esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Measured Magnetic Memory Signal Processing and Analysis  
In order to eliminate the interference of random noise, this time with the help of the double orthogonal wavelet noise elimination method, the processed results are shown in Figure 14. Comparing Figures 13 and 14, it is found that the magnetic signal burr is eliminated after using double orthogonal wavelet noise elimination, which makes positioning using a three-dimensional magnetic modulus gradient more clear and distinct. The above test defects are further locked at 135 mm, 320 mm, and 530 mm, which increases the accuracy of defect judgment.
## 3 Results
### Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) Accumulate in Plasma-Activated Medium  
Several RONS have been identified in liquid media treated with plasma. Since the half-lives of most RONS are in the range of seconds, microseconds, or even nanoseconds, we quantified only the long-lived species from CAP, NO2\({}^{-}\), and H2O2 which represent the final byproducts of redox reactions and are thought to be the major players in killing cancer cells [54].  
According to our data, which can be seen in Figure 4, there is a time-dependent increase in the concentration of peroxides while the concentration of nitrites remains similarly high during the tested exposition times. Our results show that the composition of media being irradiated influences the stability and reactivity of reactive species.  
Figure 4: Accumulation of RONS in different CAP irradiated media. (**a**) Concentration of peroxides in 200 \(\mu\)L of exposed media. (**b**) Concentration of nitrites in 200 \(\mu\)L of exposed media. Results are presented as the mean \(\pm\) SEM of at least three repeated experiments performed in triplicate and normalized for the control of non-irradiated medium. The significance compared is indicated as \({}^{*}p<0.05\), \({}^{**}p<0.01\), and \({}^{***}p<0.005\).  
Figure 3: Optical emission spectrum of a cold atmospheric plasma jet obtained 5 mm away from the nozzle exit, over the range of selected wavelengths from 275 to 450 nm. Emission lines identify the particles and radicals produced.  
Two variables were analyzed, type of media and its supplementation with FBS, since our cell cultures required different growth conditions. The type of culture medium showed no influence in reactive species stability as the concentration of nitrites and peroxides seemed no different in RPMI and DMEM minimally supplemented. However, when supplementation with FBS increases, reactive species behave differently in RPMI medium. As shown in Figure 3, 15% FBS supplemented RPMI displayed the highest concentration of peroxides and the lowest concentration nitrites in any given exposure time.
# Flexural Strength and Stiffness of Donut-Type Voided Slab
## 4 Test Results and Discussion
### Ultimate Flexural Strength of Donut-Type Voided Slab  
The maximum load was investigated to evaluate ultimate flexural strength of donut-type voided slab. All specimens sufficiently satisfied the nominal flexural load of 129.1 kN, as shown in Figure 12 and Table 6. Nominal flexural strength (\(M_{n}\)) could be calculated by Equation (2) based on the strain compatibility method [14]. 'OF-V-S-D' and 'OF-V-M-D' showed an ultimate load of 180.3 kN and 193.4 kN, equivalent to 98% and 105% of that of 'Solid', respectively. 'OF-V-S-R' showed an ultimate load of 135.9 kN, which is much lower than 'Solid'. However, it is meaningless to compare this value, because 'OF-V-S-R' failed with a shear crack before reaching the ultimate flexural load. Based on the test results, it is found that donut-type voided slabs secure the same ultimate flexural strength of solid slabs. In particular, 'OF-V-M-D' showed superior flexural strength to 'Solid' and 'OF-V-S-D', which is inferred to be enabled by the fixing steel cage of the merged-type fixing method. The four add legs of the fixing steel cage were welded to the bottom rebars to fix the void shapers, which had a sectional of 113.2 mm\({}^{2}\) and the reinforcement ratio of 0.007%. It enhances the flexural strength by 9.2 kN-m, and this value is equivalent to 14.4 kN when converted into the flexural load. It is similar to 13.1 kN, which is the difference in the ultimate strength between the two donut-type voided slab specimens with and without fixing the steel cage. This effect of the fixing steel cage is also shown in Figure 14. 'Solid' and 'OF-V-S-D' tolerated 10-15 kN after the yield of the bottom rebar, showing gradual deterioration in stiffness until it deteriorated rapidly at 150 kN. 'OF-V-M-D' tolerated approximately 26 kN after the yield of the bottom rebar, followed by the rapid deterioration in stiffness. It is caused by the legs of the fixing steel cage remaining elastic at the yield of the bottom rebar, as mentioned above. Therefore, it is deduced that the fixing steel cage improves the flexural strength of 'OF-V-M-D'. These results confirm that Equation (2) for the flexural strength of reinforced concrete slabs prescribed in the current design code [14] can be applied to the donut-type voided slabs with the spacer-type fixing method, whereas Equation (3) is appropriate to the calculation of flexure strength of the donut-type voided slabs with the merged-type fixing method, because it takes into consideration the legs of the fixing steel cage. Figure 14: _Cont._
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Cavity Resonator  
To model the milk pasteurizer, an eigenmode solver in CST was used, where the pasteurizer was assumed to be a cavity resonator with an oscillation frequency that varied with different biofilm thicknesses. Hence, the measurable variation in the resonance frequency indicated sensitivity to biofilm buildup. For the simulations, the relative permittivity levels of milk and biofilms were assumed to be 67.5 and 4, respectively, and the lost tangents were assumed to be 0.15 and 0.1, respectively (Table 1). These were used to determine the power dissipation along with conductivity. The data showed two important properties: (1) the permittivity of milk was \(>\)15 times higher than for typical biofilms and (2) the loss tangent was \(>\)1.33 times higher than for typical biofilms.  
Figure 8 shows the 0.750 m \(\times\) 0.17 m \(\times\) 0.32 m rectangular pasteurizer model, where 50 compact fins can be seen inside the casing (Figure 8a). Figure 8b,c show the front view and dimensions of a single fin. The biofilms were modeled on the fin surfaces and inner walls of the case (total surface area \(\approx\) 12.5 m\({}^{2}\)). Figure 8d,e show the case and an expanded view of the fins, respectively. Fins are 1 mm thick and the fin-to-fin gap is 1.5 mm.  
Figure 9 shows the change in resonance frequencies, as calculated by the simulation for different biofilm thicknesses covering the walls and fins. From Figure 9, it can clearly be seen that when there is no biofilm and only milk is present, the resonance frequency is \(\sim\)1.517 GHz. As the biofilm is introduced, the resonant cavity mode is affected, and the frequency shifts from 1.52 GHz to 1.545 GHz as the biofilm thickness on the walls and fins is increased from 1 to 10 \(\upmu\)m at a step size of 1 \(\upmu\)m.  
Figure 8: Simulation model of pasteurizer modeled as a resonant cavity. (**a**) Side view of the rectangular pasteurizer with 50 heating fins in a milk-filled enclosure. (**b**) Front view of 315 mm wide pasteurizer. (**c**) Single fin with dimensions \(\sim\)732 mm \(\times\) 2 mm thick. (**d**) Fins are hidden inside the casing, and (**e**) an exfoliated view of the fins.  
The frequency shift is 24.5 MHz, which is easily measurable. Hence, the resonance frequency shift will provide a diagnostic for biofilm growth in a pasteurizer.
## 1 Introduction
### Research Overview  
This study focuses on the realm of early and precise detection of heart diseases, leveraging the prowess of ML and deep learning algorithms. Operating within the intricate landscape of highly imbalanced datasets drawn from past patient records, our research focuses on achieving heightened accuracy levels in disease prediction.  
Specifically, we explore the efficacy of two oversampling techniques (SMOTE and ADASYN) and two hybrid resampling algorithms (SMOTE-Tomek and SMOTE-ENN) alongside six ML models (logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GB), XGBoost classifier (XGB), and CatBoost) complemented by the application of an ANN.  
The primary contributions of our investigation are given below:  
* Addressing the inherent class imbalance prevalent in real-world medical datasets by implementing a range of resampling methodologies aimed at enhancing model performance.
* Discerning the optimal compatibility between specific classification algorithms and corresponding statistical sampling techniques.
* Enhancing the models' sensitivity to identify positive cases within the imbalanced dataset, notably witnessing a remarkable surge in sensitivity from 4% to an impressive 88% with the utilization of CatBoost.  
Ultimately, this study effectively addresses a noteworthy research gap by thoroughly exploring ML and deep learning models for CVD risk prediction based on personal lifestyle factors on a highly imbalanced dataset. By comparing model performance and resampling methods, identifying influential attributes, and investigating the impact of hyperparametertuning, this study provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals and researchers by transitioning our focus from reactive to proactive healthcare paradigms; we aspire to catalyze a transformative shift in healthcare dynamics.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Phenology-Aware Module (PAM) Module
#### 3.3.2 Multi-Scale Phenology Perception  
After encoding the phenological information, we need to further extract the changing features at different time scales during the crop growth process. Crop growth dynamics involve patterns at multiple time scales--from short-term fluctuations to mid-term growth stages and long-term seasonal trends. To address this, the PAM module introduces a multi-scale phenology perception mechanism. We use multiple parallel 1D convolution branches with different dilation rates to simultaneously capture short-term, mid-term, and long-term dependencies:  
Short-term Convolution (1 \(\times\) 3 kernel, 64 filters): Focuses on subtle changes between adjacent time steps.  
Mid-term Convolution (1 \(\times\) 5 kernel, 64 filters): Extracts mid-term phenological patterns, such as key transitions during the growing period.  
Long-term Convolution (1 \(\times\) 7 kernel, 64 filters): Captures long-term trends across the entire growth cycle.  
After each convolution operation, we apply the ReLU activation function to introduce non-linearity, and then fuse these multi-scale features using a learnable weight coefficient \(\alpha_{i}\) (see Formula (8)):  
\[P^{\text{final}}_{t}=\sum_{i=1}^{3}\alpha_{i}\text{-Conv}_{\text{scale}_{i}}( P^{\prime}_{t}) \tag{8}\]  
Through multi-scale phenology perception, the model can adaptively focus on the most relevant features of the crop growth cycle based on the task requirements, laying the groundwork for subsequent spatiotemporal integration.
## 6 Cost and Benefit Analysis
### Economic Return  
In terms of economic return, the multi-motor system can flexibly adjust its operating state with load variations, ensuring that the system operates within a high-efficiency range. The experimental results demonstrate that the system maintains stable operation during light-load start-ups and load changes, reducing equipment wear and failure rates, thereby indirectly improving production efficiency. Additionally, the reduced energy consumption directly lowers carbon emissions, aligning with green mining and energy-saving policies. Consequently, enterprises can benefit from related policy support and subsidies, which not only enhances the company's image but also strengthens its social responsibility.  
In summary, although the initial investment in the multi-motor distributed permanent magnet direct drive belt conveyor system is relatively high, its energy savings and increased operational efficiency enable a quick recovery of costs and provide long-term economic and environmental benefits. The control strategy proposed in this paper has been validated experimentally and demonstrates potential economic benefits and broad application prospects in practical scenarios. Through a detailed cost and benefit analysis, the economic advantages of the system are clearly highlighted, providing strong support for its promotion and application.
## 2 Model Description, Reference Model and Control Goal
### Control Goal  
Consider (i) the plant model (1) to (3), subject to input constraint (4) and Assumptions 1 to 5; (ii) the tracking error \(e=x_{1}-y_{d}\), where \(x_{1}\) is the output, and \(y_{d}\) is the desired output, whose characteristics are mentioned in Section 2.2; (iii) the residual set \(\Omega_{eo}=\{e:|e|\leq C_{b}\}\), whose width \(C_{b}\) is positive, constant and user-defined. The goal of the controller design is to formulate a control law for \(v\) such that (Gi) the tracking error \(e\) converges asymptotically to the residual set \(\Omega_{eo}\), (Gii) the control law and the update laws are bounded under closed loop operation, so that excessive parameter increase is avoided; (Giii) the control law, the update law and the auxiliary system involve no discontinuous signals.  
**Remark 1**.: _The condition Giii is stated because the presence of discontinuous signals in the control law may lead to input chattering, and problems of existence and uniqueness of closed loop trajectories, and consequently, Filippov theory is needed, as discussed in [18; 19]._
# Channel Access in Wireless Smart Grid Networks Operating under ETSI Frame-Based Equipment Rules
## 3 Channel Access
### FBE Variants
#### 3.2.2 Random-Muting FBE  
A more advanced version of fixed-muting is random-muting FBE [32]. Before accessing the channel, a node selects a random number \(M\) from the range \([1,M_{max}]\), where \(M\) is the number of consecutive FFPs with successful transmissions. If the channel is accessed for \(M\) consecutive periods, then the node is muted for \(N\) random periods, selected from the range \([1,N_{max}]\). In other words, if the channel becomes blocked by \(M\) consecutive transmissions from a single node, that node will defer channel access for the next \(N\) periods.
## 3 Results and Discussion
[63] showed that the incorporation of green and black tea extracts (0.05 and 0.30% with a total polyphenol content of 42.41 and 30.01%, respectively) in uncured pork sausages decreased TBARS levels, exerting a protective role against lipid peroxidation without negatively affecting the texture, juiciness, odor, color or general acceptance. [PERSON] et al. [64] also examined the application of powders and infusions of white, green and black teas in minced meat and found reduced lipid oxidation rates during seven days of storage under refrigeration. [PERSON] et al. [46] showed that TBARS values were decreased after the addition of green tea and olive leaves' extracts (500 mg/kg) in frankfurter-type sausages. Addition of lemon balm powder at 1% lowered the 2-Thiobarbituric acid value in hamburger patties, indicating a delay in lipid peroxidation [37]. Similar results were also observed in beef patties as an effect of the incorporation of a hot-water extract from lemon balm leaves at 10% [36]. The addition of rosemary and green tea extracts at the levels of 1500-2500 and 100-300 mg/kg, respectively, reduced lipid oxidation in pork sausages [35]. TBARS levels were also decreased after the addition of rosemary in western-style smoked sausages [38]. Moreover, the application of rosemary essential oil at 120 mg/kg as a nitrite alternative increased the pH and decreased the lipid oxidation values in chicken sausages [65]. Application of savory essential oil at 0.075 and 0.150 uL/g improved the oxidative stability of pork sausages [66]. The 2,2-diphenyl-l-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of pork sausages was enhanced by the incorporation of rosemary and thyme at 0.1-0.2% [39]. Turmeric extract at 250-750 mg/kg also slowed lipid oxidation in lamb sausages [24]. The use of turmeric at 0.5-1.0% also significantly reduced the extent of lipid oxidation in chicken meatballs [67]. Evaluation of sensory attributes in the present study was not implemented since it was carried out during the COVID-19 outbreak, thus it was not possible to recruit candidates to form the respective evaluation panel. At the same time, the determination of volatile compounds, assessment of protein oxidation, examination of microbiological parameters and the underlying mechanisms of herbal blend antioxidant activity could consolidate our knowledge regarding the effects of olive polyphenols and/or the examined herbal mix on sausage quality traits, and these will form part of our future experimentations.
## 5 Possibilities of Reducing the Acrylamide Content in French Fries and Potato Chips
### Varietal Factors
Potato tubers of these varieties contain various biologically active compounds, including phenolic acids and natural anthocyanin pigments, absent in potatoes with light flesh [17; 91]. The content of phenolic acids in potatoes with colored flesh can be several times higher than in potatoes with traditional flesh and they also exhibit higher antioxidant activity [93; 94]. New research on the relationship between the content of biologically active compounds in potatoes and the amount of acrylamide formed in the ready product has shown a lower ability to form a toxic compound in snacks made from potatoes with colored flesh [16; 95]. This is associated with the presence of antioxidant compounds, partially blocking the formation of intermediate products of the Maillard reaction, and, as a result, acrylamide in the ready product [95]. Research has also been undertaken in the field of genetic modification of potatoes, aimed at reducing the amount of asparagine in tubers. For this purpose, the asparagine synthetase gene was modified, as a result of which the amount of free asparagine decreased by almost 20 times, and the acrylamide content in the ready product also significantly decreased (only 5% of the original AA amount was left in the French fries, and 8% in the potato chips) compared to snacks obtained from potatoes without transgenic modification [96]. As a result, reducing the amount of acrylamide in potato snacks is related to the possibility of selecting a potato variety characterized by a low content of reducing sugars and asparagine in the tuber, or using solutions to reduce the level of both reagents in potatoes.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Selection of the Molar Ratio of the NaDES Components
Figure 3: HPLC-SEC chromatogram profiles of the NEP extracts obtained under the optimal extraction conditions (60% ultrasound amplitude, 18.8% water percentage, and 15 min extraction time) by UAE with ChCl:LA (1:2) as the extraction solvent (**A**) and EPP extracts collected after conventional extraction methods (**B**) from mangosteen peel. Effect of NEP Extracts Obtained by UAE with ClCl:LA from the Extraction Residue of Mangosteen Peel on Viability in HeLa Cells  
Another aspect to be considered is the cytotoxicity assessment of NEPs extracted from mangosteen peel as well as the extraction solvent employed (ChCl:LA (1:2)), which is scarcely reported in the literature. NaDES are considered sustainable solvents with low toxicity because they are composed of safe ingredients. However, the combination of these ingredients with low toxicity might present synergistic toxic effects when the eutectic mixture is formed [60]. Figure 5 shows the cytotoxic capacity of the NEP extracts obtained under optimal UAE conditions, with ChCl:LA as the extraction solvent, from the extraction residue of mangosteen peel at four different concentrations (0.025-0.500 mg/mL) (Figure 5), as well as the cytotoxic capacity of the employed extraction solvent, creating the same dilutions as for the extracts with milli-Q water (Figure 5) on HeLa cell cultures. From 0.025 to 0.500 mg/mL extract, _cell viability_ was slightly modified but without significant differences among 0.025, 0.050, and 0.250 mg/mL extract, displaying low cytotoxicity of the extracts (reduction of _cell viability_ around 20%). Figure 4: HPLC-DAD chromatograms at 280, 360, and 510 nm corresponding to the analyses of the NEPs and EPPS of extracts obtained by the optimal UAE-NaDES (ChCl:LA, 1:2) method (60% ultrasound amplitude, 18.8% water percentage, and 15 min extraction time) (**A**) and the conventional extraction method (**B**), respectively, from mangosteen peel. P: phenolic compound; X: xanthones; F: flavonoids; and A: anthocyanins.
## 4 Methodology
### Digital Image Processing
#### 4.2.5 Independent Component Analysis (ICA)  
Independent component analysis transforms a set of mixed signals into independent components and statistically estimates the maximum correlation direction, which can reduce losses in the data decomposition process [69; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87]. It can be considered a special case of principal component analysis (PCA).
# Penetration Depth of Initiated and Non-Initiated Diode Lasers in Bovine Gingiva
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Groups  
Four experimental groups were evaluated in this study. Two teeth were selected randomly among the four bovine jaws and were irradiated for 30 s on buccal and lingual surfaces.  
Our previous study showed that the means of thermal penetration depth ranged from 0.06 to 0.24 mm for carbon dioxide, Er, Cr: YSGG, and Er: YAG lasers, with a pooled standard deviation of 0.12 mm [11]. Based on a repeated ANOVA model, the present study had 95% power to detect the differences in thermal penetration depth.  
All non-surgical treatment procedures were performed by the same laser expert (G.R.). Interproximal areas were avoided so as to prevent an overlap between the treatment groups. A diode (Class IV) laser (SIROLaser Blue(r), Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) was utilized at 445 nm (\(\pm\)5 nm) and 970 nm (\(-\)10/+15 nm) wavelengths and a power setting of 2 W (as recommended by the manufacturer and the literature). The lasers were utilized in chopped-pulse (50% duty cycle, 35 Hz; pulse duration: 10 \(\upmu\)s-0.99 s; mean power: 1 W) and continuous emission modes, with each mode evaluated utilizing initiated and non-initiated fiberoptic disposable tips (diameter: 320 \(\upmu\)m, EasyTip 320). The tips were initiated using a dark blue articulating paper (Accuifilm; Parkell) for 5 s. This allowed for a total of eight treatment groups for gingival biopsies. The glass fibers were inserted parallel to the tooth axis at a depth of 3-4 mm. The fibers were moved in the buccal surface from the interproximal area to the buccal tooth surface and then in a similar way in the lingual aspect of the posterior teeth attached to the root surface and the inner part of the sulcus. The laser irradiation was measured optically according to the changes in the tissue color during irradiation. After laser radiation, soft-tissue full-thickness specimens, including the complete gingiva to the mucogingival junction, were excised using a no.15 scalpel blade on both the buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth and prepared for histologic and histomorphometric analysis. This led to a total of four samples per experimental group.