# The Effects of _Anthyllis vulneraria_ Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract as an Adjuvant in Wound Healing
## 4 Discussion  
Our study explored the healing potential of _A. vulneraria_ extract in a burn injury animal model and analyzed the phytochemical profile of the extract. The results demonstrated that creams containing _A. vulneraria_ extract significantly accelerated the macroscopic healing of burn wounds, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced oxidative stress markers in the treated tissues. The histological analysis revealed no structural alterations in the skin following treatment. Phytochemical screening revealed a rich composition of polyphenolic compounds, known for their potent antioxidant properties. _A. vulneraria_ has not yet been reported in any other in vivo experiments. However, numerous studies have shown its potential as a healing adjuvant, due to its significant quantities of polyphenols and long-time use in traditional folk medicine [2; 18; 21]. _A. vulneraria_ has already been documented in a previous in vitro study to possess pro-migration properties on both mouse cell fibroblasts and human keratinocytes; a dose-dependent effect was found, with the lowest-concentration extract exerting the most efficient migration  
Figure 7: Microscopic aspect of different wound skin samples from day 7: (**a**) negative control—skin and appendages, 4\(\times\) magnification H and E; (**b**) positive control—skin section with rare hair follicles, granulation tissue and fibrosis in the dermis and light subepithelial blistering, 10\(\times\) magnification H and E; (**c**) experimental group 1—skin section showing adrenal loss, large crust formation, necrosis and neutroph inflammatory infiltrate of the epidermis and superficial dermis with large areas of granulation tissue in the reticular dermis, 4\(\times\) magnification H and E; and (**d**) experimental group 2—skin section showing adrenal loss, large crust formation, necrosis and neutroph inflammatory infiltrate of the entire epidermis and dermis, 10\(\times\) magnification H and E.  
stimulation. The extract also showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect by reducing the ATP and protein content of both cell lines [20]. This could explain some of the results observed regarding the EG2 effects. Numerous previous studies have documented the polyphenolic profile of _A. vulneraria_, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Although there are differences between reports concerning the exact polyphenol composition, all studies agreed on the impressive quantity and potential antioxidant capacity of the plant. Through LC-MS/MS methods, [PERSON] et al. determined that kaempfer, quercetin, isorhamnetin, rhamncitrin, and ferulic acid were the most abundant phenolic components [22], with similar results obtained by [PERSON] et al. [20]. [PERSON] et al. obtained slightly different results, reporting ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, kaempfer, caffeic acid, and sinapinic acid as the most prevalent phenolic components [24]. Our findings confirm that certain polyphenols are still found in cultivated _A. vulneraria_, with hyperoside as a predominant flavonoid in the leaf extract, followed by ferulic acid, _p_-coumaric acid, gentisic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, and protocatechuic acid, with traces of isoquercitrin, luteolin, kaempfer, and apigenin. Regarding the notably high concentration of hyperoside, which was approximately 10 times higher than that of other compounds, this is consistent with both the species-specific metabolic profile of _A. vulneraria_ and the biological role of hyperoside in plant physiology. Hyperoside (quercitrin-3-O-galactoside) is known to be a major flavonol glycoside in many Fabaceae species, where it serves as a protective antioxidant against oxidative stress and UV radiation, particularly in aerial organs. Its high abundance likely reflects an evolved defense strategy and active flavonoid biosynthesis, especially under environmental stimuli.