## 5 Discussion and Conclusions  
This evaluation allowed us to develop the concept of a non-bridge measurement system designed to measure the dielectric loss coefficient of a real lossy capacitor modeled as a series connection of RC elements. For the purpose of synthesis of a non-bridge system, it is necessary to derive equations describing the signals to be detected. In a bridge system, the measurement process requires bringing two selected bridge voltages to a state in which their modules are equal. This state also means equality of the effective values of these tensions. In ref. [18], the derivation of the equation for the measured \(\tan\delta\) was based on the geometric analysis of the phasor diagram. When signals are subject to detection using the symbolic method, in which they are complex numbers, it can be seen that the determination of modules or effective values is very complex, and thus the determination of the processing equation is also complex. Using the derived equations for the signals subject to detection, the structure of a non-bridge system was developed. It was also noted that the method proposed by the author of the bridge required two balancing steps. In the second step, the purpose of balancing was to determine the voltage relation, which could be determined as a resistance relation. However, it turned out that this method unnecessarily complicates the measurement process. It would also require the use of an adjustable resistor, the design of which would be very troublesome. It seems much easier to determine the measured coefficient from the voltage relations of the circuit. The presented structure of a non-bridge circuit requires taking the voltage of the tested lossy capacitor and the voltage proportional to the current of this capacitor. This voltage can be taken from the appropriate shunt. As you can see, the design of the analog part is very simple and consists only of a supply voltage generator and a shunt. Further signal processing can be performed by analog or digital measurement. The digital implementation is simpler and allows the trouble-free setting of parameter values corresponding to the values of bridge elements. The operations carried out on the signals in the processing chain are also very simple. Only the operations of shifting by 1/4 of the period corresponding to multiplication by the imaginary unit and the operation of determining the modulus or RMS values can be slightly more complex, which can be simplified into the procedure of finding the maximum in a set of samples taken for the period. Figure 8: D point shift due to the \(C_{P}\) capacitor loss factor. Errors and uncertainties of the system were also assessed. Here, too, the analytical determination of the value of errors and uncertainty poses considerable difficulties. However, it is possible to make an approximate estimate, indicating the possibility of using the proposed system in practice, e.g., measuring \(\tan\delta\) in the assessment of the degradation of insulation materials. A significant advantage of this system is the constant maximum convergence. The balance process is much simpler than in typical bridge systems. Only one control element is used to reach equilibrium, which in a non-bridged system means a change in the value of only one parameter. Other advantages of the non-bridge system are the possibility of setting wide values for the regulated parameter, no interference affecting the RC elements of the bridge, and no influence from the parasitic parameters of the reference capacitor on the measurement. Further work on the method should focus on comparing different implementations of the described system and on a broad examination of the selected project, e.g., its application to testing insulating materials. Methodology, A.C.; Validation, M.K. and A.C.; Formal analysis, A.C.; Investigation, M.K. and A.C.; Writing--original draft, A.C.; Supervision, M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable.