esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Silicon Photonics
### Directional Couplers  
To fabricate the directional couplers, the same process as described in Section 3.1 was employed. Typical optical and SEM micrographs of the achieved couplers are depicted in Figure 10a,b. SEM analysis demonstrates that with the new optimized fabrication process, the sidewall roughness has been substantially reduced, even in the directional couplers bends, as shown in Figure 10c,e.
## 1 _Article_
Since the data is not widely available, it is challenging to report moisture content, waste density, or heating values. In comparison to comparatively light waste with low organic content in high-income or European countries, the high organic substance in low and middle-income cities typically means very high moisture content, dense waste, and decreased heating values. These disparities alone pose the fundamental question of whether such new waste management technologies built in the 'North' over the last 40 years are suitable for export to the rest of the world. In several developing countries, compactor trucks built for light 'Northern' waste with substantial large packaging materials are both wasteful and unacceptable. The high organic material means that valorizing (organic waste recovery) could be considered a technology based on baseline rather than landfill disposal. The thermal treatment of unprocessed MSW, which would require additional fuel to sustain combustion, should be avoided due to the high tropical rainfall and high organic content, enhancing the moisture content even further [20,21]. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of solid waste management technology and system in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Based on that, the authors suggest sustainable municipal solid waste management strategies and scenarios to minimize the negative environmental impacts of inappropriate solid waste management. Our research question is whether composting programs can play a key role in rapidly evolving urban ecosystems in Asia, due to the specificities associated with the waste rates and developmental differences outlined. Instead of the waste-to-energyor waste-to-landfill strategies often used today, can central composting focusing on high organic matter content be a suitable alternative? The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 focuses on the reasons for applying the AHP method found in relevant scientific papers in similar situations and the special characteristics of waste in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Section 3 describes the methodology. Section 4 presents the results and Section 5 a discussion of the achieved results. Section 6 draws the main conclusions and points out the future work.
# Beyond Static Estimates: Dynamic Simulation of Fire-Evacuation Interaction in Historical Districts
## 3 Results
### Built Environmental Changes
#### 3.3.1 Fire Spread Evolution  
In the initial phases (approximately three hours), both scenarios exhibit near-radial fire propagation, subsequently transitioning to directional growth influenced by prevailing winds by the five-hour mark. Case 2 originates centrally within the historical district under southwest wind conditions, initially exhibiting radial dispersion before predominantly extending northeastward and eastward, resulting in an off-center expanding damage zone. Case 16, initiated at the district's eastern boundary under persistent east winds, initially  
Figure 5: Fire development of two worst cases: (**a–e**) The simulation snapshots of Case 2 at \(1,3,5,\) 7, and 9 h, (**f–j**) The simulation snapshots of Case 16 at \(1,3,5,7,\) and \(9\) h. Base map: Baidu Maps (copyright Baidu).  
affects peripheral areas before progressing centrally, representing an \"edge-to-center\" fire propagation pattern (Figure 5).
# INSPIRE-SAT 7, a Second CubeSat to Measure the Earth's Energy Budget and to Probe the Ionosphere
## 3 Description of the INSPIRE-SAT 7 Mission and Mission Operations
### The Space Segment
#### 3.2.3 The CUIONO1 Payload
Taking into account the Doppler shift and the SDR clock stability, we estimated that the total frequency shift will be less than 850 Hz (on each side). Consequently, we selected a \(\mathrm{f_{bw}}=2\) kHz frequency bandwidth resolution. Assuming 3 frequencies will be sent simultaneously, with two polarizations, a 300 ms integration time, a sampling period \(Ta=1.8\) s and a 5 min total recording time, the data amount to be transferred to the OBC will be close to 600 kb. \(Ta=1.8\) s leads to a spatial sampling of one measurement around each 15 km. A better resolution is possible (\(Ta\) and \(T_{i}\) can be decreased) for a cost of an increase of the transferred data amount or a decrease of the sounding area. Communication with INSPIRE-SAT 7 OBC  
The CUIONO1 payload with its SDR electronic board communicates directly with the satellite's on-board computer. To comply with the satellite power budget, the SDR electronic board will only be activated when passing over the sounder that is located in France. Before each pass, the OBC will sent to the SDR electronic board the acquisitions parameters (absolute time, \(Ti\), \(Ta\), \(\mathrm{f_{bw}}\), the transmitted frequency list, number of acquisitions...). A the  
Figure 4: Principle of the measurement along the CubeSat orbit. During the time where the satellite is direct line of sight, the incidence varies and hence the cutoff frequency. end of the pass, measured data will be written in an electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) that the OBC will read in differed time. **- Calibration**  
To measure the impact of ionosphere on the attenuation, the transmitting and receiving antennas must be calibrated. Firstly the transmitting one has been calibrated with the help of a small drone carrying a reference antenna. In a second stage, the cubesat antenna is attached to the drone and flies over the same transmitting antenna. An inertial unit gives the positions and the attitude of the antenna under the drone during the measurements. The SDR electronic board transfer function is calibrated with reference signals in Laboratory. For next CubeSat missions, an evolution of CUIONO1 payload is planned with the introduction of a GPS electronic board that will allow us to synchronize transmitting and receiving devices in order to measure also the ionosphere crossing time delay. We will also consider the possibilities to use other transmitters to gain information on ionosphere behaviors over other places around the world. Of course, receiver constellations could be considered.
## 2 Results
### Content of C6 Compounds along Ripening in Italia and Bronx Seedless Table Grapes  
Table 4 shows the content of C6 compounds of Italia and Bronx Seedless table grapes obtained in the six phenological stages of vine ripening. The most abundant C6 compounds presented in Italia and Bronx Seedless grapes were hexanal and hexanol (Table 4). The variety factor significantly affected the content of several C6 compounds, except (Z)-3-hexanal and (Z)-3-hexenol, whereas the phenological stage affected most of the C6 compounds except (Z)-3-hexanal and (E)-2-hexenol. None of the C6 compounds were affected by the variety and phenological stage interaction. Italia grapes showed higher contents of hexanal, (E)-2-hexanal, hexanol, (E)-3-hexenol and (E)-2-hexenol than Bronx Seedless grapes. Grapes harvested at BBCH-89 presented higher contents of hexanal, (E)-2-hexanal, hexanol, (E)-3-hexenol and (Z)-3-hexenol compared to the grapes harvested in the rest of the phenological stages.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Cedrol** & **Geranic Acid** & \(\beta\)**-** & **Geranyl Acetone** & **Branxonic Acid** & **2-Hexenoic Acid** & **Octanoic Acid** \\ \hline
**Variety (V)** & & & & & & & \\ Italia & 70.74 a & 29.35 b & 26.82 a & 108.60 b & 27.16 a & 418.68 b & 135.20 a & 154.73 a \\ Bronx Seedless & 83.58 b & 17.64 a & 26.46 a & 91.66 a & 26.15 a & 381.63 a & 166.04 b & 154.81 a \\
**Phenological stage (S)** & & & & & & & \\ BBCH-77 & 58.22 a & 17.73 a & 20.01 a & 75.54 a & 20.11 a & 391.89 a & 114.02 a & 111.02 a \\ BBCH-79 & 64.73 ab & 19.71 ab & 22.36 ab & 84.00 ab & 22.36 ab & 335.71 ab & 126.78 ab & 125.67 ab \\ BBCH-81 & 71.98 bc & 21.92 abc & 24.87 bc & 93.41 bc & 24.87 bc & 373.71 bc & 140.98 abc & 142.26 bc \\ BBCH-83 & 80.04 cd & 24.38 abc & 27.65 cd & 103.87 cd & 27.65 cd & 415.12 cd & 156.77 bc & 161.03 cd \\ BBCH-85 & 89.01 de & 27.11 bc & 30.75 de & 115.50 de & 30.75 de & 461.61 de & 174.33 cd & 182.29 d \\ BBCH-89 & 98.98 e & 30.13 c & 34.20 e & 128.44 e & 34.20 e & 513.31 e & 193.86 d & 206.3 e \\
**Significancea** & & & & & & & \\ V & 0.0004 & 0.0000 & 0.7664 & 0.0003 & 0.3282 & 0.0436 & 0.0036 & 0.9894 \\ S & 0.0001 & 0.0347 & 0.0000 & 0.0000 & 0.0000 & 0.0004 & 0.0000 \\ V \(\times\) S & 0.9892 & 0.9674 & 0.8894 & 0.9882 & 1.0000 & 0.9995 & 0.9964 & 1.0000 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data are expressed as mean of the data. a Significance (\(p\)-value) of variety (V), phenological stage (S), and V \(\times\) S interactions. For a given factor and significance (\(p\) < 0.05), different letters within a column represent significant differences (Duncan test, \(p\) < 0.05).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Content of some terpenes, \(\beta\)-ionone, and fatty acids (\(\mu\)g L\({}^{-1}\)) of Italia and Bronx Seedless table grapes harvested in six different phenological stages (BBCH-77, BBCH-79, BBCH-81, BBCH-83, BBCH-85 and BBCH-89).
###### Abstract  
Recently, non-terrestrial-satellite-networks (NTSN) have attracted more attention due to excellent performance. NTSN specifically refers to a mega satellite constellation network. Global coverage, low latency and high data rate make global interconnection possible. However, the lack of on-board energy degrades the efficiency of the network system. To solve those pressing problems, an energy sensitive and congestion balance (ESCB) routing scheme is proposed in this paper. To compensate for the limited energy of satellites, a tubular sliding time window (TSTW) model is proposed. The residual energy can be predicted by it and a multi-objective algorithm is applied to calculate the routing path. Energy constraints, network congestion and latency are taken into account in the specific algorithm. A traffic model consisting of two different services is introduced as a verification system. Simulations demonstrate that the specific routing scheme achieves energy balance and congestion avoidance. In addition, comparison results demonstrate that ESCB is superior to the virtual-topology-based shortest path (VT-SP) routing algorithm.  
non-terrestrial-satellite-network (NTSN); energy sensitive; routing scheme +
Footnote †: journal:  
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## 5 Discussion
### Future Research and Limitation  
While our study provides valuable insights, it is crucial to recognize the limitations inherent in our approach. The accuracy of our results is significantly influenced by the quality of input data related to corrosion rates and structural parameters. Future research could significantly enhance the current modeling approach by addressing several key factors, such as incorporating the stiffness of the rebar, simulating the interface layer between the rebar and concrete, and enabling continuous information transmission between time steps, as discussed in Section 3.1. In the present model, each stage was simulated discretely, with incremental shear stress applied up to failure and degraded mechanical parameters manually input based on empirical reduction functions. Future work should focus on improving the transfer of information, such as crack formation and progression, from one step to the next rather than relying solely on manually adjusted degraded mechanical properties. Additionally, incorporating the rebar's stiffness into the model could lead to more accurate predictions of shear capacity over the structure's lifespan. The bond strength between concrete and steel is also important for overall structural performance. As corrosion weakens the surrounding concrete, the bond strength decreases, damaging the structure's ability to transfer loads efficiently and potentially causing localized failures or cracking, particularly under seismic loads.  
Furthermore, investigating the strain rate effect, accounting for void particles, and projecting behavior from the mesoscale to the structural level would significantly enhance the model's robustness. Future research should also aim to refine these inputs through more extensive field studies and real-world data collection. These aspects offer valuable opportunities for further refining the methodology in subsequent studies.
## 4 Case Study  
### Overview  
A case study was conducted to validate the proposed model. The validation of the proposed model is divided into two parts: the performance of the instance segmentation model and the performance of the proposed model. To validate the proposed model, an iPhone 11 mini, a commonly available smartphone, was utilized to capture 300 images of EIFS construction work at three sites in Nowon-gu, Seoul. This choice was made to verify the general applicability of the model using standard imaging devices, ensuring that it is not reliant on specialized or high-end equipment. By leveraging a widely accessible device, the study highlights the practicality and adaptability of the proposed approach in real-world scenarios. The workstation used for a case study was equipped with 32 GB of RAM, a Core i7-12700 KF CPU, and an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080 Ti.
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Experiments on Remote-Sensing HSI Datasets
#### 3.4.3 Real Noise Image  
Figures 14 and 15 present the performance comparison of different denoising methods on the Urban and Indian Pines datasets. The quality of the original hyperspectral images is significantly degraded due to severe noise contamination from factors such as atmospheric absorption and water vapor interference, which greatly hinders the effective extraction of land cover information. In these real-world scene datasets, due to the lack of noise-free real reference images, this paper directly applies the network migration trained on the ICVL dataset to these scenarios. Despite this, the proposed method shows effective denoising performance. As shown in the figures, the denoising results of LLRT and HSID-CNN show spectral distortion, while the proposed network not only preserves spectral information integrity but also more accurately preserves the contours of buildings and roads. Furthermore, on the Indian Pines dataset, compared to the denoising results of MAFNet and QRNN3D, the proposed method is better at distinguishing between \"Corn-mini till\" and \"Corn-no till\" and is also more effective at retaining road information.  
Figure 14: Visual results of noise removal on false-color images for bands 206, 94, and 1 of the Urban dataset compared with competing methods. (**a**) Noise, (**b**) LLRT, (**c**) BM4D, (**d**) MEMNet, (**e**) HSID-CNN, (**f**) SQAD, (**g**) QRNN3D, (**h**) MAFNet, (**i**) Ours.  
Figure 13: Horizontal mean digital number curves at 171 st band of real noise by different methods on the Pavia University dataset. (**a**) Ground Truth, (**b**) Noise, (**c**) LLRT, (**d**) BM4D, (**e**) MEMNet, (**f**) HSID-CNN, (**g**) SQAD, (**h**) QRNN3D, (**i**) MAFNet, (**j**) Ours.
# Hardware Model Checking Algorithms and Techniques
## 2 Background and Notation
### Transition Systems
: _An initial path in \(\mathcal{TS}\) is any path \(\boldsymbol{\pi}=(s_{0},s_{1},\dots)\) such that \(s_{0}\in S_{0}\)._  
**Definition 41** (Exact and Bounded Reachability). : _A state \(s\in S\) is reachable in exactly k steps in \(\mathcal{TS}\) iff a finite initial path \(\boldsymbol{\pi}=(s_{0},\dots,s_{k+1})\) of length \(k+1\) such that \(s_{k+1}=s\) exists. A state \(s\in S\) is reachable within k steps (or reachable bounded by k) in \(\mathcal{TS}\) iff there is \(i\leq k\) such that \(s\) is reachable in exactly i steps in \(\mathcal{TS}\)._  
**Definition 42** (Reachability). : _A state \(s\in S\) is reachable in \(\mathcal{TS}\) if it is reachable within an arbitrary (finite) number of steps in \(\mathcal{TS}\)._  
Figure 3: (**a**) A simple sequential hardware design implementing a 2-bit counter from 0 to 2 using D-type flip flops. (**b**) The model of the counter as a transition system. **Definition 43** (Sets of Exactly Reachable and Sets of Bounded Reachable States). : _We denote with \(\mathcal{R}_{i}^{E}(\mathcal{TS})\) the set of states reachable in exactly \(i\) steps in \(\mathcal{TS}\). We denote with \(\mathcal{R}_{i}(\mathcal{TS})\) the set of states reachable within \(i\) steps in \(\mathcal{TS}\), i.e.,_  
\[\mathcal{R}_{i}(\mathcal{TS})\stackrel{{\text{def}}}{{=}}\bigcup \limits_{0\leq j<i}\mathcal{R}_{j}^{E}(\mathcal{TS}) \tag{15}\]  
**Definition 44** (Reachability Diameter). : _We define the reachability diameter of \(\mathcal{TS}\) to be the minimal number \(d\in\mathbb{N}\) of steps required for reaching all reachable states in \(\mathcal{TS}\):_  
\[d\stackrel{{\text{def}}}{{=}}\operatorname*{arg\,min}_{i\in \mathbb{N}}\{i\mid\mathcal{R}_{i}(\mathcal{TS})=\mathcal{R}_{i+1}(\mathcal{TS })\} \tag{16}\]  
**Definition 45** (Set of Reachable States). : _We denote with \(\mathcal{R}(\mathcal{TS})\) the set of states reachable in \(\mathcal{TS}\)_  
\[\mathcal{R}(\mathcal{TS})\stackrel{{\text{def}}}{{=}}\bigcup \limits_{0\leq j<d}\mathcal{R}_{j}(\mathcal{TS}) \tag{17}\]  
_where \(d\) is the reachability diameter of \(\mathcal{TS}\)._  
When considering reachability, we use the term _timeframe_\(i\), to denote what happens after \(i\) transitions from the initial states. It is trivial to prove that, for a finite-state transition system, there always exists a (finite) reachability diameter. **Example 2**. : _Given the hardware design and its transition system described in Example 1, \(\boldsymbol{\pi}=(s_{0},s_{1},s_{2})\) is both a path and an initial path, the set of reachable states is \(\mathcal{R}(\mathcal{TS})=\{s_{0},s_{1},s_{2}\}\) and the reachability diameter of the system is \(d=2\)._
# Retrieving Freeze/Thaw Cycles Using Sentinel-1 Data in Eastern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada)
## Materials and Methods
### In Situ Measurements  
In this study, in situ temperatures acquired from the climate station network were used to derive the real-time FT state. Over the Nunavik region, 39 stations providing soil temperature measurements in a time period that overlapped the service time of the S1 Mission were found (Figure 2). Considering the possible sampling depth, only the measurements from the top 10 cm of the soil were taken into account.  
The chosen stations were distributed mainly on the west side of Nunavik along the coastal area of Hudson Bay. These 39 stations were numbered according to their location from west to east and from north to south. The measurements from different soil depths within the top 10 cm were all kept and used separately, each as an individual layer. All available hourly data were compressed to daily average values. In the computation process, the temperature data were further selected by data quality and data size, and the  
Figure 2: Nunavik map with all test sites (base map: MODIS land cover type yearly global 500 m; [[https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12q1v006/](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12q1v006/)]([https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12q1v006/](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12q1v006/)), accessed on 10 December 2021).  
surrounding environment was also a very important criterion. More details are shown in Section 3.1 and the table of station information in Appendix A.
# Evaluation of BDS-2 and BDS-3 Satellite Atomic Clock Products and Their Effects on Positioning
## 2 Methods
### Satellite Clock Stability Assessment and BDS-2/BDS-3 Clock Datum Discrepancy
 \tag{6}\]As introduced, Equation (6), derived here, actually presents the single difference of the clock datum discrepancy between BDS-2 and BDS-3 for two ACs.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Subjects  
Fifteen young adults (7 females, 8 males; 30 feet; age: 24.7 \(\pm\) 1.3 years, height: 166.1 \(\pm\) 8.6 cm, body mass: 58.3 \(\pm\) 10.3 kg) and two male physical therapists (one with two years of experience in foot assessment and one with ten years of experience) participated in the current study as subjects and raters, respectively, giving informed written consent as approved by the Institutional Research Board. The two physical therapists were selected from a group of ten senior therapists (with over ten years extensive clinical experience in foot assessment) and a group of ten junior therapists (with less than two years clinical experience of foot assessment), respectively, as typical members representative of their corresponding groups. This type of experimental design has been used in several previous test-retest reliability studies [35; 36; 37]. Subjects were excluded if they had foot deformities or histories of neuromuscular injuries or disorders of the lower extremities that affect gait or posture. An a priori power analysis for one-way repeated measurement analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the comparison of the morphological parameters between trials, between raters and between sessions based on pilot results using G-power [38] determined that a projected sample size of 23 feet would be needed with a power of 0.8 and a large effect size ([PERSON]'s d = 0.8) at a significance level of 0.05. Thus, a sample size of 30 feet was considered adequate for the main objectives of the current study.  
Figure 1: The Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction (SIBPAIR) method implemented on a commercial 3D foot assessment system (FAST, Enford International Co., Taiwan): (**A**) measurement of the foot impression, and (**B**) reconstruction of the 3D sole surface for the subsequent calculation of foot morphological parameters.