# Synergies and Potential of Industry 4.0 and Automated Vehicles in Smart City Infrastructure
## 3 Results
### Industry 4.0  
Industry 4.0 is a reaction to the overall development of the industry. Having experienced three industrial revolutions, we are now in the midst of a fourth industrial revolution [55]--hence, the appropriately titled Industry 4.0. Nevertheless, the authors will give a brief overview of the initial three industrial revolutions before delving into Industry 4.0, followed by an examination of the potential synergy between Industry 4.0 and smart cities in the upcoming chapter. The first Industrial Revolution started at the end of the eighteenth century in Europe, Great Britain, and the United States of America (hereinafter referred to as \"USA\"). This industrial revolution was characterized by a shift from manual production, which took a very long time, to machine production using water-powered and steam-powered machinery. It was a major change in the history of industry, as machines, not just people, gradually started to be involved in production. In the early 19 th century came the second industrial revolution. This was characterized by the invention and emergence of key inventions needed to speed up production in factories. Such inventions include, for example, airplanes, fertilizers, belt manufacture, and petrol engines. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the second industrial revolution was assembly line production. When the assembly line was combined with electric drive and other inventions of the period, so-called mass production with an efficient division of labor began. The third industrial revolution dates back to the 1970s and is characterized by partial automation using memory-programmable elements and computers. In fact, this revolution has already made it possible to automate the entire production process. This is the case, for example, of robots in car factories, which carry out certain tasks instead of humans. That is to say, the automation of production through electronic systems, information technology, and computer-controlled production. At the same time, this industrial revolution also included digital systems, which made it possible to optimize the entire production process [56]. On the basis of this historical excursion, the world is now coming to Industrial Revolution 4.0, which has been underway since around 2010 and is expected to last for around 30 more years. The Figure 6 graphically illustrates the content of each industrial revolution and describes what was characteristic of that revolution [57]. Industry 4.0 is characterized by massive digitization and automation of production. Based on this technological trend, individual factories are changing and adapting, giving rise to factories based on automated cyber-physical systems that carry out activities previously completed by humans. The basic principles of Industry 4.0 include the following. * Modularity--systems must be as modular as possible and capable of autonomous recovery based on situation recognition;
* Real-time working;
* Service orientation;
* Decentralization--decision making is autonomous across subsystems;
* Virtualization--systems can be interfaced with virtual models;
* Interoperability--systems and people are able to communicate with each other via the Internet [58]. The core components of Industry 4.0 include cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things (Hereinafter referred to as \"IoT\"), Internet of Services, cloud computing, big data, product lifecycle system, digital manufacturing, digital twin, system integration, industrial IoT, autonomous robotics, 3D printing, smart factory, and augmented reality. Cyber-physical systems combine cyber (software) and physical (hardware) elements to enable real-time process integration and control. The Internet of Things is a set of interconnected devices that collect and exchange data over the Internet. In Industry 4.0, it is used to monitor and control manufacturing processes and equipment.