## 3 Results
### The Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of E. coli and S. aureus Isolates  
The pattern of antibiotic resistance for _E. coli_ isolates from samples of Shawarma and chicken burgers can be seen in Table 3 and Figure 3A,B. In terms of antibiotic resistance rates among _E. coli_, \(\beta\)-lactam penicillin (ampicillin and penicillin) had the highest rate (100%), followed by tetracyclines (tetracycline, 35.29%). A number of antibiotics were reported to be resistant to _S. aureus_, including quinolones (nalidixic acid, 100%), followed by \(\beta\)-lactam penicillin (penicillin, 96.77% and piperacillin, 45.16%), and a fluoroquinoline (norfloxacin, 32.26%).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Antibiotic** \\ **Class** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{**Conc.**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**E. coli (\(n=102\))**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**S. aureus (\(n=93\))**} \\ \cline{3-14}  & & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Inhibition Zone**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**\% of Isolates/Total**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Inhibition Zone**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**\% of Isolates/Total**} \\  & & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Breakpoints (mm)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Isolates**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Breakpoints (mm)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Isolates**} \\ \cline{3-14}  & & & **S** & **I** & **R** & **R** & **I** & **S** & **S** & **I** & **R** & **R** & **I** & **S** \\ \hline \multicolumn{14}{c}{Aminoglycososide} \\ Gentamicin & 10 \(\mu\)g & \(\geq\)27 & 19–26 & \(\leq\)18 & 0 & 98.04 & 1.96 & \(\geq\)28 & 19–27 & \(\leq\)17 & 0 & 100 & 0 \\ Amikacin & 30 \(\mu\)g & \(\geq\)27 & 19–26 & \(\leq\)18 & 0 & 68.63 & 31.37 & \(\geq\)27 & 20–26 & \(\leq\)19 & 2.76 & 64.52 & 32.72 \\ \multicolumn{14}{c}{Quinolones} \\ Nalidixic acid & 30 \(\mu\)g & \(\geq\)29 & 22–28 & \(\leq\)21 & 0 & 52.94 & 47.06 & \(\geq\)29 & 22–28 & \(\leq\)21 & 100 & 0 & 0 \\ \multicolumn{14}{c}{Fluorquinolone} \\ Norfloxacin & 10 \(\mu\)g & \(\geq\)36 & 28–35 & \(\leq\)27 & 0 & 96.08 & 3.92 & \(\geq\)29 & 17–28 & \(\leq\)16 & 32.26 & 67.74 & 0 \\ Ciprofloxacinacin & 5 \(\mu\)g & \(\geq\)41 & 30–40 & \(\leq\)29 & 0 & 100 & 0 & \(\geq\)31 & 22–30 & \(\leq\)21 & 21.51 & 73.12 & 5.38 \\ \multicolumn{14}{c}{Tetracyclines} \\ Tetracycline & 30 \(\mu\)g & \(\geq\)26 & 18–25 & \(\leq\)17 & 35.29 & 15.69 & 49.02 & \(\geq\)31 & 24–30 & \(\leq\)23 & 26.88 & 64.52 & 8.60 \\ \multicolumn{14}{c}{B-lactam penicillin} \\ Penicillin & 10 IU & \(\geq\)15 & - & \(\leq\)14 & 100 & 0 & 0 & \(\geq\)15 & - & \(\leq\)14 & 96.77 & 0 & 3.23 \\ Ampicillin & 10 \(\mu\)g & \(\geq\)15 & 16–22 & \(\leq\)15 & 100 & 0 & 0 & \(\geq\)36 & 27–35 & \(\leq\)26 & 100 & 0 & 0 \\ Piperacillin & 100 \(\mu\)g & \(\geq\)31 & 24–30 & \(\leq\)23 & 0 & 56.86 & 43.14 & \(\geq\)31 & 24–30 & \(\leq\)23 & 45.16 & 54.84 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The antibiotic resistance of _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_ isolates recovered from samples of shawarma and chicken burgers.  
Figure 2: Using Compass Satellite Software of the MBT, 93 _S. aureus_ isolates from fast food were compared to 8 _S. aureus_ reference strains. Various peak intensities were detected between 3000 m/z to 7000 m/z.