## 2 Related Work  
The key point of cluster-based routing schema is to efficiently categorize the total mobile nodes into sets known as clusters [9]. In [10], a multipath routing algorithm for video transmission was proposed, and the number of challenges experienced in VANET with respect to QoS is minimized. The authors in [11] designed a cluster dependent aggregation-diffusion beaconing process, which is used to maximize connectivity for providing hops within its confined closeness compass of particular locality. In this process, during the aggregation phase, it allows for re-utilization of steady inter-cluster bandwidth. The topology is constructed to diminish the inter-cluster conflicts by generating clusters, which are isolated by the utmost available inter-cluster rift. Therefore, enhancement process determines that it has reduced efficiency for inter-cluster dissemination. However, in the intra-cluster dissemination, the possibility of triumphant message acceptance is reduced when the node density is maximized. The above scheme evidently shows that it could not resist under high node density.  
There are many existing protocols in VANET to reduce interference using TDMA. For intra-cluster communications in VANET, the authors in [12] developed a mechanism for TDMA slot reservation depending on clustering of vehicles, named time division multiple access cluster-based medium access control (TC-MAC). TDMA slot allocation with rationalized cluster dominating technique is merged with time division multiple access cluster-based medium access control. In this protocol, time periods are allocated to nodes to transfer information without any collision. The task allows vehicles to transmit non-safety messages without affecting the accuracy of receiving and sending, even when there is high traffic density. The authors in [13] proposed an algorithm to increase cluster stability named as dissemination mobility-based clustering algorithm, where stability depends on the time schedule of the cluster heads and on the cluster members (CMs). The above protocols are used in V2V communication for electing cluster heads and for the formation of clusters.  
The authors in [14] proposed a motion-prediction time division multiple access-based medium access control scheme that uses a pre-established multi-hop perception scale for distributing MAC slots to share knowledge with adjacent nodes. Nodes select the unused time period depending on the knowledge offered by the surrounding hops to diminish the interferences. The hopsector policy was selected to eliminate the hidden terminal problem (HTP) [15]. Optimal performance can be achieved with two hops, which is displayed in the result. The authors in [16; 17; 18; 19] talked in detail about various routing schemes and blockchain framework for securing connected and autonomous vehicles, and critical healthcare services with a broad perspective of the internet of things, using trust-based evaluation system in VANET.  
The authors in [20] proposed a multi-hop clustering scheme for VANET. To establish multi-hop clusters, a state-of-the-art mobility mechanism was presented to serve correlative mobility among nodes in multi-hop radius. This scenario presents that hopsector clusters also elongate the communicating area of clusters and attain betterment when differentiated with sole node clusters. The authors in [21] developed a clustering-based medium access control protocol for reducing conflicts in VANET. This scenario employs dynamic multi-hop clustering to improve network enforcement and provides security applications in highway conditions. The authors in [22] developed a schema for a fifth-generation cellular system to provide wide coverage. The authors in [23] developed an architecture to support data sharing in edge computing. In addition to these, some other works [24; 25] inquired about the performance of safety-associated application depending on criteria such as forwarding node ratio, utilization rate of the slot, transmission overhead, end-to-end delay, and throughput.