esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion  
The study addresses a critical gap in current research by moving beyond subjective judgment in identifying principal control factors of seismic events. By employing a combination of AHP and EWM, the research provides a more objective and quantifiable approach to assess the dynamic risks associated with mining-induced seismicity. By conducting a systematic analysis of the correlation between seismic energy and various source parameters, the study establishes a comprehensive energy index that offers a more accurate and nuanced assessment of seismic hazards compared to traditional methods relying solely on seismic energy. The practical implications of this research are significant for enhancing the safety and operational efficiency of mining activities, particularly in regions prone to high-energy events. The _CEI_, supported by AHP and EWM, can be integrated into existing monitoring systems to improve rockburst prediction and management. This is particularly significant for the management and prevention of rockbursts.  
However, because the energy criterion for hazard determination in this method heavily relies on historical data from the mine site over many years, the criterion must be modified according to the conditions of the mine site when the method is applied to a new location. Additionally, a linear relationship is used to fit the correlation between source parameters and seismic energy, considering the effects of all source parameters. Therefore, the success of this linear fitting also influences the effectiveness of the method's implementation. Moreover, the different source mechanisms of high-energy events result in diverse source  
Figure 11: Results of high-energy seismic events identification of LW7434. (**a**) Hazardous high-energy events based on seismic energy. (**b**) Hazardous high-energy events based on _CEI_. (**c**) Comparison of energy and _CEI_-based hazardous high-energy events identification results. (**d**) Comparison of source parameters for hazardous high-energy events and all seismic events.  
parameter responses [27]. Future studies should focus on a detailed examination of the source mechanisms of various high-energy events and the categorization of precursor event source parameters based on these mechanisms, which will be crucial for further improving the method.
###### Abstract  
Although important, very little has been demonstrated in the literature to experimentally demonstrate the effects of porosities and pore size on the evaporation flux in polymeric membranes. Additionally, we suspect that a batch-mode setup, i.e., stagnant water, could cause a build-up of heat in the system, influencing the evaporation mass-flux mechanism, and jeopardizing the ability to attain a real correlation between evaporation and effects of pore characteristics. Herein, we fabricate polyvinylidene fluoride membranes containing variable amounts of a Fumed Silica additive to achieve membranes with variable properties, and we investigate the change in the performance of the solar-assisted thin-film evaporation utilizing an in-house built continuous flow evaporation setup (to avoid heat build-up effects in the bulk of the water and demonstrate a continuous flow system). Our membrane design approach had two important advantages: (1) the achievement of similar heat transfer and solar absorbance properties and (2) the achievement of variable pore sizes and volume porosities. We show that the mass flux increased as the mean pore size decreased, indicating that the mode of mass transfer occurred due to the thin-film region of the meniscus from the small fluid velocities near the interface, and we attribute the results to the increase in the capillary pumping effects through the mesoporous channels as they get thinner.  
Keywords:nano-transport; evaporation; solar; desalination; membrane +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft. 2019, 9, 3186 doi:10.3390/app9153186
## 2 Related Work
### Wayfinding and Navigation Systems  
Wayfinding and navigation systems are important for improving people's quality of life. A number of applications are used by people on a daily basis to help them in moving across the urban environment and within buildings by providing them with useful information and detecting their position [27]. Outdoor navigation systems use global positioning systems (GPS) to track the location of the user, which are not effective in an indoor environment; therefore, other technologies (such as WiFi, Bluetooth, Beacons or RFID, etc.) are needed to track the location of the user in indoor areas [11; 28].  
A large body of research has been conducted to study navigation in outdoor environments. While outdoor navigation systems have been used extensively and are already represented everywhere, navigation is much less developed in the enclosed space and therefore, indoor navigation systems are still in the early stages of development [6; 7; 29]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] proposed an evaluation framework combining the key aspects of indoor navigation to investigate mobile indoor navigation systems. The study also presents a comparison of current mobile indoor navigation systems based on the proposed framework and concludes that \"indoor navigation systems are still in an early development stage\". [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6] presented an augmented-reality application to assist people with indoor navigation. This research study particularly examined a wearable head-mounted device (Google glass) compared to handheld navigation aid such as a paper map and smartphone, focusing on technical assessment (including reliability and feasibility of the system) and human factors (including navigation time, route memory retention, perceived accuracy, subjective workload, and subjective comfort). The results indicated that the digital navigation aids (both wearable devices and smartphones) were better than the paper map with regard to lower workload and shorter navigation time. However, they were worse in terms of route retention. Moreover, the wearable device was not significantly different from the smartphone based on performance and workload but was perceived to be more accurate.
## 1 Introduction
* We conduct an analysis to compare the results given by the Pix2 Pix and Pix2 PixHD models using various types of inputs, providing critical insights into their respective capabilities. * We investigate how different input types affect the quality of synthesised X-ray images, highlighting the connection between input characteristics and image fidelity. * We train the Pix2 Pix and Pix2 PixHD models using a comprehensive Korean dataset to generate X-ray images, highlighting their adaptability and efficiency. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 examines previous work in the field, concentrating on methodologies and developments relevant to our study. Section 3 details our unique Korean dataset used for the experiments, its composition, and categorization. Section 4 describes our methodology, including the use of the Pix2 Pix and Pix2 PixHD models, and the novel three-channel input technique. Section 5 outlines the experimental setup and presents the results, emphasizing the effectiveness of our approach through a comparative analysis. Finally, Section 6 summarizes our conclusions and proposes future directions for advancing X-ray image synthesis.
## 3 System Design
### Nozzle Installation of Variable Spray System  
The spray amplitude of the plant protection UAV is related to the installation distance of the nozzle. In order to get the theoretical spray size of the variable spray system designed by the project group,  
Figure 8: Velocity curve of the miniature diaphragm pump.  
four standard angle sector nozz (110-015 types, LECHLER Company, Germany) were installed side by side. The spray was gradually sharpened at the edge, and the theoretical spray angle of the nozzle was 110 degrees. The plant protection UAV spray system was dismantled and carried out by spraying with self-designed sprays. According to the basic requirement of the spray nozzle, the installation space of the adjacent sprinkler must be more than 50 cm, and thus a better spraying effect can be obtained when spraying [17; 18]. Therefore, the installation space of the nozzle of the project group was 50 cm. A schematic diagram of the nozzle installation is shown in Figure 9.  
It can be seen from Figure 9 that the equation to calculate the spray width of a single nozzle is:  
\[d=2h\tan\frac{\theta}{2} \tag{2}\]  
where \(d\) is the nozzle spray of the corresponding height in m; \(h\) is the height of the nozzle at the tip of the crop in m; and \(\theta\) is the number of spray angles in \({}^{\circ}\).  
In order to achieve a uniform spraying effect, the complementary spraying range of the nozzle should be 25-30% of the single spraying range [19; 20]. As shown in Figure 9, when the adjacent two nozzles are located in the complementary region, the effective spraying range of the four nozzles is 25% of the single spraying range. The effective pray width of the four nozzles can be expressed as:  
\[D=\frac{11}{2}h\tan\theta \tag{3}\]  
The height of the plant protection UAV is the height of the GPS from the ground. The height of rice, wheat and other crops is about 50 cm. The spray bar designed by the research team was installed on the frame of the drone. The height of the nozzle is about 70 cm away from the GPS. Therefore, when the flying operation height of the drone is about 2 m, regardless of the influence of other external environmental factors, it can be discerned from Equation (3) that the effective spray width of the four nozzles is about 6 m.  
Figure 9: Schematic diagram of nozzle installation. **Note:**\(H\) is the height of the GPS from the top of the crop in me; \(h\) is the height of the nozzle from the top of the crop in m; \(L\) is the installation distance of the adjacent nozzle in m; \(d\) is the spray nozzle of the corresponding height in m; \(M\) is the width of the overlap area of the adjacent nozzles in m; \(K\) is a certain time, with the distance of the drone flight in m; \(D\) is the effective spray width of the drone in m.
# The Use of Radio and Telemedicine by TMAS Centers in
## 3 Results
### Document Selection Flowchart  
Figure 1 provides a PRISMA flow diagram for selected 785 articles among the given searched libraries. A careful review of the title and summary of each study revealed that 358 papers were ineligible; 139 were withdrawn because there were duplicates, and three did not have enough data. In total, 288 studies were screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 253 articles were excluded because they did not satisfy the exclusion and inclusion criteria (n = 94), they were reviews and books (n = 129), due to the unavailability of full text (n = 29), and because they were written in a language other than English (n= 1). Ultimately, 35 papers met the eligibility criteria for the review. Before reaching the final selection, the previously mentioned search words were examined for differences, and when one word was different from others of a similar kind, various thoughts were discussed. By considering NOS criteria, the authors gathered information helpful to the exploration effort by reading all the articles before choosing those that were qualified to be used for the study. Ultimately, nine studies were included in the final review because other studies did not provide the motivation behind the case study presentation, news synopsis, and meta-analysis.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \(N\) & **Databases** & **Document Count** \\ \hline
1. & PubMed (Medline) & 316 \\ \hline
2. & CINAHL & 8 \\ \hline
3. & BMC & 5 \\ \hline
4. & Google Scholar & 456 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Document search count among different databases.
###### Abstract
To solve the multi-objective optimization problem of reverse logistics location, some evolutionary algorithms have been applied, e.g., the ant colony algorithm [13], simulated annealing algorithm [14], particle swarm optimization [15] and the genetic algorithm [16]. In summary, most of the existing research literature starts from cost recovery or benefit recovery and takes the maximum benefit or minimum cost as the objective function. However, economic benefit is only one of the benefits of reverse logistics, and how to use recycling behavior to produce considerable environmental benefits cannot be ignored. It is contrary to the original intention of the circular economy to take economic benefit as a single goal. Thus, it is necessary to take energy consumption or other indicators that can reflect the utilization of resources into consideration and to consider the balance between each indicator and the profit of each objective. In addition, how to efficiently achieve optimal design under multiple factors and objective functions has become a significant research topic and can be regarded as a typical multi-objective optimization problem. This paper formulates a double objective function optimization model of reverse logistics facility location considering the symmetry among the functional objectives of the carbon emissions and benefits. A hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithm that combines a gravitation algorithm and a particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to solve this reverse logistics facility location model. Subsequently, an empirical case of a mobile phone recycling logistics network in Jilin Province is applied to verify the feasibility of the proposed reverse logistics facility location model and the multi-objective optimization method. Analysis and discussion are conducted to monitor the robustness of the results. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces a reverse logistics facility location model with the functional objectives of addressing carbon emissions and the resulting benefits. In Section 3, we develop a hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithm,combining the theories of the gravitation algorithm and the particle swarm optimization algorithm. An empirical case of the mobile phone recycling logistics network in Jilin Province is applied to verify the effectiveness of the model and solution methodology in Section 4. Analysis and discussion are conducted in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions of this paper are drawn in Section 5.
# Principles of Different X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging: A Review
## 2 Methods
### Propagation-Based Imaging  
In 1995, [PERSON] et al. developed a propagation-based X-ray imaging (PBI) method [13]. This method requires only the source, object, and detector and no other equipment, as shown in Figure 14.  
The intensity of the detector can be expressed as follows:  
\[I_{PBI}=M^{-2}I_{0}T(1-\frac{\lambda d}{2\pi}\
abla_{\perp}^{2}\phi), \tag{7}\]  
where \(M=(r+l)/l\) and \(l\) are the magnification factor and source-to-sample distance, respectively. \(I_{0}\) is the intensity of the object. \(T=exp(-\int dz\mu_{obj})\) is the object transmission, where \(\mu\) is the linear attenuation coefficient of the object. \(d=r/M\) is the defocusing distance, and \(\phi\) is the phase shift introduced by the object. The propagation-based imaging (PBI) method provides edge enhancement on the detector [16].  
In 2012, [PERSON] et al. theoretically compared PBI, analyzer-based imaging (also called the DEI method), and grating interferometry (GI). The signal-to-noise ratio, the figure of merit and spatial resolution were evaluated and compared. The results could be used to assess whether a method is suitable for a given application [16]. In 2014, [PERSON] et al. compared PBI and GI methods on cancerous tissue and the entire heart of a mouse experimentally. The results showed that the PBI method had approximately twice the spatial resolution compared to the GI method. However, the GI method yielded a much higher contrast-to-noise ratio than the PBI method [123]. In 2018, [PERSON] et al. obtained in vivo dynamic CT of the lungs in small animals. A spatial resolution of slightly below 50 \(\upmu\)m at imaging rates of 30 Hz was achieved [124]. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. summarized a method to evaluate the capability of a laboratory system for propagation-based imaging in CT mode. The evaluation was based on three criteria: imaging regime, degree of coherency, and lack of geometrical sharpness, which helped determine if a system is suitable for PBI-CT [125]. In the same year, [PERSON] et al. performed breast CT with monochromatic beam with this method at the Elettra synchrotron source. The doses and scan times were clinically acceptable [126].  
This method requires high brightness sources. Therefore, synchrotron sources provide the best results under this method. However, commercial sources can be used owing to the lower coherency requirement compared to interferometry methods [127]. The PBI method requires no instruments other than the X-ray source and the detector. It has been widely used in medicine and biological sciences [128; 129; 130; 131].
## 2 Inverse Analysis Containing to LFWD Test
### Three-Dimensional Numerical Model
#### 2.2.1 Boundary Conditions  
In the current case, the LFWD load is a transient dynamic load with a duration of 40 ms [14]. Meanwhile, the shear wave velocity \(V\)s in the top layer, bottom layer, embankment, and foundation can be approximately determined using the equation (\(V_{s}=\sqrt{\frac{E}{2(1+v)\rho}}\)) as 232.9, 202.4, 196.9, and 150.0 m/s, respectively. Based on the description mentioned above, during the 40 ms period of analysis, a wave will travel approximately 5.6 m away from the load. Therefore, the model is made sufficiently large (18, 20.75, and 16.6 m in the longitudinal (\(y\)), horizontal (\(x\)), and vertical (\(z\)) directions) to ensure that there is insufficient time for the reflected shear waves to return to the part of the model of interest during the analysis period of 40 ms. To this end, the bottom boundaries are restrained (pinned) in the vertical and horizontal directions, and the side boundaries are constrained in the lateral direction only. Moreover, due to half symmetry, the model is established with the symmetrical boundary at the center surface.  
Figure 3: Track model for LFWD inverse analysis.
# Porous Doped Carbons from Anthracite for High-Performance Supercapacitors
###### Abstract  
Carbon-based materials, as some of the most important electrode materials for supercapacitors (SC), have spurred enormous attentions. Now, it is highly desirable but remains an open challenge to design stable and high-capacity carbons for further enhancing supercapacitors function. Here, a facile chemical activation recipe is introduced to develop biomass-derived functional carbons using cheap and abundant natural resources, anthracite, as the heteroatom-rich carbon sources, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as activator. These porous carbons have high BET surface areas of roughly 2814 m\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\), large pore volumes of up to 1.531 cm\({}^{3}\) g\({}^{-1}\), and a high porosity that combines micro- and small-sized mesopores. The optimal nanocarbon features two additional outstanding virtues: an appropriate N-doping level (2.77%) and a uniform pore size distribution in the narrow range of 1-4 nm. Synergy of the above unique structural traits and desirable chemical composition endows resultant samples with the much boosted supercapacity property with remarkable specific capacitance at varied current densities (e.g., 325 F g\({}^{-1}\) at 0.5 A/g), impressive energy/power density, and long cycling stability over 5000 cycles at 10 A g\({}^{-1}\) (92% capacity retention). When constructing the symmetric supercapacitor utilizing a common neutral Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) electrolyte that can strongly circumvent the corrosion effect occurring in the strong acid/alkaline solutions, both an elevated operation voltage at 1.8 V and a fascinating energy density of 23.5 Wh kg\({}^{-1}\) are attained. The current study paves the way to explore the stable, efficient, and high-voltage SC assembled by the anthracite-derived porous doped nanocarbons for a wide spectrum of applications like automobiles, vehicle devices, and so on.  
porous carbon; anthracite; supercapacitor; high energy density; nitrogen; biomass Article
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Algorithm Validation and Comparison  
The WASN and soil moisture sensors were used to collect the corresponding parameters of phytophysiology and root-soil. A total of 900 groups were randomly divided into training groups and test groups at a ratio of 7:3, of which 630 were training groups and 270 were test groups. In order to verify the effectiveness of the feature selection algorithm and the superiority of the FA-ISSA-SVM MC diagnosis model, the following two categories of tests were executed. (1) In part one, the MC detection results of the features selected by the Pearson correlation coefficient method [38] and the features selected by the mRMR method were analyzed and compared, while the subsequent identification adopted the SVM with default configurations in common. (2) In part two, the detection results of the SVM, the genetic algorithm optimized SVM (GA-SVM) [39], the grid search algorithm  
Figure 10: Flowchart of the FA-ISSA-SVM algorithm.  
optimized SVM (GS-SVM) [40], and the improved sparrow algorithm optimized SVM (FA-ISSA-SVM) [41] were analyzed. The feature vectors used for training are uniformly based on the selected results of the mRMR.  
In both tests, recognition accuracy and the Kappa coefficient were used as the evaluation indexes. The accuracy rate refers to the proportion of correctly classified samples to the total test samples. The Kappa coefficient represents the proportion of classification error reduction in the classification result of the algorithm compared with the completely random classification result, and its value is between \(-1\) and \(1\). The larger the value is, the better the ranking effect will be.