###### Abstract  
Revegetation is considered a sustainable option for mine area remediation. However, the sustainability and risk evolution of revegetation for large antimony mine slag remain incompletely understood. In this study, we focused on the revegetation project of the waste slag heap of XKS, the world's largest antimony mine. Systematically analyzed the physicochemical properties, total metal(loid) content, and BCR sequential extraction and applied the modified comprehensive pollution risk assessment (MCR) method to evaluate ecological risk evolution. The results showed that revegetation can effectively increase the nutrient content, and the total content of nitrogen and phosphorus maximally increased by 5.15 and 1.89 times, respectively, after 10 years of remediation. Long-term revegetation could mitigate the metal(loid) contamination, and the average contents of As and Sb decreased by 88.72-93.18% and 93.47-89.87%, respectively. BCR analysis showed that the percentage of residual As and residual Sb increased from 64.75% and 85.88% to 78.38% and 91.58%, respectively. The MCR assessment method showed that revegetation could effectively reduce the ecological risk level. This study provides important multidimensional evidence for the ecological restoration of antimony mining areas, which can provide practical guidance for subsequent slag management and risk control. s 2025157887 202515787 20251  
metal(loid)s may be released and migrate, which consequently causes a series of ecological problems such as acidic mine drainage, contamination of the surrounding soil and water, ecological degradation, etc. [3; 5]. Taking the Qinglong Dachang mine, a typical antimony mining area, as an example, the concentrations of antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) in the tailings reach as high as 13,896 mg/kg and 657 mg/kg; in the smelting waste slag, Sb and As concentrations peak at 23,559 mg/kg and 1177 mg/kg, while mining-contaminated soils contain Sb and As at 2885 mg/kg and 63.8 mg/kg, all values significantly higher than the background levels [6; 7]. Similarly, Sb concentrations ranging from 2735 to 4517 mg/kg were found in the contaminated soil surrounding the Hillgrove mine waste in Australia, which posed a critical threat to regional ecological security [8]. Therefore, proper management of mining solid wastes and implementation of measures to minimize the release of metal(loid)s are essential [9; 10]. Traditional mine remediation techniques, such as chemical stabilization [11; 12; 13], soil washing [14], ex situ stabilization [15], and electrokinetic remediation [16], can effectively solidify or remove the metal(loid)s in a short time, but they also have the problems of high remediation cost and possible risk of secondary pollution (the metal(loid)s may be released again when the solidifying agent fails). In contrast, revegetation is regarded as a more sustainable solution for mine site remediation due to its small side effects, low cost, and simultaneous realization of contaminant migration control and ecological function recovery [17; 18]. In recent years, revegetation technology has achieved excellent effects in the ecological treatment of mining areas, including the increase in soil nutrients, the improvement in soil structure, the decrease in metal(loid)s concentration, and the restoration of microbial communities. For example, [PERSON] et al. [19] chose six species of herbaceous plants (_Mellio-tus officinalisis_, _Xanthium sibricum_, _Festuca elata_, _Zoysia japonica_, _Amaranthus tricolor_ L., and _Artemisia desterorum_) to carry out potting experiments for revegetation restoration of gold mine tailings, and the results showed that revegetation treatment could effectively improve the physicochemical properties, and the salinity of the tailings decreased significantly while the nutrients increased gradually. [PERSON] et al. [20] found that the content of sodium (Na), aluminum (Al), and chromium (Cr) elements in bauxite slag leachate was significantly reduced after revegetation treatment over a 100-day microcosm experiment.