# Potential of Onshore Wind Turbine Inertia in Decarbonising the Future Irish Energy System
###### Abstract
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**Author(s)** & **Research Highlights(s)** & **Methodology \& Scenario** & **Result(s)** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [13] & Introduction of a novel mixed linear integer programming formulation considering frequency constraint formulations, quantification of wind generation uncertainty on inertia and application of a 2030 model of the Great Britain power system & Unit commitment and economic dispatch formulation applying a multi-stage scenario tree. Analysis of increasing ROCOF threshold from 0.5 Hz/ up to 0.2 Hz/s. & A ROCOF threshold of 0.2 Hz/s would lead to extremely high operation cost (120\% increase) and wind curtailment (35\% increase) \\ [PERSON] et al. [14] & Enhancement and robustness check electricity generation of the PRIMES-REF scenario for 2030 EU by quantifying variable RES curtailment, levels of interconnect congestion and electricity prices. & Creating unit commitment and dispatch model using PREXOS software, integrating a ROCOF limit of 0.75 Hz/s. & Variable RES congestion increase of 11\% in Ireland, overall transmission congestion during 24\% of the researched time. \\ [PERSON] et al. [15] & Filling the knowledge gap of missing inertia modelling in unit commitment and dispatch models & Mixed integer linear programming model created by PLEXOS optimising for least costs. A system inertia constraint is added to the model for stable grid operations. & Increased dispatch costs by $85 million \\ [PERSON] et al. [16] & Analysing the effect of two different levels of the maximum ROCOF threshold (0.5 Hz/s and 1 Hz/s) on curtailment of variable RES, carbon dioxide emissions and production costs in Europe. & Mixed integer linear programming of a European electricity dispatch system implementing minimum inertia constraints based on ROCOF thresholds. & Increase of generation costs of up to 53.1\%, variable RES curtailment increase of 2.15\% and CO\({}_{2}\) emission increase of 48.9\% for researched system. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 1: Overview of the research highlights, the applied methodology and scenarios, as well as the key results of the reviewed literature. of delivering inertia will see escalating costs, which demonstrates the value of integrating new sources of inertia, like synthetic inertia from wind turbines [...]\" [15]. The purpose of this work is to close this research gap of unit commitment and economic dispatch models not considering SI provided by WTs and thereby overestimating system costs, RES curtailment and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. Therefore, a methodology of a unit commitment and economic inertia dispatch model to represent the all-Island Irish power system is applied. A parameter, which determines the SI provision by WTs is analysed as well as two ROCOF thresholds. The potential of wind inertia is quantified by assessing the total CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, RES curtailment and resulting system costs. Other problems related to the increasing penetration of inverter connected units like reactive support, harmonics or black start capability are not researched as these topics are not primarily related to grid frequency stability. The future Irish power systems is analysed in this work, because the present all-Island Irish power system is already characterised by times of a high shares of frequency inverter connected penetration [17]. Such high penetration times occur due to the fact of Ireland being a island with HVDV grid connection to Great Britain as well as a large number of WTs installed. Thus, feed-in from WTs is already curtailed in times of high frequency converter penetration and low system inertia [17]. The Irish grid operator already has reduced the needed system inertia to a minimum [8], requires generation units to provided a fast reacting frequency response [7] and defines an upper limit for non-synchronous penetration and a maximum ROCOF [8]. The following Section 2 provides an overview of the applied methodology. Section 3 describes scenarios and data of the Irish dispatch model.