## 4 Discussion
The antioxidant activity of SN was improved upon reduction with SV while still lower than quercetin (the standard control). Biosynthesized SN-SV has more robust antioxidant properties than the aqueous root extract of SV. It showed higher inhibition than crude extract at different concentrations. Similar results were reported for the rhizome of _Rheum austral_, which was collected from Jammuu and Kashmir, India, which showed higher antioxidant activity when extracted at ambient temperature compared to its aqueous extract [42]. The extract had a higher level of phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the AgNPs, leading to an increase in the activity of the biogenic SN-SV nanoparticles [43]. Quercetin had the highest activity level (IC50 = 81.11 \(\pm\) 2:29 \(\upmu\)g/mL) and was used as a positive control. This result agrees with that reported by [PERSON] et al., who showed that the control antioxidant ascorbic acid still has higher antioxidant activities than other nanoparticles [44]. A separate study reported that biochemically synthesized. SV's phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and soluble proteins serve as agents for capping the synthesis of SN [45]. The polyphenols in plant extracts can donate electrons, which helps to reduce Ag\({}^{+}\) to Ag\({}^{0}\) and stabilize the resulting SN-SV [46]. Additionally, the SN-SV had a recognizable absorption peak at \(\sim\)396.46 nm, likely due to the presence of free electrons that cause the SPR band to resonate, suggesting the activation of the SPR of the formed SN-SV [47]. The SN-SV cream was also applied ex vivo to verify SN-SV skin penetration. The obtained ex vivo skin permeation predicts in vivo research findings. The cream application showed skin penetration of more than 70%. These results imply that topical treatment with SN-SV might quickly ameliorate self-recognizable signs of some skin disorders, leading to morphological observations, such as improved skin texture and decreased wrinkles. Moreover, the SN-SV cream can promote skin smoothness and moisturization. [PERSON] et al. formulated a topical cream containing the SV extract only. The resulting cream had antibacterial activity against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Pasteurella multicoda_, _E. coli_, and _Bacillus subtilis_, which could make it an excellent wound-healing treatment [48]. Furthermore, the SV plant can treat wounds due to its potent antioxidant properties [49]. At the same time, the HP results of the present study showed clear improvements in the various stages of wound healing (inflammation, granulation tissue formation, and skin re-epithelialization) on days 5, 11, and 15 among the GC subgroups compared to the GB subgroups, indicating the potent anti-inflammatory and proliferative effects of the SN-SV cream on the wound healing process. These results were confirmed by prior research, which demonstrated increased NP aggregation and enhanced the wound-healing process [50]. Other studies reported that SN-SV synthesis could lead to more effective -wound healing, as silver enhances wound-healing activity. The decreased NP-bacterial interactions result in the anti-inflammatory and proliferative effects of SN-SV against the hazards of skin-wound infection [51]. Additionally, the SN-SV combination could enhance wound healing by stimulating cell proliferation and fibroblasts migration during the wound-healing process [52]. It could reduce the activity of the myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme, which is involved in the induction of skin inflammation [53]. Overall, our findings could be related to the principal ingredients (carvone (49.9%), limonene, and linalool) of SV, which exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, proliferative, and antibacterial activity against _Staphylococcus aureus and candidiasis_[54].