# Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey
## 4 Conclusions  
Long-range radio technologies are attracting a lot of attention. In opposition to short-range technologies, LPWAN technologies enable kilometers-wide communications. Those technologies provide an interesting connectivity solution for IoT networks in terms of range and energy consumption, and enable the use of networks known as LPWAN. As a result, an increasing amount of standards and technologies are conceived and become available on the market. In this article, we introduced the technologies available along with technical detail. Those are based either on licensed or  
Figure 7: Technology decision diagram.  
unlicensed frequency bands and offer different performances. They feature so different performances in terms of data rate, range, payload size etc. that there is a wide range of possibilities for each use case.  
Based on those performances and other factors, we discussed which of these technologies may be the best suited depending on the use case. In particular, in terms of energy efficiency, which is the main point of focus for constrained devices, each technology offers different consumption rates. We have tried to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art that includes commercial costs and coverage status besides technical characteristics. We have proposed an easy-to-use guide to assist one wishing to deploy such an application in choosing a given technology.  
We can conclude that there is no perfect technology that fits all applications at once and that there is often a trade-off to consider between every performance criteria and cost.  
[PERSON] realized the bibliographic research and is the main writer. Both authors contributed equally in the paper organization, editing and reviewing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partially supported by a grant from CPER DATA, Sencrop, FEDER, I-SITE and Agrinet.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Standard** & **DASH7** & **IEEE 802.15.4k** & **IEEE 802.15.4g** & **Weightless-W** & **Weightless-N** & **Weightless-P** \\ \hline
**Modulation** & GFSK & DSSS, FSK & MR-(PSKK, OFDMA, OQPSK) & 16-QAM, BPSK, QPSK, DBRSK & UNB BIPSK & GMSK, offset-QPSK \\ \hline
**Band** & Sub-GHz 433 MHz, & ISM Sub-GHz & ISM Sub-GHz & TV white spaces & ISM Sub-GHz & ISM Sub-GHz \\  & 868 MHz, 915 MHz & \& 2 4 GHz & \& 24 GHz & 470-790 MHz & EU (868 MHz), & (169/433/470/780/US (915 MHz) & 868/915/923 MHz) \\ \hline
**Data rate** & 9.6, 55.6, 166.7 kbps & 1.5 bps-128 kbps & 4.8 kbps-800 kbps & 1 kbps-10 Mbps & 30 kbps-100 kbps & 200 bps-100 kbps \\ \hline
**Range** & 0-5 km (urban) & 5 km (urban) & 10 km [49] & 5 km (urban) & 3 km (urban) & 2 km (urban) \\ \hline
**MAC** & CSMA/CA & CSMA/CA or & CSMA/CA or & CSMA/CA & TDMA/FDMA & slotted ALOHA & TDMA/FDMA \\ \hline
**Topology** & tree, star & star & star, mesh, & & & \\  & & & peer-to-peer & & & \\ \hline
**Payload size** & 256 B & 2047 B & 2047 B & \textgreater{}10 B & 20 B & \textgreater{}10 B \\ \hline
**Proprietary aspects** & Open standard & Open standard & Open standard & Open standard & Open standard \\ \hline
**Deployment model** & Private & Private & Private & Private & Private & Private \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Standard table.