# Analysis of Traffic Organisation in the Kiss-and-Fly Zone of Krakow Airport: Eye-Tracking Study
## 5 Confusion Points of K&F Zone of Krakow Airport
### Exit from the K&F Zone  
There are two ways to exit from the K&F zone, the first and the second ones, as shown in Figure 1 (vehicle route map) and Figure 3. The problem is that it is not always clear which exit to take when turning left (Figure 9). According to the conversation with airport employees who are familiar with the traffic organisation project, the first exit from the K&F zone was intended for drivers who want to leave the airport area in the eastern direction; according to the task for drivers participating in the tests, this is the same direction from which drivers arrived and should leave the K&F zone. The second exit was built to lead drivers to the village Kryspinow. Additionally, after turning left, the design of the traffic organisation allows drivers to change a lane and consequently exit. As it is possible to see in Figure 9, there were two mandatory signs (one on the left, obligating drivers to go only straight ahead and dedicated for drivers who use another lane, and one on the right, which obligates drivers to go only left or straight) and two road marking arrows (one located closer, which is marked with the words '_WYJ AZD_' and '_EXIT_' and obligates drivers to turn left, and one located further, marked with the letter 'P' and obligating drivers to go only straight). All these four elements were observed by participants and could impact on drivers' decisions when selecting an exit. Here, it is important to point out two aspects. Firstly, the right road sign and 'turn left' arrow are formally in conflict, and according to Polish traffic law, the first one has priority--the  
Figure 9: Exits from the K&F zone. second one should be ignored by road users. Secondly, the sunshine glare conditions influenced significantly on the visibility of road marking arrows: the CR\({}_{\text{M}}\) of the 'turn left' and 'go straight' arrows decreased from 0.20 and 0.13 to 0.14 and 0.03, respectively, which confirm again the impact of road surface materials on contrast (asphal vs. paver blocks). Before starting the discussion concerning the choice between two options, it should be noted that there were six cases with another moving car in front of the test vehicle when exiting the K&F zone (two from Group I and four from Group II). Such situations were excluded from further analysis which is presented below because, according to the eye-tracking and observation data, these drivers highly likely followed simply a car ahead. Only one person from Group I took the first exit: this participant looked shortly at the left road sign, but the next long fixation (0.68 s) was already on the 'turn left' arrow--probably, it was a decision moment because, immediately after that, the test vehicle turned left. Four drivers from Group I left the K&F zone using the second exit. In two cases of glare weather conditions, the right road sign seemed to have been decisive: drivers observed only this sign and the 'turn left' arrow, which could confuse them, and followed Polish traffic law by ignoring the second one, but unfortunately, their final choice was wrong. A similar situation happened with one participant of this group driving in good weather conditions: the fixation on the right road sign was long (0.62 s), but the next fixation on the 'turn left' arrow was even longer (1.66 s), which confirms the appearance of confusion for this driver at this moment and then probably led to the selection of the second exit. The second participant from Group I, who drove during good conditions, faced quite another type of confusing situation. This driver observed only horizontal road markings: there were two fixations on the 'turn left' arrow and then one fixation on the 'go straight' arrow--the driver decided to move according to the last one. Summarising, all described cases confirm that it is impossible for drivers who visit this place for the first time to make a clear decision based on the existing signage. There were two drivers from Group II who left the K&F zone in sunshine glare conditions.