# Risk Assessment of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in China Based on Hazard Risk Theory
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Comprehensive Risk Analysis and Assessment of Tropical Cyclone Hazards  
Tropical cyclone hazard risk is the result of the combined effects of the hazard susceptibility for various regions and the sensitivity of natural carriers, as well as other factors. Its assessment involves calculating the comprehensive risk score using the influence degree of each indicator and the weighted ranking results, according to the comprehensive risk model (Equation (10)) for tropical cyclone hazards. For ease of statistical analysis, the scoring results were multiplied by 100 and displayed accordingly. Subsequently, the risk levels were classified using a natural break method in ArcGIS, as shown in Table 6. Then, a color gradient scheme was applied to represent the risk levels across different categories for the comprehensive assessment of tropical cyclone hazard risks in various regions of China, as depicted in Figure 9.  
Based on the evaluation results shown in Figure 9 and the weights of various indicators in Table 2, it can be observed that the comprehensive risk assessment of tropical cyclone hazards was based on the hazard susceptibility, given its significant impact weight. Coastal cities such as Haikou, Zhanjiang, Xiamen, Beihai, and Taizhou in provinces like Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang exhibited the highest level of comprehensive risk for tropical cyclones. In addition, areas beyond the coastal cities in Fujian, Guangdong, and Zhejiang, as well as central-eastern Hainan, southeastern Guangxi, central-eastern Jiangxi, eastern Jiangsu, and the Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong, presented a high risk \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Level** & **Low** & **Relatively Low** & **Moderate** & **Relatively High** & **High** \\ \hline Scoring range (\(\times 100\)) & CRTY \(\leq 17.24\) & 17.24 \(<\) CRTY \(\leq 34.65\) & 34.65 \(<\) CRTY \(\leq 51.28\) & 51.28 \(<\) CRTY \(\leq 68.17\) & 68.17 \(<\) CRTY \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comprehensive risk score of tropical cyclone hazard. Figure 9: Integrated risk classification of tropical cyclone hazard. under the combined effects of hazard susceptibility and sensitivity. The majority of these areas, being situated on plains with relatively low vegetation coverage, experience elevated risks. Regions such as western Jilin and western Heilongjiang, central Liaoning, eastern Hubei, central-eastern Henan, western Shandong, Cangzhou in Hebei, and parts of Tianjin demonstrated moderate risk levels. Although the northeastern provinces of China are less affected by tropical cyclones, they experience frequent strong winds due to the strong influence of the East Asian monsoon and the Mongolian cyclone [35]. Therefore, they fall into the moderate risk category. In terms of risk distribution characteristics, the results of the comprehensive risk assessment for tropical cyclone hazards demonstrated a decreasing trend from south to north and from east to west. On a large scale, the southeastern regions of China remain at high risk for tropical cyclone occurrences, necessitating a continued focus on hazard prevention efforts in key provinces and cities. While the central regions of China are at a lower risk of tropical cyclone impact, the analysis of tropical cyclone paths indicated a gradual northward and northeastward shift since 1980, leading to an increase in the number of tropical cyclones affecting eastern and southeastern China [36]. For instance, the impacts of Typhoon \"Fengshen\" in Jiaonan, Shandong in 2002, and Typhoon \"Lekima\" crossing the Shandong Peninsula in 2019 have intensified. The influence of tropical cyclones on northern and inland cities of China has been gradually increasing, primarily manifested during the weakening and dissipation phases of tropical cyclones, resulting in intense rainfall hazards.