# Exploring the Feasibility of Autonomous Lighting Systems for Pedestrian Crossings in Off-Grid Areas
## 5 Conclusions  
According to the presented results, the possibility of continuous operation of the autonomous lighting installation throughout the year is only possible for Scenario 5. In any other case, the amount of available energy is too low to meet the lighting requirements. Itshould be mentioned that Scenario 5 is not recommended for implementation according to the formal requirements [11].  
This paper assumes the operation of the installation under the climatic conditions in Poland, with the consequence of thermal and insolation requirements. The luminaire power system with photovoltaic panels and an electricity storage bank operates as a day-night energy buffer. This ensures that fully autonomous operation with PV panels as the only source of power, under Polish climatic conditions, should always lead to optimized parameters of the PV installation. Additionally, selecting the proper technology for the energy storage bank [47] to cope with the lack of electricity during periods of low solar radiation should be taken into consideration. The practical approach to the problem is to accept energy deficits, leading to a problematic operation of the installation at night during periods of low solar radiation.  
This requires the determination of the duty cycles of the storage bank through the availability of energy from photovoltaic panels. Knowledge of energy deficits is a key factor in the design of installation parameters for pedestrian crossing lighting. It is assumed that the designed lighting levels are maintained for the whole year and, as the analyses show, it is not possible to meet this assumption for the amount of lighting required by Polish regulations [11]. Only for selected, power-limited cases does the installation provide enough energy to maintain the lighting conditions.  
An analysis of the specific local conditions and user needs is crucial for the successful operation of a lighting system with PV and energy storage. The first step in new zebra crossing location analysis is the estimation of the energy production by the PV panels.  
Installation of the pedestrian crossing in a shaded location will result in solar energy being inaccessible and will also result in the incorrect operation of the system. Therefore, any analyses for the placement of this type of lighting should be performed on year-round measurements of solar radiation and ambient temperature, in 1 h steps.  
In conclusion, the reliability analysis of pedestrian crossing lighting systems powered by PV panels requires various technical, economic [48], and environmental factors. In terms of future research, we plan to perform a reliability analysis of the detection elements [49] and occupancy of the pedestrian crossing, and we also plan to determine these values for operating conditions. At the same time, pedestrian and vehicular traffic will be studied at selected locations.  
Conceptualization, P.T. and K.T.; methodology, K.T., P.T. and M.C.; software, K.T. and P.T.; validation, K.T., P.T. and M.C.; formal analysis, K.T., P.T. and M.C.; investigation, K.T.; resources, P.T.; data curation, K.T., P.T. and M.C.; writing--original draft preparation, K.T. and P.T.; writing--review and editing, K.T., P.T. and M.C.; visualization, P.T.; supervision, K.T. and P.T.; project administration, P.T.; funding acquisition, P.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This paper was co-financed under the research grant of the Warsaw University of Technology supporting scientific activities in the discipline of Civil Engineering, Geodesy and Transport.  
Not applicable.  
All data generated or analyzed to support the findings of the present study are included in this article. The raw data can be obtained from the authors, upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.