# Comparative Analysis of LiDAR and Photogrammetry for 3D Crime Scene Reconstruction
## 2 Related Work
### Applications of Photogrammetry and Other 3D Tools in Crime Scene Reconstruction
& The handheld laser scanner is insufficient for evidence of scanner. \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \[PERSON] et al. [12] & 2021 & Evaluate the iPad Pro’s built-in LiDAR sensor for large-scale 3D rapid mapping. & The study tested the LiDAR sensor’s capabilities in data acquisition, 3D positional accuracy, and metric quality assessment through practical applications settings. & The The iPad Pro LiDAR sensor shows promise for rapid surveying and can rapidly acquire reliable 3D point clouds. The device offers a cost-effective portable, quick data processing alternative to traditional survey instruments. & Further studies are required across various environments to assess the sensor’s applicability and performance fully. The study of the iPad Pro LiDAR sensor is one of the most  
also found that the impact of human error on the photogrammetry on both single and two stereo pairs and the performance in crime scene maps were minimal, confirming its reliability for swift and precise crime scene documentation and reconstruction. A framework for creating high-resolution 3D models of crime scenes using aerial photogrammetry was introduced by [PERSON] et al. [15]. The importance of using photogrammetry for creating 3D models was highlighted, emphasizing how enhancing the quality of evidence can aid in making a better judicial decision. [PERSON] [16] explored the integration of close-range photogrammetry, reality, and panoramic techniques. The study objective was to document crime scenes, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive strategy in virtual crime scene reconstruction, also identifying the gaps in equipment and training requirements. Furthermore, it highlighted the capabilities of photogrammetry and virtual reality in reconstructing crime scenes, offering a comprehensive 3D model that can aid in thorough investigations and courtroom comprehensiveness for such scenes. [PERSON] et al. [17] highlighted how practical it is to use a camera to document the contamination level at crime scenes. They used the Ricoh Theta SC 360s camera(Tokyo, Japan), which could create quick 3D models and assess contamination levels accurately. Although the camera could capture the scene characteristics, it showed limitations in reconstructing smaller objects. Another study on the use of photogrammetry technology in criminal investigation was conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18], utilizing Agisoft software (version 2.1.4) to generate 3D models. They pointed out that, while this method has its limitations, especially when dealing with shiny surface analysis, it can be used in addition to traditional techniques such as terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs). Notably, photogrammetry can speed up the documentation process by allowing for 3D recordings that are less intrusive and can be done using equipment already available to most forensic teams. [PERSON] et al. [26] explored the use of micro-unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for indoor crime scene reconstruction through 3D photogrammetry. Utilizing a simulated crime scene, the study assessed this approach against traditional methods, concluding that integrating micro-UAVs and TLS provides highly accurate 3D models. This makes UAVs a practical option for detailed and efficient crime scene documentation that maintains the scene's integrity. However, the study focused on a small sample size and limited the comparison to only TLS. The study by [PERSON] et al. [27] highlighted that aerial photogrammetry faces challenges in heavy forests, and, thus, LiDAR is more accurate and useful in archaeology and environmental studies. The research focused on LiDAR's ability to generate detailed terrain models in areas obscured by dense vegetation, which are quite relevant to forensic science, especially in reconstructing outdoor crime scenes.