esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Thermocycling  
All specimens were thermocycled for 1000 cycles (5/55 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 30 s) in Eppendorf Master-cyler gradient (Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany). Then, the surfaces of the roots were covered with two layers of nail polish and the apices were sealed with orthodontic wax. All samples were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 h, then the teeth were washed with distilled water and dried. Then they were embedded in acrylic resin (Duracryl Plus, SpofaDental) and, later, sectioned meso-distally using the microtome (IsoMet TM1000, Buehler, Chicago, IL, USA). There were selected those teeth slices that had no damages after cutting. Each tooth slice was 1 mm thick.  
For marginal microleakage assessment, the cut sections were observed under 20\(\times\) magnification and the area of maximum dye penetration was considered. For the magnification, a stereomicroscope was used (Zeiss CL 1500 ECO) and each sample was photographed using a digital photo camera (Canon EOS 1300D).  
Two examiners scored the extent of dye penetration using a scale (0-4) by consensus. Examiners were blind to the technique used.  
The scoring criteria [13]:  
0--no evidence of dye penetration;  
1--dye penetration along the axial cavity walls up to 1/3;  
2--dye penetration along the axial cavity walls up to 2/3;  
3--dye penetration along the whole axial cavity wall;  
4--dye penetration on the pulpal wall.  
The AFM analysis was conducted on the composite resin (restorative material) for both groups as well as the correspondent interfaces with enamel and dentine. The AFM images were obtained in tapping mode with a JEOL JSPM 4210 Scanning Probe Microscope, produced by JEOL, Japan, Tokyo. The cantilevers used are NSC 15 type produced by MicroMasch, Estonia, Talin, having a resonant frequency of about 325 kHz and a force constant of 40 N/m. The images were scanned at area of 5 \(\upmu\)m \(\times\) 5 \(\upmu\)m for the restorative material and at 20 \(\upmu\)m \(\times\) 20 \(\upmu\)m for the interfaces. At least 3 different macroscopic areas were scanned for each situation. All images were processed in standard manner using Jeol WIN SPM 2.0 processing soft, the average roughness (Ra) and the root mean squared roughness (Rq) being measured for each image.  
The samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were prepared as well as for light microscopy, in order to investigate the enamel-composite and dentin-composite interfaces and the structure of the enamel and dentin. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were conducted on a Hitachi SU8230 cold field emission scanning electron microscope. Samples were subsequently sputter-coated with an \(\sim\)7 nm thick layer of gold and imaged under 30 kV acceleration voltage.  
For FTIR analysis, a spectrometer (Jasco 610, Jasco International Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in an ATR mode was used, with a scanning range from 4000 to 550 cm\({}^{-1}\) at a speed of 4 cm/s and with an average of 128 measurements in the final spectrum.
## 5 Results
### Packet Loss Percentage  
Next we evaluate Adaptive TrimTree against the ElasticTree protocol in terms of packet loss percentage in order to observe the impact of using Adaptive TrimTree on packet losses. We generate the three different DCN traffic patterns as mentioned in Section 5.2 and observe packet loss percentages in Adaptive TrimTree and ElasticTree. The results are shown in Figure 8. Figure 8a shows packet  
Figure 7: (**a**) Power consumption Adaptive TrimTree vs. ElasticTree for traffic pattern I; (**b**) Power consumption Adaptive TrimTree vs. ElasticTree for traffic pattern II; (**c**) Power consumption Adaptive TrimTree vs. ElasticTree for traffic pattern III; (**d**) Average power consumption Adaptive TrimTree vs. ElasticTree.  
loss percentages in both protocols for traffic pattern I, Figure 8b shows packet loss percentages for traffic pattern II, Figure 8c shows packet loss percentages for traffic pattern III and Figure 8d shows the average packet loss percentage in Adaptive TrimTree and ElasticTree.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Temporal Data Model
#### 2.3.5 Facility Decommissioning Temporal States  
The facility decommissioning temporal states reflects the temporal correlation of the entire lifecycle of facilities from commissioning to final retirement. It reflects the changes in the status of facilities over time. A facility processing space-time object (ProcessSTO) is established, which is composed of facility processing spatial objects (ProcessSO) and facility processing temporal objects (ProcessTO). To evaluate the status of a facility during a certain period of time, it can be formalized as follows:  
\[\text{ProcessSTO}=\{\text{ID, ProcessSO, ProcessTO}\}.\]  
The facility management temporal object reflects the time semantics of facility evaluation during a certain period of time. It includes dynamic attribute information such as ID, evaluation indicators, and fault history. The facility processing spatial object is used to represent the spatial semantics of facility processing, including static attribute information such as ID, evaluation criteria, and material conditions.  
Based on the characteristics of underground pipeline networks, with underground pipeline objects as the core, geometric data models, semantic data models, and temporal data models are designed separately. A fusion model suitable for pipeline data parameterized modeling and information data sharing and its use is established. The spatial data fusion model designed is shown in Figure 4.  
In the design section of the geometric model, the underground pipeline network objects are categorized into control points, pipelines, and attachments. This categorization comprises three components: geometric representation, attribute representation, and spatial relationships. They are abstractly described as nodes and lines, delineating the spatial relationships between elements and endowing them with the geometric information of the underground pipeline network, thereby forming corresponding entities in the three-dimensional geometric space of the real world. Each constituent part is associated with object IDs. In the design section of the semantic model, each three-dimensional underground pipeline object comprises semantic expression, semantic relationships, and semantic information. Based on the characteristics of underground pipeline data, the model is divided into three levels: domain level, mission level, and application level. This hierarchical approach, stemming from different perspectives and requirements, elaborates and applies the detailed semantic information of the underground pipeline network, collectively constituting a comprehensive, flexible, and efficient semantic data model. In the design section of the temporal model, each three-dimensional underground pipeline object features two components: temporal expression and attribute expression. Introducing a temporal hierarchy for each element and event of the underground pipeline network, each constituent part is associated with object IDs, forming a three-dimensional underground pipeline temporal data model [29].  
Figure 4: Spatial data fusion model of underground pipeline network.
## 3 Experiment and Results
### Typical Waveform and Dynamic Stress Equalization  
The representative original voltage signal diagram for this experiment can be seen in Figure 6. It can be observed from Figure 6 that the loading waveforms show a semi-sinusoidal shape and that the curves are smooth without any obvious waveform diffusion being observed. The incident wave also basically returns to the origin, and the reflected wave has a relatively smooth section, which meets the constant strain rate loading conditions [53; 55].  
The method proposed by [PERSON] [56] and shown in Equation (18) was applied to evaluate the dynamic stress equalization verification for the SHPB experiment of the fusiform bullet. Whether stress equalization was achieved in the SHPB experiment could be assessed by comparing the curve trends in \(P_{1}\) and \(P_{2}\).  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}P_{1}=E_{0}A_{0}[\varepsilon_{i}(t)+\varepsilon_{r}( t)]\\ P_{2}=E_{0}A_{0}[\varepsilon_{t}(t)]\end{array}\right. \tag{18}\]  
where \(\varepsilon_{i}(t)\), \(\varepsilon_{r}(t)\), and \(\varepsilon_{t}(t)\) represent the incident wave, reflection wave, and transmission wave, respectively. P\({}_{1}\) and P\({}_{2}\) represent the stress of S\({}_{1}\) and S\({}_{2}\), respectively. A\({}_{0}\) and E\({}_{0}\) are the cross-sectional area and elastic modulus of the bar.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Target** & **Removal** & **Before Experiment** & **After Experiment** & **Drop Rate (\%)** \\ \hline
700 & 704 & 683 & 672 & 4.55 \\
500 & 503 & 489 & 483 & 3.98 \\
300 & 306 & 297 & 290 & 5.23 \\
100 & 105 & 101 & 98 & 6.67 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Temperature statistics of specimen during SHPB high-temperature test (°C).  
Figure 5: Deformation and stress analysis of specimens.  
A typical stress equalization stress curve is showed in Figure 7, where it can be observed that the evolution trend in the \(P_{1}\) and \(P_{2}\) curves was basically consistent, proving that the constant strain rate loading condition was satisfied.
# Characterization of Carrier Phase-Based Positioning in Real-World Jamming Conditions
## 4 Analysis and Results
### Analysis 1: Performance of Receiver Tracking  
The purpose of this analysis is to assess the performance of receiver tracking during jamming. Cycle slips identified during the three jamming cases are shown in Figure 7, in order to quickly assess carrier phase tracking performance. As seen in the figure, Case 2 is most severe with TA10 registering several cycle slips, but in general, these cycle slips (with a few rare exceptions) occur following a loss of tracking owing to the C/N\({}_{0}\) value dropping below the receiver tracking threshold of 20 dBHz. It should be noted that, in all three cases, there are actually satellites not affected by a single cycle slip throughout the entire event--even though jamming is severe.  
In other words, carrier phase tracking is stable as long as tracking is possible. This suggests that RTK positioning is robust against jamming, and it should be possible to perform reliable RTK positioning during most real-world jamming events, as long as satellite signals are not completely repressed. This is in line with [18], who noted that pseudo-range error statistics were only slightly affected by jamming, and that the main impact was the decreased number of available satellites.  
In Cases 1 and 3, a position can be determined for all epochs; however, in Case 2, there are eight epochs where jamming is so severe that it is impossible to actually obtain a baseline solution owing to a lack of data.  
_Summary: Cycle slips occur when tracking of a satellite is completely lost due to very low C/N\({}_{0}\). As such, it should be possible to use tracked satellites for reliable RTK carrier phase-based positioning.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case (Reference** & **Baseline 1** & **Baseline 2** & **Baseline 3** & **Baseline 4** \\ \hline Case 1: (TA03), SF & TA08, 11.0 km & & & \\ Case 2: (TA10), MF & TA05, 5.0 km & TA11, 12.1 km & TA04, 27.3 km & REF, 61.4 km \\ Case 3: (TA03), SF & TA05, 4.1 km & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Baselines used for single-baseline post-processed kinematic (PPK) processing.
## 4 Conclusions  
To solve the complex process and time-consuming problems of the pose estimation of non-cooperative space objects, an end-to-end learning method is proposed, in which images taken using a monocular sensor are input to the model, and the model directly outputs the pose information of the non-cooperative objects. The application of the transformer model in non-cooperative space object pose estimation is explored, and an innovative dual-channel transformer non-cooperative space object pose estimation algorithm is proposed. The translation and orientation of the satellite are individually learned by the dual-channel network, which effectively avoids the interaction between the two kinds of information. A quaternion SoftMax-like activation function is designed according to the characteristics  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Team** & **Real Image Score** & **Best Score** & **PnP** \\ \hline UniAdelaide [26] & 0.3634 & 0.0086 & Yes \\ EPFL\_cvlab & 0.1040 & 0.0205 & Yes \\ pedro\_fairspace [10] & 0.1476 & 0.0555 & No \\ \hline Ours & 0.1650 & 0.0600 & No \\ \hline standord\_slab [43] & 0.3221 & 0.0611 & Yes \\ Team\_Platypus & 1.7118 & 0.0675 & No \\ motokimura1 & 0.5714 & 0.0734 & No \\ Magpies & 1.2401 & 0.1429 & No \\ GabrielA & 2.3943 & 0.2367 & No \\ stainsby & 4.8056 & 0.3623 & No \\ VSI\_Feeney & 1.5749 & 0.4629 & No \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Pose estimation accuracy comparison with the top 10 teams.  
of the inference information to improve the inference precision of the orientation quantity. Experiments were carried out on the SPEED dataset provided by ESA. The results show that the dual-channel design successfully avoids the mutual influence of translation information and orientation information, which can achieve the effect of real-time detection. Even compared with some complex processes, the inference accuracy of the proposed method also has certain advantages, indicating that the dual-channel transformer model has potential application value in monocular vision pose estimation tasks of non-cooperative space objects.  
Conceptualization, Y.R.; Data curation, X.Z.; Formal analysis, Y.W.; Funding acquisition, Y.R.; Investigation, R.Y. and M.L.; Software, R.Y., Y.R. and M.L.; Writing--original draft, R.Y.; Writing--review and editing, L.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. (62173342, 61805283).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Modular Bus Unit Scheduling for an Autonomous Transit System under Range and Charging Constraints
## 5 Concluding Remarks  
A novel modular bus system is proposed to identify optimal formation, trip sequences, and charging decisions of modular vehicles, reducing operation costs while enhancing  
Figure 6: The impact of battery capacity on total system cost.  
fleet scheduling flexibility. Through modeling and case validation, the key conclusions are as follows:  
* The proposed column generation-based heuristic algorithm, which decomposes the original problem into a master problem and subproblems, outperforms widely used solvers in terms of time and computation speed. Even in a network of 214 nodes, the scheduling strategy can be obtained in about 10 min with a gap of less than 0.3%.
* The optimal modular bus scheduling scheme can reduce the overall system cost from $1534.31 to $1144.26, a reduction of approximately 25%, while accommodating uneven trip demand and embracing battery and charging station capacity constraints.
* Sensitivity analysis highlights the impact of dispatch cost and battery capacity of modular buses on system total costs. Compared to the traditional bus, operators are recommended to consider applying modular units in scenarios with low or volatile demand; there may still be scope for profitability even if the dispatching cost is high. Additionally, procuring modular buses with 25 kWh-35 kWh capacity can avoid frequent charging.  
In future work, the reconfiguration of modular buses among stations beyond the ends of bus routes is a scalable research direction to improve fleet utilization and system economy. Additionally, fine consideration of the heterogeneous nature of energy consumption and charging processes among different modular units can further enhance system practicality. Incorporating the proposed column generation algorithm into a branch-and-price framework and finding diverse acceleration strategies for solving subproblems also merits in-depth exploration. Given the limitations of our research in practical applications, we will actively address real-world constraints and collaborate with ongoing electric and automated transportation projects to validate and improve our methodology.  
Conceptualization, methodology, software, visualization, investigation, writing--original draft, writing--review and editing. H.G. and K.L.; methodology, data curation, writing--review and editing, supervision, [PERSON]; conceptualization, writing--review and editing, F.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51378091 and 71871043).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Not applicable.  
The set of metres: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Research and Development of Automatic Monitoring System for Livestock Farms
## 2 Overview of the System Architecture  
In this paper we have applied wireless transmission technology to establish a comprehensive livestock environment monitoring system. The system development comprises of three parts: experimental environment, experimental hardware architecture, and experimental software and communication transmission architecture. The detailed description is as follows:
# Enhanced Privacy-Preserving Architecture for Fundus Disease Diagnosis with Federated Learning
###### Abstract  
In recent years, advances in diagnosing and classifying diseases using machine learning (ML) have grown exponentially. However, due to the many privacy regulations regarding personal data, pooling together data from multiple sources and storing them in a single (centralized) location for traditional ML model training are often infeasible. Federated learning (FL), a collaborative learning paradigm, can sidestep this major pitfall by creating a global ML model that is trained by aggregating model weights from individual models that are separately trained on their own data silos, therefore avoiding most data privacy concerns. This study addresses the centralized data issue with FL by applying a novel _DataWeightedFed_ architectural approach for effective fundus disease diagnosis from ophthalmic images. It includes a novel method for aggregating model weights by comparing the size of each model's data and taking a dynamically weighted average of all the model's weights. Experimental results showed a small average 1.85% loss in accuracy when training using FL compared to centralized ML model systems, a nearly 92% improvement over the conventional 55% accuracy loss. The obtained results demonstrate that this study's FL architecture can maximize both privacy preservation and accuracy for ML in fundus disease diagnosis and provide a secure, collaborative ML model training solution within the eye healthcare space.  
federated learning; centralized learning; collaborative machine learning; fundus disease diagnosis; ophthalmology 2025  
3
# Impact of Cubic Symmetry on Optical Activity of Dielectric 8-srs Networks
###### Abstract  
Photonic crystals are engineered structures able to control the propagation and properties of light. Due to this ability, they can be fashioned into optical components for advanced light manipulation and sensing. For these applications, a particularly interesting case study is the gyroid srs-network, a three-dimensional periodic network with both cubic symmetry and chirality. In this work we present the fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional cubically symmetric 8-srs photonic crystals derived from combination of eight individual gyroid srs-networks. We numerically and experimentally investigate optical properties of these photonic crystals and study in particular, the impact of cubic symmetry on transmission and optical activity (OA). Gyroid photonic crystals fabricated in this work can lead to the development of smaller, cheaper, and more efficient optical components with functionalities that go beyond the concept of lenses.  
photonic crystal; gyroid; 8-srs network; optical activity; direct laser writing; galvo-dithered direct laser writing; cubic symmetry Article
## 2 Degradation of Materials in Space--Stability Issues on Mirrors
### Outgassing and Cross-Contamination
investigated the effect of intentional contamination of the grazing incidence of Au mirrors with vacuum pump oil to evaluate the allowable reflectance  
Figure 2: Evolution of the far-ultraviolet reflectance of the Wide Field and Planetary Camera-1 (WFPC-1) pick-off mirror (based on Al protected with MgF\({}_{2}\)). Purple points: pre-flight data. Blue: post-flight data after 3.5 years of deployment in space, with a severe reflectance degradation. Red: reflectance recovery after contamination removal with a chemical cleaning. The inset on the right depicts XPS data acquired on the surface of the recovered mirror after its return to Earth, showing the presence of contaminants such as C, O, Si, and N. [95]. decrease by contaminants of an instrument part of the EUVE space telescope [98]. To check the effect of contamination with a common contaminant, a coating was contaminated with 15 nm oil. After a long-enough outgassing time in the reflectometer vacuum chamber, a total recovery of the original EUV reflectance with no increase in scattering was observed. In the case of a 50 nm-thick layer of oil, outgassing reduced such thickness just to 35 nm, and the mirrors kept a hazy look. Since the remaining oil deposit was known to be in droplet form, an increased scattering for the coating was expected. Other explanations related to polymerization were discarded because the estimates of UV irradiation and charged particle fluxes were too small to induce the observed degradation.