## 3 Results
The biological significance of the phase angle is not fully known, but it is considered an indicator of cell health. A higher phase angle value correlates with better cell function. Studies conducted to date to determine the range of population norms of phase angle values indicate that the phase angle value in healthy adults is 5-7 deg, and a value below 5.0 deg indicates malnutrition [31; 32]. The obtained results indicate a satisfactory state of the cells in the studied group. Using an energy-restricted diet and (or), the addition of probiotics to the diet plan did not change this indicator. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GP (\(n=27\))**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GRD (\(n=27\))**} \\  & **Women (\(n=17\)), Men (\(n=10\))** & **Women (\(n=18\)), Men (\(n=9\))** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline Energy (kcal/day) & \(1843.46\pm 270.02\) & \(1824.69\pm 257.46\) & \(0.64662\) \\ Carbohydrate (g/day) & \(230.37\pm 35.94\) & \(228.90\pm 37.53\) & \(0.84907\) \\ Carbohydrate (\%) & \(45.83\pm 2.59\) & \(45.79\pm 2.34\) & \(0.94312\) \\ Protein (g/day) & \(109.44\pm 14.06\) & \(110.20\pm 20.78\) & \(0.95860\) \\ Protein (\%) & \(23.84\pm 1.69\) & \(24.08\pm 2.42\) & \(0.73585\) \\ Total Fat (g/day) & \(61.99\pm 10.67\) & \(60.77\pm 6.43\) & \(0.94483\) \\ Total Fat (\%) & \(30.23\pm 2.32\) & \(30.22\pm 2.70\) & \(0.98281\) \\ Dietary Fiber (g/day) & \(37.85\pm 7.72\) & \(38.59\pm 5.61\) & \(0.68687\) \\ Saturated Fatty Acids (g/day) & \(14.45\pm 4.17\) & \(15.74\pm 5.4\) & \(0.45693\) \\ n-3 Fatty Acids (g/day) & \(2.47\pm 1.03\) & \(2.12\pm 0.68\) & \(0.34575\) \\ n-6 Fatty Acids (g/day) & \(9.96\pm 3.45\) & \(9.42\pm 3.74\) & \(0.56221\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(p\)-value—statistically significant difference between GP and GRD group at \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Daily consumption of energy and selected nutrients by the studied groups. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**GP (\(n=27\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**GRD (\(n=27\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} \\  & **Week 0** & **Week 12** & **Difference** & **Week 0** & **Week 12** & **Difference** \\ \hline Body weight (kg) & \(104.37\pm 20.93\) & \(98.78\pm 20.01\) & \(-5.59\) & \(101.25\pm 14.12\) & \(96.54\pm 13.25\) & \(-4.71\) & \(0.62995\) \\ BMI (kg/m2) & \(35.55\pm 4.40\) & \(33.65\pm 4.28\) & \(-1.89\) & \(34.21\pm 3.15\) & \(32.60\pm 3.04\) & \(-1.61\) & \(0.30169\) \\ Fat mass (kg) & \(43.72\pm 9.13\) & \(38.92\pm 8.89\) & \(-4.80^{\circ}\) & \(41.46\pm 8.35\) & \(37.39\pm 7.66\) & \(-4.07\) \({}^{\circ}\) & \(0.50138\) \\ VAT (L) & \(4.01\pm 2.74\) & \(3.33\pm 2.44\) & \(-0.68\) & \(3.22\pm 1.98\) & \(2.57\pm 1.58\) & \(-0.65\) & \(0.47813\) \\ Free fat mass (kg) & \(60.65\pm 1.501\) & \(59.82\pm 14.48\) & \(-0.83\) & \(59.79\pm 10.33\) & \(59.15\pm 10.71\) & \(-0.64\) & \(0.66537\) \\ Muscle mass (kg) & \(29.93\pm 8.37\) & \(28.89\pm 8.67\) & \(-1.04\) & \(29.43\pm 6.07\) & \(28.88\pm 6.13\) & \(-0.55\) & \(0.72934\) \\ Total body water (L) & \(45.11\pm 10.86\) & \(44.12\pm 10.75\) & \(-0.99\) & \(44.51\pm 7.38\) & \(43.87\pm 7.66\) & \(-0.64\) & \(0.65285\) \\ Phase angle (°) & \(5.57\pm 0.59\) & \(5.61\pm 0.65\) & \(0.04\) & \(5.61\pm 0.63\) & \(5.61\pm 0.60\) & \(0.00\) & \(0.96553\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p\)-value—statistically significant difference between GP and GRD group at \(p<0.05\).
* statistically significant difference between 0 and week 12 in each group at \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Anthropometric characteristics in GP and GRD groups before and after 12 weeks of intervention.