## 4 Real-Time Experimental Tests
### Experiemntal Test 1  
The case of 14 October 2021, in Compiegne, France, is considered. Figure 19 shows _PPV MPPT pred_, _PPV MPPT_, where the irradiations are intermediate with low fluctuations. In this case, the irradiations are intermediate, and the weather is a bit cloudy, so there are low fluctuations. The IIREV demand power is based on the data in Table 2. Figure 20 shows the power flow and storage state of charge for \"real-time exp\" with opt and the DC bus voltage--experimental test 1a. Figure 19: PV MPPT real and predicted powers and IIREV demand power—experimental test 1. Figure 20: Power flow and storage state of charge for “real-time exp” with opt **(a,b)** storage state of charge and DC bus voltage—experimental test 1a. In Figure 20a, the power flow of the storage and the grid is based on the coefficient \(k_{D}\). From 09:00 until 09:10 and 15:00 until 16:00, the grid is used, but this is not accurate since, in prediction, PV power is higher than the real PV power, and it is also higher than the IIREV demand power. However, when EV5 arrives, the IIREV demand power is greater than the PV and storage power that they can supply. Therefore, the grid supplies power to charge the EVs. Between 11:00 and 14:20, by selling energy to the grid operator, it is possible to make profits, especially from 12:00 and 13:00, as it is considered a peak period. Around 17:00, when there is no PV power and the storage is empty, the grid supplies power, regardless of the \(k_{D}\) value. Figure 20b shows the evolution of the storage SOC, where the storage discharge energy from 09:10 to 10:50, 14:25 to 14:50 and around 16:20 to 16:50. Figure 20b also shows the stability of the DC bus voltage even with small fluctuations, which are due to the switching of DC converters, and spikes of a few voltages happen when each EV starts charging and when it finishes charging. Figure 21 shows the power flow and storage state of charge for \"real-time exp\" without optimization and the DC bus voltage--experimental test 1b. In Figure 21a, the storage is always prioritized to be either charged or discharged. However, when EV5 arrives, the IIREV demand power is greater than the PV and storage power that they can supply. Therefore, the grid supplies power to charge the EVs. The grid continues supplying power to the IIREVs as the storage is empty around 17:10. Figure 21b shows the evolution of the storage SOC, where the storage is recharged from 10:50:10 to 14:25 after being discharged and then again discharges energy when EV5 arrives until it is empty. Figure 21b also shows the stability of the DC bus voltage even with small  
Figure 21: Power flow and storage state of charge for “real-time exp” without optimization (**a**,**b**) storage state of charge and DC bus voltage—experimental test 1b. fluctuations, which are due to the switching of DC converters, and the spikes of a few voltages happen when each EV starts charging and when it finishes charging. Table 4 shows the energy system cost for \"real-time exp\" with opt, where the energy costs are low due to selling energy to the grid and are far from the optimal energy cost for real conditions, which is 11.12 cC. For \"real-time exp\" without optimization, the energy cost is lower than in optimization due to the storage discharging energy in the peak hour from 15:00 to 16:00. As shown in Figure 19, the PV power prediction is overestimated and much higher than the real PV power. Therefore, in \"Opt for real conditions\", where the optimization is performed without uncertainties, it gives the optimal energy cost without error. It avoids grid supply energy, whereas in \"real-time exp\" with opt, it predicted falsely to inject around 12:30 and 15:00 to 16:00, as shown in Figure 20a. Moreover, when EV5 arrives, the storage is discharged to the maximum power and then becomes empty around 17:00. However, in \"Opt for real conditions\", the grid supplies its maximum power when EV5 arrives, and the storage is preserved to discharge at peak hours from 15:00 to 16:00.