esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A More Efficient Conditional Private Preservation Scheme in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 The Improved More Efficient Protocol
### System Initialization  
First of all, The TA generates the system parameters \((p,G_{1},G_{2},G_{T},g_{1},g_{2},e)\) for each \(RSU\) and vehicle using the security parameter \(k\). Then, it chooses a random number \(u\in Z_{p}^{*}\) as its master key and computes \(U=g_{2}^{u}\in G_{2}\) as its public key. In addition, it selects two secure hash functions: \(f\) and \(h\), where \(f,h:0,1^{*}\to Z_{p}^{*}\), and a secure symmetric encryption algorithm \(Enc_{k}()\). Finally, TA publishes all public parameters \((p,G_{1},G_{2},G_{T},g_{1},g_{2},e,U,f,Enc_{k}())\).
## 1 Introduction
A study on underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) was conducted in [13] by simulating the channel capacity in accordance with the water temperature and salinity. The result showed the effects of different criteria such as the weather, the environment and the temperature on the channel characteristics. An algorithm that utilizes machine learning with quality prediction was proposed in [14] for UWA networks. A logistic regression (LR) algorithm was used to predict the BER between the transmitter and the receiver. This prediction involves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), temperature and wind speed, in addition to several environmental factors. As a result, the consumed energy was reduced and the method was validated by means of practical experiments in Furong Lake. An algorithm that utilizes OFDM systems in UWA channels with joint channel estimation and impulsive noise mitigation has been proposed in [15], combining sparse Bayesian learning with Kalman filtering. The proposed algorithm integrates the subcarriers using the SBL algorithm and Kalman filter to jointly estimate time-varying channels, detect data and enhance the efficiency. To validate this algorithm, experiments were performed in Swan River in Australia to collect data, and the results showed improvement in terms of the BER and frame error rate. To achieve a higher data rate and an improved BER performance, a system has been introduced in [16] that utilizes mapping additional bits to the cyclic shift length of superimposed sequences in in-phase/quadrature branches. Through simulation and field testing, the system's effectiveness in time-varying UWA transmission environments was demonstrated. The system was also theoretically analyzed for the BER over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In this paper, an investigation into polar-coded DCSK communication systems for UWA channels is performed, assuming a t-distribution with five and six degrees of freedom. This investigation started by proposing a PDF for the noise distribution and verifying its accuracy by means of a goodness-of-fit method; then, the result is used to derive a theoretical BER and is compared to that from the Monte Carlo simulation. Then, the polar-coded system is investigated to show the improvement to the BER compared to the uncoded performance. This work is organized as follows: in Section 3, the channel model for the UWA is presented, Section 2 presents the polar code and how it is adopted in the proposed system, Section 4 demonstrates the DCSK and QCSK system models for UWA, Section 5 contains the BER analysis, Section 6 presents the simulation and results, Section 7 discusses the results, and this paper is concluded in Section 8.
# A Rotating Object Detector with Convolutional Dynamic Adaptive Matching
## 3 Method
### Dynamic Convolution
DCM has n convolutions kernels \(\mathbf{W}=(W_{1},W_{2},\cdots,W_{n})\), each with a shape of \([C_{in},C_{out},k,k]\), and \(C_{in}\) and \(C_{out}\) representing the number of input and output channels. The size of the convolution kernel is \(k\times k\). Firstly, a single rotational convolution kernel \(W^{\prime}\) is calculated, taking \(\theta_{i}\) and \(W_{i}\) as parameters and using the \(Rotate(\cdot)\) function:  
\[W^{\prime}_{i}=\text{Rotate}(W_{i},\theta_{i}),i=1,2,\ldots,n \tag{6}\]  
As shown in Figure 2(b), each convolution kernel \(W_{i}\) is rotated clockwise by an angle of \(\theta_{i}\), and each convolution kernel is added according to the weight \(\lambda_{i}\) to obtain a spatially aligned rotated convolution kernel \(W^{\prime}\) with the target. Then, the rotational convolution kernel is used to extract features from the target, as shown in Figure 2(c). By comparing the feature extraction methods of standard convolution and rotational convolution, it isevident that our approach accounts for the directional characteristics of the target, making it more suitable for the extraction of arbitrary directional aerial target features. The rotation convolution kernel \(W^{\prime}\) and feature perform convolution operations to extract rotation features. In order to establish the correlation between feature channels, the rotational features of each part are summed according to their weights to calculate the aligned rotational feature with the target:  
\[y=\lambda_{1}\big{(}W^{\prime}_{1}*x\big{)}+\lambda_{2}\big{(}W^{\prime}_{2}*x \big{)}+\cdots+\lambda_{n}\big{(}W^{\prime}_{n}*x\big{)} \tag{7}\]  
Formula (7) has multiple convolution operations. According to the distribution law of convolution, it can be written as follows:  
\[y=\big{(}\lambda_{1}W^{\prime}_{1}+\lambda_{2}W^{\prime}_{2}+\cdots+\lambda_{ n}W^{\prime}_{n}\big{)}*x \tag{8}\]  
Formula (8) indicates that the rotation weight of the combination is first calculated, and then, convolution operation is performed with feature \(x\). Compared to the standard convolution, the newly added computational complexity of the convolution operation can be ignored. Moreover, through dynamic rotation convolution, the network is more sensitive to the angle features of aerial targets.
# SDR Proof-of-Concept of Full-Duplex Jamming for Enhanced Physical Layer Security
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we presented a SDR proof-of-concept implementation in GNU Radio of the SCS-HK coding for secrecy scheme combined with FD jamming interference generated by the legitimate receiver against an unknown eavesdropper. Several least squares based algorithms to cancel SI were also implemented and evaluated, with the results showing that the LMS algorithm outperforms the others for the same environment. Results also showed that the jamming technique in isolation grants a clear advantage to the legitimate receiver over an eavesdropper, due to the ability of the first to cancel the SI. We observe the PLR and BER's gaps increasing to an advantageous situation and decreasing to a disadvantageous one; either way showing that it is possible to secure the communication in each case. Finally, when the jamming technique is combined with the adapted SCS-HK scheme, a security improvement was observed by increasing [PERSON]'s BER with a minor effect on [PERSON], for several configurations of the jamming power and the number of SCS-HK's punctured bits.  
Future directions of this work include the usage of directional antennas to achieve a larger security gap between [PERSON] and [PERSON], as well as employing other PLS code variants that may further improve the security gap along with improved recovery from wrong bits, thus improving the throughput.  
Conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, and supervision, M.G., J.P.V. and W.K.H.; investigation and methodology, all; software, A.S.; formal analysis, A.S., M.G. and J.P.V.; writing--original draft preparation, A.S.; writing--review and editing, M.G., J.P.V. and W.K.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), through the Regional Operational Programme of Centre (CENTRO 2020) of the Portugal 2020 framework and FCT under the MIT Portugal Program [Project SNOB-5G with Nr. 045929 (CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER- 045929)], and by FCT/MCTES through national funds and when applicable co-funded EU funds under the projects UIDB/EEA/50008/2020, and PES3N (SAICT-45-2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030629).  
Data Availability Statement: Data available in [[https://github.com/IT-UniversityCoimbra-SDRWrirelessComm/Full-Duplex-Jamming-for-Secrecy](https://github.com/IT-UniversityCoimbra-SDRWrirelessComm/Full-Duplex-Jamming-for-Secrecy)]([https://github.com/IT-UniversityCoimbra-SDRWrirelessComm/Full-Duplex-Jamming-for-Secrecy](https://github.com/IT-UniversityCoimbra-SDRWrirelessComm/Full-Duplex-Jamming-for-Secrecy)).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The authors also declare that this work has been partially published in [20], at the international conference CSNDSP2020.
# Linear Method for Diagnosis of Inter-Turn Short Circuits in 3-Phase Induction Motors
###### Abstract  
When a turn-to-turn short fault occurs in an induction motor, it will be accompanied by vibration and heating, which will have adverse effects on the entire power system. Thus, turn-to-turn short fault diagnosis of the stator is required, and major accidents can be prevented if an inter-turn short circuit (ITSC), which is the early stage of a turn-to-turn short, can be detected. This study reinterprets [PERSON]'s vector approach using Direct-Quadrature(D-Q) transformation for the linear separation of ITSCs and proposes an ITSC diagnosis method by defining the magnetic flux linkage pulsation and current change in the event of a turn-to-turn short. It is difficult to diagnose because the turn-to-turn short current change in an ITSC is considerably different from the induction motor loss. Hence, it was found through analysis that when the current change is considered through an analysis of the relationship between inductance and the winding number, the ITSC current becomes slightly smaller than the steady-state current. This was verified using the D-Q synchronous reference frame over time. We proposed a linear separation of the ITSC diagnosis from the steady state by considering the minimum values of the pulsating current as feature points.  
inter-turn short circuit (ITSC); induction motor; stator fault; turn-to-turn; D-Q synchronous reference frame +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
Polyaniline (PANI) is a promising conducting polymer for surface modification of TiO\({}_{2}\) to achieve extended photoresponse to visible light and increased photocatalytic efficiency. In this study, we report the synthesis of a PANI/TiO\({}_{2}\) composite with different weight ratios of PANI, which was subsequently employed for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB), bisphenol A (BPA), and bacteriophage MS2 under visible-light irradiation. The functional groups, morphology, and light response of the composite were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, respectively. The PANI/TiO\({}_{2}\) composite containing 4% by weight ratio of PANI was most suitable for MB degradation, and this photocatalyst was very stable even after repeated use (four cycles). The degradation of BPA and bacteriophage MS2 by PANI/TiO\({}_{2}\) composite reached 80% in 360 min and 96.2% in 120 min, respectively, under visible-light irradiation. Therefore, the PANI/TiO\({}_{2}\) composite with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic efficiency and stability can be widely used for the degradation of water contaminants.  
polyaniline; titanium dioxide; photocatalyst; visible-light irradiation; water contaminant
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Ion Chromatography Analysis

Table 2: pH and soluble salts (ppb) for argillite samples. Values are reported as the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation. binding phase weakens the granular cohesion of the material, which can lead to surface-scale and, in the advanced stages, structural instability. Salt-induced deterioration can often be mitigated, if identified early, through preventive conservation strategies, such as reducing exposure to acidic agents, applying desalinization treatments, and reinforcing cohesion using compatible consolidants [69; 70]. However, in the case of the argillitic materials studied here, the observed deterioration appeared to stem from intrinsic mineralogical weakness rather than salt-related decay. The XRD analyses confirmed that both SP1 and SP2 consist predominantly of quartz, calcite, muscovite, and clinochlore, with SP1 also containing plagioclase. This mineral assemblage, typical of laminar argillites, suggests a fine-grained, sheeted microstructure in which felspathic and micaceous phases act as binding agents among clay-rich and siliceous layers. Of particular concern is the presence of plagioclase and other felspathic components, which are notably susceptible to acid hydrolysis, even under relatively mild conditions, such as those induced by carbonic acid formed from atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\)[71]. The progressive dissolution of these phases leads to a reduction in structural cohesion, ultimately promoting laminar exfoliation and surface detachment. Unlike salt-driven decay, this mechanism reflects an inherent lithological vulnerability, which cannot be effectively counteracted using conventional consolidation methods. Rather, a more comprehensive and integrated conservation approach is required. Although SP2 likely represents the source lithotype used in the construction of the Sanctuary of Apollo, from which SP1 was taken, as suggested by their shared sedimentary nature and mineralogical similarity, differences emerge when comparing their respective alteration profiles. In SP1, there is evidence of partial loss of carbonate phases and a notable depletion of feldspars, features that are not observed to the same extent in SP2. These differences suggest that SP1 has undergone post-depositional weathering, likely driven by prolonged burial and exposure to soil-derived acidic conditions. These processes appear to have enhanced its mineral instability, resulting in leaching and dissolution of vulnerable phases such as carbonates and feldspar. In contrast, SP2 retains a more complete suite of original minerals, suggesting limited alteration and a relatively stable geochemical environment, although it is macroscopically prone to scaling. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of considering not only external decay factors, such as air pollution or salt contamination, but also intrinsic material vulnerabilities and the influence of the burial environment on long-term durability.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Experiments  
For the numerical experiments, a 2D dimensional domain of rectangular geometry of size 10 \(\times\) 3 m bordered by the CPML boundary is set up, as shown in Figure 2.  
To analyse the behaviour and quality of the solution, twelve uniformly distributed viewers are included in the domain, whose coordinates can be checked in Table 2, and whose locations can also be observed in Figure 2.  
The sinusoidal propagation source is located in the centre of the domain, which is given by  
\[J(x,y,t)=\sin[2\pi f_{0}(t-t_{0})]\delta(x-x_{c})\delta(y-y_{c})\Theta(t-t_{0} )\, \tag{40}\]  
where \(f_{0}\) is the frequency, \(t_{0}\) the initial time, and \((x_{c},y_{c})\) is the location at the centre of the computational domain. The source discretised in the computational domain is expressed as  
\[J^{n}_{i,j}=\begin{cases}\sin[2\pi f_{0}(n\Delta t-t_{0})]\,&\quad\text{if }(i,j) =(i_{c},j_{c})\\ 0\,&\quad\text{if }(i,j) \
eq(i_{c},j_{c})\,\end{cases} \tag{41}\]  
where \((i_{c},j_{c})\) are the corresponding nodes to the centre of the domain.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline \(\mu_{0}\) (H/m) & \(4\pi\times 10^{-7}\) \\ \(\epsilon_{0}\) (F/m) & \(8.85\times 10^{-12}\) \\ \(\eta\) & 3.0 \\ \(\xi\) & 1.0 \\ \(\kappa_{max}\) & 3.0 \\ \(\alpha_{max}\) & 0.08 \\ \(\mathcal{N}\) & 20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Initial CPML parameters used in [53].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Viewer** & **01** & **02** & **03** & **04** & **05** & **06** & **07** & **08** & **09** & **10** & **11** & **12** \\ \hline \(x\) **(m)** & 2.00 & 4.00 & 6.00 & 8.00 & 2.00 & 4.00 & 6.00 & 8.00 & 2.00 & 4.00 & 6.00 & 8.00 \\ \(y\) **(m)** & 0.75 & 0.75 & 0.75 & 1.50 & 1.50 & 1.50 & 1.50 & 2.25 & 2.25 & 2.25 & 2.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Position of numerical viewers within the computational domain for recording electric field values \(E_{z}\).  
Figure 2: Domain setup; the numerical viewers are represented with green crosses and the source \(J\) with an orange cross. The CPML absorption zone is delimited by margins marked with orange lines.  
Two frequencies of the 5G band are investigated [56]: \(f_{0}=5\) GHz (also corresponding to Wi-Fi in its 802.11n standard [37]) as well as \(f_{0}=25\) GHz. The experiments were carried out in the presence of precipitation and free space for comparison purposes. The parameters of each simulation can be found in Table 3.
# The Development of the Pipe Jacking Guidance Technology
## 7 Analysis of Pipe Jacking Projects
### Analysis of Costs and Selection Experience
The laser total station is placed on the automatic leveling base at the pipeline where the pipe segments have been laid. The influence of vibration can be ignored. However, the laser targets or prisms located at the head of the pipe jacking machine are affected by vibration, which makes it impossible to fix the laser spot on the laser target or makes it difficult to aim the prism, affecting the measurement accuracy. Although the measuring instruments of the inertial guidance method are still affected by vibration, the impact of vibration can be reduced by increasing the sampling rate, optimizing the algorithm, etc. The hybrid method can reduce that impact by adding redundant sensors. It is imperative to consider the construction requirements when formulating a strategy to minimize the costs and enhance working efficiency. In the domain of large-diameter, short-distance and straight-line pipe jacking construction, manual visual inspection, laser target and prism methods are preferred due to their low hardware cost, mature technology and reliable accuracy. In the case of large-diameter, long-distance and curved pipe jacking, the following methods are available: the laser target method, the prism method, the inertial guidance method and the hybrid method. Although the cost disparity of the both laser target method and prism method are not immediately apparent compared to that of the both inertial guidance method and hybrid method, the implementation of the laser total station within the pipeline is not as efficient or accurate as the inertial sensor. Therefore the inertial guidance method and the hybrid method are better. For small-diameter, long-distance and curved pipe jacking, it is impossible to erect a total station and prism in the pipe, so the inertial sensor method is selected at this time.
## 5 Applications and Analysis
The incorporation of these scalability algorithms and techniques enables the system to adeptly manage a substantial volume of users and data records, guaranteeing optimal performance, responsiveness, and resource utilization, even when facing a growing workload. Adapting the scheme for application in diverse network structures beyond logistics requires several key technical adaptations and adjustments. Notably, IoT networks often comprise a significant number of interconnected devices with varying computational capabilities and communication protocols. To accommodate this, the scheme needs to be tailored for IoT scenarios, necessitating the development of a scalable and lightweight architecture capable of efficiently managing the diverse network topology and resource constraints of IoT devices. Furthermore, it should be designed to be compatible with various IoT protocols and communication standards, such as MQTT, CoAP, or LoRaWAN, thereby enabling secure data transmission and promoting interoperability across different IoT devices and platforms. In some different logistics environments, different characteristics may be analyzed as follows: Warehouse environments mainly include protecting sensitive data related to inventory management, order fulfillment, and shipment tracking. A supply chain management framework ensures the effectiveness of data exchange among multiple stakeholders. Transportation management systems primarily protect data related to vehicle tracking, route optimization, and transportation schedules. Before being compatible with the above systems, the compatibility of cryptographic algorithms, data formats, and communication protocols needs to be evaluated to ensure smooth data exchange and interoperability between the scheme and existing infrastructure. Through the data migration process, data attributes from the current system are mapped to those required by the proposed scenario, ensuring a seamless transition without data loss or corruption. Additionally, the reinforcement of data transmission channels, the establishment of access control mechanisms, and the execution of comprehensive security audits can aid in identifying and mitigating potential security vulnerabilities.