## 1 Introduction
Our contribution is an in depth analysis of the design space for more than 30 QoS multicast protocols in ad hoc networks. The end result is an identification of possible mechanisms and scenarios that could benefit from a more detailed investigation. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In the remainder of Section 1 we introduce the challenges and the functionalities required for providing QoS multicast. Section 2 classifies the various protocols based on the mechanisms used to implement the functionalities. In Section 3 we focus on the actual scenario used to evaluate the performance of the various proposed schemes. The limitations of existing scenarios are also described. Most of the existing scenarios are quite limited with the small number of groups and sources. In the conclusion part, Section 4, we identify design mechanisms and usage scenarios that have only been investigated to a limited degree. The 31 protocols surveyed in the paper are listed in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l} \hline
**No.** & **Protocol** & **Full Name** \\ \hline
1 & QAMNet [11] & Quality of service for Multicast in MANETs \\
2 & CQMRP [12] & Cluster-based QoS Multicast Routing Protocol \\
3 & QMRPCAH [13] & QoS Multicast Routing Protocol for Clustering Mobile Ad Hoc Network \\
4 & HVDB [14] & Hypercube-based Virtual Dynamic Backbone \\
5 & QoS-ODMRP [15] & QoS On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol \\
6 & E-QMR [16] & Cross-layer QoS Multicast Routing Protocol (This protocol is an extension of \\  & & protocol QMR[44]) \\
7 & Hu* [17] & This protocol was not named by the authors. The first author’s name is used instead \\
8 & QMRP [18] & QoS aware Multicast Routing Protocol \\
9 & QoS-AODV [19] & QoS Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing \\
10 & HQMRP [21] & Hybrid QoS Multicast Routing Protocol \\
11 & QoS-MEM [22] & QoS-aware Minimum Energy Multicast \\
12 & LTM* [23] & Lantern-Tree-based QoS Multicast (This protocol was not named by the authors. We call it LTM) \\
13 & MPT* [24] & Multiple paths/trees (This protocol was not named by the authors. We call it MPT) \\
14 & EQMGA [25] & Entropy-based Genetic Algorithm to support QoS Multicast Routing \\
15 & QMOST [26] & QoS-aware Multicast Overlay Spanning Tree \\
16 & LACMQR [28] & Location-based multicast routing for mobile ad hoc networks \\
17 & AQM [29,45] & Ad Hoc QoS Multicasting \\
18 & M-CAMP [30] & Call-Admission Multicast Protocol for MANETs \\
19 & MCEDAR [31] & Multicast Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing \\
20 & QoS-MAODV [32] & QoS-Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing \\
21 & HQMGA [33] & Hierarchical QoS Multicast routing using GA in MANET \\
22 & QMR [44] & QoS Multicast Routing Protocol \\
23 & EGA [35] & A Genetic Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Based Multicast Routing on MANETs \\
24 & SEQMRAN [36] & Secure Efficient QoS Multicast Route Discovery for MANETs \\
25 & FQM [37] & Framework for QoS Multicast \\
26 & ODQMM [38] & On-Demand QoS Multicast for MANETs \\
27 & MACO [41] & Ant Colony Algorithm Based on Orientation Factor for QoS Multicast \\
28 & AMOMQ [42] & Ad-hoc Mesh-based On-demand Multicast Routing Protocol with Quality of Service Support \\
29 & QoS-MAODV- & QoS Constrained Multicast Routing For Mobile Ad Hoc Networks \\
30 & HTQ* [50] & Hexagonal-tree TDMA-based QoS multicast protocol (This protocol was not named by the authors. We call it HTQ) \\
31 & QMMRP [51] & QoS Multilayered Multicast Routing Protocol \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Description of protocol names.