esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Current Studies and Technologies for V2X Services
### 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) Cellular-V2X  
3 GPP Release 14 [16] for V2X services using direct communication over side link PC5 and LTE-Uu is shown in Figure 2. Direct communication uses links over the side link PC5 reference interface. In fact, side link PC5 defines features based on proximity service (ProSe) which is adapted for V2V communication scenarios [16]. PC5 communication mode enables V2I communication between vehicles and road infrastructures such as traffic control lights. In addition, V2N service uses LTE-Uu for allowing communication between vehicle and computing infrastructures, for example, an RSU implemented either with an eNodeB or as a standalone stationary UE, central cloud computing. A vehicular enabled UE exchanges data with deployed computing infrastructures over the LTE-Uu interface through RSU. The RSU broadcasts V2X messages towards multiple vehicles enabled UEs in a target area through the evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (eMBMS) [16]. V2N serves VUEs in communication with an application server hosting ITS management applications, referred as a V2X Application Server (AS), which would provide a global state of traffic, the management of it, and service information [16; 19; 20; 21; 22].  
Actually, cellular communication today represents the most embraced solution to collect data from vehicles and retransmit them to the network through RSUs. This avoids having to build new or set-ups expensive installations of RSUs [23; 24]. To address admittedly V2X services use cases, the technical specification group (TSG), radio access networked (RAN) define V2V service using device-to-device (D2D) as specified in Release 12 [21]. Thus, a direct communication interface called sidelink (or PC5 interface) was thereafter specified in Release 14 [16] to allow direct communication link between devices. In addition, improvements to this interface have been added within Release 14 to study the V2V use cases in the ITS 5.9 GHz band and more specifically in [22].  
A Comparative Study of Architectures and a System Model of LTE-V2X Communication in the Implementation of V2X Services  
Important research on LTE-V2X communication in implementing V2X services has started to show relevant results. The relevant results of existing works focus mostly on the following network concepts: (i) long-term evolution-vehicle (LTE-V) standard supporting V2V communications using PC5 in LTE [25], (ii) methodical and assimilated V2X solution based on time-division LTE (TD-LTE) [26], (iii) multi-channel licensed-assisted access (LAA) schemes to enlarge multi-carrier Wi-Fi network [27]. We identify the following categories of work addressing system model of LTE-V2X communication in the implementation of V2X services:  
1. Relevant use cases and requirements for V2X services
2. Design choices determining the performance of LTE-V2X communications  
Figure 2: Evolution of the number of vehicles using V2X services in base case scenario 1 (Table 1) of vehicular technology [17].
## 4 Results
### Performance Analysis  
#### 4.2.1 Registration and Verification Execution Time  
As shown in Figure 7, the time required for the identity authentication scheme designed in the thesis is plotted. The Y-axis represents the average execution time in milliseconds for ten registers and logins. The identity authentication process consists of registration and login phases. During the registration phase, operations such as certificate generation, key generation, signature generation, and signature verification are performed. On average, the registration process takes 3506.2 ms. In the login phase, operations such as searching for previously registered certificates, signature generation, and signature verification are performed. On average, the login process takes 3513.5 ms.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Item Comparison** & **FIDO2** & **Our Method** \\ \hline The convenience of two-factor authentication & & \\ Applicable to multiple platforms and devices & & \\ Resistance against brute force attack & & \\ Resistance against phishing attack & & \\ Resistance against replay attack & & \\ Resistance against man-in-the-middle attack & & \\ Resistance against DDoS attack & & \\ Decentralized identity verification & & \\ Verification traceability & & \\ Access control & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: Item Comparison.
# Replacement of Natural Sand with Expanded Vermiculite in Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortars
## 2 Experimental Program  
### Materials  
FA was obtained from Catalagzi Thermic santral in Zonguldak, Turkey and used as the binder. This FA had a specific surface area of 3450 cm\({}^{2}\)/g and a specific gravity of 2.2. Figure 1 shows the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the FA. XRD was performed using monochromatic Cu-K\(\alpha\) radiation at a scanning speed of 1.5\({}^{\circ}\) (20) min\({}^{-1}\) in a conventional diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab XRD) for mineralogical analysis. SEM was performed by a Tescan MAIA3 XMU to assess the morphology.  
Natural sand as a fine aggregate material containing 97.8% silica was obtained from the Yazlar construction materials company in Bartin, Turkey. It had generally isometric and round particle shapes. The specific gravity and water absorption of the sand were 2.62% and 2.54%, respectively. Expanded vermiculite as the sand replacement material was obtained from the territory of Sivas, Turkey, and it had maximum particle size of 4 mm. Figure 2 illustrates the XRD analysis of the expanded vermiculite. The XRD analysis of  
Figure 1: (**a**) X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis and (**b**) scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the fly ash (FA).  
the expanded vermiculite indicates that it mainly consisted of vermiculite, phlogopite and hydrobiotite. Figure 2b represents the SEM image of the expanded vermiculite, showing its elongated accordion shape with an open, flaked texture.  
Table 1 presents the chemical composition of FA and expanded vermiculite, and Table 2 shows the properties of the expanded vermiculite used in this study. The chemical compositions of the materials presented in the table were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Spectro IQ II XRF spectrometer).  
A combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{3}\)) solutions with an Na\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{3}\)/NaOH ratio of 2 was used as the alkaline activator in the geopolymer mixes. These solutions were supplied by Dost Kimya in Istanbul, Turkey. Two NaOH concentrations of 10 and 15 molar were utilized in this study. Na\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{3}\) utilized in this study had the properties shown in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Compounds** & **FA (\%)** & **Expanded Vermiculite (\%)** \\ \hline SiO\({}_{2}\) & 50.97 & 36.2 \\ Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 27.2 & 18.2 \\ Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 4.11 & 12.1 \\ CaO & 10.56 & 3.7 \\ MgO & 1.82 & 17.1 \\ Na\({}_{2}\)O & 0.30 & 0.2 \\ K\({}_{2}\)O & 0.99 & 2.3 \\ TiO\({}_{2}\) & 1.54 & 1.9 \\ MnO & 0.02 & – \\ CuO & 0.41 & – \\ P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) & 0.86 & – \\ SO\({}_{3}\) & 0.22 & – \\ LOI & 0.51 & 8.1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Chemical compositions of FA and expanded vermiculite.  
Figure 2: (**a**) XRD analysis and (**b**) SEM image of the expanded vermiculite.
# A Novel Reconstruction Method for Irregularly Sampled Observation Sequences for Digital Twin
## 4 Simulation Experiments and Analysis
### Reconstruction Performance Analysis Under High Noise Levels  
Similarly, a dataset of 150 irregular sequences with three noise levels is used to compare reconstruction performance. The sampling number for each noise level is set to \(N=60\), with noise covariances as follows:  
* Noise Level 1: \[R^{1}=\text{diag}\big{(}1\times 10^{-3}\quad 0.05\quad 0.1\quad 0.02\big{)}\]
* Noise Level 2: \[R^{2}=\text{diag}\big{(}2\times 10^{-3}\quad 0.1\quad 0.2\quad 0.04\big{)}\]
* Noise Level 3: \[R^{3}=\text{diag}\Big{(}3\times 10^{-3}\quad 0.15\quad 0.3\quad 0.06\big{)}\]  
Figures 5 and 6 show the reconstruction results of each model under high noise levels. Both RNN-NCDE and RNN-NODE fail to effectively recover the true values from noisy sequences, with significant drops in accuracy.  
Figure 4: Reconstruction results of furnace pressure and gas oxygen content under different sampling numbers.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sequence Reconstruction Model** & **RMSE\({}_{\textbf{N=60}}\)** & **RMSE\({}_{\textbf{N=40}}\)** & **RMSE\({}_{\textbf{N=20}}\)** \\ \hline PRN-NCDE & 0.0213 & 0.0295 & 0.0322 \\ RNN-NCDE & 0.0463 & 0.0711 & 0.0888 \\ RNN-NODE & 0.1375 & 0.2069 & 0.1910 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: RMSE results of different models under different sampling numbers.  
Figure 5: Reconstruction results of gas density and gas temperature under high noise levels.  
Figure 6: _Cont_.  
The results in Table 5 show that RNN-NCDE has larger fitting errors than RNN-NODE under all noise levels, indicating that NCDE does not improve fitting accuracy in noisy conditions. As can be seen from the above, these two methods cannot handle the sequence reconstruction problem under large noise levels effectively.  
The proposed PRN-NCDE model uses a parallel reference network to obtain reference latent features and calculates weights based on the noise level of the actual observation sequence. This weighted fusion of latent features improves reconstruction accuracy under high noise levels. The results show that PRN-NCDE can accurately recover the true value trends, with prediction errors reduced by over 70% and 60% compared to RNN-NCDE and RNN-NODE, respectively.
# MPVT: An Efficient Multi-Modal Prompt Vision Tracker for Visual Target Tracking
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion  
### Datasets  
The performance of MPVT was evaluated and compared using three multi-modal datasets, LasHeR [33], DepthTrack [7], and VisEvent [9], corresponding to three multi-modal scenarios: RGB-T, RGB-D, and RGB-E, respectively. LasHeR is the largest and most diverse publicly available dataset in RGB-T target tracking, consisting of 1224 visible light and thermal infrared video pairs with over 730K frames. DepthTrack includes 200 video sequences, with an average sequence length of 1473 frames, providing sufficiently long and continuously changing training data. In addition, it covers 40 different scenario types and 90 target categories. VisEvent contains 820 video pairs, which were collected in complex real-world scenarios such as those with low light, high-speed motion, and cluttered backgrounds. It is widely used for the performance evaluation of RGB-E tracking methods.
## 3 Results

Table 3: R statistics of ANOSIM analysis comparing ground beetle variation between plant protection type (CP—chemically protected, NCP—non-chemically protected) in years of study (2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016), * \(p\) < 0.05, ** \(p\) < 0.01, *** \(p\) < 0.001, ns—not significant; significance after Bonferroni correction. Analysis of the effect of chemical protection on the carabid feeding strategy indicated that the application of pesticides significantly affected the abundance of hemizoophages and medium and small carnivores (Table 2). A decrease in the number of hemizoophages was found in chemically protected fields (CP). In the case of carnivores, increases and decreases in their abundance differed between years. Small carnivores in 2004 were more numerous in NCP fields, while in subsequent years, they were more numerous in CP fields. The mean abundance of medium carnivores was higher in CP fields in most of the years studied (Figure 4). Due to their small number, phytophages were excluded from the above analysis. Our results indicated that chemical protection had a significant effect on the breeding strategy of ground beetles. The number of autumn breeders was significantly higher in the field not treated with pesticides (NCP). In contrast, in chemically protected fields (CP), spring breeders were more abundant (Figure 4). In terms of the dispersal ability, no unambiguous effect of the use of chemical crop protection on this group of beetles was observed. Brachypterous species were very scarce and, therefore, excluded from the analysis. The plant protection technology did not have a significant effect on the abundance of dipterous carabids but did influence the number of macroperous carabids (Table 2). The year of study was an important determinant of the differences in the abundance of both dimorphic and macroperous carabids. Macroperous carabids were more abundant in chemically protected (CP) fields during the first two years of the study, whereas in the subsequent years, their numbers were higher in fields without chemical protection. In contrast, the pattern for dimorphic species was the opposite (Figure 4). Figure 3: RDA analysis demonstrating the relationships between the analyzed environmental variables: the type of plant protection (CP—chemically protected, NCP—non-chemically protected); the use of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides; the year of study; and the species of Carabidae (abbreviations are listed in Table 1).
## 4 Simulation Experiments
### Flat Ground Walking Simulation  
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method when a quadruped robot walks on flat ground, a set of comparative simulation experiments are set up: stability tests with foot adjustment strategy and stability tests without foot adjustment strategy, and stability analysis is carried out through changing in roll angle and pitch angle.  
In this simulation, Formulas (4) and (5) are used to plan the foot trajectory of quadruped robot, the step length S and step height H are set as 40 mm, 40 mm. \(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}\) in formula (11) are set as 20, 20. \(\epsilon\) is set as 0.95. The robot's change process with the adjustment strategy is shown in Figure 10:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mass} & \(M_{b}\)(Trunk) & 3 kg \\  & \(m_{1}\) & 0.06 kg \\  & \(m_{2}\) & 0.12 kg \\  & \(m_{3}\) & 0.12 kg \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Length} & \(L_{b}\)(Trunk length) & 183 mm \\  & \(W_{b}\)(Trunk width) & 162 mm \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(H_{b}\)(Trunk height) & 20 mm \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(l_{1}\) & 47.5 mm \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(l_{2}\) & 65 mm \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(l_{3}\) & 65 mm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Parameters in the simulation.  
Figure 10: Simulation process of the quadruped robot walking on flat ground after adjustment strategy is added. In the beginning, the robot is in the air 50 mm away from the ground, and each joint of the robot is in position 0.  
Figure 9: A simulation of the quadruped robot in Webots.  
As shown in Figures 10 and 11, at the beginning of the simulation, the robot is in the air 50 mm away from the ground, and each joint of the robot is in position 0. The robot needs a transition process from the standing state to the diagonal walking state. Therefore, the robot's roll angle and pitch angle change greatly in the beginning period. After a period of time, the roll angle and pitch angle tend to be stable. Combined with Figures 10 and 11, it can be seen that it takes about 4 s for the robot to fall from the standing state to the stable walking state without adding adjustment strategy. However, with the addition of adjustment strategy, it only takes about 1 s for the robot to fall from the standing state to the stable walking state. In the case of no adjustment strategy, the maximum roll angle change is 3.6 degrees, and the maximum pitch angle change is 6.4 degrees, after the stable walking, the robot roll angle fluctuates between \(-0.31^{\circ}\) and \(1.49^{\circ}\), and the pitch angle fluctuates between \(-0.93^{\circ}\) and \(1.21^{\circ}\). In the case of the adjustment strategy, the maximum roll angle change is 3.1 degrees, and the maximum pitch angle change is 5.1 degrees, after the stable walking, the robot roll angle fluctuates between \(-0.75^{\circ}\) and \(0.65^{\circ}\), and the pitch angle fluctuates between \(-0.44^{\circ}\) and \(0.93^{\circ}\). The oscillation amplitude of roll angle and pitch angle decreases. This means that with the addition of adjustment strategy, the robot has better dynamic stability when walking in a diagonal gait.
# Pet Fiber Reinforced Wet-Mix Shotcrete with Walnut Shell as Replaced Aggregate
## 2 Experimental Materials and Program  
### Experimental Materials  
#### 2.1.1 Cement and Aggregate  
Ordinary Portland cement (OP.42.5) was used in these experiments which complied with Chinese standard GB175-2007 [43] with a chemical composition of 19.5% SiO\({}_{2}\), 6.45% Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), 3.08% Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), 57.6% CaO, 1.3% MgO, and 2.01% SO\({}_{3}\). Natural river sand as fine aggregate was used in these tests with a specific gravity of 2.58 g/cm\({}^{3}\), and water absorption of 7.1%. The coarse aggregate was crushed gravel with continuous grading from 5 mm to 10 mm. The specific gravities and water absorption of the gravel are 2.64 g/cm\({}^{3}\) and 1.9%, respectively. Both sand and gravel complied with the requirement in GB50086-2001 [44].  
In addition, walnut shell was used as a replacement of natural gravel. In this study, walnut shell was collected and crushed. Prior to using the crushed walnut shell, they were sieved into one size category, between 5 mm and 10 mm (passed through the 10 mm sieve and retained on the 5 mm sieve) as illustrated in Figure 1. Subsequently, they were washed to remove dirt before being air dried in the laboratory. Walnut shell is irregularly shaped (polygonal or flaky) with 1-4 mm thickness shown in Figure 1. The surfaces of convex portion of crushed shell are relatively smooth with rough surfaces than that of concave portion along the cracked edges. The specific gravities and water absorption of walnut shell are 1.02 g/cm\({}^{3}\) and 31.4%, respectively. According to tests of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectrum [45; 46], some of the major constituents in walnut shell are lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose and the essential elements of walnut shell are C, H, O, N and S. Moreover, many beneficial elements such as Ca, K, Na, Fe and Mg were found in walnut shell by the method of plasma element emission. [PERSON] et al. [47] indicated that the critical force ranged 74.24-154.13 N from the analysis of thin shell theory as the crack of walnut shell occurred. The gradation curves for natural gravel, sand and crushed walnut shell are plotted in Figure 2. The specific gravity of walnut shell is obviously lower than that of the natural aggregate, while the walnut shell absorbs more water than natural aggregate. Hence, walnut shell can be termed as lightweight aggregate as it has low specific gravity.
# Optimal Arrangement Strategy of IoT Sensors in Urban Drainage Networks: A Review
## 3 Arrangement of IoT Sensors in the Drainage Network
### Optimization of Monitoring Point Locations
#### 3.3.3 Design Evaluation Methods Based on Statistical Theory  
The main idea behind the design and optimization of the monitoring network is to reduce the uncertainty associated with unmonitored locations [26], as well as the redundancy of monitored locations. Statistical theory can handle and analyze massive amounts of data as well as measure and quantify uncertainty. Therefore, statistical theory represented by cluster analysis is widely used in the design of sensor locations for water supply [80, 81, 82, 83]. Cluster analysis groups unlabeled data points into clusters based on similarity. This method also categorizes nodes using the similarity of data patterns or topological relationships. Thus, it is possible to reduce the number of monitoring points while ensuring overall effectiveness, thereby guiding the selection of sensor locations.  
However, the number of required clusters for analysis must be determined by decision makers after several tests [22,31] or by using heuristic algorithms [84]. It may not be possible to obtain the optimal cluster partitioning, and the results cannot identify specific sensor location choices within the cluster. Given that the focus is on the similarity of nodes, the benefits and value of single monitoring points are ignored.
# Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils
## 4 Conclusions  
Metal-contaminated soil is a serious problem, and electrokinetic remediation is a practical technology that can be used for their remediation. The success of electrokinetic remediation in removing metals depends on the experimental conditions and the selection of facilitating agents. This study proved that:  
* Organic acids are a good alternative as facilitating agents because of the mild operating conditions and their capacity to dissolve and stabilize the metals in solution, forming stable complexes and chelates;
* EDTA 0.1 M was effective in the dissolution and complexing of aged contamination of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb and Zn. However, the removal rate was too slow to be considered for a large-scale application;
* Cr was not mobilized or removed in the electrokinetic treatment with EDTA;
* The use of citric acid 0.1 M as processing fluid in electrokinetics is proposed due to its capacity to mobilize Cd, Co, Cu and Zn. Low mobilization was observed for Cr and Pb;
* The increase of the treatment time and the concentration of citric acid up to 0.5 M resulted in the effective removal of Cd, Co, Cu and Zn from aged contaminated soil. The removal ratios of Cd, Co, Cu and Zn were over 70-80%. It is expected to achieve complete remediation of these metals, increasing the treatment time;
* The remediation of soil contaminated with Cr and Pb requires further research to identify the appropriate experimental conditions that lead to significant mobilization and removal;
* The metal soil extraction tests suggest that oxalic acid could be an effective extractant for Cr and acetic acid for Pb. These two organic acids could be tested in combination with citrate for the simultaneous removal of the six metals. Alternatively, sequential electrokinetic treatment with citric acid, oxalic acid and acetic acid may result in the removal of the six metals.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, C.C.; methodology, C.C.; validation, C.C., S.G. and A.C.; formal analysis, C.C., S.G. and A.C.; investigation, C.C., S.G. and A.C.; resources, C.C. and S.G.; data curation, C.C., S.G. and A.C.; writing--original draft preparation, C.C.; writing--review and editing, C.C., S.G. and A.C.; visualization, C.C., S.G., and A.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data are contained within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.