## 3 Background and Previous Related Work
### DLT-Based ITS Related Works
The suggested system also includes a mechanism to share data based on its reputation. Taking into account the number of encounters, the timing of occurrences, and the closeness of their trajectories, a three-weight subjective logic model is utilized to manage the reputation of vehicles in a fair and realistic manner. The proposed system can more easily detect vehicles that are maliciously intent on harming others or acting suspiciously with the use of this reputation scheme than with more conventional reputation schemes. In [59], with the support of a smart contract, physically unclonable functions (PUFs), and a public-key infrastructure, DrivMan was proposed, which is a blockchain-based solution for automobiles that facilitates trust management, data provenance, and privacy via PKI. DrivMan's use of the blockchain allows for distributed trust management even in a partially trusted network. In addition, thanks to the PUFs' role in creating a crypto fingerprint for each vehicle, DrivMan can demonstrate the origin of the data. PKI is also used to enable car registration and provide key pairs to automobiles via a Certificate Authority (CA). If necessary, the CA can track down the source of malicious vehicles' certificates and revoke them. The purpose of PKI is to prevent attackers from discovering genuine identities and to safeguard personal information by making it impossible to connect identities to public keys. The fundamental innovation proposed in [60] is a new method of key negotiation that allows for auditable and verifiable cryptographic signatures. In particular, this strategy aims to address concerns regarding the safety, credibility, and oversight of jointly held information. The approach allows either script-based or static automated key exchange. Because of this, crucial vehicle-to-vehicle communication talks may be completed rapidly and mechanically. In addition, the negotiation process prevents a packet-dropping attack from taking place because of its use of preventative measures such as scripts, channels, and scheduling. Data trading proposed in [61] presents a number of challenges that can be mitigated with the use of the blockchain, including a lack of transparency and traceability as well as the potential for illegal alterations to data. To audit and verify transactions, a group of regional aggregators collaborates like a consortium. To further ensure that societal utility is maximized, data is sold at the optimal price, and individual privacy is safeguarded for both buyers and sellers, an iterative double auction method is employed. More people will share information as a result of this. The system is made more reliable by also factoringin the price of transferring data. Resource sharing between cars is another application of this technology. The solutions proposed in [62] are ensuring that bids are transparent and are allowing buyers and sellers to engage in resource trading. A broker is proposed here as a means of maintaining the market for trade. The broker then determines the quantity of resources being traded and devises a price rule to induce truthful bidding from buyers and sellers. An iterative two-sided auction is the process proposed here. Therefore, it is the most fiscally responsible, sensible, and socially beneficial option. The Device-to-Device Edge Computing and Networks (D2D-ECN) in [63] utilizes blockchain technology, smart contracts, edge computing, and device-to-device connectivity to facilitate asset trade and the distribution of work. When completed, D2D-ECN will serve as a shared environment for developing high-performance and low-latency applications together. This ensures that real-time application scenarios can be handled fast by offloading the computing responsibilities. Swarm intelligence is used to devise a method of work allocation that minimizes both delay and processing time. While addressing the problem of poorly managed resources, it also helps to establish trust between those who supply resource services and those who need them to complete their work.