esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Model Introduction
\[z_{c}=\frac{1}{H\times W}\sum_{i=1}^{H}\sum_{j=1}^{W}U_{c}(i,j) \tag{1}\]  
\[s_{c}=\sigma(W_{2}\cdot\delta(W_{1}\cdot z_{c})) \tag{2}\]  
\[\bar{U}_{c}=s_{c}\cdot U_{c} \tag{3}\]  
The SE module (Squeeze-and-Excitation) has been demonstrated to facilitate the enhancement of focus on important channel features at a reduced computational cost [41]. However, it should be noted that this module has dual limitations: firstly, the lack of spatial information modeling capability leads to insufficient capture of local feature correlations; secondly, the dense parameters of the fully connected layer lead to a significant increase in computational overhead when processing high-dimensional features [40]. To address these limitations, this study proposes the ECA (Efficient Channel Attention) module. The ECA module enhances the spatial-channel synergistic perception capability of YOLOv11 while preserving the benefit of channel attention. This is achieved by substituting the fully connected operation with a lightweight 1D convolution. The flow of the module is as follows: firstly, the channel description vector \(z_{c}\) is obtained using global average pooling. Subsequently, local interaction is performed using 1D convolution to obtain the channel weight distribution. Finally, the channel weights are multiplied channel-by-channel with the original feature map to recalibrate the features. The formula for the ECA module is as follows:  
\[z_{c}=\frac{1}{H\times W}\sum_{i=1}^{H}\sum_{j=1}^{W}X_{c}(i,j) \tag{4}\]  
\[w_{c}=\sum_{i=-\lfloor k/2\rfloor}^{\lfloor k/2\rfloor}z_{c+i}\cdot\omega_{i} \tag{5}\]  
\[Y_{c}(i,j)=w_{c}\cdot X_{c}(i,j) \tag{6}\]  
The ECA module is responsible for the calculation of the channel interaction weights through the utilization of an adaptive 1D convolutional kernel. This process successfully avoids the computational redundancy that is typically caused by the fully connected operation. Consequently, this enhances the efficiency of the attention mechanism and ensures optimal performance in real-time target detection. The specific structure of the ECA module is illustrated in Figure 2. The incorporation of ECA within the C2 PSA module of YOLOv11 facilitates the optimization of channel weighting through local interactions, thereby ensuring that the model can allocate more precise attention to the target area, particularly in scenarios characterized by complex backgrounds and the detection of diminutive targets. Concurrently, the lightweight design of ECA maintains the real-time performance of YOLOv11, rendering it suitable for environments with limited resources. YOLOv11 integrates the ECA algorithm into the object detection framework, which has been proven to enhance its performance in detection tasks [42]. In mining experiments, the architecture demonstrated outstanding results even under low illumination and target occlusion scenarios, achieving a [EMAIL_ADDRESS] of 95.8%, significantly outperforming comparative models. The model maintains a high frame rate of 59.6 FPS while ensuring accuracy, highlighting its robustness and practical value under complex conditions.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization
As evident from Figure 3, considerable amounts of N, Ca, Fe and P were present in the raw sludge mixture, followed by Al, Mg and K. Cu, Na and Zn were present in lower concentration. Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg and Pb are not reported in Figure 3 as their concentration is lower than 30 mg kg\({}^{-1}\). Since heavy metals mostly remain in the solid phase after HTC treatment, their concentration in the hydrocarbons increased [45] with the formation of more adsorption points to adsorb heavy metal ions [46]. Considering alkali metals, the HTC treatment concentrated both Ca and Mg in the hydrochar, while Na and K concentration decreased due to their solubility (and thus partial dissolution) into the HTC process water [47]. The KOH treatment did not substantially vary the concentration of metals in the hydrochars with some exceptions: the Mg and Na concentrations slightly increased while the increase in K concentration was extremely high. As a matter of fact, some K deriving from the KOH used to modify the hydrochars remained in the hydrochars themselves. The presence of metal ions with basic properties (K, Ca, Al) can improve the efficiency of acid-base interactions with MB, displaying acid behavior, thus an improvement of MB removal is expected in more basic environments [42]. Moreover,  
Figure 2: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of (**a**) raw and (**b**) modified hydrochars. it should not be neglected that the presence of Fe ions in raw and modified hydrocarbons could improve the MB removal efficiency, due to the onset of a redox equilibrium between Fe ions and MB itself. Furthermore, our data also prove that the HTC of sewage sludge is a process which enriches the resulting solids in P [48]. The produced hydrochar has thus a higher concentration of P compared to the raw sludge mixture; P which, together with other elements such as N, K, Na, Ca and Mg, is an essential nutrient for plants growth. It is worthy commenting on the N content data calculated via ICP with that calculated via CHN analysis through the elemental analyzer. The data for the sludge mixture is statistically identical (ICP: 5.3% \(\pm\) 0.1%; CHN analysis: 5.5% \(\pm\) 0.3%). When considering raw and modified hydrocarbons, such data consistency is found only for three samples out of six: for three hydrochars, the values measured by the two techniques are statistically different. This could be due to some extent to the different analytical approach but, in the opinion of the authors, this is mainly due to the natural heterogeneity of the samples, also considering that each sample derives from the mixing of two different sludges having different chemical characteristics.
# Degradation Characteristics and Reliability Assessment of 1310 nm VCSEL for Microwave Photonic Link
## 2 Device Structure and Reliability Testing  
In the following section, the 1310 nm VCSELs performance characterization and reliability assessment as a commercial device are discussed, and the schematic of the structure is shown in Figure 1. The epitaxial wafer is grown on an N-type InP substrate. The oxidation layer in the N-DBR contains a high Al concentration, providing current confinement and index guiding for the VCSEL, and the P-DBR consists of a multilayer dielectric layer. The VCSEL chips are packaged in TO46 headers.  
The device is installed on the fixture of the aging system, and the built-in current source of the system generates constant and varying currents. When the current is greater  
Figure 1: Schematic of the 1310 nm VCSEL device.  
than the threshold current of the device, the output power of the device is received by the photodetector integrated into the fixture, and the measured data is exported to the software system. The device current is continuously adjusted by the integrated software, and the output power is also continuously changed. Through the long-term recording of test data by the operating system, and analyzing the L-I-V curve, the variation trend of the output power with the current can be obtained.  
The accelerated life tests for 1310 nm VCSELs are performed with an aging current of 6 mA, 8 mA and 10 mA at an ambient temperature of 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C. There are three samples for each current stress condition, and the conditions are summarized in Table 1. Before the aging test, the L-I-V measurement is performed for each VCSEL with the test current up to 10 mA. Then, the devices are returned to the aging test current. After the aging test, the L-I-V curve is tested again. The failure criterion is defined as a plus or minus 20% change in the output power compared with the optical power measured at the beginning of the aging test at a fixed bias current.
### Background and Literature Review
#### 1.2.3 Redirection Algorithm
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **HTTP/2 Server Push** & **WebSockets** & **QUIC** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Server-Sent Events** \\ **(SSE)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Connection Type & Unidirectional & Bidirectional & Bidirectional & Unidirectional \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Connection \\ Establishment \\ \end{tabular} & TCP connection & TCP connection & UDP connection & TCP connection \\ \hline Data Transfer & Pushed resources & Real-time updates & Real-time updates & Real-time updates \\ \hline Multiple Resources & Yes & No & Yes & No \\ \hline Browser Compatibility & Widely supported & Widely supported & Limited support & Widely supported \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Server Compatibility} & Requires HTTP/2 & Requires server-side & Requires & Requires SSE server \\  & server & WebSocket support & QUIC-enabled server & support \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Performance} & Faster than HTTP/1.1 & \begin{tabular}{c} Low latency, low \\ overhead \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Low latency, reduced \\ round trips \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Low overhead, reduced \\ latency \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Use Cases} & Static resources, application resources & Real-time applications, gaming, chat & Streaming media, real-time applications &
\begin{tabular}{c} Real-time updates, \\ news feeds, stock \\ tickers \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Server’s push comparison. couples content from its original location, and enables in-network caching. The authors suggested a distributed architecture and a hybrid cache concept. By moving the most popular content to the network's perimeter and maintaining the least popular content in the center, the suggested strategy attempts to choose the best location for that content in the content store. The results show that the proposed mechanism outperforms the existing mechanism according to efficiency. Based on the gap that has been detected in this section, a hybrid protocol for broadcasting video content and the efficient redirection process based on the Modified Cuckoo Search Algorithm (MCSA) is proposed, which overcomes the above-mentioned issues. The main motivation of this research is to select an optimal edge server for the end-users' request (i.e., reduce waiting time) and minimize resource usage by deploying the videos across the edge servers to the corresponding client's request in an efficient way. The remaining sections of this paper are structured as follows: Details of the suggested protocols and proposed redirection algorithm are described in Section 2. In Section 3, the experimental results are depicted. The results, discussion, and comparison of the findings are explained in Section 4, and Section 5 concludes the main outcomes and provides recommendations for future investigation.
## 6 Results and Analysis
### Computation Complexity  
Based on the simulation results and defined parameters, a 5 MHz frequency is required to compute the 160-bit elliptic curve, where 5 MHz is for one small data module in which multiple modules are included in the calculation of the elliptic curve and related mathematical operations. To elaborate in detail, we have defined some notations to describe the function of protocol like, \(T_{E}\), \(T_{EPM}\), \(T_{EDs}\), \(T_{H}\), \(T_{X}\) which are the time for performing an exponential operation, time for performing an elliptic curve point multiplication operation, time for computing EC point multiplication function, symmetric encryption/decryption operation time, the one way hash function computation time, and XOR operation, respectively.  
Figure 5: Communication overheads during authentication.  
According to [42; 43], the computation time for an exponential operation is 0.522 ms, EC point multiplication process consumes 0.063075 ms, one-way hash operation implementation time is 0.0005 ms, and the encryption/decryption operation time is 0.0087 ms. On the user's side, the proposed scheme has lower computational overheads, as shown in Figures 6 and 7. Our SAPS protocol is more suitable for a mobile scenario when compared to existing schemes, because it has fewer rounds needed for authentication. Computing complexity for the adversary is high, whereas fewer communication rounds make it more efficient and secure.
## 1 Introduction
SWAT provides two methods for estimating surface runoff: the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Curve Number (CN) method and the physically based Green and Ampt Mein Larson (GAML) method. The GAML method could be implemented in hourly simulations to continuously simulate the infiltration processes. The GAML equation establishes a relationship between the infiltration and rainfall rates based on parameters with physical meanings, facilitating the continuous simulation of surface runoff [18]. Therefore, the SWAT model could be implemented at an hourly scale, and the high-resolution time interval is critical for accurately modeling watershed floods. Given its relatively recent inception, scarcity of established simulation methodologies, and increased uncertainties, the application of the SWAT model at hourly scales for watershed studies remains less prevalent. In an example among the limited published investigations, [PERSON] and co-authors [19] performed a comparative analysis contrasting flow simulations between hourly and daily scales, revealing substantial impacts of different temporal resolutions on the hydrological processes. Recognizing the daily scale's limitations in capturing intricate temporal nuances of river flow and material dynamics, [PERSON] [20] extended efforts to reinforce the predictive capabilities of the hourly scale model, specifically concerning high-resolution flood peak forecasts. Furthermore, [PERSON] and collaborators [21] employed the hourly module for predicting flow in coastal watersheds. However, hourly simulated R\({}^{2}\) and NSE values showcased subpar performance across various stations in contrast to daily scale simulations. While the application and performance of SWAT models with various time resolutions have been discussed in previous studies, a lack of comprehensive evaluations address ing the intricacies of hourly scale simulated flood peaks persists, encompassing their advantages, disadvantages, and the involved parameterization procedures. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: (a) to establish a reliable SWAT model to shed light on the advantages and disadvantages of the model in flood peak and baseflow simulations at different scales; (b) to investigate the sensitivity of the simulated hourly runoff to different parameters; and (c) to explore the intra-annual dynamics of hydrological components in the basin, providing fundamental information for water resource management.
# Nonvolatile Organic Floating-Gate Memory Using N2200 as Charge-Trapping Layer
## 2 Device Structure and Physical Models  
### Device Structure  
A bottom-gate top-contact structure is adopted by the device, as shown in Figure 1. Thermally oxidized SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated Si/p+ wafer was employed as the substrate. N2200 was spin-coated on the substrate as a floating-gate layer, PMMA was spin-coated on the N2200 surface as a tunneling layer, and pentacene was deposited on PMMA as an active layer. Finally, source-drain electrodes were deposited on pentacene using the thermal evaporation technique, and copper with a high work function was utilized as the source and drain electrodes. Refer to Figure S1 for details of the device fabrication process. Among these, PMMA can also be used as a charge-trapping layer [34]; however, in more reports in the literature, PMMA has been used as a tunneling layer in OFETM [35]. The energy level structure of PMMA makes it more suitable for functioning as a tunneling layer in this device structure. PMMA has a suitable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (LUMO) level and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (HOMO) level, which form a charge potential well in the PMMA/N2200/SiO\({}_{2}\) structure. This ensures that the charge captured by N2200 remains for a long time. N2200 is a specific material that exhibits distinctive charge-trapping and transport properties. Compared to the materials used in previous studies, N2200 has a more suitable energy level structure, which enables it to achieve higher efficiency and selectivity in the charge-trapping process. The detailed structural and physical parameters of the device are presented in Table 1.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of the AM Procedure  
Taking into account the automatic 3D reconstruction and segmentation methodology, a patient-specific digital 3D model is extracted for the entire heart and its aorta artery, as illustrated in Figure 9. In detail, Figure 9a shows the final digital 3D model of the heart (left side) and aorta (right side), consisting of approximately 1,090,000 and 371,000 facets, respectively. Furthermore, Figure 9b portrays the 3D-printed models for the heart and the aorta constructed with the RWT-ENT A50 composite material employing the MJP 5600 3D printer. The external dimensions of the examined heart and aorta were 60.91 \(\times\) 80.36 \(\times\) 65.79 mm and 39.54 \(\times\) 45.82 \(\times\) 74.19 mm, respectively. Finally, it is worth noting that the 3D-printed models were structurally flawless, without any visible defect experiencing extensive elasticity.  
The 3D-printed heart-like and aorta-like structures possessed a matte amber-like color which was enhanced with the utilization of white matte powder in order to facilitate the structural light 3D scanning process. Concerning the post-processing of the 3D scanning  
Figure 8: (**a**) Visualization of the results of CFD simulation and (**b**) placement of an artificial valve using the developed VR platform.  
Figure 9: (**a**) Digital models and (**b**) 3D-printed models for the investigated heart and its aorta.  
process, registration, outlier removal, alignment, as well as fusion methods were applied in order to align these scans and extract the corresponding 3D digital models. The scanned models of the investigated heart consisted of polygon meshes with 403,102 polygons for the heart-like structure and 41,199 polygons for the aorta-like structure. In the next step, the examination of the dimensional accuracy as well as the dimensional deviation between the 3D-printed models and the 3D reconstructed models was conducted.  
This was accomplished via generating SDMs of the reconstructed 3D models and the scanned models, as presented in Figure 10. The dimensional evaluation showed that both examined models were slightly smaller compared to the 3D reconstructed digital models, due to the shrinkage effect that occurred during the photo-polymerization processes. In detail, the majority of the absolute deviations were under 0.35 mm for the heart-like structure and below the value of 0.7 mm concerning the aorta-like component. Moreover, the MAE and RMSE metrics were calculated for each case, indicating the sufficient dimensional accuracy of the 3D-printed models compared to the digital ones, as it is documented in the next figure. It should be noted that the aorta-like model exhibited lower dimensional accuracy compared to the heart-like model, due to the size effect of the 3D scanning error, which increases as the size of the object becomes smaller.
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} AWGN & Additive White Gaussian Noise \\ CDF & Cumulative Distribution Function \\ DF & Decode-and-Forward \\ FSO & Free Space Optical \\ HAPS & High-Altitude Platform Station \\ LAP & Low-Altitude Platform \\ LEO & Low Earth Orbit \\ NLE & Number of Link Estimation \\ OP & Outage Probability \\ PDF & Probability Density Function \\ RF & Radio Frequency \\ RIS & Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface \\ SAGIN & Satellite Aerial Ground Integrated Networks \\ SNR & Signal-to-Noise Ratio \\ SP & Switching Probability \\ UAV & Unmanned Aerial Vehicles \\ \end{tabular}
## 1 Introduction
explored numerically the gas temperature effect of an APHeDBD excited by a kHz sinusoidal voltage with the 1D PFM accompanied by the energy equation of the background gas considering the ion Joule heating and exothermic reactions as heating mechanisms [20]. It was reported that the gas temperature plays a significant role in the discharge mode. Recently, the gas heating effects of atmospheric pressure helium discharges driven by radio-frequency power sources were studied by solving the 1D PFM with the energy equation of the background gas considering elastic collision, ion Joule heating, and exothermic reactions as heating mechanisms for obtaining the gas temperature distribution in the discharge [21; 22]. It was shown that elastic collision is the dominant heating mechanism in the bulk region while the ion Joule heating and exothermic reactions are dominant in the sheath region. Although the gas heating effects of helium discharges have been studied numerically for various configurations with different operating conditions, detailed thermal characterization of APHeDBDs generated in a planar reactor driven by the kHz power source remains rare and insufficient for gaining a full understanding. The present work investigates the gas heating behavior of APHeDBDs generated in the planar reactor driven by a kHz power source with both numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The APHeDBDs are modeled by the 1D PFM with the helium chemistry considering the addition of N\({}_{2}\) gas (used for the measurement of the rotational temperature) for evaluating heating sources of different mechanisms including elastic collision, ion Joule heating, and exothermic reactions. The discharge uniformity is confirmed by the intensified CCD camera (ICCD) to justify the assumption of uniform discharge for using the 1D PFM to simulate the APHeDBDs. The average heating source calculated by the 1D PFM is provided for the energy equation solved in the 3D GFM to model the gas temperature of the reactor. The simulated cyclic average power consumption of the APHeDBD is validated with experimental measurements. The rotational temperature in the reactive zone is determined and the surface temperature of the reactor is detected by the infrared (IR) thermal imager to validate the 3D GFM. The power efficiency is studied and the contributions of different heating mechanisms are presented. Section 2 introduces the experimental configuration and the numerical method developed. The model validation is presented in the first part of Section 3 and the heating behavior is investigated as the second part of this section. Section 4 concludes based on the major findings of this work.
## 3 State-of-the-Art Comparison  
The proposed MTM-EBG technique to realize UWB antenna array with dual notched band characteristics is compared with other single and dual notched band UWB antennas in Table 4. It is evident that the proposed antenna has a smaller footprint compared to single and dual notched band antennas in references [19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. The notched band of the proposed antenna is significantly larger than any of the prior designs. Moreover, unlike other dual notched band antennas its EBG frequency can be controlled, and its design and implementation are relatively easy. Also, the proposed antenna is excited with a single feed port unlike other cited works that need two-port excitations except for reference [3]. As a result, the characteristics of the proposed MTM-EBG UWB antenna array and its simplicity make it a viable candidate for various UWB applications.