## 5 Conclusions  
This study employs CAD software to perform geometric modeling of the vehicle and utilizes the Monte Carlo method to simulate scattering at the interfaces between air and snow, snow and soil, and the vehicle's surface. Based on the dielectric properties of mixed media, the dielectric constant of the snow layer is modeled, while a four-component model is adopted to characterize the soil dielectric properties. Combining these with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, a simulation analysis of the composite electromagnetic scattering characteristics of a one-dimensional rough ground surface and a rough-surfaced target above it is conducted. This provides a theoretical reference for target recognition in complex electromagnetic environments and helps reveal the variation patterns of scattering characteristics of irregular targets against complex backgrounds. It holds significant practical value for the identification of rough-surfaced targets in complicated environments. For the composite electromagnetic scattering problem involving electrically large targets and backgrounds studied in this paper, the FDTD algorithm requires only about 10% of the memory used by the method of moments (MoM). Moreover, for modeling complex targets as considered in this study, the FDTD method offers greater convenience and flexibility compared to MoM. Therefore, theoretically and practically, this study offers effective solutions for addressing challenges across various engineering and technical fields. It demonstrates applicability in scenarios involving the recognition of rough-surfaced targets within complex backgrounds. At present, this study only considers simple one-dimensional rough-surfaced targets and terrain surfaces, without addressing more complex real-world terrains or composite scattering problems involving multiple targets in buried or partially buried configurations. These aspects warrant further investigation in future work.  
Methodology, C.Y. and X.R.; software, J.H., C.Y. and X.Z.; validation, X.R., C.Y. and X.Z.; formal analysis, C.Y.; investigation, C.Y.; resources, X.R. and Y.W.; data curation, Y.W.; writing--original draft preparation, C.Y. and X.R.; writing--review and editing, X.R.; visualization, J.H.; supervision, X.R.; project administration, C.Y. and J.H.; funding acquisition, X.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (61861043) \"Research on Composite Electromagnetic Scattering of Typical Ground Objects and Targets in Northern Shaanxi\".  
Not applicable for studies not involving humans or animals.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
Figure 16: Variation in the composite scattering coefficient with soil moisture content.  
Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author(s).  
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the authors for their valuable contributions to this paper.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.