# Deterministic Propagation Modeling for Intelligent Vehicle Communication in Smart Cities
## 1 Introduction  
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) is the next generation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In this sense, Smart Cities must be able to take advantage of its applications and benefits on transportation operations according to main areas of research goals identified by the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) ([[https://www.its.dot.gov](https://www.its.dot.gov)]([https://www.its.dot.gov](https://www.its.dot.gov))): safety, mobility, efficiency, productivity, energy and environmental impacts, and customer satisfaction, offering to travelers more mobility options and access opportunities. To meet these goals, ITS technologies would be integrated into other operational areas of the Smart Cities as is proposed in the Smart Columbus program [1], where the advancements in connected vehicles (CV), automated vehicles (AV), and electric vehicles are integratedwith the data from various sectors and sources to simultaneously power these technologies while leveraging the new information they provide. These ITS technologies can be seen as a part of a holistic or wider mobility approach where some sustainable transportation strategies such as strengthening urban road construction, improving operational efficiency and private traffic restriction have been proposed as sustainable strategies for transportation development [2]. Countries such as Canada, the United States of America (USA), Mexico, European nations, the Middle East and Japan are pioneers and adopters of ITS research and applications into vehicles, infrastructure and traffic management where governmental agencies are strongly involved and play a key role in delivering safe and efficient transportation. As an overview, in Canada, Transport Canada ([[http://www.tg.gc.ca](http://www.tg.gc.ca)]([http://www.tg.gc.ca](http://www.tg.gc.ca))) is focused on the development of relevant transportation policies and legislation, while in USA, the U.S DOT aims to ensure a fast, safe, efficient, accessible and convenient transportation system that meets U.S. vital national interests and enhances the quality of life of the public. In Mexico, the Mexican Institute of Transport ([[http://www.imt.mx](http://www.imt.mx)]([http://www.imt.mx](http://www.imt.mx))) conducts research projects around public and private transport and implements programs aimed at developing adequate human capital for the transportation sector. V2I communication is the bi-directional wireless exchange of data (control and information) between vehicles and Road Side Units (RSUs), wirelessly providing information such as advice from the infrastructure to the vehicle that inform the driver of safety, mobility, or environment-related conditions [3]. In 1999, the U.S. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated a 75 MHz of licensed spectrum at 5.9 Ghz to be used as V2V and V2I communications known as Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), and the IEEE 802.11p standard [4], part of the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) initiative [5], was developed to operate at this 5.9 Ghz band, with 75 Mhz bandwidth and seven 10 Mhz channels. This dedicated bandwidth provides a low-latency, short-to-medium-range wireless communications medium that permits fast and reliable data transmissions at high transmission rates, critical for safety applications. In this context, the U.S. DOT announced new V2I guidance [6] that will boost the ongoing private [7], academic [8] and governmental [9] research efforts and projects in the area of ITS including applications ranging from safety critical [10; 11; 12] and traffic management [13; 14] up to gaming and in-car multimedia streaming [15].