## 6 Space-Segment Optimization Aspects
### Launch Services and Constraints  
The new-space approach offers exponential growth in contrast to the traditional space by making use of small satellite technology, new manufacturing techniques, commercial off-the-shelf components, by taking relatively higher risks, and by applying fast development cycles. This has prompted an ecosystem where more and more satellites and constellations are being deployed to offer terrestrial services for emerging markets. With new financing models, the outcome is novel and comprised of futuristic space companies, platforms, subsystems manufacturers, launch providers, and ground station services [115; 116; 117]. With the new-space ecosystem, the launch services have also emerged in new categories [118; 119]. * **Dedicated Launches**: A dedicated launch has one major payload that controls the mission requirements on the whole. * **Traditional Ride-share Launches**: Standard ride-sharing consists of a primary mission where surplus mass and volume used by other satellite missions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Const.** & **\# Sat** & **\# N\({}_{P}\)** & \(h\) (km)** & \(i\) (deg)** & **Band** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sat Mass** \\ **(kg)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Application** & **Refs.** \\ \hline Globalstar & 48 & 8 & 1414 & 45 & S/L & 700 & Voice & [103; 104] \\ Orbcomm & 50 & 4 & 825 & 45 & S & 172 & Voice & [105] \\ Iridium & 66 & 6 & 780 & 86.5 & K & 689 & Voice & [106] \\ Incident & 66 & 6 & 780 & 87 & K & 860 & Broadband & [107] \\ SpaceX & 34,404 & 72/72/36 & 550/540 & 53/53.2 & Ku/Ka/V & 145 & Broadband & [108; 109] \\ Starlink * & & \(\epsilon/4/48\) & 570/560 & 70/97.6 & & & & \\  & & 48/48/30 & 560/328 & 97.6/30 & & & & \\  & & 28/28/28 & 384/346 & 40/53 & & & & \\  & & 12/18 & 360/510 & 96.9/14 & & & & \\  & & & 515/520 & 22/30 & & & & \\  & & & 525/530 & 53/45 & & & & \\  & & & 5355/640 & 38/148 & & & & \\ OneWeb * & 7808 & 18/12/8 & 1200 & 87.9/87.9 & Ku/Ka & 386 & Broadband & [110; 111] \\  & & & & 55/87.9 & & & & \\  & & & 40/55 & & & & \\ Telesat * & 1671 & 27/40 & 1015 & 98.98 & Ka & \(\approx\)750 & Broadband & [112] \\  & & 1325 & 50.88 & & & & \\ Amazon & 7774 & 28/36/34 & 590/610 & 33/42 & Ka/V & N/A & Broadband & [113] \\ Kuiper * & & 28/36/34 & 630/590 & 51.9/33 & & & \\  & & 652/325 & 610/630 & 42/51.9 & & & \\ Xona Space * & \(\approx\)300 & N/A & \(\approx\)600 & N/A & C & N/A & Automotive & [8] \\  & & & & & & & domain \\ GeeSpace * & 168 & N/A & 800/820 & 50/85 & N/A & 500 & Automotive & [114] \\  & & & & & & & domain \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The parameters shown in the table are based on the latest information available, corresponding to the planned final constellation (status as of 5 th of Feb 2022). Please check [112; 113; 114; 110; 115; 116; 117] for additional details.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Examples of Main LEO Satellite Constellations with Corresponding Parameters. * **Dedicated Ride-share Launches**: Dedicated ride-share launches are multi-mission launches to deploy dozens of satellites with relatively similar orbital parameters. To meet the requirements of new-space missions, launch broker and services providers joined the launch vehicle manufacturers with reinvented business practices. The Launch Service Provider (LSP) matches a spacecraft with a launch opportunity, providing a standardized separation system with physical integration of the spacecraft to the launch vehicle and with the management of the launch campaign. This has further lowered the barriers for new and nontraditional players to deliver a product to space. With traditional ride-shares and dedicated ride-shares, the cost of launch has decreased significantly [120]. However, the action of launching satellites as a secondary payload or as part of a ride-share has various constraints, as the launch schedule and insertion orbit are marked by primary payload or through a compromise among all payloads in the ride-share.