# Ontology Based Governance for Employee Services
## 2 Related Work
They integrated information from the domains of health care, education, and civil information, taking into account the common information from all these domains. IndiGov-O is another top-level ontology that conceptualizes the structure of government in India. The authors in [19] introduce a four-level hierarchy to represent the ministries and their departments that will form the basis for future extension of e-government. Apart from top-level ontologies, there is interesting research for the development of vertical ontologies in specific sectors of public administration. In the field of legal ontologies, [20] introduced an e-government ontology model for the real-estate transaction domain, in Spain. This model is a part of the e-Government Ontology (EGO) model that was developed within the Reimdoc Project. The aim of the project was the modeling of legal documents and information to enable their retrieval during the processing of transactions with citizens. This issue has also been investigated in other works [21; 22]. The eGRRC framework that was proposed by [23] can be used for modeling legislation but mainly focuses on regulatory requirements compliance and their interrelationships. Another area that has attracted the interest of researchers is financial e-government ontologies. In [24], the authors presented an ontology for the budgetary and financial system of Santa Fe province in Argentina. They combined ontology development methodologies and software engineering techniques to highlight the advantages of ontology-based applications. Another financial ontology, focusing on public procurement, is the Public Procurement Ontology (PPROC) [25]. The PPROC ontology covers all the stages of procurement processes and contracts. The Zaragoza's City Council and the Provincial Government of Huesca have adopted it. PPROC ontology complies with transparency laws providing open data for public procurement. Other researchers have also pointed out the inadequacy of ontologies in open government and open data. In [26], the authors developed a transparency ontology with OWL and Protege. They started their research driven by the deduction that there is difficulty in selecting the data that will be used to create an effective ontology. Therefore, they focused their research on which data is more understandable to citizens, in order to select an optimal set for the ontology. An innovative work was developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the field of linked open government data [27]. The result of this work was the Tetherless World Constellation (TWC) of Linked Open Government Data (LOGD) portal, a Semantic Web-Based platform for sharing open data. The approach for the LOGD portal was adopted in the UK and USA for their open data portals. In the UK ([[https://data.gov.uk](https://data.gov.uk)]([https://data.gov.uk](https://data.gov.uk))) (accessed on 24 March 2021) there was a top-down implementation, while in the USA ([[https://www.data.gov](https://www.data.gov)]([https://www.data.gov](https://www.data.gov))) (accessed on 24 March 2021) they preferred a bottom-up method. In [22], another vertical ontology is proposed that aims to support integrated services of a public organization. The ontology consists of the structure of public administration in Greece and the documents that are used. The documents are divided into the documents that are produced by the administrative procedures and the documents that concern the legal framework that is applied. They presented the application of the relevant ontology in the administration procedures of the local authorities of Greece. Ontologies, beyond their effectiveness in imaging and modeling systems for developing applications that implement services, may be particularly useful for the interconnection of heterogeneous systems. There is a lot of relevant work on this subject. Indicatively we mention some of them.