esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
Entropy_**2015**, _17_, 2723-2740; doi:10.3390/e17052723  
_entropy_**ISSN 1099-4300**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/entropy  
_Article_  
**Finite Key Size Analysis of Two-Way Quantum Cryptography**  
**[PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 2,3,***  
\({}^{1}\) Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah,  
Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{2}\) School of Science & Technology, University of Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy  
\({}^{3}\) INFN-Sezione di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS].  
_Received: 6 March 2015 / Accepted: 23 April 2015 / Published: 30 April 2015_  
**Abstract:** Quantum cryptographic protocols solve the longstanding problem of distributing a shared secret string to two distant users by typically making use of one-way quantum channel. However, alternative protocols exploiting two-way quantum channel have been proposed for the same goal and with potential advantages. Here, we overview a security proof for two-way quantum key distribution protocols, against the most general eavesdropping attack, that utilize an entropic uncertainty relation. Then, by resorting to the \"smooth\" version of involved entropies, we extend such a proof to the case of finite key size. The results will be compared to those available for one-way protocols showing some advantages.  
**Keywords:** quantum cryptography; quantum measurement theory; entropy and other measures of information
## 2 Experimental Section
### Radiochemistry
#### 2.2.2.3 Radiosynthesis of [18F]**2b**  
The eluted solution formed two phases: the top ether phase was transferred out, and the bottom aqueous phase was extracted with another 1-mL aliquot of ether. The combined ether extracts were passed through a set of two sodium sulfate Sep-Pak Plus dry cartridges into a reaction vessel. After ether was evaporated with a nitrogen stream at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 1.0 mg of Precursor **4** was dissolved in 200 \(\upmu\)L DMSO and was transferred to a vial containing 1-2 mg Cs\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\). After vortexing for 1 min, the Cs\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) saturated solution was added to the reaction vessel containing the dried radioactive [18F]/F\({}^{-}\). The tube was capped and briefly vortexed and then kept at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 15 min. Ten microliters of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in 50 \(\upmu\)L DMSO was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was heated at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 15 min. The mixture was subsequently diluted with 3 mL of the HPLC mobile phase (50/50 acetonitrile/0.1 M formate buffer, pH = 4.5) and purified using a Semi-Prep HPLC system for purification. The HPLC system contains a 5-mL injection loop, an Agilent SB C-18 column, a UV detector at 254 nm and a radioactivity detector. At a 4.0 mL/min flow rate, the retention time of the product was 19-21 min, whereas the retention time of the precursor was 8-9 min. After the HPLC collection and being diluted with 50 mL sterile water, the product was trapped on a C18 Sep-Pak Plus cartridge. The product was eluted with ethanol (0.6 mL) followed by 5.4 mL 0.9% saline. After sterile filtration, the final product was ready for quality control (QC) analysis and animal studies. An aliquot was assayed by analytical HPLC (Grace Altima C18 column, 250 \(\times\) 4.6 mm), UV at 276 nm, mobile phase of acetonitrile/0.1 M ammonium formate buffer (71/29, _v/v_), pH = 4.5. Under these conditions, the retention time for [18F]**2b** was approximately 4.9 min at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The sample was authenticated by co-injecting with the cold standard **2b** solution. The radiochemical purity was \(>\)98%; the chemical purity was \(>\)95%; the labeling yield was 55%-65% (\(n=4\), decay corrected), and the specific activity was \(>\)200 GBq/\(\upmu\)mol (decay corrected to EOB, \(n=4\)).
# Micro-Fabrication of Components for a High-Density Sub-Retinal Visual Prosthesis
## Materials and Methods  
The fabrication related challenges that our team addressed in building implantable visual prostheses are outlined below. We have constructed three generations of retinal implants, and the implantable components can be seen in Figure 1. The complete visual prosthesis system contains an external controller with a radio frequency transceiver, but that system does not make use of any unique micro-fabrication technology, and is not reported on here. Likewise, the application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for providing charge-balanced stimuli to retinal tissue were sourced from established mixed-signal chip foundry services, and have been described elsewhere [23]. The ASICs were mounted on internal, high-density multilayer flexible circuit boards using flip-chip/ surface-mount assembly methods that are well established in the industry. Our approach was to attach the multi-layered, flexible internal circuit board to the interior surface of a high temperature, co-fired (HTCC) alumina ceramic feedthrough that formed the lid of our round hermetic package (see Figure 1). The package materials (alumina, ceramic, and platinum feedthroughs) and our gold brazing methods are in common use in the implantable medical device industry, and are outlined in [24]. Here, we will focus on the flexible multi-electrode arrays that deliver stimuli from the implanted, sealed wirelessly powered stimulator units to the retina, and the microfabricated supporting structures for the secondary radio frequency coils.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Microfabrication Related Challenge** & **Brief Summary of Methods Used** \\ \hline Adequate stiffness of flexible electrode array enabling insertion through an incision in the choroid without damaging any penetrating structures that support stimulation sites & Use of silicon carbide “wrapping” to encapsulate individual conducting traces, and careful SU-8 epoxy processing to form strong supporting posts for penetrating electrodes, if present \\ \hline Resistance to damage from abrasion of extra-ocular components due to surgical handling and subsequent, normal eye movements & Use of polyimide and Parylene-C outer coatings, and “coil supports” beneath implanted secondary radio-frequency coils for power and data transfer \\ \hline Ability of fabricated components to conform to different shapes and sizes of host eyes & Use of grouped conducting traces in electrode arrays that are joined by polyimide “bridges,” and a meandering 2-dimensional layout designed to wrap neatly around a 3-dimensional eye \\ \hline Need for high channel count without increasing the width of the electrode array to the point where it becomes difficult to implant, or buckles when bent & Use of multiple layers of metal traces and electrodes, separated by silicon carbide dielectric layers, with vias to transition signals from layer to layer \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Some common micro-fabrication challenges unique to retinal prosthetics, and methods used by the Bionic Eye team to address these challenges.
## 1 Introduction  
Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells reach the highest power conversion efficiencies (n) obtained for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells [1]. High open circuit voltages are obtained due to the effective passivation of defects at the surface of the c-Si absorber by thin layers of intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon ((i) a-Si:H) [2, 3]. Thin layers of amorphous or nanocrystalline p- and n-doped silicon deposited on top of the (i) a-Si:H layers then form selective contacts for holes and electrons, respectively. Since the lateral conductivity of these layers is too low for efficient lateral collection of the charge carriers to the metallic grid, an additional transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), is deposited on top. In addition to the charge collection, an important function of the front-side TCO layers is to act as an antireflective coating. On silicon adapted to the AM1.5 solar spectrum, this requires a thickness of 70-80 nm [4]. A general drawback of using a front TCO is its parasitic absorption at short wavelengths due to band-to-band absorption close to the bandgap energy and in the NIR due to free carrier absorption [1].  
In rear emitter SHJ solar cells, the majority carrier transport to the metallic grid is carried both by the front TCO and the Si wafer, allowing the use of TCOs with lower conductivity than those needed for a front emitter configuration [3, 4]. In other words, in a rear emitter SHJ solar cell, the sheet resistance (R\({}_{\text{sh}}\)) of the front TCO plays a less critical role on the cell performance, and similar or better results than those of a cell with a front emitter could be achieved. According to simulations done by [PERSON] et al. [5, 6], e.g., a TCO with a sheet resistance as high as 200 \(\Omega\)/sq would still result in solar cells with fill factor (FF) \(>\) 80% and \(\eta\) \(>\) 23% with a benefit of up to + 0.5% in absolute efficiency usingthe rear instead of the front emitter configuration. This broadens the range of suitable materials for the front TCO instead of the usually used ITO [4; 7]. Finding a replacement for ITO could benefit the production of SHJ solar cells since indium is a scarce material. For instance, such sheet resistances are achievable, e.g., with 75-nm-thick sputtered aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al).  
In this work, we present results of rear emitter SHJ solar cells with 75-nm-thick ZnO:Al front electrodes. Transmission line method (TLM) structures and complete solar cells were prepared and compared to otherwise identical cells from our baseline with an optimized ITO reference resulting in \(\eta\) > 22% [8]. Excellent optical properties of the ZnO:Al front TCO are demonstrated, and an analysis of the electrical losses due to series resistance (R\({}_{\mathrm{s}}\)) of the TCO front contact is made. The results confirm the idea that using the rear emitter configuration, a front TCO with a higher R\({}_{\mathrm{sh}}\) than ITO is suitable for preparing highly efficient solar cells, and that ZnO:Al, with demonstrated \(\eta\) > 22%, is such a TCO.
# Enhanced Bit Repair IP Fast Reroute Mechanism for Rapid Network Recovery
## 1 Introduction
### IP Fast Reroute Fundamentals  
In this subsection, we will describe the elementary terminology related to the IP Fast Reroute technology, which will then be used throughout the paper. An example is shown in Figure 1. The source (S) router is a router that has detected a fault of a directly connected line or has detected the unavailability of a neighboring router. The S router activates a local FRR repair process and initiates FRR repair. This router is also referred to as the Point of Local Repair (PLR). FRR then distinguishes the destination (D) router, where the alternative path ends. It typically occurs in a situation where an alternative path is constructed through multiple network nodes, via a so-called multi-hop. Then, we have N1, N2,... N routers, which are also referred to as alternative next-hops. These additional routers form a given alternative path as the chain of forwarding next-hop nodes located on the path between routers S and D. Finally, we distinguish the router R, which is a router that is not actively involved in FRR repair.  
Figure 1: IP Fast Reroute (FRR) technology. S, source router; N1 (1—index of router), alternative next-hop router; D, destination router; R1, router 1 not actively involved in FRR repair.  
In the case of connection failure detection, the following simplified IP FRR process takes place on a router. It can be divided into the following phases:  
Zero phase (the preparation)--setting up the protected interface. The FRR mechanism then starts the calculation of alternative paths used in the case of failure on the protected lines.  
First phase--detection of line error or neighbor unavailability by specialized FRR technology. At this phase, the FRR mechanism is activated.  
Second phase--temporary modification of the routing information concerned by the FRR mechanism. At this phase, a precalculated alternative path is installed and used for data delivery. The FRR mechanism is active.  
Phase three--the routing protocol updates the routing information in the background. The FRR mechanism still provides temporary routing information used to route packets, at least until the network convergence is complete. The FRR mechanism is active.  
Fourth phase--the routing protocol has completed the necessary update of the routing information. The FRR mechanism is deactivated, and packets are routed using the information provided by the routing protocol.
# On End-to-End Intelligent Automation of 6G Networks
## 2 6G: Preliminaries and Enabling Technologies
### Vision and Performance Targets
#### 2.1.2 Performance Targets and Resulting Paradigms
* **Extremely Low Energy and Cost:** Lastly, extremely low power consumption and cost reduction is a crucial requirement for 6G networks and devices [24]. This is because 6G networks are expected to be a pillar in creating sustainable cities and societies. This is important both from the business (reduced capital and operational expenditures) and environmental (highly green communication) point of view. As such, it is envisioned that 6G devices may not need batteries themselves. Rather, 6G devices may harvest the energy they need from the wireless signals within their environment using the combination of advanced communication technologies and novel AI modules with the goal of having zero-energy devices [25]. As a result of the aforementioned performance targets, new concepts/paradigms will emerge. This includes concepts/paradigms such as cell-less networks, AI self-automated networks, and tactile internet. These concepts/paradigms are dependent on the achievement and surpassing of the performance characteristic targets illustrated in Figure 2.
# A Novel Effective Multipath Routing Technique Providing High Availability in Wireless Networks
## 4 Performance Analysis
### Hop Counts
#### 4.1.1 Under MP-AODV  
MP-AODV has two processes of route discovery: the main route discovery and the backup route discovery. The main route discovery process establishes the first path, and the backup route discovery process sets up the second path.  
Let \(p_{1}^{MP-AODV}\) and \(p_{2}^{MP-AODV}\) be the first and second paths, respectively.  
Figure 5: A sample wireless network with 30 wireless nodes.  
Clearly, \(p_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}\) is the shortest path between the source and the destination, and \(p_{2}^{MP\text{-}AODV}\) is the shortest path without intermediate nodes belonging to \(p_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}\).  
Let \(n_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}\) and \(n_{2}^{MP\text{-}AODV}\) be the hop counts of \(p_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}\) and \(p_{2}^{MP\text{-}AODV}\), respectively.  
\[n_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}\leq n_{2}^{MP\text{-}AODV}. \tag{1}\]  
For the sample network in Figure 5, the discovered paths and their hop counts are as follows:  
* Case 1: \[p_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}=\{0,\ 1,\ 8,\ 15,\ 22\}\text{ and }n_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}=4\] \[p_{2}^{MP\text{-}AODV}=\{0,\ 7,\ 14,\ 21,\ 22\}\text{ and }n_{2}^{MP\text{-}AODV}=4\]
* Case 2: \[p_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}=\{0,\ 6,\ 12,\ 18,\ 24\}\text{ and }n_{1}^{MP\text{-}AODV}=4\] \[p_{2}^{MP\text{-}AODV}=\{0,\ 7,\ 13,\ 19,\ 24\}\text{ and }n_{2}^{MP\text{-}AODV}=4\]
# Multi-Patch Time Series Transformer for Robust Bearing Fault Detection with Varying Noise
## 3 Noise Techniques
### Novel Noise Techniques Reflecting Industrial Noise
#### 3.1.1 Electrical Interference Noise  
Electrical interference noise is a periodic noise commonly observed near electronic devices or power facilities. It manifests as a sine wave with specific frequency and amplitude, appearing as a periodic signal concentrated at certain frequencies, distinguishable from other signals. This type of noise can be modeled as:  
\[E(t)=A\cdot\sin(2\pi ft+\emptyset) \tag{1}\]  
* _A_: Amplitude of the interference.
* _f_: Frequency of the interfering signal.
* _t_: Time, corresponding to each data point.
* _\(\emptyset\)_: Phase offset, indicating the starting point of the sine wave.
###### Abstract  
In order to investigate the effects of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on the performance of in vitro bioassay, zinc oxide NP (ZnO NP), aluminum oxide NP (Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) NP), bare silver NP (Ag NP), and Ag NP capped with citrate (Ag\({}^{\text{cit}}\) NP) were evaluated with yeast (_Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ Y190) two-hybrid system (YES assay), carrying Japanese medaka estrogen receptors (mERs) in the presence of 17\(\beta\)-estradiol (E2, 10\({}^{-6}\) M), a reference chemical for estrogenic activity. The distribution of NPs in the yeast was also examined by field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM). The results show that TEM analysis revealed that NPs were present inside the yeast and accumulated deep inside the cell organelles, suggesting that cell death was caused by NPs. However, despite no significant change of mortality, the E2 estrogenic activities in yeast exposed to ZnO NP and Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) NP were dose-dependently reduced. For Ag NP and Ag\({}^{\text{cit}}\) NP, such phenomenon observed in the exposure of ZnO NP and Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) NP did not occur. From the observations, we found that ZnO NP and Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) NP in the environmental media could result in underestimated estrogenicity of endocrine-disrupting compounds when evaluated by YES assay.  
nanoparticles; estrogen receptor; Japanese medaka; receptor binding assay; yeast +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft. 2020, 10, 3796; doi:10.3390/app10113796
## 4 Discussion
In addition, during the PBP exercise the barbell is pulled towards the chest from a prone horizontal position (shoulder extension and elbow flexion), while the bench press exercise is based on a pushing action from a supine horizontal position (shoulder flexion and elbow extension) [13]. In each case, although no significant differences were observed between the PBP variants, the \(v_{0}\) and \(A_{line}\) were slightly higher for the eccentric-concentric PBP variant than for the concentric-only PBP variant. The use of a slight/moderate eccentric overload may likely improve force production at the beginning of the pulling action by reducing muscle slack [19]. This advantage may be compromised by the use of a heavy eccentric overload where the subjects have higher deceleration demands to brake the barbell over the target distance. Altogether, the magnitudes of the L-V relationship variables are comparable between the concentric-only and eccentric-concentric PBP variants. Future studies should compare the kinematic and kinetic characteristics between both PBP variants. Supporting our third hypothesis, the L-V relationship variables were highly correlated between methods and PBP variants. These results are in line with [PERSON] et al. [5] who reported a strong relationship between the multiple-point and two-point methods for the L-V relationship variables obtained during countermovement-jump exercise (\(r\geq 0.96\)). Similarly, our results are also in consensus with [PERSON] et al. [20] who revealed that mean test velocity (i.e., the average mean velocity value obtained across the whole L-V spectrum) was significantly and positively correlated between the concentric-only and eccentric-concentric bench press variants. Based on these findings, the L-V relationship variables obtained from both methods and PBP variants provide similar insight into maximal neuromuscular capacities. Practically, we recommend that practitioners use the two-point method (as it is easier, faster, and less likely to cause fatigue) and the concentric-only PBP variant (where no assistance is required to hold the bar during execution). Despite the aforementioned results, readers should be mindful of a couple of limitations. Firstly, the same absolute loads were used in both exercises for modelling the L-V relationships based on the preliminary 1 RM obtained during the concentric-only PBP variant. However, since small differences in the 1 RM value were reported between the concentric-only and eccentric-concentric PBP variants (-2.7%), the relative loads (% 1 RM) were comparable for both PBP variants. Secondly, it was shown that the accuracy of the force-velocity relationship parameters not only depend on the equipment used (Smith machine vs. free-weight) [26], but also on the intrinsic characteristics of the experimental points used in the modelling (e.g., distance with respect to the intercept axes and their reliability) [27; 28]. Therefore, caution should be taken when generalising the results of the present study to other exercises or testing conditions.
# Plasma-Activated Water Affects the Antioxidant Contents in Water Spinach
###### Abstract  
Several studies suggested that plasma-activated water (PAW) increases crop yields and confronts drought. This study determined the total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents of water spinach to elucidate whether PAW induced changes in the antioxidant potential of water spinach planted in soil with and without metal contaminants. PAW was selected as the irrigation water for pot experiments. Results showed that PAW increased the TP of water spinach planted in soil without any contaminants and, to some extent, in Cd-added soils but decreased the TP of those planted in Pb-added soil. PAW significantly enhanced the TF of water spinach planted in Cd-added cultivation soil, but not for Pb-added cultivation soil. Meanwhile, PAW can elevate the TF of water spinach by adding fertilizer and sunlight exposure. This study demonstrated that PAW application could increase TF, powerful antioxidants of water spinach planted with fertilizer and sunlight, in the cultivation soil with Cd, or without any contaminant.  
plasma-activated water; phenolic; flavonoid; metal; Cd; Pb +
Footnote †: journal: Applied