## 1 Introduction  
### Context and Motivation  
The rapid population growth in urban areas, changes in consumption patterns, and rapid urbanization have driven the emergence of new settlements and significantly increased waste generation, posing serious challenges for its management and final disposal, particularly in densely populated regions. In this context, the organic waste utilization industry emerges as a solution to mitigate environmental impact and promote a circular economy. However, traditional management and production systems in this industry face limitations in terms of efficiency, scalability, and sustainability. These challenges highlight the need for methodologies that optimize the organic waste treatment process but also integrate advanced monitoring and control technologies to enhance real-time decision-making. Waste management remains a critical challenge worldwide. According to [1], around 70% of countries have institutions responsible for solid waste regulation, and about two-thirds have specific laws in place. However, the enforcement and operational efficiency of these systems vary widely. Organic waste, in particular, accounts for between 28% and 64% of total municipal solid waste by wet weight [2]. In low- and middle-income regions, poor separation practices, lack of collection infrastructure, and limited technological capabilities often result in uncontrolled dumping or landfilling, leading to methane emissions and public health risks. Moreover, ref. [3] identified multiple systemic barriers to effective waste management, including infrastructural limitations, insufficient public awareness, weak institutional planning, and a lack of stable funding. These factors collectively underline the urgent need for scalable, low-cost, and community-adaptable solutions, particularly in densely populated or under-resourced areas. Today, society faces a dual and urgent imperative: it is essential to leverage technology to make our society more sustainable (sustainability through technology), but it is equally crucial to ensure that technology itself becomes more sustainable (sustainability in technology) [4]. This dual perspective aligns with the evolving vision of Industry 5.0, which emphasizes not only efficiency and automation but also resilience, human-centricity, and long-term environmental responsibility [5]. The organic portion of solid waste has been identified as a potential resource that can be converted into usable elements through microorganism-mediated transformations. Agriculture and household activities are the most common sources of organic waste. The primary challenge in organic waste management lies in the transformation of organic matter into usable products [3]. Municipal solid waste represents a major environmental challenge on a global scale [6]. Large-scale urbanization is a phenomenon that significantly contributes to the increasing number of people living in cities, which, in turn, leads to a rise in waste generation [7]. This increase in waste generation has rendered disposal processes unsustainable. It is crucial to implement strategies focused on managing and reducing solid waste to ensure a cleaner planet [6]. Among waste reduction and utilization processes, composting stands out as a potential technology capable of transforming organic substances into stable fertilizers, making it a viable recycling option [6]. Composing and anaerobic digestion are two of the most widely applied biological processes for the treatment and vaporization of organic waste. Composing is an aerobic process that transforms biodegradable materials such as food scraps, agricultural residues, or municipal green waste into a stable humus-like product known as compost, which can be used to improve soil structure and fertility [8]. In contrast, anaerobic digestion operates under oxygen-free conditions and breaks down organic matter to produce biogas (a renewable energy source) and digestate, a nutrient-rich by-product suitable for land application [9].