esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
On the other hand, since the system model is nonlinear and time-variant (as a result of the satellite motion being followed by the antenna motion), applying online system identification methods and adaptive control [23] are considered to be appropriate options in order to achieve a desirable performance. In this paper, unstructured system identification based on Laguerre functions [24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31] is combined by predictive functional control to achieve an adaptive predictive functional control algorithm. In this line, PFC is the control law, while the Laguerre functions are utilized for system modeling. Similar combinations have been reported in [32; 33]. In [32], some different methods for the tuning of PFC parameters have been presented. In addition, in [33], Laguerre functions have been utilized to improve the performance of PFC. The main advantages of the proposed algorithm are high speed, low computational effort, simple control, and desirable accuracy in the satellite tracking. In [12; 13], similar works have been conducted for the control of X-Y pedestals. In [12], two forms of predictive laws, named Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) and Generalized Incremental Predictive Control (GIIPC), have been used for pedestal control. Model Predictive Control (MPC) and GPC have been utilized to control the X-Y pedestal in [13] and the results were compared with PI control. In contrast to this work, the control laws applied in [12; 13] are not adaptive. Therefore, the proposed control laws are not suitable for handling changes in the model of the system. Furthermore, GPC, MPC, and GIPC are more complicated for implementation in comparison to PFC. This paper is organized as follows: the structure of the X-Y pedestal and its governing differential equations are presented in Section 2.1. In Section 2.2, Laguerre functions, which are utilized for unstructured system identification, are introduced. Section 2.3 describes the predictive functional control. The procedure for achieving the optimal control law is given in Section 2.4. Section 2.5 presents the stability analysis of the closed-loop system. The simulation results of the proposed control scheme are presented in Section 3. Furthermore, the APFC algorithm, based on the Laguerre functions, is compared with the PID controller. Finally, the main results are concluded in Section 4.
# Macroporous Activated Carbon Derived from Rapeseed Shell for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
## 4 Conclusions  
Through the KOH activation method, AC materials with various pore structure parameters were fabricated using waste rapeseed shells as precursors. Influences of the amount of KOH, activated temperature, and activated time on the pore structure parameters of ACs were studied. The as-prepared AC-800-5-1 sample exhibited the highest specific surface area of 2092 m\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\) and the largest pore volume of 1.28 cm\({}^{3}\) g\({}^{-1}\) among all of the samples. After the infusion of sulfur into nanopores of AC-800-5-1, the obtained AC/sulfur composite exhibited high specific capacity, good rate performance, and long cycle performance as a cathode of Li-S batteries. Our results indicate that AC materials derived from rapeseed shell provide a promising, conductive framework for sulfur cathodes. Furthermore, the material offers potential applications in the fields of adsorption and catalyst supports.  
The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/7/10/1036/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/7/10/1036/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/7/10/1036/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/7/10/1036/s1)), Figure S1: Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles of AC/S composite over 500 cycles at 800 mA g\({}^{-1}\), Figure S2: Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles of AC/S composite over 500 cycles at 800 mA g\({}^{-1}\) with 1 wt % LiNO\({}_{3}\) as electrolyte additive, Figure S3: Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles of AC/S composite over 1000 cycles at 1600 mA g\({}^{-1}\).  
**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by the Program for the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-51202106, 21671170 and 21201010), Project for the Natural Science Research of the Institutions of Higher Learning in Jiangsu Province (17 KJB150045), and New Century Excellent Talents of the University in China (grant no. NCET-13-0645), Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troup Construction Projects of Henan Province (I64200510018), Plan for Scientific Innovation Talent of Henan Province, Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in University of Henan Province (14 IRTSTHN004, 16 IRTSTHN003), the Science & Technology Foundation of Henan Province (122102210253 and 13A150019), the Science & Technology Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20150438), the Six Talent Plan (2015-XCL-030), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2012M52115). We also acknowledge the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and the technical support we received at the Testing Center of Yangzhou University.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# BIM-Based Method for the Verification of Building Code Compliance
## 1 Introduction
This standard aims to provide an autonomous, independent and safe use of the environment, buildings, furniture, equipment and urban elements to the greatest number of people, regardless of age, height or mobility limitation or perception. Technical service areas, or restricted areas such as engine rooms, technical passages, barrels, etc., are not required to fulfil accessibility requirements. On the other hand, multi-family residential buildings, condominiums and townhouses are required to have accessible common spaces, according to the NBR9050. Accessible autonomous units must be located on accessible routes. As an example, one of the criteria which defines room accessibility is the ramp slope, which has different requirements for pedestrians and vehicles. To verify the compliance of all these requirements, there is a set of procedures to approve the building project. Given the number of criteria and the increased complexity of building design, these requirements usually take a significant amount of time to be assessed, as well as require multi-disciplinary knowledge about the building. Designers must guarantee that their projects fulfil all the requirements prior to submission, and city halls must verify project compliance to issue building permits. These similar tasks are usually associated with a manual calculation procedure, requiring extra time both during the design and approval stages, to verify the same indexes. The problem gets more notorious when concerning complex and large projects, where the indexes assessment takes a significant amount of time, causing several delays during the project life cycle. To overcome such an issue, the opportunity arises for process automation, both for designers and city hall experts. The automatic calculation of urban indexes can significantly reduce the required assessment process time, as well as avoid duplicate work, bureaucracy and human errors in assessing data and performing calculations. Moreover, a real-time assessment could also support decision-making during the design stage for faster achievement of an optimal building design. This need for automation allied with the recent city hall demand for innovative systems to reduce the bureaucracy of construction processes [18], such as the integration of BIM in the submission process, highlights the potential contributions of a BIM-based automated code compliance analysis. Therefore, the research question of this study regards the development of an innovative BIM-based method to automate code compliance assessment of Brazilian buildings' virtual models. Such a method will minimise time and avoid errors when assessing a building project's compliance with local and national regulations, as well as support the project design process. The Brazilian context will be considered, and a routine will be created in Dynamo to gather and process building data from BIM models for real-time automatic verification of building code and urban indexes compliance for different Brazilian cities.
# Enhancing Reactive Ad Hoc Routing Protocols with Trust
## 7 Conclusions  
Cooperation and trust establishment are the significant challenges in ad hoc network security. Earlier, we have proposed a method to evaluate the trust of the particular node in an ad hoc network using neural networks. Research presented in this article is devoted to designing a way to integrate trust in reactive routing protocols. The challenge was to do it without changing the routing algorithm, i.e., to influence the routing decision from the outside.  
This article introduces a method to enhance trust in reactive routing protocols, called TARA, and analyses the implementation and settings of the TARA method. The method'smain idea is to delay the route discovery messages of untrusted nodes, forcing the more trusted paths to be chosen.  
Results of experiments show that different delay functions improve the average packet delivery ratio up to 78% for DFF and 72% for DFT (Table 8). Generally, the _destination only_ flag should be activated to provide greater trust if route discovery time is not critical. In essence, when using the method, parameters should be selected to trade-off between maximizing trust and minimizing route discovery delay at the same time.  
The TARA method fulfilled the research goal, namely, enhancement of reactive ad hoc routing protocol with trust mechanism without the need to change the implementation of the routing itself. Various parameter combinations were tested and analyzed to provide recommendations for choosing TARA method parameters, depending on the application in a specific ad hoc network.  
The TARA method was discussed in the context of implementation in an ad hoc network, and future work could address the concerns.  
Conceptualization, Y.T.; methodology, Y.T.; software, Y.T.; validation, Y.T. and P.T.; formal analysis, Y.T.; investigation, Y.T.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.T.; writing--review and editing, Y.T. and P.T.; visualization, Y.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Link to the git repository with simulator source code and results: [[https://gitlab.fit.cvut.cz/trofiyel/TARA](https://gitlab.fit.cvut.cz/trofiyel/TARA)]([https://gitlab.fit.cvut.cz/trofiyel/TARA](https://gitlab.fit.cvut.cz/trofiyel/TARA)) (accessed on 13 December 2021).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Adaptive TCP Transmission Adjustment for UAV Network Infrastructure
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Empirical Study
#### 5.1.3. In Case of Heavy Traffic  
UAV networks often have transient link instability, but heavy traffic can also occur. In this section, we assumed that a heavy traffic is generated by a particular service user. To make segment losses incurred by heavy traffic, the third UAV (Operating_UAV 3) which transmitted heavy TCP traffic to GCS via Routing_UAV 1 was added. While Operating_UAV 1, 2, and 3 co-uses Routing_UAV 1, Routing_UAV 1 suffers from frequent buffer overflow. In this experiment, throughput of Operating_UAV 1 and 2 were measured for 600 s long, and the average throughput of measured throughput per second was obtained. Table 2 shows experimental results. Similar to the previous experiment, _ASRAN_ still shows better performance than TCP-CUBIC even though heavy background traffic appears in the network. However, the average throughput of heavy traffic experiment was lower than that of environment where only transient link instability appears, which means the network transmission environment became worse than the prior experiment. Also, the deterioration of the overall transmission environment caused real _ASRAN_ throughput to be lower than expected throughput (0.900 Mbits/s) calculated through theoretical model. Since the _ASRAN_ only operates during transient link instability, the experimental results show that _ASRAN_ did not aggressively increase throughput in heavy traffic environment. The Jain's fairness index was 0.977, indicating that the fairness was better than in the previous experiment. Figure 6 shows that transient zero throughput and throughput fluctuations occurred in heavy traffic scenarios. Therefore, _ASRAN_ enhances the average throughput, whereas throughput fluctuation graphs show the mixture of better throughput than and similar throughput to TCP-CUBIC.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **TCP-CUBIC** & _ASRAN_ \\ \hline Average Throughput (Mbits/s) & 0.555 & 0.757 \\ Standard Deviation & 0.860 & 0.984 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of experiment in heavy traffic environment.  
Figure 5: Throughput comparison of simultaneous experiment when transient link instability appears.
## 3 Results
### Drought Events and Characteristics Analysis in the HHHP
#### 3.2.3 Spatial Analysis of Drought Disaster in the HHHP  
Spatially, the change trend of the mISDI in the HHHP from 2001 to 2020 was analyzed using the Theil-Sen Median and the Mann-Kendall trend test. At a confidence level of 0.05, the Mann-Kendall test results were classified as significantly different (\(Z>1.96\) or \(Z<1.96\)) or not significantly different (\(1.96\leq Z\leq 1.96\)). As shown in Figure 7, during 2001-2020, the mISDI in most of Shandong Province and Northeastern Henan Province showed a significant downward trend, implying that the drought in these regions worsened. The areas with a worsening trend of drought were mainly in Shandong Province. Except for Northern Shandong, Northern Shandong Peninsula, and Mount Tai, other areas in Shandong Province should focus on preventing the occurrence of drought disasters. According to the development trend, the frequency of drought disasters will be higher than those in other regions in the next few years. However, in the southern and northern parts of the HHHP, the mISDI showed a significant upward trend in most areas, indicating that the drought conditions in these areas were alleviated. From the perspective of watersheds, the areas where the drought eased were mainly distributed near the middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe and Haihe Rivers. As shown in Figure 7, by comparing with others, the distribution of regions with significantly reduced mISDI indices were concentrated and wide. The mISDI of capital increased significantly, indicating a lower risk of drought here. Jinan as the provincial capital of Shandong and Zhengzhou as the provincial capital of Henan are located in regions where the mISDI index decreased significantly. Therefore, local government departments should take drought control as the focus of their work.  
Figure 6: Correlation analysis of three drought indices and the mISDI: (**a**) correlation analysis of the SPEI and the mISDI; (**b**) correlation analysis of the SPI03 and the mISDI; (**c**) correlation analysis of the scPDSI and the mISDI.  
Since the first drought event was the most severe and lasted for a long time, it was selected for the study. The spatial distribution of the mISDI in the HHHP was studied using a county-level administrative region as the basic unit of space and the season as the basic unit of time. As shown in Figure 8a-f, the more severe stage during the first drought event occurred in the summer and autumn of 2002, resulting in a severe autumn drought. The drought development trend in the entire region was from south to north. It can be seen from Figure 8 that the probability of drought in the Shandong Peninsula was relatively low, and the drought was mainly concentrated in the central plain area of the HHHP.  
Figure 8: The degree of drought in the HHHP: (**a**) autumn 2001; (**b**) winter 2001; (**c**) spring 2002; (**d**) summer 2002; (**e**) autumn 2002; and (**f**) winter 2002.  
Figure 7: Spatial variation trend of the mISDI in the HHHP.
# Numerical Study of Dig Sequence Effects during Large-Scale Excavation
## 5 Discussion  
Metro foundation pit construction scale and difficulty have increased as a result of complicated construction environments and increased traffic demand. During foundation pit scale growth, the shape is no longer \"regular\". These changes make the stability of the foundation pit increasingly difficult to control, and previous engineering experience is often insufficient to predict the displacement changes and stress transform caused by excavation. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct specific studies for specific engineering situations.  
The excavation sequence is an important factor affecting stability during the foundation pit excavation process. [PERSON] et al. [39] analyzed the coupling effect between the foundation pit during the whole excavation process and the support construction of a complex foundation pit group, and they investigated the deformation characteristics of the support structure of the foundation pit group under different construction sequence schemes. [PERSON] et al. [40] investigated the effect of the construction sequence on the force characteristics of the anchored anchors and the pile structure, and they gave construction excavation and support recommendations. These studies have expanded the knowledge of the effects of the excavation sequence on foundation pit stability, but most of them have focused on the effect of the excavation sequence in different foundation pit areas rather than the construction sequence of each excavation layer. The metro foundation pit in Nanjing, with a length of more than 150 m and a width of only about 40 m, has an aspect ratio of 3.75, an excavation depth of 44 m, and an \"irregular\" situation of one end being wide and another end being narrow, so this pit is categorized as an \"irregular large-scale rectangle deep foundation pit\". As such, the construction design is challenging, and the  
Figure 9: Settlement displacement monitoring. (**a**) History point 1. (**b**) History point 2. (**c**) History point 3. (**d**) History point 4.  
construction sequence is complicated (see Figure 10 for the construction site). This study focused on the impact of the excavation sequence of each excavation layer on the stability of the foundation pit in order to guarantee the project's safety and effectiveness.
## 4 Discussion
### Performance of Weighting Average Functions
Note that relatively large error was obvious in the wavelength ranging from 650 nm to 700 nm when calculating the contribution of each layer to \(r_{rs}(0^{-})\) (Figure 7) and evaluating the performance of weighting average functions (Figure 14). Owing to the large difference of attenuation rate between excitation and emission photons of inelastic scattering, inelastic scattering plays a greater role for the underwater light field at red wavelengths as depth increases [55]. One possible reason comes from the Chl\(a\) fluorescence by changing the radiance field around 685 nm in the water column [56]. Similar to the previous study [55], \(K_{d}(\lambda,\text{z})\) was spectral flat at deeper water depth (Figure 4). Note that the difference in spectral of \(K_{x}(\lambda,\text{z})\) between different water depths added the errors of weighting average functions. In addition, it demonstrated that the inelastic processes produce strong depth dependence of the \(K_{Lu}(\lambda,0^{-})\) in the red and NIR (near  
Figure 14: Performance of weighting average functions: (**a**) \(g_{Z\text{-}KdKLu}\), (**b**) \(g_{GC\text{-}KdKLu}\), and (**c**) \(g_{S}\) on Ecolight-simulated data with different maximum depth (\(Z_{\text{max}}\)) of Chl\(a\) profiles. Infra-red) spectral regions within the near surface layer even within an optically homogeneous water column [56]. That is, the inelastic scattering in the red and NIR wavelength also contributes the uncertainties when using \(K_{x}(\lambda,z)\) in the weighting average functions to model the \(r_{rs}(0^{-})\) in vertical inhomogeneous waters. Due to the complex influence of inelastic scattering in underwater light field, we used the default model of inelastic scattering, and did not take the variations of inelastic scattering into consideration.
## 8 Conclusions and Future Work
Furthermore, we will evaluate privacy exposure by analyzing model updates for vulnerability to data inference through controlled adversarial probing, thereby assessing the actual leakage risk associated with different device classes. We also plan to develop a formal convergence analysis of RBPS by framing the client-selection game as a potential game and proving the existence (and uniqueness) of a NE under our reward structure and to quantify long-term fairness and client sustainability by computing metrics such as [PERSON]'s fairness index across training rounds and, if needed, augment RBPS with fairness regularization to mitigate any systematic under sampling of specific device groups. These experiments will provide a comprehensive validation of RBPS under live network conditions and offer insights into its effectiveness and robustness in real-world FL deployments. Conceptualization, Z.D. and M.M. ; methodology, M.M. ; software, Z.D. ; validation, M.M. ; formal analysis, Z.D. ; investigation, Z.D. ; resources, M.M. ; data curation, Z.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, Z.D. ; writing, review and editing, M.M. ; visualization, Z.D. ; supervision, M.M. ; project administration, M.M. ; funding acquisition, M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants or animals. Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants. The datasets used in this study are publicly available. MNIST is available at [[http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/](http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/)]([http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/](http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/)), (accessed on 3 May 2025). EMNIST is available at [[https://www.nist.gov/itl/products-and-services/emnist-dataset](https://www.nist.gov/itl/products-and-services/emnist-dataset)]([https://www.nist.gov/itl/products-and-services/emnist-dataset](https://www.nist.gov/itl/products-and-services/emnist-dataset)), (accessed on 3 May 2025). Fashion-MNIST is available at [[https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist](https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist)]([https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist](https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist)), (accessed on 3 May 2025). The CIFAR-10 dataset is available at [[https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html](https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html)]([https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html](https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html)), (accessed on 3 May 2025). Author [PERSON]'s affiliation with the company HWA srl Spin-off Unirc reflects the ownership of a share in the company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest.