## 4 Results and Discussions
### Advantages of Using Immersive Reality for Safety Training and Incident Management  
The integration of interconnected digital immersive reality technologies, such as XR, VR, and AR, into OHS training offers a wide range of advantages. These technologies create dynamic, real-time training environments that significantly enhance user interaction, engagement, and cognitive learning. Studies have shown that such immersive digital tools foster a deeper understanding and retention of safety protocols, making them highly effective for modern training needs [12, 53, 71]. The rapid advancement of affordable and versatile VR and AR headsets has unlocked new applications across industries, including manufacturing. For instance, AR enhances operator safety in the food industry by forecasting the necessary cleaning and replacement of porous sieves in hot-break juice extractors [72]. Similarly, VR technology enables operators to remotely perform hazardous procedures without compromising performance [45]. VR is gaining significant recognition in safety training due to its potential to offer numerous benefits over traditional training methods. For example, VR offers benefits like remote presence, flexible training schedules, and instant, risk-free, interactive learning experiences [62]. Another key benefit of these technologies is their ability to enhance cognitive resilience and awareness. AR supports operators in maintaining mental agility and reducing the likelihood of errors by overlaying critical information in real time. Meanwhile, VR provides a safe, controlled environment in which users can practice crisis management scenarios [16], thereby building mental resilience and improving decision-making speed and accuracy. For example, AR and VR multimedia instructions improve operator cognitive abilities and decision-making and reduce cognitive workload compared with paper-based methods [10]. Additionally, AR helps workers work better with robots by showing helpful information on real objects, building trust, and reducing fear or stress. For example, AR improves HRCby overlaying real-time instructions on physical objects, fostering trust, reducing fear, and enhancing the user experience [69; 73]. XR technologies also contribute to broad-spectrum safety improvements in various industrial settings. They enable the development of virtual operation training systems that allow workers to engage in realistic and risk-free simulations. Furthermore, this advanced approach not only minimizes the dangers associated with handling actual machinery but also opens up new opportunities for safety innovation and workforce preparedness [12; 14; 43]. Moreover, AR-based safety training enhances workers' knowledge and decision-making capabilities through immersive simulations that blend virtual and real-world elements. These simulations provide a highly effective alternative to traditional training methods, offering customizable, scalable, and safe learning experiences that can be tailored to specific workplace scenarios [12; 42]. In short, XR overcomes the traditional training limitations by using VR for immersion, AR for real-world overlays, and MR to merge the physical and virtual environments interactively. Finally, the use of immersive virtual environments for safety training promotes sustainability and cost efficiency. Immersive technologies such as VR offer a cost-effective, safe, risk-free, realistic, and comprehensive approach to safety training compared to real-world training environments [40]. Real-world testing is often costly and time-consuming, with limited design iterations, whereas VR enables faster and more affordable testing with more iterations to optimize design, safety, and efficiency [70]. Furthermore, by reducing the need for physical resources and minimizing environmental impact, these technologies support greener training practices.