## 3 Results and Discussion
### Textual vs. Graphical Instructions on Smartphones  
In Question 5, interviewees were asked whether they prefer receiving information on their smartphones using graphical or textual media and why. Interviewees' responses varied between text messages, graphical information, or a mix between both options. Interviewees who preferred text explained that a text would be easier to understand and follow, while graphical information could be confusing and delay evacuation. As all interviewees stated that they are familiar with the building in which they are currently living, a text message would give clear instructions and they would not need a map to follow. Interviewees also stated that, although graphics have the advantage of precisely displaying the route, some displays would require training of the occupants and there is a risk that smartphones would not receive all the relevant information, which could prevent the generation of an accurate graphical display. Four interviewees stated that during a fire emergency \"evacuation time\" is a very important factor that plays a role in their decisions; having a short message that contains all relevant information is important for a faster evacuation. The text message could include information that the graphical information would not provide. This could be the location of the fire, emergency contact number, alternative routes, and the time occupants have to evacuate the building. Other interviewees explained that they are familiar with the text messaging functionality of their smartphone as they use it on a daily basis and it would be the quickest way to convey information. One interviewee stated, \"I prefer texts because I think visuals or graphics can sometimes be misconstrued, people see things and understand something differently than what they are intended to understand\". It is clear from the interviewees' responses that the text was the easier medium to understand, especially during a fire emergency. This was also supported by two interviewees who stated that they cannot trust how the graphics would be presented and whether the graphics would function the way they should. Moreover, it was stated if a graphical option is used then it needs to show occupants a live view of the route they are taking. However, two interviewees were not sure if the smartphone would be able to send and receive weighty graphical information, especially with signalling challenges that could arise from the building material. One interviewee explained that the text message would suit them better as they would not need to wear their spectacles to read a text as they would need to when deciphering a graphical display. In addition, that interviewee explained that graphics can be complicated and it would be very difficult to keep holding the smartphone while evacuating to get updated information. One interviewee stated that a text would be the preferred option as not all occupants might have the latest smartphone and those with older smartphone models having reduced graphics capabilities would still be able to receive text messages. Interviewees above the age of 60 preferred the text message option as they stated they were not completely familiar with all the smartphone technology. One interviewee stated that a graphical display would be more usable for occupants with visual impairment. On the other hand, eight interviewees stated that they prefer the graphical option. Two out of the eight interviewees explained that it would be easier to understand graphics and follow directions than reading a text message. The same two interviewees stated that a text message would be acceptable if it is short. Interviewees who preferred the graphics option believed that the text would have limited information, while looking at the building floorplan can be easier to follow.