## 4 Results
### Result of Topic Model  
Figure 5 shows the results of the aggregation by clustering up the third layer for the top 1000 papers as the emerging score. Note that the first and second layers targeted only the upper three clusters, while the third layer targeted all the clusters. This figure shows that papers with the highest degrees of emergence in the cluster unit are concentrated in subcluster 1-3-3. This report focuses on subcluster 1-3-3, which has a small number of papers. Figure 5: Frequencies of the top 1000 emerging papers by subcluster (third layer). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Rank** & **Prob.** & **Title** & **Journal** & **Number of Citations (2011)** & **Number of Citations (2014)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(1\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(1\)} & Carbon nanotube mass production: Principles and processes & \multirow{2}{*}{_ChemSusChem_} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} & \multirow{2}{*}{84} & [PERSON] et al. [60] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \cline{7-7} \cline{10-10} \multirow{2}{*}{\(2\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(1\)} & Physics and applications of aligned carbon nanotubes & \multirow{2}{*}{_Advances in Physics_} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} & \multirow{2}{*}{35} & [PERSON] et al. [61] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(3\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.99\)} & Tailored assembly of carbon nanotubes and graphene & \multirow{2}{*}{_Advanced Functional Materials_} & \multirow{2}{*}{6} & \multirow{2}{*}{82} & [PERSON] et al. [62] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(4\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.99\)} & Electronic transport in two-dimensional graphene & \multirow{2}{*}{_Reviews of Modern Physics_} & \multirow{2}{*}{51} & \multirow{2}{*}{664} & [PERSON] et al. [63] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(5\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.99\)} & Graphene-based materials: Synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications & \multirow{2}{*}{_Small_} & \multirow{2}{*}{26} & \multirow{2}{*}{587} & [PERSON] et al. [64] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(6\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.99\)} & Raman spectroscopy of graphene and carbon nanotubes & \multirow{2}{*}{_Advances in Physics_} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} & \multirow{2}{*}{98} & [PERSON] et al. [65] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(7\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.99\)} & Methane decomposition to \multirow{2}{*}{_C_s-free hydrogen and nanocarbon material on group 8-10 base metal catalysts: review} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Catalysis Today_} & \multirow{2}{*}{5} & \multirow{2}{*}{46} & [PERSON] et al. [66] \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\(8\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.99\)} & Low-toxic and safe nanomaterials by surface-chemical design, carbon nanotubes, fulllerenes, and graphofullerenes, and graphenes & \multirow{2}{*}{_Nanoscale_} & \multirow{2}{*}{5} & \multirow{2}{*}{67} & [PERSON] et al. [67] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(9\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.99\)} & Graphene-based materials: Past, present, and future & \multirow{2}{*}{_Progress in Materials Science_} & \multirow{2}{*}{7} & \multirow{2}{*}{506} & [PERSON] et al. [68] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(10\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.99\)} & Carbonaceous nanomaterials for enhancement of TiO\({}_{2}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{_Carbon_} & \multirow{2}{*}{11} & \multirow{2}{*}{223} & Learry and Westwood [69] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \cline{7-7} \cline{10-10} \multirow{2}{*}{\(10\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.99} & Photocatalysis & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Top ten papers published in 2011 that were predicted to be most likely to be emerging. The results of the topic model by LDA analysis for the emerging papers in subcluster 1-3-3 are shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 provides an overview of the topic classification in subcluster 1-3-3. The image on the right shows the frequency distribution of the top 20 prominent terms extracted from the abstracts of papers belonging to subcluster 1-3-3. The chart on the left is a visualization of the principal component analysis obtained by classifying subcluster 1-3-3 into eight topics.