esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Circularly Polarized High-Gain Fabry-Perot Cavity Antenna with High Sidelobe Suppression
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study we have proposed a novel circularly polarized FPC antenna (CP-FPCA) to improve AR, cross-polarization level, realized gain, aperture efficiency, and SLS. To obtain the minimal AR and cross-polarization level, the circularly polarized PRS is deployed above the \(x\)-polarized feeder and the AMC. Moreover, to provide high gain and SLS, CP-PRS and AMC cells are caused to satisfy the resonance conditions of the CP-FPCA by using the reflection characteristics of these cells. Additionally, peak gain with a low-profile antenna produces a high aperture efficiency, which is favorable for traditional applications. Consequently, our proposed CP-FPCA has successfully achieved 0.12 dB AR along with a peak gain of 15.4 dBi in the broadside direction, 25.3% aperture efficiency, more than 23 dB SLS, and less than \(-\)42 dB cross-polarization level in both planes at operation frequency \(f_{0}\) = 10 GHz. Therefore, our antenna is suitable for various potential applications demanding peak realized gain, high SLS, and minimum AR, including radars, radio systems, and satellite communications. The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13148222/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13148222/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13148222/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13148222/s1)), Figure S1: the reflection coefficient of the MPA; Figure S2: the 3D radiation pattern of the MPA; Figure S3: (a) the Ex-field distribution at 15 mm above the PRS unit cell, (b) the surface current density above the CP-PRS superstrate; Figure S4: the impedance measurement of the CP-FPCA; Figure S5: the 3D radiation pattern of the CP-FPCA; Figure S6: the Ex-field distribution (a) within the CP-FPCA, (b) above the CP-FPCA. Conceptualization, M.H. and D.K. ; methodology, M.H. ; software, D.K. ; validation, M.H., K.-G.L. and D.K. ; formal analysis, M.H. ; investigation, M.H. and D.K. ; resources, K.-G.L. and D.K; writing--original draft preparation, M.H. ; writing--review and editing, M.H., K.-G.L. and D.K. ; supervision, K.-G.L. and D.K. ; funding acquisition, K.-G.L. and D.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (Ministry of Science and ICT), grant number 2020R1A2C2013466. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Research on Excavation Method for Soft Rock Tunnel Based on Stress Release Rate
###### Abstract
[21] used numerical simulations to explore a suitable excavation method for interbedded soft rock tunnels and pointed out that the three-bench temporary invert method had a better effect in controlling tunnel deformation, while the three-bench method had higher construction efficiency. It was suggested that the two methods should be used in combination in actual engineering excavation. [PERSON] et al. [22] used the MIDAS/GTS software to simulate and analyze the stress and deformation law of surrounding rock under three excavation methods: positive cushion retaining method, CRD method, and bilateral drift method. They pointed out that the deformation and stress caused by excavation using the positive cushion retaining method are small. [PERSON] et al. [23] used a model test to explore a suitable construction method for a tunnel crossing soft loess stratum and finally selected the DSDM excavation method combined with the WSS grouting reinforcement method for optimization. In essence, the choice of different excavation methods is the mutual game between engineering safety and construction efficiency. There is no good or bad saying about the excavation method, but the appropriate excavation method should be selected according to the actual needs. Abundant achievements have been made in the study of large deformation control and excavation methods of soft rock tunnels. However, the large deformation of soft rock tunnels is greatly affected by geological conditions, construction technology, and other factors. There are often great differences in geological conditions, supporting parameters, and section design of different tunnel projects [24]. The excavation method should be determined in combination with the actual situation of the site during the design and construction of the tunnel. At present, the research on the stress release rate of tunnel excavation is not yet mature, and the existing research methods are relatively simple. Most of the research focuses on numerical simulation, and there are few research cases of indoor model tests combined with stress release. In view of this, in order to explore the suitable excavation method for soft rock tunnel, this paper takes the DongmachangI tunnel of the Huaping-Lijiang highway as the engineering background and combines the field monitoring results to explore the relationship between the stress release rate, displacement release rate, and longitudinal advance of the excavation face. The test method of controlling the tunnel stress release rate to simulate tunnel excavation is proposed. On this basis, the horizontal loading test is carried out to study the influence of three excavation methods, the three-bench method, the three-bench core soil method, and the three-bench seven-step method, on the mechanical behavior of the tunnel. The research results provide theoretical support for the selection of excavation methods for soft rock tunnels with similar high-ground stress fields in Southwest China.
## 5 Software Control Method Implementation
However, for the execution method for finger F/E is specified, the machine will look to extend the fingers to a desired maximum value of extension; until it is executed, it will look then to the desired flexion minimum value. The controller checks whether the fingers have reached those limits by tracking the stepper motor steps via the stepper driver to control the desired steps. Therefore, no position feedback sensor is required, which significantly reduces our proposed system's overall cost. However, for the finger's F/E, we have limited the derived steps numbers in the developed main menu to match the worktable's functional range. As demonstrated in in Figure 10 the displacement range is between (0 to \(-\)8 cm) for fingers flexion (0 to +8 cm) for fingers extension. These ranges of displacement are enough for the functional ranges of different fingers. 4. It is crucial to define a starting position, which is considered as a safety position. Therefore, before and after any therapy session, the exoskeleton fingertips return to their starting position (zero position). Figure 10 demonstrates the summarized block diagram of the control working flow. The actuator starts spinning until it reaches the worktable's maximum workspace physically clicks the first limit (+LS) switch. Once the +LS signals are registered, the controller disables the motor's driver's pulse signal. Eventually, that leads to stop the stepper motor, then return to the motor start spinning again in the opposite direction until the worktable reaches the other limit switch (\(-\)LS); once the \(-\)LS signal confirmed, the motor driver provides the stepper motor with the required pules until it reaches the predefined zero-position. 5. In the developed menu items, the users can adjust the therapy speed. We have implemented the speed control to drive the desired therapy speed of the desired therapy. The digital step motor driver's pulse frequency (Hz) determines the motor speed. The pulse frequency induces the oscillatory motion. It specifies how quick to replicate a move of a certain step in a certain time. The motor pule frequency can be transformed into rpm, which indicates the revolving motion. Therefore, to regulate the stepper motor rotation speed can only be done by modifying the motor driver pule frequencies or the input pulse numbers. However, it is essential to limit the maximum motor speed on the software level; we have limited the selectable speed range for the wrist F/E, R/U, and Forearm S/P between 0-10 rpm. On the other side, the required speed for fingers F/E mechanism is higher than the other joints; because of the leading screw and nut's transmission mechanism, we have limited it to the range between 0-80 rpm, which is enough to drive smooth motion for the fingers. Table 2 summarized these technical configurations of the proposed FMRMS; it is worth to mention these specifications were selected based on the suggestions of professional therapists at the Rehabilitation Clinic, University of Debrecen.
# Distributed Extended Kalman Filtering Based Techniques for 3-D UAV Jamming Localization
## 4 Proposed Distributed Extended Kalman Filter Based 3D Jammer's Localization Schemes
### Distance Ratio Based Distributed Extended Kalman Filter (DEKF-DR) for the 3D Localization  
In this section, we proposed a distributed EKF by utilizing an additional edge node \(E\) in addition to a single boundary node \(B\), as shown in Figure 4. For this purpose, we utilize the concept of Distance Ratio (\(\beta\)) described in Section 3. Because both the distances \(d_{IB}\) and \(d_{IE}\) are unknown and the SNR at the edge node equal to the system threshold value (\(SNR_{E}\approx\gamma\)), we can estimate the distance ratio by SNR and power relations as follows:  
\[\beta=10^{(\frac{\gamma-P_{NB}+\gamma P_{B}}{10n})} \tag{31}\]  
where \(P_{NB}\) is the power received at the unaffected node \(N\) from the boundary node \(B\). Thus, once the \(\beta\) is evaluated while using above relation, we can utilize it in Equations (8) and (9). Moreover, the distances can be expressed in terms of \(\beta\) as  
\[d_{IB}=\sqrt{(x_{B}-\widehat{x}_{J})^{2}+(y_{B}-\widehat{y}_{J})^{2}+(z_{B}- \widehat{z}_{J})^{2}} \tag{32}\]  
\[d_{IE}=d_{IB}\,\beta=\sqrt{(x_{B}-\widehat{x}_{J})^{2}+(y_{B}-\widehat{y}_{J})^ {2}+(z_{B}-\widehat{z}_{J})^{2}}\,(\beta) \tag{33}\]  
\[d_{EB}=d_{IB}\,(1-\beta)=\sqrt{(x_{B}-\widehat{x}_{J})^{2}+(y_{B}-\widehat{y}_{ J})^{2}+(z_{B}-\widehat{z}_{J})^{2}}\,(1-\beta) \tag{34}\]  
Again, the state vector \(\mathbf{x_{k}}\), \(\mathbf{A_{k}}\) the Jacobian matrix, and the process noise \(\mathbf{Q_{k}}\) can be defined by Equations (18), (20) and (21), respectively. However, the measurement vector incorporates the power measurements from a single boundary node (i.e., \(P_{IB}\)) and from Edge node (i.e., \(P_{IE}\) and \(P_{EB}\)), that is,  
\[\mathbf{h}=[v_{x},v_{y},v_{z},a_{x},a_{y},a_{z},P_{IB},P_{IE},P_{EB}]^{T} \tag{35}\]  
therefore, the covariance matrix of measurement noise \(\mathbf{R_{k}}\) become  
\[\mathbf{R_{k}}=diag\left(\sigma_{v_{x}}^{2},\sigma_{v_{y}}^{2},\sigma_{v_{z}}^ {2},\sigma_{a_{x}}^{2},\sigma_{a_{y}}^{2},\sigma_{a_{z}}^{2},\sigma_{b_{B}}^{ 2},\sigma_{b_{IE}}^{2},\sigma_{c_{EB}}^{2}\right) \tag{36}\]Thus, the Jacobian matrix \(\mathbf{H}\) can be obtained, as follows:  
\[\mathbf{H}_{k}\triangleq\frac{\partial\mathbf{h}}{\partial\mathbf{x_{k}}}\Big{|} _{(\widehat{x}_{I,k-1},\widehat{y}_{I,k-1},\widehat{z}_{I,k-1})}=\left[ \begin{array} []{ccccccccc}0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\\ 0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\\ \frac{\partial P_{IB}}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial P_{IB}}{\partial y}&\frac{ \partial P_{IB}}{\partial z}&0&0&0&0&0\\ \frac{\partial P_{IE}}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial P_{IE}}{\partial y}&\frac{ \partial P_{IE}}{\partial z}&0&0&0&0&0&0\\ \frac{\partial P_{IE}}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial P_{EB}}{\partial y}&\frac{ \partial P_{EB}}{\partial z}&0&0&0&0&0&0\\ \end{array}
# Slicing on the Road: Enabling the Automotive Vertical through 5G Network Softwarization
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper presents an architectural framework specifically conceived to support V2X network slices, along with the description of the main mechanisms and enablers. The architecture relies on the closely-knit interactions of network softwarization technologies such as SDN, NFV and MEC.  
The focus is on the design of a V2X slice for cooperative driving services and the behaviors entailed to enable them under intra- and inter-operator mobility. Although the benefits of network slicing for V2X can be sound in theory, practical validation is a necessary step that may include unanticipated critical implementation and deployment issues. Exploiting the fast prototyping and experimentation approach of Mininet-WiFi, in this study, we made some practical steps that hopefully can be useful to the wider research community. The conducted PoC experiments point to viable deployability options and potential benefits of the proposed framework and call for conducting more extensive evaluation campaigns.  
We recognize that the complexity of the addressed topic entails further research efforts. Technical challenges upfront include more detailed implementation of the air interface protocols, the APIs definition between the conceived modules and strenuous inter-operator orchestration mechanisms, all of which are part of our research roadmap. In particular, future works will target the extension of the proposed framework for the design of near-seamless service migration strategies between MEC  
Figure 7: Latency perceived by the targeted vehicle with and without slicing federation (**b**) in the reference scenario shown in (**a**).  
servers of different operators and their interplay with handover operations between edge-empowered RAN nodes.  
Conceptualization, C.C., A.M., C.E.R. and A.I.; Investigation, C.C. and A.M.; Software, R.d.R.F.; Supervision, A.M. and C.E.R.; Validation, R.d.R.F. and C.E.R.; and Writing-review and editing, C.C., R.d.R.F., A.M., C.E.R. and A.I.  
The research of Prof. [PERSON] was partially supported by the H2020 4 th EUBR Collaborative Call, under the grant agreement number 777067 (NECOS - Novel Enablers for Cloud Slicing), funded by the European Commission and the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Communication (MCTIC) through RNP and CTIC.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Reinforcement Mechanism  
The effects of adding organic material can be predicted based on its chemistry. Amylopectin in glutinous rice flour may provide coordination sites for calcium ion, and calcium ions would be more regular and denser. When sucrose molecules in brown sugar encounter calcium ions, they form a complex, and the highly active alcohol hydroxyl groups participate in the formation of calcium carbonate. Casein proteins in skimmed milk powder bind to the calcium ion and salt out, resulting in the aggregation of casein precipitation, which can be used as the nucleation center of calcium carbonate; casein also has an obvious ability to chelate calcium ions [30; 31; 45].  
The soil consolidation mechanism of EICP combined with organic materials is described in Figure 16. There were many noncontact areas between the particles of untreated soil. The incorporation of organic materials provided nucleation sites for the precipitation of calcium carbonate so that the newly generated calcium carbonate crystals accumulated continuously, and the adjacent crystals merged due to volume enlargement, finally producing multiparticle cluster crystals with concentrated morphologies. These large calcium carbonate crystals were produced between soil particles (optimal distribution), which bonded the soil particles and improved the integrity of the soil. However, the specific chemical reaction process after mixing organic materials needs to be further analyzed with the help of other experiments and knowledge of environment, biology, chemistry, and other disciplines.  
Figure 16: Mechanism of soil solidification by EICP combined with organic materials.  
Figure 15: XRD results for (**a**) D1 and D5 and (**b**) A4, B4, and C5.
## 2 Datasets and Methods
### Methods  
#### 2.2.1 Trend Analysis  
We fitted trends in NDVI and climate series linearly using ordinary least squares and the F-test was applied to test the statistical significance, taking 0.05 as the significance level in this study. The long  
Figure 1: Vegetation distribution in China. ENF, evergreen needle forest; EBF, evergreen broadleaf forest; DBF, deciduous broadleaf forest; MF, mixed forest.  
term trends draw a general picture on the long term NDVI variation, though the trends might change throughout the 30 years. To address this concern, the non-parametric Pettitt test was applied to identify the abrupt change point [44]. Pettitt test has been widely applied in detecting abrupt change points in climate factors and hydrologic processes [45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. It tests the null hypothesis \(H_{0}\): the time series follows the same distribution, against the alternative hypothesis \(H_{1}\): before and after time \(t\), the two parts of the time series follow different distribution functions [44]. The change point \(t\) represents the point when there is an abrupt jump that partitions the time series into two parts [46, 50]. One of the advantages of Pettitt test is that it makes no assumption neither on the form of the distribution nor on the location of change. Pettitt test takes a time series with length of \(T\) as two groups, _i.e._, \(x_{1},\ldots,x_{t}\) and \(x_{t+1},\ldots,x_{T}\). It calculates the statistical function \(V(t)\) and \(U(t)\) with the following equations  
\[U_{t,T}=U_{t=1,T}+V_{t,T},\ t=2,\ldots,T \tag{1}\]  
\[V_{t,T}=\sum_{j=1}^{T}\mathrm{sgn}(x_{t}-x_{j}),\ \ \mathrm{sgn}(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}+1,&x>0\\ 0,&x=0\\ -1,&x<0\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
The most likely change point can be found at  
\[p(t)=\max|U_{t,T}| \tag{3}\]  
The approximate significance probability of the most likely change point would be calculated as follows:  
\[P(t)=1-\exp(\frac{-6U_{t,T}^{2}}{T^{3}+T^{2}}) \tag{4}\]  
If \(P(t)>0.95\), it can be considered as a significant change point. Otherwise the time series should be considered as stable.
## 2 Diversity of LPBSs and NRPSs from _Bacillus_ and _Pseudomonas_  
_Bacillus_ and _Pseudomonas_ spp. produce a wide range of LPBSs (Tables 1, 2). These lipopeptides share similar amphipathic structures containing both a hydrophilic peptide portion and a hydrophobic fatty acid portion. Most of the LPBSs have a cyclic structure mediated by the linkage between a \(C\)-terminal peptide residue and either a \(\beta\)-hydroxy fatty acid, hydroxyl group of the peptide residue, or \(\beta\)-amino acid. NRPSs are multi-modular enzymes that recognize, activate, modify, and link the amino acid intermediates to the product peptide [15]. They are capable of synthesizing peptides that contain unusual amino acids including D-amino acids, \(\beta\)-amino acids, and hydroxy- or \(N\)-methylated amino acids. Biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides occurs via the function of the catalytic unit, referred to as a module. The order of modules is usually co-linear to the product peptide sequences (Figure 1). Each module is composed of specific domains that are responsible for catalyzing different enzymatic activities.  
The adenylation (A) domain is responsible for amino acid recognition and adenylation at the expense of ATP to form an acyl-adenylate intermediate. Then, the adenylated amino acid covalently binds to a phosphopantetheine carrier of the adjacent thiolation (T) or peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) domain. Peptide bond formation of two consecutively bound amino acids is catalyzed by the condensation (C) domain. Modification domains, such as the epimerization (E) domain, catalyze the conversion of l-amino acids to d-isomers, and they are typically associated with the module that incorporates d-amino acids. Lastly, cyclization and release of the product peptide are carried out by _C_-terminal thioesterase (Te) domain that is associated with a termination module. A number of gene clusters encoding NRPSs for LPBS biosynthesis in both _Bacillus_ and _Pseudomonas_ have been cloned and characterized (Figure 1). These gene clusters show striking similarities in the modular architecture of their repetitive catalytic units and assembly-line mechanism. However, several unique features have also been identified.
## 4 Applications of Integrated Photonics  
The unified integration of photonic elements onto a single chip allows the creation of compact and efficient devices with amplified performance and versatility. In telecommunications, integrated photonics accelerates data transmission rates and expands bandwidth, crucial for meeting the escalating demands of high-speed internet and mobile communication. Additionally, optical computing holds the promise of revolutionizing processing speed and energy efficiency, laying the groundwork for cutting-edge architectures like optical and neuromorphic computing [18; 55; 56]. In addition to these areas, integrated photonics revolutionizes sensing technologies by enabling the creation of highly sensitive and compact sensors. These advancements are applicable in diverse fields such as environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics [57; 58]. Its influence extends to frontier domains like quantum computing, where it plays a vital role in realizing quantum communication and information processing. Overall, integrated photonics emerges as a beacon of innovation, propelling advancements that redefine communication, computation, sensing, and exploration in the modern era [59; 60; 61]. In this section, we discussed four vital applications that can be executed using PICs.
## Materials and Methods
### Rheological Tests of the Feedstocks  
Feedstock viscosity is one of the important parameters that needs to be evaluated in order to assess the suitability of feedstocks for injection moulding. The viscosity needs to be within a certain range in order for the feedstock to be successfully injection moulded, which is below 1000 Pa.s in the shear rate range of 102-105 s\({}^{-1}\)[14]. The viscosities of both commercial and prepared feedstocks were analysed using a twin bore barrel capillary rheometer (Rosand RH2000, Malvern, UK) with a capillary die that has a diameter of 2 mm and a height of 16 mm. Rabinowitsch correction was applied in order to obtain the corrected shear rate. It should be noted that the commercial feedstock could not be tested at a temperature below 170 \({}^{\circ}\)C, as the capillary die of the rheometer became clogged below this temperature. This is expected, as it is recommended in the specification sheet of the PolyMIM feedstock to mix and inject the feedstock at a minimum temperature of 178 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Hence, the viscosity of commercial feedstock was tested at three different temperatures, namely 170, 185 and 195 \({}^{\circ}\)C, whereas the feedstock prepared in this study with the relatively coarse Ti powder was tested at 120, 135 and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C due to its lower viscosity. The flow behaviour indices were estimated for both feedstocks using the following equation:  
\[\eta=K\dot{\gamma}^{(n-1)} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\eta\) is the viscosity, \(K\) is a constant, \(\dot{\gamma}\) is the shear rate and \(n\) is the flow behaviour index (shear sensitivity). For non-Newtonian fluids with shear thinning behaviour, the shear sensitivity value is below 1, while for Newtonian fluids, it is equal to 1. Another critical variable in assessing the capability of the feedstock to take the shape of the mould cavity is the yield shear stress. Yield shear stress is the minimum stress required to cause the feedstock to flow, below which no flow occurs. The yield stresses for both feedstocks were calculated via the Bingham model using the following equation [15]:  
\[\tau=\tau_{y}+\eta_{p}\dot{\gamma} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\tau_{y}\) is the yield shear stress and \(\eta_{p}\) is the plastic viscosity.  
Figure 1: The morphology of the Ti powder used.