esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Discharge Parameters on \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) Formation
As the pulse width increases from 100 ns to 120 ns, the energy input and discharge time also increase, and the number of high-energy electrons and reactive species involved in the ammonia synthesis reaction increases, which facilitates the promotion of ammonia synthesis. The essence of the pulse width is the discharge time of the highest voltage of a single pulse of a nanosecond pulse, in which the prolongation of the discharge time of a single pulse continuously excites the active particles and reduces the relaxation process of the active groups [44]. Increasing pulse width in plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis experiments can raise energy input, but extending the single-pulse maximum voltage discharge time beyond the optimal pulse width can negatively affect ammonia synthesis, promoting its decomposition. Comparing pulse voltage and pulse width, increasing pulse voltage boosts energy input without extending relaxation time, while increasing pulse width maintains energy input per unit time, prolonging pulse  
Figure 5: Effects of pulse voltage and pulse repetition frequency on (**a,c**) the rate of ammonia synthesis and (**b,d**) the energy yield. duration. Due to plasma's unique properties, reactions occur on very short timescales; extending discharge time can decompose produced ammonia, reducing energy yield [29]. Appropriately increasing pulse width injects more energy into the reaction, but exceeding optimal parameters leads to the decomposition of synthesized ammonia; the optimal pulse width parameter is a balance between energy input and efficient utilization of the input energy. Thus, controlling energy input over time is crucial for studying the impact of pulse width on ammonia synthesis. Notably, gas breakdown characteristics vary with pulse width, with shorter pulses (1 ns) breaking down after the pulse and longer pulses (100 ns) during the pulse, highlighting pulse width's influence on plasma properties [45]. During operation of a pulsed power supply, the time it takes for the voltage to rise from zero to the maximum voltage is known as the pulse rise time. The excited state particles produced in the plasma have short lifetimes. The pulse rise time directly determines the properties of the plasma [46]. Figure 6c,d depict how varying pulse rise times impact the rate of ammonia synthesis and the efficiency of energy yield. As depicted in the figure, both the rate of ammonia synthesis and the energy yield diminish as the pulse rise time increases, with a more pronounced effect observed in the presence of noble gas addition. A shorter pulse rise time means a faster change in voltage over time, which favors the generation of a higher reduced field, thus increasing the average electron energy, leading to an increase in the probability of excitation or dissociation of N\({}_{2}\) and H\({}_{2}\)[47]. Similarly, increasing the pulse rise time results in a longer reaction time during which the NH\({}_{3}\) produced has a higher probability of colliding with electrons or other particles, leading to decomposition.
## 4 Experimental Setup
### Experiments Results
#### 4.1.5 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis Experiments  
There are three parameters in SA-MPCMOEA: the threshold adjustment parameter (\(\alpha\)), the threshold number of feasible solutions in Populations P and A (k), and the scaling factor (\(\lambda\)). Different parameter values may affect the performance of SA-MPCMOEA. Therefore, we conduct experiments in the CF test suit to analyze the parameter sensitivity of SA-MPCMOEA.  
In order to test the impact of different \(\alpha\) values on the algorithm performance, we set \(\alpha\) to 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, and 0.4 respectively, with k = 30 and \(\lambda\) = 20.  
As shown in Table 5, the performance is best when \(\alpha=0.25\), and the worst when \(\alpha=0.4\). This may be because, when \(\alpha=0.4\), the algorithm uses too many computational resources to meet the convergence condition, causing the algorithm to be prone to getting trapped in local optima.  
After that, we adjust k to verify the influence of the threshold of the number of feasible solutions in the population. k is set to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50, respectively, with \(\alpha=0.25\) and \(\lambda=20\). It can be seen in Table 6 that different k values will have an impact on the performance of SA-MPCMOEA. This may be because, when the feasible solution threshold k is too large, the algorithm fails to enter search mode 3 to explore the feasible region.  
Finally, we analyze the influence of the value of the scaling factor \(\lambda\) on the SA-MPCMOEA; we set \(\lambda\) to 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 respectively, with \(\alpha=0.25\) and k = 20. The value of \(\lambda\) controls the maximum number of evaluations that the surrogate model can use and affects the number of offspring solutions generated. As can be seen from Table 7, the effect is best when the value of \(\lambda\) is 20. This may be because, at this time, the algorithm can generate as many offspring solutions as possible under the condition of a relatively high surrogate model accuracy. When \(\lambda=30\), the performance of the algorithm begins to decline. This may be because the algorithm generates offspring solutions when the surrogate model has poor accuracy, which misleads the filling sampling strategy.
# Trust Management for Artificial Intelligence: A Standardization Perspective
## 2 Standardization Trend for AI Trust  
This section describes the international standardization trends related to AI and trust management, which is being carried out or in progress by international standardization organizations.  
Table 1 summarizes AI-related standardization activities in the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). The ITU-T Study Group (SG) 13 targeting future networks successfully concluded the Focus Group on Machine Learning for Future Networks (FG-ML5G) and published several recommendations as this FG's results. In addition, the Focus Group on Autonomous Networks (FG-AN) newly established under SG13 is currently developing a deliverable on trust in AN. Furthermore, other SGs such as SG16 have many activities to develop standards on AI in terms of applications and services aspects, with the Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health (FG-AI4H).  
Table 2 presents standardization activities on trust. Firstly, ITU-T SG13 started to develop a set of recommendations on trust in the context of Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and services. Based on these recommendations, other recommendations are still developing and there have been strong demands to consider trust in data and AI aspects. For example, FG-DPM successfully developed a deliverable on data trust and started to identify potential work items on trust in data processing, management, and analytics, including the AI/ML. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Joint Technical Committee (JTC) 1 standardization subcommittee (SC) 42 is focusing on overall AI technology. Specifically, there are serval technical reports on trust, ethics, and risk management in AI.
# Alternaria Black Spot (_Alternaria brassicae_) Infection Severity on Cruciferous Oilseed Crops
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Experimental Site and Design  
Alternaria black spot (_Alternaria brassicae_) infection was evaluated in 2010 and 2011 on six different cruciferous plant species in an experimental field of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu County, Estonia (58\({}^{\circ}\)217 N, 26\({}^{\circ}\)39\({}^{\prime}\) E). The plants were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates of each of the following species: spring oilseed rape (_Brassica napus_ (L.) cv. 'Maskot'), mustard green (brown mustard) (_B. juncea_ cv. 'Jadrionaja'), black mustard (_B. nigra_ (L.) [PERSON]), rucola (also called arugula, garden rocket, etc.) (_Eruca sativa_ subsp. _sativa_ (_E. sativa_) cv. 'Poker'), oilseed radish (_Raphanus sativus_ var. _oleiformis_ (_R. sativus_) cv. '[PERSON]') and white mustard (_Sinapis alba_ cv. '[PERSON]') (Scheme 1). In both years, the seeds were obtained from the seed collection of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. The size of each plot (1 m \(\times\) 5 m) was similar to that used earlier for cruciferous crops in biotic stress studies at the site. To minimize inter-plot interactions, there was a 1 m wide buffer zone of bare soil around each plot. The whole experimental field was surrounded by a hay meadow. Plots were sown on 12 May in 2010 and 9 May in 2011, at 250 seeds per m\({}^{2}\). Seed germination was similar for different species in different years and no differences were noticed in plant density (on average 200 plants per m\({}^{2}\)) between the plots. In both years, the same standard crop management practices were used in all trial plots. The fertilizers and pesticides were not used and the trials were undertaken in a system certified for organic agriculture. The plant growth stage (BBCH-scale is used to identify the phenological development stages of plants) was assessed using the decimal code system [28].  
**Scheme 1.** Field experimental layout with six different cruciferous oilseed crops in both study years (2010 and 2011). The individual plot size was 1 m \(\times\) 5 m and the distance between the trial plots from each other, as well the width of field edges was 1 m.
## 2 Design and Simulation
In many practical applications, it is necessary for the absorber to have good angular stability. The absorptivity of the designed absorber under different oblique incidences of irradiation for both TE and transverse magnetic (TM) modes are depicted in Figure 6. Under TE mode irradiation, the absorption was maintained above 85% at incident angles from 0 to 40\({}^{\circ}\), while the absorption band remained nearly unchanged, as shown in Figure 6a. It can be seen from Figure 6b that the absorptivity was maintained above 85% at incident angles from 0 to 70\({}^{\circ}\) for TM mode. By comparing Figure 6a,b, it can be seen that the angular stability of the absorber was better for the TM mode. In general, at TE and TM modes from 0 to 40 degrees of incidence, the absorptivity of the absorber was over 85%, and the operating bandwidth spanned from 6.0 to 16.5 GHz. This indicates that the absorber has a wide incident angle stability. As shown in Figure 7, the absorptance of the proposed absorber was almost invariable when the polarization angles varied from 0 to 90\({}^{\circ}\). This indicates that the designed absorber has polarization stability, which is attributed to the axisymmetric property of the structure. Figure 2:0 Absorption performance of the absorber for different geometric dimensions: (**a**) varied d\({}_{2}\); (**b**) varied d\({}_{3}\); (**c**) varied R\({}_{2}\); (**d**) varied R\({}_{3}\); (**e**) varied w\({}_{2}\); (**f**) varied w\({}_{3}\). Figure 2:1 Absorption performance under different incident angles \(\theta\), for (**a**) TE and (**b**) TM polarizations.
## 1 Introduction
In Section 3, the improved FOA (IFOA), introducing the variation coefficient and disturbance coefficient and the denoising process based on the EMD and IFOA (EMD-IFOA), is elaborated. In Section 4, the noisy train sound signal with different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) is analyzed to verify the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed noise elimination approach, and a piece of sound signal collected from a practical acoustic-based diagnosis system for the long wall coal mining shear is applied to validate the practical effect. Some conclusions and outlooks are summarized in Section 5.
## Results
### Multivariable Analysis  
The multivariable analysis was described in terms of the correlation between phenolic components and antioxidant activities (Table 6) and the partial least squares regression analysis (Figure 2). There was a significant (\(p\leq 0.05\)) positive correlation between the phenolic and flavonoid contents (r = 0.337). Also, the phenolic content has a significantly (\(p\leq 0.01\)) higher positive correlation with the DPPH (r = 0.718) and TRP (r = 0.722). Similarly, a strongly positive correlation was observed between the flavonoid, DPPH (r = 0.748), and TRP (r = 0.743). At the same time, the DPPH and TRP were also revealed to have a strong positively increasing relationship (r = 0.980) at the \(p\leq 0.01\) level, as evident in Table 6.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **TPC** & **TFC** & **DPPH** & **TRP** \\ \hline TPC & 1 & 0.337 * & 0.718 ** & 0.722 ** \\ TFC & 1 & 0.748 ** & 0.743 ** \\ DPPH & & 1 & 0.980 ** \\ TRP & & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).  
\end{table}
Table 6: Correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid content with antioxidant activities.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Date Cultivars**} \\ \cline{2-4}
**Extracts** & **Barhi** & **Ruthana** & **Qatarah** \\ \hline Methanol (100\%) & 42.1 \(\pm\) 0.46 \({}^{\text{\text{\text@underline{\text@underline{\text@underline{\text@underline{ \text@underline{\text@underline{\text@underline{\text@underline{\text@underline{ \text@underline{\text@underline{ \text@underline{\text@@underline{ \text@@@underline{ \text@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@  
A partial least squares regression analysis (PLS) was achieved to confirm the most optimum solvent for extracting phytochemicals and their antioxidant activity in the date seeds for each cultivar. The shared effects of diverse extracts (methanol 100 and 50%, ethanol 100 and 50%, water, and M40:E40:W20) on the TPC, TFC, DPPH, and TRP of each date seed cultivar are exhibited in Figure 2. There was a deviation in the valid and optimum extracts for each seed. The PLS chart for the Barhi seed (Figure 2a) shows that the ethanol and methanol extracts have more antioxidant activities and TPC; however, the  
Figure 2: Partial least squares regression analysis (PLS) of validation of different solvents system used in the extraction of the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activities of the date seeds of Barhi (**a**), Ruthana (**b**), and Qatarah (**c**) cultivars.  
100% ethanol extract was the most valid extract for these compounds. The PLS in Figure 2b shows that the extract of M40:E40:W20 showed the highest validation in the extraction of the compounds in the Ruthana seed. Similarly, M40:E40:W20 was the most valid and optimum extract for the Qatarah seed (Figure 2c). PLS has generally shown a variation in the validation of the different extracts for each seed. The most valid and optimum extract for the Barhi seed was 100% ethanol, whereas it was M40:E40:W20 for the Ruthana and Qatarah seeds.
# A Survey on Recent Advanced Research of CPS Security
## 3 Reviews
### Novel Defense  
In most scenarios, network attacks can not be discovered timely, and we need a more effective mitigation. Recent research focuses on the FORGE system, which generates fake but believable documents to impose additional costs on the attacker.  
[PERSON] et al. [165] designed a simple but novel method to delay attackers who want to steal important documents. The authors leveraged multi-layer graphs(MLGs) to represent target documents. With this MLG representation, they proposed two novel contributions: firstly, using Meta-Centrality (MC) to measure the importance of a concept and secondly, generating a set of fake documents from a single one via Integer Linear Programming.  
[PERSON] et al. [166] extended the forge work from textual component to non-textual components. The authors proposed the concept of a Probabilistic Logic Graph (PLG) which could express different parts of a document, such as charts, equations, and formulas. They also designed an approximation algorithm to address the problem of generating fake PLGs, which can effectively deceive an adversary.
# A Deep Multi-Frame Super-Resolution Network for Dynamic Scenes
## 1 Introduction
We believe the key for a flexible number of inputs relies on the framework design, instead of proposing new deep learning layers, considering the fact that current deep learning layers do not meet the basic requirements in the MFSR task because the shape of weights in deep networks keeps unchanged once the model is determined. Therefore, it is necessary to build a framework, which replaces the deep learning layers with flexible temporal fusion operations. As a result, we fuse the features of different input frames together through a weighted sum operation, which is a non-deep-learning approach. The features for fusion are extracted from input frames by a deep network, and the fused features are input into another deep network to recover high-resolution images. In a word, the main difference of this framework is that it does not use deep learning layers to fuse, which allows variant input numbers in MFSR. To solve the second problem, we propose a spatial subpixel alignment (SSA) module and a dual-weighting (DW) module. In the MFSR task, we should align the input frames to one of the input frames, a basic frame, before fusion. The accuracy of this alignment operation is essential for temporal fusion. Therefore, we propose a new alignment module, the SSA module, to conduct a subpixel-wise alignment in a high-resolution grid, while other methods perform a pixelwise alignment. As for the DW module, we design it to cooperate with the weighted sum fusion strategy. It generates a series of weights for all low-resolution input frame to increase the accuracy and eliminate the potential errors for fusion. It deploys a distance weighting network to eliminate the warping errors and uses a content-aware weighting network to generate weights according to the content in the frame. As shown in Figure 1, our method can generate sharper images with richer details than state-of-the-art methods, Recurrent Residual network (RRN) [21]. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:  
1. We propose an optical-flow-based multi-frame super-resolution framework, which is capable of handling any number of input frames to generate the high-resolution target frame with only one network;
2. We propose an SSA module for spatial alignment and a DW module for temporal fusion. The SSA module offers a subpixel-wise alignment, and the DW module generates proper weights to decrease the errors caused by warping and optical flow. The experimental results show that both modules can lead to performance gain.
# Design Methodology and Application Dynamics of Compact Quasi-Zero Stiffness Isolators
## 3 Compact Design of QZS Isolation
### Special Spring Type  
#### 3.1.1 Disc Springs  
Disc springs have many advantages, such as high allowable load, small spring deflection, compact structure, and relatively simple design and assembly [36], and have become an important research object for scholars. Figure 4 illustrates two typical models of disc spring quasi-zero stiffness isolators, where the disc springs are both negative stiffness elements.  
[PERSON] et al. [37] carried out quasi-static and dynamic compression experiments on individual disc springs under symmetric and asymmetric friction conditions for different series of disc springs and further investigated the mechanical properties of multiple disc springs stacked in parallel to obtain the full range of load-displacement curves under quasi-static and dynamic compression. [PERSON] et al. [38] designed a QZS isolator with slotted conical disc springs and vertical wire springs connected in parallel and established the corresponding mathematical model to optimize the structural parameters, and the results show that the structure has better vibration isolation performance at low frequency isolation. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [39] compared the static characteristics of variable thickness disc springs and constant thickness disc springs, optimized the configuration parameters to achieve a wider QZS region, and investigated the effects of different offset displacements and excitation amplitudes on the vibration isolation performance under overload and bias load conditions. [PERSON] et al. [40] used disc springs to provide asymmetric negative stiffness and the positive stiffness provided by worm springs to share the load-carrying capacity in the QZS region, which provides a new idea and solution for the design of a heavy-duty vibration isolation system, while [PERSON] et al. [41] combined the disc springs and helical springs to design the compression bar QZS element, built a 6-DOF vibration isolator platform, and analyzed in detail the force transfer rate under the harmonic excitation and the dynamic characteristics. [PERSON] et al. [42] focus on the multi-directional isolation performance, adopting shape memory alloy U-shaped dampers to provide self-resetting performance in the horizontal direction and parallel disc springs to achieve quasi-zero stiffness in the vertical direction. Based on this, the friction slip isolator is introduced to optimize the response in both horizontal and vertical directions. This study provides an important reference in the field of three-dimensional isolation.  
Figure 4: Disc spring QZS isolator Models: (**a**) Disc spring QZS isolator model proposed by [PERSON] et al. [38]; (**b**) Disc spring-worm spring QZS model proposed by [PERSON] et al. [40].
# Highly Sensitive Liquid M-Z Waveguide Sensor Based on Polymer Suspended Slot Waveguide Structure
## 6 Stability Analysis of Suspended Structures  
For suspended structures, a solid support is essential to keep the device from collapsing owing to its gravity. The slabs and the holders were designed for supporting the device, but it will lead to the leakage of the light field. To ensure the stability of the device and explore the influence on the reflective index exerted by the deformation of the structure, mechanical simulation analysis was conducted on the above size of the polymer device using the finite element method. We calculated the deformation of the entry position of the central coupling region, the slot waveguide, and entire 3D device structure. The schematic diagram of the mechanical analysis of the device is shown in Figure 10. The most severe deformations of the entry position of the central coupling region (Figure 10a) and the slot waveguide (Figure 10b) are only 1.29 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) and 1.57 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)\(\upmu\)m, proving that the optimized device has good bearing capacity and can maintain a stable suspended structure. Moreover, it can be known that the deformation of the sensing arm with a slot waveguide and the sensing arm with a straight waveguide is numerically similar, so the influence exerted by the deformation of each sensing arm on the effective refractive index is of the same order of magnitude, which can counteract each other in the calculation of the phase difference. The deformation of the 3D device structure (Figure 10c) is 0.01 \(\upmu\)m in the Y branch region. The deformation mainly occurs at the Y branch. However, it has no effect on the phase difference and output of the device due to its symmetry.