esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# End-Users' Augmented Reality Utilization for Architectural Design Review
## 5 Discussion
### AR for Design Review  
Color and texture were reviewed better in AR and VR compared to a 2D screen. As shown in the data, the enriched naturalness of the model affects the checking of the color and texture. This is meaningful, as both VR and AR systems have the potential to be used for reviewing aesthetic aspects. Specifically, an AR system could be used to examine texture, while a VR system is better for reviewing color. Building element texture is seen better via an AR system designed to recognize texture. That said, the VR participants felt that it was unsuitable to review the texture of a model in VR since the image is only clear when viewed from directly in front. Although the vivid color of the model in the VR system allows reviewers to focus more on color, the semi-transparent model in the AR system allows for a more comfortable environment in which to concentrate on the texture.  
AR has another potential for review fenestration (window and doors), especially the space through open fenestrations. Recognizing the size and position of fenestrations through an AR system is easy  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Category** & **Mean (Standard Deviation)** & **Cronbach-Alpha** \\ \hline Attractiveness & Attractiveness & 1.56 (0.74) & 0.86 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Pragmatic Quality} & Perspicuity & 1.20 (0.90) & 0.79 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Efficiency & 0.98 (0.86) & 0.82 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Dependability & 1.13 (0.99) & 0.89 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Hedonic Quality} & Stimulation & 1.70 (0.75) & 0.85 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Novelty & 1.75 (0.89) & 0.90 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: User experience using AR.  
since it provides greater space perception with the surrounding real environment. On the other hand, assessing the suitability of spacing, size, and position is better done using the 2D screen method as it requires less mental discomfort. This could have been affected by the functional limitations of the AR system used in this research. The model was unable to rotate or zoom, and to review, users were only able to walk around the model in the AR system. Thus, the limited functional settings were inefficient to review overall spacing, size, and position of fenestration, which could be quickly done by rotating the model in the 2D screen system. In this experiment, there was no interaction between the information in the real space and the augmented information by using an AR device in a space where no other objects exist. This setting did not take advantage of the link between real and virtual information of the AR technology. If the AR system projects the tailored building object information (fenestration) into the real building, the user can experience the three-dimensional volume and size of the building object in an immersive way.
## 4 Deep Learning-Based Color Barcode Extraction
The data extracted through YOLO include the x- and y-axis coordinates of the approximate rectangular area of the color barcode for the height and width of the area. As shown in Figure 5, the extracted color barcode area varies in each incoming video frame and contains ambient noise. To minimize the ambient noise that affects decoding performance, it is necessary to obtain an image containing only the color barcode area without the surrounding area. For this, the coordinates extracted from the color barcode area are stored in the continuous image frame; the minimum values of the x- and y-axis coordinates and the maximum values for the height and width are found from the saved coordinates. Through this process, an area with the smallest possible size can be obtained without significant loss of color barcode information, but it still contains a little ambient noise. In the captured image, the process of removing noise uses the fact that, to transmit data, the color barcode continuously changes, but not the area around it. Figure 5 shows the color barcode mask image obtained by differential and morphological operations. To create a mask image, the color barcode image is binarized. Here, values above a certain grey-scale threshold of 20 are displayed in white with a value of 255, and the surrounding area is set to 0 (i.e., displayed as black). By obtaining differential images of three successive images and adding them to the previous differential images, a background-removed color barcode mask can be generated. Since noise outside the color  
Figure 5: The extraction process of a color barcode area: (**a**) the YOLO result; (**b**) YOLO-based extraction of the color barcode area; (**c**) a color barcode mask using differential images; (**d**) the color barcode mask using a morphology operation; and (**e**) a color barcode with noise removal. bar code area remains, even in the result from using differential images, multiple morphological operations of erosion and dilation are used to remove it. As a result, extraction of the color barcode area without noise is possible. As shown in Figure 5d, by multiplying the finally obtained color barcode mask image with the image extracted through YOLO, the area of a pure color barcode with noise removed can be extracted.
## 4 Results
### Usability for Decision Makers  
The pipeline consists of two key elements: (1) the model's true prediction based on the annotated data, and (2) the SHAP value analysis highlighting the most influential tokens in the sentence. By introducing the sexism range which combines both predictions and influential tokens, decision makers are provided with a transparent view of why a certain sentence is classified as sexist. This can improve their ability to make informed decisions quickly, focusing on the most relevant content. As a result, organizations can have better confidence in their moderation efforts and lessen their dependency on costly extensive manual annotation.  
Moreover, this approach addresses one of the key limitations of traditional machine learning models--black-box decision making--by providing a human-interpretable explanation of how the model arrived at a decision. This transparency is essential for maintaining ethical standards and avoiding potential biases in automated content moderation, as well as mitigating the risk of false positives or negatives, which are particularly critical when dealing with sensitive content like sexism.  
Also, human annotation, especially for sensitive topics like sexism, is a resource-intensive process, both in terms of time and cost. This approach offers a more transparent and interpretable pipeline where decision makers do not need to manually evaluate every sentence. Instead, they can focus on sentences flagged by the model with the highest Sexism Scores, and use SHAP values to validate the most significant parts of the text. This not only reduces the time required for manual review but also provides a clear rationale for each decision, enhancing trust in the system.  
While this paper mainly evaluates the model on data from Gab and Reddit, future work will focus on validating the model across more platforms, to ensure its generalizability. This will help address concerns about cross-platform validation, expanding the model's usability in diverse real-world settings. Additionally, by simplifying the complexity of the system and making the SHAP explanations more actionable, organizations without significant computational resources can implement the model more effectively, ensuring practical utility without sacrificing interpretability or performance.
## 3 Methods
### Change Point Detection
Continuous and long-term monitoring is essential for identifying and confirming slow and gradual positional changes. Figure 6: Plots illustrating the implementation of the change point detection (CPD) algorithm in near real-time monitoring. (**a**) Displacement time series of the North-South (NS) direction; (**b**) displacement time series of the East-West (EW) direction. The algorithm combines a backward moving-average filter and a forward moving-average filter. The change point aligns with the turn points (corners) of the backward-filtered and forward-filtered data streams.
## 5 Metabolomics
### Mode of Action  
The utility of metabolomics is demonstrated in studies to elucidate the mode of action of novel compounds. In a high-throughput metabolomics approach, [PERSON] et al. evaluated mass spectra of supernatants from drug-treated _M. smegmatis_ cultures to profile a library of 212 antimycobacterial compounds with unknown modes of action [97]. The metabolomic signatures were first established for 62 reference compounds with 17 known targets, before assessing similarity to the test compound profiles. Over 70% of the 212 compounds could be classified with a known mechanism of action, whilst 16 compounds resulted in metabolomic profiles dissimilar to the reference compounds. Of these 16 compounds, 6 exhibited a similar metabolomic response suggestive of the inhibition of lipid and trehalose metabolism. This approach revealed new druggable pathways in _M.tb_, and importantly enables drug discovery programs to diversify target pathways, discarding molecules that likely inhibit targets of existing drugs. In this study, the compounds with unknown mechanisms of action exhibited modest inhibitory activity against _M. smegmatis_ with unique metabolic patterns that likely reflect specificity in their underlying modes of action. Whilst further studies should be directed at assessing the activity and mechanism of action of these compounds in _M.tb_, this study clearly demonstrates the utility of this approach to recognize compounds that target novel pathways. In a similar approach, untargeted metabolite profiling using flow infusion electrospray ion high resolution mass spectrometry was used to explore the mode of action of pretomanid [98]. The _M. smegmatis_ metabolite profile after exposure to pretomanid was distinct when compared to ampicillin, ethambutol, ethionamide, isoniazid, kanamycin, linezolid, rifampicin and streptomycin-treated cultures. Mapping of differentially abundant metabolites onto pathways highlighted the pentose phosphate pathway, suggesting that accumulation of the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal may contribute to the antibacterial activity of pretomanid. A recent LC-MS-based metabolic linkage analysis of bedaquiline-treated _M.tb_ revealed that, alongside inhibition of ATP synthase, glutamine metabolism was also impacted. Since glutamine synthesis inhibitors were synergistic in combination with bedaquiline, an indirect secondary effect of bedaquiline on glutamine biosynthesis was distinguished that could be targeted therapeutically [99]. These approaches demonstrate how metabolomics may be used to elucidate the action of unknown drugs, and reveal fundamental information about the physiology of _M.tb_.
###### Abstract  
Stroke causes disability and significantly affects patient quality of life. Post-stroke rehabilitation of upper limb function is crucial, as it affects daily activities and individual autonomy. Traditional rehabilitation methods often require frequent visits to specialized centers, which can be costly and challenging. This study investigated the effectiveness of a home-based self-training device, \"Kenko Yusuri\", in improving upper limb function in patients with chronic stroke. This multicenter prospective intervention study used a quasi-randomized controlled trial design. Ninety-three outpatients from five hospitals in Japan were enrolled and assigned to either the intervention group which used the \"Kenko Yusuri\" device or the control group which underwent conventional rehabilitation. All patients received botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injections to treat upper limb spasticity. The primary outcome measure was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) of upper-extremity motor function. Secondary outcomes included the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) score, range of motion (ROM), and chronic pain assessments. The intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in FMA total scores than the control group. Patients with moderate impairment experienced the greatest benefits from the intervention. There were no significant between-group differences in MAS scores or ROM measurements. Pain and wrist ROM showed improvement in the intervention group. Home-based training with a shaking device significantly improved upper limb function in patients with moderate chronic post-stroke paralysis. This approach aligns with the principles of use-dependent plasticity and offers a feasible and cost-effective alternative to traditional rehabilitation methods.  
stroke rehabilitation; upper limb impairment; home-based training; self-training device; botulinum toxin type A Article
# Thresholds of the Inner Steps in Multi-Step Newton Method
## 3 On the Optimal Number of Inner Steps in Multi-Step Newton Method  
In [2] M5 method is compared with three high order method, Newton, Jarratt and WKG, and with respect to the both Ostrowski and Traub indexes. It is shown that the M5 method has better efficiency than all these methods. The previous analysis shows that the multi-step Newton method has still better Traub efficiency index, provided that \(n\geq 32\) and \(m\) belong to the interval \((m_{i},m_{s})\). The following two problems arise: 1. Is there an \(m\), independent of \(n\), such that the multi-step Newton index is larger that M5 index? 2. Is there an optimal number \(m_{opt}\) of multi-step Newton method for which the difference between the index of the multi-step Newton and the index of M5 method is maxim?  
Both problems have affirmative answers.  
1. Several numerical tests show that the sequence \(\{m_{i}\}\) is a decreasing sequence as \(n\) increases (the proof is elementary). Therefore we can take for \(m\) the larger term of the sequence \(\{m_{i}\}\), which is \(m=7\). Therefore \(I_{m_{s}}(7,n)>I_{M5}(n)\) for \(n\geq 32\) (Figure 2).
2. Let \(I\) be the efficiency index of some iterative methods of Newton-type. The optimal value of the number of inner steps in multi-step Newton method with respect to some \(I\), is the value of \(m\in(m_{i},m_{s})\) for which \(I_{m_{s}}(m,n)-I(n)\) is maximum. The properties of functions \(I_{m_{s}}\) and \(I\) (for all considered cases) show that such optimal value exists and is unique.  
Figure 1: The Traub efficiency indexes. (**a**) classical Newton method; (**b**) [PERSON] method; (**c**) M5 method.  
For example, if \(I=I_{n}\) (the Newton method) the value of \(m\) for which \(I_{m_{s}}(m,n)-I_{n}(n)\) is maximum, is \(m_{opt}=1.901\dots\) (Ostrowski index) and \(m_{opt}=2.311\dots\) (Traub index). Thus \(m_{opt}=2\). We can conclude that the Potra-Ptak method is the most efficient method with respect to the classical Newton method.  
In the case of M5 method the optimal value is \(m_{opt}=10\) (Traub index).  
The efficiency indexes of Newton-type methods tend to value \(1\) when \(n\to\infty\). Thus, these indexes differ slightly from each other, even for \(n\) not very large. For example, if \(n=40\), the thresholds of multi-step Newton method with respect to M5 method are \(m_{i}=6,\ m_{s}=14\) and the maximum of \(I_{m_{s}}\) for \(m\in(m_{i},m_{s})\) is obtained by \(m=6\) and has the value \(1.000385\). The maximum efficiency index of Potra-Ptak method, for the same value of \(n\), is \(1.000312\). Therefore, the efficiency index increases very little from Potra-Ptak method to the most efficient Newton-type method, approx \(0.006705\) in percent.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Orthogonal Experiments and Grey Relational Analysis  
Orthogonal experimental design is an effective method for studying multi-variable and multi-level problems [9]. Grey relational analysis, as the core of grey system theory, is dedicated to revealing the uncertain relationships between variables and the main behaviors within a system [10]. In examining process parameters, a combined analysis method of orthogonal experiments and grey relational analysis is used. This method has an efficient capability to handle uncertainties and can analyze the fuzzy situations between variables and objectives.
## 5 Results and Analysis
### Loose Coupling Solutions
#### 5.1.2 Segment 2  
Figure 11 shows the trajectories obtained with the different LC approaches. The GPS/INS solution presents large errors during the GPS outages. The inclusion of GLONASS does not improve visibility in the critical areas, as expected based on Figure 8 and Table 4. Correspondingly, the LC GG/INS solution shows errors similar to the GPS-only case. Furthermore, the inclusion of the constraints also shows large disagreements with the reference during the long GNSS outages.
# Labeling Peptides with Radioiodine: An Overview of Traditional and Emerging Techniques
## 2 Direct Radioiodination Methods
### Isotope/Halogen Exchange of Unnatural Amino Acids Bearing Halogen Substituents  
Isotopic and halogen exchange reactions represent a class of direct radioiodination methods in which a stable iodine or halogen atom within a molecule is replaced with a radioactive isotope of iodine. While traditionally applied to small molecules, this approach can also be extended to peptides that incorporate halogenated unnatural amino acids--such as iodinated phenylalanine derivatives--directly into their sequence [33]. In such cases, the peptide backbone itself can serve as the substrate for radioiodination via halogen exchange, eliminating the need for prosthetic groups. The reaction typically involves a substitution reaction where the radioiodide ion displaces the existing stable iodide (Figure 3). This method is often carried out at high temperatures in the presence of metal catalysts such as copper or nickel [18; 19]. For example, the radioiodination of [123]IJPEB, a metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 radioligand, was achieved via bromine-iodine exchange at high temperatures in the presence of copper and tin sulfate [34]. The nickel(0)-mediated approach can also be used in isotope exchange [35]. One of the major limitations of this radioiodination method is the difficulty of separating non-radioactive and radioactive products, which can be a problem when high molar activities are needed [14].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Results of Camera's Positioning Accuracy and Precision in the X and Y Directions
This result showed that in the Y direction, the positioning sensor during the second task could navigate the participants to distances that resembled the reference image more than the first task when they used their common sense. Thus, in the Y direction, the standard deviation when participants used their common sense in selecting a location in the perpendicular direction to the scene (i.e., Y) was almost six times more than this value in the parallel direction with the scene (i.e., X). Furthermore, according to the sensor's standard manual, the positioning sensor is expected to have errors between \(+10\) and \(-10\) cm. In this experiment, the average standard deviation of the positioning sensor was measured (21 cm) in the X direction and (13.3 cm) in the Y direction. Another useful result that could be extracted from Table 1 is range (range = max - min). Subtracting the maximum from the minimum revealed that the maximum range occurred in the Y direction (\(582-154=505\) cm) when the non-sensor-based approach was used. In contrast, the range value for the sensor-based approach was \(366-312=54\) cm. This result shows that in the worst-case scenario, the separation of data for the sensor-based approach is ten times better than that of the non-sensor-based approach. Regarding the X direction, when the sensor-based approach was used, the maximum range occurring in the X direction (\(101-11=90\) cm) which was slightly more than when the non-sensor-based approach was used (\(77-0=77\) cm).
## 2 Literature Review
### Topological Approach
Each node in the network is equipped with GPS. Based on the measured distance and residual energy, each node can determine to forward the data packets. This protocol imposes a high load of routing overhead. In [17; 18], it was proposed a method that set a service-level agreement (SLA) together with the energy cooperation for road planning and to select the quickest route for ambulance vehicles. In VANETs, energy is not the main concern as the battery is a reasonable source of power. In addition, the time complexity is relatively high which does not suit critical applications such as an ambulance. The main drawback of the topological approach is that mobility is an overlooked challenge in the design of routing protocols. In topological routing protocols, the network is being considered as a graph of nodes in terms of vehicles and edges, which are the connectivity between adjacent nodes. Since the mobility in VANETs is fast, the constructed graph is subjected to change frequently. With the occurrence of a link failure, the graph needs to be reconstructed, which imposes a high cost in terms of routing overhead and end-to-end delay.
## 3 Case Study
### Analysis and Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Displacement Limits of Performance States (mm)**} \\
**Code** & \(\mathbf{DI^{1}=0.05}\) & \(\mathbf{DI^{2}=0.15}\) & \(\mathbf{DI^{3}=0.40}\) & **Code** & \(\mathbf{DI^{1}=0.05}\) & \(\mathbf{DI^{2}=0.15}\) & \(\mathbf{DI^{3}=0.40}\) \\ \hline
1 & 13.27 & 46.59 & 129.91 & 14 & 23.14 & 53.40 & 129.06 \\
2 & 24.19 & 64.31 & 164.60 & 15 & 11.84 & 41.22 & 114.67 \\
3 & 16.34 & 34.68 & 80.55 & 16 & 14.97 & 38.03 & 95.69 \\
4 & 11.84 & 21.36 & 45.14 & 17 & 8.96 & 34.73 & 99.16 \\
5 & 5.17 & 18.81 & 52.91 & 18 & 18.05 & 45.78 & 115.08 \\
6 & 3.81 & 27.08 & 85.24 & 21 & 32.32 & 55.57 & 113.68 \\
7 & 5.62 & 22.34 & 64.14 & 22 & 0.51 & 19.73 & 67.79 \\
8 & 0.59 & 23.34 & 80.21 & 24 & 11.81 & 37.97 & 103.35 \\
9 & 9.46 & 51.63 & 157.04 & 25 & 14.71 & 57.15 & 163.24 \\
10 & 21.07 & 54.79 & 139.11 & 26 & 14.89 & 27.56 & 59.22 \\
11 & 14.95 & 41.60 & 108.22 & 27 & 10.35 & 27.37 & 69.92 \\
12 & 18.85 & 59.73 & 161.93 & 28 & 14.09 & 37.59 & 96.33 \\
13 & 11.34 & 47.63 & 138.35 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Mean \\ Value \\ \end{tabular} & 13.29 & 39.60 & 105.38 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Residual displacement-based level limits under various earthquakes. data. Residual displacement-based seismic evaluation procedures can be implemented conveniently and quickly.