esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# CFD and Energy Loss Model Analysis of High-Speed Centrifugal Pump with Low Specific Speed
## 1 Introduction
The hub leakage, bearing clearance leakage, and motor channel leakage have significant impacts on the pump performance, which are commonly ignored by the empirical correlation method, resulting in the high head and efficiency of the predicted low specific speed pump performance [20]. The ELM method can be applied to various structural pumps for considering the power of each part. However, ELM adopted in the relative literature is based on empirical theoretical parameters that will influence the prediction accuracy and it is less used in the pump performance analysis. Therefore, ELM optimization and CFD optimization were combined to form a new method in this study, namely the ELM/CFD method, which can calculate various energy losses of the low specific speed centrifugal pump based on the numerical simulation and evaluate their respective or joint effects on the pump performance. In this paper, the experiments were performed on a high-speed centrifugal pump with the low specific speed and the performance curve of the pump under 7500 rpm was obtained. A method combining the energy loss model and CFD simulations was used to reveal the loss mechanisms. The comparison between ELM/CFD predictions and the experimental results shows good agreement, indicating the ELM/CFD method can be a useful tool for the design of high-speed centrifugal pumps with the low specific speed. The results of this paper also provide guidelines for the development of efficient high-speed centrifugal pumps.
# High-Dimensional and Multi-Intensity One-Photon-Interference Quantum Secure Direct Communication
## 2 Our Protocol
Step 4: Mode matching.After all measurements are completed, [PERSON] and [PERSON] publish their selection of modes and retain events where they chose the same mode. In coding mode, [PERSON] and [PERSON] publish the basis information \(A\) and \(B\) and retain the events where they choose the same basis. In multi-intensity mode, [PERSON] and [PERSON] publish the intensities \(\beta_{a}\) and \(\beta_{b}\) and the phase information \(\phi_{a}\) and \(\phi_{b}\), and then retain the events where \(\beta_{a}=\beta_{b}\) and \(|\phi_{a}-\phi_{b}|=0\) or \(\pi\). Step 5: Parameter estimation.Alice and [PERSON] randomly publish some bit values in coding modes to estimate the quantum bit error rate (QBER), and use multi-intensity modes to estimate the amount of information leakage. Step 6: Decoding.Bob decodes the message from the ciphertext. The details of the decoding process are described in Appendix A. It is important to note that mode mismatches occur with a probability of \(2p(1-p)\), resulting in the possible loss of information transmitted by [PERSON]. This necessitates the use of error-correcting codes during the pre-encoding process.
## 4 Performance Evaluation Results and Discussion
### Analysis of the Correlations between User Influence, User Activity, and Yelp Variables  
The user influence and user activity are dependent upon several variables in the Yelp data set. One could provide better insight into these concepts if the correlations between these concepts and the Yelp variables are analyzed. The correlations with the user influence and the correlations with the user activity are shown in Table 4. The correlations between user influence, user activity, number of elites, number of fans, number of friends, number of reviews, and recent review date were analyzed.  
The user influence and user activity do not show a strong correlation. The user influence shows a strong correlation with number of fans and a moderate correlation with number of friends. This means that users that have a strong relationship with a large fan base would have much higher user influence. The user influence may be used as a measure to consider when marketing for image improvement is more important. The user activity shows a strong correlation with number of reviews and a moderate relationship with number of friends. This means that the users who write many reviews and have strong contents in reviews would have a much higher user activity. The user activity may be used as a measure to consider when the spreading of quality content is more important.
# End-Users' Augmented Reality Utilization for Architectural Design Review
## 6 Conclusions  
The goal of this study was to analyze the technical quality and acceptability of an AR system for architectural design review from the end-user's perspective. To achieve this, the quality of visual presentation and technology acceptance level was measured and compared with VR and 2D screen systems. The user experience of the AR system was also evaluated through a UEQ questionnaire. The results indicate that an AR system could be beneficial in reviewing the visual components of building elements, including color, texture, and fenestration. The technical acceptance level resultsfurther strengthen the effectiveness of an AR system for design review. AR received the highest technology acceptance level, albeit with physical discomfort to the user, while VR had a better technology acceptance level compared to the 2D screen system, except for user satisfaction and mental comfort. In light of this, the physical discomfort of the AR system and the mental discomfort of the VR system needs to be reduced or solved for effective adoption in the AEC field in the future. Lastly, the results of the UEQ survey show that most respondents found using the AR application to be innovative and creative. While there are still some features that need to be improved in terms of functionality, the novel experiences provided by the AR system made a pleasant user experience.  
Since this research focused on the feasibility of using an AR system for design review focusing on non-professional perspectives, the targets, and tasks of reviewing building design are relatively simple compared to the detailed design review activities within professionals. Therefore, to implement the findings of this study to design collaboration with experts, it is necessary to validate the applicability and efficiency of the AR-based visualization platform for more complex design review tasks. It is anticipated that model-based design collaboration will be embraced by the construction industry as sharing virtual information is getting easier. It is also expected that by overcoming the technological limitations, the use of AR devices for end-users can be encouraged and promoted. In this regard, the findings of this study contribute to guiding practical usage of AR systems for end-user-involved architectural design review.  
Conceptualization, J.S. and J.G.L.; methodology, A.A. and M.C.; writing--original draft preparation, J.G.L. and M.C.; writing--review and editing, J.S. and J.G.L.; project administration, J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research study was supported by the Early Career Scheme (PolyU 25210917) from Research Grants Council, Hong Kong.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Ultra-Low-Power Wide Range Backscatter Communication Using Cellular Generated Carrier +
## 2 Background
### Energy Harvesting  
Backscatter devices usually work in a passive or semi-passive mode. There exists an internal battery in the semi-passive BD for powering up the circuitry, and that provides a longer lifetime and communication range to the backscatter device. In addition, the larger form-factor of the BDs considerably contributes to their applications in different industries. Whereas, in the passive mode, the BD utilizes the power of the incident RF signal to harvest the energy while there is no energy reservoir included at the BD. The battery-free BD requires the energy to process the obtained information and transmit the information to the reader. The form-factor of these kind of BDs is tiny. Passive BDs can obtain sustainable power through ambient signals that are readily available in abundance in the environment. The ubiquitous availability of ambient RF signals makes it feasible to harvest the RF power. The amount of energy available for harvesting at the BD depends on the received signal power level from the RF source. There is a trade-off between the harvested energy and decode information rate. Different schemes, e.g., time splitting, static power splitting, and on-off splitting, have been studied for allocating the RF power for harvesting theenergy in different scenarios, and it is recommended to use static power splitting in high signal-to-noise (SNR) regions and on-off splitting scheme in intermediate SNR regions [28].
###### Abstract  
This paper presents small-signal modeling, analysis, and control design for wireless distributed and enabled battery energy storage system (WEDES) for electric vehicles (EVs), which can realize the active state-of-charge (SOC) balancing between each WEDES battery module and maintain operation with a regulated bus voltage. The derived small-signal models of the WEDES system consist of several sub-models, such as the DC-DC boost converter model, wireless power transfer model, and the models of control compensators. The small-signal models are able to provide deep insight analysis of the steady-state and dynamics of the WEDES battery system and provide design guidelines or criteria of the WEDES controller. The derived small-signal models and controller design are evaluated and validated by both MATLAB(r)/SIMULINK simulation and hardware experimental prototype.  
Keywords:small-signal modeling; battery energy storage system; battery management system; control; stability; dynamic response; wireless power; state-of-charge; electric vehicle +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Results
### Lidars' Performance in Presence of the Motion
#### 5.2.5 Horizontal Motion along N-S Axis (Surge)  
The statistical analysis of lidar data during surge motion (tests 6, 31, and 54) is presented in the last row of Figure 6. The lidars were subjected to sinusoidal oscillations with \(A_{0}=40\) cm. For test 6 and 31 \(f_{0}=0.1\) Hz, and for test 54 \(f_{0}=0.2\) Hz. All lidars measured similar mean wind speeds, with slight overestimation by the WindCube V1 reference (Figure 6 Surge: a, b). Moreover, moving lidars exhibited higher TI estimates at 85 m compared to reference lidars. Additionally, WindCube V1 consistently showed higher TI estimates than ZephIR 300, indicating greater variability in WindCube V1 measurements (Figure 6 Surge: c, d). Strong linear relationships between moving and corresponding reference lidars were observed, with correlation values ranging from 0.73 to 0.90 in Figure 7 (Surge: c, d). However, correlations were lower at 145 m compared to 85 m. The APE between the WindCube V1 moving and reference lidars was less than 2.5% at 85 m and 7.5% at 145 m, whereas for ZephIR 300, the APE was below 2.5% at both heights (Figure 7 Surge: a, b). Our findings suggest that surge motion had negligible effects on the ZephIR 300 measurements, while WindCube V1 showed increased susceptibility to motion-induced errors at higher heights. However, due to the limited range of frequencies and the small number of test cases available here, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn.
###### Abstract  
In the context of a low-orbit mega constellation network, we consider the large-scale inter-satellite routing problem with time windows and capacity constraints (ISRPTWC) with the goal of minimizing the total consumption cost, including transmission, resource consumption, and other environmentally impacted costs. Initially, we develop an integer linear programming model for ISRPTWC. However, a difficult issue when solving ISRPTWC is how to deal with complex time window constraints and how to reduce congestion and meet transmission capacity. Along this line, we construct a three-dimensional time-space state network aiming to comprehensively enumerate the satellite network state at any moment in time and a task transmission route at any given time and further propose a time-discretized multi-commodity network flow model for the ISRPTWC. Then, we adopt a dynamic programming algorithm to solve the single-task ISRPTWC. By utilizing a Lagrangian relaxation algorithm, the primal multi-task routing problem is decomposed into a sequence of single-task routing subproblems, with Lagrangian multipliers for individual task route nodes and links being updated by a subgradient method. Notably, we devise a novel idea for constructing the upper bound of the ISRPTWC. Finally, a case study using illustrative and real-world mega constellation networks is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.  
low-orbit mega constellation network; inter-satellite routing problem with time windows and capacity constraints. _Mathematics_**2022**, _10_, 3969. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213969](https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213969)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213969](https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213969))  
1
###### Abstract  
In the context of Industry 4.0, user demands for industrial robots have shifted toward diversification and experience-orientation. Effectively integrating users' affective imagery requirements into industrial-robot form design remains a critical challenge. Traditional methods rely heavily on designers' subjective judgments and lack objective data on user cognition. To address these limitations, this study develops a comprehensive methodology grounded in Kansei engineering that combines Extenics-based semantic analysis, eye-tracking experiments, and user imagery evaluation. First, we used web crawlers to harvest user-generated descriptors for industrial floor-cleaning robots and applied Extenics theory to quantify and filter key perceptual imagery features. Second, eye-tracking experiments captured users' visual-attention patterns during robot observation, allowing us to identify pivotal design elements and assemble a sample repository. Finally, the semantic differential method collected users' evaluations of these design elements, and correlation analysis mapped emotional needs onto stylistic features. Our findings reveal strong positive correlations between four core imagery preferences--\"dignified,\" \"technological,\" \"agile,\" and \"minimalist\"--and their corresponding styling elements. By integrating qualitative semantic data with quantitative eye-tracking metrics, this research provides a scientific foundation and novel insights for emotion-driven design in industrial floor-cleaning robots.  
Kansei engineering; Extenics-based semantic analysis; eye-tracking; industrial cleaning robots; morphological design Article
# Decentralized Consensus Protocols on \(SO(4)^{N}\) and \(Tso(4)^{N}\) with Reshaping
## 3 Consensus on \(SO(4)^{n}\) with Reshaping
### Illustrative Examples
#### 3.3.2 Five-Agent Ring Graph with Initial Conditions Away from Consensus  
Now, we reconsider the case of the ring graph with \(N=5\) agents in Figure 1a. The initial configurations of the agents are now assumed to be  
\[R_{1}=expm(0.1S_{1}+0.2S_{2})\quad R_{i}=expm\left(\frac{(2i-2)}{N}\pi S_{1}+ 0.2 iS_{2}\right),\quad i=1,\dots,N\]  
\[S_{1}=\left(\begin{bmatrix}0&0&1&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}^{T}\right)^{\wedge}\quad S _{2}=\left(\begin{bmatrix}0&1&0&0&0&1\end{bmatrix}^{T}\right)^{\wedge} \tag{44}\]The skew-symmetric matrices have been selected to ensure that the conditions detailed in Section 2.2 are met, including the relation \(S_{1}S_{2}=0\), so that an element in \(SO(4)\) is generated by the relation defined in Equation (9). Initial configurations for the five agents are chosen in the neighborhood of a non-consensus equilibrium to show the improvement achieved by feedback reshaping. The base case protocol with \(q=1\) and \(b=1\) has been simulated using the protocol derived in Equation (37) and is shown in Figure 4a. The reshaping Case 1 (\(q=3\)) protocol has also been simulated, with the appropriate \(b_{n}\) coefficients. These results are shown in Figure 4b. When plotting the absolute and relative configurations between agents, the PRAs are computed as derived in Equation (8).  
The results in Figure 4a show that the closed loop using the base case consensus protocol converges to the stable balanced non-consensus equilibrium with separation \(2\pi/5\) in one of the PRAs about the same plane of rotation between connected pairs, which is expected since the initial conditions are in the region of attraction for this equilibrium. There are two clusters of relative configurations, denoted by \(\theta_{ij1}\), which converges towards \(72^{\circ}=2\pi/N\), and \(\theta_{ij2}\), which is driven to zero. This stable non-consensus equilibrium is similar to that for five agents connected by a ring graph with configurations on the unit circle, as in the Kuramoto model [17].  
Figure 4b shows the principal angles associated with the relative configurations converging to zero for both PRAs as desired. The two PRAs for each agent converge to the same steady-state limits \(\theta_{\mathrm{ss1}}\) and \(\theta_{\mathrm{ss2}}\), although \(\theta_{\mathrm{ss1}}\
eq\theta_{\mathrm{ss2}}\). This is expected, since nothing is driving the agent's configuration to an isoclinic rotation. For the five-agent ring topology and initial conditions chosen, the reshaping Case 1 protocol achieves the desired outcome. The reshaping protocol implemented in this simulation has destabilized the stable non-consensus equilibrium and resulted in the AGAS of the synchronized state.
## 3 Methods  
### LUCC Classification Procedure  
Figure 2 illustrates a flowchart of the methodology used in this study. In the first stage, the Sentinel-2 L1C product was geometrically unified into seven datasets at two different spatial resolutions. Then, EAPs and GLCM were calculated and integrated with spectral bands separately or together to form four feature sets. Finally, seven data sets with four feature sets generate twenty-eight classification scenarios, each of which was delineated into seven classes, including shrub, forest, agricultural land, bare land, built-up areas, water, and road with random forest.
# Energy and Distance Based Multi-Objective Red Fox Optimization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network
## 4 Preliminaries
### Energy Model  
The energy consumption of the transmitter and receiver node were measured based on the first order radio model. Equations (1) and (2) are used for measuring the energy required for transmitting and receiving of \(l\) bits packet at the distance of \(d\).  
\[E_{TX}(l,d)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}l\times E_{dec}+l\times\varepsilon_{fs} \times d^{2}\;if\;d\leq d_{0}\\ l\times E_{dec}+l\times\varepsilon_{mp}\times d^{4}\;if\;d>d_{0}\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
\[E_{RX}(l,d)=l\times E_{dec} \tag{2}\]  
where \(E_{dec}\) specifies the energy utilized for transmission/reception, and \(d_{0}\) specifies the threshold distance, which is expressed by Equation (3).  
\[d_{0}=\sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon_{fs}}{\varepsilon_{mp}}} \tag{3}\]  
where the \(\varepsilon_{mp}\) and \(\varepsilon_{fs}\) are the amplification energy for multipath model and free space, respectively. The model of transmitter amplifier defines \(\varepsilon_{fs}\) and \(\varepsilon_{mp}\).
## 1 Introduction
For lean RCC, medium paste, and high paste RCC, the Vee-Bee time of not more than 30 s, 10-20 s, and 8-15 s, respectively, were found to achieve optimum workability [18]. In studying the permeable character of Cemented Sand and Gravel (CSG) Dams and their seepage fields, [PERSON] et al. (2018) indicated that the mortar margin and cementation  
Figure 1: (**a**) Cementitious mix with single-sized aggregate. (**b**) Reduction in cement paste or mortar volume due to a smaller volume of gaps within the aggregate skeleton. (**c**) Improving workability at the same paste or mortar volume due to the formation of paste or mortar coating on aggregate surfaces. strength of well-graded partial CSG material tend to be superior, whereas those of poorly graded CSG materials appear to be weaker [23]. For optimal density in CSGR through vibration and consolidation, sand voids should be filled with paste, and voids within the gravel and rock should be filled with mortar, forming a highly solidified and dense structure. As the \(\alpha\) or \(\beta\) values increase to the optimal or limit values, the VC value decreases accordingly, enhancing workability, strength, and durability. Conversely, if the \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) values fall below the limit, excess air fills the voids, leading to serious segregation, durability issues, and strength reduction. The \(\alpha\) value depends on the paste content and the void content of the fine aggregate, while the \(\beta\) value depends on the mortar content and the voids within the coarse aggregates. The equations for paste and mortar margin used in optimizing the mix in this study are provided in Equations (A1)-(A5) in Appendix A. In conclusion, the paste and mortar margins are crucial parameters yet understudied in the field of CSGRD; therefore, this research paper seeks to answer the duo questions: What is the optimum range of paste and mortar margins, and how is the behaviour of the relationship between paste and mortar margins with the compressive strength development of the Rich-Mix CSGR towards the achievement of C\({}_{180}\)20 for cushion, protective, and seepage control layers in CSGRD construction? This research considers two case study projects, with details provided in Appendix A. The answers to the questions will help to understand the relationship between the paste and mortar margins and compressive strength development in CSGR and other similar materials, aiding in the optimization of material mixes for the construction of more resilient, economic, and sustainable hydraulic structures in the future, benefiting the entire dam industry enormously.
## 2 Problem Formulation
Using the form of zonotope \(\mathcal{V}(\mathbf{x})\) and the properties of support function, it is possible to formulate the equality  
\[h\left(\mathbf{u},\mathcal{V}(\mathbf{x})\right)=h\left(\mathbf{u},\mathcal{V }^{(0)}(\mathbf{x})\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{\epsilon}h\left(\mathbf{u},\mathcal{V }^{(i)}(\mathbf{x})\right) \tag{12}\]  
and further  
\[h\left(\mathbf{u},\mathcal{V}(\mathbf{x})\right)=\left\langle \mathbf{u},\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{A}^{(0)}\mathbf{x}\right\rangle+\sum_{i=1}^{ \epsilon}h\left(\mathbf{u},-\left(\mathbf{A}^{(i)}\mathbf{x}\right)*[p_{i}] \right)=\] \[=\left\langle\mathbf{u},\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{A}^{(0)}\mathbf{x} \right\rangle+\sum_{i=1}^{\epsilon}\max\left\{\left\langle\mathbf{u},- \mathbf{A}^{(i)}\mathbf{x}\right\rangle p_{i}:p_{i}\in[p_{i}]\right\}= \tag{13}\] \[=C^{(0)}(\mathbf{u})+\sum_{i=1}^{\epsilon}\left(C^{(i)}(\mathbf{ u})p_{i}^{\mathrm{c}}+|C^{(i)}(\mathbf{u})|p_{i}^{\mathrm{A}}\right),\]  
where  
\[C^{(0)}(\mathbf{u})=\left\langle\mathbf{u},\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{A}^{(0)} \mathbf{x}\right\rangle,\quad C^{(i)}(\mathbf{u})=-\left\langle\mathbf{u}, \mathbf{A}^{(i)}\mathbf{x}\right\rangle\quad(i=1,\ldots,\epsilon). \tag{14}\]  
The pair of inequalities  
\[0\leq h\left(\mathbf{u},\mathcal{V}(\mathbf{x})\right)\quad\text{and}\quad 0 \leq h\left(-\mathbf{u},\mathcal{V}(\mathbf{x})\right) \tag{15}\]  
can be written in the form of one inequality  
\[\left|C^{(0)}(\mathbf{u})+\sum_{i=1}^{\epsilon}C^{(i)}(\mathbf{u})p_{i}^{ \mathrm{c}}\right|\leq\sum_{i=1}^{\epsilon}\left|C^{(i)}(\mathbf{u})\right|p_{ i}^{\mathrm{A}}. \tag{16}\]  
The above transformations and Proposition 1 lead directly to  
Proposition 2: _Let \(\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{s}\). A point \(\mathbf{x}\) belongs to \(\Xi_{uni}\) if and only if \(\mathbf{x}\) satisfies inequality (16) for all \(\mathbf{u}\in\mathcal{U}^{+}\)._  
The descriptions of united solution set \(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}}\) described in the present paper are characterized by the form described above. The descriptions can be found in the papers [23; 24; 25]. They are presented directly or as special cases of descriptions related to wider class of the families of linear systems.