## 2 Background and Related Work
### Emergency Management in Smart Campuses  
Narrowing the context further, numerous studies have delved into the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems in smart campus emergency management. [PERSON] et al. [35] carried out a systematic review to reveal prevailing research patterns in smart campuses. The review was carried out along two main dimension of analysis. The former one examined the enabling technologies for smart campuses. This analysis aimed to reveal which tools and technological innovations are essential for creating a campus environment that fully leverages the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, and advanced communication systems. The latter consists of application domains within the smart campus concept. This examination looks at how smart technologies can be applied across various sectors, from enhancing security and energy management to creating more engaging and personalized learning experiences. Additionally, they presented a case study that adheres to the human-centred principle of smart campus development, evaluating its consistency and alignment with current research trends. A different survey was carried out by [PERSON] et al. [36]. The authors discussed and evaluated tools and technologies to analyze big data efficiently, focusing on field-specific applications: smart real estate and disaster management. The proposed framework presents several scenarios where big data coming from heterogeneous sources can be used to tackle emergencies.  
Recent research has explored the potential of social media to revolutionize emergency management strategies [37; 38]. [PERSON] et al. [37] investigated the role of social media for emergency management in smart campuses. Building upon existing research assessing crisis communication theories and models, the authors discuss contemporary opportunities and challenges encountered by universities and educational institutions during crises. The authors emphasize the critical role of social media in crisis communication plans and advocate for future research to explore effective strategies for integrating social media into emergency response efforts. [PERSON] et al. [38] introduced a study centered on treating users as valuable assets by leveraging their social media engagement. The authors presented a system designed to detect emergency events at the National Polytechnic Institute Zacatenco. This system classifies Twitter messages from users near the area of interest using three machine learning models (Bayes Multinomial, Support Vector Machines, and k-Nearest Neighbors) into four classes (mobility, fire, health, and none).  
Moving from social media to IoT, [PERSON] et al. [39] proposed an NDN-based IoT-DMS architecture specifically designed for fire disasters, named NDN-DISCA. Within NDN-DISCA, producers in the NDN architecture actively disseminate emergency content to nearby consumers. To facilitate push support, a Beacon Alert Message (BAM) is generated using fixed sequence numbers. The proposed NDN-DISCA architecture is simulated using ndnSIM, focusing on a disaster scenario within an IoT-based smart campus (SC). The simulation results indicate that NDN-DISCA demonstrates minimal delay and improved throughput compared to both legacy NDN and existing PUSH schemes. This underscores the potential efficacy of the NDN architecture in enhancing disaster management within the IoT framework.  
In conclusion, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [40] detailed the adoption of smart city technologies and services within a university campus. The application \"Campus Info\" is the central component of the emergency management system. It analyzes data from various monitoring systems to deliver timely information and support. By providing these crucial details promptly, it helps users to stay informed and, in case of an emergency, allows them to request assistance quickly by connecting directly to ambulance services, campus security, or designated university contacts.