# Electrification in Maritime Vessels: Reviewing Storage Solutions and Long-Term Energy Management
## 1 Introduction
### The Benefits and Challenges of Hybrid Marine Vessels
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**Electric Marine Vessels:** & \\ Electric marine vessels are those that rely solely on electric power for propulsion and onboard systems. They have no direct emissions, making them environmentally friendly options for maritime transportation \\ \hline Propulsion & Electric marine vessels use electric motors powered by batteries to drive the propellers or water jets. This propulsion method eliminates the need for fossil fuels and reduces emissions \\ \hline Batteries & Batteries are a fundamental component of electric vessels. They store electrical energy that is used to power the vessel’s systems and propulsion. Common battery types include Li-ion and Li-polymer batteries \\ \hline Charging & Electric vessels are charged through shore power connections or onboard generators that produce electricity. Charging infrastructure in ports is essential for keeping electric vessels operational \\ \hline Advantages & Electric vessels offer zero emissions at the point of use, reduced operating costs (lower fuel and maintenance expenses), quieter operation, and potential for integration with renewable energy sources \\ \hline Challenges & Limited range due to battery capacity, longer charging times compared to refueling, and initial investment in charging infrastructure are challenges for electric vessels \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 1: Definitions and features of electric and hybrid marine vessels. This paper focuses on electric and hybrid marine vessels, highlighting their promising advancements in maritime technology. Electric vessels lead the charge in emissions reduction, offering a sustainable solution, while hybrid vessels strike a balance with enhanced efficiency and flexibility. The ongoing development and adoption of these technologies are crucial for the future of maritime transportation, aligning the industry with global sustainability goals and mitigating its environmental impact. To address the accelerating interest and advancing technologies in this field, this paper consolidates current knowledge, explores emerging trends, and emphasizes the imperative for further research and development. In the Section 2, the electrification of marine vessels is examined, encompassing environmental considerations, charging systems, energy management, battery management, and the integration of artificial intelligence. The Section 3 delves into energy storage systems for marine power, while the Section 4 provides a comprehensive summary of battery applications in marine contexts. Finally, the Section 5 focuses on the grid system structure for marine vehicles and the Section 6 concludes the study with final comments and discussions. In addition to their benefits, hybrid-powered vessels face key challenges in managing dual power sources, particularly in synchronizing transitions between electric and fuel-based propulsion, maintaining battery stability under fluctuating demands, and optimizing energy distribution. Recent advancements in AI-powered EMS/BMS, modular battery architectures, and regenerative systems help mitigate these challenges, paving the way for more reliable and efficient hybrid marine operations.