## 2 Material and Methods  
### Datasets  
In the literature, datasets can be generated synthetically for offline training of models. Frequently, datasets are generated from simulated power systems rather than using real data from the field. For instance, through the utilization of simulation, it is possible to acquire a dataset that encompasses 10 distinct categories of short-circuit fault classes, namely AB, AC, BC, ABG, ACG, BCG, AG, BG, CG, and ABC. As illustrated in Figure 1, these faults are categorized as line to ground (LG), line to line (LL), line to line to ground faults (LLG), and line to line to line faults (LLL). Of these, only the LLL fault is symmetrical, while the other faults are asymmetrical [21]. In this study, one fault from each group was evaluated, and the faults evaluated are shown as red boxes in Figure 1.  
Three different datasets were used to determine the performance of the proposed model. These models include the following: (a) the real dataset obtained from Gediz Elektrik Company [26], (b) the public dataset [27], and (c) the dataset obtained by creating the Simulink model. In all three datasets, four different transmission line faults were evaluated as shown in the Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Types of Faults**} & **Definition of** & **Fault Code** & **Real Dataset (\# of** **Patterns)** & **Public Dataset (\# of Patterns)** & **Dataset Generated Based on** **Simulink (\# of Patterns)** \\ \hline Normal & No Fault & [0 0 0 0] & 400 & 1132 & 4000 \\ \hline ABG & Double Line to & \multirow{2}{*}{[1 0 1 1]} & 400 & 1134 & 4000 \\ \hline ABCG & 3 Phase to Ground & \multirow{2}{*}{[1 1 1 1]} & 400 & 1133 & 4000 \\ \hline AG &
\begin{tabular}{c} Single Line to \\ Ground Fault \\ \end{tabular} & [1 0 0 1] & 400 & 1129 & 4000 \\ \hline BC & Line to Line Fault & [0 1 1 0] & 399 & 1004 & 3999 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Total} & 1999 & 5532 & 19,999 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Different types of faults in datasets. Figure 1: Short-circuit fault type classification. Where A, B, C, and G stand for phase A, phase B, phase C, and ground, respectively. (a) Dataset 1: Real (Gediz) dataset  
Real-time data were obtained from the Gediz Elektrik Company. Since 2013, it has been providing 24-h uninterrupted electricity distribution service to 3.6 million consumers and a population of 5.9 million on a total surface area of 13,123 km\({}^{2}\) consisting of 47 districts and 2383 neighborhoods in Turkey's Izmir and Manisa provinces. Fault data were recorded in two different regions in Izmir province. **(i)** The first data were taken from the M-2038 feeder with a line length of approximately 5850 km, located in Guzelbahec district of Izmir. There are 146 transformers, including the 154/34.5 V medium voltage (MV) line in the M-2038 feeder of Izmir Guzelbahec district and the M-2038 feeder output of the M-2773 cabin. There are 11,392 subscribers on the Guzelbahec feeder. Visual diagrams of the feeder exit cabin and the energization zone of the relevant feeder are shown in Figure 2a and 2b, respectively. **(ii)** The second data were taken from the Yenikent feeder with a line length of approximately 3850 km in Izmir-Bergama district. Izmir-Bergama district has 154/34.5 V MV lines and 50 transformers. A total of 1054 subscribers receive energy services from the M-2038 feeder. The cabin and energization zone diagrams of the Tekkedere DM-Yenikent Feeder is shown in Figure 3a and 3b, respectively. For the dataset, approximately 1999 data points were recorded and labeled. A total of six inputs (Ia, Ib, Ic, Va, Vb, and Vc), consisting of the voltages and currents of three  
Figure 3: Izmir-Bergama district. (**a**) Diagram of the Tekkedere DM—Yenikent feeder cabin. (**b**) Visual diagram of the Tekkedere DM—Yenikent energization zone. Figure 2: Güzelbahec district of Izmir. (**a**) Visual diagram of the M-2038 feeder output cabin. (**b**) Diagram of the M-2038 feeder energization zone.