## 1 Introduction  
The creation of favorable climatic conditions in greenhouses (GHs) affects product quality and production costs [1]. Heating and cooling of GHs are among the most energy-intensive activities in sheltered cultivation, accounting for more than 30% of the GHs' overall costs [2]. It is also important to reduce GH gas emissions and energy consumption [3; 4; 5]. [PERSON] et al. [6] used carbon capture for storage or utilization in the concept of energy, water, and food nexus to reduce gas emissions. The supplied chain achieved negative CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of 24.6 kg/m\({}^{2}\).year of cultivated land. In China, the GH non-CO\({}_{2}\) emission increased by 34% from 1980 to 2018, and it is expected to increase by another 33% to 1153 MtCO\({}_{2}\)-eq per year by 2060 [7]. The most effective measures to reduce emissions include feed additives, improvements in feed quality, slow-release fertilizers, and improved water management for rice fields and uplands [7; 8]. To reduce energy consumption, [PERSON] et al. [9] emphasize the importance of good GH design to create a suitable environment, and climate control and management strategy. While [PERSON] et al. [10] recommend the increased use of new techniques. Due to high energy costs, few GH owners can afford to use additional heating systems [11]. The use of low-cost or alternative, heating systems is therefore of paramount importance in controlling the indoor climate of GHs [12; 13; 14]. Many passive systems are used to reduce energy consumption. The earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) system is said to be a good option for controlling the internal GH environment where the earth can be used as a heat source/sink [15]. The EAHE system has a satisfactory outlet air temperature even over a longer time [16]. The next studies show that the design of the EAHE system affects its performance. The results of the computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) were validated with experimental measurements and found that 152.4 mm is the best diameter for the EAHE tube for overall performance, while 50.8 mm is best for thermal performance [17]. A 3D modeling study CFD examined the effects of moist air on a multi-tubular EAHE system. It showed the effects of condensation inside the EAHE tube on the uniform distribution of airflow [18]. This condensation reduced the thermal output of the EAHE by 7.9%. The shape of the U, Z, and L tubes was used to structure the EAHE multi-tube system. The L structure is optimal because it provides the highest heat transfer and the lowest pressure drop [18]. The air in the GH microclimate should also be refreshed to eliminate moisture that is harmful to plants [19]. Refreshing the GH depends on the season, and ventilation is carried out by exchanging indoor air with outdoor air. During the winter season, high humidity (>80-90%) and excessive condensation cause rot on plant leaves, stem rot, and plant infection problems. For example: in tomatoes, problems with leaf mold occur when humidity is above 80%. In contrast, problems with infections are minor when humidity is below 70% [20]. On the other hand, it is necessary to maintain the recommended temperature for healthy plants. For this purpose, the heat requirement increases when the ventilation rate is increased during the winter season. Therefore, it is important to choose a ventilation rate that keeps the humidity below the level of plant damage and maintains the temperature in the recommended range. GH ventilation typically requires 2 to 3 air changes per hour [21]. While in summer, the large heat load of solar radiation through the GH glazing increases the air temperature of the GH compared to the outside air temperature. For this reason, ventilation of the GH is required, generally allowing air changes of at least 60 per hour [21]. In addition, the spring and autumn periods are volatile, so no special conditions are required to maintain ventilation rates [21].