## 5 Implementation of LDPs with the WFE Nexus in the Mid-Latitude Region  
The overarching environmental sustainability status in time and on national scales can be viewed from the perspectives of degradation, restoration and sustainability phases. Through LDPs, it is clear that forest stock, forest area and economic changes can indicate the environmental sustainability status of a country. Previous literature has provided the basis for the LDPs approach through empirical evidence comparing forest changes with economic drivers, as well as FT and EKC theories [33; 34; 59]. In particular, studies that considered forest stock change as a restoration process and national restored capacity quantitatively described relationships between forest changes and national economic size [60]. Nonetheless, LDPs could be improved by considering other land cover or ecosystem status. Distributions of forest cover vary due to more general global land cover changes from vegetated parts of East Asia and the Mediterranean to desert parts of Central Asia and arid and semi-arid regions \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Indices (Year)** & **Degradation** & **Restoration** & **Sustainability** & **Source** \\ \hline TWW (2007) & 713.85 & 479.36 & 547.69 & FAO, 2016 \\ TWW (2012) & 1322.81 & 383.64 & 508.62 & FAO, 2016 \\ TRWR (2002) & 29,274.82 & 19,041.87 & 22,972.90 & FAO, 2016 \\ TRWR (2007) & 27,712.10 & 17,619.84 & 20,937.94 & FAO, 2016 \\ TWW/TRWR \(\times\) 100 (2007) & 2.58 & 2.72 & 2.62 & FAO, 2016 \\ TWW/TRWR \(\times\) 100 (2012) & 5.13 & 2.34 & 2.65 & FAO, 2016 \\ GHI (2008) & 20.97 & 22.04 & 23.39 & IFPRI, 2017 \\ GHI (2016) & 17.84 & 18.50 & 21.63 & IFPRI, 2017 \\ FPI (2007) & 105.44 & 103.25 & 102.46 & World Bank, 2017 \\ FPI (2012) & 115.96 & 118.54 & 111.45 & World Bank, 2017 \\ Biodiversity Conservation (2010) & 1998.51 & 4443.94 & 3231.39 & FAO, 2017 \\ Protected Forest Area (2010) & 1856.10 & 7753.06 & 3088.32 & FAO, 2017 \\ CCFI (2008) & 51.11 & 50.85 & 52.21 & Germanwatch, 2007 \\ CCFI (2012) & 51.96 & 55.32 & 55.77 & Germanwatch, 2011 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Water-food-ecosystem indices classified into LDPs based on forest stock. IFPRI, International Food Policy Research Institute. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Indices (Year)** & **Degradation** & **Restoration** & **Sustainability** & **Source** \\ \hline TWW (2007) & 510.13 & 571.63 & 691.53 & FAO, 2016 \\ TWW (2012) & 450.14 & 789.23 & 607.45 & FAO, 2016 \\ TRWR (2007) & 23,889.85 & 23,855.83 & 12,063.90 & FAO, 2016 \\ TRWR (2012) & 21,795.38 & 22,600.55 & 11,565.08 & FAO, 2016 \\ TWW/TRWR \(\times\) 100 (2007) & 2.14 & 2.34 & 5.73 & FAO, 2016 \\ TWW/TRWR \(\times\) 100 (2012) & 2.07 & 3.49 & 5.25 & FAO, 2016 \\ GHI (2008) & 25.53 & 13.22 & 7.17 & IFPRI, 2017 \\ GHI (2016) & 21.40 & 11.47 & 6.80 & IFPRI, 2017 \\ FPI (2007) & 105.42 & 102.16 & 100.15 & World Bank, 2017 \\ FPI (2012) & 120.40 & 112.36 & 104.47 & World Bank, 2017 \\ Biodiversity Conservation (2010) & 1900.28 & 3749.67 & 7087.29 & FAO, 2017 \\ Protected Forest Area (2010) & 2045.21 & 8332.06 & 4854.10 & FAO, 2017 \\ CCFI (2008) & 49.87 & 53.30 & 49.94 & Germanwatch, 2007 \\ CCFI (2012) & 47.60 & 56.37 & 54.43 & Germanwatch, 2011 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Water-food-ecosystem indices classified into LDPs based on forest area and GDP change. in Central Asia [61]. Therefore, additional details would substantially improve on the suggested conceptual approaches. However, current statistical and spatial data availability limits the analysis. Therefore, obtaining spatio-temporally different national data that describe ecosystem change is important for further analyzing land classification. For example, the resolution of the forest stock data should be improved to provide better national-scale analysis at the appropriate time scale. Therefore, future research should focus on improving data for LDPs and solving the theoretical challenges to set the standard for socio-economic thresholds for classifying LDPs.