## 2 A Case Study for the MSW Management of the Procida Island
### Life Cycle Inventory  
The life cycle inventory (LCI) stage was carried out by coupling Procida management data provided by W-MySir with literature data and parameters for each process unit. The information system provided data about Procida's MSW amount and composition and indicated the types of adopted process units (Figure 2), also quantifying the related distances. These data, together with those available in the scientific literature for units operating in the area of interest, were processed by means of material flow analysis to quantify all the environmental burdens. Dry recyclable waste. The management of separately collected dry recyclable waste (including plastics, glass, paper, metal) requires several stages of sorting and remanufacturing and involves different input compositions, sorting and remanufacturing efficiencies of each material, as well as substitutability factors for the recovered fractions [15], as reported in Table 1. These input parameters were utilised, together with quantified flow sheets, to estimate environmental burdens related to the management of separately collected dry recyclable waste, which includes material and energy supply as well as recovered resources, as reported in Table 2. National average data about waste compositions and efficiencies of the sorting and remanufacturing phases were obtained from official reports published by the network of consortia belonging to Conai, which coordinates the management of all types of Italian packaging wastes [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. These data were then coupled with those from the literature [21; 22; 23] when necessary. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Separately** \\ **Collected Fraction** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Input** \\ **Composition to** \\ **Sorting** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Sorting** \\ **Efficiency** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Input** \\ **Composition to** \\ **Remanufacturing** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Remanufacturing** \\ **Efficiency** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Substitutability** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Plastic 1**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Plastic packaging 90\%} & 60\% & - & - & - \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Other fractions} & 10\% & - & - & - \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{PET} & - & - & 35\% & 81\% & 0.95 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{HDPE} & - & - & 9\% & 88\% & 0.91 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{LDPE} & - & - & 18\% & 59\% & 0.91 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{PP} & - & - & 8\% & 66\% & 0.83 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{PS} & - & - & 1\% & 66\% & 0.79 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Mixed plastics 2} & - & - & 29\% & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Input parameters utilised together with quantified flow sheets to estimate the environmental burdens related to management of separately collected dry recyclable waste. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**2011 and 2021**} \\ \hline  & **Plastics** & **Glass** & **Paper** & **Metals** \\ \hline
**Dry Recyclable Waste in, kg** & 1000 & 1000 & 1000 & 1000 \\ \hline
**Direct Burdens** & & & & \\ \hline
**Sorting** & & & & \\ \hline Electricity, kWh & 34 & 7 & 15 & 55 \\ \hline Diesel, kg & 2 & - & - & - \\ \hline Heat, MJ & - & - & - & 271 \\ \hline Residues, kg & 462 & 97 & 532 & 151 \\ \hline
**Re-processing** & & & & \\ \hline Electricity, kWh & 327 & 31 & 252 & 390 \\ \hline Heat, MJ & 18.84 & 4157 & 1740 & 1237 \\ \hline Water, kg & 973 & - & & - \\ \hline Diesel, kg & - & - & 7.5 & 0.2 \\ \hline Sodium hydroxide, g & 439 & - & - & 252 \\ \hline Methane, MJ & 498 & - & - & - \\ \hline HDPE, kg & - & 9.82 & - & - \\ \hline Quicklime, kg & - & - & - & 307 \\ \hline Sodium chloride, kg & - & - & - & 1.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Direct and avoided burdens related to management of separately collected dry recyclable waste. Data Source: [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23].