esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Simulation and Experimental Study on the Shrub-Cutting Performance of Quasi-Planetary Cutter
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Single Experiment Simulation Results and Analysis  
The single-factor simulation results for the three types of shrubs are illustrated in Figures 8-10. Although the quasi-planetary tool cuts three different types of shrubs, the influence of the three experimental parameters on the performance indicators of each  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Level** & \(n\) **(r/min)** & \(v\) **(mm/s)** & \(w\) **(mm)** \\ \hline
1 & 1500 & 45 & 15 \\
2 & 1750 & 60 & 20 \\
3 & 2000 & 75 & 25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Orthogonal Test Factors and Levels.  
Figure 7: Cutting simulation process.  
shrub follows similar patterns, which are largely consistent with the trends observed in the simulated cutting tests.  
Increase in Tool Rotational Speed: As shown in Figure 8, the peak cutting force shows a decreasing trend, while the peak cutting power initially decreases and then gradually increases. This occurs because, before the tool induces plastic deformation in the shrub, the shrub undergoes elastic deformation to resist the cutting process. As the rotational speed increases, the duration of elastic deformation decreases, leading to a reduction in  
Figure 8: Simulation results of cutting of three shrubs at different rotational speeds. ((**a**) A.H.; (**b**) S.R.; (**c**) C.H. Note: diameter 20 mm; feed speed 60 mm/s).  
Figure 10: Simulation results of cutting three shrubs at different diameters. ((**a**) A.H.; (**b**) S.R.; (**c**) C.H. Note: feed speed 60 mm/s; rotational speed 1750 r/min).  
Figure 9: Simulation results of cutting of three shrubs at different feed speeds. ((**a**) A.H.; (**b**) S.R.; (**c**) C.H. Note: diameter 20 mm; rotational speed 1750 r/min).  
peak cutting force and power. However, the tool also requires a certain amount of power to maintain idle rotation, and this idle power increases with rotational speed. When the reduction in peak cutting power is insufficient to compensate for the increase in idle power, an overall increase in power is observed.  
Increase in Feed Speed: As shown in Figure 9, both the peak cutting force and peak cutting power follow an increasing trend. Within the examined range of feed speeds, an increase in feed speed leads to a greater volume of material being cut per unit time. A larger cutting volume results in greater resistance from the shrub material, making the cutting process more challenging and thereby increasing both cutting force and power.  
Increase in Shrub Diameter: As shown in Figure 10, both the peak cutting force and peak cutting power increase. As the shrub diameter increases, the amount of lignocellulosic material to be removed also rises. Under identical conditions, the increase in the shrub's cross-sectional area leads to greater cutting resistance and friction between the tool and the shrub stem. Consequently, the peak cutting force and power increase significantly.
## 6 Pan-Tropical AGB Mapping
### Concepts, Approaches, Coping Capacities and Limitations
Figure 6 indicates the distribution of capacities of the tropical countries in using remote sensing to developed forest inventories and change assessment mapping according to REDD requirements and guidelines. Most of the carbon pool reporting countries are still at the Tier 1 level of IPCC guidelines. This indicates major improvement is required in mapping capacities for the country-level reporting to achieve the Tier 3 level. [PERSON] et al. (2014) [183] reported that the IPCC values of emission factor, especially using Tier 1, do not give accurate estimates, especially in tropical forests that mostly consist of a mixed and multilayer dense canopy forests. Thus, the IPCC standards do not represent ground reality. That is because of numerous uncertainties present in the field data which cannot be solved through conventional methods and statistical approach for which IPCC does not provide a specific guideline. It is suggested to use Saatchi [156] and Baccini [184] datasets for the better alternative to IPCC Tier 1 values [183]. Furthermore, the IPCC 2006 defined two broad categories, less than 20 years forest or greater than a 20-year forest, to calculate the change in biomass over time. However, as part of the \"2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories\", [PERSON] et al. [155] further divided the forest into three categories, including young secondary forest (\(\leq\)20-year-old), older secondary forest ( \(>\)20 to 100-year-old) and old-growth forest. The gain in biomass decreases with the maturity of the forests from the younger forests (\(\leq\)20 years) to mature and old-growth forests [155]. Recently, [PERSON] et al. (2019) [185] showed that agriculture land dominated the land use after the deforestation occurred between 1990 and 2000 but a different type of post-deforestation agriculture land-use practices are followed in different countries. Carbon stock of ecozone was higher than those of deforested areas. They refined emission factors by integrating the post-deforestation LCLU type with the pan-tropical biomass map at a 30 m spatial resolution. Large uncertainties were found in pan-tropical AGB maps with little or no field data but utilizing the refined maps can help in estimation of carbon stock assessments studies [185].
# Impacts of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage on a Hybrid Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System
## 5 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Effect of Different Lightning Strike Distances  
An investigation of lightning-induced overvoltage due to indirect lightning strikes was conducted on the hybrid solar PV-battery energy storage system when there was no lightning protection and no surge arresters were connected to observe the effects of lightning-induced overvoltage on the system. In this section, the impacts of different lightning strike distances on the system are discussed accordingly.  
Figure 13a-c presents the effects of lightning-induced voltages at different lightning strike distances (20, 50, and 100 m) from the system; the closer the lightning strike location is to the system, the higher the lightning-induced overvoltage. For instance, d = 20 m was the closest lightning strike distance to the system, and thus the lightning-induced overvoltage value was much higher than at lightning strike points d = 50 m and d = 100 m.  
From Figure 14, it can also be seen that the closest lightning strike location to the system caused short circuits and disruption of energy supply to the grid. According to MS IEC 60664-1 [71], the impulse withstand voltage for solar PV-battery systems and inverters at the DC side is 6 kV. Hence, the results show that with increasing lightning strike distances for the lightning current amplitude of 3 kA, the lightning-induced overvoltage was less than the impulse withstand voltage, while for the lightning current amplitude of 19 kA, the lightning-induced overvoltage decreased from 12.1 kV at 20 m to 11.7 kV at 50 m and 10.5 kV at 100 m. These values exceeded the impulse withstand voltages by about 67% at 20 m, 64% at 50 m, and 54% at 100 m, respectively. However, the percentage of values exceedingthe impulse withstand voltage was found to be more than 100% in for 169 kA, regardless of the stroke distance (from 20 to 100 m).
# Adaptive Polling Medium Access Control Protocol for Optic Wireless Networks
## 2 Related Studies
A critical analysis of the IEEE 802.15.7 standard for VLC is suggested in [44] wherein the authors present a Markov chain model for CSMA/CA node behavior. Moreover, in [45] a multi-channel MAC protocol for the integration of VLC and radio waves networks is presented. [PERSON] et al. in [46] investigate a contention-based protocol for VLC that considers dynamic contention window to improve channel access and throughput. Currently, the problem of shared medium access in VLC is not well investigated. In particular, existing research publications adopt contention-based and channelization strategies that have some limitations such as interference, low system utilization, and increased waiting time. Table 1 summarizes existing research publications on MAC protocol for VLC. Unlike existing research publications, this study presents the novel APMAC protocol for VLC that minimizes delay and packet collision while increasing system utilization, and fairness.
## 3 ATON Framework
### Web-Applications Layer  
The application layer of a DN (see Figure 2) can host multiple web-applications (and their logic): these are consumed on demand by clients (users) who access the CH application (tool, 3D virtual museum, immersive experience) on their own devices, without any installation. The framework offers a few built-in web-apps: a basic back-end \"_Shu_\" (described in the next section) and an official front-end (called \"_Hathor_\") to present 3D scenes that will be discussed in detail in Section 3.8.  
The ATON architecture allows to host and deploy custom web-applications: this is crucial since museums, institutions, professionals, etc. may have different requirements in terms of user interface, 3D content presentation, semantics and much more. The framework thus offers developers a _plug-n-play_ architecture where web-apps can be easily deployed or transferred to other DNs. Each application lives in a specific folder of the DN, thus enabling different integrations for developers with git repositories, sFTP, cloud storages, etc.  
The framework offers a basic web-app template (PWA-compliant) as a robust foundation to build custom, cross-device, liquid web-applications. This approach also avoids core components duplication (e.g., presentation modules) since each web-app has direct access to ATON client components and services. Each web-application possesses a unique ID (or \"_app-id_\") thus offering a consistent mapping within the DN of collections, scenes and applications. Single applications can rely on content in the app folder (e.g., 3D models, panoramas, media content, etc.), or access centralized collections and scenes on the instance. The flexibility of such approach from the perspective of museums, institutions or professionals is that they are offered different scenarios to meet their needs:  
Figure 4: Scenes and Collections.  
Use the built-in ATON front-end (if it fulfills the requirements) \"as it is\" to present 3D models and scenes to final users, without any code development required
* Extend the built-in front-end with custom functionalities
* Develop and deploy a custom web-app through the _plug-and-play_ architecture
## 2 Methodology
### Comprehensive Sensing System Calibration  
In the fabrication and assembling procedure, deviations may be introduced to the sensing system, involving the PM and the sensor array. To determine the dipole moment and the sensor array distribution, the sensing system requires effective calibration, which obviously influences the magnetic localization performance. Two kinds of calibration are performed:  
* Dipole moment calibration: to figure out the moment magnitude (\(m_{v}\), \(m_{h}\)) and the deviation (\(\varphi_{mv}\), \(\theta_{mv}\), \(\varphi_{mht}\), \(\theta_{mh}\)) of the unit moment from the cylindrical PM axis during magnetization.
* Sensing axis calibration: to determine the rotational matrix \(\mathbf{R}_{i}\) between the \(i\)th local sensor frame \(\{S_{i}\}\) and Cartesian coordinate.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Result Analysis
#### 4.1.3 Experiment 3 Results
To assess the potential improvement in ASD classification, these models were re-evaluated using a 10-fold CV scheme, and their mean validation accuracy was measured. Figure 11 and Table 8 showcase the results of the three models, ranked by mean accuracy, in the third experiment. In this experiment, the mean validation accuracy values ranged from 67.06% to 71%. The SVM model achieved the highest accuracy with 62 features from the F6 set, while the XGB model achieved the lowest accuracy with 13 features from the F5 set. According to the table, under the 10-fold CV scheme, the SVM model with the F6 set demonstrated an improvement in performance, increasing from 70% in Experiment 2 to 71% in this experiment. This accuracy represents the highest achieved thus far. However, the test accuracy on the test datasets remained unchanged. The best-performing SVM model on the F6 test set from ABIDE achieved an accuracy of 64.28%, while on the KAU test set it achieved an accuracy of 57.58%. The hyperparameters for this model were set as C = 1, kernel = 'rbf', and gamma = 0.01. Detailed performance measures for all models in all experiments can be found in the Supplementary Materials (Tables S2-S5).
# Security Risk Analysis of LoRaWAN and Future Directions
## 5 Security Threat and Risk Assessment of LoRaWAN v1.1
### LoRaWAN v1.1 Threat Catalog
#### 5.2.5 Physical Attacks  
Network entity (see Section 4.1) and implementation (see Section 4.3) related vulnerabilities of LoRaWAN can be exploited by the adversaries to perform the following attacks:  
* **Destroy, Remove, or Steal End-device:** In both versions of LoRaWAN, root keys (from which session keys are generated) are uniquely generated for each device during fabrication or before deployment. Therefore, revealing of a single root key will not compromise any information in the network other than the data stored at that specific device.
* **Security Parameter Extraction:** The LoRaWAN specification [16] requires protection of the relevant key material against reuse, but nodes need to be adequately protected against firmware change that might indirectly lead to key material reuse.
* **Device Cloning or Firmware Replacement:** An attacker with physical access to the device and can replace firmware or steal/reuse key material. While [16] specifically mentions protection of the relevant key material against reuse, but nodes need to be adequately protected against firmware change that might indirectly lead to key material reuse.
## 2 Approach of GPS/GALILEO RT PPP with Ionospheric Constraint
### Function Models of GPS/GALILEO RT PPP
\right. \tag{3}\]  
where \(\overline{D}_{r}^{sys,s}\) is the geometric distance with satellite orbit, satellite code clock and tropospheric delay \(T_{w}\) fixed. \(DCB_{r,12}^{sys}\) is differential code bias (\(DCB\)) of receiver. Note that both the ionospheric delay \(I_{1}^{sys,s}\) and \(DCB_{r,12}^{sys}\) of receiver are perfectly correlated, and they are estimated as lumped terms \(\overline{I}_{1}^{sys,s}\) in the traditional uncombination PPP functional model. The estimated parameter vector can be expressed as:  
\[X=\left[x,c\cdot\overline{d}_{t},T_{w},\overline{I}_{1}^{sys,s},\overline{N}_{ 1}^{sys,s},\overline{N}_{W}^{sys,s}\right] \tag{4}\]  
If the ionosphere products are introduced as pseudo-measurements to constraint slant the ionosphere delay, the \(DCB\) of the receiver estimated parameter needs to be added in (4) to keepconsistency between the estimated ionospheric delay and ionospheric products. The estimated parameter vector in the ionospheric delay constraint PPP can be expressed as:  
\[X=\Big{[}x,c\cdot\overline{d}t_{r},DCB_{r,12}^{sys},T_{w},I_{1}^{sys,s}, \overline{N}_{1}^{sys,s},\overline{N}_{W}^{sys,s}\Big{]} \tag{5}\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Equivalent Free-Fall Drop Height (EFFDH) (mm)**} \\ \hline
**Percentile** & **Medium + Small** & **Medium Box** & **Small Box** & **Europe [12]** & **USA [16]** & **USA [17]** & **China [13]** \\  & & & & **(Ground)** & **(Next Day)** & **China [13]** \\ \hline
90 th & 747.79 & 802.08 & 679.73 & - & - & 620 & 459 \\
95 th & 880.78 & 947.49 & 795.44 & - & 762 & 860 & 347 \\
99 th & 1150.9 & 1244 & 1028.4 & - & - & 1420 & 292 \\ Maximum & 1706.63 & 1702.82 & 1706.63 & 1066.8 & 1069.34 & 1770 & 2000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Equivalent free-fall drop height (EFFDH) observed depending on package size and weight, and reported in the previous studies. Figures 6 and 7 present the shock and impact occurrence as a function of the handling and facility type. It was observed that approximately 80% of shock and impact events occurred within the hub and sub terminals. This could be explained by the significantly higher frequency of shock/impact events that occur during the loading and unloading processes, which mostly happen when trucks arrive at the hub and sub terminals. Sorting  
Figure 5: Cumulative percentage versus EFFDH for medium boxes, small boxes, and medium and small boxes combined. (**a**) CDF plot for the highest EFFDH. (**b**) CDF plot for the second highest EFFDH. (**c**) CDF plot for the third highest EFFDH. (**d**) CDF plot for the fourth highest EFFDH. Medium + small indicates a combination of data obtained from both medium- and small-sized boxes, medium indicates data obtained from medium-sized boxes, and small indicates data obtained from small-sized boxes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Impact Orientation** & **Medium + Small** & **Medium** & **Small** & **Europe [12]** & **ISTA 3A [22]** \\ \hline Faces & 16.84\% & 17.65\% & 15.96\% & 21\% & 24\% \\ Edges & 48.98\% & 52.94\% & 44.68\% & 49\% & 47\% \\ Corners & 34.18\% & 29.41\% & 39.36\% & 30\% & 29\% \\ O/A Bottom & 81.63\% & 82.35\% & 80.85\% & 60\% & 71\% \\ O/A Top & 7.14\% & 4.90\% & 9.57\% & 19\% & 23\% \\ Vertical Faces & 2.55\% & 4.90\% & 0.00\% & 9\% & 0\% \\ Vertical Edges & 8.67\% & 7.84\% & 9.57\% & 12\% & 6\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The shock frequency of each drop orientation of the packages. different modes of transportation, such as motorcycle, rail, boat, or airplane, are encouraged for future studies.
# Intelligent Dynamic Data Offloading in a Competitive Mobile Edge Computing Market
## 4 Autonomous Data Offloading and Price Setting
### Optimal Data Offloading  
At first, the optimal data offloading \(b^{(t)*}_{u,s}\) of each end-user \(u\) that has selected to offload its data to the MEC server \(s\) at the time slot \(t\) is determined. A non-cooperative game \(G=\{U,\{A^{(t)}_{u}\},\{U^{(t)}_{u}\}\}\) is formulated among the end-users who compete with each other towards determining their optimal data offloading. The game \(G\) consists of three components: (a) the set of end-users (i.e., players) \(U=[1,...,u,...,|U|];\) (b) the strategy space \(A^{(t)}_{u}=[0,I^{(t)}_{u}]\), where \(b^{(t)}_{u,s}\in A^{(t)}_{u}\); and (c) the end-user's utility function \(U^{(t)}_{u}\). Each end-user wants to maximize its personal utility function, while considering the physical limitations, as follows.  
\[max_{b^{(t)*}_{u,s}}U^{(t)}_{u}(b^{(t)}_{u,s},\mathbf{b^{(t)}_{-u }},\mathbf{p^{(t)}}) \tag{11a}\] \[s.t.\quad 0\leq b^{(t)}_{u,s}\leq I^{(t)}_{u} \tag{11b}\]  
The concept of Nash Equilibrium is adopted towards determining a stable operation point for the system. At the Nash Equilibrium point, any of the end-users has no incentive to change its amount of data offloading, as no end-user can improve its utility by unilaterally changing its data offloading strategy.  
**Definition 1**.: _A data offloading vector \(\mathbf{b^{(t)*}_{u}}=[b^{(t)*}_{1,s},...,b^{(t)*}_{u,s},...,b^{(t)*}_{|U|s}],s \in S\) is the Nash Equilibrium point of the game \(G=[U,\{A^{(t)}_{u}\},\{U^{(t)}_{u}\}]\), if for every end-user \(u\) it holds true that \(U^{(t)}_{u}(b^{(t)*}_{u,s},\mathbf{b^{(t)*}_{-u}})\geq U^{(t)}_{u}(b^{(t)}_{u, s},\)\(\mathbf{b^{(t)*}_{-u}}),\forall b^{(t)}_{u,s}\in A^{(t)}_{u}\)._  
In the following analysis, our goal is to show the existence and uniqueness of a Nash Equilibrium for the data offloading game. The necessary and sufficient conditions are: (i) the strategy space \(A^{(t)}_{u},\forall u\in U\) should be non-empty, convex and compact subset of an Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^{U}\); and (ii) the utility function \(U^{(t)}_{u}(b^{(t)}_{u,s},\mathbf{b^{(t)}_{-u^{\prime}}},\mathbf{p^{(t)}})\) is continuous in \(\mathbf{b^{(t)}_{u}}\) and quasi-concave in \(b^{(t)}_{u,s}\).  
**Theorem 1**.: _The Nash Equilibrium point of the game \(G=[U,\{A^{(t)}_{u}\},\{U^{(t)}_{u}\}]\) exists and the end-user's best response data offloading strategy is given as follows._  
\[BR_{u}(\mathbf{b^{(t)*}_{-u}})=b^{(t)*}_{u,s}=\frac{B^{(t)}_{-u}}{\beta_{u}}[ \frac{a_{u}\beta_{u}}{d^{(t)}_{u}p^{(t)}_{s}}-1] \tag{12}\]  
In conclusion, it is noted that the optimal data offloading of each end-user is given by Equation (12).
###### Abstract  
(1) Background: Essential oil from _Vitex negundo_ is known to have repellent and insecticidal properties toward the _Anopheles gambiae_ and this is linked to its monoterpene and sesquiterpene content. In this work, an effort is made to delineate the constitution of _V. negundo_ essential oil (VNEO) and their interaction with odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of _A. gambiae_ and hence access its repellent efficiency as cost-effective and safer malaria vector control alternatives. (2) Methods: Anopheles species authentication was performed by genomic DNA analysis and was subjected to behavioral analysis. GC-MS profiling was used to identify individual components of VNEO. Anopheles OBPs were obtained from the RCSB protein data bank and used for docking studies. Determination of ligand efficiency metrics and QSAR studies were performed using Hyper Chem Professional 8.0.3, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed using the Desmond module. (3) Results: GC-MS analysis of VNEO showed 28 compounds (monoterpenes, 80.16%; sesquiterpenenes, 7.63%; and unknown constituents, 10.88%). The ligand efficiency metrics of all four ligands against the OBP 7 were within acceptable ranges. \(\beta\)-selinene (\(-12.2\) kcal/mol), \(\beta\)-caryophellene (\(-9.5\) kcal/mol), sulctone (\(-10.9\) kcal/mol), and \(\alpha\)-ylangene (\(-9.3\) kcal/mol) showed the strongest binding affinities for the target proteins. The most stable hydrophobic interactions were observed between \(\beta\)-selinene (Phe111 and Phe120), Sulcatone (Phe54 and Phe120), and \(\alpha\)-ylangene (Phe111), while only sulcatone (Tyr49) presented H-bond interactions in the simulated environment. (4) Conclusions: Sulcatone and \(\beta\)-caryophyllene presented the best \(\log p\) values, 6.45 and 5.20, respectively. These lead phytocompounds can be used in their purest as repellent supplement or as a natural anti-mosquito agent in product formulations.  
preliment; \(\beta\)-caryophellene; \(\beta\)-selinene; sulcatone; \(\alpha\)-ylangene; molecular docking studies; odorant-binding proteins; mosquito repellent 20222127500. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157500](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157500)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157500](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157500))