# Plant Foliar Geometry as a Biomimetic Template for Antenna Design
## 3 Results
These figures show the behavior of the reflection coefficient (defined as \(S_{11}\)), the design configuration in the CST electromagnetic solver, 3D electromagnetic radiation and some cuts of the radiation pattern (vertical and horizontal) for different values of frequency of each plant leaf geometry. As shown in these figures, it is interesting to note that all the design cases present multiple operation frequencies. All the cases generate a multiband response in the behavior of the reflection. Therefore, the design impact of each plant leaf will be described, providing details of each different leaf design to give a more detailed description. \begin{table}
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Figure 3: _Sarcorhachis naranjana_ Piperaceae (ovate) (**a**) front view, (**b**) \(S_{11}\) parameter, (**c**) 3D pattern at 1.05 GHz, and cuts of the radiation pattern at \(f\) = 1.05 GHz (**d**) vertical and (**e**) horizontal cut, and at \(f\) = 3.09 GHz (**f**) vertical and (**g**) horizontal cut. Figure 2: _Tetrapterys marcarcarpa_ Malpighiaceae (elliptic) (**a**) front view, (**b**) \(S_{11}\) parameter, (**c**) 3D pattern at 0.87 GHz, and cuts of the radiation pattern at \(f\) = 0.87 GHz (**d**) vertical and (**e**) horizontal cut, and at \(f\) = 3.3 GHz (**f**) vertical and (**g**) horizontal cut. Figure 4: _Cissampelos avariensis_ Menispermaceae (circular base) (**a**) front view, (**b**) \(S_{11}\) Parameter, (**c**) 3D pattern at 1.2 GHz, and cuts of the radiation pattern at \(f\) = 1.2 GHz (**d**) vertical and (**e**) horizontal cut, and at \(f\) = 6.27 GHz (**f**) vertical and (**g**) horizontal cut. Figure 5: _Pananomus spectrum_ Proteaceae (obovate) (**a**) Front view, (**b**) \(S_{11}\) Parameter, (**c**) 3D radiation pattern at 2.34 GHz, and cuts of the radiation pattern at \(f\) = 2.34 GHz (**d**) vertical and (**e**) horizontal cut, and at \(f\) = 5.31 GHz (**f**) vertical and (**g**) horizontal cut. Figure 6: _Cesaria ilicifolia_ Salicaceae (toothed) (**a**) Front view, (**b**) \(S_{11}\) Parameter, (**c**) 3D radiation pattern at 5.91 GHz, and cuts of the radiation pattern at \(f\) = 5.91 GHz (**d**) vertical and (**e**) horizontal cut, and at \(f\) = 6.51 GHz (**f**) vertical and (**g**) horizontal cut. Figure 7: _Liquidambar strucciflua_ Hamamelidaceae (lobed leaves) (**a**) front view, (**b**) \(S_{11}\) Parameter, (**c**) 3D pattern at 4.23 GHz, and cuts of the pattern at \(f\) = 4.23 GHz (**d**) vertical and (**e**) horizontal cut, and at \(f\) = 5.58 GHz (**f**) vertical and (**g**) horizontal cut. The case of elliptic geometry (_Tetrapterys macrocarra_ Malpighiaceae, Figure 2) provides six frequencies of operation below 5 GHz (0.87 GHz, 1.62 GHz, 2.19 GHz, 2.61 GHz, 3.3 GHz and 4.11 GHz), another operation frequency is obtained at 9.2 GHz and for frequencies higher than \(\approx\)13 GHz the reflection coefficient (Figure 2b) remains below \(-\)10 dB. The obtained radiation for the frequencies of 0.87 GHz and 3.3 GHz is illustrated in Figure 2d-g. The horizontal and vertical cut of the radiation pattern obtained for each frequency is illustrated. As observed in these figures, different radiation characteristics are obtained for different values of frequency. Better radiation characteristics are obtained for 0.87 GHz (radiation is obtained in almost half of all the cuts or plane). However, desirable radiation characteristics persist when the frequency is increased up to 3.3 GHz. The ovate case (_Sarconhatis naranjanana_ Piperaceae, Figure 3) generates at least eight interesting frequency bands below 10 GHz (1.05 GHz, 2.9-3.6 GHz, 4.07-4.28 GHz, 4.56-4.71 GHz, 5.15-5.32 GHz, 6.42-6.6 GHz, 7.08-7.22 GHz, 8.4-8.655 GHz, 9.01-9.13 GHz, 9.59-9.76 GHz). Furthermore, the reflection coefficient (Figure 3b) remains below \(-\)10 dB for frequencies higher than 11.6 GHz.