esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Characterization of Pectin-Based Electrospun Film  
ATR-FTIR was carried out on the selected film, obtained from the pectin-based fibers of S7, to ascertain the effect of PEO\({}_{2000}\) and glycerol on pectin and the thermal post-treatment. The FTIR spectra of the pure components, that is, the pectin powder, glycerol, and PEO\({}_{2000}\), were also collected. Figure 8 gathers the FTIR spectra of these components and of the pectin-based fibers and film. Table 4 summarizes the band attribution of each peak observed in the FTIR spectra of the pectin materials. One of the characteristic peaks of pectin was seen at 1741 cm\({}^{-1}\), which refers to the C-H stretching of carboxyl groups (COOH). Also, the two characteristic bands at 1672 cm\({}^{-1}\) (amide I) and 1595 cm\({}^{-1}\) (amide II) relate to the presence of amide groups [75; 76] of the amidated pectin. The peaks centered at 1132 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1070 cm\({}^{-1}\) may be ascribed to the contribution of the C-C and C-O bonds in secondary alcohol groups of -CH-OH. For glycerol, five characteristic bands at the wavenumbers in the 1150-850 cm\({}^{-1}\) range arise from the vibrations of C-C and C-O linkages [77]. The FTIR spectrum of PEO\({}_{2000}\) exhibited CH\({}_{2}\) scissoring at 1465 cm\({}^{-1}\), CH\({}_{2}\) wagging at 1357 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1340 cm\({}^{-1}\), CH\({}_{2}\) bending at 1280 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1240 cm\({}^{-1}\), C-O-C stretching at 1093 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1145 cm\({}^{-1}\), and CH\({}_{2}\) rocking at 962 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 847 cm\({}^{-1}\)[78]. The shift in the wavenumber values related to the--CH bending from 1423 cm\({}^{-1}\), for the pectin powder, to 1411 cm\({}^{-1}\), for the pectin fibers and film, could be related to a decrease in the interaction between pectin molecules that can be ascribed to the above-described plasticizing effect of glycerol and also to the interaction with PEO\({}_{2000}\). No changes were observed in the FTIR spectrum of the pectin-based material from fibers to film after the annealing, which proves the absence of chemical reactions and degradation during the applied thermal post-treatment.  
Figure 7: Optical images of the electrospun pectin films obtained from the washed fibers of: (**a**) S5; (**b**) S6; (**c**) S7; (**d**) S8; (**e**) S9; (**f**) S10.
infections. The number of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococci has risen dramatically in recent years, which is alarming considering that vancomycin is a last-resort antimicrobial against a wide spectrum of multidrug-resistant (MDR), Gram-positive bacteria [5]. Studies suggest that food-producing animals are probably not a significant reservoir of human disease given that the AMR patterns in animal isolates are different from those isolated from human clinical cases [6]. Nevertheless, there are increasing concerns that important mechanisms conferring resistance to critical antimicrobials in human medicine can be disseminated to other bacteria that populate the gastrointestinal tract of animals. These bacteria, including those that can cause human disease, can reach consumers through the food chain [7].  
As with many bacteria, there are two sides to Enterococci. Several strains are considered beneficial for their hosts by exerting their probiotics properties in vivo, such as strain T110 of _E. ficeum_, while others have been used as adjunct cultures in fermenting dairy products [8; 9]. Previous studies have shown that naturally occurring _Enterococcus_ spp. in dairy products significantly contribute to the complex metabolic network created during the ripening process that eventually affects the organoleptic properties of the end products. Furthermore, they exert antimicrobial activity through the production of bacteriocins and thus have the capacity to modulate the microbiota of dairy products and control pathogens [7]. Despite the potential beneficial effects, none of the _Enterococcus_ species has been granted the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) status by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) [9] or the GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) USA equivalent. Therefore, there is a need to employ high-throughput technologies that can help to distinguish friend from foe in Enterococci via their thorough characterization. In this regard, the aim of this study was to provide a high-resolution characterization of _Enterococcus_ spp. isolated from different dairy products [10; 11], such as raw sheep milk, artisanal Feta, and artisanal Kefalograviera cheese, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), primarily with respect to their resistance and virulence repertoire, but considering other important genomic features as well. A comparative genomic analysis of _Enterococcus_ spp. isolated from various sources, including human clinical isolates, was conducted as well to assess the genomic characteristics of this collection in the context of a broader and diverse set of sequenced isolates.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
Numerical data are expressed as the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation for parametric distributions and the median with an interquartile range for non-parametric distributions. Student's \(t\)-test, a parametric test, was employed to compare the means between 2 groups when the data were normally distributed. For non-normally distributed data or when dealing with ordinal data or non-numeric outcomes, the non-parametric test known as the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was utilized. A \(p\)-value of less than 0.05 was set as the threshold for statistical significance to determine meaningful differences or changes. The choice of test was based on the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and the presence of outliers, which was assessed prior to the main analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Ver. 26 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).  
Figure 2: Radiographic measurements of the lumbar disc height: A, anterior disc height; B, middle disc height; C, posterior disc height. Disc height = (A + B + C)/3 (mm).
# A Modular Web-Based Software Solution for Mobile Networks Planning, Operation and Optimization
## 4 Requirements and Architecture  
One of the initial tasks of the research work was to setup user and design requirements for the software solution. The methodology included close contact with MNOs, who are the potential end-users of the solution. As a result, a set of major functional and non-functional requirements were established, as follows:  
* A user should be able:
* To upload and overview the state of the network;
* To run a simulation of a RAN algorithm so he or she can infer how the network will behave under certain conditions;
* To record user interface workspace conditions for future use;
* To record the outcome of simulations made for future use;
* User interaction should be carried out via a web client;
* User interactivity is paramount;
* The solution should be built using open-source software;
* The solution must be designed in a way that facilitates the incorporation of more RAN algorithms in the future.  
Based on the requirements set out, we have developed a web-based solution that provides users an interactive visual environment so they can focus on network data exploration.  
Figure 4 shows the architecture of the solution. It follows the classic 3-tier architecture--presentation, logic and data layers.  
In the presentation layer, there are two main components, resembling the two major user tasks: overview the state of the network and simulate its potential behavior. Most of the rendering is leaning towards the client side, that is, the web browser, as it is nowadays a common trend in web applications. By doing so, we are able to deliver a richer user experience, in line with the requirement about interactivity being paramount.  
Figure 4: The solution 3-tier architecture.  
As for the logic layer, there are three components. First, the web server dealing with required web services, not just intrinsically to the web technology but also domain related calls. Then, we have the core component of the application server, where most of domain related code resides. For instance, code to check cell information across the network or to validate quality parameters. The 3 rd module deals specifically with simulation of RAN algorithms. This also fits into the purpose of facilitating extensibility of algorithms, as set in the requirements.  
Finally, in the data layer, we have a relational database server where data is held, ranging from the network itself, the simulations to the user-interface history, if any is required.
## 2 IoT Ecosystem Architecture for Smart Agriculture
### Communication Technology
However, the use of licensed spectrum bands has faced some limitations, such as high data transmission costs and the low energy efficiency of IoT devices [59]. Several recent studies have demonstrated the efficiency of unlicensed spectrum bands in the mm wave range. It uses extremely low power but provides large transmission distances and high data rates [60, 61]. One limitation of the mm wave spectrum is that the data rate is strongly affected by weather conditions, especially rain [62]. Topology: The establishment of the communication spectrum band and operation protocol of IoT devices depends on the structure that deploys IoT devices for smart agriculture applications. Network structures for smart agriculture usually have two main types of nodes: sensor and backhaul nodes [63]. The common characteristics of IoT sensor nodes are short communication distance, low data rate, and high energy efficiency. In contrast, IoT backhaul nodes often require large transmission distances, high throughput, and data rates. Therefore, based on the role of each IoT network node, the sensor node or backhaul node selects and installs appropriate communication technologies [64]. Figure 5 presents a typical low-power network topology designed for measuring and monitoring factors in a smart farm. The system includes:  
1. IoT sensor nodes collect information from the farming environment, such as soil moisture, air humidity, temperature, nutrient ingredients of soil, pest images, and water quality, then transmit collected data to IoT backhaul devices. Depending on the operation purpose and installation location, IoT sensor nodes can be installed as RFDs (reduced-function devices), which only communicate with FFDs (full-function devices). These nodes cannot communicate with the other RFDs, aiming to save energy and decrease investment costs. 2. IoT backhaul nodes, besides having the role of an IoT sensor node, also play a role as intermediate nodes to receive information from other IoT nodes and transmit it to the control centre. IoT backhaul nodes are often installed as an FFD device, which can connect to other FDD and RFD devices. Figure 5: An illustration of the common IoT-based smart agriculture topology.
# PDTR: Probabilistic and Deterministic Tree-based Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Proposed Method PDTR
### Routing Tree Phase  
PDTR builds the tree from the leaves (source node) to the root (sink node). Let \(p_{ns}\) be the path starting from the source node \(n_{s}\) (located at the head of the path) toward the sink node \(n_{r}\). Each source node which has sensed data has to send the collected data to one parent that will be selected according to the initial probabilistic routing table; the parent with the highest probability has the priority to be chosen.  
**Remark 2**.: _The hops-count notion in the tree is defined as the depth (level). After building the tree, if the initial hops-count for any node is different from its depth (level) in the built tree, the hop-count for that node will be updated to its depth (level) value. Hence, the hops-count distribution has to be updated._
# MixDiff-TTS: Mixture Alignment and Diffusion Model for Text-to-Speech
## 2 Materials and Methods
### MixDiff-TTS  
#### 2.2.1 Motivation  
Although previous models (e.g., DiffSpeech [17] and FastSpeech2 [12]) have demonstrated great potential in synthesizing high-quality speech samples, there are still limitations. In these models, phoneme durations are typically predicted by a duration predictor, while the real phoneme durations are derived from the Montreal Forced Aligner (MFA). However, using MFA to obtain phoneme durations leads to the problem of phoneme ambiguity during alignment. This issue primarily stems from the ill-defined boundaries between phonemes. Therefore, to address alignment issues arising from ambiguous phoneme boundaries in phoneme-level hard alignment, MixDiff-TTS introduces a linguistic encoder that incorporates a mixture alignment mechanism. The model utilizes this mechanism to achieve soft alignment at the phoneme level while retaining hard alignment at the word level. Specifically, the mixture alignment mechanism stabilizes the training process by introducing structural priors (such as hard alignment) while retaining the fine-grained expressive power of the soft alignment mechanism, thus achieving a good balance between naturalness and stability. Building on this, to enhance the model's ability to handle long text sequences, MixDiff-TTS introduces a Word-to-Phoneme Attention module with relative position bias. Additionally, MixDiff-TTS incorporates a pre-net structure to improve the model's learning ability for speech synthesis tasks.  
In speech synthesis tasks, the mel-spectrograms can help the model capture and generate the key characteristics of speech. Moreover, the quality of synthesized speech is substantially influenced by the representational capacity of these spectrograms. For speech synthesis, optimizing the reconstruction ability of the mel-spectrograms is a crucial step. Therefore, we enhance their feature representation ability by optimizing the reconstruction capability of the mel-spectrograms. Specifically, we enhance the mel-spectrograms' capacity for modeling fine-grained acoustic details by introducing a post-net into MixDiff-TTS, thereby improving their reconstruction ability. Finally, ablation studies demonstrate that each newly introduced component effectively improves the speech synthesis performance of MixDiff-TTS. Figure 2a illustrates the detailed architecture of MixDiff-TTS.
# Numerical Insight into the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Appearance in Cavitating Flow
## 1 Introduction  
When the pressure drops below the vapor pressure, cavitation, that is, the formation of vapor cavities within a homogeneous liquid medium occurs. The vapor structures are precarious, and they frequently collapse vigorously as they encounter an area of elevated pressure [1]. The mechanism of cavitation cloud shedding is among the most distinctive features of evolved cavitation. Two unique mechanisms are well established to influence the process of cloud shedding [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].  
* Re-entrant jet: the flow that passes over the attached cavity, deviates towards the surface because of the discrepancies in the pressure in and out of the attached cavity: Just downstream from the attached cavity closure line, a stagnation point forms and divides the flow into a downstream and an upstream portion. The latter enters the attached cavity and causes its separation--creating a detached cavitation cloud that is carried downstream, where it reaches and collapses into a higher-pressure zone. The cycle continues periodically.
* Shock wave: a shock wave that travels through the flow region causes the collapse of the cavitation cloud. It suppresses the attached cavity as it moves upstream. A large vapor cloud is shed when the distortion in the void fraction enters the area of cavity separation at the top of the wedge. The cavity expands again later on, and the cycle continues.  
We recently published on the visualization experiment of cavitation within a microchannel [8]. Although the initial objective of the analysis was to create supercavitating conditions within it, we discovered that due to the development of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, which induces a semi periodic collapse of the attached cavity, this regime is suppressed. Detailed experimental studies using high-speed photography with visible light and X-rays, showed that this is indeed a third process contributing to the shedding of cloud cavitation in addition to the re-entrant jet and the shock wave mechanisms.  
The purpose of this paper is to provide greater insight into the occurrence of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of cavitation structures in the Venturi microchannel. Above all, we will show how and why the phenomenon occurs, and how it affects the dynamics of cavitation. In doing so, we will focus primarily on showing the results of vapor volume fractions, velocity profiles, and velocity field, thus showing an insight into what is happening not only around and at the boundary, but also within cavitation structures.  
We give a very brief summary of the experimental findings in the following sections and then use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study to peek deeper into the onset of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and its effect on the dynamics of the cavitation cloud shedding.
# Hybrid Summarization of Medical Records for Predicting Length of Stay in the Intensive Care Unit
## 2 Background
### ICU Length of Stay Prediction
Known for its robustness and performance, it handles high-dimensional datasets effectively, making it less prone to overfitting while accommodating missing values and outliers [40]. This work aims to leverage the accuracy of ML classification models for the \"LOS > 3 days\" classification task by using the main problems and diagnoses of patients admitted to the ICU along with other structured clinical and demographic data, such as the patients' genders, insurance details, discharge location, etc.
## 6 Conclusions  
This study analyzed the western Himalaya's frontal fold-thrust belt to quantify and understand the deformation, surface processes, and landscape development in the tectonically active regions. Quantitative geomorphic analysis, remote sensing mapping, and SBAS InSAR techniques were employed. The Manzai Ranges landscape is going through active river incision by forming V-shaped valleys to achieve equilibrium. The disequilibrium caused by active tectonics in the frontal ranges is achieved by an adjustment in the river longitudinal profiles, topographic breaks or knickpoints, and medium-high channel steepness index. The InSAR results show an uplift of 5-9 mm/year from May 2018 to October 2019 in the Manzai Ranges. The magnitude of uplift varies in the Kundi and Khirgi anticline and is interpreted to be related to the displacement transfer from the zone of compression to the transpression zone. This study concludes that the western Himalaya's frontal structures are tectonically active and accommodate the shortening of the present-day Himalayan convergence.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fault Segments**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Southwest** & **Southeast** \\ \hline Mt. Front Length (km) & 31.59 & 6.98 \\ Max. Relief (m) & 1085 & 782 \\ Avg. Smf & 1.65 & 1.74 \\ Smf Range & 1.34–2.01 & 1.59–1.92 \\ Avg. Vf & 0.85 & 1.39 \\ Vf Range & 0.39–1.82 & 0.51–1.89 \\ \hline Class & 1 & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The relative tectonic activity subdivision of the two segments of the Manzai Ranges using geomorphological indices, i.e., mountain front sinuosity (S\({}_{\text{mfl}}\)) and valley floor (V\({}_{\text{f}}\)). The division is based on a classification scheme by [PERSON] [46] and [PERSON] [48]. Class 1 defines active tectonic while class 2 is moderately active.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization by K.A.Q. and S.D.K., writing--original draft preparation by K.A.Q.; data processing by K.A.Q.; writing--review and editing, K.A.Q., and S.D.K.; supervision and funding acquisition S.D.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** GeoRS Lab. directed by S.D.K. supported software\hardware and field trip.  
**Acknowledgments:** K.A.Q. thanks [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their help and discussions on various aspects of this research. S.D.K. thanks DLR for providing TanDEM-X data. We are very thankful to three anonymous reviewers for beneficial suggestions. We also thank the editorial team for their hard work; their efforts are highly appreciated for obtaining rapid reviews.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Systematic Survey on 5G and 6G Security Considerations, Challenges, Trends, and Research Areas
## 3 5G Security Architecture: A Systematic Approach
### User Equipment
#### 3.3.3 SIM, Modems, Operating Systems  
The security of a system is only as strong as its weakest link, and the user equipment has many attack vector opportunities for a threat actor. In this context, it is critically important to always use trusted hardware components and trusted operating systems on these devices to prevent unnecessary data leakage or unauthorized network access. NIST has composed a guide for enterprises on what should be considered essential when dealing with people using their personal devices for work activities. NIST speaks to reducing risk, improving the security of mobile devices, and enhancing visibility into the mobile device all while utilizing industry best practices. Within their guide, they provide resources for multiple different operations and scenarios that are summarized below [102]:Identify and defend against network-based attacks, phishing scams, and mobile malware installation.
* Force users to implement a password on devices.
* Enable the selective device wipe feature for corporate data and applications to safeguard sensitive data.
* Safeguard organizational data integrity by limiting an employee's capability to copy and paste, take screen captures, or save corporate data in unauthorized locations.
* Understand the potential hazards associated with the Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) strategies and take corrective measures to address threats, such as risks resulting from rooted or jailbroken devices.
* Grant users the ability to reach secured business assets, such as knowledge bases, internal wikis, and application data.
* Ensure executing code is genuine while maintaining the integrity of the runtime state and safeguarding the confidentiality of persistent memory data.
* Secure data from eavesdropping during its transmission across a network.
* Evaluate and verify the security of mobile applications utilized for work-related tasks.
* Facilitate quick deployment and evaluation of BYOD solutions by providing detailed how-to guides covering initial setup and configuration for each component in the system.  
Based on the above list, it becomes apparent that it is vitally important for any corporation or organization to practice information security to safeguard their data and their users' privacy and security. Time and time again, data leaks or hacks have made their way into the news with some being attributed to the actions of ill-informed employees falling victim to social engineering tactics like phishing attacks or as a consequence of a fault in the company's security architecture.