## 3 Results
### Bacterial Diversity Associated with Treatment Type and Sampling Day  
The PERMANOVA analyses of microbial communities for the different types of treatment were not significantly different among all the variables tested (\(p\) = 0.053). PERMANOVA analysis of Bray-Curtis distances for sampling days determined that the microbial communities were significantly different on sampling days (\(p\) = 0.006) (Table 3a). Moreover, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) cluster analysis showed that the microbial communities for different treatment groups did not cluster into distinct treatment groups (Figure 2a); however, the bacterial communities on day 5 and day 10 assembled distinctly, with a divergent microbial community observed for day 0 (Figure 2b). Also the quantification of the group divergence between the treatment types (ECAS at 50 and 85 mg/L of FAC, tap water and PAA washing) plotted as a box and whisker diagram showed that the group homogeneity among treatment types did not differ (Figure 2c). However, it shows that the microbiota of the ECAS and PAA wash treatments were more homogenous, whereas the tap water wash and the no wash (control) samples were more divergent (Figure 2c). The group divergence measurement for the sampling days shows that samples on day 0 had a higher value (>0.7), indicating that the composition was more heterogeneous. On the contrary, samples on day 5 and day 10 had lower divergence values (>0.3 and >0.2, respectively), indicating homogenous microbiota (Figure 2d). The statistical homogeneity test of the multivariate dispersion of microbial composition among the types of treatment and the sampling days showed that the variances between the different washing treatments were not significantly different. In the case of the sampling days, the composition changes between day 5 and day 10 were not significantly different, but changes between day 0 and day 5 and between day 0 and day 10 were significantly different (\(p\) < 0.05) (Table 3b). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treatment Type** & **Sampling Day** & **Chao1** & **ACE** & **Shannon** & **InvSimpson** & **Fisher** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Tap water} & 0 & 128.00 & 128.29 & 3.86 & 26.38 & 22.58 \\  & 5 & 371.08 & 371.89 & 4.45 & 39.49 & 61.56 \\  & 10 & 337.42 & 338.75 & 4.38 & 41.90 & 51.58 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ECAS 50 mg/L} & 0 & 771.06 & 771.86 & 5.59 & 125.72 & 128.92 \\  & 5 & 487.38 & 488.94 & 4.47 & 38.84 & 75.21 \\  & 10 & 542.10 & 542.79 & 5.42 & 118.15 & 96.19 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ECAS 85 mg/L} & 0 & 60.00 & 60.00 & 3.42 & 17.66 & 13.74 \\  & 5 & 445.04 & 446.17 & 5.31 & 134.56 & 77.66 \\  & 10 & 630.76 & 633.55 & 5.42 & 113.40 & 133.90 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ PAA 50 mg/L} & 0 & 577.32 & 578.44 & 5.28 & 91.59 & 94.20 \\  & 5 & 368.25 & 369.16 & 4.69 & 50.61 & 58.87 \\  & 10 & 468.20 & 469.06 & 5.19 & 88.46 & 83.08 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{No treatment (control)} & 0 & 64.00 & 64.00 & 3.54 & 22.51 & 15.04 \\  & 5 & 342.00 & 342.00 & 4.50 & 35.73 & 53.66 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 10 & 415.60 & 416.57 & 5.11 & 80.86 & 73.09 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Alpha diversity metrics of species richness (Shannon and Inverse Simpson & Fisher) and evenness (Chao1 and abundance-based coverage estimator, ACE) for all samples. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Df** & **Sum Sq** & **FModel** & **R2** & **P** \\ \hline Treatment Type & 4 & 0.455 & 1.813 & 0.330 & 0.053 \\ Sampling Day & 2 & 0.421 & 3.359 & 0.305 & 0.006 \\ Residual & 8 & 0.502 & & & \\ Total & 14 & 1.378 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: (**a**) Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) results based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities using abundance data for treatment types and sampling days. (**b**) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) pairwise comparison tests of dispersion of microbial composition among sampling days (significant if \(p\) value \(<\) 0.05).