## 5 Operational Descriptions of the Future Distribution Networks with the Sundom Smart Grid
### Energy Management Use Cases
#### 5.1.1 Energy Management Use Cases of the Self-Sufficient Phase
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**HL-UC Name** & **Events in the LV and MV Distribution Networks** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Electricity supply} & LV: Electricity is supplied to the customers’ grids by the DSO and the energy retailer. The DSO provides voltage to the customers’ main distribution board. It measures the consumed energy via smart energy meters for billing purposes (the energy retailer’s energy charge and the DSO’s transmission charge). \\ \cline{2-3}  & MV: Electricity is supplied to the LV customers via the MV distribution network. The DSO measures the consumed energy in the LV distribution grid at the secondary substations. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Electricity consumption} & LV: Customers consume electric energy in several ways. The most significant loads are electric heating, boiler, stove, suaan stove, lighting, ventilation, and heat pumps. The EVs, the PV-BESS, and the SS-BESS consume electricity while charging. The BESS inside the EV (EV-BESS) is considered a passive load in this phase. \\ \cline{2-3}  & MV: PS-BESS consumes electricity while charging. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Load control} & LV: The loads are divided into non-controllable and controllable, in which controllable are passive type loads, such as heating, boiler, heat pumps, and EVs. The controllable loads are used for the demand response (DR) programs by the aggregators, who can be “a market participant that combines multiple customer loads or generated electricity for sale, for purchase or auction in any organized energy market” [76]; in this study, they are called retailer-aggregators. CEMS can be used for a cluster of households by controlling the loads centrally as an option in DR, for example. In this case, the retailer-aggregator also sends the price signal to the CEMS. An SS-BESS can offer a controllable load with storage (charging) for the DSO’s local ASs. For example, the summertime situation can be high PV generation and low consumption, which can cause the voltage rise, and by charging the SS-BESS, the voltage can be decreased in the network. Alternatively, an SS-BESS could be offered to be aggregated for the TSO’s ASs via the marketplaces. \\ \cline{2-3}  & MV: The PS-BESS can offer frequency stability support operations as an FCR via marketplaces (for example, store excess energy). \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Energy management high-level use cases in the self-sufficient phase. The load control HL-UC can be studied further by generating, as an example, the economic DR for the load shifting PUC. Generally, load shifting means a reduction in electricity consumption, while an increase in demand follows later when the electricity prices are lower. There are two basic options for the DR programs [80,81]: the price-based programs (PBP) and the incentive-based programs (IBP). The PBP programs are based on dynamic pricing, where the electricity prices vary according to the real-time cost of electricity. The PBP programs include the time-of-use (TOU), critical peak pricing (CPP), extreme day CPP (ED-CPP), extreme day pricing (EDP), and real-time pricing (RTP) programs. The IBP programs are divided into the classical load control programs and the market-based programs. In the classical IBP, the customers receive participation fees (an invoice credit or a discount rate) for their involvement in the programs. In the market-based programs, participants are rewarded with money, depending on the amount of load reduction. The classical IBP includes direct load control programs (DLC) and interruptible or curtailable load programs. The market-based IBP has programs of demand bidding (DB), emergency DR, capacity market (CM), and AS markets. Some PBP programs are generally applied in suburban (and rural areas) in the current electricity distribution networks. The IBP programs, direct control, load curtailment programs, and DB are applied traditionally to industry loads in high-demand times. In this case study, no industry buildings are in the area, so these are neglected.