## 3 Internet of Things in Industrial Applications
### Recap of Present-Time Research Trends in the Maritime IIoT  
As mentioned, sensors can be deployed to enhance communication performance and throughput in a variety of industries for higher profit applications and environmental safety procedures. Similarly, sensor networks can still be deployed in the maritime industry to monitor both on-shore and off-shore activities where vessels are embedded with sensors to communicate with one and other in addition to a remotely controlled base station (BS) as illustrated in Figure 2. The propagation of marine signals may also be enhanced using massive directional antennas for better user QoS experience in the maritime sector. As such a limited number of technologies were developed in the literature to address maritime communication systems and will be summarized as follows. An appreciable amount of research works is currently advancing in different parts of the globe (especially in the Republic of Korea) where attempts are been made to improve the performance of maritime operational activities. Consequently, a variety of maritime communication projects such as digital selective calling (DSC), automatic identification system (AIS), navigation data (NAVDAT), very high-frequency data exchange system (VDES) and India project etc., attempted to improve the QoS requirements of nautical communication networks at tremendously low cost. Nonetheless, the maximum data rate offered by the aforementioned riverine communication projects is limited in comparison to other high implementation cost technologies such as satellite communication nexus. Satellite communication systems are generally designed to offer high data rates in addition to continental communication coverages. Nevertheless, these communication systems are not capable enough to efficiently support underwater communication systems and are known to habitually communicate at a significant high cost due to the launching of satellites into the orbit, where onboard antennas require stabilization. As such, geostationary orbit (GEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellite projects such as inmarsat, very small aperture terminal (VSAT) and iridium are subsequently developed to provide global oceanic communication coverage at very high data rates and implementation cost. To provide a significant tradeoff between the high cost of satellite communication and a considerable system data rate, the benefits of communication systems such as WISEPORT, TRION, BLUECOM+ and maritime broadband communication (MariComm) are exploited where the characteristics of these nautical communication projects are recapitulated as illustrated in Table 3[48] while Table 4[60] presents more information on the various types and main features of satellite orbits. In [52], appreciable efforts are made to support real-time and affordable internet broadband access for maritime communication systems by developing a communication architecture that offers a trade-off between the consumption of network power and the users' communication quality. In this method, shipborne BSs are adopted for maritime operations such that a voyage-based cooperative resource allocation scheme (VB-RA) is designed for mitigating the effects of dynamic system inter-cell interference in addition to user handoff procedures for seamless QoS experiences during thalassic  
Figure 2: Sensor-based communication architecture for maritime IoT. operations. The VB-RA scheme is designed to do shipborne BS switching for recovering blocked user vessels from link failures in addition to management of the inter-cell interference caused by overlap coverages of shipborne stations. Additionally, this allocation scheme reduces system power consumption by considering the sailing position of the farthest user vessel of individual shipborne BS as a constraint. The proposed scheme is compared with a conventional allocation scheme named dynamic traffic-and-interference aware in terms of signal interference to noise ratio (SINR), number of user ship handover and the number of hand over-related link failures.