# Effect of Spirulina (Formerly Arthospira) Maxima against Ethanol-Induced Damage in Rat Liver
## 3 Results
### Effect of Ethanol and SP on the Survival and Parameters of Liver Regeneration
In contrast, the groups administered with SP (PH-SP and PH-SP-EtOH) presented a significant increase compared to the values of the control (1.0513 \(\pm\) 0.16 nmol/min/mg protein) and the PH group (1.4209 \(\pm\) 0.17 nmol/ min/mg protein). The GPX activity for PH was significantly (\(p\) < 0.05) lower than the control. In the PH-EtOH group (0.6236 \(\pm\) 0.1 nmol/min/mg protein), it was statistically significant compared with all the groups studied. Likewise, a significant difference (\(p\) < 0.05) was found between the PH-SP group and the GPX activity of the control animals. It should be noted that the PH-EtOH-SP group presented the tendency to restore normal GPX activity (7.1698 \(\pm\) 0.8 nmol/min/mg protein). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CAT (mmol/min/mg Protein)**} & **SOD** & **GYX** \\  & & **(U/min/mg/Protein)** & **GSH (\#M/mg/Protein)** & **GR (mmol/min/mg Protein)** & **(mmol/min/mg Protein)** \\ \hline Control & 19.5463 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4.2687 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 2.4533 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 1.6513 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 7.1698 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ PH & 12.3718 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\mathrm{b}c}\) & 1.1548 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 2.7857 \(\pm\) 0.11 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 1.4209 \(\pm\) 0.17 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 4.5472 \(\pm\) 1.3 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ PH-EtOH & 10.5729 \(\pm\) 1.11 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 7.2067 \(\pm\) 1.1 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 1.9497 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.8413 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 0.6236 \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ PH-SP & 14.0224 \(\pm\) 2.0 \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 5.8727 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 2.3235 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 1.8676 \(\pm\) 0.14 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4.2464 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ PH-SP-EtOH & 16.47624 \(\pm\) 1.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a}c}\) & 3.86112 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 2.48045 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 2.8339 \(\pm\) 0.19 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 6.5059 \(\pm\) 1.1 \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of rats treated with EtOH and SP. Values are mean \(\pm\) SEM. Number (n) of animals per group = 6. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Cholesterol (mg/dL)** & **Tiaacylglycerolglycerol (mg/dL)** & **Glucose (mg/dL)** & **Albumin (g/dL)** \\ \hline Control & 59.81 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 81.10 \(\pm\) 2.1 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 116.92 \(\pm\) 2.0 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 3.54 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ PH & 29.97 \(\pm\) 1.2 \({}^{\mathrm{b}c}\) & 106.28 \(\pm\) 4.4 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 167.19 \(\pm\) 1.3 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 3.06 \(\pm\) 0.11 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ PH-EtOH & 24.97 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 179.90 \(\pm\) 3.9 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 177.63 \(\pm\) 2.4 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 2.80 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ PH-SP & 44.30 \(\pm\) 2.2 \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 105.65 \(\pm\) 6.2 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 151.02 \(\pm\) 4.0 \({}^{\mathrm{a}c}\) & 3.20 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) \\ PH-SP-EtOH & 30.22 \(\pm\) 7.1 \({}^{\mathrm{b}c}\) & 86.29 \(\pm\) 2.8 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 129.68 \(\pm\) 1.4 \({}^{\mathrm{b}c}\) & 3.61 \(\pm\) 0.17 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Serum metabolites in the control group and partial hepatectomy, ethanol, and Spirulina (formerly Arthospira)-treated animals.