## 1 Introduction
Having established the profound role of IoT and its associated communication protocols, particularly in harnessing the potential of MiRs for a truly manufacturing ecosystem, it is imperative to delve deeper into the overarching structures that guide and govern this digital integration. This leads to the concept of Industry 4.0 framework models. With the rapid advances in technology, new concepts such as Reference Architecture Module Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) and Asset Administration Shell (AAS) have emerged in the Industry 4.0 framework. RAMI 4.0 is a comprehensive, three-dimensional conceptual framework that provides a structured approach to understanding and implementing Industry 4.0 concepts. It acts as a reference for companies to digitize their processes in line with Industry 4.0 principles. It ensures that all aspects of the industry, from business processes to technical infrastructure, are addressed. Its model includes hierarchical levels, a life cycle combined with a value stream, and various layers. Hierarchical levels entail product and field devices, control devices, stations, work centers, enterprises, and even connections between enterprises. The life cycle and value stream map the product's idea from its inception to its end; it is aligned with IEC 62890. Layers break down the industrial system into various layers, such as the asset, integration, communication, information, functional, and business layers [16; 17]. As Industry 4.0 connects a vast array of devices and systems, ensuring secure communications and operations is paramount. Security in RAMI 4.0 is addressed in the \"information layer\". This layer ensures data integrity, confidentiality, and availability. It also emphasizes the importance of protecting data from unauthorized access, tampering, and breaches. Security considerations are embedded in each layer, from the field to the business level. A safety and security model based on RAMI 4.0 has been proposed to address the security challenges of Industry 4.0 [18; 19]. AAS is a central idea in Industry 4.0, acting as a digital counterpart or a virtual depiction of a tangible asset. This concept functions as a uniform interface, guaranteeing that an asset's data and capabilities are accessible across various platforms [20]. The AAS is crafted to function independently of specific platforms and manufacturers, necessitating its secure operation across diverse settings. Its security measures include authentication, ensuring data integrity, maintaining confidentiality, and regulating access control. Within Industry 4.0, two pivotal security approaches have been proposed: one that integrates both the safety and security reference architecture and another that emphasizes secure provisioning. These approaches form the cornerstone for developing secure and safeguarded applications rooted in AAS [21; 22]. RAMI 4.0 and AAS are instrumental concepts driving the paradigm shift in smart manufacturing. Smart manufacturing is a fully integrated and automated system used to meet the requirements of the smart industry [23]. However, further research is needed from the implementation perspective because only a few studies focus on network-based interconnection factories for the smart manufacturing implementation system (SMIS). The network-based interconnection factory is characterized by the interconnection and interoperability layer of the SMS [24]. A network-based manufacturing system consists of distributed manufacturing scenarios that cope with customized product needs. It also integrates the firm's information to provide the required services with the help of which interoperability among industries can be acquired. In NBMS, the production mode shifts to make-to-order from make-to-stock, and job requests from customers are fully customized [25]. IoT-enabled manufacturing systems pose different security challenges, including malware and security, data privacy, and insider threats. Smart manufacturing systems are always vulnerable to various types of network layer attacks.