## 2 Occurrence Mechanism of Advanced Mining-Induced Seismicity
**(a)** Mining-induced static and dynamic stress distribution, **(b)** fractures in raw coal and rocks, and **(c)** acoustic emission (AE) activity of the raw coal and rock samples under different axial stress. The steps for using the statistical method to determine the advanced mining influence range are as follows:  
Step 1: Mining-induced seismicity in the working face is monitored using the microseismic monitoring system. The source location and seismic energy are calculated. It is important to exclude seismic events caused by human activities, such as pre-splitting blasting and borehole drilling, from this analysis. Step 2: A mining area with a distance \(c\) after the working face is selected. Then, \(m\) mining phases with a distance \(a\) are divided. The distances between the mining phases are \(c_{0}\), \(c_{1}\),..., and \(c_{m1}\).The maximum distances between the mining-induced seismicity and the mining phase are calculated. The largest of these distances is used as the statistical area \(L\) of mining-induced seismicity. It is recommended to set \(c\) between 100 and 300 m, ensuring similar geological and mining conditions, and \(a\) between 10 and 30 m to match periodic mining conditions. The number of the mining phases \(m\) should be more than three. Step 3: The statistical area \(L\) is equally divided into \(n\) advanced subareas with a distance \(b\). For all mining phases in step 2, the total seismic energy \(e_{in}\) and the seismic number \(q_{in}\) within the \(n\) advanced subareas are calculated and superimposed:  
\[E_{n}=e_{1n}+e_{2n}+e_{3n}+\cdots+e_{mn}=\sum_{i=0}^{m}e_{in} \tag{1}\]  
\[Q_{n}=q_{1n}+q_{2n}+q_{3n}+\cdots+q_{mn}=\sum_{i=0}^{m}q_{in} \tag{2}\]  
Figure 2: Framework of the statistical method of mining-induced seismicity. where \(E_{n}\) and \(Q_{n}\) are the sums of the seismic energy and the seismic number in the advanced subareas, respectively; \(e_{in}\) and \(q_{in}\) are the total seismic energy and the total seismic number of a certain advanced subarea in all mining phases, respectively, and m is the number of the mining phases. Step 4: The distances \(d_{i}\) between the midlines of the advanced subareas and the mining phases are calculated as Equations (3) and (4). These distances are used as the abscissas to plot curves of the total seismic number and the total seismic energy in the advanced areas. The ordinates represent the total seismic number and total seismic energy. \[d_{i}=\frac{a-b}{2}+ib,i=1,2,\cdots,n \tag{3}\]  
\[d_{0}=0 \tag{4}\]  
where \(d_{i}\) is the distance between the midlines of the advanced subareas and the mining phases, \(a\) is the mining length of the mining phase, and \(b\) is the length of the advanced subareas. Step 5: The total seismic number and the total seismic energy curves in step 4 are then normalized and divided by the maximum ordinates, as Equations (5)-(8):  
\[Q_{max}=max(Q_{i}),\ i=0,1,2,\cdots,n \tag{5}\]  
\[E_{max}=max(E_{i}),\ i=0,1,2,\cdots,n \tag{6}\]  
\[R(Q_{i})=\frac{Q_{i}}{Q_{max}},i=0,1,2,\cdots,n \tag{7}\]  
\[R(E_{i})=\frac{E_{i}}{E_{max}},\ i=0,1,2,\cdots,n \tag{8}\]  
where \(Q_{max}\) and \(E_{max}\) are the maximum total seismic number and the maximum total seismic energy in the advanced subareas, respectively. \(R(Q_{i})\) and \(R(E_{i})\) are the normalized total seismic number and the normalized total seismic energy in the advanced subareas, respectively. Step 6: In the normalized total seismic number and total seismic energy curves, thresholds are respectively set to determine the advanced mining influence ranges. If the normalized values in a particular advanced subarea exceed the thresholds, that subarea is within the advanced mining influenced area. The maximum distance at which these values are exceeded represents the advanced mining influence range for the working face at that location. The thresholds can be established based on AE activities observed in laboratory tests of coal and rock samples under axial loading.