esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Non-Parametric Spatiotemporal Scan Statistic: An Application to Detect Disease Outbreaks
## 2 Methodology
### A Spatiotemporal Mann-Whitney Scan Statistic
#### 2.1.2 Calculation of the Spatiotemporal MW Concentration Index  
Let \(S_{1},S_{2},\ldots,S_{n}\) denote \(n\) distinct spatiotemporal locations. Suppose that the locations are ordered: \(S_{1}<S_{2}<\ldots<S_{n}\) based on the _spatiotemporal distance_ (Equation (2)) with respect to the coordinates and time factor of each of the distinct spatiotemporal locations instead of using the spatial distance.  
For example, suppose the observations over a period of 31 days are considered and hence the observational time length \((T)\) is 31, and the maximum spatial distance \((D)\) among the points of the area of interest is 30 km. Then, the spatiotemporal distance between two points (40.7504, 73.9967, 3) and (40.722, \(-\)73.99, 5) can be calculated as follows.  
\[d^{ST}[(40.7504,\ 73.9967,\ 3),(40.722,-73.99,\ 5)]=d^{S}\big{[} (40.7504,73.9967,\frac{30}{31}\times 3),\big{(}40.722,-73.99,\frac{30}{31} \times 5\big{)}\big{]}\] \[=\sqrt{(40.7504-40.722)^{2}+(73.9967-(-73.99))^{2}+((\frac{30}{31} \times 3)-\big{(}\frac{30}{31}\times 3))^{2}}=148.000217\]  
The continuous marks attached to each spatiotemporal location are denoted by \(X_{1},X_{2},\ldots,X_{n}\). Let \(X_{(1)},X_{(2)},\ldots,X_{(n)}\) be the order statistics associated with the \(X_{i}^{\prime}s\) such that \(X_{(1)}<X_{(2)}<\cdots<X_{(n)}\). Let \(R_{j}\) be the rank of \(X_{j}\) such that \(X_{(R_{j})}=X_{j}\), \(\forall\ j=1,2,\ldots,n\)  
Then Mann-Whitney Spatial Scan Statistic can be extended to the spatiotemporal setting by considering a three-dimensional cylindrical scanning window with a base representing space and a height representing time. Then, for each cylinder \(C_{y}\), containing \(n_{C}\) distinct spatiotemporal locations, the standardized sum of ranks can be calculated as follows.  
\[I_{rank}\big{(}C_{y}\big{)}=\frac{SR\big{(}C_{y}\big{)}-M\big{(}C_{y}\big{)}}{ \sqrt{V\big{(}C_{y}\big{)}}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(SR\big{(}C_{y}\big{)}=\sum\limits_{S_{k}\in C_{y}}R_{k}\), \(M\big{(}C_{y}\big{)}=\frac{n_{C}(n+1)}{2}\) and \(V\big{(}C_{y}\big{)}=\frac{n_{C}(n-n_{C})(n+1)}{12}\). Accordingly, the spatiotemporal MW concentration index for high-rate clusters can be defined as  
\[\wedge_{MWST}^{H}=\max\limits_{C_{y}\in S}I_{rank}\big{(}C_{y}\big{)} \tag{4}\]  
According to the literature, it appears to be difficult to find the exact or even an asymptotic distribution of this type of test statistic. Therefore, the \(p\)-value is estimated using the Monte Carlo procedure where the observed scan statistic is compared to the scan statistics computed after random permutations of the marks. This methodology proposed in [5] is only focused on identifying the most significant cluster, but not the secondary clusters. However, finding secondary clusters is straightforward using the procedure proposed in [10], which suggests, once a significant cluster is found, to remove the data included in the significant cluster and restart the analyzing process.
# Design of a Partially Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Microgrid Using IoT Technology
## 3 Microgrid Modeling and Design
### Three-Phase Inverter  
At the load end, a three-phase space-vector controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) serves as a link between the DC-bus and the system loads. The inverter control is utilized to regulate the voltage and frequency at the load side. As the system is not directly connected to the utility grid, the AC-bus voltage amplitude and frequency must be well regulated.  
Figure 9 illustrates a schematic representation of the inverter and its control scheme. Generally, a three-phase VSI inverter contains six IGBT power switches in a bridge configuration, interconnected via regulated DC bus voltage through shunt capacitor(s). The inverter harmonic is filtered by an LCL-type filter, which is commonly used in grid-connected and standalone PV systems. The vector control technique is based on a synchronously rotating reference frame. The controller sets the angular velocity (\(\omega\)) of the rotating axis system, which determines the voltage frequency at the load side [58,59]. The voltage balance across the inductor, \(L_{f}\) in the LCL filter circuit, can be calculated as follows:  
\[v_{o\;a,b,c}=r_{f}i_{a,b,c}+L_{f}\frac{di_{a,b,c}}{dt}+v_{i\;a,b,c} \tag{21}\]  
where \(v_{o\;a,b,c}\) are output voltages of the inverter, \(r_{f}\) and \(L_{f}\) are the resistance and inductance values of the inverter filter, and \(i_{a,b,c}\) are the inverter currents. In a rotating direct-quadrate \(d\)-\(q\) reference frame, the vector representation of a balanced three-phase system and their corresponding vectors can be written as:  
\[v_{d}=v_{id}-r_{f}i_{d}+L_{f}\frac{di_{d}}{dt}+\omega L_{f}i_{q} \tag{22}\]  
\[v_{q}=v_{iq}-r_{f}i_{q}+L_{f}\frac{di_{q}}{dt}-\omega L_{f}i_{q} \tag{23}\]  
If the reverence voltage of the output in the d-axis is set to a constant value \(v_{d\text{-}r\text{$\prime$}}=\left\lvert\;V\;\right\rvert\) representing the required peak voltage at the AC-Bus feeder (\(\left\lvert\;V\;\right\rvert=\sqrt{2}\;V_{rms}\)), and that of the q-axis (\(v_{q\text{-}r\text{$\prime$}}\)) is set to zero. Then the inverter active and reactive power can be calculated by:  
\[P=\frac{3}{2}\lvert V\rvert i_{d} \tag{24}\]  
and  
\[Q=-\frac{3}{2}\lvert V\rvert i_{q} \tag{25}\]  
The parameters of voltage PI controllers were tuned at \(k_{p}=0.1\) and \(k_{i}=10\) s\({}^{-1}\) and those of the current PI controllers were set to \(k_{p}=30\) and \(k_{i}=200\) s\({}^{-1}\). Table 4 shows the most important design parameters of the inverter.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Rated Power & 100 kW \\ Battery nominal voltage & 192 V (4 \(\times\) 48 V) \\ Battery maximum charging/discharging current & 500 A \\ Output voltage (\(V_{DC\text{-}r\text{$\prime$}}\)) & 800 V \\ Switching frequency & 10 kHz \\ Inductor value (\(LI\)) & 0.5 mH \\ Input capacitor (\(C_{1}\)) & 500 μF \\ Output capacitor (\(C_{2}\)) & 500 μF \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Design parameters of the bidirectional converter circuit.
## 6 Conclusions  
The introduction of ABSs in the MIoT has allowed increased deployment flexibility and dynamic resource provisioning, aligning with 6G ubiquitous connectivity goals. In the A2S integrated MIoT, the incorporation of ABSs to supplement onshore and satellite deployments establishes an intermediary airborne stratum, addressing the constrained coverage of land-based stations and mitigating the heightened latency and narrow-band links associated with satellites. This survey demonstrates the role of the A2S integrated MIoT. Specifically, the A2S integrated MIoT can connect ships, marine equipment, sensors, etc., to achieve information collection, transmission, processing, and application. By introducing the A2S integrated MIoT, we can further solve problems, including maritime information transmission, computation-intensive task offloading, data-caching mechanisms, relay selection, multi-dimensional resource allocation, information security, etc. Moreover, the A2S integrated MIoT can provide real-time and accurate data support for marine environmental protection and marine resource development, and optimize maritime traffic management and navigation safety. Furthermore, several important open issues towards efficiently integrating and exploiting ABSs for maritime activities in the A2S integrated MIoT have been outlined, aiming to attract high research interest in this important domain. A major takeaway from this survey is that a novel implementation framework is set for the A2S integrated MIoT, optimizing important performance metrics in a wide range of deployment scenarios. Unfortunately, there is a gap among theoretical gains and practical large-scale implementation, as the field of the A2S integrated MIoT has only recently started to gain traction.  
S.L.: conceptualization, methodology, software, and writing--original draft preparation. L.Z.: conceptualization, resources, writing--review and editing, supervision, and funding acquisition. F.H.: resources, funding acquisition, and writing--review and editing. A.H.: formal analysis and writing--review and editing. D.W.: conceptualization, resources, and writing--review and editing. Y.H.: conceptualization, resources, writing--review and editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (Lingyan) under Grants 2022C03121 and 2023C01162, in part by the Student Research Training Program of Jiaxing University under Grant 8517231248, in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62271399, in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2020 YRB1807003, and in part by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province under Grant 2022 KW-07.  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest for publishing in this journal.
# Improvement of Position Repeatability of a Linear Stage with Yaw Minimization
## 5 Conclusions  
The PCB electrical test machine has an XY stage with an open-frame moving platform. It has disadvantageous conditions for precision driving with a ratio \(l/w\) of 0.41 and an \(FO\) of 80%. Practical constraints on the moving platform make the choice unavoidable, even though such a configuration is considered most unfavorable [1; 2]. Practically attainable position repeatability of such a configuration has been known to be in the order of tens of micrometers or more.  
Since the platform yaw motion affects the stage's position repeatability significantly, its control is a crucial factor in stage design. Yawing of a moving platform is governed by various factors, including the driving force offset from the platform's geometric center, the positions of the stiffness, mass, and rotation centers. Other contributions are also expected from the parallelism between the two linear motion guides supporting the platform. The stiffness between the block and rail of the linear motion guides also contributes significantly.  
In this work, it has been confirmed that yawing may be minimized by reducing the distances between the linear ball screw actuator and the platform's centers of mass and stiffness. This may be implemented by adding proper balance weights to the platform and partially relieving one of the linear motion guides from its constraints. The adverse effects of a parallelism error between the two linear motion guides may also be alleviated by this method. An example of design improvement along these lines has been presented with experimental validation.  
Conceptualization, D.-H.C. and K.-H.K.; methodology, D.-H.C. and H.-C.K.; validation, D.-H.C. and H.-C.K.; formal analysis, D.-H.C. and K.-H.K.; investigation, D.-H.C. and H.-C.K.; data curation, H.-C.K.; writing--original draft preparation, D.-H.C.; writing--review and editing, All; visualization, D.-H.C.; supervision, K.-H.K.; project administration, K.-H.K.; funding acquisition, K.-H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the grant \"Development of next-generation electrical test machine ultra-precision driving system\" from Samsung Electro-Mechanics Corporation.  
Not applicable.  
The data generated in this study are freely available.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 28: Markers of 15 points on calibration artifact glass for 25 cycles of repeatability test captured by camera: (**a**) without balancing weight and (**b**) with balancing weight.
# Simulation-Oriented Analysis and Modeling of
## 2 Data
### Distracted Car-Following Event  
The Distracted Car-following Event data were extracted from the SH-NDS dataset. Specifically, the SH-NDS dataset includes various driving scenarios, from which we identified and isolated events wherein drivers were following another vehicle and were distracted. Some studies have proposed methods to extract car-following segments [41; 42; 43]. Firstly, car-following segments were extracted from the SH-NDS dataset based on existing standards. The conditions for extracting car-following segments in this study are defined as follows:  
(1) The radar target identification number remains unchanged, ensuring that the vehicle continuously follows the same lead vehicle.  
(2) There is no lateral displacement greater than 1.5 meters between adjacent times-tamps, ensuring that the vehicle does not change lanes or overtake.  
(3) The longitudinal distance to the lead vehicle is less than 100 meters, eliminating completely unconstrained car-following states.  
(4) The test vehicle speed is greater than 20 km/h, excluding low-speed waiting events.  
(5) The car-following duration is equal to 10 seconds, ensuring that each car-following segment contains enough sequences for subsequent algorithm analysis.  
On this basis, distracted car-following events were extracted according to the following criteria; when a car-following segment meets any of these criteria, it can be considered as a candidate for distracted car-following events [44]:  
(1) The distance between the leading and following vehicles is getting larger and larger.  
(2) The distance between the leading and following vehicles is unexpectedly small.  
(3) The vehicle's lateral swing becomes unstable.  
The distracted car-following events filtered out by the criteria may be misclassified due to data anomalies or individual differences between drivers. Therefore, each car-following event was further manually reviewed via video to ensure that the driver was distracted. During the manual review of distracted car-following events, specific criteria were used to confirm distraction incidents. The review criteria included instances where the driver's gaze was away from the road ahead (e.g., using a mobile phone) or where the driver's gaze remained on the road, but they were engaged in non-driving tasks (e.g., talking on the  
Figure 1: Information included in the Shanghai Naturalistic Driving Study (SH-NDS).  
phone, conversing with passengers). If the manual check did not identify any abnormal behavior, the event was considered normal driving and subsequently removed from the distraction database. Ultimately, 772 distracted car-following events were extracted.
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, in this letter, we have demonstrated a stable, compact, efficient, high energy, all solid-state MIR pulsed 6.45 \(\upmu\)m laser based on a ns extra-cavity BGSe-OPO configuration pumped by an electro-optically Q-switched Nd:YAG laser oscillator at 1064 nm. The DP-SRO configuration, longer NLO crystal with high quality and larger pump spots were employed to improve the output pulse energy. A maximum output pulse energy of 6.76 mJ was obtained at the PRR of 10 Hz when the input pump energy was 93.5 mJ, corresponding to an o-o conversion efficiency of 7.23% from 1064 nm to 6.45 \(\upmu\)m. The experiment data are in reasonable agreement with the results of our theoretical simulation. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent both the highest pulse energy and highest o-o conversion efficiency at 6.45 \(\upmu\)m for any 1 \(\upmu\)m pumped OPOs to date. The pulse duration of a long MIR wave at 6.45 \(\upmu\)m was measured to be 18.85 ns. Meanwhile, at idler output energy of 4.5 mJ, the beam quality factors M\({}^{2}\) were measured to be 11.19 and 7.84 in the \(x\) and \(y\) directions, respectively, and the fluctuation of output energy was less than \(\pm\)0.5% over 165 min. Such a simple, compact and rugged high energy coherent MIR laser at 6.45 \(\upmu\)m is very relevant for numerous medical and biological applications, in particular for effective ablation of biological tissues as a laser scalpel. The results also indicate that BGSe crystal is a highly promising alternative for practical occasions of high energy, high power and high-efficiency long wave MIR laser radiation owing to its excellent characteristics, including, for example, wide transmission range, large nonlinear coefficients, 1 \(\upmu\)m of laser pumping and a large size. It is expected that some much better performance MIR lasers can be obtained by increasing the damage threshold of AR coating at BGSe crystal end facts.  
Conceptualization, N.W. and Y.S.; methodology, N.W., Y.W. and Y.S.; software, N.W. and Y.F.; validation, Y.S., Y.W., E.W., J.Y., Y.F., H.G., Y.B., Z.C. and Q.P.; formal analysis, N.W., Y.W., Y.F. and Y.S.; investigation, N.W., Y.S., E.W. and Y.W.; resources, J.Y.; data curation, Y.S., N.W. and Z.C.; writing--original draft preparation, N.W. and Y.S.; writing--review and editing, Y.S. and Z.C.; visualization, Y.W., Y.S. and Z.C.; supervision, J.Y., H.G., Y.B., Z.C. and Q.P.; project administration, Y.S., Z.C. and J.Y.; funding acquisition, Y.S., Z.C. and J.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Key special projects, Young Scientist, No. 2022 YFB3607900), the Key Laboratory Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Lab of Solid-State Laser (No. CXJ-22S020) and the National Special Support Program for High-level Talents in Science and Technology (Innovation Leading Talent Program Defense Technology Innovation Foundation, No. SQ2022 RA24910010).  
Figure 7: Stability measurement at the idler output energy of 4.5 mJ over 165 min.
# Study on Temperature Characteristics of Lubrication Film of Valve Plate Pair in Axial Piston Pumps
## 1 Introduction
The experimental and theoretical results showed that the extrusion pressure and hot wedge support force were the main factors affecting the oil film thickness and bearing capacity, and the ideal slipper radius ratio and hole length-diameter ratio were obtained by optimizing the structural parameters of the slipper and oil composition. [PERSON] et al. [21] took hydraulic oils with different viscosities and water-glycol hydraulic oil as test fluids and measured the temperatures of the swash plate, valve plate, and cylinder block by a thermocouple under different inlet oil temperatures and viscosities. The test results show that the temperature of the valve plate proportionately increases as the load pressure increases. [PERSON] et al. [22] established a model for predicting the casing and outlet oil temperatures of an axial piston pump working stably, and the predicted value agreed with the measured results. Then, 22 thermocouples were installed on the valve plate, and the oil film temperature of the valve plate pair was measured under different working conditions [23]. [PERSON] et al. [24] also proposed a temperature prediction model considering hydraulic oil compression and expansion, the heat transfer caused by energy loss and power loss, and the temperature change of the pump outlet and shell was well predicted. [PERSON] et al. [25] proposed a thermoelastohydrodynamic model to solve the pressure and temperature distribution in a fluid film, the temperature distribution in a solid, and its elastic deformation under the influence of pressure and heat. [PERSON] et al. [26] studied the working performance, efficiency, and reliability of CPAP and analyzed the effect of temperature on the pump efficiency by taking into account the viscosity of hydraulic oil. To improve film temperature model accuracy, a shape model of the oil film of a valve plate pair is developed according to the test data of the three-point oil film thickness of the valve plate pair. On this basis, an oil film temperature distribution model is established, considering the viscous oil temperature characteristics, the energy loss caused by leakage and viscous friction in the film, and the heat conduction among the oil, cylinder block, and valve plate. A test platform is built, in which three displacement sensors for film thickness are installed in the low-pressure side of the valve plate and eleven thermocouples for film temperature are laid in the high-pressure side of the back of the valve plate. According to the theoretical and test data, the film temperature distribution of the valve plate pair in an axial piston pump is studied. Assume that the speed of the axial piston pump is always 1000 rpm.
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, it has been investigated that the increased radiative recombination rate in the InGaN-based NUV LEDs was caused by the localized states owing to the potential-energy fluctuation in the QWs. The decrease in point defects in the QWs was consistently confirmed through the analyses of \(n_{\text{min}}\), the SRH coefficient, the PHEMOS distribution, and the \(S\) value. At low currents, the decrease in the sample's redshift was attributed to the decreased SRH recombination and carrier tunneling. A consistent relationship between the \(S\) value and the IQE was also found via the decrease in SRH recombination and the carrier tunneling at low current and carrier overflow at high currents. At low currents, the increased radiative recombination rate was caused especially by the carrier localization via potential-energy fluctuation in the QWs that reduced SRH recombination and carrier tunneling from the QWs to the p-GaN clad layer through point defects. The origin of the potential-energy fluctuation was considered to be from the combined effects of the inhomogeneous distribution of point defects, \(F_{\text{PZ}}\), and the In composition, which has been consistently comprehend by using macroscopic characterizations. This work emphasizes that the potential-energy fluctuation in QWs plays a very important role in the performance of LEDs, especially NUV LEDs.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] conducted the experiments and data analysis under guidance of [PERSON] and [PERSON]; [PERSON] wrote the manuscript and [PERSON] and [PERSON] read, edited, and commented on the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (Grant 10065712) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors are grateful to [PERSON] for the help in the analyses of the IQE curves.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Related Work
### Available Test-Beds  
To test and evaluate the performance of a 5G network, academic and corporate institutions use the 5G test-bed to research, develop, and predict its future implementation under a wide variety of scenarios [22].  
Currently, many network test-bed solutions can fulfill network slice selection function (NSSF) needs. Norwegian University of Science and Technology researchers conducted an extensive review of a small-scale 5G test-bed in this regard. In the review, the team provided a valuable summary of a wide variety of test-bed for network slicing in 5G [23]. A common trend was combining SDN and NFV technologies (the BlueArch, shown in 19 of the 21 test-bed evaluated). On the other hand, radio access technologies (RATs) had a lower adoption rate (the SliceNet, shown in 13 of the 21 test-bed). RAT combines radio networks, Wi-Fi, long-term evolution (LTE), and 5G new radio). Radio propagation is sensitive to its physical environment. The presence of materials such as metal or brick can cause unexpected blind spots.  
Radio datasets are the basis for distance estimation or location fingerprint techniques [24]. Smart logistic solutions such as fleet management and tracking solutions require distance estimation and location fingerprint. The use of simulators with data generation capabilities can provide customized radio datasets.  
The lower adoption rate of RATs in the 5G small-scale test-beds review represents a research opportunity. Combining radio simulators with other technologies, such as NFV or SDN, could provide tools to test and validate essential 5G technologies for non-familiar adopters.