# Model Test Research on the Propagation of Tsunamis and Their Interaction with Navigating Ships
## 1 Introduction  
Tsunamis are water waves generated by impulsive disturbances such as river erosion, rainfall, groundwater erosion, water level fluctuation, earthquakes, human activities, and other external environmental conditions. Unfavorable geological phenomena, such as bank collapses and slipping, also occur frequently and can cause tsunamis [1, 2]. During these events, a large amount of energy flows into the water at a high speed and creates a large landslide-induced tsunami, which can cause serious disasters around landslide-related areas. Generally, landslide-generated tsunamis take place on both a larger temporal and smaller spatial scale, if compared with those generated by earthquakes [3]. Landslide-induced tsunamis are superimposed in the propagation process, and structures within a certain range are strongly affected [4, 5]. Landslide-induced tsunamis adversely affect the movement of ships during navigation, and can even cause ships to overturn [6]. Therefore, the propagation characteristics of landslide-induced tsunamis in different working conditions must be studied to protect the normal navigation of ships. The motion responses of different types of landslides to sailing ships should also be examined.  
Recent research efforts into landslide-induced tsunamis have been productive. The formation, propagation, and run-up of landslide-induced impulse waves have been studied through physical experiments [7, 8, 9], scale model physical experiments [10], and numerical simulation [11]. Based on these studies, there are new physical model experiments to research on the run-up and formation of landslide-induced tsunamis [12, 13], to be carried out in a large wave tank by varying the initial acceleration [14] in order to improve the knowledge on the involved phenomena and optimize the detection algorithm [15]. However, while a lot of scaled model experiments have beendesigned in water, there is little research on the interaction between landslide-induced tsunamis and hydraulic structures.  
In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to investigate the motion of ships. A series of methods have been proposed to predict the rolling parametric by nonlinear trip theory [16], to obtain passive and stable state-space [17], to predict the motion of barge ships in regular waves [18], and to calculate the motion sickness dose value [19]. Based on these studies, a partial-body nonlinear time-domain code was modified to achieve higher accuracy [20; 21]. As far as the tsunamis are concerned, more and more methods are being utilized to research ship motion in the region of tsunamis [22; 23; 24]. Many experiments on tsunamis are being explored to investigate the run-up [25], the dynamic response of the sand bed [26], and the hydrodynamic pressure of a bore [27]. Although these laboratory experiments have been performed in a sufficiently large experimental facility, there is little research on the interaction between landslide-induced tsunamis and sailing ships.  
The present paper investigates the propagation law of landslide-induced tsunamis in complex curved river channels, strengthens the early warning and prevention of geological disasters in reservoir areas, and explores the nonlinear effects of landslide-induced tsunamis on the primary degree-of-freedom motion response of a ship based on a series of landslide-induced tsunami tests.