# Bearing Behavior of Cold-Formed Thick-Walled Steel Plates with a Single Bolt
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper has presented the results of a comprehensive experimental and analytical study to investigate the bearing behavior of cold-formed thick-walled steel plates connected \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Bearing Resistance (kN)**} \\ \cline{4-7}
**Specimen** & \(\mathbf{e_{1}}\)/\(d_{0}\) & \(\mathbf{e_{2}}\)/\(d_{0}\) & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Prediction**} \\ \cline{4-7}  & & & & **ANSI** & **ANSI-Modified** & **EC** \\ \hline D6.0-1.0-3.0 & 1.0 & 3.0 & 74.2 & 48.9 & 58.7 & 50.2 \\ D6.0-1.2-3.0 & 1.2 & 3.0 & 82.7 & 68.5 & 74.3 & 60.2 \\ D6.0-1.5-3.0 & 1.5 & 3.0 & 102.0 & 97.8 & 97.8 & 75.2 \\ D6.0-2.0-3.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 137.0 & 146.7 & 136.9 & 100.3 \\ D6.0-2.5-3.0 & 2.5 & 3.0 & 149.5 & 180.6 & 176.1 & 125.4 \\ D6.0-1.5-1.0 & 1.5 & 1.0 & 71.5 & 65.2 & 65.2 & 33.1 \\ D6.0-1.5-1.2 & 1.5 & 1.2 & 94.5 & 91.3 & 91.3 & 50.0 \\ D6.0-1.5-1.5 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 104.0 & 97.8 & 97.8 & 75.2 \\ D6.0-1.5-2.0 & 1.5 & 2.0 & 102.0 & 97.8 & 97.8 & 75.2 \\ D10.0-1.0-3.0 & 1.0 & 3.0 & 127.7 & 88.7 & 106.5 & 91.0 \\ D10.0-1.2-3.0 & 1.2 & 3.0 & 153.7 & 124.2 & 134.9 & 109.2 \\ D10.0-1.5-3.0 & 1.5 & 3.0 & 186.2 & 177.5 & 177.5 & 136.5 \\ D10.0-2.0-3.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 247.7 & 266.2 & 248.4 & 182.0 \\ D10.0-2.5-3.0 & 2.5 & 3.0 & 286.2 & 327.6 & 319.4 & 227.5 \\ D10.0-1.5-1.0 & 1.5 & 1.0 & 130.7 & 118.3 & 118.3 & 60.1 \\ D10.0-1.5-1.2 & 1.5 & 1.2 & 154.2 & 165.6 & 165.6 & 90.6 \\ D10.0-1.5-1.5 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 176.7 & 177.5 & 177.5 & 136.5 \\ D10.0-1.5-2.0 & 1.5 & 2.0 & 182.2 & 177.5 & 177.5 & 136.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparison of failure modes of test results and predictions. Figure 13: Comparison of measured and predicted bearing resistance. with a single bolt. The effects of the end distance, edge distance, and plate thickness on the failure modes and bearing resistance were investigated. The measured bearing resistance was compared with that calculated by (modified) ANSI/AISC 360-22 and EN1993-1-8. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. The bearing behavior of the specimens with 6 mm steel plates was similar to that with 10 mm steel plates. Shear-out and net-section fractures were the main failure modes in our test. Being different from the observations of the hot-rolled steel specimens, a fracture occurred on the shear planes of the thick-walled steel specimens because of the reduced ductility caused by the cold forming process. 2. The bearing resistance of specimens with a shear-out failure is linearly proportional to the end distance when the end distance is no more than \(2.0d_{0}\). The scale factor between the bearing resistance and the end distance decreases when the end distance is beyond \(2.0d_{0}\) because of the reduced area of shear planes caused by a fracture. In this case, the bearing resistance of the connections will be overestimated if the fracture that caused a reduction in the shear area is ignored, and a reduction factor of 0.85 is recommended based on our test results. 3. The measured failure mode is shear-out for the specimens with end distances of \(2.5d_{0}\), and they are predicted to fail by bearing, according to ANSI/AISC 360-22. The measured failure mode is a net-section fracture for specimens with an edge distance of \(1.0d_{0}\) and \(1.2d_{0}\), and they are predicted to fail by a mixed failure according to the EN1993-1-8. The measured failure modes are exactly the same as those predicted by the modified ANSI/AISC 360-22. Meanwhile, the modified ANSI/AISC code gives the most accurate predictions of the bearing resistance, with an average difference of \(3.7\%\) and a standard deviation of \(9.5\%\). The bearing resistance values predicted by the Eurocode are excessively conservative compared to the measurements, with an average difference of \(31.1\%\) and a standard deviation of \(10.8\%\). Conceptualization, L.W. ; Investigation, L.W. and X.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.