# Best-Suited Communication Technology for Maritime Signaling Facilities: A Literature Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
### State of Communication Technologies  
Through the analysis of all 29 scientific papers, it was determined that a total of 10 communication technologies were used for data transmission from remote locations. These technologies include AIS (technology that enables the automatic identification and tracking of ships in real-time via VHF radio waves), LoRa WAN (wireless communication technology that allows the long-range, low-power connectivity of devices in IoT networks), GPRS (2.5G mobile technology that enables data transmission over mobile networks), NB-IoT (mobile technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) that utilizes mobile networks with long-range, low-power consumption, and supports a large number of devices in urban areas), GSM (globally adopted standard for mobile telephony, enabling voice services, SMS messaging, and low-speed data transfer), LTE (4G mobile technology that provides high-speed data \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Tech.** & **Ref.** & **Conclusion** \\ \hline
15. & [49] & The LTE technology is being used, and a data transmission range of 100 km was achieved. \\ \hline
16. & [50] & GPRS technology is used and highlighted for its low cost, high data transmission speed, stability, and widespread availability. It is also mentioned that the range is not limited, unlike some traditional communication methods. Furthermore, the maintenance costs are relatively low. \\ \hline
17. & [51] & GPRS is used with low costs, high data transmission speed, and an “always-on” option. \\ \hline
18. & [52] & GPRS is used for bidirectional communication, but the specific range is not mentioned. \\ \hline
19. & [53] & GPRS is being used, and hardware has been developed for the project. However, the specific range or distance the GPRS communication covers is not mentioned. \\ \hline
20. & [54] & GPRS is being used, and LoRa and GPRS are mentioned as the alternative and sustainable methods for data transmission. The achieved range is 35 km, depending on the operator’s base stations’ configuration at each location. \\ \hline
21. & [55] & NB-IoT is used in combination with ZigBee. If NB-IoT is unavailable, the devices can connect and transfer data using the ZigBee network, effectively using ZigBee as a backup or alternative to NB-IoT. \\ \hline
22. & [56] & Two technologies are being used, namely LoRa WAN and NB-IoT, and a comparison has been conducted. LoRa WAN has advantages in terms of battery life and cost, while NB-IoT excels in latency, availability, and range. The maximum range of LoRa WAN is 15 km, while NB-IoT has a range of 35 km. \\ \hline
23. & [57] & Hybrid technology using 3G/VHF is utilized at very low costs and in a satisfactory range. The specific range is not explicitly mentioned. \\ \hline
24. & [24] & The MaxStream radio modem is being used at a frequency of 900 MHz for a pilot project, and a range of 1 km was achieved. \\ \hline
25. & [58] & GSM (SMS) technology is used for communication, emphasizing low costs and highlighting data security through this method. Additionally, the possibility of using GPRS for faster data transmission is mentioned. However, a specific range is not provided. \\ \hline
26. & [59] & The topic is generally related to data transmission. Alongside GSM, other communication technologies are mentioned, which could lead to the conclusion that the scope of the paper is too broad. However, the paper is still being analyzed. \\ \hline
27. & [60] & GSM is used as a reliable method; the significance of the range is not emphasized, nor has it been measured. \\ \hline
28. & [61] & GSM is used as a reliable method; the significance of the range is not emphasized, nor has it been measured. \\ \hline
29. & [62] & ZigBee is being used, and a range of 430 m was achieved. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}