## 4 Discussion
The composition of the dog population in terms of breed type was similar in our study to Lombok, with approximately one-third of dogs being of an identifiable breed, excluding the native Bali dog breed, which is the most common breed type in our study. Breed type was not reported for the other two Bali studies [12; 18]. However, confinement of dogs appears to differ in our study, with a lower proportion of dogs described as never confined and always roaming (19.4%), as compared to 66% in the [PERSON] et al. Bali study and ranging from 70.7% in the urban areas to 100% allowed to roam in the rural areas of the Lombok study. However, this may have been due to questionnaire design; we explored the method of confinement used for the majority of a dog's day and did not ask owners to clarify if this method of confinement was permanent or temporary. Hence, many of the dogs reported as being confined to a house, yard, kennel, cage, or tether may also have roamed for part of the day. The odds of not being vaccinated was explored for four variables considered to be immediately apparent on observation of a dog; gender, age, breed, and confinement method. As we aimed to identify visible predictors of being unvaccinated, allowing the future intervention to target dogs on sight. Age was established as the most significant factor for predicting whether a dog was unvaccinated; the older the dog, the more likely it was to be vaccinated, with puppies over 10 times more likely to be unvaccinated than old adults (7+ years of age). The same increased risk of not being vaccinated when young was found by [PERSON] et al. [12]. Annual vaccination campaigns have been used in Bali to control rabies; dogs born since the last campaign will remain unvaccinated until the next round of vaccinations. This finding highlighted the potential benefit of using the subsequent intervention to increase access to vaccination between campaigns. It also suggests a need to explore owner perceptions of vaccinating puppies, in case there is misconception about rabies vaccine only being suitable above a minimum age. Also in agreement with [PERSON] et al. was the predictive value of roaming behaviour; the odds ratio of dogs allowed to roam freely not being vaccinated was 1.286 compared to those confined to a house or yard. Although roaming behaviour itself may not prevent vaccination, it may indicate a lower level of responsible ownership, suggesting a focus on increasing a sense of responsibility over dogs and understanding of appropriate owner behaviours would be valid part of the future intervention. [PERSON] et al. found female dogs were more likely to not be vaccinated, however gender was not a significant predictor in our population; this may be related to the greater gender skew towards males in the [PERSON] et al. study as compared to our population. An additional significant predictor of vaccination in our population was breed type, with native Bali dogs and mixed breed dogs more likely to be unvaccinated than purebred dogs. The dogs' responses to being called over and petted by both owner (where available) and the T1 was difficult to standardise in the field. The available member of the household was interviewed for the dog demography questionnaire, and the dog's response may have been different with respect to different members of the household. However, this provided an indication of how handle-able the dogs were, and hence the likelihood of expert catchers and handlers being needed in any subsequent vaccination campaigns. Nearly 95% of owned dogs showed positive responses to their owners and were more positive towards owners than T1s, suggesting that future efforts to vaccinate owned dogs should emphasise the involvement of owners and would rarely need expert dog handlers. Although many unowned dogs showed positive responses (41%), the majority did not, suggesting that it was when vaccinating these dogs that expert handlers and catchers would be needed. The KAP survey focused on attitudes and knowledge of dogs and rabies.