## 1 Introduction  
### Characteristics of the Influence of Mining Deformations on the Road Surface  
Communication routes, such as roads and rail roads, are of key importance for the functioning of society and the economy of each country. Therefore, this type of linear object is classified as so-called critical infrastructure [1, 2]. A special case of the operation of this type of facility is areas of mining activity. Unfortunately, the functioning of roads in mining areas is associated with the occurrence of additional threats resulting from the inevitable deformation of the subsoil. Mining impacts on the ground surface can manifest themselves in the form of continuous and discontinuous deformations, among others. A consequence of mining impacts on building structures, including roads, is additional impacts in the form of displacements and deformations, leading to deterioration of functional features, or even damage to the objects [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Due to the deterioration or even damage to them, the key issue is the possibility of monitoring the impact of mining operations on their technical condition, as well as obtaining data enabling forecasting of the scope of the technical condition change, in terms of predicting the consequences of the planned mining operation in the line of the linear object.  
The two mentioned types of mining deformations, i.e., continuous and discontinuous deformations, understood as breaking the continuity of the rock mass, are considered particularly destructive [3]. Therefore, the deformations observed on the surface may appear in the form of linear deformations: fissures, cracks, faults, while the more dangerous cases of discontinuous deformations include so-called surface deformations, which include, for example, sinkholes.  
Currently, on the road network in Poland, in the areas of mining exploitation, if there are discontinuous deformations, they are of the linear type. These deformations occur only under certain geological and mining conditions. Their forecasting mainly consists in analyzing the characteristics of the rock mass and mining exploitation conducive to their formation [4]. The main factor in the formation of discontinuous deformations is exploitation at shallow depths, as described by [PERSON] [8]. The currently conducted deep mining exploitation, i.e., at depths of \(300\div 1000\) m and even deeper, also favors the formation of discontinuous deformations in the case of overlapping of the edges of mining plots [9; 10; 11] and/or in the case of a fault in the geological structure of the rock mass over the exploited deposit deck.  
Discontinuities in road structures are a serious problem because they deteriorate the condition of the road surface and pose a threat to users' safety (change in pavement evenness) [12]. The results of measuring the pavement deflection with an FWD (falling weight deflectometer) apparatus indicate that when the subsoil and pavement layers loosen, a reduction in the stiffness of the subsoil and pavement layers is observed. Discontinuous deformations appearing on the road surface require repair works at least restoring the evenness of the surface and the required load-bearing capacity [13].