# Water and Wastewater Management in Agriculture
## 2 An Overview of Published Articles
Batch adsorption experiments were performed with 30 mg of adsorbent in the 10 mL solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the formation of tubular cavities and a porous structure resulting from basic hydrolysis with KOH. The adsorption tests showed a capacity of 12.98 mg/g and an efficiency of 97.38% for MB at a pH of 10, while the capacity for Cr (VI) at a pH of 2 was 11.35 mg/g and an efficiency of 85.15%. The Freundlich model was found to accurately describe the adsorption equilibrium data with an R2 value greater than 0.9. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities in the monolayer were determined to be 186.375 mg/g for Cr (VI) and 90.723 mg/g for MB. A kinetic study revealed that the adsorption process occurs via chemisorption through electrostatic interaction and ion exchange between the adsorbate and the adsorbent. The aim of the study conducted by [PERSON] et al. (contribution 14) in Poleski National Park was to determine the content of radionuclides and heavy metals in the soil and to determine the absorbed dose and the average annual effective dose resulting from external exposure to ground-based radiation sources. The study showed that the concentration of anthropogenic radionuclides in Poleski National Park was significantly increased, which is the first study of its kind in Poland. The calculated annual effective dose for the park exceeded the global average by more than three times. The soil samples were mineralised using a TITAN MPS with a rotor, and then, the metal content in the resulting solutions was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry with flame sputtering (AAS FM). The contents of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) were within the average values observed in Europe and worldwide. However, the soil in the Poleski National Park was contaminated with the analysed heavy metals, especially cadmium (Cd). The aim of the last article (contribution 15), written by [PERSON] and [PERSON], was to investigate the potential use of rapeseed hulls (RHs) as an unconventional sorbent for the elimination of acidic (AR18 and AY23) and basic (BR46 and BV10) dyes from aqueous solutions. The investigation covered various aspects, including the characterisation of the sorbent (FTIR and pHPZC), the evaluation of the influence of pH on the sorption efficiency of the dye (pH 2-11), the analysis of the sorption kinetics of the dye (using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models), and the determination of the maximum sorption capacity (Langmuir isotherms 1 and 2 and Freundlich isotherms). The sorption efficiency of the acidic dyes (AR18 and AY23) on RH was the highest at pH = 2, while that of the basic dyes BR46 and BV10 was the most effective at pH = 6 and pH = 3, respectively. The time required for the dyes to reach sorption equilibrium on RH varied depending on their initial concentration, ranging from 120 to 150 min for acidic dyes and 150 to 180 min for basic dyes. The maximum sorption capacity (Qmax) of RH for AR18 and AY23 was determined to be 49.37 mg/g and 41.52 mg/g, respectively, while for BR46 and BV10, it was 59.07 mg/g and 20.93 mg/g, respectively. These Qmax values were compared with data from other sorbents in the literature, indicating that the sorption capacity of rapeseed hulls for the analysed dyes exceeded that of certain activated carbons.