# A Review on Bioactive Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of _Citrus unshiu_
## 3 Botanical Description and Bioactive Compounds of _C. unshiiu_ Marc.
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Bioactive Compounds** & **Part Used** & **Solvents** & **Extraction Methods** & **Bioactive Values** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Hesperidin & Peel & Methanol & Raman microscopy & Hesperidin: 64.3 mg/g & [30] \\ Hesperidin, & & & & Hesperidin: 51.9–73.8 mg/g; & \\ narirutin, naringin, & & High-performance & Narirutin: 8.0–19.8 mg/g; & \\ nobiletin, & & & liquid chromatography & Naringin: 0.35–0.40 mg/g; & \\ tangeretin & & & & Nobilein: 0.2–0.6 mg/g; & \\  & & & & Tangeretin: 0.13–0.25 mg/g & \\ Hesperidin, & & & & \\ narirutin & Peel & Methanol, & Subcritical water & Hesperidin: 46.96 mg/g; & \\ narirutin & & water & extraction & Narirutin: 8.76 mg/g & \\ Hesperidin, & & & & Hesperidin: \\ narirutin, nrutin, & & High-performance & 0.16–15.07 mg/g; Narirutin: & \\ hep- & & & liquid chromatography, & 0.11–4.87 mg/g; Rutin: & \\ tamehydroxyflavone & & & & supercritical CO2 & 0.18–4.27 mg/g; HMF: \\ Hesperidin, & & & & 0.01–14.33 mg/g & \\ narirutin & Peel & Methanol & Microwave-assisted & Hesperidin: 5860 mg/100 g; & \\ extraction & & & Narirutin: 1310 mg/100 g & \\  & & & & Hesperidin: 4297 mg/100 g; & \\  & & & & Narirutin: 3469 mg/100 g; & \\ nairrutin, naringin, & & & High-performance & Naringin: 24.6 mg/100 g; & \\ nobiletin, & & & liquid chromatography & Nobiletin: 107.5 mg/100 g; & \\  & & & & Rutin: 1098.6 mg/100 g; & \\  & & & & Tangeretin: 41.7 mg/100 g & \\  & & & & Hesperidin: \\ narirutin, nobiletin, & & & & 16,522.2 mg \(\times\) kg\({}^{-1}\); & \\  & & & & Narirutin: & \\ rutin, tangeretin & & & & Nobiletin: 759.9 mg \(\times\) kg\({}^{-1}\); & \\  & & & & Rutin: 3068.7 mg \(\times\) kg\({}^{-1}\); & \\  & & & & Tangeretin: 311.4 mg \(\times\) kg\({}^{-1}\) & \\  & & & & Hesperidin: & \\  & & & & 1685.6–2023.6 mg/100 g; & \\  & & & & Narirutin: & \\ narirutin, nobiletin, & & & & Nobiletin: & \\ rutin, tangeretin & & & & 131.2–185.2 mg/100 g; Rutin: & \\  & & & & 44.2–66.9 mg/100 g; & \\  & & & & Tangeretin: & \\  & & & & & 21.3–26.3 mg/100 g & \\  & & & & & \\ Hesperetin, & & & & \\ nobiletin, & & & chromatography–mass & Hesperetin, nobiletin, & \\ tangeretin, & & & & \\ quercetin, & & & & ultra-performance & \\ \(\beta\)-cryptoxanthin & & & liquid chromatography- & 680.93–1989.13 mg/100 g & \\  & & & & time-of-flight mass & \\ spectrometer & & & spectrometer & \\ Quercetin, rutin, & & & High-performance & Quercetin, rutin: N/A; \\ naringin & & & liquid chromatography & Naringin: 748 mg/L & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 1: Bioactive compounds isolated from Satsuma mandarin. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Bioactive** & **Part Used** & **Solvents** & **Extraction Methods** & **Bioactive Values** & **Ref.** \\
**Compounds** & **Part Used** & **Solvents** & **Extraction Methods** & **Bioactive Values** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Quercetin, & & & & Quercetin: 0.09–43.99 mg/g; & \\ hesperidin, & & & High-performance & Hesperidin: 76.81 mg/g; & [40] \\ hesperetin, & & & liquid chromatography & Hesperetin: 0.1 mg/g; & \\ naritutin & & & & Naritutin: 51.35 mg/g & \\ \(\beta\)-cryptoxanthin & Pulp, juice & Ethanol & High-performance & \(\beta\)CX: 0.8–5.5 \(\mu\)g/g\({}^{-1}\) & [41] \\  & & & liquid chromatography & Synephrine: & \\ Synephrine & Juice & Water & High-performance & 73.3–158 mg/L\({}^{-1}\) & [42] \\  & & & liquid chromatography & 73.3–158 mg/L\({}^{-1}\) & \\ Pectin & Peel & Ethanol & & pressure-assisted citric & Pectin: 15.34–18.99\% & [43] \\  & & & acid, hydrochloric acid & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} N/A: not available.  
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Table 1: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Classification** & **Chemical Structure** & **Ref. ** \\ \hline Flavanones &  
The flavonols quercetin, rutin, and quercetin were also isolated from _C. unshitu_. Rutin extracted by 70% ethanol was the major compound present in _C. unshitu_ peels [35]. Rutin and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside were the major flavonoids extracted from the juice of Satsuma mandarin [39].