# CEEMDAN-IHO-SVM: A Machine Learning Research Model for Valve Leak Diagnosis
## 3 Results
### IHO Performance Simulation Test
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Test Function** & **Algorithm** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Standard** \\ **Deviation** \\ \end{tabular} & **Mean Value** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Optimal** \\ **Solution** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(f_{4}\)} & IHO & \(0.00\) & \(1.19\times 10^{-308}\) & \(0.00\) \\  & HO & \(4.93\times 10^{-120}\) & \(2.93\times 10^{-110}\) & \(1.33\times 10^{-109}\) \\  & PSO & \(1.00\times 10^{2}\) & \(1.00\times 10^{2}\) & \(0.00\) \\  & GWO & \(9.66\times 10^{-5}\) & \(8.49\times 10^{-4}\) & \(6.34\times 10^{-4}\) \\  & WOA & \(1.04\times 10^{-1}\) & \(8.19\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.42\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & SSA & \(1.94\times 10^{-1}\) & \(6.86\times 10^{-1}\) & \(4.47\times 10^{-1}\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(f_{5}\)} & IHO & \(9.33\times 10^{-8}\) & \(1.01\times 10^{1}\) & \(1.36\times 10^{1}\) \\  & HO & \(3.84\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.09\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.98\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & PSO & \(2.93\times 10^{10}\) & \(4.40\times 10^{10}\) & \(9.03\times 10^{9}\) \\  & GWO & \(2.57\times 10^{1}\) & \(2.74\times 10^{1}\) & \(7.58\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & WOA & \(8.74\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.76\times 10^{1}\) & \(2.64\times 10^{1}\) \\  & SSA & \(2.44\times 10^{2}\) & \(2.95\)e+02 & \(8.64\times 10^{1}\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(f_{6}\)} & IHO & \(3.39\times 10^{-6}\) & \(6.45\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.83\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & HO & \(1.98\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.38\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.34\times 10^{-2}\) \\  & PSO & \(6.50\times 10^{4}\) & \(8.23\times 10^{4}\) & \(1.07\times 10^{4}\) \\  & GWO & \(4.27\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.11\) & \(4.48\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & WOA & \(3.33\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.41\) & \(7.71\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & SSA & \(2.07\) & \(5.96\) & \(2.55\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(f_{7}\)} & IHO & \(2.11\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-12\),569.476 & -12,569.486 \\  & HO & \(3.71\times 10^{3}\) & \(-19\),586.873 & -12,569.456 \\  & PSO & \(4.41\times 10^{2}\) & \(-6596.708\) & \(-7393.536\) \\  & GWO & \(7.65\times 10^{2}\) & \(-6214.004\) & \(-7257.907\) \\  & WOA & \(4.11\times 10^{2}\) & \(-7108.932\) & \(-7624.764\) \\  & SSA & \(6.01\times 10^{2}\) & \(-6142.217\) & \(-7168.349\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(f_{8}\)} & IHO & \(4.44\times 10^{-16}\) & \(4.44\times 10^{-16}\) & \(0.00\) \\  & HO & \(4.44\times 10^{-16}\) & \(4.44\times 10^{-16}\) & \(0.00\) \\  & PSO & \(1.99\times 10^{1}\) & \(1.99\times 10^{1}\) & \(2.78\times 10^{-9}\) \\  & GWO & \(3.31\times 10^{-9}\) & \(1.28\times 10^{-8}\) & \(5.13\times 10^{-9}\) \\  & WOA & \(2.03\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.16\times 10^{-5}\) & \(2.39\times 10^{-7}\) \\  & SSA & \(3.30\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.58\) & \(2.00\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(f_{9}\)} & IHO & \(0.00\) & \(0.00\) & \(0.00\) \\  & HO & \(0.00\) & \(0.00\) & \(0.00\) \\  & PSO & \(1.68\times 10^{1}\) & \(2.16\times 10^{1}\) & \(2.85\) \\  & GWO & \(3.21\times 10^{-15}\) & \(4.70\times 10^{-3}\) & \(9.32\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & WOA & \(1.61\times 10^{-2}\) & \(6.99\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.41\times 10^{-12}\) \\  & SSA & \(6.58\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.38\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.73\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(f_{10}\)} & IHO & \(7.45\times 10^{-12}\) & \(6.50\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.85\times 10^{-2}\) \\  & HO & \(7.30\times 10^{-7}\) & \(4.31\times 10^{-3}\) & \(7.06\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & PSO & \(8.54\times 10^{3}\) & \(1.12\times 10^{4}\) & \(1.29\times 10^{3}\) \\  & GWO & \(1.41\times 10^{-1}\) & \(5.25\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.05\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & WOA & \(3.01\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.36\) & \(1.01\) \\  & SSA & \(3.07\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.72\) & \(1.09\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(f_{11}\)} & IHO & \(2.38\times 10^{-7}\) & \(0.0003082\) & \(0.0003075\) \\  & HO & \(5.62\times 10^{-6}\) & \(0.0003261\) & \(0.0003076\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & PSO & \(9.99\times 10^{-3}\) & \(0.0093298\) & \(0.0007819\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & GWO & \(6.22\times 10^{-3}\) & \(0.0026841\) & \(0.0003386\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & WOA & \(2.05\times 10^{-4}\) & \(0.0004732\) & \(0.0003099\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & SSA & \(4.94\times 10^{-4}\) & \(0.0001021\) & \(0.0003805\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}