## 2 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Ecosystems
### Phytoremediation  
Plants can retain PPCPs in their roots by adsorption or translocate soluble pollutants in the water by hydrophilicity-regulated transport via xylems [251]. The uptake of more than 100 PPCPs by plants has been studied both in soil and water systems [33]. Vegetables are known to successfully remove gaseous pollutants, such as benzene [252] although systems must be improved [253]. Several plants can uptake, stabilize and accumulate (Figure 5A), metabolize, mineralize, volatilize, secrete or detoxify contaminants (Figure 5B) through in situ treatments (e.g., [254]). Because of these processes, some plants can use these pollutants as nutrients (source of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) generating an increase in their biomass and canceling the toxic effect that they have on other organisms of the ecosystem (Figure 5B), while other plants accumulate them in their vegetable structures (Figure 5A). In both cases, biomass can be harvested and then, the by-products can have a second life or added value (Figure 5A,B). Figure 5: _Cont._  
Although phytoremediation is an excellent biotechnology strategy in soil and water systems, it does not recover 100% of the contaminated area and requires that prior to planting, complementary methods should be used to reduce the amount of pollutants in the area. Additionally, when selecting a plant for phytoremediation, it is necessary to consider its physiological requirements for growth, its condition as a native or introduced plant [261], as well as its effectiveness against a specific pollutant, as well as the secondary added value of the plants (Figure 5), for example, ornamental uses or primary biomass to produce bioethanol [255, 258, 262]. Hitherto, studies have focused on the effectiveness of recovery processes, the detection of ultra-trace substances along with the identification of metabolites that are produced in the plant upon treatment with active pharmaceutical ingredients [263, 264] and in the understanding of metabolic pathways associated with their degradation [265]. However, it would be important to have a more integrated vision proposing a new paradigm. A plant is a complex multi-genomic organism that is formed by the plant itself and its microbiome [266]. Microbiome (endosphere, rhizosphere and phylosphere) is mostly composed of prokaryotes and fungi. They produce plant growth beneficial effects by the production of nutrients, phytohormones, siderophores and enzymes. They also control plant pathogens and favor acclimation to stress situations. In addition, endophytes play an essential role in detoxification processes. Most of the studies have focused on organic pollutants, heavy metals and metalloids [267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273]. In relation to organic compounds, _Burkholderia kururiensis_ and _Agrobacteriumrium rhizogenes_ are phenolic tolerant and degrading bacteria. When they are inoculated into root hairs of plant systems, the plant-degradative capacity of some of these pollutants significantly increases [274]. A shallow aquifer planted with _Juncus acutus_ was able to remediate bisphenol-A and another organic compounds from contaminated groundwater, observing that several endophytic strains were tolerant and able to use them [275, 276]. However, specific research of rifampicin and endophytic microorganisms associated with PPCP detoxification is scarce. Some of them claim that associated rhizosphere bacteria are involved in accelerating the degradation of some PPCPs [277, 278]. Another study described an efficient biotransformation of anti-inflammatory drugs by endophytic and epiphytic fungi isolated by _Plantago lancolate_[279]. Figure 5: Towards the CSCM reactivation. **(A)**. Pathway of PPCPs uptake and bioaccumulation in plants (roots, leaves and endophytes) and chemical adsorption on substrate. Harvest of macrophytes biomass, use in secondary applications. **a**. [255]; **b**. [266]. **(B)**.