## 3 Results
### Malnutrition and Nutritional Risk Screening  
Low FFMI, by DXA, was observed in 12 (19%) patients, of which 7 had RA and 5 SpA. None of the malnourished participants were identified to be at nutritional risk according to NRS 2002, and five (8%) patients were moderately malnourished according to GLIM criteria. One (2%) patient was underweight in terms of BMI. Furthermore, nine (14%) patients fulfilled the criteria for RC (FFMI <10 th percentile and FMI >25 th percentile), of which four were also malnourished according to GLIM criteria.  
Levels of FMI and FFMI varied greatly within the BMI categories, and low FFMI was found in 11 of the 23 (36%) patients with a normal BMI (Table 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & \(N\) & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Min-Max** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Reference** \\ **Value** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Below** \\ **Reference** \\ **\(n\) (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Above** \\ **Reference** \\ **\(n\) (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Anthropometry & & & & & & \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & All & 71 & 28.0 \(\pm\) 5.5 & 18.2–39.9 & 18.5–24.9 & 1 (1) & 46 (65) \\ WC (cm) & M & 18 & 103.8 \(\pm\) 14.0 & 82.0–134.0 & \(<\)94 & 3 (17) & 15 (83) \\  & F & 52 & 98.6 \(\pm\) 15.5 & 67.5–130.5 & \(<\)80 & 5 (10) & 47 (90) \\ Body composition & & & & & & \\ FFMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & M & 17 & 19.8 \(\pm\) 19.1 & 14.8–22.7 & 16.7–19.8 & 1 (6) & 8 (47) \\  & F & 46 & 16.2 \(\pm\) 1.9 & 12.2–20.7 & 14.6–16.8 & 11 (24) & 15 (33) \\ FMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & M & 17 & 9.0 \(\pm\) 3.3 & 4.0–15.0 & 1.8–5.2 & 0 & 15 (88) \\  & F & 46 & 11.8 \(\pm\) 4.4 & 4.5–21.7 & 3.9–8.2 & 0 & 37 (80) \\ Biochemical parameters & & & & & & \\ Hemoglobin (g/dL) & M & 18 & 14.4 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 13.0–16.2 & 13.4–17.0 & 5 (28) & 0 \\  & F & 53 & 13.0 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 10.9–15.3 & 11.7–15.3 & 7 (13) & 0 \\ Ferritin (ug/L) & M & 18 & 140.4 \(\pm\) 83.2 & 43.0–321.0 & 34–300 & 0 & 1 (6) \\  & F & 52 & 102.4 \(\pm\) 56.1 & 8.0–244.0 & 18–240 & 2 (4) & 1 (2) \\ Homocysteine (umo/L) & All & 70 & 10.9 \(\pm\) 3.0 & 5.2–19.7 & \(<\)15 & - & 8 (11) \\ Methylmalonic acid (umo/L) & All & 70 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 0.1–0.4 & \(<\)0.26 & - & 6 (9) \\ Vitamin D (mmol/L) & All & 70 & 66.8 \(\pm\) 19.6 & 19.0–111.0 & 50–113 & 13 (19) & 0 \\ Zinc (umo/L) & All & 70 & 12.2 \(\pm\) 1.8 & 8.5–16.7 & 10.1–16.6 & 9 (13) & 1 (1) \\ Erythrocyte sedimentation & M & 18 & 11.3 \(\pm\) 11.2 & 1.0–44.0 & 1–20 \({}^{a}\) & - & 3 (17) \\ rate (mm/t) & F & 51 & 13.5 \(\pm\) 11.6 & 1.0–43.0 & 1–30 \({}^{a}\) & - & 5 (10) \\ Handgrip strength & & & & & & \\ Dominant hand & M & 16 & 35.8 \(\pm\) 10.6 & 18.5–59.0 & \(>\)5 pt\({}^{b}\) & 2 (13) & 14 (87) \\  & F & 48 & 17.6 \(\pm\) 7.0 & 4.9–40.1 & \(>\)5 pt\({}^{b}\) & 17 (35) & 31 (65) \\ Non-dominant hand & M & 16 & 32.4 \(\pm\) 10.1 & 19.2–53.3 & \(>\)5 pt\({}^{b}\) & 3 (19) & 13 (81) \\  & F & 44 & 17.3 \(\pm\) 6.4 & 6.8–41.5 & \(>\)5 pt\({}^{b}\) & 5 (11) & 39 (89) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Age-specific references exist. \({}^{b}\) Handgrip strength below 5 th percentile in healthy age- and sex-matched adults was considered to be below reference [33].  
\end{table}
Table 2: Anthropometric measurements, body composition, biochemical assessments, and handgrip strength; \(N=71\).  
No significant differences between RA and SpA in terms of low FFMI, low HGS, obesity, or abdominal obesity were observed.