## 3 Methodology
### Distribution of Smart Grid Infrastructure  
Distributed smart grid infrastructure and devices are essential components of modern electricity distribution systems that leverage advanced technologies, communication networks, and data analytics to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of power  
Figure 8: Interdependency between elements of the smart grid architecture model. Figure 7: Data collection process for designing, evaluating, and deploying networks using virtualization-based platforms. distribution as shown in Figure 9. This kind of infrastructure aims to transform traditional distribution grids into intelligent, interconnected, and responsive systems that can better accommodate the evolving energy landscape and consumer demands. * Smart Meters: Smart meters are electronic devices installed at consumer premises to measure and record electricity consumption at more frequent intervals compared to traditional meters. They enable two-way communication between consumers and utilities, providing real-time consumption data for billing accuracy, load profiling, and demand response programs. * Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs): RTUs and IEDs are deployed in substations to gather data from sensors, protection relays, and other devices. RTUs facilitate remote monitoring and control of substations, while IEDs perform specific functions like fault detection, protection, and automation within the substation. * Distribution Management System (DMS): The DMS is a software platform that integrates data from various sources to monitor, control, and optimize distribution grid operations. It provides tools for real-time situational awareness, outage management, and load balancing. * Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): SCADA systems allow operators to remotely monitor and control grid equipment in real-time. They collect data from various devices, visualize it on control center screens, and enable operators to take corrective actions. * Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): AMI comprises smart meters, communication networks, and data management systems. It facilitates bi-directional communication between consumers and utilities, enabling remote meter reading, real-time pricing, and demand management programs. * Demand Response (DR) Controllers: DR controllers manage electricity demand by adjusting consumption in response to grid conditions or pricing signals. They help prevent grid overload during peak demand periods and encourage energy conservation. * Energy Storage Systems: Energy storage systems, such as batteries, store excess energy generated during low-demand periods and release it during high-demand times. They improve grid stability and enable efficient integration of renewable energy sources. * Distribution Automation (DA) Equipment: DA equipment includes switches, reclosers, and capacitors that can be remotely controlled and automated to reroute power, isolate faults, and optimize grid performance. * Grid Sensors: Grid sensors monitor various parameters, including voltage, current, temperature, and fault conditions. They provide real-time data to enable predictive maintenance and rapid fault detection. * Communication Infrastructure: Communication networks, such as fiber optics, wireless technologies, and the internet, enable devices to exchange data with each other and the central control systems. * Power Quality Monitoring Devices: These devices monitor power quality parameters like voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and disruptions, helping maintain stable and high-quality power supply. * Fault Detection and Location Systems: These systems automatically detect and pinpoint faults in the distribution grid, helping utilities restore power faster and minimize outage durations. * Renewable Energy Interfaces: Interfaces and devices enable the integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind into the distribution grid, contributing to greener energy generation.