## 1 Introduction
Meanwhile, it has been reported that the strength of binding of GNPs to dsDNA containing a homonucleotide pentameric overhang can be ranked in the following order: dsDNA containing C5 > T5 > G5 > A5 [26]. Duplexes with any type of overhang interact more effectively with GNPs as compared to their blunt-ended precursor [27]. In addition, it should be pointed out that dsDNA containing nucleotide mismatches also binds to GNPs more efficiently than does a respective fully complementary duplex. In this context, it was found that the location of nucleotide mismatches in the duplex is of great importance for the efficiency of GNP-DNA interaction; however, the researchers failed to identify a clear-cut effect of the type of mismatch on the occupancy of GNPs by the NAs [26]. Thus, aspects related to the adsorption of various DNAs on GNPs are under meticulous scrutiny [28; 29; 30], but so far no one has carried out a rigorous analysis of features of noncovalent binding of a DNA duplex and of its individual components to the surface of GNPs. This analysis is considerably complicated by the fact that it requires taking into account the full material balance, that is, the contribution of intra- and intermolecular NA-NA interactions and, directly, the analysis of the binding of each structure (formed in NAs) to GNPs. The present work is aimed at in-depth investigation of the details and features of noncovalent adsorption of dsDNA (and of the pair of corresponding interacting ssDNA components) on GNPs. By gel electrophoresis, autoradiography using \({}^{32}\)P-labeled interacting components, and colorimetric assays, comparative analyses were performed on features of the binding of GNPs to ssDNA of various structures and to dsDNA, either blunt-ended or bearing various single-stranded overhangs (\"anchor\" gold-binding motifs). At the same time, we attempted to modulate the affinity of the anchor DNA motifs for the surface of GNPs [23]. As the \"anchor\" gold-binding motifs, we tested short DNA sequences--previously selected by us based on results of large-scale sequencing and an analysis of the nucleotide sequence--that possess enhanced affinity for spherical GNPs 13 \(\pm\) 2 nm in diameter. It was found that the interaction of GNPs with DNA duplexes is accompanied by their dissociation and competitive adsorption of individual DNA strands on GNPs, while the key determinant of the efficiency of DNA adsorption is intrinsic affinity of ssDNA components of the potential duplex for GNPs. It was established that within DNA, motifs having strong affinity for GNPs can act and do act as an \"anchor\" fixing the entire molecule on the surface of the inorganic nanoparticle. On the other hand, involvement of the anchor fragments in an intramolecular interaction within DNA can reduce the efficiency of formation of hybrid double-stranded (single-stranded) DNA-GNP structures. A rational choice of optimal length and sequence of an anchor DNA segment makes it possible to achieve high density of adsorption of ssDNA to the gold surface, up to 98 \(\pm\) 2 molecules per GNP, but does not unambiguously promote efficient adsorption of the corresponding anchor-containing DNA duplexes on GNPs.