# Merging Spatio-Temporal Objects and Business Processes: Land Reform Process Case Study
## 4 Merging Spatio-Temporal Conceptual Model and Business Process: Land Reform Process Case Study  
For the case study, we developed a syntactic model inspired by the demolition process of a commune in Nantes, France, specifically the \"Malakoff\" district. This syntactic model enables us to accurately represent and analyze the demolition process of buildings and parcel reallocation and reform. For instance, information for a parcel encompasses a comprehensive set of data, providing insight into its physical location, owner information, area, dimensions, land use type (urban or agricultural), boundaries with neighboring parcels, position within the city, and the presence of any structures with their respective attributes, if applicable. Moreover, the parcel's data include a temporal attribute indicating the span of its administrative existence. The spatial characteristic of each parcel is inherently time-dependent, implying that the parcel's geometry can evolve over time, reflecting changes in its boundaries or physical layout. The following MADS conceptual model in Figure 2 represents our case study. It considers six classes of objects and three relationships (i.e., two associations and one STP). The class \"Parcel\" has temporal and spatially varying features. The two main categories of parcel are \"Urban Territories\" and \"Agricultural parcel\". The borders between parcels are registered within the association borders as having \"touch\" as a topological relationship. Parcels may contain zero to many \"Buildings\" that can be either \"Farm Buildings\" or \"City Buildings\". Figure 3 shows a soft logical schema resulting from the transformation from MADS to PostgreSQL/PostGIS by applying the transformation rules discussed in the section \"MADS Implementation\". \"Generation\" is a specific type of relationship representing a spatio-temporal process (STP). This STP is the main modeling abstraction of the BPMN presented in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Logical model for Land reform case study generated from MADS conceptual model. Figure 2: MADS conceptual model. On the other hand, \"urban planners\" or \"city planners\" are responsible for managing the growth and development of a city over time, encompassing considerations such as anticipated growth areas, changes in agriculture, urban development, and the preservation of green zones. Urban planning involves a diverse range of activities to create well-functioning cities and make informed decisions related to land use to foster the growth and development of cities. Our BPMN provides an illustrative example used by urban planners to model and track the land reform process, which includes actions such as parcel division, boundary alterations, category modifications, construction, and more. This syntactic model represents and analyzes the demolition process of buildings and parcel reallocation and reform. BPMN models the fact that many lands may be joined together to form one land or a land can be reformed or split into many smaller lands, or an agricultural land becomes an urban land, and vice versa. The spatial dimension of a parcel can also be rectified and modified. BPMN further denotes \"why\" and \"by the response to which event\" a specific modification of a parcel occurs. The mapping of an STP is developed into BPMN as a pool as follows: Parcel, Border, Contains, and Buildings are automatically transformed into lanes, where all have topological relations with Parcel. Submit a reform request in the parcel, which can be: limit change, aggregation (e.g., when the owner of a parcel buys another one and merges it with the first one), split (e.g., when the owner of a parcel buys apart from it), re-allocation, or modification of category (e.g., urban becomes agriculture). These sets of events cannot be generated automatically because they are specific to the process of land reform and are not known in advance. Indeed, the designer should update the auto-generated draft to meet these requirements.