# Raising Awareness of Climate Heritage Resilience and Vulnerability by Playing Serious Video Games
## 4 Materials and Methods  
### Design Methodologies  
The educational video game about climate heritage vulnerability was the second maze game created as a part of the e-CREHA Erasmus+ project [39]. Both the Resilience and Vulnerability games represent 3D educational mazes enriched with various 2D and 3D mini-games that encompass diverse educational tasks [38]. The maze games were designed following the user-centered methodology outlined in [40]. Their game design is based on a formal XML description of the educational maze containing various mini-games that enable automatic game generation using the APOGEE platform [37]. While the learning design of the Resilience game was based on a selection of didactic content from documents suggested by domain specialists, the Vulnerability game design included a closer collaboration between game designers and various specialists by exchanging versions of the XML maze descriptions using shared templates. All authors contributed incrementally and iteratively to create these descriptions and the multimedia resources, which appeared similar for both games, as shown in Table 1.  
Especially for designing the learning objects and the mini-games for the Vulnerability game, the revised Bloom's Taxonomy of learning outcomes was applied [14]. The revised taxonomy builds on the original Bloom's Taxonomy from 1956 [41], which examined cognitive skills and learning behavior. The updated [PERSON]'s taxonomy includes six conceptually different dimensions, representing levels of cognitive learning that are (from bottom to top): remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Similar to the work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [42], who related [PERSON]'s educational objectives with applied game genres, the authors related the levels of cognitive learning to the mini-games existing on the APOGEE platform [38].  
Figure 1 illustrates the relationships between dimensions of the revised Bloom taxonomy and the maze mini-games, which include learning boards inside the maze halls that present information or didactic tasks. Some of the mini-games have two versions, such as \"Rolling balls\", which can involve rolling a ball to a specific object or location on the map, and \"Memory\", which may require matching image to image (Img2 Img) or image to text (Img2 Txt). Table 2 explains the application of the revised Bloom taxonomy in the Vulnerability game design. It offers a non-formal definition of each taxonomy dimension and explanations of their application in the maze game design.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Activity** & **Resilience Game** & **Vulnerability Game** \\ \hline Game design & User-centered design methodology; circular maze with 5 halls & User-centered maze design methodology; circular maze with 5 halls \\ Learning content design & Selection of content from documents suggested by domain specialists; 38 multi-slide learning boards & Active collaboration between game designers and domain specialists using shared templates; 39 multi-slide learning boards \\ Learning objects and mini-games & No framework was applied; 5 types of mini-games with 8 game instances & The revised Bloom’s Taxonomy of learning outcomes was applied; 6 types of mini-games with 9 game instances \\ Formal description design & XML description of 771 lines used for automatic maze generation by the APOGEE platform & XML description of 746 lines used for automatic maze generation by the APOGEE platform \\ Multimedia design & 82 images and 5 audio resources & 75 images and 5 audio resources \\ Distribution design & An online video game accessible through a Web page (limited to workshop participants) & An online video game accessible through a Web page (limited to workshop participants) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Design comparison of the Resilience and Vulnerability games.  
Figure 1: Relationships between dimensions of the revised Bloom taxonomy and the maze mini-games.