The Preparation Phase of the 2022 M\({}_{\text{L}}\) 5.7 Offshore Fano (Italy) Earthquake: A Multiparametric-Multilayer Approach  
[PERSON]  
1 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy;  
[PERSON]@ing.vit (M.D.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.P.);  
[PERSON]@ing.vit (S.A.C. ); gjafanfranco.cinchini@ing.vit (G.C. );  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P. ); [PERSON]@ing.vit (S.D. ); [PERSON]@ing.vit (M.C. );  
[PERSON]@ing.vit (C.F. ); [PERSON]@ing.vit (A.N. ); dario.sabbagh@ing.vit (D.S. );  
[PERSON]@ing  
the acoustic gravity wave (AGW) channel, and the electromagnetic (EM) channel. [PERSON] [2] proposed an electrostatic channel in which stressed rocks release positive charge carriers known as \"positive holes\". [PERSON] et al. [3] contested this theory, in particular studies [4; 5; 6]. [PERSON] et al. [7] pointed out some pitfalls in the experiment. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] proposed a radon release from the crust in the earthquake preparation zone; radon is the radioactive gas produced in the decay chain of uranium or thorium emitted from the ground, affecting the electric field in the troposphere-ionosphere electric circuit. [PERSON] et al. [9] further investigated the potential impact of radon emissions on the atmosphere and ionosphere, finding that localized changes in atmospheric currents due to radon have minimal effects on the electron distribution in the ionosphere. Similarly, the study proposed by [PERSON] et al. [10] does not find clear connections between electromagnetic variations and changes in pre-seismic temperatures, casting doubt on the hypothesis that radon emissions influence the ionosphere. To explain seismo-ionospheric effects, other authors [11; 12; 13] suggested atmospheric processes producing acoustic and/or gravity waves in the seismic preparation region. Investigating LAIC processes, the multiparametric analysis around earthquakes has become a highly debated topic, involving various parameters across layers and utilizing different observation technologies within the same layer. A comprehensive study [14] on investigating the LAIC mechanism of the Mw = 7.2 Haiti earthquake on 14 August 2021, considered 52 precursors, including GPS Total Electron Content (TEC), 4 from CSES-01 satellite data, 7 lithospheric and atmospheric precursors from AIRS and OMI sensors, and 40 from the Swarm satellite constellation. This author observed a significant amount of anomalous values, suggesting a sequence possibly due to ion radiation from the Earth, i.e., a thin layer of particles transferring the electric field to the upper atmosphere and then to the ionosphere. Another study [15] examined two major channels of LAIC mechanisms, acoustic and electromagnetic, to analyze pre-seismic irregularities of the 2020 Samos (Greece) earthquake of M = 6.9. This study considered TEC, AGW, bursts of energetic particles in the radiation belt, magnetic field, electron density, and temperature, obtaining significant anomalies from 10 to 1 day before the seismic event. Pre-seismic low values of TEC were observed in regions with lower b-values in a study focused on the analysis [16] of the Mw = 7.7 Colima (Mexico) earthquake on 19 September 2022, indicating a higher probability of larger earthquakes. Several studies focused on the correlation between the ionospheric TEC anomalies and the earthquakes [17; 18; 19; 20]. Specifically, to explain the coupling of TEC anomalies and seismic events [18], they confirmed the existence of an anomalous electric field in seismogenic zones triggered by stressed rocks in earthquake regions associated with fault lineaments, while [PERSON] [20] proposed that the space between the lithosphere and ionosphere is occupied by a coherent structure of electrons and protons, transmitting electromagnetic waves generated during the seismic nucleation of rocks at depth. [PERSON] et al.