## 5 Conclusions  
Egg parasitism is a significant source of mortality that contributes to the regulation of BPH, WBPH and possibly GLH populations in rice. Egg parasitism is generally greater in high-nitrogen field plots, representing a potential constraint on the nitrogen-induced enhancement of planthopper and leafhopper fitness and supporting the Optimal Defense Hypothesis. Two abundant parasitoid groups, _Oligosita_ spp. and _Anagrus_ spp., are active in Philippine rice fields. The abundance of _Oligosita_ spp. in rice fields and consequent egg parasitism have been shown to increase close to vegetation patches [22]. Meanwhile, _Anagrus_ spp. respond to honeybee produced by planthoppers on high-nitrogen rice plants through increased egg parasitism rates. Parasitism of eggs was frequently higher on IR64 (susceptible) than IR62 (resistant) rice plants; but a preference for honeybee from IR62 suggests that _Anagrus_ spp. work in synergy with the resistant variety to dampen planthopper population responses to high nutrient availability. This effect could prolong the durability of resistant rice against emerging virulent planthopper and leafhopper populations. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/insects13030251/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/insects13030251/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/insects13030251/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/insects13030251/s1)). Table S1: Oviposition by planthoppers and leafhoppers on IR64 (susceptible) and IR62 (resistant) sentinel rice plants grown in pots at low (0 added N) and high (150 kg N ha\({}^{-1}\)) nitrogen. Conceptualization, F.G.H. and A.P.-C.; methodology, F.G.H. and A.P.-C.; formal analysis, F.G.H. and A.P.-C.; investigation, F.G.H. and A.P.-C.; resources, F.G.H. ; data curation, F.G.H. and A.P.-C.; writing--original draft preparation, F.G.H. and A.P.-C.; writing--review and editing, F.G.H. and A.P.-C.; visualization, F.G.H. ; supervision, F.G.H. ; project administration, F.G.H. ; funding acquisition, F.G.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia [CSISA]: OPP52303) and the Global Rice Science Platform (GRiSP) under the directorship of [PERSON]. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author. **Acknowledgments:** The authors thank [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for assistance during this study, and [PERSON] (Lancaster University) for reading drafts of the manuscript. We thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. The contributions of [PERSON] (sadly deceased) during three decades of entomological research at IRRI are gratefully acknowledged. Rice lines were supplied through the Genebank of IRRI. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. * [PERSON] et al. (1998) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Pesticide productivity, host-plant resistance and productivity in China. _Agric. Econ._**1998**, _19_, 203-217. * [PERSON] et al. (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; et al. Multi-country evidence that crop diversification promotes ecological intensification of agriculture. _Nat. Plants_**2016**, \(2\), 16014. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2019) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Establishing next-generation pest control services in rice fields: Eco-agriculture. _Sci. Rep._**2019**, \(9\), 10180. [CrossRef]
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