## 3 Results  
Data were collected from 16 March 2021 to 20 April 2021, as shown in Figure 2, where the overall \(C_{n}^{2}\) values captured by the sonics and estimated by NAVSLaM are plotted. The \(C_{n}^{2}\) values from the upper sonic anemometer are displayed in the first plot in red with the NAVSLaM estimates overlayed in blue. The \(C_{n}^{2}\) values from the lower sonic anemometer are given in the second plot also in red with the NAVSLaM estimates overlayed in blue. The final plot presents the mean air temperature difference (upper temperature minus lower temperature) as measured by the two hygrometers. The solid black line indicates near-neutral conditions when the mean temperature difference is zero. The gaps in the record are due to power interruptions; to avoid further interruptions, we connected solar panels to the power supply. Additionally, from the 20 th of March to the 21 st of March, the experimental setup was relocated to avoid interference with sensors monitored by the Oceanography Department and thus the reason for the gap in data for that period. Figure 2 shows that both estimates and measurements follow a typical diurnal pattern with the largest \(C_{n}^{2}\) values occurring throughout the warmer afternoon hours and smaller \(C_{n}^{2}\) values seen in the cooler evening hours into post-midnight hours. At the end of March, periods of time are shown when the temperatures at the higher elevation were warmer than temperatures collected closer to the surface. More importantly, Figure 2 shows generally good agreement between measured \(C_{n}^{2}\) values and NAVSLaM estimates, especially during periods where the mean temperature difference is less than zero (i.e., during unstable conditions). However, periods of disagreement do exist and can be seen when the mean temperature difference is zero or, occasionally, greater than zero. Generally, the temperature difference between the upper and lower locations resulted in unstable conditions during the day, as the air at the lower height was warmed due to its proximity to the ground. This temperature difference drove significant turbulence during these periods--the lower CSAT3 recorded values of \(C_{n}^{2}\) more than \(10^{-12}\) m\({}^{-2/3}\) by midday, while the values for the upper CSAT3 were somewhat less. The NAVSLaM predictions followed a similar trend. At nighttime, near-neutral conditions generally prevailed, resulting in much lower \(C_{n}^{2}\) values recorded by the CSAT3s (as predicted by NAVSLaM). However, there were rare occasions where this overall trend was not followed. Usually, the wind direction along the Monterey coastline is onshore. During offshore flow events, warmer inland air can mix with cooler maritime air, resulting in warmer air aloft. One such event occurred at the end of March, as shown in Figure 3. For example, unstable conditions exist when the wind is onshore, while the airmass becomes stable during periods of offshore flow. This trend was followed throughout the measurement campaign. Figure 4 illustrates the results gathered over a 12-h period from 0600 Sunday, 4 April to 0600 Monday, 5 April, and is provided to demonstrate how the measured data were analyzed. The two upper plots display the \(C_{n}^{2}\) values calculated from measurements recorded by the upper (blue curve) and the lower (orange curve) sonic anemometers using the process described in the preceding section. These values range from \(10^{-16}\) m\({}^{-2/3}\) to \(10^{-13}\) m\({}^{-2/3}\) and follow an expected daily trend in which the highest values occur in the middle of the day and the lowest values at morning and early evening hours as the temperatures transition through neutral conditions. Figure 2: The upper two plots show overall \(C_{n}^{2}\) estimates from NAVSLaM (blue curves) and CSAT3 sonic anemometers (red dots), for the entire period of data collection from 16 March 2021 to 20 April 2021. The bottom plot shows the mean air temperature difference between the upper and lower sonic locations.