## 4 Discussion
It was found that the probability of scoring is higher when leading than when trailing. This result is consistent with previous research on sighted judokas [29]. Regarding penalties, it was observed that judokas who score have similar percentages to those who do not score when performing actions that lead to scoring. This finding contrasts with previous studies indicating that judokas who receive scores tend to accumulate more shidos than those who produce them in judo for sighted athletes [34]. This suggests that, in judo for visually impaired athletes, shido might not be as significant as in judo for sighted athletes. This observation is supported by other authors [18]. The grips used by both judokas to score are predominantly sleeve-lapel grips. This makes sense, as it is the most common grip in judo for sighted athletes [35]. Additionally, this type of grip is used at the start and restart of the combat in Paralympic judo, which increases the likelihood that judokas will maintain it before risking losing the grip. The sleeve-back grip follows, which is a common progression from the sleeve-lapel grip. In relation to movement, the principle of Ju, one of the fundamental principles of judo, states that one must use the opponent's force to throw them. This implies performing techniques while moving [36]. However, in our study, almost half of the scoring techniques were performed statically (47.1%), followed by movements in tai-sabaki. This finding is similar to what occurs in sighted judokas, where 48.2% of the scoring techniques were performed statically [29]. Another fundamental principle, seiryoku zenyo, suggests that if the opponent's strength cannot be used, one must take the initiative with the least possible effort [36]. This could explain the high percentage of techniques performed statically. Regarding the distribution of techniques, it was observed that the Te-waza, Ashi-waza, and Sutemi-waza groups are relatively evenly distributed, each group accounting for about 30% of the actions. In contrast, Koshi-waza techniques are significantly less frequent, representing only 6% of the total. This distribution follows the general trend observed in judo for sighted athletes, although there are differences in percentages [8]. When analyzing each weight category, it was found that Te-waza techniques are more common in the lighter categories, while Ashi-waza techniques predominate in the heavier categories. This finding is consistent with previous studies on judo for sighted athletes [37]. However, in the \(-\)100 kg category, a notable trend toward the use of Sutemi-waza was observed, which could reflect specific characteristics of that category. The diversity of techniques is considerable. This is due to the wide range of available techniques and the different ways of practicing judo, which can increase the chances of victory [21]. However, Seoi-nage, which is commonly used by sighted judokas [38], is identified as a highly efficient and frequently used technique, along with Uchi-mata and Sumi-otoshi. These are the only techniques performed more than 20 times. The distribution of scores shows differences compared to other studies on judo for visually impaired athletes. In those studies, ippon represented 54.64% of the scores [18]. In our research, the percentage was only 36.4%. When considering each weight category, the distribution of scores is similar to that observed in the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. In the higher weight categories, there was a higher number of ippon, while in the lighter categories, a lower percentage was observed. This similarity is surprising given the change in regulations between both championships and the transition from judo for visually impaired athletes to judo for sighted athletes [38; 39]. Regarding groundwork, the number of scoring actions decreases significantly compared to Tachi-waza, dropping from 261 to only 50 (16%). This decrease is considerable compared to judo for sighted athletes, where groundwork represents 25% of the scores [8].