esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Frequency Division Multiplexing of Terahertz Waves Realized by Diffractive Optical Elements
## 4 Conclusions  
THz diffractive optical elements for frequency division multiplexing based on the combination of the diffraction grating and converging lens have been proposed. Four DOEs with focal lengths varying from 100 mm to 400 mm have been designed and simulated, among which two with focal lengths equal to 200 mm and 400 mm have been selected for experimental evaluation. Structures have been manufactured with an SLS-based 3D printer from PA12. The experimental data are in good agreement with the simulations and show that the designed structures allow for focus and spatially separate THz beams differing in optical frequencies. Focal spots having single millimeters in diameter have been recorded 10-25 mm apart from each other for frequencies differing by 30 GHz. It allows independent and crosstalk-free detection of these signals. An experiment showing frequency division multiplexing of two amplitude modulated signals has also been performed. It can be seen as a proof-of-concept of the frequency division multiplexing in the THz spectral range  
Figure 10: Measurements registered in two positions after the DOE—in D1 and D2. In each position, three cases have been measured: both sources are on (green), only a 300 GHz source is on (blue), and only a 330 GHz source is on (orange). The recorded intensity of signals in the time domain is plotted for both detector positions D1 (top left) and D2 (bottom left). The measurements were performed using the broadband detector. Additionally, power spectral densities of signals observed in the location D1 and D2 are illustrated on the right.  
using diffractive structures. Further work will aim at demonstrating the multichannel transmission of real digital data and measuring its parameters.  
Conceptualization, A.S. ([PERSON]); methodology, A.S. ([PERSON]) and P.K.; software, P.K.; validation, P.K., P.C. and M.S.; formal analysis, P.K., R.P. and A.S. ([PERSON]); investigation, P.C., P.Z., W.C. and M.K.; resources, P.C., W.C. and P.Z.; data curation, M.K., M.S. and A.S. ([PERSON]); writing--original draft preparation, P.K., P.C., M.K. and M.S.; writing--review and editing, P.K., A.S. ([PERSON]) and R.P.; visualization, P.K., P.C., M.K., M.S. and A.S. ([PERSON]); supervision, A.S. ([PERSON]); project administration, A.S. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Research was partially funded by the National Center for Research and Development under the Lider program (LIDER/11/0036/L-9/17/NCBR/2018).  
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to the qualitative nature and all transcribed data are being kept in a different form.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
# XClinic Sensors: Validating Accuracy in Measuring Range of Motion Across Trauma Conditions
###### Abstract  
Background: Accidents and injuries are major causes of chronic disability, leading to a loss of healthy years. Accurate assessment is essential for planning personalized rehabilitation programs. In recent years, wearable sensors have been introduced into research for motion analysis. This study aimed to validate the Xclinic wearable sensors for ROM assessment in patients with trauma. Methods: Participants were recruited from the Sapienza University of Rome (September 2023-November 2024) after road accident trauma. The active ROM of the hip, knee, and ankle was assessed bilaterally based on the injury. The SF-36 and other specific tools were also administered. Construct validity was tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: A total of 44 participants (mean age 42.7 \(\pm\) 17.3 years, 69% male) were included. Item-by-item analysis revealed significant correlations, with notable findings related to other outcome measures. Conclusions: The correlation between joint restrictions, functional impairment, and psychosocial factors highlights the need to integrate physical and psychological care into rehabilitation. Further research is needed to refine assessment tools to improve patients' quality of life.  
Keywords: trauma injuries; inertial sensors; range of motion; Xclinic; psychometric properties +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 4 Experiments
### Main Results
#### 4.4.1 Results on the IWSLT-8  
Table 3 presents the experimental results on the IWSLT-8 dataset, proving that our methods clearly improve massively many-to-many translation compared with previous state-of-the-art methods. We first build a strong baseline MNMT model with robust hyperparameters, surpassing the previous MNMT baseline [42] (1.33 BLEU, (1) \(\rightarrow\) (3)) in supervised directions. Unsurprisingly, the baseline MNMT model severely lags behind both the bilingual pivot (6.62 BLEU, (3) \(\rightarrow\) (2)) and MNMT pivot (6.47 BLEU, (3) \(\rightarrow\) (4)) systems in zero-shot directions due to the off-target problem. mRASP2 and ROBT both outperform the baseline MNMT model in zero-shot directions at the sacrifice of 0.43-1.01 BLEU score losses in supervised directions, as shown in line (5) and (6). However, due to the poor zero-shot initialization of the pre-trained MNMT model, ROBT can be outperformed easily by the simple but effective POBT (0.72 BLEU, (6) \(\rightarrow\) (7)). With our methods, we can substantially improve zero-shot translation, outperforming mRASP2 with 4.45 BLEU((9) \(\rightarrow\) (5)) and ROBT with 5.06 BLEU((9) \(\rightarrow\) (6)), respectively. Except for the BLEU metric, we also observes consistent performance improvements with the METOER and TER metrics in Table 3. It is worth noting that our methods also surpass the bilingual pivot and MNMT pivot systems in both zero-shot and supervised directions, achieving state-of-the-art performance. We attribute this to a better cross-lingual knowledge transfer from suitable training samples and aligned augmentations.
# NOMA-Based VLC Systems: A Comprehensive Review
## 5 Future Research Directions  
Based on our learning from the existing work in the literature, in this section, we explore various research aspects and gaps that need to be considered and investigated in the future work. The following discussion focuses on some of the most salient research difficulties and obstacles that have been found for NOMA-aided VLC systems. As an example, cell-edge users, who are typically seen as weak users, have been given priority [164]. Inter-cellular interference might potentially rise as a result of this. Moreover, in multi-user NOMA-aided VLC systems, the SIC induces significant delay and computational complexity at the receiver end to allow the huge connection. Keeping latency low while increasing the decoding order is a formidable problem. It is difficult to keep track of extensive lookup tables for a high number of users in multi-user multi-cell networks, as described in [165], while utilizing the S-GRPA approach for power allocation. Keeping user locations static or stable in indoor NOMA-aided VLC systems is a requirement of the user-pairing strategy; this is problematic in a real-world setting and calls for further study into how to locate users in a time-sensitive manner. In addition, the SIC decoding order rises in tandem with the user count as it continues to rise. The propagation of mistakes increases with the SIC decoding order, and it is difficult to keep them to a minimum. Security and privacy concerns in NOMA-aided VLC systems for a two-user situation have been addressed in [5]. Each user's safety and privacy may be ensured in multi-cell, multi-user indoor VLC networks. Maximizing the sum rate using UPPA techniques in NOMA-based VLC systems presents two significant challenges: quality of service and user fairness. Throughout the power domain, NOMA always favors weak users over strong, hence the strong users' quality of service (QoS) suffers. As a result, these less capable individuals often end up being the ones that produce imbalances of power within the user base. Given that it is nearly impossible to achieve in real time indoor NOMA-VLC systems [166], the assumption of uniform channel gain disparity between a pair of users severely limits the applicability of the user-pairing methods examined there. Although outage probability and sum rate analyses of NOMA-aided VLC systems receive the lion's share of attention in the research, BER performance may be considered alongside these metrics.
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussion
At a SNR range \(\rho_{S}=\rho_{\mathcal{R}}=\{15,\ldots,21\}\ dB\), device throughput in odd and even transmission blocks achieved \(TP^{(odd)}=\{0.0051,0.0435,0.1338,0.2204,0.279,0.2983,0.3\}\) and \(TP^{(even)}=\{0.0011,0.0261,0.1287,0.2169,0.2849,0.2999,0.3\}\), respectively. We may observe that device throughput in odd transmission blocks outperformed device throughput in even transmission blocks at low SNRs, i.e., \(\rho_{S}=\rho_{R}=\{15,\ldots,18\}\ dB\). However, device throughput in even transmission blocks improved and outperformed device throughput in odd transmission blocks at high SNRs, i.e., \(\rho_{S}=\rho_{R}=\{19,20\}\) dB. Device throughput also tended toward their data rate thresholds, i.e., \(R_{1}^{*}=R_{2}^{*}=R_{3}^{*}=0.1\ b/s/Hz\) when the SNRs \(\rho_{S}=\rho_{R}\rightarrow\infty\). As a result, system throughput in both odd and even transmission blocks \(TP^{(odd)}=TP^{(even)}=R_{1}^{*}+R_{2}^{*}+R_{3}^{*}=0.3\ b/s/Hz\) at high SNRs \(\rho_{S}=\rho_{R}\geq 20\) dB. It is important to note that the PS factor in even transmission blocks (\(\lambda=0.6\)) was greater than the PS factor in odd transmission blocks (\(\lambda=0.4\)). Therefore, the relay \(R_{1}\) in even transmission blocks harvested more energy than relay \(R_{2}\) in odd transmission blocks. Certainly, even transmission blocks achieved better EE performance than odd transmission blocks. Figure 7 plot the EE performance of odd even transmission blocks. We may observe that EE performance in the even transmission block with massive MIMO had a higher peak than the odd transmission block. The massive MIMO technique therefore not only provided greater throughput but also consumed less energy. Figure 5: System throughput in odd transmission blocks.
# An Object Detection Method Based on Feature Uncertainty Domain Adaptation for Autonomous Driving
## 1 Introduction
However, unlike classification and segmentation tasks, the commonly used global alignment methods ignore the decoupling of bounding box regression and object classification in object detection. When optimizing two different subtasks together, conflicts in the optimization space inevitably arise. A study [24] pointed out that the reason for this problem is that the decision boundaries in  
Figure 1: The influence of fog on image features. Each pixel value in the second row of images represents the feature channel entropy, which reflects the uncertainty of the feature extraction layer for the input data. A feature map of size \(\mathrm{D}\times\mathrm{H}\times\mathrm{W}\) can obtain a \(1\times\mathrm{H}\times\mathrm{W}\) feature channel entropy map. (**a**) Normal image and foggy image. (**b**) Feature channel entropy map. regression space and classification space are significantly different and proposed a domain adaptive module that utilizes auxiliary classifiers and locators to decouple the behavior inconsistency between the two tasks, thus improving the classification and localization ability of the detector. Based on this, this paper proposes a new instance-level uncertainty alignment (IUA) module guided by the aforementioned feature channel entropy. Moreover, a scale-independent entropy loss function is established for the domain adaptive loss of bounding box regression. Specifically, the contributions of this paper are as follows:  
(1) An object detection method based on feature uncertainty domain adaptation (FUDA) is proposed to address the problem of domain shift caused by environmental changes in autonomous driving object detection algorithms. By utilizing unlabeled target domain data to learn domain-invariant features, FUDA reduces cross-domain differences and improves the detection performance of the detector in different scenarios. (2) To address the problem of feature degradation in the source domain caused by local domain alignment in current domain adaptation methods, a feature uncertainty-based local alignment module (FUA) is proposed, which can dynamically align features in low-entropy and high-entropy regions to improve the domain invariance in the extracted features by the backbone network in the target domain. (3) An instance uncertainty alignment module (IUA) is proposed to address the problem of unstable alignment of bounding box regression in the target domain caused by existing global alignment methods. IUA guides the weight allocation of global alignment based on local uncertainty, which improves the accuracy of regression and classification in the target domain.
# Rootstock Effect on Volatile Composition of Albarino Wines
## 4 Conclusions  
In the present study, rootstock and vintage showed an important effect on volatile composition of Albarino wines. Despite that, rootstocks had no significant effects on yield and basic chemical composition of musts and wines; wine volatiles were affected. Thus, 41B tends to accumulate sugars in grapes and, therefore, a higher ethanol amount in the resulting wines. Wines from vine grafted on the rootstock SO4 proportioned the highest values of organic acids in both vintages. With respect to wine volatiles, rootstock affected up to twenty-seven aroma compounds, mainly ethyl esters and alcohols, increasing the concentration of some of those when the grapevines were grafted in 110R. Lower concentrations of total esters were found in wines from vines grafted on SO4. Additionally, C13-norisoprenoids increased in wines from 110R. Overall, according to these results, wines from vines grafted on SO4 may induce adverse effects, whereas 110R had a positive influence on Albarino wines under edapholclimatic conditions of Salnes Valley (Galicia, Spain).  
Figure 2: Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to chemical families of volatile compounds quantified in Albarío wine from different rootstocks over two vintages (2009 and 2010).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.R.L., M.T., K.A. and M.V.; methodology, M.T., K.A. and J.M.O.; formal analysis, Z.G. and M.V.; investigation, J.R.L., J.M.O. and M.V.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.G. and M.V.; writing--review and editing, J.M.O. and M.V.; supervision, J.M.O. and J.R.L.; project administration, M.T., K.A. and J.M.O.; funding acquisition, M.T., K.A. and J.M.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT06 RAG018E) and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data is contained within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### Membrane Distillation with SDS
#### 3.3.2 PTFE  
The same concentrations of SDS were used with the PTFE membrane. The fluxes and salt retentions for each concentration are given in Figure 6a. The PTFE membrane shows a stable performance over 2 h of operation up to an SDS concentration of 150 mg/L, as is expected based on the water contact angle and LEP measurements. Figure 6b shows the daily average flux and retention for the MD experiment with 150 mg/L SDS and 35 g/L NaCl. Despite the fact that a stable performance was observed for the short-term experiments over 2 h, longer-term experiments show the intolerance of PTFE membranes for surfactants. Partial pore wetting is gradually provoked by the surfactant and results in salt transport from feed to permeate.
# Ceramic Matrix Composites for Aero Engine Applications--A Review
## 7 Manufacturing Processes for CMCs
### Matrix Forming via Sol-Gel  
Sol-Gel infiltration is a valuable fabrication method of CMCs, using fibrous preforms as the precursor materials, including better homogeneity, near-net shape fabrication, and low processing temperatures (<600 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [220]. Although, sol-gel needs to repeat the infiltration process several times, using intermediate heat treatment, to surpass the excessive shrinkage of the matrix while sintering and drying take place [221].  
In sol-gel infiltration, a chemical precursor is hydrolyzed into a gel, then dried and fired to create a ceramic composition. The precursor materials come in the form of water, alcohols, and metal oxides to commercially stabilize colloids which include discrete ceramic particles. The hydrolysis reactions allow for an organometallic solution, including polymer-chains that have metallic ions and oxygen. The amorphous particles are formed from the solution, producing a rigid gel, which is continuously dried and fired to allow for the sintering and densification of the last ceramic part [222]. For a successful sol-gel infiltration process, the sol should include high ceramic content, low viscosity, and small particle size, which allows it to be processed at low (room) temperature for several hours [223].  
Many attempts have been made to examine the effects of sol-gel processing parameters by using different types of oxide fiber preforms such as mullite, aluminosilicate, and zirconia [224]. The results indicated that sol-gel is mostly effective for the fabrication of near net shape CMCs by using discontinuous mullite fiber preforms but also can be applied in multiple infiltrations in other oxide fillers for the development of CMCs with pseudo ductile characteristics [221].
# Boat-to-Grid Electrical Energy Storage Potentials around the
## 2 Materials and Methods
By 2030, the Hungarian Transmission System Operator (MAVIR ZRt, TSO) predicts the integration of 2.5-6.7 GW of PV power into the system according to three scenarios (Table 1). Scenario \"A\" foresees a balanced development, while \"B\" foresees a more pessimistic and \"C\" a more optimistic development. The Hungarian regulatory system needs to respond to such substantial growth, which poses great challenges for the whole Hungarian electric energy system. Based on current TSO data, it seems likely that the nominal power of energy storage will equal 5% of the nominal power of the PV power plants, which suggests the integration of 50 MW energy storage power and 200 MWh of energy storage capacity per 1000 MWp PV system into the grid in the following period [65]. Consequently, the selection of the suitable technology related to energy storage and that of the ideal products in the market has become indispensable. Concerning the sailing marinas of Lake Balaton, in Hungary there are several available energy management technologies [66; 67; 68], which could contribute to the establishment of flexible energy generation connected to small electric boats. Among these, the PASS system, a Hungarian product, can be used as a complex energy system or to integrate and supervise already existing energy systems. The energy management module of the PASS system allows the individual control, analysis and reporting of consumption. In addition, the PASS solution can also be used in several fields of industrial and building automation, and it also makes it possible to create customized solutions. The solution is also used in low-signal-number measurement data collecting systems, the supervision of production lines as well as dispatch centers controlling whole plants. Within the building automation segment, it is also suitable for the energy efficiency supervision and automation of facilities ranging from private houses to complete office buildings [66]. Part of the research project presented herein was the determination of the power and energy storage capacity of the small electric boats in the sailing marinas at Lake Balaton, since with the help of these data it is possible to assess the flexibility potential represented by the small electric boats in terms of the energy storage systems required by the VRE power plants (typically PV in the context of Hungary). The exploration of this information is significant because, concerning this field, there are no available scientific knowledge or analyses, either at the Hungarian or the international level, that consider small electric boats as potential energy storage capacities.
## 4 Evolution of the Electricity Distribution Networks--A Finnish Case
### Electricity Market Places for the Finnish Power System  
Electricity is traded in the various marketplaces at different times before the actual supply of electricity. The electricity market for the power system consists of the day-ahead, the intraday, and the real-time or balancing marketplaces, which can be considered time windows for physical trading in electricity. For the Finnish power system, the basis of the power exchange, the primary marketplace is the Nord Pool's (Northern Europe power exchange) spot market, the Elspot market, where trades are made hourly a day before (day-ahead) the physical delivery of electricity, and the system price for Nordic is formulated for the next 24 h, giving a base for the other markets' time windows. Next, the intraday aftermarket or correction market of the Elspot trading is the Nord Pool's Elbas market, which aims to trade as close as possible to the actual electricity delivery. The trading closes an hour before the actual delivery of power. Further, for maintaining the power balance during the operating hours, automatic and manual reserves are traded in the Nordic TSOs' (Svenska kraftnat, Statnett, Fingrid, and Energinet) balancing markets [56].  
For the balancing energy markets, both up-regulation (increase in generation, decrease in consumption) and down-regulation (decrease in generation, increase in consumption) bids are accepted, and the minimum bidding size of capacities is 10 MW for manually activated (within 15 min) and 5 MW if automatically activated [57]. In the balancing capacity market, the Finnish TSO, Fingrid, ensures that it has up-regulation offers of sufficient quantity for the next day's balancing energy markets. Balancing capacity markets are for additional acquisition of the disturbance reserves activated during the maintenance of reserve power plants. Purchasing is executed weekly, and the capacity is traded for one week at a time. The selected reserve seller is committed to giving up-regulation offers, a balancing capacity offer, in balancing energy markets [57].  
Table 2 presents the reserve products and reserve marketplaces for the Finnish power system [51] defined in [58], which are the FCR [59,60], the FRR [61,62,63,64], and the FFR [65,66]. Demand elasticity, the demand-side resources (DSR), can be implemented in all markets [67]. Reserve maintenance obligations have been agreed in the joint Nordic system (Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Eastern Denmark) in a network operation agreement between the TSOs. In the Nordic system, the network normal operation mode frequency control is maintained continually with FCR-N agreed to be 600 MW. For disturbance situations such as disconnection of a large power plant, FCR-D is maintained over 1400 MW. Further, for low-inertia situations. The automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) is agreed for 300-400 MW. In addition, the dimensioning faults are covered by maintaining  
the manual frequency restoration reserve (mFRR), which each TSO has to size according to a dimensioning fault and balancing deviation in its area.