## 2 Background and Related Work
Based on TDOA data, the authors provided an experimental evaluation of multipath mitigation in two distinct interior settings utilizing a beam steering broadband circular polarization antenna (BSBCPA) in an indoor passive localization system [68]. Experiments are proposed using LOS and complicated multipath while delivering a signal with a 20 MHz bandwidth via WLAN. Compared to traditional omnidirectional linear polarization antennas, they discovered that the BSBCPA can enhance positioning accuracy by at least 51%. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed BSBCPA mitigates multipath propagation for TDOA-based indoor passive localization in a considerable manner. Passive localization found application during the launch mission of a launch vehicle. Using ground-based telemetry stations increases the reliability of the launch vehicle's flight safety control system [69]. The authors applied passive TDOA/AOA localization utilizing two ground telemetry stations and developed a strategy to increase the accuracy of its localization based on second-order polynomial regression. By comparing the findings of the suggested approach to the measured data from an on-board GPS utilized during the third flight of the Korea Space Launch Vehicle-1, the localization accuracy has been enhanced. For security applications, the authors presented a passive localization method based on TOA measurements on the most recent 802.11 ac WiFi standard, taking advantage of the widespread deployment of WiFi systems, which typically use RSS parameters for localization [70]. Using the experimental setting, a prototype was created that demonstrated a considerable improvement in positioning accuracy over previous methods. Furthermore, by leveraging the WiFi standard, the authors propose a passive localization tracking system to predict the footprints of suspects. Using ultra-wideband radio signals is widely used for the implementation of passive localization systems. For the passive localization of fixed targets based on the hybrid RSS/TDoA method, the authors presented an algorithm for the optimal estimation of the amplitude and propagation delay time of an ultra-wideband radio signal [71]. An algorithm has been developed for the optimal estimation of distances from the radiation source to base stations, based on the results of the measurements of the amplitude and the propagation delay time of the UWB radio signal. Localization in crowded urban areas is another intriguing application area. Here, sensors are carried by flying unmanned aerial vehicles to precisely locate the signal source passively, making it possible to establish a wireless sensor network with the ideal geometry configuration [72]. According to the min-max criterion, the authors presented a condensed formulation of the TDOA localization method. The nonlinear equations are relaxed using semidefinite programming to produce an initial solution, which is then used as the starting point of the iterative algorithm to refine the solution in order to determine the source's location with accuracy. Based on the previous, this paper proposes an enhanced ICDEBOA method as the hybridization of two well-proven EAs, with the aim of improving the accuracy of estimating passive target location based on solving an ML objective function formulated using TDOA measurements, particularly when measurement noise is high.