esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
A Ka-band dual-comb Doppler reflectometer has been developed to simultaneously measure turbulence intensity and its velocity in high-temperature plasmas at multiple spatial points. This dual-comb method has the potential to significantly reduce the IF frequency, compared to the conventional frequency comb method. Using this method, we confirmed that the velocity of a rotating object can be observed as a Doppler shift on a rotating drum on a test bench. We applied this method to LHD plasma measurements and conducted a demonstration experiment using high-temperature plasma to show that plasma flow velocity can be measured using this dual-comb method.  
In the future, this system will perform more multi-point measurements in the LHD, and we hope to present the results soon. Furthermore, the frequency comb technique is expected to apply not only to Doppler reflectometry, but also to other radar systems such as density profile measurements, as in reference [35].  
Conceptualization, T.T.; methodology, T.T. and S.I.; validation, T.T., T.N. and T.I.T.; investigation, M.I.; writing--original draft preparation, T.T.; writing--review and editing, T.T. and A.E.; funding acquisition, T.T. and K.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partially supported in part by KAKENHI (Nos. 21H04973, 19H01880, 17K18773, 17H01368, 15H02335 and 15H02336), by a budgetary Grant-in-Aid from the NIFS LHD project under the auspices of the NIFS Collaboration Research Program (ULPP027, KLPH024, and KNAP066), by the collaboration programs of the RIAM of Kyushu University, and by the Asada Science foundation.  
Not applicable.  
Data can be accessed from the Large Helical Device (LHD) data repository server of National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) at [[https://www-lhd.nifs.ac.jp/pub/Repository_en.html](https://www-lhd.nifs.ac.jp/pub/Repository_en.html)]([https://www-lhd.nifs.ac.jp/pub/Repository_en.html](https://www-lhd.nifs.ac.jp/pub/Repository_en.html)) (accessed on 19 December 2018).  
The authors would like to thank the technical staff of the LHD for their support for these experiments and appreciate the advice provided through the U.S.-Japan Fusion Research and Development Cooperation.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# MuMIA: Multimodal Interactions to Better Understand Art Contexts
## 4 Evaluation Study
### Results
#### 4.2.4 Operation as Deployment and Setting Up  
The study participants found that _MuMIA_ can provide increased visitor experience quality and customer care in real-life settings, as it provided a visit that was flawless since they faced no problems during their interaction with the system. While this was expected for the audio-guide part, as it is a well-established technology in the cultural heritage domain, the multimodal interface introduced challenges that could lead to risks of failure during operation of the system. However, no such issues were identified by the study participants, since _MuMIA_ operation and performance was trouble-free, and thus, _MuMIA_ was a credible technological solution for supporting the multimodal interactions.  
\" The system can definitely be used in real-life settings, in a museum for example, as it is robust, credible, and performs flawlessly; with no doubt, it can increase the quality of the visitor experience when interacting with art exhibits. \" \(\sim\) [Participant #7]  
\" To be entirely honest I was somewhat surprised that the system operation was that good! Given that it is based on a eye-tracking, I wouldn't be surprised if the prototype was not working well. \" \(\sim\) [Participant #9]  
A concern that was raised by the participants was whether _MuMIA_ would be provided by the cultural heritage institutions or it would be supported by visitor-owned devices. During the last years, the proliferation of mobile devices has resulted in a \"bring-your-own-device\" culture. However, _MuMIA_ is based on eye-tracking mechanisms, which while are credible are not mature enough to be integrated into each mobile device. However, some devices support such mechanisms, as discussed previously, and we argue that, in the near future, more and more mobile devices will support eye tracking, and thus, the \"bring-your-own-device\" culture will support the use of _MuMIA_.  
\" One thing that I am concerned about the tool is that it might not be integrable to the devices that the people bring with them when visiting a cultural heritage institution, such as their mobile devices; so, the set-up might be difficult in such conditions. \" \(\sim\) [Participant #2]  
Finally, the study participants found _MuMIA_ to be robust, responsive, stable, and quick. The multimodal interactions worked well and provided an efficient and effective way for the visitor to communicate with the art exhibits.  
\" The responsiveness of the tool was impressive, given that it works with eye-tracking and voice commands. When gazing at some of the painting figures, it was giving me the opportunity to ask for information in zero time. I had also no problems with the voice commands, as it understood literally all the commands I gave. \" \(\sim\) [Participant #5]
## 4 Minimizing of the Reflection Coefficient  
In the choice of the matching medium, one of the desired issues is the maximization of the incident wave energy that penetrates into the arm structure. This matter assures the interaction of the transmitted field with the arm tissues, which is of major significance for the microwave imaging purposes. A small value of amplitude reflection coefficient will certainly allow more energy to be transmitted into the tissue model [12]. In order to determine the lowest value of the reflection coefficient \(R_{n}\), one can start from the radar cross section (RCS) definition. For the case of TM polarized incident plane wave, the bistatic cylinder RCS expression with far scattered field approximation is given by  
\[\sigma(\phi)=\frac{2\lambda_{0}}{\pi}\bigg{|}\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}R_{n}(f,e_{r\,mm},\sigma_{mm})\,e^{in(\phi-\phi_{0})}\bigg{|}^{2} \tag{20}\]  
where \(\phi\) denotes the observation angle [27]. In this expression, \(R_{n}\) is assumed as a function depending on the operating frequency and the constitutive parameters of the matching medium, i.e., relative permittivity and conductivity, respectively. To reduce the total RCS of the cylindrical structure of the arm model, one can define a functional as an integral of the function \(\sigma(\phi)\) with respect to the observation angle \(\phi\) :  
\[F(f,e_{r\,mm},\sigma_{mm})=\int\limits_{0}^{2\,\pi}\sigma(\phi)\,d\phi=4\, \lambda_{0}\bigg{|}\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}R_{n}(f,e_{r\,mm},\sigma_{mm}) \bigg{|}^{2} \tag{21}\]  
While obtaining this functional, taken into account was the multiplication of the open form of the infinite series in Equation (20) by their conjugate. Regarding one of the three parameters, namely, frequency, relative permittivity and conductivity, as constant and the other two as variables at certain intervals, the image plot of the \(F(f,e_{r\,mm},\sigma_{mm})\) functional can be easily obtained. The parameter pair that minimizes the functional \(F(f,e_{r\,mm},\sigma_{mm})\) obtained from the image plot will be the sought-after solution of the problem.
## 1 Introduction  
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a serious mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in activities, often impairing daily functioning [1]. Its complex causes involve genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors [2]. While psychotherapy and antidepressants are standard treatments [3], transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) has emerged as a promising non-invasive therapy [4]. t-PBM delivers near-infrared (NIR) light to the brain, modulating neurobiological processes at the cellular level [5], and has been investigated for neuropsychiatric conditions such as MDD, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, Down syndrome, and traumatic brain injury [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Early clinical trials suggest t-PBM may be a safe and effective treatment for MDD, particularly for individuals resistant to conventional therapies [17, 18, 19]. However, despite its potential, the impact of t-PBM on neuropatholites, particularly its dose-dependent effects, remains underexplored.  
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), a non-invasive imaging technique, provides insights into the biochemical changes associated with MDD and t-PBM therapy [20]. By measuring brain metabolites such as N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal viability [21]; creatine (Cr), a marker of cellular energy metabolism [22]; choline (Cho), a marker of cell membrane turn-over [23]; and myo-inositol (mIns), a glial marker [24], 1H-MRS can be used to assess the effects of t-PBM on neuropatholites in brain regions implicated in MDD, such as the prefrontal cortex [25, 26]. Studies combining t-PBM and 1H-MRS may enhance understanding of the metabolic effects of t-PBM and its efficacy as an evidence-based intervention for MDD.  
This study aimed to (1) evaluate the effects of varying doses of t-PBM on neuropatholite levels (NAA, Cho, Cr and mIns) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of patients with MDD and (2) to investigate the correlation between these changes in neuropatholite levels and changes in depression severity.
## 4 Validation and Results  
### Determining Boundary Size and the Buffer  
To determine an appropriate size for the imagined boundary, the bounding boxes of all building elements are acquired and assessed. This is a reliable way to learn the size of building components, since in a well-built BIM model, each building component should have a bounding box representation. Three building models are used for this purpose.  
Table 4 presents the result of the assessment. The maximum _XDim_ for these models is between 7.5 and 42.0 m, the maximum _YDim_ is between 7.3 and 18.0 m, whereas the number is between 3.6 and 4.2 m for the _ZDim_. For the boundary to be sufficiently large, its size should exceed the maximum _XDim_, _YDim_, and _ZDim_ obtained in this test. In this study, the size of the boundary is, then, set to be 100 by 100 m, and the buffer, \(\Delta\), is set to be 20 m.
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Experiment (D)  
As described in Section 5.2, here we want to evaluate the spelling errors robustness of NLU services; in order to do so, we created 30 datasets with an increasing number of random spelling errors for each of the examples contained. As we explained in Section 4, given that 75% of the users' messages contains 50 characters or fewer, we measure the robustness of our services even with a very high percentage of errors.  
As shown in Figure 10, Watson is the most robust platform, and it maintains an error rate below 0.1 with fewer than 10 misspellings and an error rate under 0.4 with 30 spelling errors. The other three platforms have similar trends. [PERSON] maintains an almost constant  
Figure 8: Number of correct identifications, incorrect identifications and identifications not provided in Experiment (B), considering different training set percentages.  
Figure 9: Results of Experiment (C) in terms of response time. The server location is reported next to the platform name.  
error rate close to 0.5 when the spelling errors are between 20 and 30. Wit.ai and Dialogflow appear to be the least robust platforms in this experiment, in fact, their error rate exceeds 0.6.
# Effect of Hybrid Knitted Structure on Clothing Pressure
###### Abstract  
This study presents new, knitted fabrics that combine woven and knitted structures to better control compression garments. This can be achieved by incorporating inlay arms that utilize a woven configuration within knitted fabrics. As a result, this structure enhances the fabric's functionality. Central to the research is the development and evaluation of various prototypes of arm sleeves using nylon-spandex, specifically engineered to apply the desired pressure on arms. The sleeves were knitted using different base structures including single jersey, single pique, 1 \(\times\) 1 mock rib, and 2 \(\times\) 2 mock rib, with and without inlays. A commercial sleeve was added as a reference. According to the protocol, the applied pressure of each sleeve was measured at three different points on the dominant arm of 12 healthy females. Stretch properties of arm sleeves were examined using an elongation tester. The thickness and weight of fabrics were evaluated as well. Also, the results of surveys--featuring four questions about the ease of motion, softness, thermal sensation, and overall comfort--were statistically analyzed. The analysis showed that the commercial and 2 \(\times\) 2 mock rib sleeves were the most comfortable, creating pleasant subjective wearing sensations. The findings showed that the fabric's tensile properties were significantly changed by the inclusion of inlay yarns in the weft and warp directions. According to survey results, 1 \(\times\) 1 mock rib and 1 \(\times\) 1 mock rib with inlay negatively affected subjective wearing sensations, while exerting the highest pressure on the subject's arm. This is associated with the fabric's compressive structure which directly contributes to the increased thickness and weight of the fabric.  
knitted fabrics; compression garments; inlay yarns; woven configuration; arm sleeves; mock rib; subjective wearing sensations +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Surface Topographical Control of a Liquid Crystal Microlens Array Embedded in a Polymer Network
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Microlens Array Fabrication  
The fabrication of a microlens array is shown in Figure 3. First, the mixture was injected into the prepared LC glass cell at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C by capillary forces. The sample was allowed to rest overnight to stabilize the homeotropic (out-of-plane) molecular ordering of the molecules induced by the silane coupling treatment. The observation of the sample with a conoscopic polarized optical microscope (POM, BX50, Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a 546 nm interference filter confirmed the initial homeotropic molecular orientation, indicated by a distinctive isogyre. The homeotropically aligned sample was irradiated with a linearly polarized direct diode (DD) laser beam with a wavelength of 488 nm (EXLSR-488C-200-CDRH, Spectra-Physics, MKS Instruments, Inc., Milpitas, California, USA). The optical setup used in this study is shown in Figure 4a. The sample was irradiated at 10 W/cm\({}^{2}\) for 10 min and was consistently repeated several times to make a microlens array. After confirming the microlens array by orthoscopic POM (BX50, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a 546 nm interference filter, photopolymerization was performed by irradiating the LC cell with an ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 365 nm from a UV-LED light source (LHPUV365/2501, Iwasaki Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 1.0 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) for 1 h.  
Figure 3: Experimental procedure used to fabricate a microlens array embedded in a polymer network.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### F760 toc Retrieval  
Before SIF retrieval, pre-processing, including dark current correction, a Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter, radiometric and wavelength calibration, and quality control were conducted for solar irradiance and canopy radiance, which were then converted to irradiance (mW/m\({}^{2}\)/nm) and radiance (mW/m\({}^{2}\)/sr/nm). Because of the limited height between the sensor and canopy surface (<2 m), the effect of atmospheric radiation was negligible and therefore not corrected in this study.  
Various methods have been developed to decouple SIF from the total at-sensor radiance from spectral measurements. Among them, major SIF retrieval methods were derived from the Fraunhofer line discrimination (FLD) principle [26]. For example, several different FLD-based algorithms including the three-band FLD (3 FLD), the improved FLD (iFLD), and the pFLD method have been developed, focusing on the telluric O\({}_{2}\) absorption bands or solar Fraunhofer lines. These methods have proven to be robust and simple to apply but may overestimate the values of SIF emissions [27]. Hence, by assuming that the SIF and reflectance were polynomials or other appropriate mathematical functions of wavelengths, the Spectral Fitting Methods (SFM), proposed by [PERSON] et al. [28], utilized a set of contiguous channels to estimate SIF. Apart from these FLD-based algorithms, statistical methods based on singular vector decomposition (SVD) or principal component analysis (PCA) were proposed to enhance FLD SIF retrieval from satellites [29; 30] but were applied to extract ground-based SIF [31].  
Here, only F760 toc was retrieved due to the limitation of our spectrometer. According to the analysis by [PERSON] et al. [32], the FLD-based retrievals of SIF were noisier and more sensitive when assuming the SIF spectral shape than the O\({}_{2A}\)-based method, and the authors recommended that the SVD or SFM method using a reduced fitting window (759.5-761.5 nm) was robust for far-red SIF retrievals across different sky conditions. Therefore, based on this reduced fitting window, the SFM algorithm was selected to estimate F760 toc at the canopy level. The basic equation was  
\[\mathrm{L}(\lambda)=\frac{\mathrm{r}_{\mathrm{MOD}}(\lambda)\cdot\mathrm{E}( \lambda)}{\pi}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{MOD}}(\lambda) \tag{3}\]  
where \(\mathrm{L}(\lambda)\) is the radiance upwelling from the vegetation canopy at ground level, \(\mathrm{E}(\lambda)\) is the total solar irradiance incident on the target, \(\mathrm{r}_{\mathrm{MOD}}(\lambda)\) and \(\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{MOD}}(\lambda)\) are the mathematical functions used to describe and model (MOD) the two key variables, and they are all distributed at each wavelength.  
Figure 1: Experimental set-up (left) of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence measurements on four plots (P1–P4) with different irrigation treatments and a field photo (right). 1 = HR2000+ spectrometer; 2 = optic fiber; 3 = electronic switch; 4 = manipulator; 5 = incubator.
# Assessment of the Impact of a Cosmetic Product with Sheep Colostrum on Acne Skin
## 4 Discussion
This can be attributed to the regulatory effects of the lipid, cytokine, and immunoglobulin components on the sebaceous glands [25, 26, 27, 28]. It is important to note that the greatest sebum content was observed on the forehead; as no significant changes were found in other facial regions, this may suggest that sebum production was normalized and that its content was not simply reduced. The study participants reported improvements in inflammatory acne lesions, which is consistent with the documented anti-inflammatory properties of colostrum, including its constituent immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, and cytokines [22, 29]. Skin regeneration and repair was also enhanced by the presence of growth factors such as IGF-1, EGF, and TGF, potentially accelerating the healing of acne-related scarring and erythema [11]. Another component, lactoferrin, known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, demonstrates the ability to regulate cytokine secretion, inhibit inflammatory responses, and reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 [30]. This indicates its potential in alleviating acne-related inflammation and improving overall skin condition. It can also reduce redness, most likely by inhibiting the activity of key inflammatory proteins [30]. The effectiveness of lactoferrin in reducing inflammation induced by _Cutibacterium acnes_ is in line with the overall beneficial impact of sheep colostrum on the skin, especially for inflammatory problems like acne [30]. The positive outcomes observed in this study are in line with previous research on horse colostrum and the growth factor-enriched protein fraction from bovine milk, suggesting that colostrum of other origins may also have therapeutic potential [13, 31, 32]. Indeed, previous research indicating that colostrum-derived products have significant antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects further supports their use in managing acne-prone skin [14]. Together, these findings emphasize the role of bioactive proteins, enzymes, and growth factors in modulating the immune response of the skin and its microbial environment. Although this study presents promising results, it may have some limitations. Considerable variability was noted in the responses among participants. As such, there is a need for further studies based on larger, more diverse cohorts to broaden the applicability of the findings.
# Channel Estimation Based on IOTA Filter in OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM Systems
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a novel channel estimation method based on IOTA filter in OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM systems. The channel estimation method provides a high data transmission rate and spectral efficiency while the IOTA wavelet can suppress the AWGN existing at the estimated CIRs of the OFDM receiver. Simulation results verify that the channel estimation method provides good BER and NMSE performance under both static and dynamic frequency-selective channels. The IOTA filter can guarantee orthogonality between different subcarriers and suppress the ICI efficiently in the frequency domain. Meanwhile, the IOTA filter reduces the ISI among consecutive OFDM frames in the time domain and reduces the BER significantly. The channel encoder and channel decoder are adopted to provide robust channel estimation against AWGN in both OFDM-IOTA and CP-OFDM systems.  
Compared with ICE and LS channel estimation methods, the proposed channel estimation method has better performance. The IOTA filter not only provides better performance but also has high data transmission rate and spectral efficiency since it does not require GI in front of each OFDM frame. With the improvement of the fifth-generation (5G) technology, there are more demands for high transmission data rate and spectral efficiency in wireless communication systems. Therefore, the proposed IOTA filter channel estimation method has broad software and hardware application prospects and can be utilized in ultra-wideband (UWB) OFDM communication systems [18; 19; 20], optical communication systems, and OFDM time division dual (TDD) communication systems [21; 22; 23].  
In the future, we will compare IOTA wavelet with other wavelets for channel estimation in OFDM systems. We will make a better adoption of radio frequency filtering technology in frequency-selective and dynamic channels.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the algorithm and designed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the results; [PERSON] drafted the manuscript; [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.  
Figure 11: NMSE performance of the OFDM/16-QAM system over Rayleigh fading channels with Doppler spread of 20, 40, 60, and 80 Hz.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61702303) and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (No. ZR2017 MF020).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.