# An Optimized Flexible Accelerator for Elliptic Curve Point Multiplication over NIST Binary Fields
## 2 Lopez-Dahab Projective Form of ECC over \(GF(2^{m})\)
Furthermore, longer key lengths (i.e., 409 and 571 bits) demand more computation time, leading to decreased operating frequencies compared to key lengths of 163, 233, and 283 bits. When compared to state-of-the-art approaches, the proposed accelerator over \(GF(2^{163})\), \(GF(2^{233})\), \(GF(2^{283})\), \(GF(2^{409})\), and \(GF(2^{571})\) achieves higher throughput and throughput/area ratio metrics. Consequently, our results and comparison to the state-of-the-art work demonstrate that the proposed accelerator is well-suited for applications that demand efficient implementations of ECC with a balanced emphasis on high throughput and optimized area utilization. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.R. and S.S.J. and A.A.; methodology, S.S.J. and A.R.A. ; software, M.A. ; validation, M.R. and S.S.J. ; formal analysis, A.A. and A.R.A. ; investigation, M.R. and M.A. ; resources, M.A. ; data curation, S.S.J. ; writing--original draft preparation, A.R.A. and A.A.; writing--review and editing, M.R. and S.S.J. ; visualization, S.S.J. ; supervision, M.R. and A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at the University of Tabuk through Research no. S-0151-1443. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable. **Acknowledgments:** The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at University of Tabuk for funding this work through Research no. S-0151-1443. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## References

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