# Decarbonizing European Industry: A Novel Technology to Heat Supply Using Waste and Renewable Energy
## 5 Waste Heat in the Industries and Heat Pumps
### Defining the Heat Demand of Processes and the Potential for Utilizing Waste Heat with Heat Pumps
The pilot-scale system being developed at SUSHEAT (200 kWh) is designed to replace approximately 57% of the peak-load boiler's capacity, or 22% of the overall boiler capacity. The SUSHEAT system requires \"on-demand\" steam availability, necessitating high-capacity heat storage with rapid discharge capabilities. Given the required storage temperature of approximately 190 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the focus is on the use of salts. Innovation focuses on enhancing rapid discharge while addressing common design challenges such as corrosion and low thermal conductivity. The SUSHEAT system provides a storage capacity of 200 kWh (12.5% of daily heating demand) and could be capable of discharging at a rate of 200 kW. In any case, Mandrekas serves as a case study to validate the effectiveness of the SUSHEAT system, which includes integrating solar energy to raise the heat level to 190 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The data show a significant increase in energy consumption of Mandrekas over the last five years, from 752,019 kWh in 2015 to 1,582,629 kWh in 2019. Concerning waste heat in 2019, it is important to highlight that in Mandrekas, the waste streams from homogenization and pasteurization processes are at temperatures between 67 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. Case 2. Company Pelagia: Pelagia, based in Bergen, Norway, is a prominent producer of pelagic fish products for human consumption and a key supplier of vital ingredients for various fish and animal feeds, including protein concentrates, fish meal, and fish oil. The PEL's fish oil plant in Maloy, Norway, primarily relies on fuel oil for heating. Moreover, this plant consumes between 60-75 GWh annually to produce around 25,000 tonnes of fish meal and 8 tonnes of fish oil. In 2022, the Pelagia company recorded a total thermal energy consumption of 46,487,520 kWh and electricity consumption of 7,583,053 kWh as shown in Table 5. The fuel oil is utilized in three main areas: (1) in boilers to generate steam at 8 bar (175 \({}^{\circ}\)C) for heating cookers, dryers, and other process heating applications; (2) in the final drying stages to heat air to 200-250 \({}^{\circ}\)C; and (3) in distillation processes above 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C to remove polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals from omega-3 oil. The SUSHEAT system aims to provide heat across this entire temperature range, with the flexibility to adjust temperatures based on the plant's demand profile. Table 5 demonstrates that waste heat in 2022 from the process in this plant comes from two main sources: (1) humid air streams from dryers at around 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and (2) condensate streams at about 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C. At the Maloy plant, it is estimated to have 2 MW of waste heat at these temperatures, assuming minimal modifications to the process equipment in a heat pump retrofit scenario. Consequently, the SUSHEAT system must be able to capture waste heat within the 70-98 \({}^{\circ}\)C range and deliver it at temperatures between 150-250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The benefits of a heat pump and thermal energy storage system effectively replacing the use of fossil fuel at Pelagia Maloy extend beyond just the test case and the fish oil/meal production sector. Both the waste heat sources and the heat consumers are crucial processes in the food processing industry and various other sectors. Meanwhile, in Pelagia, the temperature of the waste streams from the evaporation of dirty steam is between 95-98 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the dirty condensate is at 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the humid air from the hot air dryer reaches 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
It is worth mentioning that the heat pump used in the SUSHEAT concept achieves a COP of 2.8 with a temperature ratio of 1.26, operating within a temperature range of 165 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Additionally, for temperatures ranging from 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the COP is measured at 1.9 with a ratio of 1.52 for the Mandrekas and Pelagia systems.