# Activation Analyses of Disposal Options for Irradiated Be\({}_{12}\)Ti
## 4 Results of Activation Calculations
### Disposal Options for the Be\({}_{12}\)Ti
#### 4.2.2 Radionuclide-Specific Limits
In case of several years of decay for \({}^{46}\)Sc, \({}^{45}\)Ca and \({}^{57}\)Co isotopes, the safety limits \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Radionuclide**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**El Cabril**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Be\({}_{12}\)Ti**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & IB & OBC & OBL & Tokamak \\ \hline \hline H-3 & \(2.0\times 10^{14}\) & - & - & - & - \\ \hline C-14 & \(2.0\times 10^{13}\) & \(9.1\times 10^{10}\) & \(1.5\times 10^{11}\) & \(1.5\times 10^{11}\) & \(1.0\times 10^{13}\) \\ \hline Ni-59 & \(2.0\times 10^{14}\) & \(4.2\times 10^{9}\) & \(6.6\times 10^{9}\) & \(6.5\times 10^{9}\) & \(4.3\times 10^{11}\) \\ \hline Ni-63 & \(2.0\times 10^{15}\) & \(5.6\times 10^{11}\) & \(8.8\times 10^{11}\) & \(8.7\times 10^{11}\) & \(6.0\times 10^{13}\) \\ \hline Co-60 & \(2.0\times 10^{18}\) & \(7.0\times 10^{13}\) & \(1.1\times 10^{14}\) & \(1.1\times 10^{14}\) & \(7.5\times 10^{15}\) \\ \hline Sr-90 & \(2.0\times 10^{17}\) & \(2.6\times 10^{10}\) & \(4.4\times 10^{10}\) & \(4.4\times 10^{10}\) & \(2.9\times 10^{12}\) \\ \hline Nb-94 & \(1.0\times 10^{12}\) & \(2.5\times 10^{6}\) & \(4.8\times 10^{6}\) & \(4.8\times 10^{6}\) & \(3.1\times 10^{8}\) \\ \hline Tc-99 & \(3.2\times 10^{12}\) & \(5.9\times 10^{7}\) & \(9.4\times 10^{7}\) & \(9.3\times 10^{7}\) & \(6.4\times 10^{9}\) \\ \hline I-129 & \(1.5\times 10^{11}\) & \(2.5\times 10^{4}\) & \(4.3\times 10^{4}\) & \(4.3\times 10^{4}\) & \(2.9\times 10^{6}\) \\ \hline Cs-137 & \(3.7\times 10^{15}\) & \(5.5\times 10^{10}\) & \(9.4\times 10^{10}\) & \(9.4\times 10^{10}\) & \(6.3\times 10^{12}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Total radionuclide accumulation in the Be\({}_{12}\)Ti of the HCPB DEMO 1 year after the shutdown compared to the reference inventory (Bq) of the El Cabril disposal facility. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Radionuclide**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{c} **LILW-1** \\ **(Bq/kg)** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **LILW-2** \\ **(Bq/kg)** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Be\({}_{12}\)Ti Activity (Bq/kg)**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & **1 Year** & **10 Years** & **100 Years** \\ \hline Co-60 & \(3.7\times 10^{6}\) & \(5.0\times 10^{10}\) & \(1.28\times 10^{10}\) & \(3.92\times 10^{9}\) & \(3.02\times 10^{4}\) \\ \hline H-3 & \(7.4\times 10^{6}\) & \(1.0\times 10^{9}\) & - & - & - \\ \hline Cs-137 & \(3.7\  
for their disposal can be reliably secured. In the case of the \({}^{60}\)Co storage in the Konrad repository, the decay time of several decades is necessary to meet the safety requirements. The classification of waste for near-surface disposal in the USA supposes three classes: A, B and C [36]. The waste of class A must satisfy the minimum safety requirements and it includes mildly contaminated waste products (trash, clothing, etc.). The waste of classes B and C can be applied to nuclear reactor facilities, exhausted radioactive sources, etc. Class B must meet rigorous requirements to ensure stability after disposal. Class C assumes not only rigorous requirements and provides stability but also it must assure protection against inadvertent intrusion [36]. The specific activity of several long-lived radioactive isotopes (T\({}_{1/2}\) > 5 years) in the irradiated Be\({}_{12}\)Ti of the OBC blanket after 1 year of the cooling time is displayed in Table 12 compared to the limits for different classes of the LLW in the USA. Class B is not used in this specification. The results for the short-lived isotopes (T\({}_{1/2}\) < 5 years) 1 year after the shutdown are presented in Table 13. The disposal of the irradiated Be\({}_{12}\)Ti could likely be feasible in the USA near-surface facilities. The concentrations of \({}^{241}\)Pu and \({}^{60}\)Co are not a hindrance for the storage of the irradiated Be\({}_{12}\)Ti because the limits and corresponding measures for class B or C should then be applied for the containers.