esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Core Microbiota Promotes the Development of Dental Caries
## 3 Results  
S. mutans Was Promoted by Core Microbiota and the Core + S. Mutans Biofilm Showed Increased Acidogenic Ability  
To have a better consistency of the ECC plaque composition, we developed the core biofilm with an even amount of the selected four genus as well as the Core + _S. mutans_ biofilm with 50% of the core microbiota and 50% of the _Streptococcus mutans_. qPCR was used for the analysis of biofilm composition. In the Core group, _V. parvala_ was the most dominated species within the biofilm (69.85%, 69.87%, and 66.99%), followed by _L. wadei_ (14.24%, 15.59%, and 13.77%), _P. denticola_ (11.31%, 12.38%, and 17.36%), and _F. nucleatum_ (2.44%, 1.53%, and 1.22%) (Figure 1a). In the Core + _S. mutans_ biofilm, _S. mutans_ counted for 51.16%, 54.63%, and 63.86% at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h separately, followed by _V. parvala_ (28.53%, 29.59%, and 19.96%); _L. wadei_ (16.27%, 9.51%, and 4.75%); _P. denticola_ (2.74%, 4.87%, and 7.45%), and _F. nucleatum_ (1.30%, 1.40%, and 2.51%) (Figure 1b). In order to detect the influence of the core microbiota on the growth of _S. mutans_, we measured the count of _S. mutans_ in the _S. mutans_ group and in the Core + _S. mutans_ group. _S. mutans_ was promoted by the core microbiota and demonstrated a 3.41, 5.17, and 14.63 times increase in CFU counting at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h compared to single _S. mutans_ biofilm (_p_ < 0.05) (Figure 1c,d). The pH of the culture medium measured during the experiments was taken as an indirect indicator of the biofilm acidogenicity. We found that the pH of all three groups was under 5, which can serve as the biological initiation of the enamel demineralization. The Core + _S. mutans_ group showed the lowest pH at all time points (_p_ > 0.05), followed by the _S. mutans_ group and the Core group (_p_ < 0.05) (Figure 1e).  
Figure 1: Composition of the biofilm and biofilm pH monitoring. (**a**) Composition of the core biofilm at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. (**b**) Composition of the Core + _S. mutans_ biofilm at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. (**c**) _S. mutans_ counting of the Core + _S. mutans_ biofilm and _S. mutans_ biofilm at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h (n = 3). (**d**) Ratio of _S. mutans_ in Core + _S. mutans_/_S. mutans_. (**e**) Medium pH of the biofilms at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h (n = 3). Data are expressed as means \(\pm\) standard errors. * \(p\) < 0.05; ** \(p\) < 0.01.
## 5 Discussion and Implications
### More Emphasis on Dark Net and Legal Implications  
We noted that though our research and focus was on the Dark Net, most of the papers (98) focus on Tor or other gateway browsers or software, despite our best efforts. This is, of course, critical for this research. However, no paper focuses on the content of the Dark Net, Usage Statistics, or the type of user interactions. Thus, the emphasis on the Dark Net is essential, which is either left unexplored or little is known in the field. We acknowledge that given the type of data transactions, it is difficult to conduct the research; however, it is critical to understand the transactions done before protecting the user data. The more we know about it, the better it will be for the researchers to provide tools that protect users' privacy through anonymization and prevent data leaks when any interaction occurs through Dark Net.  
Another benefit of focusing our research on the Dark Net will be to investigate the legal perspective. Much past research focuses on methods to track and gather evidence regarding specific criminal activities such as illegal trading of drugs and goods, illicit use of cryptocurrency, and other illegal activities [233, 213]. However, there is little to no knowledge of the legal implications of regular Dark Net usage and interaction. This is especially concerning because of the heavy government surveillance and monitoring of these sites and that users are unaware of who they might be interacting with while on this sites [234]. In their paper, [PERSON] et al. describe many precautions taken by the researchers before accessing the Tor websites to protect themselves from both law enforcement and the threat actors. This includes removing both microphone and webcam drivers from the machine, taping the webcam even after they have removed the drivers, using their VPN network, and completely removing all Personally Identifiable Information from the device [235]. However, an average internet user using the Dark Net to keep their activities private might not take these precautions and might get into trouble if they access fake sites created by law enforcement to trap criminals or fall prey to illegal trade chains. Thus, given this exciting take on the legal perspective, it is critical to explore this area to help the users prevent malicious interactions.  
In summary, we propose that the larger research community explore more diverse avenues in the Dark Net research through this SOK. As pointed out above, we have highlighted four essential aspects of research that need to be studied in the future to gain a better understanding of Dark Net use. The benefits of outlining the research gaps are obvious; studying these less-explored topics will help the researchers and the overall user community understand the privacy and security risks of Dark Net use. Furthermore, this awareness will aid users from all walks to interact with this medium more carefully. The only drawback of studying these highlighted issues is that such studies might require more resources.
# Near-Surface and High-Resolution Satellite Time Series for Detecting Crop Phenology
## 3 Results
### Concordance between Near-Surface Phenology and Visual Assessment
Comparable EOS-based agreement results were also found in the separate analysis for corn (RMSE around 6 days, bias around 2 days and R square about 0.8) and soybean (RMSE around 5 days, bias around 3 days and R square about 0.83). Those agreement results indicated that visually assessed timing of crops entering the maturity stages with 50% of leaves turning yellow could be approximated by the EOS measures, regardless of crop species considered in this study. Both the collective and separate analysis of corn and soybean sites further showed that the CUR-based Dormancy and Gu-based RD measures were more than two weeks delayed in connecting with crop maturity phenological status. These two measures tended to approach the harvest stage of crops, such as those shown in the 2017 corn site in the University of Illinois Energy Farm (Figure 4). Figure 7: The comparisons between the PhenoCam GCC-based transition date estimates of the greenness falling period and the visually observed maturity for (**a**) both corn and soybean, (**b**) corn, and (**c**) soybean, using the four phenophase analysis methods. The collection of agricultural site observations of the PhenoCam network facilitated the understanding of how to crop phenological metrics retrieved from camera canopy-level GCC dynamics related to visually observed phenological events from the same camera photos. The nature and magnitude of covariation between near-surface phenology and visual assessment across sites and years depended on the characteristics of retrieved phenological metrics, with crop emergence more approximated by CUR-based Greenup and Gu-based UD estimates, and crop maturity by TRS- and DER-based EOS estimates (Table 2).
# Optimized One-Click Development for Topology- Optimized Structures +
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Testing and Validation  
The rocker in Figure 9 was used for the testing and validation of the method. Therefore, the initial design space was the reference model, and three various TO configurations were selected. This led to four configurations that were printed in total. The initial design space of the rocker was elected as the reference configuration (Reference). The TO configurations were as follows: an optimized part without the consideration of manufacturing conflicts and manually redesigned (redesigned); an optimized part without consideration of manufacturing conflicts and smoothed (Smoothed); and an optimized part with the consideration of manufacturing conflicts and smoothed (MaSmo). All TO runs had a volume constraint of 75% of the initial design space.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Force Component** & **Value in N** \\ \hline \(F_{D,x}^{\rightarrow}\) & 455 \\ \(F_{D,y}^{\rightarrow}\) & \(-750\) \\ \(F_{p,x}^{\rightarrow}\) & 2960 \\ \(F_{p,y}\) & 2770 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Force components for the chosen topology optimization (TO) problem. The values are based on the measurements of a formula student racecar [47].  
Figure 9: Initial design space of the rocker chosen for TO and AM with its related forces.  
All parts were manufactured using the Markforged MarkTwo (Markforged Inc., Boston, MA, USA) and Onyx [48] as material for all specimens. For each configuration, ten specimens were printed. The parts were printed with a triangular infill of 37%, 4 roof-, 4 floor- and 2 wall-layers, which were the default settings in the used preprocessing software Eiger (Markforged Inc., Boston, MA, USA). For the MaSmo Configuration, the stacking direction was in alignment with the manufacturing direction (\(z\) axis in Figure 9).  
The testing was done on a universal testing machine, where the parts were clamped as shown in Figure 10 and uniaxial stressed. The traverse speed during all experiments is 50 mm per minute.  
The chosen experimental set-up deviates from the most relevant loads shown in Figure 9. This is because parts were optimized according to the most common loads and boundary conditions in use, but the part also had to withstand several other types of load settings that were not considered in TO. Therefore, the chosen boundary conditions and loading of this set-up reflect a critical load-case when the wheel was blocked, which is one example of an additional load case to be considered during the part's design.  
For the evaluation, the manufacturability of the design proposals, the printing time, and the parts' actual target volume were discussed. In evaluating the mechanical performance, the parts were investigated regarding their maximum forces, displacements, and stiffness at maximum stress.
# Optical Link Design for Quantum Key Distribution-Integrated Optical Access Networks
## 2 High-Speed PON  
To successfully integrate QKD into PONs, a comprehensive understanding of PON architectures and their operational constraints is essential. As data rates of PON systems have increased in recent years, the launched power has also been increased to meet the power budget requirements. This has led to an increase in Raman scattering and four-wave mixing (FWM), which has, in turn, degraded the QKD signal quality. It is imperative for researchers in QKD to recognize that the launched power of PON signals cannot simply be reduced to accommodate QKD transmission requirements. To provide a clear understanding of these challenges, this chapter reviews high-speed PON technologies in detail.
# Adaptive Polling Medium Access Control Protocol for Optic Wireless Networks
## 5 Experimental Setup and Numerical Results
### Average System Utilization versus Network Size and Normalized Throughput  
Furthermore, Figure 6(a) shows average system utilization against network size where the system utilization decreases with respect to increase in network size. The significant decrease in utilization was caused by time taken by VLNs for resources arbitration. Figure 6(b) presents numerical results considering average system utilization against normalized throughput. Numerical results in this case show that utilization and throughput are direct proportional. Moreover, our protocol records between 90% and 99% system utilization in both case because of the non-contention approach.
###### Abstract
Nevertheless, ADTH is only designed for tropical cyclone systems observed from S-band radar stations, and is prone to failure with data from C-band radars because of the smaller Nyquist interval common in C-band radars. In NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) radar data assimilation, it is often inevitable that one will have to deal with a variety of radars automatically in a given domain and a variety of weather phenomena. Different to these existing algorithms, our goal in the current study is to develop a common use algorithm for the purpose of data assimilation which can not only deal with different band radar data, but also exhibit a good performance for different radar networks and different weather processes. In this paper, we enhance the dealiasing schemes of HE2012 and HE2019 and rename the improved algorithm--automated dealiasing for data assimilation (ADDA). The former was done by implementing a number of new techniques with the aim of developing a robust and fully automated radar velocity dealiasing algorithm for real-time radar data assimilation. ADDA is tested with radar radial observation from different networks, including CINRAD (both S-band and C-band), NEXRAD, and the Taiwan radar network, to examine its robustness. These radar systems have different scanning strategies and error characteristics, which subject ADDA to a more generalized test. To examine the scheme under different weather conditions, our selected test cases included typhoons, hurricanes, squall lines, and localized heavy rains. In addition, we ran ADDA continuously for more than 12 h for each chosen cases to assess the algorithm's stability for testing large sets of radar radial data and to receive statistical verification. The same data from all tested cases was run through both the ADDA and CIDA algorithm to quantify the improvement of the new ADDA algorithm over the CIDA algorithm in Section 3 of this paper. The new ADDA scheme characterized in this paper contains four new advancements. First, the promoted multi-pass radial velocity dealiasing scheme was combined with passes along both the radial direction and azimuthal direction. Second, the process of choosing the first radial scheme with added winds was approximated from the radial velocity information as an additive restriction. Third, it included the addition of a scheme to identify and preserve the large, but correct, shear regions associated with real weather phenomena. Last, a developed least-square error check scheme was used to apply localized dealiasing. The rest of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 depicts detailed information on the different modules in the improved dealiasing scheme, with an emphasis on the recent refinements; Section 3 describes the radial velocity dealiasing results of seven severe weather cases observed by different types of radar systems from different radar networks and the analysis of the statistical dealiasing results; Section 4 summarizes with a brief conclusion.
# Performance of Tilting Pad Journal Bearings with the Same Sommerfeld Number
## 3 Simulation Results and Discussions
### Simulation Model
Table 4 lists three sets of running conditions with increasing rotating speed (500 rpm, 1000 rpm, 3600 rpm), but for fixed unit load; hence, the Sommerfeld number increases with rotating speed. The current analysis assumes laminar flow condition to reduce the variables in the analysis and thus focusing on the geometrical difference of bearing affecting the bearing performance. Figure 3(a) shows the cross-section view of the 3D TPJB along the axial direction used for FE analysis. The FE analysis considers the thermal variation along the axial/circumferential directions. The estimation of the film thickness is a critical step to solve the Reynolds equation (see Figure 2). There are four elements radially and 18 elements circumferentially for each pad. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Running Condition** & **1** & **2** & **3** \\ \hline \hline Rotor spin speed (rpm) & 500 & 1000 & 3600 \\ Sommerfeld Number & 0.065 & 0.129 & 0.466 \\ Unit Load & 1.41 & 1.41 & 1.41 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Running conditions. Figure 4: Tilting pad journal bearing configuration with cylindrical pivot. Figure 4 depicts the five-pad (LBP) TPJB and its X and Y coordinates. The rotor spins counterclockwise and the bearing load is applied at 270\({}^{\circ}\) away from X-axis. Figure 4 shows the pivot diameter (\(D_{p}\)) and housing diameter (\(D_{h}\)) which are considered for the evaluation of the pivot stiffness and the resultant elastic pivot deformation. The pivot stiffness is calculated based on the Hertzian contact theory. Figure 4 shows the side view of the pivot contact area. In this research, the pivot axial length (\(L_{p}\)) is identical to the pad axial length.
## 2 Antenna Design  
### Antenna Configuration  
Figure 1 illustrates the structure of the proposed broadband CP filtering ME dipole antenna. It comprises a pair of crossed metallic ME dipoles, a pair of inverted-L-shaped shorted metallic plates, and a bottom dielectric substrate. The pair of crossed ME dipoles are oriented along the \(\pm 45^{\circ}\) directions. The ME dipole aligned at \(-45^{\circ}\) is connected via a phase delay line; this configuration is employed to generate CP radiation. To enhance the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth, a pair of inverted-L-shaped shorted metallic plates are placed perpendicular to the ground plane along the \(-45^{\circ}\) direction relative to the ME dipoles. As depicted in Figure 1b,c, the bottom dielectric substrate (FR4) has a metallic ground plane printed on its top surface and a microstrip feed line printed on its bottom surface. By introducing grid slots etched into the metallic ground plane and loading a pair of open-circuited stubs onto the microstrip feed line, two specific radiation nulls are generated in the upper stopband. Combined with the inherent radiation null naturally produced by the antenna structure itself in the lower stopband, this design achieves a good bandpass filtering response. Crucially, this filtering functionality is realized without incorporating any additional external filtering circuits and without altering the fundamental antenna geometry. Based on this structure, a broadband CP ME dipole antenna exhibiting integrated bandpass filtering radiation performance has been achieved.  
Figure 1: _Cont._
# The Role of AI-Based Chatbots in Public Health Emergencies: A Narrative Review
###### Abstract  
The rapid emergence of infectious disease outbreaks has underscored the urgent need for effective communication tools to manage public health crises. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based chatbots have become increasingly important in these situations, serving as critical resources to provide immediate and reliable information. This review examines the role of AI-based chatbots in public health emergencies, particularly during infectious disease outbreaks. By providing real-time responses to public inquiries, these chatbots help disseminate accurate information, correct misinformation, and reduce public anxiety. Furthermore, AI chatbots play a vital role in supporting healthcare systems by triaging inquiries, offering guidance on symptoms and preventive measures, and directing users to appropriate health services. This not only enhances public access to critical information but also helps alleviate the workload of healthcare professionals, allowing them to focus on more complex tasks. However, the implementation of AI-based chatbots is not without challenges. Issues such as the accuracy of information, user trust, and ethical considerations regarding data privacy are critical factors that need to be addressed to optimize their effectiveness. Additionally, the adaptability of these chatbots to rapidly evolving health scenarios is essential for their sustained relevance. Despite these challenges, the potential of AI-driven chatbots to transform public health communication during emergencies is significant. This review highlights the importance of continuous development and the integration of AI chatbots into public health strategies to enhance preparedness and response efforts during infectious disease outbreaks. Their role in providing accessible, accurate, and timely information makes them indispensable tools in modern public health emergency management.  
artificial intelligence; disease surveillance; ChatGPT; misinformation; COVID-19; health communication; machine learning; statistical analysis; natural language processing +
Footnote †: journal: Future Internet
## 2 Material and Methods
### Data Sources  
The daily meteorological data of seven meteorological stations around the Altay Mountains (Altay Meteorological Bureau, Burgin County Meteorological Bureau, Habahe County Meteorological Bureau, Jimunai County Meteorological Bureau, Fuhai County Meteorological Bureau, Fuyun County Meteorological Bureau, Qinghe County Meteorological Bureau) from 2000 to 2017 were obtained from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service Network ([[http://data.cma.gov.cn/](http://data.cma.gov.cn/)]([http://data.cma.gov.cn/](http://data.cma.gov.cn/)), 12 October 2018), and the meteorological data were strictly controlled to maintain the accuracy of the research results. To ensure the accuracy of meteorological data, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method was used to interpolate the site data of the meteorological data. The selected meteorological stations were evenly distributed in the whole study area. The daily average temperature and precipitation data were used to reveal the relationship between meteorological factors and vegetation GPP. The NDVI (Normalized Differentiated Vegetation Index) data used in this paper were the MODIS MOD13Q1 products, with a spatial resolution of 250 m and a time series from January 2000 to December 2017. First, the obtained remote sensing data were preprocessed by data format conversion, mosaic, projection conversion and study area extraction. Further, in order to reduce the impact of noise information on the data, Savitzky Golay filtering [36] and MVC synthesis processing [37] were also performed on the NDVI data to obtain annual NDVI data representing the best condition of vegetation growth. Savitzky Golay filtering was used in this study because of its analytical and computational simplicity, and good smoothing capabilities. The MVC (Maximum Value Composite) is similar to that used in the AVHRR-NDVI product, whereby the pixel observation with the highest NDVI value is selected to represent the entire period. The MOD13Q1 data used in this study were provided every 16 days at a 250 m spatial resolution as a gridded level 3 product. Furthermore, the vegetation indices were used for the global monitoring of vegetation conditions and were used for displaying the land cover changes. These data can be used for characterizing the biophysical properties of land surface, including primary production and land cover conversion [36; 37].