## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Laboratory Procedures  
Various units make up the air quality monitoring system. A regulator and a DC jack make up the power supply unit, which is the first unit. The control unit included a preprogrammed Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller. However, there are no special versions of Arduino boards released in specific geographical regions. All Arduino boards are assembled in Italy. The Arduino Mega is powered by the ATmega2560 processor. The board has 54 inputs/outputs (14 of which can be used as Pulse-Width Modulation outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter, a 16 MHz quartz, a USB connection, a power supply socket, an In-Circuit Serial Programming) port, and a reset button [25]. It serves as the system's brain, carrying out the mathematical calculations required to compare the analog signals from the sensors with the preset value. This microcontroller also coordinates tasks with other parts of the system. A real-time clock and an integrated communication interface were used with an Arduino board. The concentration of air contaminants in the atmosphere was shown on a 16 \(\times\) 2 LCD monitor. However, the units of the air quality monitoring system were put together in a plastic box with ventilation holes built into it that act as a window to allow air in. In addition, a smartphone was used to obtain the site's geographical coordinates. The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) of the Arduino, which has a wealth of code libraries for creating measurement and control systems, is one of its advantages. The Arduino.cc-introduced IDE is an official program used primarily for editing, building, and uploading code to the Arduino device. The Arduino IDE 2 was used to implement the software for this study. Additionally, IDEwas used for coding, setting up, and testing the components. [PERSON] et al. [26] outline the software configuration steps. Figure 1 depicts the parts and steps involved. The sensing unit to quantify the amount of air contaminants in the atmosphere was measured using an MQ7 sensor to determine carbon monoxide concentration in the air and a sharp GP2Y1010 AU0F sensor to measure dust density. Moreover, the sensing unit also had sensors to measure weather variables; however, a DHT11 sensor was used to measure temperature and relative humidity in the air, and a BMP180 sensor was used to measure ba  
Figure 1: The components and procedures of air quality monitoring system. The MQ7 gas sensor was used to measure the amount of carbon monoxide present in the atmosphere. The MQ7 gas sensor operates in the temperature range of \(-20\) to \(50\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. This sensor requires less than 150 mA of electricity at a 5 V rating and is capable of accurately detecting gas concentrations ranging from 100 to 10,000 ppm [27]. The Sharp GP2Y1010 AU0F sensor is a common selection for low-cost particle matter monitoring because of its high obtainability and simple interfacing [28]. The manufacturer's documentation [29] describes the basic interfacing of the sensor. However, the sensor description can be seen in [28]. More information about the assembly and process principle of the Sharp GP2Y1010 AU0F sensor was provided in an earlier study [30]. The GP2Y1010 AU0F sensor comprises an infrared light-emitting diode transmitter, a photodiode receiver, and an amplifier circuit [28]. The manufacturer's directions on the understanding of the sensor readout are established in the datasheet [29]. The voltage at that particular moment can be converted to a concentration in \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) in a chart given in the datasheet [29]. As specified by the manufacturer, the sensitivity of the Sharp GP2Y1010 AU0F sensor is (0.5 V/0.1 mg/m\({}^{3}\)) [31]. Bapometric pressure (also known as atmospheric pressure) is the pressure caused by the weight of air pressing down on the Earth. This pressure varies with both altitude and weather. Bapometric pressure will change according to local weather conditions, but it will also change depending on our altitude.