0.5874 & 19.52\% & 0.9883 \\  & & MODA-CM5 & 36.8083 & 58.3819 & 61.15\% & 70.51\% & 0.0511 & 0.5861 & 19.51\% & 0.9884 \\  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 36.8087 & 58.3822 & 61.58\% & 70.41\% & 0.0512 & 0.5862 & 19.54\% & 0.9883 \\  & & MODE-CM5 & 36.8282 & 58.3929 & 61.58\% & 70.31\% & 0.0511 & 0.5868 & 19.54\% & 0.9883 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Site 2} & \multirow{4}{*}{Wind speed} & MOGWO-CM5 & 0.3702 & 0.5147 & 11.57\% & 77.36\% & 0.0591 & 0.7825 & 10.41\% & 0.9599 \\  & & MODA-CM5 & 0.3701 & 0.5146 & 11.57\% & 77.36\% & 0.0591 & 0.7828 & 10.41\% & 0.9599 \\  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 0.3701 & 0.5147 & 11.58\% & 77.16\% & 0.0591 & 0.7826 & 10.41\% & 0.9599 \\  & & MODE-CM5 & 0.3702 & 0.5148 & 11.59\% & 77.46\% & 0.0592 & 0.7828 & 10.41\% & 0.9599 \\ \cline{2-10}  & & MOMGWO-CM5 & 28.566 & 53.2864 & 37.05\% & 71.40\% & 0.0663 & 0.7942 & 17.77\% & 0.9883 \\  & & MODA-CM5 & 28.5521 & 53.2496 & 36.91\% & 71.40\% & 0.0662 & 0.7945 & 17.75\% & 0.9834 \\  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 28.8509 & 53.3471 & 37.05\% & 71.30\% & 0.0663 & 0.7949 & 17.77\% & 0.9833 \\  & & MODE-CM5 & 28.5791 & 53.3585 & 37.09\% & 71.40\% & 0.0664 & 0.7944 & 17.77\% & 0.9833 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Site 3} & \multirow{4}{*}{Wind speed} & MOGWO-CM5 & 0.5719 & 0.7595 & 13.09\% & 74.68\% & 0.063 & 0.7921 & 11.93\% & 0.9438 \\  & & MODA-CM5 & 0.5719 & 0.7595 & 13.08\% & 74.78\% & 0.063 & 0.7925 & 11.92\% & 0.9488 \\  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 0.572 & 0.7598 & 13.10\% & 74.88\% & 0.063 & 0.7931 & 11.93\% & 0.9437 \\ \cline{2-10}  & & MODE-CM5 & 0.5723 & 0.7601 & 13.10\% & 74.58\% & 0.063 & 0.7923 & 11.93\% & 0.9437 \\ \cline{2-10}  & & \multirow{4}{*}{Wind power} & MOGWO-CM5 & 67.6316 & 102.8315 & 55.22\% & 70.11\% & 0.0696 & 0.8788 & 21.67\% & 0.9731 \\  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 67.6172 & 102.7371 & 54.96\% & 70.31\% & 0.0695 & 0.8781 & 21.65\% & 0.9732 \\  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 67.6892 & 102.9403 & 55.08\% & 70.11\% & 0.0696 & 0.8776 & 21.68\% & 0.9731 \\  & & MODE-CM5 & 67.6626 & 102.8442 & 55.40\% & 70.21\% & 0.0696 & 0.8793 & 21.68\% & 0.9731 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Site 4} & \multirow{4}{*}{Wind speed} & MOGWO-CM5 & 0.4162 & 0.6063 & 10.78\% & 60.68\% & 0.0534 & 1.1342 & 8.88\% & 0.9623 \\  & & MODA-CM5 & 0.4162 & 0.6061 & 10.77\% & 60.58\% & 0.0534 & 1.1338 & 8.88\% & 0.9624 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 0.4164 & 0.6064 & 10.77\% & 60.68\% & 0.0534 & 1.1338 & 8.89\% & 0.9623 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & MODE-CM5 & 0.4163 & 0.6063 & 10.77\% & 60.58\% & 0.0534 & 1.1338 & 8.89\% & 0.9623 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 45.4275 & 81.9936 & 24.61\% & 61.87\% & 0.0656 & 1.0822 & 14.23\% & 0.9777 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & & MODA-CM5 & 45.4039 & 81.9297 & 24.57\% & 61.77\% & 0.0656 & 1.0824 & 14.23\% & 0.9777 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & MOMVO-CM5 & 45.4503 & 82.1035 & 24.63\% & 61.87\% & 0.0657 & 1.0824 & 14.23\% & 0.9777 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & & MODE-CM5 & 45.4691 & 82.0945 & 24.64\% & 61.77\% & 0.0657 & 1.0824 & 14.24\% & 0.9777 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}