esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract
Even at low dosages, cement improves unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) by forming cementitious hydration products that bind soil particles and reduce moisture susceptibility [17; 18]. Long-term field evaluations, such as a 45-year study conducted in Oklahoma, have shown that cement-treated clays maintain improved strength and plasticity long after treatment [19]. This durability is primarily due to the formation of sturdy pozzolanic bonds that resist environmental degradation [17; 20; 21]. However, the ecological impact of cement production, known for high CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and increased soil alkalinity, has prompted a search for more sustainable alternatives [22]. Among these alternatives, biopolymers such as guar gum have gained attention for their environmentally friendly properties and effective soil improvement capabilities. Derived from the guar bean, guar gum is a galactomannan polysaccharide that forms a viscous gel upon hydration, binding soil particles into a flexible yet robust matrix. This matrix minimises desiccation cracking, limits swelling during wetting, enhances shear strength, and reduces the permeability of treated soils [23; 24; 25]. Additionally, guar gum treatments have been shown to raise expansive clays' plastic and shrinkage limits, thereby improving their resistance to volumetric changes across a broader moisture range [26]. Unlike cement, biopolymer treatments do not significantly alter soil pH or introduce long-term chemical changes, making them more compatible with sensitive ecological contexts. Experimental studies on guar gum have reported significant improvements in UCS, CBR, and shear strength parameters, like cohesion and internal friction angle [23; 24]. The stabilisation mechanism is predominantly physical, creating hydrogel networks that coat and interconnect soil particles, alleviating moisture-induced strains and enhancing aggregate stability. Notably, studies have shown up to 50% reductions in swell index and swell pressure in expansive clays treated with guar gum and marked decreases in shrinkage cracking [24; 25]. Building on previous research, this study aims to compare the long-term durability of cement and guar gum-stabilised Oxford clay under repeated wetting and drying (WD) cycles. The assessment will include (a) the behaviour of volumetric changes, focusing on monitoring swelling and shrinkage strains throughout successive WD cycles; (b) the mechanical response, which includes undrained shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and toughness, evaluated through triaxial testing under multiple WD cycles and varying moisture states; and (c) a cost-carbon analysis comparing the economic and environmental feasibility of stabilising 1 m\({}^{3}\) of soil using each additive.
## 3 Updating Method for FE Model of Antenna
### RBF Surrogate Model
Due to the lack of reference for selecting \(c\) in practical applications, we use the golden section method to optimize \(c\)[25] and verify the RBF surrogate model accuracy through the determination coefficient \(R^{2}\) method [26]. Firstly, we train \(m\) sets of random input parameter samples and then use the original FE model and the RBF surrogate model to calculate the corresponding output response. With c as the variable and minimum error \(f=1-R^{2}\) as the objective function, the optimization model is as follows:  
\[\left\{ \begin{array}{l}\text{find }c\\ \min\ f=1-R^{2}=1-\left(1-\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left(y^{k}-\overline{y}\right) ^{2}}{\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left(y^{k}-\overline{y}\right)^{2}}\right)\\ \text{s.t. }0<c<\overline{c}\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0<f<\overline{f}\end{array} \right. \tag{20}\]  
where \(y^{k}\) represents the result computed by the original FE model, \(\overline{y}^{k}\) represents the result computed by the RBF surrogate model, \(\overline{y}\) represents the average of the results computed by \(m\) sets of the FE model, \(\overline{c}\) represents the constant's upper limit, and \(\overline{f}\) represents the objective function's upper limit.
###### Abstract  
**Background:** Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Early diagnosis and elimination of risk factors are crucial for better managing CVDs. Atherosclerosis, whose development might be associated with glucocorticoids (GCs), is a critical factor in the development of carotid artery (CA) stenosis and most other CVDs. **Aim:** To investigate the association of Tth111I, N363S, and ER22/23 EK-_NR3C1_ polymorphisms and the incidence of CA stenosis. **Methods:** The study group consisted of 117 patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) and CA stenosis and 88 patients with CAD and ruled out CA stenosis. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood, and genotyping was carried out using Tth11 II, N363S, and ER22/23 EK-_NR3C1_ polymorphism sequencing. **Results:** No significant association between studied polymorphisms and the incidence or the severity of CA stenosis in the Polish population with CAD was found. **Conclusion:** This is the first study that proves that common _NR3C1_ gene variants do not influence CA stenosis and probably are not associated with atherosclerosis. The search for genes that can act as prognostic markers in predicting CA stenosis is still ongoing.  
carotid artery stenosis; atherosclerosis; _NR3C1_ gene
## 3 Results
### Studies' Conclusions  
In a comparative analysis of graft materials, [PERSON] et al. [47] concluded that AMD effectively promotes new bone formation without provoking an immunologic response from the host, noting a favorable relationship between dentin absorption and bone formation, and reporting that all patients achieved adequate bone quantity and quality for delayed implant placement. [PERSON] et al. [48] concluded that AMD and ADD showed equal efficiency in ARP, reducing dimensional losses after 6 months, with no adverse effects. Both grafts were biocompatible and osteoconductive, although ADD showed higher osteoinductive properties. [PERSON] et al. [23] found that implants placed in areas grafted with AMD exhibited comparable stability to those in areas grafted with xenograft while demonstrating greater newly formed bone and lesser residual graft, leading to similar clinical results and patient-related outcomes. Complementing these findings, [PERSON] et al. [46] highlighted the utility of AMD grafts as a biomaterial for alveolar ridge preservation, showcasing their biocompatibility and excellent osteoconductivity; notably, sockets grafted with AMD were adequately prepared for delayed implant placement at the six-month follow-up.  
Collectively, these studies underscore the efficacy of AMD in enhancing bone regeneration and its potential as a preferred grafting material in clinical applications.
## 3 Advanced Techniques in Fault Injection and Error Rate Estimation
### Soft Error Rate Estimation  
To assess the reliability of the target board circuit, which is one of the primary objectives of this study, we obtain the soft error rate (SER). The SER represents the rate at which a system fails due to soft errors and is typically expressed as FIT [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39]. The commonly used \(SER_{est}\) value can be defined by the following equation. In this equation, \(\sigma_{dynamic}\) is a key indicator that assesses the sensitivity of the designed circuit to radiation. It is defined as the ratio of the number of errors observed in the system's output to the particle collision influence. \(\phi_{flux}\) represents the number of particles passing through per unit time and unit area.  
\[SER_{est}=\frac{N_{errors}}{time}=\sigma_{dynamic}\times\phi_{flux}\times 10^{ \theta}[FIT] \tag{2}\]  
However, since \(\sigma_{dynamic}\) is a result obtained by synthesizing an actual target circuit, it is typically necessary to reference previously researched results or to conduct a direct radiation test. Nevertheless, obtaining research results using the same circuit on the same board can be realistically challenging. To address this, we utilize \(\sigma_{static}\), as presented in [38; 39].  
\[\sigma_{dynamic}=\sigma_{static}\times\text{AVF}\Big{[}\text{cm}^{2}\Big{]} \tag{3}\]  
\(\sigma_{static}\) is an intrinsic device parameter, typically expressed in surface area (cm\({}^{2}\)/bit), representing the minimum sensitive surface area of the device to particle types (e.g., neutron, proton, neutral ion, etc.) and particle energy (LET), as indicated by Ref. [4]. This parameter exclusively denotes the radiation sensitivity concerning memory and is relatively more straightforward to utilize than \(\sigma_{dynamic}\). AVF, on the other hand, signifies the probability of system failure when a soft error occurs. Ultimately, \(SER_{est}\) can be summarized as follows: \(SER_{bit}\) (\(\sigma_{static}\times\phi_{flux}\)) can be obtained from data such as those from previous experiments or reports [32; 33], and AVF can be calculated using statistical fault injection testing conducted with the ACMFI developed in this paper.
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, a reconfigurable signals generator for obtaining ternary modulated microwave signals has been proposed and demonstrated based on the photonic method. The generator is capable of generating an 8 GHz bandwidth LFM signal, a 2.5 Gbit/s ASK, and PSK microwave signals at eight wavebands. Independent modulation of two DPMZMs, the operation of switching between ternary modulated signals, is flexible, as well as a large frequency range covering from 10 GHz to 80 GHz. The simulation results show good performance of recovery and pulse compression capacity. This scheme provides a way to obtain eight waveband signals, which may enable multi-band radar to realize different functions by different frequencies. In addition, the ternary modulated signal generator has a flexible application scenario in some comprehensive systems, such as optical label switching systems, integrated communication and radar systems, and so on.  
Conceptualization, C.Z. and Y.H.; methodology, C.Z., Y.Z. and Z.G.; validation, G.G. and Z.L.; formal analysis, Y.H.; investigation, C.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, C.Z.; writing--review and editing, C.Z., H.R. and S.X.; visualization, H.L. and G.Z.; supervision, Y.H.; project administration, Y.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the Guangdong Provincial Key Field Research and Development Program (No. 2019B010138004). and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61471130).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Discussion
### Comparison with a Cylinder  
The unprocessed cylindrical structure shown in Figure 2a was subjected to crushing deformation experiments and numerical simulation under the same conditions as the CAP. Figure 16 shows the results of the crushing deformation of the cylindrical structure. This showed the characteristics of small buckling wrinkles, which accumulated along the circumferential direction of the cylindrical structure during the entire crushing deformation process. The deformed tube shapes or collapse modes in the experiment and simulation were compared at four displacement points, as presented in Figure 17. The initial peak load of the cylindrical structure at the initial stage of crushing deformation was relatively large. Once the initial peak load was exceeded, crushing wrinkles occurred, accompanied by a high rate of load fluctuation. A vertical fluctuation of crushing load corresponded to the appearance of a buckling wrinkle. Load capacity fluctuations are usually used to evaluate the stability of an energy-absorption method [34; 35]. Therefore, this crushing deformation mode is considered unstable. In practice, a cylinder is rarely used directly as a crash absorber.  
Figure 16: Photographs showing the crushing experimental configuration of the cylinder and various crushed states during its deformation.  
Figure 17: Crushing load distribution of the cylinder, and its states during its deformation.  
In contrast, the CAP crushing load distribution curve (Figure 13) showed that the structure could effectively reduce the initial peak load; once the initial peak load was exceeded, relatively stable and long-lasting crushing deformation occurred, accompanied by a low rate of fluctuation of the load.  
In summary, the collapse mode and folds of the CAP proposed in this study can be predicted. In addition, by setting the relative configurations of the cylindrical and protruding parts, the initial peak load can be controlled. This work provides a good reference for design selection for future researchers, in order to develop a more stable high-performance crash absorber. In particular, the study of the naturally formed PWS that occur during the process of CAP crushing and deformation can contribute to designs aimed at further improving CAP crushing performance.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Statistical Significance of Hyper-Heuristic Algorithms
#### 4.2.2 Boxplot Analysis  
The boxplots in Figure 4a-d represent the performance of the eight hyper-heuristics presented in Table 9. The ten median ofvs obtained by the eight hyper-heuristics over the ten instances of the problem domains were used as data points for plotting the boxplots. The overall boxplot in Figure 4d combines the data points from each domain to visualize the overall performance of each hyper-heuristic. The median ofv obtained by each algorithm in an instance i was normalized to a value in the range \([0,1]\) using Equation (1) to obtain a uniform evaluation \(ofv(O,i,h,b,w)\) as follows:  
\[ofv(O,i,h,b,w)=\frac{O_{i}^{h}-O_{i}^{b}}{O_{i}^{w}-O_{i}^{b}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(O_{i}^{h}\) is the median ofv obtained by a given hyper-heuristic h on an instance \(i\), \(O_{i}^{b}\) is the median ofv obtained by the best hyper-heuristic \(b\) on an instance \(i\), and \(O_{i}^{w}\) is the median ofv obtained by the worst hyper-heuristic \(w\) on an instance \(i\). The best hyper-heuristic in an instance receives a value of 0.0 while the worst receives a value of 1.0 according to Equation (1). Figure 4 shows that the EA-ILS hyper-heuristic is the best performing across the problem domains.  
Figure 4: Boxplot visualizations of the median objective function values obtained by hyper-heuristics per domain (**a-c**) and the overall boxplot over all three domains (**d**).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**S/N** & **Hyper-Heuristic** & **Rank** \\ \hline
1 & EA-ILS & 1.67 \\
2 & AdapPHH & 3.38 \\
3 & SSH & 3.88 \\
4 & SR-AM & 4.58 \\
5 & EPH & 4.78 \\
6 & NR-FS-ILS & 4.83 \\
7 & FS-ILS & 5.45 \\
8 & SR-IE & 7.35 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Ranking of the Hyper-Heuristics Using the Friedman Test.
## 2 Reservoir Rock Characteristics and Engineering Problems  
### Geological Features of the Dengying Formation Carbonate Reservoir  
The Dengying Formation carbonate reservoir of the Gaoshiti-Moxi area in the Sichuan Basin sits within the Gaoshiti-Anpingdian-Moxi latent tectonic zone, depicted in Figure 1. This formation is located in the eastern part of the ancient Anyue-Suning-Tongnan up lift [34; 35; 36] and is characterized by its low and gentle structure. Shaped by intersecting structural lines running north to south and east to west, the area is marked by moderate elevations and a scarcity of faults. Notably, the seismic top structure here is more pronounced and enclosed than the cold top structure. The Dengying reservoir, known for its antiquity, exhibits notable plasticity and density, reinforced by strong compaction strength. Dominated by fractured-vuggy reservoirs, it is defined by its fragmented nature and limited capacity to withstand formation pressure. These geological features often lead to issues such as formation collapse, blockages, and stuck drill strings during drilling operations, presenting considerable challenges to the natural gas exploration and development efforts in the area.
###### Abstract
In [20], a hybrid FSO-WDM-PON system, with four and two downstream and upstream channels, respectively, transmitting at a 10 Gbps data rate over a 60 km SMF and a 650 m FSO range, was presented. In [21], a PON-FSO system using an MNZCC code over a 10 km SMF and a 500 m FSO range at a 10/2.5 Gbps data rate was described. In this investigation, an MDM-OCDMA-based transmission system is demonstrated, which uses mode multiplexing of Donut modes 0 and 1 to transmit 80 Gbps of data over a hybrid FSO and MMF transmission link. An MNZCC code is used to reduce the MAI effect and to enhance the system security with eight input channels. The performance of the link was measured in terms of the bit error rate (BER) under clear weather conditions, as well as under strong, medium and weak turbulences. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the modeling of the proposed MDM-OCDMA-FSO system. The results and discussion are presented in Section 3, and the conclusions in Section 4.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Geocoding of Cases  
According to the definition, geocoding is the process of translating street addresses into geographic latitude and longitude coordinates for accuracy. Geocoding of epidemic cases enables mapping of tested, confirmed, and active cases, and outcomes in terms of death or recovery. Different address models, official, private, and open (subject to availability) are used to identify where COVID-19 infections have occurred.  
ELIS uses OpenStreetMap (OSM), a publicly available geographic database. Using the addresses contained in the OSM, the system geolocated the cases and put them on a map. An important issue was data confidentiality. In order to respect anonymity, health data are usually aggregated at the level of the administrative unit, which, in turn, leads to a loss of knowledge about the local spatial distribution of data. Authors applied this method to epidemic data creating points as cluster representatives for settlements.
## 6 Conclusions  
In the past few decades, with the development of drone technology, its applications have become increasingly widespread. However, faced with adverse electromagnetic environments such as urban multipath jamming and intentional jamming, traditional GNSS positioning technology has gradually revealed many issues, threatening the performances of drones in harsh environments. Applying LEO satellite SOP positioning technology to drone positioning has become an important option for drone development. However, due to characteristics such as the high SNR and narrow downlink bandwidth of LEO satellite signals, which differ significantly from navigation signals, traditional anti-jamming achievements cannot be directly applied, especially for the time-frequency domain anti-jamming scenarios of single antennas widely used in the drone field. Therefore, researching anti-jamming algorithms for drone LEO satellite SOP positioning has significant practical value. This research proposes the SCCI algorithm for LEO satellite constellation signals. This algorithm significantly reduces errors generated during model fitting. Additionally, an adaptive variable convergence factor was designed to balance fast convergence and low steady-state error during iterations. In considering parameters such as jamming signal bandwidth, center frequency, and intensity, the algorithm was tested using signals from the Iridium constellation in simulations and experimental data processing. Compared to those of traditional algorithms, the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm improves the effectiveness of jamming threshold settings and the jamming suppression performance under narrow bandwidths and high-power conditions. In the context of LEO satellite anti-jamming scenarios, the algorithm notably enhances the frequency domain anti-jamming performance. This holds high application value for drone positioning scenarios.  
Conceptualization, L.Y.; methodology, L.Y.; software, L.Y.; validation, L.Y.; formal analysis, L.Y.; investigation, L.Y.; resources, L.Y., H.Q. and H.S.; data curation, F.C. and Z.L.; writing--original draft preparation, L.Y.; writing--review and editing, L.Y., H.Q., B.G., G.S., H.S., M.W., D.X. and F.C.; visualization, L.Y.; supervision, H.Q.; project administration, H.Q. and M.W.  
funding acquisition, H.S. and D.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The data are inconvenient for direct disclosure. The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The company had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
# Analysis of Short Texts Using Intelligent Clustering Methods
###### Abstract  
This article presents a comprehensive review of short text clustering using state-of-the-art methods: Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), and the novel hybrid method Latent Dirichlet Allocation + BERT + Autoencoder (LDA + BERT + AE). The article begins by outlining the theoretical foundation of each technique and its merits and limitations. BERT is critiqued for its ability to understand word dependence in text, while TF-IDF is lauded for its applicability in terms of importance assessment. The experimental section compares the efficacy of these methods in clustering short texts, with a specific focus on the hybrid LDA + BERT + AE approach. A detailed examination of the LDA-BERT model's training and validation loss over 200 epochs shows that the loss values start above 1.2 and quickly decrease to around 0.8 within the first 25 epochs, eventually stabilizing at approximately 0.4. The close alignment of these curves suggests the model's practical learning and generalization capabilities, with minimal overfitting. The study demonstrates that the hybrid LDA + BERT + AE method significantly enhances text clustering quality compared to individual methods. Based on the findings, the study recommends the optimum choice and use of clustering methods for different short texts and natural language processing operations. The applications of these methods in industrial and educational settings, where successful text handling and categorization are critical, are also addressed. The study ends by emphasizing the importance of the holistic handling of short texts for deeper semantic comprehension and effective information retrieval.  
clustering methods; semantic extraction; categorization of text; hybrid method; NLP systems +
Footnote †: journal: _Algorithms_