# Laser Transmission Characteristics of Seawater for Underwater Wireless Optical Communication
###### Abstract  
Channel modeling of seawater is essential for understanding the transmission process of underwater laser light and optimizing the system design of underwater wireless laser communication. This study systematically examined the transmission characteristics of underwater blue-green laser communication, such as the angle of arrival, beam spreading, and channel loss, based on the Monte Carlo ray tracing method, across three different waters. The statistical analysis has led to the following definitive conclusions: (a) The differences in average AOA are profound in clear water and at short attenuation lengths in coastal and turbid harbor waters and are small at long attenuation lengths. The differences in average AOA between the offsets of 0 m and 10 m are about 62.3\({}^{\circ}\) and 12.9\({}^{\circ}\) at the attenuation lengths of 1 and 25 in clear water. The differences between offsets of 0 m and 10 m in average AOAs are about 74.4\({}^{\circ}\) and 5.8\({}^{\circ}\) in coastal water and 67.2\({}^{\circ}\) and 12.2\({}^{\circ}\) in turbid harbor water at the attenuation lengths of 1, 20, and 35, respectively. (b) The beam diameters are 0.1 m at the attenuation length of 25 in clear water and 83.8 m and 25.3 m when the attenuation length is 35 in coastal and turbid harbor waters. It manifests that the beam spreading is indistinctive in clear water while prominent in coastal and turbid harbor waters. (c) The difference in the received power at the various offsets decreases with increasing attenuation length but with distinct patterns. Take the offsets of 0 m and 10 m as examples. The absolute difference in the power loss reduces from 88.0 dB\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) to 46.8 dB\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) when the attenuation length reaches 25 in clear water. At the attenuation lengths of 1 and 35, the power losses are 94.9 dB\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) and 4.3 dB\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) in coastal water and 117.4 dB\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) and 12.6 dB\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) in turbid harbor water. Moreover, the minimum underestimation of power loss by applying Beer's Law could be almost 2 dB\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) in turbid harbor waters. To achieve a high receiving gain, the weighted average angles of arrival at different offsets indicate that a small field of view is advantageous in clear water and at short transmission distances in coastal and turbid harbor waters. In contrast, a larger field of view is effective at long transmission distances in coastal and turbid harbor waters. Additionally, the absolute differences in channel losses at various offsets suggest that alignment between the transmitter and the receiver is crucial in clear water and at short transmission distances in coastal and turbid harbor waters. In contrast, misalignment may not lead to significant channel loss at longer transmission distances in turbid harbor water. The results of this study underscore the importance of considering water type, transmission distance, and offsets relative to the beam center when selecting receiver parameters.  
**Keywords:** underwater optical wireless communication; laser transmission; blue-green laser; Monte Carlo simulation