## 2 Archaeological Questions/Archaeometric Answers
### Authenticity: Original Versus Fake
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Fe** & **Al** & **Mg** & **K** & **Ti** & **Na** & **Ca** & **Mn** & **Pb** & **Ni** & **Sr** & **Cr** & **Ba** & **Zn** \\ \hline  & & & & & & & & & & & & **(ppm)** & & \\ \hline Krater basin & 5.17 & 9.96 & 1.48 & 2.38 & 0.55 & 0.72 & 6.70 & 959 & 192 & 78 & 316 & 131 & 407 & 131 \\ Krater handle & 2.96 & 9.24 & 0.55 & 2.56 & 0.32 & 0.62 & 7.55 & 865 & 1256 & 28 & 123 & 51 & 364 & 43 \\ _Cercine_ & 4.20 & 10.89 & 1.93 & 2.57 & 0.43 & 0.74 & 7.89 & 740 & 811 & 63 & 386 & 141 & 295 & 99 \\ \hline Loutrophoros foot & 5.01 & 8.99 & 1.37 & 2.26 & 0.51 & 0.54 & 6.99 & 1267 & 57 & 68 & 280 & 102 & 350 & 119 \\ Loutrophoros basin & 5.04 & 8.89 & 1.39 & 2.26 & 0.51 & 0.51 & 6.54 & 1126 & 34 & 88 & 310 & 133 & 388 & 117 \\ Loutrophors neck & 3.91 & 5.70 & 1.66 & 1.87 & 0.33 & 1.91 & 11.41 & 658 & 183 & 142 & 745 & 343 & 328 & 137 \\ Loutrophors neck edge & 3.90 & 7.09 & 1.85 & 2.15 & 0.38 & 0.60 & 8.92 & 956 & 10,869 & 70 & 456 & 103 & 422 & 164 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Composition by ICP-MS of the ceramic bodies collected from the krater, the _cercine_ and the loutrophors. Figure 2: SEM-BSE photomicrographs of thin sections of the ceramic body of the krater dell’Amazzonomachia: basin (**a**), handle (**b**) (Inset: crystal of lead silicate inside the paste. ), the _cercine_ (**c**) and the neck of Loutrophoros (**d**). Scale 30 micron. Dashed lines separate the ceramic body and the surface decoration: the traditional black gloss and the repaintings on it (brighter) (**a**), the layer based on Pb newly formed silicates, Mn and Sn simulating the traditional black gloss (upper) (**b**). reasonably made in the same place where the object was found) and for the handle of the krater support the hypothesis regarding the addition of the krater handle after its recovery and suggests that this restyling was carried out in Ruvo (where the krater came from) and not, after the purchase, in Naples. Although the nonauthenticity of the neck of the loutrophoros had not been highlighted by autoptic examinations, it was suggested by restorers during the dismantle phase of parts [97], which observed the lack of congruence in shape between the neck and the body. It must, therefore, be assumed that this part has been made in modern times (nineteenth century BCE) and added during restoration. As a matter of fact, a joint band between the neck and body was added to fix the shape inconsistence. The camouflage was completed thanks to a decoration seamless between the figurative scenes, observable in the first photographs, and later succeed by an achromatic integration, as shown in the more recent images. Both handles of the loutrophoros, as it had already been assumed during the first restorations, were not authentic and were made with a paste based on glue and plaster. Although the black surfaces of the nonauthentic parts, for both vases, are lead-based, the diversity in the materials mixed to lead in the two cases could indicate a manufacturing in different workshops. An example of determining the common origin of sporadic fragments to a single find is hereafter illustrated. The fragments analyzed come from the residual edges of a tomb filling, which underwent a clandestine excavation in the past and recently it was excavated by the Commission for the Architectural and Landscape Heritage for the Provinces of Barletta-Andria-Trani and Foggia (Puglia, Southern Italy). Independent investigative activities related to criminal affairs had led to the seizure by the Guardia di Finanza of Foggia of a group of highly artistic and manufactured Apulian red figure vases, dating back to the fourth to third century BCE, in excellent state of conservation. Since during the excavation, ceramic fragments similar based on archaeological studies with the seized finds were found, archaeometric analyzes were carried out to verify their relevance to the same context.