## 3 Results  
### Pore Parameters' Statistical Features of Cubes with Different Sizes  
The statistical features of pore parameters (mean and standard deviation) for cubes with a specific size (e.g., 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 \(\upmu\)m) were investigated to discern the variability in pore parameters at different positions. To avoid repetition, Figure 7 only presents the results of two cube sizes of 200 \(\upmu\)m and 300 \(\upmu\)m.  
In Figure 7, the length of the error bar represents standard deviation and a shorter error bar means a more uniform pore structure. It is obvious that the length of the error bar decreases with an increase in the cube size, indicating reduced data dispersion for larger  
Figure 6: Main steps to get the quantitative parameters: (**a**) a selected cube; (**b**) segmentation of the pore from the cube; (**c**) connected pores; (**d**) isolated pores; (**e**) pore separation and labeling; (**f**) pore network model; (**g**) pores in the pore network model; (**h**) throats in the pore network model.  
cubes. In addition, the Q\({}_{2}\) and C1 specimens consistently exhibit shorter error bars compared to the Q\({}_{3}\) and F1 specimens. These results suggest that the Q\({}_{2}\) loses is more uniform than the Q\({}_{3}\) loses even though they are both naturally formed soil. On the other hand, for the remolded loess, the C1 specimen typically has a more uniform structure than the F1. These differences may arise from their formation process and the dry density, which will be discussed later.  
Interestingly, it is the Q\({}_{2}\) specimen that exhibits the highest total porosity and connective porosity, rather than the Q\({}_{3}\) loess, which has the largest void ratio (Figure 7a,b). This discrepancy may be attributed to differences in the presence of large pores whose diameters exceed the cubic size of the analysis and small pores with diameters less than 1 \(\mu\)m. For isolated porosity, the F1 specimen shows the highest value, followed in order  
Figure 7: The mean values and standard deviations of parameters of different size cubes of the specimens: (**a**) total porosity \(P_{oi}\) (**b**) connected porosity \(P_{ci}\); (**c**) isolated porosity \(P_{i}\); (**d**) average coordination number \(C_{\text{N}}\); (**e**) median of pore volume \(M_{\text{V}}\); (**f**) the median of pore area \(M_{\text{A}}\); (**g**) the median of pore equivalent radius \(M_{\text{B}}\); (**h**) the median of throat channel length \(M_{\text{L}}\). Note: The length of the error bar indicates the standard deviation.  
by the Q\({}_{3}\), C1, and Q\({}_{2}\) specimens. Conversely, the coordination number (\(C_{\rm N}\)) exhibits an opposite trend, with the Q\({}_{2}\) specimen having the highest value, followed by the C1, Q\({}_{2}\), and F1 specimens. These results indicate that, despite its looser structure compared to the C1 specimen, the F1 loess has the poorest pore connectivity.  
For the other pore parameters, i.e., the median of pore volume (\(M_{\rm V}\)), the median of pore area (\(M_{\rm A}\)), and the median of pore equivalent radius (\(M_{\rm R}\)), there is no apparent difference among these samples. The throat channel length (\(M_{\rm L}\)) typically decreases with the increase in dry density.