## 3 Results and Discussion
### Contents and Compositions of Volatile Compounds from Seeds and Cones of Greek Fir
& 1397 & 1403 & RI, MS \\
55 & Longiofiene & st & 0.4 & 0.5 & 1404 & 1411 & \({}^{1}\)H, RI, MS \\
56 & (\(\beta\)-\(\beta\)-Carvophyllene & st & 0.7 & 0.4 & 1417 & 1421 & \({}^{1}\)H, RI, MS \\
57 & Aristolene & st & n.d. & tr. & 1437 & 1423 & RI, MS \\
58 & \(\gamma\)-Elemente & st & tr. & n.d. & 1428 & 1429 & RI, MS \\
59 & Guiaia-6,9-diene & st & 0.2 & n.d. & 1438 & 1443 & RI, MS \\
60 & Isogermacrene D & st & 0.1 & n.d. & 1444 & 1455 & RI, MS \\
61 + 62 & Cadina-3,5-diene + \(\alpha\)-Humulene & st & 0.5 & n.d. & 1450 & 1450 + 1455 & RI, MS \\
62 & \(\alpha\)-Humulene & st & n.d. & 0.2 & 1450 & 1455 & \({}^{1}\)H, RI, MS \\
63 & Alloarmaednerne & st & tr. & n.d. & 1452 & 1462 & RI, MS \\
64 & Cadina-4,11-diene & st & 0.1 & n.d. & 1474 & 1462 & RI, MS \\
65 & 2-_epi_-(\(E\))-\(\beta\)-Carvophyllene & st & 0.1 & n.d. & 1478 & 1467 & RI, MS \\
66 & \(\alpha\)-Amorphene & st & n.d. & tr. & 1474 & 1477 & RI, MS \\
67 & \(\gamma\)-Muurolene & st & 0.1 & n.d. & 1482 & 1474 & RI, MS \\
68 & \(\beta\)-Cadinene & st & 0.3 & n.d. & 1484 & 1483 & RI, MS \\
69 & \(\beta\)-Selinene & st & 0.1 & n.d. & 1487 & 1486 & RI, MS \\
70 & \(\alpha\)-Selinene & st & tr. & n.d. & 1491 & 1494 & RI, MS \\
71 & Dihydrogarofuran & st & 0.1 & n.d. & 1495 & 1500 & \({}^{1}\)H, RI, MS \\
72 & \(\gamma\)-Cadinene & st & 0.1 & n.d. & 1499 & 1507 & RI, MS \\
73 & \(\beta\)-Bisabolene & st & tr. & tr. & 1501 & 1503 & RI, MS \\
74 & 7-epi-\(\alpha\)-Selinene & st & tr. & n.d. & 1513 & 1519 & RI, MS \\
75 & 8-Cadinene & st & tr. & n.d. & 1515 & 1520 & RI, MS \\
76 & \(\prime\)-\(\alpha\)-Bisabolene & st & nd. & tr. & 1533 & 1530 & RI, MS \\
77 & \(\beta\)-Elemol & sto & tr. & n.d. & 1537 & 1541 & \({}^{1}\)H, RI, MS \\
78 & \(\langle E\rangle\)-Nerolid & sto & tr. & tr. & 1550 & 1553 & \({}^{1}\)H, RI, MS \\
79 & Endsema-5,7(11)-diene & st & tr. & n.d. & 1555 & 1543 & RI, MS \\
80 & \(\langle E\rangle\)-\(\beta\)-Caryophyllene epoxide & sto & tr. & 0.1 & 1570 & 1578 & \({}^{1}\)H, RI, MS \\
81 & Humulene epoxide & sto & n.d. & tr. & 1595 & 1602 & RI, MS \\
82 & Selin-\(\delta\)-en-4-ol & sto & 0.3 & 0.1 & 1604 & 1612 & RI, MS \\
83 & Selin-7(11)-\(\alpha\)-ol & sto & n.d. & tr. & 1609 & 1617 & RI, MS \\
84 & \(\gamma\)-Eudensol & sto & tr. & n.d. & 1616 & 1618 & \({}^{1}\)H, RI, MS \\
85 & 1-_epi_-Cubenol & sto & n.d. & tr. & 1617 & 1623 & RI, MS \\
86 & Cubedol & sto & n.d. & tr. & 1619 & 1630 & RI, MS \\
87 & Cubenol & sto & tr. & n.d. & 1622 & 1630 & RI, MS \\
88 & T-Cadinol + T-Muurolol & sto & n.d. & tr. & 1628 & 1633 + 1633 & RI, MS \\
89 & \(\beta\)-Eudesmol & sto & tr. & n.d. & 1640 & 1641 & RI, MS \\
90 & \(\alpha\)-Cadinol & sto & n.d. & tr. & 1640 & 1643 & RI, MS \\
91 & Intermedel & sto & tr. & tr. & 1645 & 16 The predominant monoterpene hydrocarbon and, at the same time, the main constituent of the tested seed essential oil was limonene (80.4%). In contrast, the EO from cone scales primarily consisted of \(\alpha\)-pinene (54.0%), limonene (18.8%), and \(\beta\)-pinene (14.2%). It is worth noting that in both the tested EOs, the levorotatory forms of limonene, \(\alpha\)-pinene, \(\beta\)-pinene, and camphene were the dominant enantiomers, accounting for 95.2-100.0% of the total EO composition. Detailed results are presented in Table 2.  
Limonene, particularly its levorotatory enantiomer, was a key flavor compound in both the seed and cone EOs of Greek fir, with enantiomeric excess (ee) values of 97.6% and 93.5%, respectively. This pattern of limonene dominance has also been observed in essential oils from Californian [18], silver [24; 25], and Korean [24] fir seeds. Despite variations in the populations of Greek fir trees, the main constituents of monoterpene hydrocarbons, including limonene and \(\alpha\)- and \(\beta\)-pinene, remained consistent in our _Abies cephalonica_ cone