## 3 Results and Discussion
The diameter of the drilled hole \(D_{\mathrm{h}}\) as a function of duration of the laser pulse for a given power \(P=47\) mW has been previously studied [8]. The data are presented in Figure 3 (red squares), wherein the energy \(E_{\mathrm{ms}}=P\tau\) of a millisecond laser pulse is used for the \(x\)-axis. However, such a low power is not in line with recommendations for laser-assisted ZP microsurgery due to the high energy deposited. The model presented earlier in Ref. [13] was used to estimate the temperature at the center point of a millisecond pulse. It is based on a solution to the heat-conduction equation with the power of the pulse \(P\), its duration \(\tau\), and the radius of the beam \(w_{0}\) used as input parameters. We have estimated temperature growth for both millisecond exposure modes--the \"high\" power (\(\tau=0.6\) ms, \(P=250\) mW) and \"low\" power (\(\tau=20\) ms, \(P=47\) mW), resulting in the same ZP opening size \(D_{\mathrm{h}}\sim 10\)\(\upmu\)m. The beam geometry in the calculations was the same; values were taken from Ref. [13]. Although the temperature increase \(\Delta T=143^{\circ}\) C for the \"low\" power exposure regime is lower than that for the \"high\" power (\(\Delta T=333^{\circ}\)C), a longer pulse duration leads to greater heating at a distance of 10-15 \(\upmu\)m from beam center, increasing the risk of cell damage in the region adjacent to the laser focus. In the case of femtosecond pulse duration, ZP dissection is performed using a sequence of laser pulses with energy that is four orders of magnitude lower than that used for millisecond pulses. To make a cut in the ZP that is \(\sim\)1 \(\upmu\)m wide, femtosecond laser pulses with energies of about 23 mJ and following with a repetition rate of 2.5 kHz are required, with a beam velocity of \(v=0.01\) mm/s. The temperature increase in the area of interaction due to absorption of a single laser pulse reaches \(\Delta T=1.4\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and falls down to zero for tens of microseconds. To make this estimation, we used the model described in detail in Ref. [31] and an approach proposed by [PERSON] et al. [23]. Calculations were made for a drop of water absorbing the pulse. First, calculation of concentration dynamics of \"free\" electrons due to absorption of the femtosecond laser pulse of a given intensity and beam geometry was conducted. The energy is released when recombination of the electrons transferred to the conduction band occurs. This gives us the spatial and temporal power profiles of the heating source for subsequent solving of the heat-conduction equation. An increase in the energy of the laser pulses finally results in the optical breakdown of water (OB in Figure 3). The energies close to the OB are not suitable for ZP dissection due to the high risk of cavitation bubbles forming, which can cause displacement of an embryo lying freely on the bottom of the dish, and due to high temperatures. Analysis of the obtained spatial profile of the temperature showed that even for energies close to the OB, temperature changes are highly localized and occur within an area with a radius of \(1.5w_{0}\). Our calculations for a series of femtosecond pulses have shown that heat accumulation in the interaction area is negligible for pulses with repetition rates in the kHz range. Millisecond pulse exposure used to perform ZP drilling 1 \(\upmu\)m in diameter results in a much higher heating of \(\Delta T=87\)\({}^{\circ}\)C compared to femtosecond exposure. Direct comparison of laser effects in cases of femtosecond and millisecond laser pulses is, of course, flawed due to multi- and single-pulse regimes. Figure 3, however, makes it possible to compare the energies of both pulse durations required for ZP microdissections, as well as the temperatures reached. The cut width \(D\) is determined not only by the pulse energy \(E\), but by a set of parameters.