## 3 Results of Measurements  
### Preliminary Tests  
The measurements began with verifying whether the electricity parameters during vehicle charging meet the requirements of the EN 50160 Standard [49]. The EN 50160 Standard is a guideline related to the quality of electrical energy provided to consumers in electrical distribution networks. This standard specifies that electricity obtained from the power grid must meet certain quality criteria in terms of voltage, frequency, and other important electrical characteristics. These features include voltage fluctuations, short-term interruptions, harmonic distortions, and many other electrical parameters.  
Figure 1: View of test stand. “Wallbox” in the center; below: power and energy analyzers with probes; tested car on the left.  
During the charging processes of high-power devices like EVs, compliance with the EN 50160 standard provides a crucial reference point for the design and operation of chargers and home electrical installations. Meeting the requirements of this standard enhances the stability and safety of the electrical grid and connected devices. It also helps in preventing potential issues related to electrical quality.  
The results of the first tests showed that certain parameters were exceeded. In one of the cases, it turned out that it was necessary to take the vehicle to a service center due to a breakdown; while the case shown in the drawing (Figure 2a) indicates the standard operation conditions of the charging system, and opening the door in this vehicle interrupted the charging process. Visible exceedances are related to frequent opening and closing of the car doors. These experiments enabled errors to be avoided in subsequent tests and allowed us to assume that the results were independent of factors originating from outside the tested object. Therefore, it was assumed that the registration of electricity parameters during the charging process will be performed after checking the parameters of the unloaded system, and during the measurement, no activities requiring the consumption of electricity from the battery by the vehicle will be performed (e.g., opening the vehicle). The results of this procedure are shown below (Figure 2b).  
Carrying out a series of vehicle charging measurements showed that the normative requirements were met, but the results differed. Therefore, a decision was made to perform more precise measurements consisting of the continuous recording of selected parameters. Changes in power consumption during the charging process, voltage fluctuations, and the content of voltage harmonics were examined. Knowledge of these parameters allows us to assess whether and to what extent the charging process may affect the devices operating in the home electrical installation, as well as the installation itself.  
The following electric cars were used to carry out the tests: VW ID.3 (Volkswagen, Zwickau, Germany), Fiat 500e (Fiat, Torino, Italy), Kia eNIRO (Kia Corporation, Hwasung, Republic of Korea). In addition, the Alfa Romeo Tonale PHEV plug-in hybrid (Alfa Romeo, Pomigliano d'Arco, Italy), electric scooters, and a kick scooter were used. When charging the EVs, it was observed that all of them had three-phase chargers with a power of 11 kW, and during the charging process, charging was carried out at maximum power; the current consumed in each phase reached 16 A. and it was a symmetrical load, with slight fluctuations towards the end, i.e., when the degree of charge was greater than 95%. In turn,  
Figure 2: (a) Results of measurements of compliance with electricity parameters for the first test and (b) after procedure correction. Red bar indicate that analyzed parameter exceeds the permitted value, green one informs that value of parameter don’t exceeds permitted value.  
charging the plug-in hybrid was carried out with a power of 7.4 kW, except that it was single-phase. The consequence of this was a current consumption of 32 A.