## 3 Results
### Qualitative Assessment of Phytochemicals in C. simplicifolia Leaf Extracts  
The _C. simplicifolia_ acetone, methanol, and distilled water leaf extracts were qualitatively screened to determine the occurrence of active phytochemicals, like primary and secondary metabolites, by following standard protocols. The outcome of the present investigation of _C. simplicifolia_ leaves depicted the important class of phyto-compounds, namely, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones glycosides, betacyanins, and quinones, that is useful for solvent selection to conduct further research studies (Table 2). Meanwhile, the acetone extract showed positivity toward carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and glycosides. In comparison, the methanol extract exhibited the presence of carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones glycosides, and quinones. Similarly, the distilled water extract revealed the appearance of protein, amino acids, cardiac glycoside, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones glycosides, betacyanins, and quinines, respectively. Functional Group Determination Using the FTIR Technique and Element Characterization Using the EDX Technique  
The _C. simplicifolia_ leaves (methanonic extract) were assessed using FTIR to determine the active functional groups (Figure 2 and Table 3) using a NICOLET 67000 FTIR spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The strong, broad, and medium absorption peaks were obtained between the 400 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 4000 cm\({}^{-1}\) IR region. The result of the current analysis displayed peak values at 3367.14, 2920.79, 2850.32, 1631.04, 1384.59, 1168.64, 1063.78, 824.78, and 615.25 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively. O-H stretching determining alcohol and carboxylic acid groups of strong and broad peaks at 3367.14 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2920.79 cm\({}^{-1}\) were recorded. The peak value at 2850.32 cm\({}^{-1}\) (strong), indicating the occurrence of N-H stretching for amine salts, was observed, and strong and medium peaks at 1631.04 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1384.59 cm\({}^{-1}\) displayed C=C and S=O stretching for conjugated alkenes and sulfate groups. Furthermore, the tertiary alcohols and amine groups stretched with C-O and C-N bands were affirmed at strong--1168.64 cm\({}^{-1}\) and medium--1063.78 cm\({}^{-1}\) peak sizes. In addition, the intense peak ranging from 824.78 cm\({}^{-1}\) to 615.25 cm\({}^{-1}\) confirmed halo compounds with C-Cl and C-Br bending. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Molecule Name** & **Test Type** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Leaves**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **Acetone** & **Methanol** & **Water** \\ \hline Phenolics & Ferric chloride test & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Amino acids & Ninhydrin Test & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Cardiac glycosides & Keller–Killiani test & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Anthraquinones glycosides & Borntrager’s Test & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Proteins & Biuret Test & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Glycos & [PERSON]’s test & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(-\) \\ Flavonoids & Alkaline reagent test & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Carbohydrates & [PERSON]’s Test & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(-\) \\ Terpenoids & [PERSON]’s test & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(-\) \\ Alkaloids & Mayer’s Test & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(+\) \\  & Wagner’s Test & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Quinones & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Saponins & Froth Test & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ Betacyanins & Sodium hydroxide test & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(+\) \\ Tannins & Ferric chloride test & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
Table symbols indicate “\(\star\)” positive for the test, and “\(-\)” negative for the test.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Qualitative screening of phytochemical in extracts of _C. simplicifolia_ leaves. EDX spectroscopy was used to characterize the elemental constituents of _C. simplicifolia_ leaves.