## 1 Introduction
However, the challenge arises to maintain the desired thermal management of higher energy density components in EVs with reduced electricity consumption [16,17]. To resolve these issues related to conventional pumps, MHD pumps have been the subject of research in the last few years. Owing to several benefits of no moving parts, no contact with coolant, and reduced energy consumption over typical pumps, MHD pumps have been accepted in a wide range of applications including biological fields such as blood pumping, solar applications, spaceship applications, molten metal pumping, and heat transfer systems [18]. Furthermore, the compact and simple structure of MHD pumps offers their suitability for miniaturization applications such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microfluidic systems, and micro cooling systems [19,20]. [PERSON] et al. have investigated the flow characteristics of Maxwell fluids in rectangular MHD pumps under the influence of an alternating current electric field and observed that the higher values of velocity have resulted because of a larger Hartmann number at oscillating Reynolds number [21]. [PERSON] et al. have studied the thermal and flow characteristics of fluid flow in a direct-current-based MHD pump under the influence of channel size, applied current, and magnetic field intensity. With an increase in applied current, the maximum velocity of fluid flow increases and results into a flat velocity profile when the Hartmann number increases [22]. Magnetic nanofluids, also known as the ferrofluids, are stable colloidal suspensions of ultrafine single domain superparamagnetic nanoparticles into a base fluid [23]. A ferrofluid, on the other hand, retains its \"fluid\" state even when subjected to the strong magnetic fields (10 kG) [24]. Magnetic nanofluids are often used in cooling systems because they can transfer heat effectively due to high thermal conductivity and an ability to change the flow properties in the presence of a magnetic field. When a magnetic field is applied to ferrofluid, the magnetic nanoparticles align with the field and create a structured arrangement [25]. Therefore, magnetic nanofluids are the best candidate to employ in MHD pump-based cooling systems to improve the electromagnetic and heat transfer performance. [PERSON] et al. have studied the magnetic dipole effect on thermal and flow characteristics of nanofluid flow over a curved stretching surface. The temperature improves and velocity decreases under the influence of the magnetic dipole effect [26]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. have concluded that under the influence of ferromagnetism, the temperature of nanofluid increases and velocity of nanofluid decreases [27]. [PERSON] et al. have investigated the influence of magnetic field orientations on MHD natural convection heat transfer in a partially opened trapezoidal cavity. The MHD natural convection heat transfer decreases with an increase in value of uniform magnetic field [28]. [PERSON] et al. have optimized the Nusselt number of MHD flow using Cu-water nanofluid in a square cavity under different configurations of inlet and outlet ports [29]. [PERSON] et al. have studied the heat transfer of magnetic nanofluid under the influence of non-uniform transverse magnetic fields and Reynolds number. The heat transfer in magnetic nanofluid is significant under the external magnetic field at a low Reynolds number [30]. [PERSON] et al. have optimized the inclination angle of a cubical enclosure for enhanced heat transfer of CNT-water nanofluid in an MHD pump and superior natural convection is observed at inclination angle of 180\({}^{\circ}\)[31]. The MHD pump offers several benefits over the conventional pump in cooling applications. However, the open literature reveals that the MHD pump is employed for cooling of energy sources with limited power density.