## 4 Simulation Analysis and Performance Comparisons  
The suggested converter and the photovoltaic solar networks are modeled and evaluated in the MATLAB 2021B SimPower Networks blocks. The input power is 18 V DC, and the output is tested using a load resistor. Pulse producers with a 180-degree pitch sequence are used to generate the discharge impulses for the switching. A voltage level supply on the positive terminal and a potentiometer on the emitter terminal are used to verify the reverse energy flow. The operating principles are recorded and displayed in MATLAB  
Figure 6: Graphical model of the mathematical function \(Z\). 2021B environment. The shifting waves are created at a frequency of 10 kHz, with a sample duration of 1 microsecond. Table 1 indicates the simulation components and parameters used for the analysis. The PV voltage is 15-19 V, the sampling time is 12 \(\upmu\)s, and two inductors with 5 mH and three capacitors with 250 \(\upmu\)F are used. Four MOSFETs and four diodes are used in the proposed HGBC-PVS system. The circuit is designed, and the outcomes, such as voltage drop, current, efficient, and voltage gain, are computed. The inductor and output current analysis of the HGBC-PVS system is represented in Figure 7a,b. The inductor current is analyzed at the input side, and the current at the output is measured across the resistor \(R_{2}\). The inductor current graph looks like a trapezoidal function. When the inductor charges, the voltage increases, and when discharging occurs, the inductor voltage reduces. The output current is directly related to the inductor current and, hence, the current exhibits variations. The HGBC-PVS system produces a higher current at the output. Table 2 indicates the efficiency analysis of the HGBC-PVS system. The measured efficiency and the computed efficiency of the HGBC-PVS system are analyzed and tabulated. The computed efficiency is calculated via  
\[\text{Efficiency}=(\text{Output power}/\text{Input power})*100\% \tag{16}\]  
The simulation analysis is conducted by varying the input power from 10 W to 100 W with a step size of 10 W. As the input power increases, the respective efficiency of the measured efficiency decreases, and the computed efficiency also increases. The HGBC-PVS system with an optimized algorithm increases the voltage gain. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Components** & **Value** \\ \hline Photovoltaic voltage & 15–19 V \\ \hline Sampling time & 12 \(\upmu\)s \\ \hline Inductors & 5 mH \\ \hline Capacitors & 250 uF \\ \hline MOSFET & IRFP268 \\ \hline Diode & BYV72-200 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Simulation parameters of the HGBC-PVS system. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Input Power (W)** & **Measured Efficiency (\%)** & **Computed Efficiency (\%)** \\ \hline
10 & 91.2 & 93.5 \\ \hline
20 & 91.5 & 93.7 \\ \hline
30 & 91.8 & 93.9 \\ \hline
40 & 92.3 & 94.2 \\ \hline
50 & 92.7 & 94.4 \\ \hline
60 & 93.2 & 94.6 \\ \hline
70 & 92.1  
The voltage across the switch and diode analysis of the HGBC-PVS system are shown in Figure 8a,b. The simulation time is continuously monitored, and the simulation outcome is monitored. The voltage across the switch and the diode is inversely related to each other. The diode is turned off when the switch is on and vice versa. The HGBC-PVS system ensures a high gain, and the system produces an enhanced output voltage. The optimization method reduces the voltage drop and current fluctuations. The voltage-gain analysis of the HGBC-PVS system is shown in Table 3. The simulation outcomes, such as measured voltage gain and computed voltage gain, are attained, and the outcomes are tabulated. In simulation analysis, the duty cycle is varied from 10% to 100% with a step size of 10%. As the duty cycle increases, the on-time of the switch and off-time of the diode increase, which results in a higher duty cycle at the output. The HGBC-PVS  
Figure 7: (**a**) Inductor’s current analysis of the HGBC-VS system. (**b**) Output current analysis of the HGBC-PVS system.