esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Integrating BIM and GIS for an Existing Infrastructure
## 2 Current State of BIM and GIS
### Bim
#### 2.1.1 Regulations and Standardization of BIM  
The benefits of BIM implementation have shown to be applicable for the entire life cycle, demonstrated throughout the LCA, mainly in the design and construction phases, given that all the stakeholders work on a single model, preventing duplication and improving the efficiency and quality of the projects. Therefore, governments have launched the implementation of BIM with the corresponding regulations. Stakeholders work on a single model, avoiding duplication and improving the efficiency and quality of projects, and public administrations have thus tried to implement BIM through regulations in this phase [22]. The European Directive on Public Procurement (2014/24/UE) [23] provides that public works contracts must specify the use of information and communications technology (ICT) in the design and execution phase of projects, including BIM. However, the implementation of BIM is often limited to the design phase of large projects and has not been extended to the sector as a whole [24], and each government has interpreted the directive differently [25].  
There are several international standards dealing with BIM implementation. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), in its committee ISO/TC 59/SC 13 [26], is responsible for the standardisation of information throughout the life cycle of buildings and infrastructure in the built environment, with the ISO 19650 [27] series comprising the standards regulating the implementation of BIM. The building SMART International consortium encourages standardisation in the sector. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is the standard and open data model used in the construction industry. It defines the characteristics of data related to the design, construction, maintenance and operation of civil works, the most recent version being IFC4, the ISO international standard, published in ISO 16739 [28]. However, the adoption rate of these standards is still lower than the implementation rate of BIM [29].  
Another standard in BIM is the Construction Operation Building information exchange (COBie), which focuses on FM using spreadsheets [30]. However, these standards, including the IFC, are very much focused on building models, leaving civil infrastructure to one side. The lack of standards dedicated to civil engineering and the complex transposition of building standards have led to more experimental use in the sector [31; 32; 33].
# Improved Application of Hyperspectral Analysis to Rock Art Panels from El Castillo Cave (Spain)
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Visualization Improvement
#### 2.6.1 Decorrelation Adjustment  
Traditionally, digital filters have been used to enhance images. The image analysis techniques used to enhance elements of interest in digital images can be divided into two types:  
* Those that alter the radiometry of images by increasing their contrast, compressing or stretching the histogram of the images
* Those aimed at eliminating redundant data, or decorrelation of data, which are primarily based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [36]. This analysis is very practical when dealing with several spectral intervals, since it allows reducing the dataset to a more manageable number, eliminating redundant information. It is applied to generic binary data.  
Apart from these traditional decorrelation techniques, two decorrelation stretch techniques have been implemented [37] that are recommended for applications on highly correlated multispectral images, called direct decorrelation stretch (DDS) and intensity conservation DDS (ICDDS). A technique called IHS substitution (IHSS) has also been implemented [38]. Hyperspectral bands are usually highly correlated, so they cannot be displayed by independent contrast stretching in false color compositions as common RGB images due to the fact that the colors can appear undersaturated. To solve this problem, DDS increases color saturation by reducing the achromatic component of the RGB image. ICDDS preserves the original image intensity more than DDS  
IHSS technique has been applied by making two RGB-IHS transformations. In this case, the hue is unaltered and the saturation of a pixel is inversely proportional to its intensity value due to the fact that the product of saturation and intensity values equals to a constant value. The level of degradation of chromatic information is important when implementing saturation stretching algorithms.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Activity  
Free radicals cause damage and mutation of human cells, and antioxidants play a crucial role in fighting them. The antioxidant activity of chemicals is often evaluated by measuring the DPPH radical scavenging activity [31]. Figure 3 indicates that the DPPH radical scavenging activity increases as the concentration of AuNPs increases. A similar dose-dependent behavior was observed among AuNPs biosynthesized using thyme extract [32]. Scavenging activities of 92.5%, 100%, and 35% were achieved for BLAuNPs, ECAuNPs, and Chemicals-5 nm, respectively, at 26 mg/L. The IC\({}_{50}\) values of BLAuNPs, ECAuNPs, and Chemicals-5 nm were calculated as 18.2, 14.8, 32.4 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that biosynthesized AuNPs exhibited higher antioxidant activity than chemically synthesized AuNPs. IC\({}_{50}\) values for DPPH radical scavenging activity of AuNPs synthesized by _Albizia amara_[33], _Prunus persica_[27], _Alpinia nigra_[24], and _P. ginseng_[5] were 25.25, 92.6, 52.16, and 141.3 mg/L, respectively. Compared with these biogenic AuNPs, ECAuNPs exhibited higher antioxidant activity. This may be because AuNPs exists in two oxidation states, Au\({}^{+1}\) and Au\({}^{+3}\); thus, they have a high tendency (especially AuNPs of a small particle size or coated with bioactive compounds) to accept or donate electrons or hydrogen to create a strong bond based on the existing oxidation state [34].
## 3 Algorithms and Implementation
### State and Parameter Estimation  
In the case of parameter estimation, the desired quantity to estimate is not a state of the system but some other parameter that is related to the system. In the general sense, to incorporate the desired parameter into the structure of whatever filter is being used, the parameter must be included (augmented) into the state-space model, as shown in the following form [44; 45]:  
\[x_{k+1}=F_{k}(p)x_{k}+G_{k}(p)u_{k}+L_{k}(p)w_{k} \tag{13}\]  
\[y_{k}=H_{k}x_{k}+v_{k} \tag{14}\]  
where \(p\) is an unknown parameter vector, and by applying the following augmentation.  
\[x^{\prime}=\left[\begin{array}{c}x_{k}\\ p_{k}\end{array}\right] \tag{15}\]  
The system state space could be derived with parameter estimation:  
\[x^{\prime}_{k+1}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}F_{k}(p)x_{k}+G_{k}(p)u_{k}+L_{k}(p )w_{k}\\ p_{k}+w_{pk}\end{array}\right] \tag{16}\]  
or:  
\[x^{\prime}_{k+1}=f\Big{(}x^{\prime}_{k},u_{k},w_{k},w_{pk}\Big{)} \tag{17}\]  
Additionally:  
\[y_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}H_{k}&0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}[] {c}x_{k}\\ p_{k}\end{array}\right]+v_{k} \tag{18}\]  
The same algorithm used for state estimation could be implemented as estimate system parameters. It should be noted that the equation in the form given above treats the parameter as a constant value, only adding a small fictitious noise \(w_{pk}\), to allow the small changes to be applied to the initial parameter value [46].
# Noise-Free Security Assessment of Eviction Set Construction Algorithms with Randomized Caches
## 2 Background
### Countermeasures
#### 2.4.2 Randomization-Based Countermeasures  
Randomization-based countermeasures add non-determinism and noise to the behavior of the cache to make information extraction more difficult for an attacker. Address randomization is a family of randomization techniques that applies a permutation to the address to set mapping. This makes it harder for the adversary to find a set of addresses that always map to the same cache set.  
In a _static randomization_ scheme [15; 21], the address mapping is fixed, while in a _dynamic randomization_[19; 20], the mapping can change over time. Existing address permutation functions rely on lookup tables [15; 21], hashing schemes [19], lightweight permutations [16] or block ciphers [20].  
Recent studies have proved that static randomization does not defeat conflict-based cache attacks due to advanced eviction set construction algorithms [48]. For this reason, dynamic randomization [19; 20] has been introduced in last-level caches. In the rest of this work, we use the term _remapping_ to refer to a change in the address mapping. The interval in which the mapping is changed determines the time window that is available to an attacker to perform the entire attack. As described in Figure 2, a full attack is made up of the identification of probing addresses, the construction of an eviction set and the attack phase.  
Changing the mapping has an overhead; as well as the misses generated, several write backs and data movements in the cache may also be necessary. To minimize the impact on performance, it is important to select the highest possible remapping interval that guarantees security.  
Figure 3: An example of a Prime+Probe attack. The attacker accesses an eviction set (the blue addresses) to spy on the activities of set one. The green address is that of the victim and represents the Probe address.
## 5 PV Systems with Distributed Architecture
### Distributed PV Systems
Figure 19 shows a distributed PV system architecture with DC-DC converters connected between each PV panel and a DC bus. Compared to the architecture in Figure 17, the outputs of DC-DC converters are connected to a DC bus, which is independent from the load. This means that a high voltage ratio is not critically required, reducing the costs. However, bidirectional DC-DC converters are needed to draw the power into and out of the independent DC bus to maintain the DC bus voltage [101; 102]. Since the power balance on the DC bus has to be kept, an accurate MPPT may not be achieved at any given PV string current [103]. For the system architectures in Figures 16-19, the load power varies when the weather conditions change. When the power generated by the PV panels is higher than the load power, a PV power curtailment algorithm is implemented, or a BESS is integrated into the PV systems. By introducing the BESS, when the power generated by the PV panels exceeds the required load power, the surplus PV power can be absorbed by the BESS. When the  
Figure 19: Distributed PV system architecture with DC-DC converters connected between each PV panel and the DC bus. generated PV power is lower than the required load power, the BESS can supply energy to the load to keep the load voltage and power constant, avoiding energy waste. Distributed PV systems with a hybridization of a BESS and PPR were proposed in [18; 19]. Figure 20 shows the circuit configuration of the distributed PV system with a BESS and PPR. Each PV panel with an individual DC-DC converter is connected to a BESS in series as a PV-BESS module to supply energy to the load. Since PV panels and BESSs are connected in series, part of the PV power is supplied to the output and BESSs directly, improving efficiency. Moreover, due to the employment of a BESS and an independent DC-DC converter in each module, the implementation of the MPPT algorithm is not affected by the output requirements or the input PV power. This means that each PV panel can supply its maximum power even if the required output power is lower than the generated PV power, utilizing the PV power in an efficient way. A step-up distributed PV system architecture with its detailed circuit analysis was proposed in [19] for the DMPPT. A step-down topology for distributed PV systems was also proposed in [18], which can reduce the voltage pressure on the output when a long string of PV-BESS modules is used.
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Comparative Experiment
without a double-layer RPN pyramid, the network is not able to produce multi-scale proposals in the RPN stage, which will damage the detection results. To further verify the validity of the inception module (INCEP) and PSalign (PS) layers in multi-scale pooling, we conducted three experiments based on Ours4. The results are shown in Table 3. In Ours4a, DR-generated proposals were projected directly on conv4 and conv5 to obtain corresponding features. In Ours4b, after conv5, an inception 4 module was added. The network used ROI align to obtain corresponding features after inception 4 and conv4, respectively. In Ours4c, a convolution layer with 490 channels was added after conv4. No additional modules were added after conv5. The corresponding features were then obtained using PSalign and ROI align respectively. We listed experiment results in Table 3.  
Compared with Ours5 in Table 2, we can see that in Ours4a the positive effect of multi-scale pooling module was obvious. Although the mAP of ours4b and ours4c were lower than that of Ours4a, they actually had some advantages in detecting bicycles and people. It is noteworthy that network design is a systematic work. As shown in Ours4, different modules can combine to explore each other's potential. Therefore, we can demonstrate that each modification in the multi-scale pooling module is useful and indispensable.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analyses  
Descriptive data are presented as means, SD, and range. The normal distribution of the data was confirmed using the Shapiro-Wilk test (\(p>0.05\)). The strength of the L-V relationships modelled by the multiple-point method was examined through the Pearson's multivariate coefficients of determination (\(r^{2}\)). A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (method (multiple-point vs. two-point) \(\times\) PBP variant (concentric-only vs. eccentric-concentric)) with Bonferroni post hoc tests was applied to each L-V relationship variable. The magnitude of the differences was assessed with [PERSON]'s \(d\) effect size (ES), which was interpreted using the following scale: _trivial_ (\(<\)0.20), _small_ (0.20-0.59), _moderate_ (0.60-1.19), _large_ (1.20-2.00), and _very large_ (2.00) [24]. The association of the L-V relationship variables between both methods and PBP variants was assessed by the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (\(r\)). The strength of the \(r\) coefficients was interpreted as _trivial_ (0.00-0.09), _small_ (0.10-0.29), _moderate_ (0.30-0.49), _large_ (0.50-0.69), _very large_ (0.70-0.89), _nearly perfect_ (0.90-0.99), or _perfect_ (1.00) [24]. Statistical analyses were performed using the software package SPSS (IBM SPSS version 25.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Alpha was set at a \(p\leq 0.05\) level.
## 5 Immobilized Lipase  
### Types of Supports and Immobilization Procedures  
The immobilization of lipases consists of the retention of the enzyme at the surface of the support material. In this way, immobilized lipases show an improved efficiency and reduced costs, with longer enzyme stability and better resistance to denaturation by alcohol. There are many available supports of organic, synthetic and inorganic nature for lipase immobilization. Such materials may vary in characteristics such as particle dimensions, shape, pore volume, hydrophobicity, and density and must be stable to physical, chemical, and microbial degradation [93]. Porous supports with controlled pore distribution are very interesting for lipase immobilization because they offer an extensive surface area and therefore, higher enzyme loading. However, caution must be observed if pores are too small because they could get blocked by the enzyme, reducing its efficiency. There is a large variety of immobilization procedures (see Figure 2) such as adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking, entrapment, or encapsulation that have been developed to enhance the catalytic activity, and its stability, and make possible the reutilization of the enzyme in relation to the soluble lipase [94]. Some methods like cross-linking enzyme aggregates are not considered in this review because even though they are inexpensive, highly efficient, and do not need support for immobilization, they have rather poor mechanical stability [95]. There is a good affinity for immobilization of lipases on hydrophobic supports [104], giving a fast and good attachment by hydrophobic adsorption [105]. Transesterification of waste lard was tested with immobilized lipase B from _Candida antarctica_ with the assistance of ultrasound for improving the dispersion and collision of the reagent molecules. Ultrasonic wave amplitude, ultrasonic cycles, and reaction parameters were optimized and a kinetic model was developed [69]. Pulsed ultrasound irradiation increased by about 3 times the synthesis rate of fatty acid ethyl ester by lipases immobilized on hydrophobic carriers like octadecyl-sepabeads [106]. Porous silica nanoflowers have center-radial pore structure that allows the load of lipase inside the structure to have good mass transfer for substrates and products [107]. Dichlorodimethylsilane was used to modify the silica nanoflowers for the adsorption of _Candida antarctica_ lipase B and the biocatalytic pickering emulsion was constructed [94]. Pickering emulsion stabilized by hybrid nanoparticles [108], solid particles [109], or carbon nanotubes crosslinked with lipase [110], have been constructed and successfully used [111, 112]. In this way, this emulsion facilitates biphasic reactions and simplifies the recovery of lipase that remains in its microenvironment [113]. Metal-organic frameworks provide advantages for immobilization: they can be easily separated, they offer an extended surface area that can be tuned, they have adequate pore size, have structural and functional diversity and good stability. Immobilization may be through adsorption, encapsulation,
# Accident Risk Analysis of Gas Tankers in Maritime Transport Using an Integrated Fuzzy Approach
###### Abstract  
The maritime transport of liquefied gases poses significant safety and environmental hazards such as fire, explosion, toxic gas emissions, and air pollution. The main objective of this study was to systematically identify, analyze, and prioritise the potential risks associated with the operation of liquefied gas tankers using a hybrid methodological framework. This framework integrates Fuzzy Delphi, Fuzzy DEMATEL, and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) techniques to provide a comprehensive risk assessment. Initially, 20 key risk factors were identified through expert consensus using the Fuzzy Delphi method. The causal relationships between these factors were then assessed using Fuzzy DEMATEL to understand their interdependencies. Based on these results, accident probabilities were further analyzed using FTA modelling. The results show that fires, explosions, and large gas leaks are the most serious threats. Equipment failures--often caused by corrosion and operational errors by crew members--are also significant contributors. In contrast, cyber-related risks were found to be of lower criticality. The study highlights the need for improved crew training, rigorous inspection mechanisms, and the implementation of robust preventive risk controls. It also suggests that the prioritisation of these risks may need to be reevaluated as autonomous ship technologies become more widespread. By mapping the interrelated structure of operational hazards, this research contributes to a more integrated and strategic approach to risk management in the LNG/LPG shipping industry.  
gas carriers; liquefied gas transportation; maritime transportation; risk analysis; fuzzy delphi; fuzzy DEMATEL; fault tree analysis (FTA) Article
## 3 Results
### Active AHT Study  
The rotational speed of the inner pipe (rad/s), \(\omega\), was varied and set as an input parameter in ANSYS Fluent 2021 R2. Figure 20 illustrates the impact of \(\omega\) on \(\Delta p\) and \(f\). It can be observed that the maximum pressure increment of 578 Pa is relatively lower compared to an increment of 5202 Pa evaluated in the passive AHT study. It is also remarkable that \(f\) did not rise rapidly as \(\omega\) was increased.  
Figure 19: %Q Enhancement at varied insert quantity (\(N\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**AHT Technique** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Heat Transfer** \\ **Enhancement** \\ \end{tabular} & **Reference** \\ \hline Circular perforated insert & 41.8\% & This study \\ (\(N=7\)) & 428\% & This study (Section 3.3) \\ Rotating inner pipe & 47.5\% & This study (Section 3.4) \\ Rotating circular perforated insert & 47.5\% & This study (Section 3.4) \\ (\(N=7\), \(\omega=300\) rad/s) & 39.4\% & [8] \\ Perforated louvered strip insert & 45.8\% & [10] \\
5 mm pitched helical insert & 63.91\% & [8] \\ Perforated Y-shaped insert & 505\% & [8] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Heat transfer enhancement comparison.  
Figure 18: \(\alpha\) and Nu at varied insert quantity (\(N\)).  
A maximum \(\alpha\) of 2.02, as can be seen in Figure 21, indicated that the AHT method was effective considering both the convective heat transfer and the friction loss. Moreover, a remarkable increase in heat transfer rate by up to 4.28 times can be depicted in Figure 22. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of turbulence and recirculation as the pipe rotates [26]. Figure 23 presents the build-up of swirls and vortices across the pipe length that induces rapid thermal mixing. On the other hand, Figure 24 shows the temperature profile of the hot fluid domain at the inner pipe inlet and inner pipe outlet. Consequently, heat transfer enhancement occurred more efficiently. These comparable results denote that the active AHT method applied is promising in terms of parameters such as low friction loss and high convective heat transfer and heat transfer rate.  
Figure 21: \(\alpha\) and \(Nu\) at varied rotational speeds (\(\omega\)) during Active AHT.  
Figure 20: Pressure drop (\(\Delta p\)) and friction factor (\(f\)) at varied rotational speed (\(\omega\)).
# Silicon 3D Microdosimeters for Advanced Quality Assurance in Particle Therapy
## 4 Application of SOI Mushroom Microdosimeters
### Irradiation Facilities
#### 4.1.2 SOBP Beam Irradiation with Scanning Beam of He, C, O and Ne Ions  
Microdosimetric measurements were performed in scanned helium, carbon, oxygen and neon ion beams. Treatment plans, designed at the National Institute for quantum Sciences and Technology (QTS), to achieve a 10% survival fraction (SF) for MIA PaCa-2 cells throughout a 10 \(\times\) 10 \(\times\) 6 cm\({}^{3}\) target volume were delivered to SOI microdosimeters. The survival fraction predicted by the TPS was demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. to show good agreement with measured survival fractions for MIA PaCa-2 cells [26]. The same 6-cm-thick SOBP fields were generated using a hybrid-depth-scanning technique with a combination of energies of helium (166.0, 151.9 and 136.9 MeV/u), carbon (313.2, 288.0 and 261.5 MeV/u), oxygen (373.9, 343.3 and 309.1 MeV/u) and neon ion (430.0, 392.4 and 353.0 MeV/u) beams at a horizontal beamline in HIMAC [27].