esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Elasto-Inertial Particle Focusing in Microchannel with T-Shaped Cross-Section
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, three kinds of PDMS microchannels with different T-shaped cross-sections were fabricated using SU-8 patterning, micro-molding and self-alignment of PDMSs molds. For three kinds of microchannels with different sizes of T-shaped cross-sections, the elasto-inertial particle focusing behaviors in non-Newtonian fluids were investigated  
Figure 10: Variation in x-directional net elasto-inertial force exerted on (a) 5 \(\upmu\)m and (b) 13 \(\upmu\)m particles suspended in the Type 3 channel. Measurements were made for various particle locations along the \(x\) axis illustrated in Figure 2.  
according to the flow rate and particle size as well as the position of the channel downstream from inlet. From the images from the top and side part of the microchannels, it was possible to confirm the position of the particles three-dimensionally. The effects of the corner angle of the channel as well as the ratio of the top channel to the bottom channel of the T-shaped microchannel on the elasto-inertial focusing phenomenon were evaluated and compared with each other using a numerical simulation. The numerical studies showed the coupled effect of cross-sectional geometry and viscoelasticity on the particle migration pattern. Numerical results for the particle focusing agreed well with the experimental results both in qualitatively and quantitatively. As a final comment, our observation both in the experimental and numerical studies showed a potential implication for particle separation depending on its size when the aspect ratio of the T-shaped microchannel and the flow rate are appropriately leveraged. Specifically, the higher shear rate induced by a sharp edge at the T junction and its close proximity to the bottom wall may play a crucial role as a filter in particle separation. Therefore, our results suggest that two different sizes of particles (i.e., 5 and 13 \(\upmu\)m in this study) can be effectively separated if the Type 3 channel is adapted together with the sheath flow.  
Conceptualization, Y.C.; methodology, Y.C.; software, T.K.; validation, J.J. and U.K.; formal analysis, J.J.; investigation, J.J. and U.K.; resources, Y.C.; data curation, J.J.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.C.; writing--review and editing, Y.C. and T.K.; visualization, J.J.; supervision, Y.C. and T.K.; project administration, Y.C.; funding acquisition, Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (No. NRF-2020R1F1A1050178). Furthermore, it was partially supported by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) grant funded by the Korea Government (MOTIE). (P0012744, The Competency Development Program for Industry Specialist).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Dermoscopic Inspired System for Localization and Malignancy Classification of Melanocytic Lesions
## 2 Methods
### Detection and Removal of Hair  
Numerous techniques have been proposed for the detection and exclusion of hair [11; 15; 16; 17; 18]. These techniques have been designed assuming that hair color is much darker than the skin and lesion. Additionally, the properties of dermoscopic hair shaft were not considered to detect the dermoscopic hair. Owing to the localization of melanin in the upper and lower epidermis, most skin lesions are either brown or black in color. Therefore, consideration of color variation between hair and surrounding skin could be erroneous leading to an overlap between the attributes of the lesion and hair. This signifies that, for a hair detection algorithm, a need exists for the inclusion of attributes specific to dermoscopic hair.  
Geometric deformable models and their success depends on the initial conditions and speed function evolution. As the color of melanin is dependent on the extent of localization in the skin, the attribute of color is vital in the creation of this framework [19; 20; 21; 22]. Therefore, the approach of segmentation has been adopted in this study by giving consideration to the chroma component as opposed to the RGB channels used in conventional systems. The Figure 3 illustrates the results of dermoscopic hair detection, for the corresponding dermoscopic images of Figure 3A and Figure 3B, the hair masks obtained are Figure 3C and Figure 3D, and the Figure 3E and Figure 3F, corresponds to dermoscopic images after hair inpainting.  
Figure 3: Hair shaft detection and exclusion method (**A**,**B**) dermoscopic images, (**C**,**D**) hair shafts detected, and (**E**,**F**) dermoscopic images after inpainting.  
The Figure 4 illustrates the process of segmentation. Figure 4D illustrates the segmented border obtained by the proposed approach and the boundary of the ground truth.  
Figure 4: Illustration of the proposed segmentation approach: (**A**) original Images, (**B**) chroma component, (**C**) segmented images, (**D**) boundary of ground truth and segmented region overlapped on the original images (yellow corresponds to ground truth, white corresponds to segmented output.
## 7 Implementation and Evaluation
### Adaptation Services
#### 7.3.2 Server Load  
As we want to have worst case examinations, we need to ascertain the most processing intensive adaptation service. Therefore, we measured the processing time for each type of service, varying chunk sizes and number of concurrently running services.  
Figure 15 shows the average processing time over 100 runs for a chunk size of 12 s (approx. 2 MB) processed at server 2.  
The results indicate that the scaling service is the most processing intensive service type. As server 2 is a four CPU machine up to four services can run in parallel without increasing the processing time. Furthermore, the processing time scales well for more than four concurrent services.  
When considering Quality of Service aspects service providers must guarantee high reliability. For fulfilling real time constraints the processing time (plus network overhead) must be less than the chunk playback duration. The results (Figure 15) suggest an upper limit of 14 parallel services to provide 100 percent reliability. For an exact estimation of the reliability it is important to consider the variances of the processing times. Table 2 shows the error rate--processing time greater than duration--for 10 to 17 parallel services. For up to 11 parallel services it can be ensured that each chunk is processed in real time.  
These experiments have reconfirmed the assumption that complex media adaptation tasks make great demands on technical capabilities like processing power.  
Providing the necessary processing power is feasible for service providers, in contrast to P2P environments. Nowadays, most of the participating devices in current P2P environments do not have enough processing power to adapt media content while also playing the desired media stream.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l|l l l} \hline _Server_ & _Service_ & _Processor_ & _Available RAM_ \\ \hline
1, 2, 3 & scaling & 4 \(\times\) Intel Core2 Quad 2,67 GHz & 4,0 GB \\
4 & content \& monitoring & 4 \(\times\) Intel Xeon & 5,7 GB \\  & & 2,8 GHz & \\
5 & publishing & 4 \(\times\) AMD Opteron 850 2,4 GHz & 33,2 GB \\
6 & Client & 1 \(\times\) Intel Pentium M 1,7 GHz & 1,5 GB \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Servers used during the experiments.
# The Complex Relationship between Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance
## 4 Regulation of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance
### Stress Response  
Multiple stress response pathways have been identified as key players in the regulation of antibiotic resistance and virulence. Environmental factors, such as oxygen concentration, can impact the effect transcription factors on virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. It was shown that Cra strongly activates expression of the LEE pathogenicity island under aerobic conditions, while under these same conditions FusR represses expression [165]. In _S. aureus_ the two-component system SrrAB is required for anaerobic respiration. SrrAB has been shown to down-regulate the regulatory RNA _agr_-RNAIII, which aids in the excretion of the virulence factors: serine protease and \(\alpha\)-hemolysin [166]. It also has been shown to increase expression of the _ica_ operon, which increases extracellular polysaccharide [163].  
Alternatively, the stress response has been shown to play a key role in beta-lactam resistance in all tested strains of MRSA [167]. Guanosine pentaphosphate and guanosine tetraphosphate have also been shown critical for the bacterial stress response [168]. In another study, the effect of low and high external calcium concentrations on virulence factors on _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ PAO1 revealed mutations in the gene _carP_, which is part of the CarSR two-component system, that resulted in reduced motility, pyocyanin production, and tobramycin sensitivity [166]. Additionally, the carbon storage regulatory system (Csr) has been found to be related to regulation of virulence in response to stress [169] while the stress-responsive, alternative sigma factor, \(\sigma^{\text{B}}\), activates a variety of virulence genes in the intestine in _L. monocytogenes_[147].
# An Overview of Variants and Advancements of PSO Algorithm
## 4 Advances on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm  
Due to the simplicity and wide range of applications of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, it has gained more attention from a variety of researchers belonging to different fields. [PERSON] et al. [21] presented a rigorous and systematic review on the developments, recent trends, hybridization, parallelization and diverse applications of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Many researchers are working on the advancement of the PSO algorithm. As a result, more research is being completed in this area, that has led several researchers to report problems with the original PSO algorithm, such as premature convergence, performance issues, etc. In order to lessen these types of problems and improve its effectiveness and efficiency, researchers have made many advances on the original PSO algorithm. The advances on PSO algorithm have been sectioned into four categories:  
* Modifications of original PSO;
* Extensions of applications of PSO;
* Theoretical analysis on PSO;
* Hybridization of PSO.
On the other hand, UAE is also an environmentally friendly, simple, effective, and inexpensive technique, with applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and alimentary fields that have become more popular since 2007 [57; 58; 59]. This sustainable technique uses ultrasounds waves, which induce cavitation and thermal and mechanical effects in the extraction medium, and disrupt the cell walls of the matrix [58]. This phenomenon leads to the release of intracellular components into the solvents, without producing considerable modifications in the structure and properties of the compounds [60]. Some advantages of this technique include the use of small amounts of matrixes and solvents, short extraction times and samples throughput increment [61]. UAE also avoids the thermal decomposition of heat sensitive compounds, since it is a non-thermal process [62]. Furthermore, UAE achieves higher extraction yields in comparison with maceration and Soxhlet extractions [63]. Overall, these methodologies are less time-consuming, easy to execute, low-cost and usually lead to higher extraction yields, being reported by different authors as successfully in the recovery of high-added value compounds from plants [64; 65; 66]. Considering these points, the main goal of this study was the extraction of value-added compounds from _C. pepo_ seeds using two green extraction methods, namely MAE and UAE, and water as solvent. Besides that, aiming to evaluate the influence of the ratio on the bioactive composition of the extracts, two different amounts of sample were used, namely 1 g/20 mL (condition 1) and 2.5 g/20 mL (condition 2). Afterwards, the extracts were characterized regarding antioxidant activity, radical scavenging capacity, phenolic profile, and in vitro cellular effects, aiming to determine their potential use as ingredients for nutraceutical purposes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that uses these techniques and solvent to valorize _C. pepo_ seeds. The possibility of it being used as a nutraceutical ingredient was comprehensively evaluated by analyzing its antioxidant activity, radical scavenging capacity, phenolic profile, and in vitro cellular effects.
## 6 Optimization of TMDI and Equivalent TMD
+++  
Figure 7: Optimization of the TMDI (the mass ratio is 1% and the inertance ratio is 0.5) and the equivalent TMD under filtered white noise excitations: (**a**) minimizing acceleration at the top floor using TMDI and (**b**) minimizing acceleration at the top floor using equivalent TMD. Similarly, the optimal damping ratio for TMDI is 8.06%, and the optimal damping ratio for TMD is 10.56%. When the mass ratio increases, optimal parameters for TMD and TMDI move far from each other, which can be well described by comparing Figures 7 and 8. In many previous studies, optimal properties for TMDI are used for TMD without considering the physical mass of the inerter device. This shortage undermines the capability of linear TMD in two ways: the mass ratio of equivalent TMD becomes small, which results in reduced performance; conversely, by connecting the inerter with TMD, the optimum damping ratio and frequency ratio of the TMD are lost, which leads to lower performance. For example, TMDI with a 5% mass ratio reduces top floor acceleration by 58.8% and  
Figure 8: Optimization of TMDI (the mass ratio is 5% and the inertance ratio is 0.5) and equivalent TMD under filtered white noise excitation: (**a**) minimizing displacement at the top floor using TMDI, and (**b**) minimizing displacement at the top floor using equivalent TMD. displacement by 54.35%, while the same responses are reduced by 65.78% and 62.25% using equivalent TMD. For both TMDI and TMD, the optimum damping ratio increases, and the optimum frequency decreases as the mass ratio increases. However, the optimum frequency ratio remains above 1(1.019) for TMDI to minimize acceleration when the mass ratio increases up to 5%. Still, the optimum frequency ratio for equivalent TMD decreases relatively fast and falls below 1(0.980). Therefore, as shown in Table 3, optimal parameters are different for the same device depending upon the minimization objectives. For example, the highest reduction in acceleration at the top floor is achieved when the damping ratio is 12.06%, and the frequency ratio is 0.98. Still, the maximum decrease in displacement is achieved when the damping ratio is 10.56% and the frequency ratio is 0.949 for the equivalent TMD with a mass ratio of 5%. In contrast, TMDI has the same optimal damping ratio for reducing displacement and acceleration responses, even though the optimal frequency ratios are different. Table 4 shows that as the mass ratio of both devices increases, the difference between the control performance of TMD vs. TMDI increases. For example, at a 1% mass ratio equivalent, TMD reduces top floor acceleration by an extra 1.55% and displacement by an additional 3.85% compared to TMDI. Still, at a 5% mass ratio, the same responses are reduced by an extra 4.86% and 8.91%, respectively.
# Investigation of Different Storage Systems for Solar-Driven Organic Rankine Cycle
## 2 Material and Methods
### Mathematical Formulation Part
#### 2.2.1 Solar Collector Modeling  
The thermal efficiency of the solar collector (\(\eta_{col}\)) is described by the next equation [27]:  
\[\eta_{col}=0.7408\cdot K(\theta)-0.0432\left(\frac{T_{c,in}-T_{amb}}{G_{b}} \right)-0.000503\frac{(T_{c,in}-T_{amb})^{2}}{G_{b}}. \tag{1}\]  
The incident modifier (\(K\)) of the system is given below [26]:  
\[K(\theta)=cos(\theta)-5.25097\cdot 10^{-4}\theta-2.859621\cdot 10^{-5}\theta^{2}. \tag{2}\]  
The solar angle (\(\theta\)) is calculated for a single-axis tracking mechanism with the collector axis in the south-north direction.  
The thermal properties of the Therminol VP-1 are given below. More specifically, the density (\(\rho\)) and the specific heat capacity (\(c_{p}\)) are given [24]:  
\[\rho=1083.25-0.90797\cdot T+0.00078116\cdot T^{2}-2367\cdot 10^{-6}T^{3}, \tag{3}\]  
\[c_{p}=1.498+0.002414\cdot T+5.9591\cdot 10^{-6}\cdot T^{2}-2.9879\cdot 10^{-8}\cdot T ^{3}+4.4172\cdot 10^{-11}\cdot T^{4}. \tag{4}\]  
The useful heat production of the solar collector (\(Q_{u}\)) can be calculated as:  
\[Q_{u}=Q_{sol}\cdot\eta_{col}, \tag{5}\]  
where the solar irradiation is calculated according to the next equation:  
\[Q_{sol}=A_{c}\cdot G_{b}. \tag{6}\]  
Moreover, the thermal oil outlet temperature from the collector (\(T_{c,out}\)) is found as follows:  
\[T_{c,out}=T_{c,in}+\frac{Q_{u}}{m_{col}\cdot c_{p}}. \tag{7}\]
# Development of Screen-Printable Nafion Dispersion for Electrochemical Sensor
###### Abstract  
A modified Nafion dispersion for direct screen printing was developed and characterized. Commercial Nafion solution was neutralized to its sodium form and the solvent was replaced by a screen-printing-compatible solvent. The modified Nafion dispersion has optimized rheological properties including shear-thinning behavior, thixotropy, and moderate yield stress. The elemental composition and chemical states of the modified Nafion were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemical state and composition of the modified Nafion remained the same as those of commercial Nafion. The crystallinity of the cured membranes of both Nafion dispersions was evaluated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). It was found that the modified Nafion has lower crystallinity as compared to the commercial Nafion, and the degree of crystallinity increases with an increase in the curing temperature. The modified material was screen printed onto a commercial sensor as a cation-exchange membrane for the detection of lead Pb(II) in buffer solutions. The sensor showed good linearity in the range of 5 ug/L to 500 ug/L, with a detection limit of 2 ug/L for Pb(II) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. This work demonstrates the possibility of printing Nafion on a large scale in a wide range of fields, such as printed electrochemical sensors.  
screen-printing; Nafion; electrochemical sensor; cation-exchange membrane +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Characterizing Ionospheric Effects on GNSS Reflectometry at Grazing Angles from Space
## 3 Methodology
### Peak Electron Density Height  
Diurnal variations significantly impact the ionosphere, where daytime and nighttime conditions manifest contrasting characteristics. The properties of the ionosphere, such as height, ionized particle concentration, and the presence of distinct layers, change dynamically over time. Regions characterized by high electron densities are designated as the D, E, and F layers. In diurnal cycles, the F layer undergoes separation into two distinct layers termed the F1 and F2 during daytime, while the D layer experiences complete dissipation throughout the nocturnal period [27]. This shifts the height at which the high electron concentration is found. In order to analyze changes in the ionospheric altitude, the height corresponding to the maximum peak of the electron density profile \((Hm)\) is used as the reference point. \(Hm\) is obtained for both the incident and reflected rays using the NEDM2020 model.  
The LEO GNSS-R space-borne configuration, which enables the simultaneous collection of data from multiple reflections, presents several advantages for ionospheric studies. Firstly, thanks to the fast trajectory change of the LEO satellite, the GNSS-R signal rapidly scans along the ionospheric layers, providing a snapshot view of ionospheric structures [8]. Secondly, the ability to obtain peak electron density points at different locations within a short time interval allows for the mapping of ionospheric structures at varying distances. Assuming the Earth's radius is 6371 km, with a maximum electron density ionospheric shell at a 300 km height, the distance between the incident and reflected \(Hm\) points varies depending on the elevation angle as observed in Figure 6.
# Measuring the Centrality of DNS Infrastructure in the Wild
## 4 Methodology
### Client-Side DNS Infrastructure Measurement
#### 4.2.1 Measurement Scheme  
Typically, researchers deploy an authoritative name server for a research domain and then query the \(A\) record of the particular domain, which embeds the target IP in the subdomain of the research domain. There are two primary ways of collecting data: (1) gathering query log data from authoritative name servers [11, 14, 18] or (2) collecting responses from vantage points (VPs) that contain a constant IP or a dynamic IP encoded by specific information [11, 12, 13, 15]. Given the complex structure and behavior of the client-side DNS infrastructure, both methods may miss some critical insights on the client-side DNS infrastructure [11]. Furthermore, as researchers observed, \(A\) records may be manipulated or polluted by malicious resolvers or middleboxes [16], making the correlation of various client-side DNS components inaccurate.  
To address these issues, we extend existing methods [13] by implementing a _TXT_ records-based measurement scheme. _TXT_ record accepts texts of variable length so that it allows us to embed carefully designed responses in it. As shown in Figure 4, we register a research domain and deploy an authoritative name server for the domain as previous work did, where _R_I is the response from our authoritative server, and \(R\)2 is the response data that we received at the vantage point. To fulfill the requirements of the measurement task, we customized BIND9 by modifying its source code, enabling it to respond to _TXT_ lookups with a specially designed _TXT_ resource record. This record embeds information such as  
Figure 3: _CNAME_ chain resolution patterns. IP0, IP1,..., and IPn represent different resolvers in a resolver pool. The interaction processes between different resolvers and ADNS are depicted in different colors.  
timestamp, source IP, and source port, which are used in our subsequent analysis. At the measurement point, we modified Zmap [32] to enable it to send targeted query packets, specifically querying _TXT_ records with embedded target IP signature subdomains. By doing so, we are able to tell FDNSes and iRDNSes apart in a single lookup, based on the response received by the vantage point, which is free from malformed results.  
Finally, we collect Zmap results at the vantage point side as well as BIND9 log files on our authoritative name server. On the vantage point, we extract the timestamp, IP2, and source port from the answer section, and associate IP2 with IP1. We comprehensively utilize data from both aspects to analyze client DNS infrastructure, including FDNS, dRDNS, and iRDNS. The determination rules are as follows:  
\[\begin{cases}\text{\emph{IP1}}\text{\emph{ or}}\ \text{\emph{IP2}}\ \text{is}\ \text{\emph{dRDNS}},&\text{\emph{IP1}}=\text{\emph{IP2}};\\ \\ \text{\emph{IP1}}\ \text{is}\ \text{\emph{FDNS}}\ \text{and}\ \text{\emph{IP2}}\ \text{is}\ \text{\emph{iRDNS}},&\text{\emph{IP1}}=\text{\emph{IP2}};\end{cases}\]