esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Light Signaling Approach to Node Grouping for Massive MIMO IoT Networks
## 5 Optimization
### System Model
Variable \(d^{p}_{g}\) is used to represent the angular difference between the last and the first nodes node in group \(g\), thus completing the circle, regardless of the total number of nodes in the group, that is, even if group \(g\) has fewer than \(P\) nodes. Finally, we define the continuous variable \(B\), which represents the maximum of the minimum angular differences in all the groups, and this will constitute our objective function. In addition to the dominant direction, we use the angular spectrum spread to inform node grouping (see Section 4). In massive MIMO systems, the signal from a node with a large angular spectrum spread is more easily distinguished from other signals, even from nodes that have similar dominant directions, since there are more multipath components to use to differentiate the channels. This means that a node with a large angular spectrum spread causes less interference to nearby (in angle) nodes, and so can be more readily placed in a group with them. For the purposes of partitioning the nodes into scheduling groups, we model the angular spectrum spread by considering an angular tolerance allowing nodes to symbolically \"move\" around a circle from their initial positions (given by their dominant directions), in such a way as to increase their angular differences to the neighboring nodes in the group. We first define the normalized angular spectrum spread of a node \(k\in\mathcal{K}\), \(\sigma(k)\), where \(0\leq\sigma(k)\leq 1\). Here, \(\sigma(k)=0\) means that the node's signal is entirely composed of a component coming from its dominant direction, with no angular spectrum spread. In such a case, the node will not be permitted to move from its initial direction \(\theta(k)\). On the other hand, \(\sigma(k)=1\) means that the dominant direction cannot be distinguished at all: the node's signal comes evenly from all directions, i.e., we have an i.i.d. Rayleigh fading channel. Such a node may symbolically move freely to any angle around the circle, and this shift is represented by the decision variable \(s^{p}_{g}\), for the \(p\)th node in group \(g\in\mathcal{G}\). Of course, in reality the nodes do not move; shifting the nodes on the circle corresponds rather to reducing the influence of the angular proximity of two nodes if their angular spectrum spreads allow their channels to be distinguished by the base station anyway, equivalent to if they had a larger angular difference in the first place. Lastly, we will use decision variables \(m_{g}^{p}\) to indicate whether or not the \(p\)th node in group \(g\in\mathcal{G}\) is the last node in this group. This will allow us to compute variables \(T_{g}\) and \(S_{g}\), the angle and angular shift of the last node in each group \(g\in\mathcal{G}\), respectively. These will be used to correctly compute the angular differences to neighboring nodes, since the last node in each group is a special case, as one of its neighbors is the first node in the group as the nodes are placed on a circle.
## 4 Discussion  
This paper modeled an edge network in which a single server serves multiple cells by wireless communication and optimized the model according to the properties of the network under certain conditions. A QL resource allocation algorithm considering user cooperation was also adopted. To some extent, the convergence acceleration and performance promotion of network optimization was realized. The optimized wireless networks can provide faster and better MEC services.  
Specifically, we adopted the QL algorithm to solve this problem. The Markov decision model was used to define the key components of the algorithm, including state, action and reward. The optimization of the MEC network was solved via user cooperation, initialization, action selection, Q table and state update. According to the simulation results, the QL algorithm performed better than traditional optimization algorithms, in terms of speed and results, in solving dynamic optimization problems. On this basis, the further optimization of the network via user cooperation and its related network frame is proposed. The simulation described in this paper showed that the algorithm considering user cooperation had better performance and could further improve the ability of network resource allocation in MEC scenarios with almost no extra cost. It was also shown that this algorithm will have obvious advantages for future networks with more downlink traffic.  
In this paper, the energy consumption of public network facilities was not considered owing to the assumption that they are powered by the grid. However, in the case of severe power supply and communication conditions, this energy consumption will significantly affect network performance. For instance, for MEC networks in mountain areas, the power supply may not be easily powered by the grid. It is possible that some of these facilities are powered by battery and solar power. In addition, some networks even use UAVs to help with communication; thus, power supply and communication conditions may change considerably.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to the conception and design of the proposed strategy. All authors wrote and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 11: Optimization performance curve of variable \(\gamma_{t}\) (M = 3, N = 4, G = 1): (**a**) curve for value of objective function; (**b**) curve for time consumption; (**c**) curve for energy consumption.  
**Funding:** The financial support of \"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities\" (2021)BM001) is acknowledged.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Coupled Thermomechanical Responses of Zirconium Alloy System Claddings under Neutron Irradiation
## 1 Introduction
Niobium has a high strengthening effect on Zr; the thermal neutron absorption cross-section of niobium is very small, which can eliminate the detrimental effects of impurities such as C, Ti, and Al on the corrosion resistance of Zr, and reduce the hydrogen absorption capacity of Zr. Copper has also a significant strengthening effect on Zr. A small amount of copper can reduce the impact toughness of Zr, and improve the corrosion resistance of Zr-Nb alloy at high temperature [17]. The refractory metal Zr may therefore be a promising cladding material with excellent high-temperature properties [18; 19]. The effect of alloy elements on the irradiation behavior of cladding is important in the development of cladding materials. Therefore, pure Zr, Zr-Sn, and Zr-Nb binary systems, and the Zr-Sn-Nb ternary system were considered as cladding materials in this study of the thermomechanical behavior of the UO\({}_{2}\)/Zr fuel element. The effect of neutron irradiation on the mechanical and thermal properties of Zr and Zr alloy, as well as the temperature field, displacement field, and stress field of Zr alloy cladding under neutron irradiation, were studied using the ABAQUS distribution and evolution mechanism.
# A Novel Reconfigurable Vector-Processed Interleaving Algorithm for a DVB-RCS2 Turbo Encoder
## 5 Portability and Architectural Considerations
### SIMD-Based Processor Architectures  
The algorithm's parallelizable structure makes it suitable for Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) platforms such as ARM NEON and Intel AVX-512:  
* Vector operations used in the CEVA VLIW DSP correspond directly to SIMD instructions, such as fused multiply-add, shuffle, and permutation operations [23].
* Memory access patterns, designed for predictable strides or block memory regions, align well with SIMD memory models that favor aligned loads and stores [35].
* The required modifications include adapting the vector width, register usage, and instruction scheduling according to the target architecture's instruction set and vector length (e.g., 128-bit for NEON, 256/512-bit for AVX2/AVX-512) [36, 37].
## 3 On Orbit Operations and Anomaly Analysis
### Thermal Performance
The temperature of the body-mounted panel was always greater than deployable panels which could represent the anomaly of incomplete deployment. This anomaly can also be discussed in more detail from the variation of state of charge (SOC) in spacecraft. Figure 23 is the comparison about the SOC measurements in flight data and a power simulation assuming full solar panel deployment. The measured values exceeding 100% are because of the assumption that the battery ESR is constant. Therefore, when the battery reaches the CV state of charge, the measured value would be higher than the actual value. The SOC simulation value assumes that the solar panels were fully deployed. The median of the SOC error is 0.816%. If we consider the effect of different deployment angles, the correlation coefficient between the simulated and observed SOCs are shown in Figure 24. The greatest correlation is shown on when the deployment angle is set to 60 degrees. This means a deployment angle of almost 60 degrees during on-orbit operations cannot be totally excluded. Figure 22: Solar panel temperatures measured on-orbit as a function of time.
# Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 Backscatter and Coherence for Rainforest Mapping
## 7 Conclusions  
The work that we presented in this paper demonstrates the high potential of multi-temporal interferometric short-time-series for forest mapping purposes and, in particular, for an effective monitoring of the Amazon rainforest. By combining the information retrieved from backscatter, together with temporal interferometric parameters and spatial textures, it is possible to produce accurate large-scale forest maps at regular intervals. In particular, the introduction of backscatter spatial textures, with respect to the previous stand of the technique, allows for the achievement of a consistent improvement of the final classification accuracy at the cost of a moderate increase of computational effort thanks to the SADH method implementation. The use of backscatter spatial textures significantly improves the correct discrimination between _non-forested areas_ and _artificial surfaces_.  
As case study, we selected an area over the Rondonia State, Brazil, characterized by the availability of six-days repeat-pass Sentinel-1 interferometric time-series, acquired over an overall period of 30 days only (short-time-series), achieving accuracy values always above 80%. It is worth noting that some inconsistencies between the obtained results and the external reference map are not due to effective misclassification, but to the different acquisition time frame between the generated maps and the external reference. This is confirmed by the additional analysis of Sentinel-2 optical data, acquired during the same time span.  
The proposed methodology sets the basis for the development of an operational framework for the effective monitoring of forest changes at a monthly rate, by performing change detection between subsequent multi-temporal stacks. This last aspect is of great interest for the development of an early-warning system, which could effectively support the deputy authorities to identify illegal deforestation hot-spots and therefore protect the rainforest resources.  
Conceptualization, A.P., F.S., R.A.S. and P.R.; methodology, A.P., F.S., R.A.S. and P.R.; software, A.P., and R.A.S.; validation, A.P.; data curation, A.P., F.S., P.P. and P.R.; writing-original draft preparation, A.P.; writing-review and editing, F.S. and P.R.; supervision, F.S. and P.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was partially funded through the HI-FIVE project, granted by the ESA Living Planet Fellowship 2018.  
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution by [PERSON] in supporting the acquisition plan of Sentinel-1 over the state of Rondonia.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Trends and Opportunities in the Dairy Industry: A2 Milk and Processing Methods
## 5 Milk Processing
### Non-Thermal Methods
#### 5.2.1 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF)  
PEF aims to inactivate pathogenic micro-organisms by treating them with short (us and ms) high-voltage pulses (10-80 kV/cm\({}^{2}\)) of food placed between electrodes [100]. This is a promising technology for application to liquid products such as milk and juice. Industrial systems consist of a high-voltage pulse generator and a treatment chamber. In the generator, pulses are formed by rapid discharges of electrical energy over a short period. The pulse preparation and formation occur in a particular part of the impulse generator: the pulse-forming network. Pulses pass into the raw material through electrodes, which are located in the central processing chambers. The chamber should be uniformly filled with the treated material to ensure good contact with the electrodes without air bubbles, allowing the electric field to be evenly distributed throughout the milk batch [101].  
The effectiveness of PEF depends mainly on the duration of the treatment, the strength of the applied electric field, and the pulses' shape, number, width, and frequency [100]. In industry, monopolar and bipolar pulses are most commonly used. Changes in the activity and inactivation of enzymes and micro-organisms are thought to be due to conformational modifications in their structure, as well as electroporation (electroppermeabilization) and dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane, in which pores of induced PEFs are formed and stabilized [73; 100; 101].  
For milk processing, the most favorable results may be obtained by combining PEF with other technologies, such as gentle heating (below pasteurization temperature), which will not overheat the raw material but will provide a synergistic effect. Disadvantages of this method include the relatively high cost, the failure to destroy pathogen spores, only their vegetative forms, and the passage of metal ions (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cr) from the electrodes into the milk; no information is currently available on the effect of this method on A2 milk [73].
## 3 Forensic Human Identification through the Analysis of Biomedical Images
### AI-Based Approaches for Craniofacial Superimposition
#### 3.4.3 Skull-Face Overlay Assessment and Decision Making
The mean value of the results of the 26 experts, the result of the three best experts, and the outcomes of their automatic CADSS are shown in Table 4. The designed CADSS can be considered the first automatic tool for classifying couples of unknown faces and skulls as positive or negative cases with accuracy similar to the best performing forensic experts [182]. However, one of the reached conclusions was that the identification results based on the performance of the CADSS could be strongly influenced by the poor quality of some SFOs. A completely different approach from the previous ones is presented in [180]. The authors proposed a model for automated skull recognition without the necessity of superimposition. They claimed the use of a publicly available dataset, IdentifyMe, consisting of 464 skull images, along with semi-supervised and unsupervised transform learning models. In order to automate this \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Method**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Correct Decisions**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ground Truth**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Decision**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Decision (\%)**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & **P** & **N** & **P** & **N** \\ \hline Expert Mean & 78.99\% & P & 100 & 90 & 52.63\% & 47.3\% \\  & & N & 152 & 810 & 15.80\% & 84.20\% \\ \hline Best Expert 1 & 93.33\% & P & 8 & 2 & 80.00\% & 20.00\% \\  & & N & 2 & 48 & 4.00\% & 96.00\% \\ \hline Best Expert 2 & 88.14\% & P & 6 & 3 & 66.67\% & 33.33\% \\  & & N & 4 & 46 & 8.00\% & 92.00\% \\ \hline Best Expert 3 & 86.21\% & P & 5 & 3 & 62.50\% & 37.50\% \\  & & N & 5 & 45 & 10.00\% & 90.00\% \\ \hline CADSS & 90.00\% & P & 6 & 4 & 60.00\% & 40.00\% \\  & & N & 2 & 48 & 4.00\% & 96.00\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The table shows the mean value of the results of the 26 experts, the results of the three best experts, and the outcome of the CADSS presented in [182]. Detailed performance indicators are shown, such as the percentage of correct decisions, the number of positive and negative decisions given in each case, and the corresponding rate of true and false positives and true and false negatives. Ground truth refers to the real nature of each CFS case (P = Positive, N = Negative). process in [181], they proposed a Shared Transform Model for learning discriminative representations. The model learns robust features while reducing the intra-class variations between skulls and digital face images. Experimental evaluation on the IdentifyMe dataset showcases the efficacy of the proposed model by achieving improved performance for the two protocols given with the dataset.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Parametric Investigations
This indicates that the cilia-induced PCL velocity slows down when patchiness occurs within the ciliated cells, thus hindering the effective mucus transport (Figure 10e); see Table 1 for disorders associated with cilia loss. As shown in Figure 10f, for 400 cilia and above, the surface mean velocity seems to level off and is not very sensitive to further changes in cilia number. As mentioned earlier, little is known regarding the effects of fluid-induced shear stress on the epithelial function. The relationship between parameters (I)-(VI) and shear stress \(\langle\tau_{w}\rangle\) at the epithelium is presented in Figure 11. The results show that the time-averaged wall shear stress \(\langle\tau_{w}\rangle\) increases almost linearly with \(CBF\) (Figure 11a), while the increase of \(\langle\tau_{w}\rangle\) with \(L\) is non-linear (Figure 11b). It is clear that the velocity gradients at the epithelium intensifies with the increment of beating frequency and ciliary length. The shear stress for different CBPs is compared in Figure 11c. The shear stress of the planar, stiff planar, and wiper CBPs is 20%, 16%, and 38% smaller than that of the standard beat pattern, respectively. As can be expected, if the number of cilia is decreased, there would be smaller fluid velocity gradients from the ciliary actions, thus decreasing \(\langle\tau_{w}\rangle\) at the epithelium. As such, since Pack1 (with 68 cilia) and Pack 3 (with 64 cilia) have smaller number of cilia, they have lower levels of shear stress than Pack2 (with 72 cilia) (see Figure 11d). Similarly, the shear stress becomes smaller with decreasing ciliary density and increasing the size of missing ciliary patch, as depicted in Figure 11e,f. It is worth mentioning that exploring the effects of shear force on the epithelial function can be of very complex task biologically. Nevertheless, the experimental work of [PERSON] [53] showed that the shear stress can regulate barrier function, alter paracellular permeability, and provide insight into the homeostatic mechanism in the respiratory epithelia. Figure 10: Time-averaged surface mean velocity. Effect of (**a**) beat frequency, (**b**) length of cilia, (**c**) ciliary beat pattern, (**d**) ciliary pack, (**e**) missing ciliary patch, and (**f**) ciliary density (number of cilia over the ciliated domain).
## 7 Results and Discussion
The effective medium parameters (\(\epsilon\), \(\mu\), \(\eta\), and \(Z\)) of modified Coptic cross shape-based negative permittivity metamaterial are extracted from the real and imaginary value of \(S_{11}\) and \(S_{21}\) using the NRW method, considered by Equations (1)-(4). The NRW-based MATLAB code is used to achieve the real and imaginary value of effective medium properties, as shown in Figure 10. Figure 10a shows a plot of relative permittivity versus frequency with negative permittivity (real) in the frequency range of 2.02 to 2.995, 6.985 to 7.945, 9.985 to 10.6, and 14.425 to 15.475. The imaginary values of effective permittivity are positive, and thus fulfill the criteria for metamaterial behavior. The effective permeability (real) values were near to zero at each resonance, with an amplitude of 0.048, 0.084, 0.16, and 0.12, respectively, as indicated in Figure 10b. The refractive index versus frequency plot is shown in Figure 10c, which shows the negative refractive index (real) in the 2.065 to 2.86 GHz, 7.09 to 7.765 GHz, 10.18 to 10.315, and 14.725 to15.04 GHz frequency ranges. On the other hand, the imaginary value of the refractive index exhibits a positive scenario in the same frequency range that reduces the incident wave in the structure. The impedance versus frequency plot is outlined in Figure 10d. It shows positive impedance (real) values over the entire  
Figure 9: Graphical view of the (**a**) fabricated prototype of the unit cell, (**b**) 1 \(\times\) 2 array, (**c**) measurement setup, and (**d**) \(S_{21}\) using simulated and measured results. frequency range. Impedance is observed close to zero, such as 0.006, 0.016, 0.04, and 0.029, at the resonance frequencies of 2.02, 6.985, 9.985, and 14.425 GHz, respectively, that represent the proposed metamaterial performing as a passive medium. The proposed metamaterial structure is effective or homogenized due to fulfilling the criteria for metamaterial behavior. The impedance (real), permittivity (imaginary), permeability (imaginary), and refractive index (imaginary) of the proposed metamaterial structure exhibits positive value, as shown in Figure 10. Moreover, the proposed metamaterial structure is used in S-, C-, X-, and Ku-band satellite applications. The C-band is used in satellite communication between the ground station and satellite. This band is also used in weather radar systems, terrestrial microwave links, and Wi-Fi devices. The S- and X-band are used in the weather radar system and communication satellite systems. Meanwhile, the Ku-band is commonly employed in satellite TV networks. Therefore, the metamaterial unit cell design outlined in this work can be effectively used in satellite. However, using this metamaterial structure offers various microwave products in S-, C-, X- and Ku-bands for satellite applications. This proposed metamaterial design can be used to make a variety of devices including antennas, bandpass filters, power dividers, and couplers. This metamaterial structure essentially enhances the performance of the satellite antenna.