## 2 Related Work
### University Campus Navigation  
The route planning functions in current navigation systems in the market do not efficiently process the outdoor and indoor localization information simultaneously. Moreover, these systems also have limitations by the service platforms which compromises the user interface (UI) experiences [12]. [PERSON] et al. [10] focused on mobility in smart campuses and developed a novel combined indoor and outdoor positioning system to support wayfinding with seamless indoor-outdoor navigation for the Universitat Jaume I (Spain). They further developed and evaluated two mobile applications (SmartUJI APP and SmartUJI AR) that allow users to get map-based information about different campus facilities and provide an augmented reality interface to interact with the campus. The applications were tested by university staff, students and visitors, and they found it useful for locating university facilities and improving spatial orientation. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [12] presented an augmented reality-based campus navigation system and conducted indoor and outdoor navigation experiments at the campus of Shanghai University of Electric Power to compare the proposed system with traditional systems, such as Internet media or Gaode map. The results showed an increased precise outdoor localization and improved the user's interactive experience facilitating the usability and effectiveness of learning on campus. The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) partnered with Wireless Trondheim to develop MazeMap (earlier known as CampusGuide [33]) to provide seamless indoor-outdoor navigation initially for its main Gloshaugen campus [8], which is now used on a large number of campuses and universities [34]. [PERSON] et al. [8] conducted a campus case study presenting insights from MazeMap reflecting on the spatial and temporal distribution of MazeMap user requests (geo-location and wayfinding), mapping user mobility patterns of the campus, and spatial-logical connection between different locations in different buildings. The results from their study highlighted the potential of such systems for usage on campus and for other venues such as hospitals, shopping malls, and emergency preparedness. Several researchers have focused on the use of different navigation aids for wayfinding across campus environments. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] compared user experience and wayfinding strategy choices for navigation through a complex building using three different types of wayfinding aid (without any map, with a printed map, and with a digital map). According to the results, there was a significant difference between the two map groups and the no map group with respect to search time. However, there were no significant differences between the two map groups in how efficiently they found destinations. Moreover, wayfinding strategy choices did not differ between the groups, but the choices were shaped by the participants' individual preferences and the building with its signage. [PERSON] [35] investigated the use of different representational options for providing visitors with navigational cues to the site (Auckland University Campus). Wayfinding performance data was obtained from participants for prototyped navigation systems of different representations. The advantages and disadvantages of different systems were identified to find appropriate approaches for designing an interactive system. [PERSON] et al. [36] explored the use of digital signage for improved wayfinding performance. The study evaluated the campus information digital signage, which can be useful for campus visitors as a wayfinding tool. The results showed that digital signage is better than traditional or paper signage and indicated that the integration of these methods could highlight effective content and design features to help design user-centered wayfinding digital signage.