esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of the Uranium Removal Performance in Environmental Water Systems  
The results for the uranium removal efficiency of SiPMA-TEPA in environmental water systems are shown in Figure 10a. SiPMA-TEPA achieved the highest removal rate of 94.03% for uranium in ultrapure water (UPW). Uranium removal exceeded 90% in TW, river water (RW), and simulated groundwater (SGW). The configuration of the simulated water samples was based on the literature [43; 44]. Details are provided in Section S2 of the Supplementary Materials and Figure S2. The uranium removal efficiency was lowest in WW, owing to the high concentration of Ca\({}^{2+}\) (410.4 ppm) in the groundwater environment, which was significantly higher than that in other water systems. The elevated Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentration led to the formation of the neutral molecule Ca\({}_{2}\)(CO\({}_{2}\))(CO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\) and thus inhibited the resin's adsorption of uranium. Nevertheless, the excellent uranium removal efficiency observed in TW and RW indicated that SiPMA-TEPA was suitable for practical applications.  
Figure 10: Uranium removal by SiPMA-TEPA in different water systems (**a**) and (**b**) Ca\({}^{2+}\), Mg\({}^{2+}\) ion concentrations in different water systems (temperature: 298 K, C\({}_{0}\)(U) \(\approx\) 1 ppm, t: 2 h, \(m/v\): 0.05 g/30 mL).  
Figure 9: Uranium desorption efficiency with different eleuents (**a**) and (**b**) reproducibility of SiPMA-TEPA ((**a**) C\({}_{0}\)(U) \(\approx\) 1 ppm, pH = 7, \(m/v\): 0.05 g/10 mL).
## 5 Simulation Experiments  
The open source network simulator NS2 developed by U.C. Berkeley for the simulation of various IP networks is used in this paper to simulate the improved routing algorithm, and to verify advantages of the improved LEACH protocol compared with simulation results of classical protocols such as the traditional LEACH protocol. The software was originally based on network design and simulation in UNIX systems. The simulation in this paper is conducted under the UNIX environment by CYGWIN in Windows XP, and on the basis of NS-2.27 simulation experiments are conducted. The complete simulation platform was WindowsXP+CYGWIN+NS-2.27.
###### Abstract  
Automatic modulation classification (AMC) plays a crucial role in wireless communication by identifying the modulation scheme of received signals, bridging signal reception and demodulation. Its main challenge lies in performing accurate signal processing without prior information. While deep learning has been applied to AMC, its effectiveness largely depends on the availability of labeled samples. To address the scarcity of labeled data, we introduce a novel semi-supervised AMC approach combining consistency regularization and pseudo-labeling. This method capitalizes on the inherent data distribution of unlabeled data to supplement the limited labeled data. Our approach involves a dual-component objective function for model training: one part focuses on the loss from labeled data, while the other addresses the regularized loss for unlabeled data, enhanced through two distinct levels of data augmentation. These combined losses concurrently refine the model parameters. Our method demonstrates superior performance over established benchmark algorithms, such as decision trees (DTs), support vector machines (SVMs), pi-models, and virtual adversarial training (VAT). It exhibits a marked improvement in the recognition accuracy, particularly when the proportion of labeled samples is as low as 1-4%.  
automatic modulation classification; semi-supervised learning; consistency regularization; data augmentation +
Footnote †: journal:  
1
Footnote 1: School of Network and Communication, Nanjing Vocational College of Information Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2
Footnote 1: School of Network and Communication, Nanjing Vocational College of Information Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
3
Footnote 2: School of Network and Communication, Nanjing Vocational College of Information Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
3
Footnote 3: College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
###### Abstract  
An automatic bird identification system is required for offshore wind farms in Finland. Indubitably, a radar is the obvious choice to detect flying birds, but external information is required for actual identification. We applied visual camera images as external data. The proposed system for automatic bird identification consists of a radar, a motorized video head and a single-lens reflex camera with a telephoto lens. A convolutional neural network trained with a deep learning algorithm is applied to the image classification. We also propose a data augmentation method in which images are rotated and converted in accordance with the desired color temperatures. The final identification is based on a fusion of parameters provided by the radar and the predictions of the image classifier. The sensitivity of this proposed system, on a dataset containing 9312 manually taken original images resulting in 2.44 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) augmented data set, is 0.9463 as an image classifier. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve for two key bird species is 0.9993 (the White-tailed Eagle) and 0.9496 (The Lesser Black-backed Gull), respectively. We proposed a novel system for automatic bird identification as a real world application. We demonstrated that our data augmentation method is suitable for image classification problem and it significantly increases the performance of the classifier.  
machine learning; deep learning; convolutional neural networks; classification; data augmentation; intelligent surveillance systems Article
## 3 Results
### Crude Enzyme Extract of Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Produced Geraniol from Greamyl Diphosphate
Therefore, the enzyme activity assay with  
Figure 2: Evaluation of enzyme activity of extract of _E. (M.) onukii_ against GPP. Twenty _E. (M.) onukii_ adults were separated into two parts; head and body. The head or body part extract reacted with GPP. The controls were GPP or crude extract only. The geraniol production amount was represented by the GC-MS peak area ratio of _m_/_z_ 69 (geraniol characteristic ion) to _m_/_z_ 88 (LS. (internal standard, ethyl _n_-decanoate) characteristic ion). N.D., lower than detection limit. Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) S.D. (n = 3). inset Sf9 cell expression system also proved that EoFPPS1 and EoFPPS2 could not convert GPP to geraniol (Figure 5). Figure 3: Phylogenetic analysis of terpene synthases in insects. Cf, Choristoneura fumiferana; Dm, Drosophila melanogaster; Ps, Pisodes strobe; Dp, Dendrotonus ponderosae; Nt, Nasuitiermes takasagoensis; Rs, Reticulitermes speratus; Bt, Bos Taurus; Af, Archaeoglobus fulgidus; Mm, Methanococcus marijuana; Mt, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pv, Pantoea vagans; Cp, Cyanophora paradoxa; At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Ca, Capsicum annuum; Ps, Phyllotreta striolata; Ip, Ips pini; Tc, Tribolium castaneum; Pc, Phaedon cochleariae; Dp, Dendrotonus ponderosae; Ag, Anthonomus grandis. Bootstrap values from 1000 replicates were used to assess the robustness of the trees. Figure 4: Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamideamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and functional characterization of terpene synthases in _E. (M.) ontukii_ expressed in _E. coli._ (**a**) SDS-PAGE of purified recombinant putative terpene synthases. EoFPPSIS was the protein lacking putative mitochondrial targeting peptide of EoFPPS1. (**b**) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identification of formation of geraniol from GPP under the actions of recombinant terpene synthases. The experiments were performed in three replicates with similar results. Authentic standard: Geraniol authentic standard.
# Precision Analysis and Design of Rotating Coil Magnetic Measurements System
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Measuring the Orbit, the Whirling of the Rotating Coil  
In this section, the whirling distance of the coil while rotating around the center of rotation is measured. There are three measuring points along the length including the driver end (DE) point, center point, and non-driver end (NDE) point. The experiment in Section 4.4 was divided into three sub-experiments as shown in Figures 16-18.  
From the experiment shown in Figures 16-18 of each speed in rotation of the coil, they revealed that they all had similar orbital characteristics. That is because the shaft rotated at a low speed (low-speed machine); thus, the motion's orbit changed little and maximum distance between maximum and minimum movement of the coil at different positions in the vertical and horizontal axis as shown in Table 5. The motion's behavior moved away from the center of the rotation. At the DE position, the coil rose up; at the C position, it moved to the right; at the NDE position, it moved to the left.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Speed (RPM)**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**The Current Supplied to the Magnetic Coil**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Current 5 A**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Current 10 A**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Current 15 A**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **1X** & **2X** & **3X** & **4X** & **1X** & **2X** & **3X** & **4X** & **1X** & **2X** & **3X** & **4X** \\ \hline
60 & 1.973 & - & 0.0187 & - & 2.959 & - & 0.0273 & - & 3.594 & - & 0.0447 & - \\
90 & 3.888 & - & 0.0589 & - & 6.147 & - & 0.0672 & - & 7.936 & - & 0.1297 & - \\
120 & 4.050 & - & 0.1081 & - & 8.229 & - & 0.1290 & - & 11.360 & - & 0.1303 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The electromotive force obtained from change in speed and dipole magnet current.  
Figure 17: The comparison of the movement characters of the rotating coil at 90 RPM: (**a**) shaft orbit at the DE side; (**b**) shaft orbit at the center; (**c**) shaft orbit at the NDE side.  
Figure 18: The comparison of the movement characters of the rotating coil at 120 RPM: (**a**) shaft orbit at the DE side; (**b**) shaft orbit at the center; (**c**) the shaft orbit at the NDE side.  
From the experimental orbital motion of the magnetic field measurement using the rotating coil technique, it was found that the movement of the cylinder rods was caused by rotational unbalance, and misalignment and mechanical looseness did not affect the measurement of the dipole magnetic field. This is because the direction of the magnetic field was either a direct line or a single direction in both a skew dipole and a normal dipole.
# Efficient FPGA Implementation of Automatic Nuclei Detection in Histopathology Images
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The schematic of the proposed accelerator architecture for nuclei detection is shown in Figure 2. It has been found that [1] the nuclei can be detected efficiently using the red channel of the H&E stained RGB image. Therefore, the red channel of the histology image is used as the input gray scale image. The architecture mainly contains six modules: Gaussian filter, gLoG filter, Regional Maxima, Thresholding, Masking and Mean-shift clustering. The Gaussian filter smooths an input image. The gLoG filter is then applied to generate response maps corresponding to different scales and orientation of the gLoG kernels. The Regional Maxima module generates nuclei seed candidates from the response maps. In order to reduce the number of false positive seeds, a mask is generated by applying the Thresholding module on the Gaussian filter output and Masking is done on the nuclei seed candidates generated from Regional Maxima module. Finally, the Mean-shift clustering module clusters the remaining seed candidates to obtain coordinates of different nuclei centers. The anticipated  
Figure 1: Example of a skin Whole Slide image (WSI), (**a**) normal skin image, (**b**) melanoma affected skin image.  
results of different modules are also shown in Figure 2. Implementation details of each module is given in the following sections.
###### Abstract  
At present, the isotope ratio \({}^{18}\)O/\({}^{16}\)O (in the text expressed as \(\delta^{18}\)O) of carbonate (CO\({}_{3}^{2-}\)) is usually determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry measuring the CO\({}_{2}\) gas produced dissolving the CO\({}_{3}^{2-}\)-bearing substance in concentrated H\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\). As with any analytical data, the \(\delta^{18}\)O values of carbonate are also affected by uncertainty which must be considered mainly when data from different laboratories are compared. Usually, scientific papers report only repeatability and/or reproducibility of analytical results, which, have scarce significance for data comparison. With the aim of evaluating the overall uncertainty for new analytical data for low-Mg Calcites, in this paper we reconsidered the \(\delta^{18}\)O data, which are reported in the literature. Two kinds of uncertainty must be taken into account: (1) that due to the calibration of the delta values using international standards (prediction uncertainty), (2) that due to small differences in the chemistry of low-Mg Calcites. The two uncertainties must be added when comparing data produced in the same or different laboratories. We found that this overall uncertainty cannot be lower than about 0.2%. Thus, uncertainty lower than 0.2%, sometimes reported in the literature, is misleading.  
oxygen isotopes; low-Mg calcite; uncertainty on \(\delta^{18}\)O
## 4 Discussion
### Microbiological and Biochemical Analysis  
The effect of HA on pathogenic bacteria and the persistence of some species after periodontal treatment led to a decrease in some cases and an increase in others, suggesting the influence of multiple clinical factors. Since its effect appears to be primarily inhibitory rather than eliminative, its use should be reserved as an adjunct to conventional treatment, as demonstrated in the study by [PERSON] et al. [46], where a bacteriostatic but not bactericidal effect of HA was reported. For example, _A. actinomycetemcomitans_ was sensitive to medium and high concentrations, with consistent growth inhibition, and _P. gingiyalis_ proliferation was reduced, suggesting the potential of HA to limit the spread of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, slight growth inhibition of _S. mutans_ was noted, indicating that HA may modulate the microbial environment in the periodontal setting.  
Biomarkers of inflammation, immune response (increase in beta-defensin 2 expression in treated sites), systemic parameters (e.g., leukocyte count), and C-reactive protein(progressive reduction in inflammation) were measured. [PERSON] et al. [29] analyzed the levels of enzymes and antioxidants in gingival crevicular fluid and observed a significant reduction in adenosine deaminase (ADA), suggesting a potential decrease in inflammation. In addition, catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels were increased, indicating improved antioxidant response. The greater improvement initially noted in the test group than in the controls diminished over time, however.
## 5 Conclusions  
A novel STC is proposed comprising connected sections with different winding directions and number of turns to realize a PEC system with MF for downhole casing inspection. The proposed design simplifies the electrical circuit and is more suitable for narrow downhole environments. A model of the PEC system was used to theoretically derive the transmitting magnetic field, and an FoM was constructed to evaluate the MF performance and optimize the winding parameters of the STC. The simulation and experimental results for a standardized oil well casing revealed that the proposed STC is effective at realizing MF.  
Conceptualization, C.L.; methodology, B.D.; software, C.L.; validation, Y.Z.; formal analysis, J.D.; investigation, L.Y.; resources, B.D.; data curation, L.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, L.Y.; writing--review and editing, L.Y.; visualization, R.D.; supervision, Y.Z.; project administration, R.D.; funding acquisition, B.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51974250 and Grant 41874158, in part by the Youth Science and Technology Nova Project in Shaanxi Province, China, under Grant 2020 KJXX-018, and in part by the Postgraduate Innovation and Practical Ability Training Program of Xi'an Shiyou University under Grant YCS22111001.  
Not applicable.  
All the details of this work, including data and algorithm codes, are available by contacting the corresponding author: [EMAIL_ADDRESS].  
The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their helpful suggestions, which have considerably improved the quality of the manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 9: FoMs of the MTC and STC at different \(p_{\text{m}}\) values.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Hypergraph Representation of a Triangular Mesh  
A triangular mesh can be represented as a simple undirected graph characterized by a set of vertices and edges: \(\mathcal{G}=(V,E)\). Figure 1 represents a femur mesh with edges represented as black lines. Simple graphs can be represented by a Laplacian matrix \(\mathbf{L}\in\mathbb{R}^{p\times p}\), defined as the difference of the adjacency and degree matrices. The Laplacian matrix has useful properties for analysing the structure of a graph. However, the simple graph structure of a mesh is not compatible with the regression framework proposed in this study. Therefore, the mesh will be represented by a hypergraph, a generalization of a graph. Hypergraphs have hyperedges which can connect any number of vertices. In a simple graph, each vertex represents a point in 3D space, while for the hypergraph we split each of these points into three vertices: one for each coordinate (Figure 2). All edges of the original graph become hyperedges in the hypergraph connecting 6 vertices, hence it is a 6-uniform hypergraph.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Scanner & GE OptimaTM MR450w \\ Field strength & 1.5 T \\ Scan type & 3D \\ Scan direction & Sagittal \\ Sequence & Fat saturated T1 spoiled gradient echo \\ Slice thickness & 1 mm \\ Pixel size & 0.4 mm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Description of the MRI scan protocol.  
Figure 1: A mesh of the distal femur.  
For hypergraphs, the incidence matrix \(\mathbf{H}\in\mathbb{R}^{|V|\times|E|}\) identifies which vertices are part of a hyperedge:  
\[\mathbf{H}_{ij}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1&\text{if }v_{i}\in\text{E}_{j}\\ 0&\text{if }v_{i}\
otin\text{E}_{j}\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
Similarly, two diagonal degree matrices can be defined: the edge degree matrix \(\mathbf{D}_{e}\in\mathbb{R}^{|E|\times|E|}\) and the vertex degree matrix \(\mathbf{D}_{v}\in\mathbb{R}^{|V|\times|V|}\).  
\[\mathbf{D}_{eij}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\sum_{k=1}^{|V|}\mathbf{H}_{ki}& \text{if }i=j\\ 0&\text{otherwise}\end{array}\right.\mathbf{D}_{vij}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \sum_{k=1}^{|E|}\mathbf{H}_{ik}&\text{if }i=j\\ 0&\text{otherwise}\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
Based on these matrices, the hypergraph Laplacian can be defined as:  
\[\mathbf{L}_{H}=\mathbf{D}_{v}-\mathbf{H}\mathbf{D}_{e}^{-1}\mathbf{H}^{T} \tag{3}\]
###### Abstract
showed through simulations that using spatio-temporal encoding with orthogonal Golay code sets could increase SNR by 10 log(ML), where M is the number of transmit events and L is the code length [27]. While this paper by [PERSON] used Hadamard encoding to construct orthogonal code sets, recently another paper by [PERSON] et al. used a delay-encoded transmission scheme to recover the synthetic transmit aperture dataset. This was conducted by delaying selected transmitting elements by a half period of the ultrasound wave relative to the rest of the transmitting elements [28]. The authors achieved a 7 dB improvement in peak signal-to-noise ratio over traditional synthetic transmit aperture imaging. Most codes designed for multi-user synchronous or asynchronous communication applications require only that detected signal-to-noise and signal-to-crosstalk after decoding is sufficient to reliably detect binary bits. However, imaging applications require more stringent demands. Ultrasound imaging typically has a >50 dB display dynamic range and it is desirable that crosstalk is below this level or as low as possible. To ensure mainlobe-to-sidelobe levels after decoding are sufficiently high, very long pseudorandom or Kasami codes would be required. Additionally, most codes in the communications literature are purely binary (+1, -1) or sometimes multi-phase. In ultrasound imaging, however, there is no need to restrict levels to binary states and in fact binary states of +1 or -1 would mean the transmitter is always on, which is the case for many communications devices. In ultrasound imaging, having the transmitter always on could lead to ultrasound thermal index safety concerns for medical applications. Considering arbitrary-level codes could open up new possibilities for the design of near orthogonal codes. We introduce a set of novel tri-state codes which we call Hadamard Aperiodic Interval (HAPI) codes. The codes are constructed by creating a sequence of bits which take values of 0, 1, or -1. Tri-state pulsers are common on some ultrasound systems because of the simplicity of the electronics over arbitrary function generator capabilities. Locations of non-zero bits are constructed based on marks in an aperiodic interval sequence, also known as a Golomb ruler [29; 30]. The values of non-zero bits are selected from columns of Hadamard matrices that are mutually orthogonal. This ensures that cross-correlation between differing codes is bounded while the autocorrelation approaches a delta function with mainlobe-to-sidelobe levels scaling with the number of non-zero bits. We demonstrate the utility of these HAPI codes for high-quality 2D and 3D ultrasound imaging using simulations of a scattering phantom with hypoechoic and hyperechoic regions. We demonstrate signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise advantages over synthetic aperture approaches as well as other imaging techniques using linear array transducers. We also demonstrate the utility of our HAPI codes for fast 3D imaging using 2D sparse arrays.