# Fluoride Risk Assessment of Different Brands of Coffee Commercialized in the Canary Islands
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Coffee Fluoride Content  
Table 3 shows the descriptive data of the fluoride concentrations recorded in each of the coffee beverages brewed with distilled water in which a large variability was detected depending on the type of coffee. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Question/Possible Answers** & **Results** & **Question/Possible Answers** & **Results** \\ \hline
**Where do you live in Tenerife?** & & **What is your gender?** & \\ \hline Metropolitan area & 61.5\% & Female & 71.5\% \\ \hline Northern area & 22.1\% & Male & 28\% \\ \hline Southern area & 11.8\% & I would rather do not say & 0.5\% \\ \hline
1 do not live in Tenerife & 4.6\% & & \\ \hline
**Are you a regular coffee consumer?** & & **How old are you?** & \\ \hline Yes & 73.3\% & Under 20 & 3.4\% \\ \hline No & 17.4\% & 21–30 & 64.6\% \\ \hline Occasional consumer & 9.2\% & 31–40 & 13.3\% \\ \hline  & & 41–50 & 9\% \\ \hline  & & Older than 50 & 9.7\% \\ \hline
**How many cups of coffee do you drink a day?** & & **Which water do you use to prepare the coffee?** & \\ \hline
0 & 5.9\% & Tap water & 51.8\% \\ \hline
1–2 & 64.1\% & Bottled water & 46.2\% \\ \hline
2–3 & 21\% & I do not drink coffee & 2\% \\ \hline More than 3 & 9\% & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Survey results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Brand** & **Mean (mg/L)** & **DS (mg/L)** & **Max (mg/L)** & **Min (mg/L)** \\ \hline Bio Lidl\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.011 & 0.001 & 0.012 & 0.010 \\ \hline Orix\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.007 & 0.001 & 0.008 & 0.006 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Fluoride content (mg/L), standard deviations, and maximum and minimum values of the cofées prepared with distilled water. Fluoride content found in the Hacendado decaffeinated(r) brand stands out, with a mean concentration of 0.308 mg/L. Other brands, such as \"Hacendado cafe molido(r)\" are worth mentioning with a mean average concentration of 0.291 mg/L, followed by the Nescafe Classic Soluble(r), with a mean average concentration of 0.274 mg/L. A study by [PERSON] et al. (2017) recorded concentrations of 0.013-0.502 mg/L of fluoride in different types of coffee, highlighting the content in green bean Turkish coffee [(29)]. [PERSON] (2019) reported concentrations of 0.02 mg/L of fluoride in samples of infused roasted coffee. Both studies obtained results consistent with those of the present study [(17)]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al., in their study on the fluoride content in different beverages, recorded 0.03-0.15 mg/L in coffee, differing greatly from the concentrations found in different types of tea 0.26-6.68 mg/L [(30)]. [PERSON] et al. also presented similar results in a methodological study, where the fluoride concentrations found were 0.09 mg/L and 0.11 mg/L in normal coffee and 0.29 mg/L in instant coffee [(31)]. These results follow the same trend as found in the present paper, where the highest concentrations are found in instant/soluble coffee. The statistical analysis revealed the existence of significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) between the brands Hacendado(r) (natural ground coffee, natural espresso, caracolillo, decaffeinated, soluble coffee), Nescafe Classic(r), Tirma soft blend(r), Auchan(r) and Saimaza(r) and the rest of the analyzed brands (Table 4). The brand codes are: Bio Lidl(r) (B1), Orix(r) (B2), Hacendado natural ground coffee(r) (B3), Kynia(r) (B4), Marcilla(r) (B5), Caracol(r) (B6), Tirma soft blend(r) (B7), Sabanda(r) (B8), Carioca(r) (B9), Hacendado caracolillo(r) (B10), JSP (B11), Hacendado natural espresso (B12), Saimaza (B13), Auchan coffee (B14), Bellarom Natural(r) (B15), Bellarom Blend(r) (B16), Bellarom Decaffeinated(r) (B17), Hacendado Decaffeinated(r) (B18), Hacendado Soluble Coffee(r) (B19), Nescafe Classic(r) (B20), Intense espresso Auchan(r) (B21).