# A Small Implantable Compact Antenna for Wireless Telemetry Applied to Wireless Body Area Networks
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper presents the design of a compact broadband implantable antenna for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) with an operating frequency band covering the ISM band. By employing slotting techniques, the compactification of the antenna has been achieved, with the proposed antenna volume being only 6 mm\(\times\) 6 mm\(\times\) 0.53 mm. A rectangular ground plane is used to further expand the antenna's operating bandwidth, with a relative bandwidth reaching 28% (703 MHz). The use of silicone material as a covering layer endows the antenna with biocompatibility. Pork was used to simulate the human tissue environment for antenna performance testing. The test results indicate that the antenna possesses omnidirectional radiation characteristics and a wide frequency band. The antenna designed in this paper has a wider bandwidth, lower SAR values, and a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Year** & **Size** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Relative** \\ **Bandwidth** \\ **(MHz)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **1 g SAR** \\ **(W/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[17] & 2020 & 18.74 mm \(\times\) 16 mm \(\times\) 2.4 mm & 4.4\% & - \\
[22] & 2021 & 5 mm \(\times\) 5 mm \(\times\) 0.528 mm & 3.3\% & 340.42 \\
[12] & 2022 & 8.5 mm \(\times\) 8.5 mm \(\times\) 1.27 mm & 3.5\% & 207 \\
[20] & 2023 & 15 mm \(\times\) 15 mm & 32.6\% & 324.4 \\
[8] & 2023 & 5 mm \(\times\) 5 mm\(\times\) 0.635 mm & 15.5\% & 785 \\
[21] & 2024 & 12 mm\(\times\) 14.5 mm \(\times\) 0.13 mm & 1.4\% & - \\ This & & 6 mm \(\times\) 6 mm \(\times\) 0.53 mm & 28\% & 260.68 \\ paper & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of the antenna proposed in this paper with the other literature.  
Figure 20: Average SAR distribution of the proposed antenna in human tissue; (**a**) SAR in 1 g of tissue, (**b**) SAR in 10 g of tissue.  
smaller size, making it easier to integrate and implant, with higher safety and stronger anti-interference capabilities. This work provides technical support for the development of implantable antennas in WBAN applications and offers new design insights for antennas with high requirements for compactification and biocompatibility.  
Conceptualization, Z.G. and P.C.; methodology, Z.G.; software, Z.G.; validation, Z.G., P.C. and D.W.; formal analysis, Z.G., X.F., X.W.; investigation, Z.G.; resources, Z.G.; data curation, Z.G.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.G.; writing--review and editing, Z.G., P.C. and L.L.; visualization, Z.G.; supervision, P.C.; project administration, P.C.; funding acquisition, P.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Department's Industrial Guidance Projects (2024H0018) and the Xiamen Industry-University-Research Subsidy Project (2023 CXY0303).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.