# A Survey of Game Theoretic Approaches to Modelling Decision-Making in Information Warfare Scenarios
## 4 Games for Representing Information Warfare Operations
### A Taxonomy of Information Warfare Games
#### 4.2.6 Information Attack and Hacker Warfare Games  
Game theory research in this category has been most prolific. We thus consider three sub-categories for personal, corporate, and global hacker warfare games. Personal Hacker Warfare Games  
The paper of [PERSON] et al. [71] provides an example of a study that falls into this category. This study proposes a game theory approach to study the interaction between an attacker and a defender in wireless ad hoc networks. The game theory is modeled in both static and dynamic scenarios and the Nash equilibrium strategies of the players is investigated. In particular, this study considers the case where the defender is uncertain about the attackers's type, i.e., whether it is malicious or regular. To address this issue, a Bayesian game formulation is used to provide a framework for the defender to choose a strategy based on his belief of the attacker's type. In the static game scenario, results of the simulations show that the defender always assume fixed prior probabilities of his/her opponent's types throughout the game. The dynamic game scenario, on the other hand, permits the defender to observe the attacker actions. This allows the defender to change his/her belief according to the game history. The use of Stackelberg games to model attacker and defender interaction has been explored [72; 73]. The Stackelberg game is a two-player extensive game where a leader can select an action from a set of available options and the follower, informed with the leader selection, chooses his/her strategy accordingly. [73] uses such a game to model the interaction between the attackers and the defenders in a network intrusion game. They conduct a theoretical analysis of the game and derive expected behaviors of rational attackers. The use of game theory to study the optimal strategies of the players in a network security scenario as also been considered [74]. In particular, this work studies the interaction between attackers and a network administrator and models the interaction as a non-cooperative non-zero-sum dynamic game with incomplete information. Compared to existing network security approaches, the proposed approach has shown to be more efficient and significantly reduces the damage of the network. Another game theory approach to address problems in computer and communication networks has been proposed [75]. This study considers the case where the players have a lack of knowledge about the opponent's motivation. They also take into account the report of the sensor systems about imperfectness of the operations. Two possible scenarios are taken into account in this study. The first scenario considers the case where the player knows the error probabilities of the sensor system. In such a case, the proposed analysis can be used as a guideline for each player to achieve the Nash Equilibrium point. In contrast, the second scenario considers the case where the players have no knowledge of the error probabilities of the sensor system. In this case, the error probabilities in the observation on the convergence to the Nash Equilibrium point as well as the final outcome of the game are studied. [PERSON] et al. [76] consider the problem of jamming attack in wireless network. In this study, jamming attack is modeled as a noncooperative game that is played by two types of players, transmitters and jammers. In this context, transmitters are associated with normal users who want to optimize their own performance. In contrast, jammers are associated with attackers who aims to degrade the performance of the transmitters. The focus of this work is primarily on the vulnerability of the system to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The use of basic tools from game theory has shown to improve the understanding the impact of DoS attacks on the performance of the system in wireless networks. A game theory framework for attack prediction has also been proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [77].