# A BIM-Based Value for Money Assessment in Public-Private Partnership: An Overall Review
## 6 Roadmap for BIM-based VFM in PPP  
From the identified gaps, a corresponding roadmap for \"BIM-based VFM\" is proposed to direct future research. Three critical steps in the VFM process in response to the three primary research gaps are: (1) the information exchange scheme development for VFM, (2) VFM knowledge base, and (3) database that includes project externalities.  
Since 2009, the UK government has based its approach on the concept of \"BIM levels\" [76]. This highlights integrated data sharing and exchange capabilities in a way that combines all of the geographical, administrative, and object information. The BSI group has worked with the industry to present a national guide to BIM level 2 applications. This comprehensively covers client and contractor interests and has been applied to massive projects, such as the Crossrail and High Speed 2 projects, confirming its place among the UK's leading digital technologies for infrastructure [77]. Regarding the technological development of BIM, strategies were proposed that encompassed cross-sector collaboration and focused on more efficient procurement, delivery, and operations to meet the lifecycle's fiscal and sustainability objectives [78]. Its development trace has shown that BIM has the potential to work with the PPP model by challenging the current forms of electronic procurement [79].  
The BIM structure could contribute a great deal to the roadmap. BIM not only provides a digital platform but, more importantly, it provides a common data exchange platform that could be used throughout a PPP project's lifecycle. BIM-based VFM could also play a greater role at an earlier stage. The information extracted from the business outline could be stored in a common data environment; for example, BIM could help to fulfil the requirement from a client's point of view. Even if the information is not rich enough to entirely process the VFM, a referenced project should be set up at this stage to gather all the relevant information for initialising the PSC value. The acquisition of raw PSC data is achieved through a strict cost-effectiveness analysis to touch design, construction, and maintenance, which provides a basic data profile for quantitative assessment throughout the project and facility management.  
Along with the exchange scheme, information from the BIM is added to the project's shared data environment and delivered to the ontological framework. The ontology should directly link IFC/XML from the BIM to the key performance indicators of the VFM. Ontology can connect to other knowledge domain sources to align with information in financial and economic affairs. The ontological structure is also built to maximise the project quality performance and provide information query abilities to qualitative assessments. With the procurement strategy continually updated, the semantic framework will contribute to the assessment. For more comprehensive WLCC computing features, such as the cost of risk transferred, other external performances could be simulated based on the historical data. The decision will be based on the VFM outputs. Once targets in both quality and quantity aspects are fulfilled, the project flows to the next step. The value is decided by the final procurement strategy and will continually function with project supervision.  
The advantages of BIM aligned with a semantic approach in PPP could benefit the procurement decision as follows:* The semantic environment has the potential to connect to the project information from a shared data environment. Information query and qualitative assessment could be facilitated by building up knowledge bases for different types of PPP projects.
* The information extracted from the BIM, which is a vital element of information initialisation, provides high-quality data input to guarantee the accuracy and high levels of synchronisation for the quantitative assessment. The PPP lifecycle project flow is considered, and the BIM enhances the information exchange.