## 5 Conclusions
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132212467/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132212467/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132212467/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132212467/s1)), Figure S1: Source land cover polygons for Orbroich; Figure S2: Source land cover polygons for Wahnbachtal; Figure S3: Examples of 30 m inward buffering of grassland polygons to reduce heterogeneity due to mixed pixels at edges; Figure S4: Determining normalization equation for a single image and single spectral band (Near InfraRed);Figure S5: Two-stage method of image normalization showing the master base image (dark orange) and base images for each year (light orange), and within-year images normalized to the base image for that year (each row) for the Orbroich study site; Figure S6: Grassland clusters (left) with temporal adjustment to account for annual factors affecting entire areas (center) resulting in final annual NDVI values for each cluster (right) in Orbroich (top) and Wahnbachtal (bottom); Figure S7: Comparison of clustering using all available images across each year (A) and only the spring base image (B) for the Orbroich site; Figure S8: Statistical analysis of cluster; Figure S9: Cluster variability for Orbroich site using the standard deviation of individual grassland parcel NDVI values for each year; Figure S10: Cluster variability for Wahnbachtal site using the standard deviation of individual grassland parcel NDVI values for each year; Table S1: Source LULC polygon classes, levels, numbers and total area for Orbroich; Table S2: Source grassland polygon statistics for Wahnbachtal; Table S3: Year, season and number of images used in analysis for Orbroich and Wahnbachtal sites; Table S4: Correlation of various vegetation indices (Vis) considered for the study; Table S5: Evaluation of cluster separability of selected VIs using transformed divergence; Pareel classes used for grassland analysis are in bolded black font; Table S6: Comparison of cluster assignments using NDVI, MSL, and TVI vegetation indices for Orbroich and Wahnbachtal sites showing agreement between methods in grey shaded cells. References [9; 10; 31; 32; 33] are cited in the Supplementary Materials. T.S. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Writing--review and editing, Funding acquisition. J.P.: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing--original draft, Writing--review and editing, Visualization. R.P. : Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing--original draft, Writing--review and editing, Visualization, Supervision. C.B.-W.: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing--original draft, Writing--review and editing, Visualization. C.M.H. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Writing--original draft, Writing--review and editing, Supervision, Project administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was funded by Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not yet publicly available due to ongoing documentation and formatting requirements. The authors would like to thank [PERSON] (Applied Analysis Solutions L.L.C.) for contributing her remote sensing expertise and manuscript review. Author [PERSON] was employed by Bayer AG. Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] have been involved as consultants to Bayer AG. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Financial support was provided by Bayer AG. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.