## 1 Introduction  
Currently, clean energy sources are being utilized to reduce the environmental challenges caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels. Therefore, biomass residues have high potential as a sustainable alternative [1; 2]. There are different processes employed to transform biomass into energy, including biochemical and thermochemical processes [3]. The first process is carried out through the degradation of organic matter by microorganisms. In contrast, the second is carried out under different pressure and temperature conditions to obtain solids, liquids, and gases through thermal decomposition. The main thermochemical technologies for preheating biomass are torrefaction and pyrolysis; in these processes, the material is degraded in an oxygen-free environment, at atmospheric pressure, and at reaction temperatures between 200 and 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the case of torrefaction [4; 5], and between 350 and 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C for pyrolysis [6]. These processes not only remove moisture from the lignocellulosic biomass but also include the devolatilization, depolymerization, and carbonization of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin [7; 8], as well as increase their calorific value. Different heating rates are usually established before reaching the treatment temperature, depending on the objective. [PERSON] et al. [9] reported and used the different heating rates in torrefaction. Kinetic analysis is used to study the decomposition behavior of biomass under various thermal treatments, where high temperatures accelerate the kinetic rate of the reaction by increasing the synthesis gas and decreasing tar formation [10]. To measure weight loss characteristics, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used [11], which allows the percentage of weight loss due to decomposition and dehydration of the biomass to be determined [12]. Basically, TGA measures the total content of solids and volatiles generated during the thermochemical process. Isothermal and non-isothermal decomposition are the two processes of biomass degradation [13]. Depending on these two factors, different approaches or models are used, including single-step, two-step, multi-step, and multicomponent models [14]. Kinetics and thermochemical models show that, at high temperatures, product evolution increases, the heating rate influences the thermochemical process evolution, and the mass and energy yield of the products are significantly influenced by both temperature and residence time [15]. This generally improves the properties of the solid fuel by removing moisture from the biomass and increasing the energy [16]. The literature presents studies that predict the devolatilization processes and the elemental content of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) in the biomass during thermal treatment using the two-step model [14; 17]. Furthermore, several authors introduce the indices of decarbonization (DC), dehydrogenation (DH), and deoxygenation (DO) [18] to analyze the weight loss of C, H, N, and O [19; 20], as well as the evolution of the high heating value (HHV) of biomass during the treatment [21]. The quality of the product that has been through a thermal process is given in terms of the HHV and a lower atomic ratio of H/C and O/C [22; 23]. During thermochemical processes, complex chemical reactions, thermal degradation, and heat and mass transfer coexist [24]. This complexity requires precision in reactor design modeling, as well as techno-economic and environmental assessment [25]. Conventional techniques for modeling pyrolysis and torrefaction consist of thermodynamic analyses [26], kinetic analyses, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [27], and process simulation such as Aspen Plus [4]. For theoretical studies, thermodynamic analysis is simple and efficient but has limitations. It is ineffective for designing a reactor for real-world applications, as it requires several assumptions [28]. In kinetic analysis, the complexity of the reaction rates requires many assumptions [14].