esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Multi-Source Fusion Bayesian Compressed Sampling (MSF-BCS)
### Determination of the Optimal Location for Fusion Sampling
When the obtained reliability level does not achieve the target reliability level (COV\({}_{\rm M+N}\) > COV\({}_{\rm T}\)), the sampling is performed once by MSF-BCS to trigger the adaptive process until the target reliability level threshold is achieved (COV\({}_{\rm M+N}\)\(\leq\) COV\({}_{\rm T}\)) and the sampling is stopped. The detailed implementation process described above is presented in Section 2. It is worth noting that COV\({}_{\rm M+N}\) well demonstrates the variation in interpolation uncertainty and spatial variability during the fusion of geotechnical data with geophysical data to generate a high-resolution \((q_{\rm c1N})_{cs}\) cross-section [19]. Due to the nonparametric and data-driven properties of the BCS, the method proposed in this study can handle non-Gaussian and non-stationary random field data without considering parametric autocorrelation functions.
# Characterization and Water Content Estimation Method of Living Plant Leaves Using Terahertz Waves
## 2 Methods
### Sample Details  
Eight different kinds of pot herbs were used, namely coffea arabica, aromatic coriander, basil, baby-leaf, pea-shoot, parsley, lamb's lettuce, and baby spinach. The fresh leaves were detached from the plants and placed in the laboratory for four consecutive days. The environment temperature for the measurements of leaves was \(18.0\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\pm 0.1\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\), and the humidity was between \(30\,\%\pm 2\,\%\). In this study, the weight and thickness of leaves were determined for four consecutive days using a precision electronic scale and Vernier caliper respectively. The leaves' thickness and weight were measured  
Figure 2: Schematic representation of experimental setup used for measurement of leaf sample. The leaf sample is placed between the two PTFE caps fitted to waveguide.  
every 2 h during the natural evaporation of leaf moisture. We used a Vernier scale to measure the leaf thickness and this process was repeated to determine thicknesses at three different locations to ensure the thickness was consistent across the surface of a leaf, which was in the range of 40 um to 4 mm. The weight of leaf was measured using a digital kitchen scale with a least count of 0.1 mg. All leaves were measured at three different locations and on every location, four various orientations were considered to investigate the behaviour of leaves. From these observations, the purpose was mainly to determine any unevenness in the surface of leaves that may result in a change in the scattering response. For further illustration, Figure 3 shows the response of coflea leaf at three different locations which suggests that the orientation of leaf does not affect the measurements.
## 4 Results
### Irrigation Events Detection Performance
In the present study, Figure 8 displays only three instances of false positive date detections, specifically in Figure 8a on the date 01 July (DOY = 182), in Figure 8c on the date 20 August (DOY = 233), and in Figure 8d on the date 19 August (DOY = 232). Moreover, the analysis revealed the failure to detect four irrigation events. Among these undetected events, three occurred in Figure 8a on the dates 11 August, 22 August, and 26 September (DOYs = 223, 234, 269), while the fourth one took place in Figure 8b on the date 5 August (DOY = 217). These results illustrate one of the inherent limitations of the approach employed, which relies on the progressive growth of crop cover, as indicated by the ascending dynamics of NDVI, along with the revisit time of the SAR data. This limitation explains the occurrence of false detections during the reproductive stage and the missed detections of actual irrigation events. The reliance on crop cover development and the timing of SAR observations introduced constraints on the accuracy of the detection method (see the Discussion section). Next, the investigation focused on analyzing the changes in \(\Delta\Psi_{\text{(j,k)}}\) over the detected irrigation dates (\(t_{\text{(m)}}\)) to gain insights into the applied amounts of irrigation water. Among the detected irrigation dates, a dose of k = 20 mm was identified as the most probable amount of irrigation for five occurrences and k = 30 mm for two occurrences out of a total of seven detected irrigation dates out of the 10 actual irrigation dates. In the case of plots P2, P3, and P4, a dose of k = 20 mm was detected for all the detected irrigation dates. However, the detected irrigation amounts underestimated the real irrigation amounts in most cases. Therefore, it could be valuable to conduct a seasonal assessment of the irrigation amounts to provide insights into the performance of the amount-detection method throughout the season. The MAE% (Equation (18)) served as a measure of the average deviation between the detected irrigation amounts (\(A_{\text{D}}\)) with the corresponding actual (real) irrigation amounts (\(A_{\text{R}}\)) for all the detected irrigation dates (\(t_{\text{(m)}}\)) in the four reference plots. A lower MAE% indicates a higher level of accuracy in estimating the irrigation amounts, indicating a close alignment between the estimated and actual amounts applied. Conversely, a higher MAE% suggests a larger discrepancy between the estimated and actual amounts. Based on the obtained results, a MAE% of 16.4% was achieved for the P1 plot in Montpellier, indicating relatively high accuracy in estimating the irrigation amounts. The estimated amounts closely matched the actual amounts applied in this plot. However, for the Tarbes plots (P2, P3, and P4), a MAE% of 50% was obtained, indicating a larger discrepancy between the estimated and actual amounts. The estimation method exhibited a lower level of accuracy in these plots, with more significant deviations between the estimated and actual amounts applied.
## 2 Experimental Details
### Preparing the SiC Wafer  
As shown in Figure 2a, commercially available 4H-SiC 50.8 mm (two-inch) N-type substrate (0001) was used. The wafer resistivity was 0.015-0.03 \(\Omega\) cm, and the density was less than 15 cm\({}^{-2}\). The surface roughness of the wafer after slicing was about Sa 156 nm and Sz 1620 nm, as shown in Figure 2b.
# Modeling Intelligent Control Switch IEC 61850 Based Substation Automation Communication
## 5 Implementation of Switch Architecture in Matlab/SimEvents
### Scenario I: Two Buffers  
Installing multiple identical buffers in the proposed switch was carried out as the switch performance improved with increasing the storage space. In turn, that meant providing extra space to keep the packets while the others were processed by the CPU. This scheme reduces the chances of the drop packets, which influences the switch reliability. To ensure both buffers are working with the same reliability, we divided the input ports into two groups and each group had four input ports. Consequently, the first four inputs connected to the upper path combiner and then to the first buffer, while the second group of the input ports connected to the lower path combiner and then to the second buffer. Finally, both buffer outputs connected to the path combiner that converts it into one path connected to the CPU. Figure 7 demonstrates the switch design of the two buffers in SimEvents.  
Figure 6: Switch Architecture using SimEvents.  
Figure 7: Double Buffers Queuing.
## 1 Introduction
(2022) [32] investigated the free vibration and sound insulation of functionally graded honeycomb sandwich plates with a negative Poisson's ratio using derived dynamic equations validated by finite-element simulations. These authors found that such plates, with a negative Poisson's ratio, provided lower frequencies. In this context, the present study aims to characterize the influence of geometrical and material parameters in the maximum static deflection of re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb auxetic functionally graded beams using the first-order shear deformation theory ([PERSON] (1951) [33], [PERSON] (1945) [34]) and the finite-element method. Considering that this theory requires a shear correction factor, the influence of such parameters on this coefficient is also addressed. In the present study, it is not intended to account for material and geometrical uncertainty, as in [PERSON] et al. (2017) [35] and [PERSON] et al. (2018) [35,36], for example. Regarding the innovative character of the present work, different aspects differentiate this work from other published ones. The objects of this work are re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb auxetic structures without the influence of external layers, typical of sandwich configurations which most published works address. These honeycomb auxetic structures, structural composite materials by nature, may additionally assume a varying material composition through their thickness. This work considers that this variation is ruled by an exponential volume fraction law, where the constituent materials comprise a set of ceramic materials and one metallic material. In the present work, the composition of the material for each thickness coordinate is, thus, defined by the exponential law volume fraction that involves the constituent materials assumed to exist on the bottom and top surfaces of the structure. The very few known studies considering functionally graded auxetic materials define the evolution of the materials' mixture through the structure thickness, according to the combination of the power-law volume fraction and the rule of mixtures. Additionally, considering that the first-order shear deformation theory is used in this work, the shear correction factors are calculated for each case, as the material and geometric parameters will significantly differ on a case-by-case basis. The published studies based on the same theoretical approach do not consider this aspect. The structure of this article, and in particular the remainder of this work, is organized into three main sections. The next section, the second one, presents the main theoretical aspects, while in the third section, the results obtained either from the verification cases or the case studies, are presented and discussed. Finally, the fourth section is devoted to the conclusions.
# Time-Frequency Analysis of Daily Activities for Fall Detection
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Protocol  
Due to potential safety and injury concerns resulting from fall experiments conducted on elderly subjects, 36 healthy subjects (age from 19-28 years, weight from 50-90 kg, and height from 154.5-180.0 cm) were enrolled in this study. Each subject performed various daily activities following a script in a laboratory setting while wearing the WSS. Subjects repeated performance of activities three times to assess reproducibility of sensor signals. Activities performed included standing, walking, sitting down/standing up, walking up and down stairs, running, lying down/sitting up and four different types of fall tests: forward fall, backward fall, right sideways fall, and left sideways fall. Activities that generated multiple occurrences in a single data collection (i.e., walking up/down stairs, running, walking) were not collected in all subjects as there was ample data generated from testing for algorithm development and validation. To ensure safety and reduce risk of injury, falls were performed onto a 24-inch high-jump cushioned surface. Experiment protocols were approved by the IRB (protocol #16-038) at The Catholic University of America (Washington, DC). All subjects participating in the study provided informed consent.
## 3 Online Auction-Based Resource Allocation Method  
In this section, we use the auction theory to achieve optimal resource allocation for the researched satellite network. Firstly, a multi-round auction-based method is proposed to accomplish efficient matching between users and satellites in Section 3.1. Then, the optimal solution is obtained according to the payment rule to achieve satisfaction maximization in Section 3.2.
## 1 Introduction
### Communication Issues
#### 1.1.2 Communication Models  
Communication model refers to the prior knowledge about communication capabilities that support the decision making of the robots along the exploration. Nevertheless, sometimes no communication model is assumed and, consequently, robots do not depend on communicating to decide where to go next. In such cases, explicit coordination only occurs opportunistically due to random encounters [20].  
The communication models typically adopted are [20]:  
* _None_. Robots do not make any assumption on the communication possibilities between any pair of arbitrary locations.  
Figure 1: Re-exploration caused by restricted communication. [20]. The yellow portion of the map is only known by robot B. Thus, robot A goes to re-explore the region beyond the red frontier.  
* _Line-of-sight_ (_LoS_). Two robots can communicate if and only if their positions belong to a free-of-obstacle line segment. Usually, the distance is also restricted to a maximum value that is often related to the scope of the communication device.
* _Disc or Circle_. Communication with any other robot is permitted when its location is within a fixed maximum distance (communication radius) regardless of the presence of obstacles.
* _Signal_. Communication is available with a certain probability that depends on the estimated signal power between the robot positions. The higher the signal power, the higher the probability.
* _Traces_. Robots can communicate with each other by dropping messages in the environment.  
Additionally, to these five categories that cover an essential aspect of the communications, say connectivity, there exist other formulations aimed at cover bandwidth or throughput as well. Clear examples of its use are the applications with a strong dependence on video streaming like search and rescue applications.
# Hybrid Approach for Indoor Localization Using Received Signal Strength of Dual-Band Wi-Fi
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Analysis of the Ranging Accuracy
Benchmark 3, which used dual-band RSS, did not show good ranging accuracy for the test environment. This is due to the limitation of the rule-based ranging method in that it is difficult to reflect various cases in an indoor environment with only three discrete channel states. Although the ranging accuracy improved in some cases, the statistical performance of the total test samples was degraded because ranging errors were amplified by misclassification in several other cases. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ranging Method**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Ranging Error [m]**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **25\%-tile** & **50\%-tile** & **90\%-tile** & **Average** \\ \hline Benchmark1 & 0.96 & 2.60 & 9.75 & 4.05 \\ Benchmark2 & 1.06 & 2.71 & 8.92 & 3.78 \\ Benchmark3 & 1.05 & 2.57 & 9.67 & 4.580 \\ Benchmark4 & 0.903 & 2.33 & 7.65 & 3.23 \\ Benchmark5 & 0.88 & 2.68 & 7.85 & 3.471 \\ Proposed method & 0.53 & 1.49 & 6.28 & 2.52 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Ranging error results of each ranging method. Figure 10: Empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) of the ranging error. Figure 9: Regression results of the distance–RSS data with the proposed method.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, single mass block and double mass block mechanical analyses of an EMS inertial stabilizer were carried out, and analytical models were established. Based on the mechanics analysis, the simulation was carried out using MATLAB and finite-element software. Finally, a single mass block system for an EMS inertial stabilizer was designed and tested. Our theoretical analysis, simulation and experiments show that the inertial force transmitted to the ship by the EMS inertial stabilizer is directly related to the turns of the electromagnetic coil, the coil current, the mass block and the mass of the ship. The response speed of the inertia force is directly related to the current of the solenoid, the voltage across the solenoid, the resistance of the solenoid and the air gap. The electromagnetic force response speed can be controlled by controlling the coil current, adjusting the voltage at both ends of the coil, series-parallel resistance and adjusting the air gap. The inductance of the solenoid would also increase the nonlinearity of the system. Hence, the conclusion can be drawn that the inertia force obtained by the hull base is related to the electromagnet current \(i\), the change rate of the electromagnet current \(i\), the air gap \(g_{0}\) between the electromagnet and the inertial mass block, and the rotational angular velocity \(\omega\). It was proved by experiments that as long as the external excitation frequency is equal to or approximately equal to the natural frequency of the maglev mass block, a large inertia force will be acquired by the mass block. The hull can maintain stability, and  
Figure 17: Comparison of theoretical analysis, simulation and test results of mass acceleration. Red lines represent the analytical calculation, and blue lines are the numerical results by ANSYSMAXWELL2D. Pink lines are the experimental results.  
the ship roll reduction target can be achieved in all working conditions (all kinds of speed, all kinds of waves).  
Investigation, L.X.; Software, C.J.; Writing--original draft, S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51875275), the \"Six Talent Summit\" -high-level talent project in Jiangsu Province (JNHB-041) and the scientific research fund incubation project of Jinling Institute of Technology (jit-fhxm-201915).  
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics).  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.  
Data Availability Statement: Data supporting reported results can be found in the author's doctoral thesis.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# MODIS Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth over Turboid Coastal Water
## 5 Discussion  
The CW algorithm uses 2.1 \(\upmu\)m to retrieve AOD over turbid coastal water as water-leaving radiance is negligible at that band. As only one band is used in the algorithm, aerosol single scattering properties need to be prescribed. We assume the single scattering properties for a turbid coastal water pixel are the same as those used for the AOD retrieval by the standard MODIS algorithm over its closest open-ocean pixel (within 100 km radius). When no pixel is within 100 km, we do not conduct retrieval. Further evaluation can be targeted at the assumptions regarding the use of aerosol single scattering properties from adjacent non-turbid water pixels within certain threshold distance.  
The 6 AERONET sites used for this analysis were located in polluted regions. We expect to evaluate how the algorithm performs in an unpolluted zone if there is a new AERONET site or other field campaign that satisfies all the conditions: (1) it is close to coast line; (2) coastal water is turbid; and (3) the region is unpolluted.  
The CW algorithm potentially can also be used for the other aerosol retrieval algorithm over the ocean such as the SeaWiFS Ocean Aerosol Retrieval (SOAR) algorithm developed by [PERSON] et al. (2018). In SOAR, TOA reflectance measured by the SeaWiFS bands centered near 0.51 \(\upmu\)m, 0.67 \(\upmu\)m, and 0.86 \(\upmu\)m are used to retrieve AOD regardless of water turbidity. Hence, as pointed out by [PERSON] et al. (2018), the performance of SOAR retrieval is expected to be poorer in turbidity cases and a double of TOA reflectance as a result of water turbidity causes a positive error in retrieved 0.55 \(\upmu\)m AOD of 0.25 (2018). Indeed, in the evaluation of SOAR algorithm, AOD retrievals that are proximity to coast are not included (2018).  
As MODIS sensors aboard on Terra and Aqua have been providing data for more than one decade and will be decommissioned by the early 2020s, its aerosol record is expected to be continued by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board Suomi-NPP (S-NPP) which was launched  
Figure 7: **(a–c)** are scatter plots of AERONET 0.55 \(\upmu\)m AOD observations versus retrievals from MODIS (MxD04 and/or CW) for the 6 monthly cases. Sampling method is same as in Figure 6. 1:1 lines and expected error (EE) envelopes (+(0.05 + 15%), \(-\)(0.05 + 15%), symmetric) are plotted as dotted and dashed lines. (**d–f**) are root mean square error (RMSE) as a function of MODIS AOD in the 0.2 interval. Numbers above the averaged dot show how many AERONET-MODIS collocations are available to calculate RMSE.  
in late 2011. Thus, future investigation will also include the application of the approach in this study to VIIRS. VIIRS has 2.26 um band at which water leaving radiance is also negligible like 2.1 um band on MODIS and thus the method can be likewise applied.
###### Abstract
These findings highlight that the effectiveness of multifunctional cementitious composites depends on several factors, including the percentage, dimensions, and aspect ratio of conductive fillers, as well as their type, dispersion, matrix material, and curing time, among other parameters [23; 24]. Therefore, these influencing factors must be carefully considered when designing multifunctional cementitious composites to optimize performance [25]. Multifunctional cementitious composites have undergone extensive investigation for stress, strain, damage detection, and traffic monitoring (including parameters such as traffic flow, vehicle speed, travel time, traffic density, and weight in motion) within civil infrastructures [7]. For instance, the authors of this paper have extensively investigated the effectiveness of multifunctional cementitious composites for applications in transportation infrastructure under the In2 Track2 [26] and In2 Track3 [27] projects, funded by the European Union. However, to date, there has been no comprehensive and critical report that specifically focuses on the field application of multifunctional cementitious materials in transportation infrastructure. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to outline the components of multifunctional cementitious composites, identify potential challenges in their field applications, and document their practical use within transportation infrastructure. While various materials can enhance the multifunctionality of cementitious composites, such as luminous materials for self-illumination, phase change materials (PCMs) for adaptive properties, photocatalysts for self-purification, and healing agents for self-repair, this study specifically focuses on the multifunctionality of electrically conductive cementitious composites. This multifunctionality is achieved through the integration of conductive or functional fillers.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Results
Although the other DRL algorithms used in the study also accomplished learning, they were not as successful as the DQN method. The results clearly show that the DQN method results in less fuel consumption and emission release in the same scenario. When all the results obtained are considered, as the time spent in traffic increases, fuel consumption also increases. Moreover, increasing the vehicle speed to reduce the driving time also increases fuel consumption. For these reasons, presenting the most suitable acceleration suggestion to minimize fuel consumption will reduce fuel consumption to a minimum.