# Advancements and Prospects of Electronic Nose in Various Applications: A Comprehensive Review
## 3 Application Areas
### Disease Diagnosis
#### 3.3.1 Human Clinical Pathology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Application** & **Type of Sensor** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Data Processing** \\ **Algorithm** \\ \end{tabular} & **Description** & **References** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Cyanose 320} & \multirow{3}{*}{CDA, CVV, PCA} & In this study, researchers aimed to determine whether an electronic nose could differentiate between patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), individuals with long-term asbestos exposure, and healthy controls. They collected breath samples from 13 MPM patients, 13 subjects with asbestos exposure, and 13 healthy controls. Using an electronic nose (Cyanose 320), they analyzed the breath prints through canonical discriminant analysis and principal component reduction. The results indicated that the electronic nose could successfully distinguish MPM patients from those with asbestos exposure (80.8% accuracy) and healthy controls (84.6% accuracy). These findings suggest that breath prints obtained through electronic nose analysis hold diagnostic potential for MPM. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* In this study, the authors conducted an experiment with the goal of discriminating between lung cancer, various lung diseases, and reference controls using an electronic-nose-based system for breath analysis. The study involved analyzing the breath composition of 260 newly diagnosed lung cancer patients and 240 healthy controls, using an array of metalloporphyrin-coated QMB sensors. The research demonstrated a satisfactory identification rate for lung cancer subjects and also exhibited sensitivity to breath alterations induced by other conditions. Importantly, the study explored the effects of compounds frequently found in the breath of lung cancer patients, revealing that breath samples from control individuals tend to shift towards the lung cancer group when supplemented with these alleged cancer-related compounds. This research contributes to the understanding of electronic nose technology’s potential in detecting lung cancer and offers insights into the broader relationship between breath composition and various diseases, thus highlighting its implications for future diagnostic applications.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._This table serves as a compelling testament to the expansive horizons that technology can unlock in the realm of medical diagnostics. The utilization of electronic noses in medical diagnosis stands as an immensely captivating domain, harboring the potential to transform contemporary medicine by enabling the noninvasive identification of diseases through the analysis of breath or urine headspace. Despite the remarkable strides taken in research, the practical application of this technology remains a formidable challenge. The delicate nature of odorous compounds emitted by the human body, often present in minute concentrations amidst complex backgrounds, necessitates the development of highly responsive sensors. Furthermore, the standardization of sampling protocols and data analysis methods in medical diagnostics becomes imperative for meaningful progress. This ensures consistency and reliability in results, enabling accurate comparison between studies and facilitating the development of robust diagnostic tools. A comprehensive and rigorous testing regimen, spanning both controlled laboratory settings and real-world scenarios, will be requisite before achieving regulatory approval for medical diagnostic applications. This journey towards realizing the full potential of electronic noses in healthcare underscores the need for perseverance, innovation, and interdisciplinary collaboration.