# Interoperability of Digital Tools for the Monitoring and Control of Construction Projects
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Interoperability: Integrated Use of FDCT and CT
The purple group is characterized by technologies that are highly automated, i.e., the man-machine relationship for acquiring information is almost nil. On the other hand, it is natural that the analysis of betweenness maintains the balance, since each technology has its capabilities, and none is better than another. Thus, each technology is selected according to the function it satisfies. In contrast, for the intra-connections' analysis of the CTs, Figure 6 shows that BIM is the most powerful intermediary or the intermediary with the highest interoperability among the TC tools, i.e., it can exchange a large amount of data and knowledge. The technologies that achieve this to a lesser extent but still significantly are augmented reality (AR), photogrammetry (PHT), the Internet of Things (IoT) and digital twins (DT). Figure 7 shows the interconnections, with FDCT technologies in red and CT technologies in green. Given the magnitude of the nodes, FDCT technologies take the leading role, and drones (UAVs) again become an influential technology within the group, which is related to technologies that have different functions, mainly reconstruction, simulation and visualization. Regarding the role of intermediaries, in general, FDCTs stand out over TCs, in this case, R, WSN, SMP and RFID. It is worth mentioning that BIM, under this arrangement, does not have a major role because BIM is characterized by being a communicative and collaborative technology (refer to Figure 8). Figure 5: Intra-FDCT network analysis. (**a**) Modularity: capture technologies form two communities. (**b**) Betweenness: UAV stands out subtly; the balance of betweenness between capture technologies is maintained, as represented by the pale green color. Figure 6: Analysis of intra-connections networks CT—betweenness. Figure 9 shows the full connections, where it is evident that BIM, at the moment of relating with the totality of the interactions, undoubtedly becomes the major intermediary. BIM has great potential to be employed with other technologies, whether FDCT or CT. BIM is able to connect with 80% of the technologies that have the potential to be utilized for monitoring and control in construction projects according to the evidence found in the literature. Figure 8: Interconnection network analysis—betweenness. Figure 7: Interconnection network analysis—category. In general, three communities can be distinguished in Figure 10, where the leaders are building information modeling (BIM), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and photogrammetry (PHT). The first group, led by BIM, is in charge of being the intermediary with the technologies that present less interoperability. The second group, led by UAVs, presents mostly CT-type technologies. For the orange community, CT technologies are mainly grouped and influential for data transfer, reconstruction and simulations. This triad formed by BIM, UAVs and PHTs does not coincide; the construction industry has been widely adopting these technologies, and there is evidence of success in their application. The benefits of their use extend to not only monitoring and control but also all phases of the construction process, including operation. In addition, the models generated can also be integrated with surveys of other technologies, such as laser scanners, which provide more accurate information. Figure 10: Full network analysis—modularity. Figure 9: Full network analysis—betweenness. Regarding the groups or communities formed in Figure 6, it can be seen that each group is formed by FDCT and CT technologies, which shows the need to have a source of data capture for the subsequent communication and collaboration that they provide. It is noteworthy that the group led by UAV is not connected to PHT or GIS. Figure 11 shows the abovementioned BIM, which is in charge of housing the information that is extracted and analyzed by means of the other technologies.