esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results  
Each patient enrolled received 6 echographic scans in the anatomic landmarks previously described. Eighty-four echographic reports were generated.  
LUS pattern 1 was reported in 25 scans out of 84: 21 cases corresponded to grade 1 HRCT and four cases to grade 2 HRCT. LUS pattern 1 was thus in agreement with HRCT grade 1 in 84% of cases. However, in 100% of cases LUS pattern 1 was indicative of fibrotic alterations \(<\)50% (mild to moderate).  
LUS pattern 2 was reported in 30 scans out of 84: in 24 cases (77%) was associated with HRCT grade 2; in 2 cases with HRCT grade 1; in four cases with HRCT grade 4, thus showing a huge discordance between sonography and HRCT. These cases will be carefully addressed in the discussion section.  
LUS pattern 3 was reported in 23 scans out of 84: in 19 cases was associated with HRCT grade 3, with an agreement of 83%. Four cases presented HRCT grade 4. However, in 100% of cases LUS pattern 3 was indicative of fibrotic alterations \(>\)50% (severe to massive).  
LUS pattern 4 was reported in six scans out of 84. For this pattern, the corresponding HRCT grades presented a heterogeneous distribution: in two cases the HRCT grade was concordantly 4. In three cases, the HRCT grade was 3, and in one case the HRCT grade was 1. This case will also be further analyzed in the discussion section. Table 1 shows distribution of LUS patterns and HRCT grades.  
As far as inter-rater agreement between LUS patterns and HRCT grades is concerned, the analysis of the K Cohen's coefficient shows close to perfect agreement for LUS patterns 1, 2, and 3 when compared to HRCT grades 1, 2, and 3, respectively. On the contrary, the agreement between LUS pattern 4 and HRCT grade 4 is weaker. The low number of cases studied could have influenced this result.  
Tables 2-5 show inter-rater agreement computation by Cohen's k coefficient between patterns and grades.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**LUS Patterns**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**HRCT Grades**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Grade 1** & **Grade 2** & **Grade 3** & **Grade 4** & **Total Number** \\ \hline
**Pattern 1** & 21 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 25 \\
**Pattern 2** & 2 & 24 & 0 & 4 & 30 \\
**Pattern 3** & 0 & 0 & 19 & 4 & 23 \\
**Pattern 4** & 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 & 6 \\
**Total number** & 24 & 28 & 22 & 10 & 84 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Distribution of LUS patterns and HRCT grades.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**HRCT Grade 1**} \\ \hline \hline
**LUS Pattern 1** & **Positive** & **Negative** \\ \hline
**Positive** & 21 & 4 \\
**Negative** & 3 & 56 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Agreement between LUS pattern 1 and HRCT grade 1.
# FES Control of a Finger MP Joint with a Proxy-Based Super-Twisting Algorithm
## 6 Conclusions  
This manuscript presents the proxy-based super-twisting algorithm (PSTA) and an implicit Euler realization of the PSTA for highly accurate control of MP joint through FES. The proposed method maintains the accuracy and robustness of SMC without requiring an accurate model of a MP joint, while eliminating numerical chattering. Experimental results from different volunteers demonstrate that the PSTA is more effective than other control schemes, including conventional STA, PID, and voluntary movement. Qualitative analysis shows that this method is one of the most effective and accurate in the experiments. With limited computation resources and sampling rates, the PSTA still performs well in terms of response speed and control accuracy, which are sufficient for controlling MP joints. Future investigations should include more experiments on time-varying angles of MP joints through FES as well as other muscles, such as triceps brachii, using PSTA.  
Future research includes a strict Lyapunov stability check and extending the work to control multiple finger joints simultaneously. This will involve developing advanced algorithms to manage increased complexity and ensure robust, accurate control across all joints. Addressing these challenges will enhance the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method in practical scenarios.  
M.Y. and K.H.; methodology, X.X.; software, H.C. and S.O.; validation, H.C.; formal analysis, X.X.; data validation, H.C.; writing--original draft preparation, H.C. and X.X.; writing--review and editing, H.C. and X.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is partially supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Program under Grant KQTD20190929172545139, GXWD 20231130153844002, GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, the Open Fund of Laboratory of Aerospace Servo Actuation and Transmission, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Morphing Mechanisms and Adaptive Robotics.  
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Engineering at Kyushu University approved the experiments (Approval no. 2021-02). The date of approval is 3 August 2021.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
We thank all the volunteers who participated in this study.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} FES & Functional electrical stimulation \\ MP joint & Finger metacarpophalangeal joint \\ SMC & Sliding mode control \\ STA & Super-twisting algorithm \\ PSTA & Proxy-based super-twisting algorithm \\ \end{tabular}
## 2 Materials and Methods
### MC Simulation  
#### 2.3.1 Background  
MC simulation is a quantitative risk assessment technique which considers the effect of deterministic and probabilistic variables in a single model [70]. In other words, MC simulation is capable of analysing the effect of uncertain variables to predict or assess the risk. MC simulation has been adopted in various engineering fields due to its capabilities in predicting the effect of uncertain variables. In an MC risk analysis model, random sampling techniques are used based on the requirements of the model, and statistical analyses are conducted to ensure accurate results are obtained. MC simulation is developed for probabilistic circumstances in which deterministic values of variables are not provided, so that historical data can be used with various distribution functions.  
According to Figure 5, which illustrates the operation principal of MC simulation, multiple variables are involved in an MC model with various ranges and distribution functions [89]. Although a random number is chosen for the variables at every iteration, the variables' distribution functions contribute in this random process. The number of required iterations is defined before conducting the analysis. Once the results of all iterations are obtained, their range of the outputs can be statistically analysed to predict the result. As a result, in an MC model, the inputs and outputs are ranges of values, rather than a deterministic value [90]. Notably, an MC simulation is capable of considering independent and dependent variables in a single model. Because there might be several variables involved in an MC model, in order to achieve more accurate results, the relationships among them should be investigated [91; 92].
# Broadband Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Laser with DNA Aqueous Solution as Saturable Absorber
## 1 Introduction  
Ultrafast pulse lasers are suitable for thermal damage- and particle-free micromachining/fabrication, as well as being precise enough for optical measurement and surgical treatment in the biomedical field [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. Such pulses are frequently generated through passive mode locking using a passive nonlinear optical component, such as a saturable absorber (SA), in a fiber laser system [7; 8; 9; 10]. Semiconductors are extensively used as the SA material in ultrafast fiber lasers, which is already a mature and commercialized technology. However, semiconductor saturable absorption mirrors (SESAMs) are expensive and complicated to fabricate and have a low damage threshold [11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. Of late, carbon-based materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, have also been widely investigated as SA materials [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]; however, reliable and optimized mode-locked ultrafast laser pulse generation with these unconventional materials is yet to be realized.  
Besides providing crucial genetic information, DNA is of great interest among researchers even outside the biomedical field because of its numerous interesting properties that can be exploited in various fields. Moreover, DNA is cheap and abundant in nature; hence, its optical/electronic properties render it a promising optical material replacement for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), lasers, and optofluidic systems [21; 22]. Recently, the high optical nonlinearity and lyotropic chirality of DNA have been discovered [23; 24; 25], and [PERSON] et al. reported an ultrafast laser pulse using a solid-state DNA SA [26]. The ultrafast DNA fiber laser was realized with a D-shaped fiber, also known as a side-polished fiber, which is advantageous in handling 2D materials and fabricating solution-based thin films interacting with fiber-coupled light. However, DNA in aqueous solution is unsuitable for generating ultrafast pulses in such platforms because of the limited interaction, relatively high intrinsic optical loss, and thermal stability issues.  
In this study, we demonstrate a broadband ultrafast fiber laser with a pulse laser wavelength of 1-1.5 \(\upmu\)m, utilizing an identical aqueous DNA solution SA. The passivelymode-locked laser is made of etched fiber, which has an elongated light-SA interaction length and relatively low intrinsic optical loss. The proposed system exhibits reliable mode-locking laser operation under high pump power because of the large specific heat of water, as well as great long-term stability. As control over the molecular orientations of the DNA lyotropic chiral nematics is possible [25], this liquid-phase DNA solution-based ultrafast laser opens new possibilities for the in-depth understanding of the optical properties of DNA and optimized applications of DNA material in optoelectronic devices in the near future.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of the Drying Models  
The drying data measured in each drying setting were converted into the moisture ratio \(X^{*}\) and then the moisture ratio as a function of drying time was fitted by the semi-empirical models given in Table 1. Table 2 presents a summary of the drying constant \(k\), empirical coefficients \(n\), \(A_{0}\) and \(A_{1}\), as well as the coefficient of determination \(R^{2}\), root means square error \(RMSE\) and mean absolute percentage error \(MAPE\) acquired from individual fittings at each drying condition. The inspection of the statistical indicators showed that the employed models had the capability to depict the drying behavior of wheat cv. 'Pionier' with an \(R^{2}\), \(RMSE\) and \(MAPE\) ranging from 0.948 to 0.999, 5.514 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) to 5.021 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) and 1.2 to 37.1%. The selection of the most suitable model was determined based on the statistical criteria [55]. From the analysis of Table 2 it was revealed that increase of the complexity of the model and numbers of terms did not meaningfully improve the fit accuracy. Hence, the Page model was selected as the most suitable model to fit the experimental data with the statistical indicators \(R^{2}\) ranging from 0.995 to 0.999, \(RMSE\) ranging from 7.608 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) to 1.559 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) and \(MAPE\) from 1.2 to 18.2%, which assured high accuracy of prediction by maintaining an acceptable level of complexity. The model revealed the capability to accurately describe the drying kinetics for temperatures above 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which stands in line with literature [33; 38]. This study demonstrated that the Page model also can be used to predict with a high accuracy (\(R^{2}\geq\) 0.997, \(RMSE\leq\) 1.193 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) and \(MAPE\leq\) 4.6%) the drying behavior of wheat subjected to low-temperature ranges of 10-30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which has scarcely been investigated to date. Thereby, it gave the opportunity for the creation of a generalized drying model that allows characterization of wheat drying kinetics under a coherent set of low temperatures (\(T\) = 10-50 \({}^{\circ}\)C) suitable for cooling, aeration, and drying of wheat. Moreover, the Page model proved to be effective in predicting the drying behavior for different relative humidities and velocities of drying air applied in this study.
## 5 Conclusions  
Data from 11 eddy covariance flux tower sites were used to validate the accuracy of the both PML and MODIS GPP products, with the results indicating that PML outperforms MODIS in the Chinese region. Over the past two decades, there has been a trend of increasing GPP in China's terrestrial ecosystems. The spatial pattern shows an increase from inland regions to the southeast coast, suggesting significant carbon uptake potential in Inland China.  
In the past two decades, the regional temperature in China has shown a modest increase, while precipitation and radiation have slightly decreased, which is crucial for future climate predictions and water resource management. Moreover, in many regions, precipitation and radiation display opposing trends, which could impact the functionality and stability of ecosystems in different areas. Therefore, future ecosystem management needs to take these changes into account to ensure the health and sustainable development of the ecosystems. During the vegetation growth season, there is a higher proportion of regions with lag effects compared to cumulative effects in GPP response to meteorological factors. Specifically, regions where the GPP exhibits no lag or cumulative effect in response to temperature and radiation are predominantly located in the northwestern region. This observation is associated with the substantial presence of the barren land and grassland in these areas. Regarding land-use types such as cropland, forest, grassland, and barren land, their responses to temperature vary, with a higher proportion showing no lag response to radiation. There is a higher proportion of a 3-month lag response to precipitation, and this phenomenon is particularly evident in areas with elevations between 500 and 2500 m and above 5500 m. Understanding the response of different land-use types to climate factors can help farmers and forestry managers make better decisions to adapt to future climate change and optimize land-use practices. Our research findings offer valuable data references for  
Figure 11: Land use-type distribution in Regions V and VII.  
the quantitative analysis of China's terrestrial carbon development over the past 20 years, providing a new theoretical basis for future regional ecological improvement plans and coordinated development.  
Conceptualization, Z.W. and E.G.; methodology, Z.W. and E.G.; software, J.Z.; formal analysis, Z.M. and J.Z.; investigation, E.G.; resources, E.G. and Z.W.; data curation, E.G. and Z.W.; writing--original draft preparation, E.G.; writing--review and editing, Z.W.; visualization, Z.M. and J.Z.; supervision, Z.W.; funding acquisition, Z.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Science Foundation for Young Elite Talents of YRCC (HQK-202307), and the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2243212).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Notations and the Model of Sequence Generation  
For a set, \(A\), \(||A||\) denotes the number of elements in \(A\). \(\Sigma\) is an alphabet with \(||\Sigma||=t\geq 2\). For an integer, \(n\geq 0\), \(\Sigma^{n}\) is the set of sequences of a length of \(n\) with characters from \(\Sigma\). For a sequence \(S=a_{1}a_{2}\cdots a_{n}\), \(S[i]\) denotes the character, \(a_{i}\), and \(S[i,j]\) denotes the substring, \(a_{i}\cdots a_{j}\), for \(1\leq i\leq j\leq n\). \(|S|\) denotes the length of the sequence, \(S\). We use \(\emptyset\) to represent the empty sequence, which has a length of zero.  
Let \(G=g_{1}g_{2}\cdots g_{m}\) be a fixed sequence of \(m\) characters. \(G\) is the motif to be discovered by our algorithm. A \(\Theta(n,G,\alpha)\)-sequence has the form \(S=a_{1}\cdots a_{n_{1}}b_{1}\cdots b_{m}a_{n_{1}+1}\cdots a_{n_{2}}\), where \(n_{2}+m\leq n\), each \(a_{i}\) has a probability of \(\frac{1}{t}\) to be equal to \(\pi\) for each \(\pi\in\Sigma\) and \(b_{i}\) has a probability of at most \(\alpha\) and not equal to \(g_{i}\) for \(1\leq i\leq m\), where \(m=|G|\). \(\aleph(S)\) denotes the motif region \(b_{1}\cdots b_{m}\) of \(S\). A mutation converts a character, \(g_{i}\), in the motif into an arbitrary, different character, \(b_{i}\), without probability restriction. This allows a character, \(g_{i}\), in the motif to change into any character, \(b_{i}\), in \(\Sigma-\{g_{i}\}\) with even a different probability. The motif region of \(S\) may start at an arbitrary position in \(S\). Furthermore, a mutation may convert a character, \(g_{i}\), in the motif into an arbitrary, different character, \(b_{i}\), only subject to the restriction that \(g_{i}\) will mutate with a probability of at most \(\alpha\).  
For two sequences \(S_{1}=a_{1}\cdots a_{m}\) and \(S_{2}=b_{1}\cdots b_{m}\) of the same length, let the _relative Hamming distance_\(\mathrm{diff}(S_{1},S_{2})=\frac{[i[a_{i}\
eq b_{i}(i=1,\cdots,m)]]}{m}\).  
**Definition 1**.: For two intervals, \([i_{1},j_{1}]\) and \([i_{2},j_{2}]\), define \(\mathrm{shift}([i_{1},j_{1}],[i_{2},j_{2}])=\min(|i_{1}-i_{2}|,|j_{1}-j_{2}|)\)
# Comparison of the Sentinel-3A and B SLSTR Tandem Phase Data Using Metrological Principles
## 5 Discussion  
The S3A/B tandem phase has enabled a detailed analysis of SLSTR radiometric and SST-retrieval performance that would be challenging to reproduce with typical validation techniques, such as using simultaneous nadir overpasses (SNOs) with other satellite sensors for L1 or in-situ measurements for L2 SST. The large tandem dataset covers a comprehensive range of sensor observations; for example, it fully covers the temperature dynamic range, which provides a high-level of fidelity to the comparison. Additionally, common issues encountered in other validation methodologies, such as temporal, spatial or geometric mismatch, are significantly minimised by the tandem configuration. It is also important to note, in the context of the remainder of the S3 mission, that such direct comparison of SLSTR-A and B will not be possible once the instruments are on their nominal orbit, so, in this context, the tandem phase is crucial to ensure interoperability going forward.  
The results from this analysis can be split into two different topics: first, those related to the analysis of the measurements themselves, and, second, those related to the provided estimates of uncertainty--these are discussed separately below.
## 5 Potential 6G Applications in the Maritime Sector
### AR/VR-Based Fault Diagnosis and Maintenance Support Onboard  
Maritime vessels often operate with limited engineering personnel, especially during deep-sea missions. Using 6G-powered AR/VR headsets, the onboard crew can perform real-time diagnostics and guided maintenance, assisted remotely by expert technicians onshore or on other ships, as depicted in Figure 8[77]. These services rely on URLLC and edge-assisted rendering, ensuring immersive interaction with digital twins of onboard systems. The use of digital overlays enables contextual fault visualization, part identification, and even step-by-step repair workflows, all without the need for direct physical supervision [78].
# Elliptic Curve Signcryption-Based Mutual Authentication Protocol for Smart Cards
## 6 Analysis of Security Functionalities of ECSSP-SC
### Analysis of Security Attributes of ECSSP-SC  
It has been mentioned in Section 1 that the required security attributes for a smart card-based system are integrity, authentication, forward security, confidentiality, availability, and non-repudiation. In this sub-section, the detailed analysis of security properties fulfilled by the ECSSP-SC has been carried out. A few reasonable assumptions, given below, have been made to justify this security analysis.  
**Assumption 1**.: _The secret \(v\) and the password PDW of the USR is kept secure and an Attacker \(A\) cannot access it. The identity \(I_{S}\) of the server is also secret._  
**Assumption 2**.: _An Attacker \(A\) can obtain common system parameters._  
**Assumption 3**.: _An Attacker \(A\) is unable to break the ciphertext generated by the encryption algorithm \(E_{K}\)._  
**Assumption 4**.: _An Attacker \(A\) cannot obtain \(x\) in \(P_{U}=xG\), given \(P_{U}\) and \(G\) because of the security of ECDLP._  
**Assumption 5**.: _An Attacker \(A\) is unable to get \(x\) and \(A_{RU}\) from the smart card._
# Indoor Positioning Systems Can Revolutionise Digital Lean
###### Abstract  
The powerful combination of lean principles and digital technologies accelerates waste identification and mitigation faster than traditional lean methods. The new digital lean (also referred to as Lean 4.0) solutions incorporate sensors and digital equipment, yielding innovative solutions that extend the reach of traditional lean tools. The tracking of flexible and configurable production systems is not as straightforward as in a simple conveyor. This paper examines how the information provided by indoor positioning systems (IPS) can be utilised in the digital transformation of flexible manufacturing. The proposed IPS-based method enriches the information sources of value stream mapping and transforms positional data into key-performance indicators used in Lean Manufacturing. The challenges of flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing require a dynamic value stream mapping. To handle this problem, a process mining-based solution has been proposed. A case study is provided to show how the proposed method can be employed for monitoring and improving manufacturing efficiency.  
Keywords:Industry 4.0; Lean 4.0; indoor positioning system; Lean management; smart manufacturing; real-time locating system; process mining; internal inventories +
Footnote †: journal: Applied