## 3 Applications
### Three-Dimensional Printing Applications in Cultural Heritage Field
Figure 9: Three-dimensional-printed replica of a part of British Museum’s collection, with its original design data derived from a 3D scan [90]. In another relevant documented case in Peru, researchers used 3D printing to create a replica of a pre-Columbian vessel in the form of a human head. The replica was used to study the original artifact which was fabricated of fragile materials and is too delicate to be handled. A 3D printing replica of a pre-Columbian vessel in the form of a human head was created in Peru, offering a unique look into the art and culture of this ancient civilization. The original vessel, believed to have been created between 800 and 1500 AD, was found among the ruins of the Moche culture, an advanced civilization that flourished in northern Peru for several centuries. The 3D printing replica provides a detailed, accurate representation of the original vessel, including its intricate designs and symbolic features. This replica offers a new way to study and appreciate the aristry and cultural significance of this artifact, beliefs, customs, and traditions of the Moche people. The 3D printing replica of this pre-Columbian vessel is an important step in preserving and sharing the rich cultural heritage of Peru for future generations [98]. Likewise, in the United Kingdom, the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA) used 3D printing to create a replica of a 15 th-century sculpture of [PERSON], which was located in the Church of Saint George in Bruges, Belgium. The replica was used for research and conservation purposes, as the original sculpture underwent significant damage over the years. Three-dimensional printing technology has made it possible to create highly detailed replicas of historic structures such as the Saint George Dragon Church in Bruges, Belgium. By using laser scanning and computer modeling techniques, experts are able to accurately capture the intricate details and proportions of the church's architecture, including its iconic towers, stained glass windows, and intricate sculptures. The 3D printing process then creates the physical model using materials such as plastic or resin, layer by layer, to produce a highly accurate and durable replica. This not only provides a way for people to learn about and appreciate the history of the church, but also offers an interesting new perspective on how technology and tradition can intersect [99]. Furthermore, in the United States, the Getty Conservation Institute used 3D printing to create a replica of a Roman marble statue of a youth, which is in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. The replica was used for research and educational purposes, as well as to study the original statue's condition, which was in need of conservation. The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) employed 3D printing technology to create a replica  
Figure 10: Three-dimensional-printed replica of the Wright Brothers 1903 Flyer, derived from a 3D scan [97]. of a Roman marble statue of a youth in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. This statue, which is considered a masterpiece of ancient art, is one of the museum's prized possessions. Using digital scanning techniques, the GCI was able to capture the intricate details and exact measurements of the original statue, including its textures, shapes, and patterns. The resulting 3D-printed replica offers a unique opportunity to study the ancient work up close, as well as to showcase the statue to a wider audience. In addition, the replica serves as a valuable tool for conservators and researchers, allowing them to study the original statue without risking damage. The GCI's use of 3D printing technology demonstrates how this cutting-edge technique can be used in the conservation and preservation of cultural heritage [100; 101]. Lastly, in Japan, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation used 3D printing to create a replica of a 12 th-century Buddha statue which is on display in the museum.