## 1 Introduction  
Coasts are valuable and vulnerable environments that provide numerous ecosystem services and support human populations in different ways [1]. It is estimated that sandy beaches make up approximately one-half of the world's ice-free coastline [2]. According to the United Nations, approximately 10% of the world's population currently lives in coastal areas that are less than 10 m above sea level, and about 40% lives within 100 km of the coast [3]. These areas are residentially, touristsly and economically attractive; thus, they are becoming densely populated, but the concentration of infrastructures due to intense anthropic activity (i.e., ports, cities and resorts) puts additional stress on the coastal environment, sometimes pressing it to its limits [4]. Coastal zones are particularly vulnerable to natural erosive processes due to factors like wave action or storm events [5]. These processes can lead to the loss of land, degradation of coastal ecosystems, and increased risks for human settlements and infrastructure. The problem is emphasized when anthropic constructions modify coastal dynamics in some way, even though their primary objective is to protect the coast from erosion due to natural phenomena [6; 7; 8]. While these structures (i.e., harbors, channels or breakwaters) may provide immediate protection against erosion, they can disrupt the natural movement of sediment along the coastline, leading to unintended consequences [9; 10]. Many of these hard structures were built from the 1950s to the 2000s, without accurate studies of the effects on coastal sediment dynamics and flora and fauna [1]. In contrast, in the last two or three decades, management strategies have focused on soft methods such as artificial beach nonishment, revegetation of dunes or bioengineering [11; 12]. For example, some researchers have found a relationship between increased shoreline erosion in areas around the mouths of dammed rivers and in areas with high population densities in the Gulf of California [13]. Research conducted on the East Coast of South Korea found that the artificial structures constructed along the coast have not completely solved or stopped erosion but shifted it from one location to another [14]. On the contrary, work by [PERSON] et al. [15] shows how coastlines have been enhanced by 40% over the last 76 years due to human interventions, in this case, earth filling. The effects of climate change on coastal regions are critical due to their exposure to rising sea levels, increased storm intensity and changes in oceanic and atmospheric conditions [16]. In general, rising sea levels can be a significant factor in shoreline changes [17]. Higher water levels mean that waves and storm surges can reach farther inland, eroding coastlines and flooding low-lying areas. This can result in the loss of beaches, dunes and other coastal landforms, which can lead to feedback loops, e.g., as coastal areas erode, sediment may be lost, reducing natural coastal barriers and exacerbating erosion. This, in turn, can increase vulnerability to coastal hazards. Changes in ocean wave characteristics, including alterations in wave height, period and direction, can further impact coastal erosion, sediment transport and stability. In addition to this, storms, including hurricanes and tropical cyclones, can cause significant changes due to intense erosion and the transportation of large amounts of sediment along the coastline [18]. An example is the work of [PERSON] et al. [19], who demonstrate that the beaches studied in Western Sardinia (Italy) show greater changes when faced with consecutive storms and not with an isolated one. These climate change impacts can lead to the loss of coastal land, damage to infrastructure and the displacement of communities.