## 4 The Proposed Use Case: Data Model and Scalability Analysis
### Application Example  
In this subsection an example of the application of the proposed LoRaWAN architecture for the monitoring of distributed energy resources in a real smart campus scenario is presented. The proposed communication architecture has been implemented for the monitoring of the operation and efficiency of a photovoltaic system installed in the engineering campus of the University of Brescia, Italy, such as part of the experimental activities of eLUX laboratory ([[https://elux.unibs.it/](https://elux.unibs.it/)]([https://elux.unibs.it/](https://elux.unibs.it/))). The eLUX laboratory is a living lab for research, training, and services on smart-grids, smart-living and electric vehicles within the Engineering Campus of the University of Brescia. Further details on the assets and experiments of the laboratory can be found in [45]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Information** & **Range** & **Resolution** & **Size (B)** \\ \hline Identification code of the device & - & - & 2 \\ Synchronization Timestamp & - & 1 s & 5 \\ Initial timestamp of the job schedule & - & 1 s & 5 \\ Set-point profile & - & - & 24 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: List of information packed into each data sample transferred to a single equipment controller. Each set-point profile is defined as list of set-point values, with a time horizon of 3 h, and a time resolution of 15 min. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Information** & **Range** & **Resolution** & **Size (B)** \\ \hline Identification code of the equipment & - & - & 2 \\ Timestamp of the set of information & - & 1 s & 5 \\ Active power consumption & 0 \(\div\) 200 kW & 0.01 W & 3 \\ Chiller temperature & 0 \(\div\) 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(<\) 0.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2 \\ Boiler temperature & 0 \(\div\) 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(<\) 0.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2 \\ Cold circuit inlet temperature & 0 \(\div\) 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(<\) 0.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2 \\ Cold circuit outlet temperature & 0 \(\div\) 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(<\) 0.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2 \\ Warm circuit inlet temperature & 0 \(\div\) 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(<\) 0.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2 \\ Warm circuit outlet temperature & 0 \(\div\) 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(<\) 0.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2 \\ Cold circuit mass flow rate & 0 \(\div\) 100 kg/s & \(<\) 0.01 kg/s & 2 \\ Warm circuit mass flow rate & 0 \(\div\) 100 kg/s & \(<\) 0.01 kg/s & 2 \\ Alarm Code & - & - & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: List of information packed into each data sample transferred by a HVAC system consisting of a single heat pump with a nominal power consumption of 200 kVA. Each information is computed as the average of all of the measured samples over the given monitoring time interval. As shown in the map depicted in Figure 5, the engineering campus of the University of Brescia has two points of common coupling with the distribution grid. The area highlighted in red in the map is fed by a Medium Voltage (MV) line of distribution network, while the area highlighted in blue is fed by a Low Voltage (LV) line. As shown in the map, the campus is equipped with four photovoltaic (PV) power plants (with a nominal power ranging from 10 to 111 kWp each) and two electrical storage systems (EESs). The monitoring of the working parameters of all the installed equipment, such as well of additional field sensors (such as solar irradiance meters) is crucial for the performance analysis and maintenance of such energy assets. In particular, the monitoring of single components may be not sufficient for monitoring the proper operation of equipment, and the combined analysis of different parameters may be required. This is the case, for instance, of the analysis of the operation of PV inverters, where the combined monitoring of the working parameters of the inverter and of the solar irradiance on the PV strings connected to the inverter are essential to properly interpret the correct behavior of the equipment.