## 4 Discussion and Policy Recommendations
### Research Remarks and Perspectives  
During China's transition period, the LPRO system faces a series of challenges, including infringement on owners' rights and interests, inefficient market functioning, and inadequate supervision and protection. These issues have gradually undermined the effectiveness of the \"land-driven development\" model. The optimization of LPRO serves as a critical foundation for advancing ecological civilization and reforming the property rights system of natural resource assets. However, existing research predominantly re lies on qualitative analyses of current problems to propose improvements to LPRO. Such approaches often focus on the independent optimization of localized elements based on isolated analyses of specific components, thereby disrupting the organic unity and overall synergy of the LPRO system. Therefore, this study conceptualizes LPRO as a complex and dynamic system, and it elucidates how distinct variables associated with the transfer, utilization, and supervision links within the LPRO system influence its macro effects. Grounded in a system integration perspective, this study strengthens the logical coherence among the various links and elements while providing a comprehensive framework for the optimal design of LPRO. This study proposes that the efficient operation of LPRs and the coordination of links, the realization of LPR values and the balance of subject interests be taken as optimization goals and that LPR transfer, LPR utilization, LPR supervision, the value realization of LPRs, the allocation of subject interests and the adjustment of regional adaptability be taken as the content. It is necessary to consider the restructuring of the LPR transfer model, promotion of the transformation and upgrading of LPR utilization, deepening of the reform of the LPR supervision system, and promotion of the improvement in LPR value, taking into account the balance of interests of different entities and implementing regional difference guidance mechanisms as the adjustment path. The \"accurate allocation and implementation of differentiated LPRO mechanisms\", \"activation of existing stock and promotion of the revitalization and reuse of inefficient land\", \"improvement in efficiency and the land market-oriented trading platform\", \"dynamic guarantee and enhancement of the full-cycle supervision of LPRs\", \"transformation and upgrading, promotion of the advanced use of LPRs\", \"maintenance of and increase in value and enhancement in the rationality of LPR prices\", \"balancing of interests and optimization of the power of LPR subjects\" and other policy recommendations are further proposed to optimize the LPRO system. This systematic optimization scheme for LPRO delivers references to enhance LPRO's regulation and offers new intelligence to achieve the standardization of the LPR system and the marketization of LPRO. This study indicates the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in terms of how LPRO influences its macro effects and reveals the underlying reasons and mechanisms, offering insights into scientific decision-making related to future development transformation and regional differentiation measures. In addition, this research demonstrates the characteristics of the threshold cycle of land prices, the land marketization level and the advanced utilization level, concluding that land economic codes should focus more on value promotion than on factor inputs and transform into patterns of land-value-driven development. The above findings have implications for developing the potential of LPRO to realize long-term benefits, and they also provide beneficial lessons to global countries and regions with underdeveloped land markets in terms of how to make better use of land policy. At the same time, this study has the following limitations and looks forward to further research. First, this study addressed the impact of specific variables in different links on the macro effects of LPRO, but it did not answer which link's contribution is more significant.