## 4 Simulation Verification
### Simulation of Bilateral Load Change  
Both AC and DC loads change in the hybrid microgrid, which may result in complementary or repulsive AC and DC power, requiring ILC to coordinate the bidirectional power according to the deviation values of AC frequency and DC voltage. The simulation was carried out for different variations in AC and DC loads, and the simulation results are shown in Figure 14.  
Before 0.2 s the AC and DC loads are both 60 kW, the AC frequency and DC voltage are at rated values, and the ILC is in standby mode. During the 0.2-0.4 s period, the AC loads increase by 20 kW, the DC loads decrease to 20 Kw, and the DC voltage rises. The AC loads' deficit of 20 kW is balanced by the AC storage augmentation power and the ILC transmission power from the DC sub-microgrid. The ILC transmits 10.5 kW of power under adaptive droop control and 8.3 kW under conventional droop control, and the adaptive droop control AC frequency and DC voltage deviation are reduced by 0.025 Hz and 1.5 V, respectively, compared to conventional droop control. During the 0.4-0.6 s period, both the AC and DC loads increase by 20 kW, at which time the AC sub-microgrid and DC sub-microgrid have equal power deficits, and the ILC transmission power is approximately equal to 0 due to the source-load balance inside the hybrid microgrid and is in standby mode. During the 0.6-0.8 s period, the AC loads increase by 10 Kw and the DC loadsincrease by 20 kW. Due to the fact that the DC sub-microgrid carries more loads, the DC sub-microgrid transmits less power to the AC sub-microgrid through the ILC, and the difference in power transfer between the two controls is only 0.5 kW. During the 0.8-1 s period, the AC load decreases by 20 Kw, the DC loads increase by 20 kW, and the AC frequency rises. The DC loads' deficit of 20 kW is balanced by the power generated by DG5 and DG6 and the power transmitted by the ILC from the AC sub-microgrid, and the power transmitted by adaptive droop control is \(-\)11.5 kW, while the power transmitted by conventional droop control is \(-\)9 kW. The adaptive droop control AC frequency and the DC voltage deviation are reduced by 0.023 Hz and 1.8 V, respectively, compared to the conventional droop. Therefore, the ILC controls the power transmission from the load decreasing side to the load increasing side when the loads on both sides are complementary in terms of one increasing and one decreasing power. When both sides increase equal loads at the same time, the ILC is in standby mode. When both sides increase load unequally at the same time, the ILC transmits power preferentially to the side with a greater load increase. The above analysis shows that the adaptive bidirectional droop control can adjust the direction and magnitude of the ILC transmission power according to the AC frequency and DC voltage deviation so that the AC frequency and DC voltage are stabilized within the optimal range. Figure 14: Simulation results of bilateral load change. (**a**) Comparison of two droop control waveforms. (**b**) Output of hybrid AC-DC microgrid DGś. Comparative Analysis: For complementary load changes (AC\(\uparrow\)/DC\(\downarrow\)), the coordinated control in [24] achieves 9.2 kW transfer with 50.1 Hz/628 V deviations. Our strategy transmits 11.5 kW while limiting deviations to 50.02 Hz/629.5 V, reducing frequency error by 60% and voltage error by 42%. In addition to the improved dynamic performance, the proposed adaptive droop control strategy features low computational complexity. The main operations include signal normalization, deviation calculation, and adaptive weight computation, all of which involve only basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication). These can be easily implemented on common digital signal processors (DSPs) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Therefore, the proposed method is well-suited for real-time applications in practical microgrid controllers.