esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization  
Cirrate-stabilized AuNPs of two different sizes (24 and 56 nm) were synthesized using an efficient seeded growth approach. Nanoparticles were characterized by the means of UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) to determine their size, concentration, hydrodynamic diameter and zeta-potential. The UV-Vis absorbance spectra for citrate-capped AuNPs displayed a characteristic peak at 523.5 nm for the smaller particles and a peak at 534.5 nm for the bigger ones. The hydrodynamic diameter measurements were in accordance with the result of UV-Vis measurements, indicating average sizes of 30.4 and 64.2 nm. The zeta potentials of the AuNPs were also determined.  
After characterization, AuNPs with different surface chemistries were produced by a ligand exchange process using different bifunctional thiolated-PEGs, resulting in four types of AuNPs for  
Figure 1: A general overview of the workflow employed for protein corona quantification.  
each size taken into study. PEGylation was successfully achieved using Au-SH chemical bonding. PEG attachments to the nanoparticles were confirmed by the slight redshift of approximately 3 nm in the plasmon absorption bands as a result of dielectric constant change at the nanoparticles' surface (Figure 2) [23; 24]. The characteristics of the PEGylated nanoparticles are presented in Table 1.  
It is well established that AuNPs' interaction with biological media is strongly conditioned by their surface chemistry, PEGylation being one of the most common methods for improving the stability and the biocompatibility of AuNPs [25; 26].  
Furthermore, we aimed to assess the impact of size, different functional groups (-COOH, OCH\({}_{3}\) and NH\({}_{2}\), all with MW = 5 kDa) and the ligand molecular weight impact (-COOH 5 kDa vs. -COOH 20 kDa) on the protein corona quantity.
## 3 Simulation Results
### Trade-Off Analysis
#### 3.3.2 Analyzing Sensing Performance  
Figure 11 presents a detailed comparison of the sensing performance between D-JCAS and the traditional sensing and communication setups.  
Figure 11: Sensing performance of SSF D-JCAS and DCAS: (**a**) number of receive antennas, \(N_{r}=1\); (**b**) number of receive antennas, \(N_{r}=2\).  
Figure 10: Communication performance of SSF D-JCAS and DCAS: (**a**) number of receive antennas, \(N_{r}=1\); (**b**) number of receive antennas, \(N_{r}=2\).  
The analysis reveals several noteworthy insights into the performance differences between the traditional DCAS and SSF D-JCAS. Firstly, the traditional DCAS exhibits a higher MSE of the reflection coefficient compared to SSF D-JCAS. This disparity can be attributed to the concurrent transmission of the communication and radar signals in SSF D-JCAS, resulting in potential interference during the sensing process. In contrast, the traditional DCAS separates communication and radar functions, thereby reducing interference and enhancing sensing accuracy.  
Furthermore, the alignment of MSE curves as the number of received antennas (\(N_{t}\)) increases underscores the significance of the antenna array configuration in mitigating interference and improving sensing performance. The array gain achieved through additional receive antennas significantly enhances both communication and sensing capabilities, leading to a more robust system overall.  
Moreover, variations in interference power directly impact sensing performance, with increased interference leading to a decrease in accuracy. Conversely, higher communication SNR levels enhance detection performance and mitigate interference effects. The observed turning points in MSE curves, shifting leftward with the addition of receive antennas, highlight the effectiveness of antenna array optimization in minimizing interference and improving the overall system performance.  
In summary, the trade-off analysis emphasizes the critical role of antenna configuration, interference management, and communication SNR in shaping the sensing performance in integrated communication and radar sensing systems. While SSF D-JCAS offers the advantage of concurrent operation on the same frequency band, the traditional DCAS excels in minimizing interference and maximizing sensing accuracy. The insights gained from this analysis inform system design decisions, enabling designers to tailor configurations to specific application requirements while optimizing performance and efficiency.
## 5 Conclusions  
Our findings indicate that advanced DL models like NLV-Net and MDWF-Net can accurately measure the PDFF of the pancreas. The NLV-Net showed a strong correlation and minimal bias when compared to six-echo graph-cut references. Additionally, our results revealed no significant correlation between PDFF estimates of the liver and pancreas, reinforcing the notion that MASLD and pancreatic steatosis are not necessarily linked.  
Conceptualisation, S.U., J.P.M. and H.C.C.F.; methodology, S.U., J.P.M., H.C.C.F, N.S. and N.K.; software, J.P.M.; validation, H.C.C.F. and J.P.M.; formal analysis, H.C.C.F. and E.M.; investigation, H.C.C.F., J.P.M. and Y.G.; resources S.U.; data curation, J.P.M.; writing--original draft preparation, H.C.C.F., J.P.M. and S.U.; writing--review and editing, H.C.C.F., J.P.M., S.U., E.M. and Y.G., Nirusha Surendan, N.K.; supervision, S.U. and J.P.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Monash University (protocol code 2024-40744-106399 and date of 3 April 2024).  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
The data resulting from the DL models presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
Summary of Kruskal-Wallis Test for age and BMI across training, validation, and testing subsets.  
Linear regression test of (**a**) Non-Linear Variables Neural Network (NLV-Net), (**b**) U-Net, and (**c**) Multi-Decoder Water-Fat separation Network (MDWF-Net) against the reference from six-echo pancreatic body.  
Figure 16: **Linear regression test of pancreatic body, comparing three-echo (a) NLV-Net, (b) U-Net, (c) MDWF-Net, and (d) graph cut against the six-echo reference graph cut.**  
Figure 16: Linear regression analysis showing the correlation between hepatic and pancreatic fatty using the graph-cut method with 3 echoes in the (**a**) pancreatic head and (**b**) pancreatic body.
# Multipolar Plasmonic Resonances of Aluminum Nanoantenna Tuned by Graphene
## 1 Introduction
However, in the UV range, optical intensity of metallic multipolar high-order plasmonic resonances mediated by graphene has not yet been reported. In this paper, we demonstrate the multipolar plasmonic resonances of Al nanoribbon structure tuned by utilizing a monolayer graphene in UV and visible regime. Compared with the pure Al nanoribbon (AlNR) structure, the absorbance and electric fields at the plasmonic odd modes (\(l=1\) and \(l=3\)) of graphene-Al nanoribbon (G-AlNR) structure are both enhanced. On the contrary, the absorption and the electric fields at the plasmonic even resonant mode (\(l=2\)) are simultaneously decreased. It results from the near field interactions of the monolayer graphene with the electric fields of the multipolar plasmonic resonances of the Al resonator. It is worth noting that a clear enhancement of the absorption peak with a high \(Q\)-factor of 27 of the plasmonic high-order mode with \(l=3\) is obtained in the G-AlNR structure. The sensitivity and figure of merit of the third-order mode of the proposed G-AlNR structure can reach 25 nm/RIU and 3, respectively, providing practical applications such as optical refractive-index sensing.
## 3 Optimization of the PMPP
### Algorithms Used to Solve the PMPP in the Numerical Example
#### 3.2.3 Differential Evolution Method  
* **Algorithm Description** The remarkable performance of the differential evolution method (DE) as a global optimization algorithm for continuous minimization problems has been extensively explored [33]. Three decisive control parameters are involved in DE. First, there is the mutation control parameter, which is a real and constant factor that controls the amplification of the differential variation. The next parameter is the crossover control factor; it controls which parameter contributes to which trial vector parameter in the crossover operation. Lastly, the population size is the number of population members. The algorithm maintains a population of \(m\) points, {x\({}_{1}\), x\({}_{2}\)\(\ldots\) x\({}_{\mathrm{j}}\)\(\ldots\) x\({}_{\mathrm{m}}\)}, as a population for each generation. The initial vector population is randomly generated from the entire parameter space by adding normally distributed random deviations to the nominal solution (x\({}_{\mathrm{nom}}\) of the initial generation). The operation called \"mutation\" is when the DE generates new parameter vectors by combining the weighted difference between two population vectors and a third vector. The mutated vector's parameters are then associated with the parameters of another predetermined vector. Parameter mixing is often referred to as crossover operation. The last operation is called selection; each population vector has to serve one as the target vector so that NP (Non-deterministic Polynomial) competitions take place in one generation [34].  
The process is assumed to have converged if the difference between the best function values in the new and old populations, as well as the distance between the new best point and the old best point, are less than the tolerances provided by the accuracy goal and the precision goal. DE is an evolutionary algorithm; it belongs to a class that also includes genetic algorithms and strategies [35].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(\mathbf{k}\) & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 \\ \(U(k)\) & 0 & 15 & 0 & 15 & 15 & 15 & 0 & 15 & 15 \\ \(\mathbf{k}\) & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15 & 16 & 17 \\ \(U(k)\) & 15 & 15 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 15 & 15 & 15 & 15 \\ \(\mathbf{k}\) & 18 & 19 & 20 & 21 & 22 & 23 & & & \\ \(U(k)\) & 15 & 15 & 15 & 0 & 0 & 15 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Optimal production plan yielded by the Nelder-Mead method.
###### Abstract  
In this study, a novel and convenient bio-inspired modification strategy was used to create stable superhydrophobic structures on halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) surfaces. The polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles can firmly adhere on HNTs surfaces in a mail environment of pH 8.5 via the oxidative self-polymerization of dopamine and synthesize a rough nano-layer assisted with vitamin M, which provides a catechol functional platform for the secondary reaction to graft hydrophobic long-chain alkylamine for preparation of hierarchical micro/nano structures with superhydrophobic properties. The micromorphology, crystal structure, and surface chemical composition of the resultant superhydrophobic HNTs were characterized by field emission scanning electron (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The as-formed surfaces exhibited outstanding superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle (CA) of 156.3 \(\pm\) 2.3\({}^{\circ}\), while having little effect on the crystal structures of HNTs. Meanwhile, the resultant HNTs also showed robust stability that can conquer various harsh conditions including strong acidic/alkaline solutions, organic solvents, water boiling, ultrasonic cleaning, and outdoor solar radiation. In addition, the novel HNTs exhibited excellent packaged capabilities of phase change materials (PCMs) for practical application in thermal energy storage, which improved the mass fractions by 22.94% for stearic acid and showed good recyclability. These HNTs also exhibited good oil/water separation ability. Consequently, due to the superior merits of high efficiency, easy operation, and non-toxicity, this bionic surface modification approach may make HNTs have great potentials for extensive applications.  
halloyite; nanotubes; mussel-inspiration; polydopamine; superhydrophobic surface modification +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Genipin Attachment of Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles to a Decellularized Tissue Scaffold
###### Abstract  
Decellularized allograft tissue is used for a wide array of tissue injuries and repair with tenons and ligament repair being among the most common. However, despite their frequent use there is concern over the lengthy inflammatory period and slow healing associated with allografts. One promising solution has been the use of nanoparticles. There is currently no easy, fast method to achieve consistent conjugation of nanoparticles to tissue. The available conjugation methods can be time-consuming and/or may create numerous cytotoxic byproducts. Genipin, a naturally derived crosslinking agent isolated from the fruits of _Gardenia jasminoides_ was investigated as a conjugation agent to achieve fast, consistent crosslinking without cytotoxic byproducts. The rational of utilizing genipin is that is reacts spontaneously with amino-group-containing compounds such as proteins, collagens, and gelatins, and does not require extensive washing after conjugation. Porcine diaphragm tendons were decellularized and then immersed in cysteamine functionalized gold nanoparticles and genipin for various time points. Tissue scaffolds were tested for the degree of crosslinking, gold nanoparticle concentrations, and fibroblast attachment and biocompatibility. Results demonstrated that genipin can successfully and reproducibly attach gold nanoparticles to tissue in as little as 15 min. The genipin had no cytotoxic effects and improved fibroblast attachment and proliferation. Genipin can be used to attach gold nanoparticles to tissue in a fast, cell safe manner.  
Keywords:genipin; gold nanoparticles; cell adhesion; decellularized tissue; fibroblast +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters B
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of the Mutual Effect between Navigation System and Signage System  
An analysis of the effect of the navigation system and the signage system on the participants' behavior revealed that the map-based navigation system had a more substantial effect on the participants' spatial perception ability than the cross-zone navigation system. However, regarding perceptual conflict, the cybersickness scores for the cross-zone navigation system group were lower than those of the map-based navigation system group. The group that used both the map-based navigation and signage systems had the highest spatial perception scores (Figure 10). The group that used both the cross-zone navigation and signage systems had the lowest SSQ scores (Figure 11).  
[PERSON] et al. (2001) [27] found that, in 3D VR environments, a user's line of sight may be blocked by a sign, a wall, or a building. In this case, users must turn, move, raise, or lower their heads to adjust their fields of vision, which may reduce their spatial perception. Therefore, a complex arrangement of shelves and layouts of the products in 3D virtual retail stores may cause middle-aged and older consumers to experience spatial disorientation. The results indicated that the combination of the map-based navigation system and the signage system provided more spatial information to the participants, enabled them to develop spatial perception maps effectively, and substantially strengthened their spatial perception abilities. Because these participants had a more vital spatial perception ability, they could quickly determine their locations and directions and move to targets. However, the combination did not help much in reducing the occurrence of cybersickness.  
Figure 9: SSQ scores of groups without and with signage.  
The cross-zone navigation system in this study enabled middle-aged and older participants to move quickly to the position of a desired product. It prevented spatial disorientation and other problems from unfamiliar 3D VR spaces. Although the spatial map was incomplete, the signage system linkage could improve the spatial perception ability. The signage system consisted of color-coded sections and signs to increase the navigability and discriminability of the store [28]. Additionally, landmarks were placed in specific locations to give the participants a redundant code. Participants' spatial disorientation decreased because of the advantages of fast navigation and precise positioning of the cross-zone navigation system, as well as the indexicality, navigability, discriminability, and directionality of the signage system. Since participants reached their destinations quickly, cybersickness was reduced efficiently.
## 4 Conclusions and Discussion  
Ensemble data assimilation (EDA) systems suffer from underestimated background error covariance, which leads to the filter divergence problem. Model errors stem from uncertainty sources in both dynamical and physical processes, including underlying governing equations and approximations, computational schemes, physical parameterizations, etc.; thus, we have implemented the stochastic perturbation hybrid tendencies (SPHT) scheme--by combining the stochastically perturbed dynamical tendency (SPDT) and stochastically perturbed physical tendency (SPPT)--into the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) system of the Korea Integrated Model (KIM).  
By employing the SPHT scheme we found that for temperature, the ensemble spread (ES) increased in the troposphere below 700 hPa and in the stratosphere while the ensemble mean error (EME) decreased in the troposphere below 700 hPa; for specific humidity, both ES and EME have been improved in the troposphere below 700 hPa over the tropics and the extratropics; for zonal wind, the ES increased in most of the global atmosphere, especially in the low-level subtropical troposphere and in most of the stratosphere except over 40\({}^{\circ}\) S-10\({}^{\circ}\) N, whereas the EME substantially decreased in the tropical troposphere.  
The new SPHT scheme satisfactorily increases the ES in the areas where the model errors are underestimated. This could not be achieved with existing inflation methods. In particular, the most effective and positive impacts appear over the tropics below 700 hPa on temperature and specific humidity. We will further improve the scheme's performance to reduce the EME and generate stable and adequate perturbations. To avoid model instability due to random forcing in SPPT, we plan to include a transition zone with vertical dependency, as in SPDT. This is because the total physical tendency is known to be different between the troposphere and stratosphere--relatively larger scale and smaller error in the stratosphere--due to radiative forcing [4]. As far as we know, this study is the first attempt to increase the ES by simultaneously perturbing the physical and dynamical tendencies in EDA.  
Conceptualization, S.L., M.-S.K., and I.-H.K.; methodology, S.L., M.-S.K., and I.-H.K.; software, M.-S.K.; validation, S.L.; investigation, S.L., M.-S.K., I.-H.K., and S.K.P.; writing--original draft preparation, S.L.; writing--review and editing, S.L., M.-S.K., I.-H.K., and S.K.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant number 2018R1A6A1A08025520, funded by the Ministry of Education and granted to [PERSON]. It was also partly supported by the 2018 Scholarship of the Ewha Womans University granted to [PERSON]. This work has been carried out as part of the R&D project on the development of global numerical weather prediction systems of the Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Channel Code-Book (CCB): Semantic Image-Adaptive Transmission in Satellite-Ground Scenario
## 2 System Model
### Proposed Semantic Image-Adaptive Transmission Framework
#### 2.3.3 Swin Transformer Decoder  
Finally, \(\mathbf{x}^{\prime\prime}\) is sent to the decoder. The decoder \(f_{d}\) follows the symmetric architecture with the encoder \(f_{e}\), including feature reconstruction, upsampling patch segmentation operation, and swin transformer. The output image \(\mathbf{s}^{\prime}\) is recovered by the decoder, and the process is represented as  
\[\mathbf{s}^{\prime}=f_{d}(\mathbf{x}^{\prime\prime},\phi^{\prime}), \tag{5}\]  
where \(\phi^{\prime}\) contains the model parameters of the decoder.
## 3 Discussion
### Limitation and Perspective of the Study  
The present study has several limitations that should be considered. Firstly, the study did not assess the actual levels of H2S exposure experienced by the participants, limiting our understanding of the relationship between H2S exposure and health outcomes. Additionally, the study did not investigate the potential adverse effects or toxicity of H2S exposure at high levels. Future research should focus on quantifying H2S exposure levels and exploring the dose-response relationship to determine optimal and safe levels of exposure. Furthermore, comprehensive investigations into the potential adverse effects and mechanisms of H2S toxicity are warranted to ensure the safe and effective utilization of H2S-based therapies. Moreover, the findings of the study may have limited generalizability due to the specific characteristics of the study participants, highlighting the need for inclusion  
Figure 6: Illustration of the possible mechanism by which exposure to environmental H2S emitted from thermal springs leads to a reduction in ROS and lipid peroxidation levels in individuals with low ferritin status. Specifically, this effect is achieved by upregulating endogenous H2S levels.  
of diverse populations in future research. Addressing these limitations and pursuing the suggested research perspectives will contribute to a more thorough understanding of H\({}_{2}\)S exposure and its implications for health outcomes and oxidative homeostasis, guiding the development of safe and effective therapeutic approaches.
## 3 Parallel Distributed Compensation  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [46] suggested a model-based design approach that sets the course of the alleged PDC. In [47], the design approach was named \"parallel distributed compensation\". Despite this, the design technique was enhanced, and the stability of control systems was investigated in [48]. Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models are used to represent many nonlinear (real) systems. Moreover, during the PDC design, each control rule is derived from the equivalent rule of a TS fuzzy model. As a result, in the premise parts, the developed fuzzy controller uses the same fuzzy sets as the fuzzy model. For the fuzzy model Equation (1), the following fuzzy controller is constructed. Control rule \(i\):  
IF \(z_{1}(k)\) is \(M_{i1}\), and \(z_{2}(k)\) is \(M_{i2}\),..., and \(z_{p}(k)\) is \(M_{ip}\) THEN  
\[\mathbf{F}(k)=-\mathbf{F}_{i}\mathbf{x}(k),\quad i=1,2,\ldots,r. \tag{8}\]  
The fuzzy control rules have a linear controller in the subsequent parts. Different controllers, such as output feedback controllers or dynamic output feedback controllers, can be utilized instead of state feedback controllers, according to [20]. Furthermore, the fuzzy controller's overall output signal is represented by:  
\[\mathbf{F}(k)=-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{r}w_{i}(z)\mathbf{F}_{i}\mathbf{x}(k)}{\sum _{i=1}^{r}w_{i}(z)}=-\sum_{i=1}^{r}h_{i}(z)\mathbf{F}_{i}\mathbf{x}(k). \tag{9}\]  
Calculating the parameters of local linear controllers \(\mathbf{F}_{i}\) is a task of the fuzzy controller synthesis.