## 2 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**\#**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Retention Time (min)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Compound Name, IUPAC**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Retention Coefficient, KI**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Retention Coefficient**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CAS Number**} \\  & & & & **Experimental (MS Database)** & **(Kovats C7-40 Index)** & \\ \hline
35 & 8.53 & 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene & 996 & 993 & 95-63-6 \\
36 & 8.79 & octan & 1005 & 1003 & 124-13-0 \\
37 & 8.87 & dec-3-yrn-1-ol & 1007 & 1011 & 51721-39-2 \\
38 & 9.06 & an unknown isomer of ethyldimethyl benzene & 1013 & - & - \\
39 & 9.45 & 1,3-diethylbenzene & 1025 & 1025 & 141-93-5 \\
40 & 9.50 & 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylbenzene & 1027 & 1026 & 99-87-6 \\
41 & 9.61 & 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene & 1030 & 1031 & 138-86-3 \\
42 & 9.87 & 2,3-dihydroxy-1H-indene & 1037 & 1030 & 496-11-7 \\
43 & 10.32 & 1,2-diethylbenzene & 1051 & 1045 & 135-01-3 \\
44 & 10.42 & 1-methyl-2-propanbenzene & 1055 & 1047 & 1074-17-5 \\
45 & 10.53 & butylbenzene & 1058 & 1054 & 104-51-8 \\
46 & 10.61 & 1-ethyl-3-5-dimethylbenzene & 1060 & 1058 & 934-74-7 \\
47 & 10.70 & 2-ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene & 1063 & 1071 & 1758-88-9 \\
48 & 10.87 & 1-phenylethane & 1068 & 1065 & 98-86-2 \\
49 & 11.23 & 2-ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene & 1079 & 1080 & 2870-04-4 \\
50 & 11.29 & 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene & 1081 & 1083 & 499-75-2 \\
51 & 11.36 & 1-ethenyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene & 1083 & 1084 & 2234-20-0 \\
52 & 11.54 & 2-ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene & 1089 & 1090 & 1758-88-9 \\
53 & 11.63 & 2-methoxyphenyl & 1091 & 1090 & 90-05-1 \\
54 & 11.70 & 1-undccyne & 1093 & 1095 & 2243-98-3 \\
55 & 11.84 & methyl benzoate & 1098 & 1095 & 93-86-3 \\
56 & 12.00 & undecane & 1102 & 1100 & 1120-14 \\
57 & 12.05 & nonanal & 1104 & 1103 & 124-19-6 \\
58 & 12.25 & 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene & 1110 & 1116 & 95-93-2 \\
59 & 12.33 & an unknown isomer of diethylmethylbenzene & 1113 & - & - \\
60 & 12.54 & unknown compound & 1118 & - & - \\
61 & 12.68 & 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene & 1122 & 1117 & 527-53-7 \\
62 & 12.94 & 1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene & 1130 & 1135 & 4175-53-5 \\
63 & 13.33 & 5-methyl-2-3-dihydro-1H-indene & 1142 & 1136 & 874-35-1 \\
64 & 13.49 & 1-3-diethyl-5-methylbenzene & 1145 & 1147 & 2050-24-0 \\
65 & 13.70 & 4-methyl-2-3-dihydro-1H-indene & 1152 & 1148 & 2842-26 \\
66 & 13.90 & 1-methyl-1H-indene & 1158 & 1157 & 767-59-9 \\
67 & 13.94 & pentylbenzene & 1160 & 1158 & 538-68-1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Component Name (UPAC)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Emissions (ug/kg)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\% of Total Emissions**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Boiling Point (\({}^{\circ}\)C)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type of VOC 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Observed in Emissions from**} \\  & & & & & **Biochar (\(\star\), \(\rightarrow\), \(\gamma\), Yes, No)** \\ \hline Nonanal \({}^{\star}\) & 2860.00 & 17.400 & 195 & VOC & – & – \\ Octanal \({}^{\star}\) & 1480.00 & 9.010 & 171 & VOC & + & – \\ Heptanal \({}^{\star}\) & 1180.00 & 7.150 & 153 & VOC & + & – \\ butylbenzene & 1030.00 & 6.290 & 183 & VOC & – & – \\ Hexanal & 483.00 & 5.120 & 130 & VOC & + & – \\ 1-methyl-4 prop-1-rem-2 ylcydohexene & 789.00 & 4.800 & 176.5 & VOC & – & – \\ Benzaldehyde \({}^{\star}\) & 777.00 & 4.720 & 179 & VOC & + & – \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: VOCs emissions (accumulated in a headspace of sealed vessel over 7 days of storage) from (torrified) carbonized refuse-derived fuel ordered from the highest (ug of VOC per kg of CRDF) to lowest; % of total emissions, boiling point, VOC classification, and a comparison with VOCs emitted from other types of (pyrolyzed) biochar (woody biomass, algal biochar, and municipal solid waste (composed, respectively) [11, 12, 14].