## 1 Introduction  
Energy resources are vital for meeting human needs and enhancing living standards; however, they can also result in significant environmental impacts over time [1]. We are living in a pivotal era that demands urgent action to address environmental and energy challenges on a global scale [2, 3]. The limited availability of energy resources poses major challenges, while excessive consumption exacerbates global warming and environmental issues, such as air pollution, deforestation, ozone layer depletion, and radioactive emissions [4]. The global transition to sustainable energy systems has elevated hydrogen (H\({}_{2}\)) as a leading candidate for a clean energy carrier [5, 6]. Due to its efficiency, high energy density, and zero direct emissions, hydrogen (H\({}_{2}\)) offers a major opportunity to decarbonize energy-intensive sectors, such as power generation, industry, and transportation [7]. Currently, over 50% of the global H\({}_{2}\) is produced via steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas (NG), a process that heavily relies on fossil fuels and emits substantial greenhouse gases [8; 9]. As concerns grow over fossil fuel depletion and climate change, sustainable hydrogen production becomes crucial, with bio-waste from food and agriculture serving as a plentiful and diverse feedstock [10]. Biogas reforming and gasification were selected for comparison among thermochemical hydrogen production methods due to their use of renewable feedstocks, varying energy demands, and differing carbon footprints. Both methods offer sustainable hydrogen production pathways in contrast to fossil fuel-based approaches, such as SMR, ATR, and POX [7]. Gasification and biogas reforming are more commercially viable and scalable than pyrolysis and hydrothermal gasification. Selecting these methods enables a meaningful life cycle assessment (LCA) comparison of environmental impacts, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy efficiency relevant to hydrogen economy planning. However, they differ in feedstock requirements, environmental effects, and process efficiency. While many studies have examined the energy performance of waste-to-hydrogen systems, comprehensive LCA remains limited. [PERSON] et al. (2016) [11] performed an LCA on hydrogen production through biogas reforming, encompassing biogas production, reforming processes, and infrastructure factors. When contrasted with fossil-derived feedstocks, the investigation emphasized that biogas reforming represents a sustainable and environmentally friendly pathway for hydrogen production. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [12] evaluated the life cycle emissions of greenhouse gases associated with hydrogen and biomethane pathways within the European Union. The study showed that hydrogen production via biomass gasification processes can substantially decrease greenhouse gas emissions relative to conventional fossil-fuel-based approaches. [PERSON] et al. (2024) [13] reviewed recent progress in producing biogas and biohydrogen from renewable energy sources, focusing on LCA and environmental impacts. They highlighted that biofuel production from waste materials provides an efficient method for generating renewable energy, simultaneously recycling valuable nutrients and minimizing waste. [PERSON] (2019) [14] conducted an LCA and economic evaluation of a novel membrane reactor designed for hydrogen production from biogas. The findings indicated that the innovative system outperforms reference systems in scenarios where biogas is a limiting factor, attributed to its superior biogas conversion efficiency, which may replace more hydrogen generated from fossil fuels. Biogas, a byproduct of the anaerobic digestion of organic waste, primarily consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). It is typically produced through the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic materials, such as food waste, animal manure, sewage sludge, and crop residues. The AD process is considered beneficial as it utilizes waste streams, thereby reducing the environmental burden of organic waste disposal.