# Applications of Satellite Radar Imagery for Hazard Monitoring: Insights from Australia
## 9 Conclusions  
Effective disaster risk reduction benefits from comprehensive hazard monitoring. Satellite SAR imagery provides particular advantages for identifying and assessing hazards compared to other types of EO data, most notably due to its ability to see through cloud, smoke and, to a varying degree, vegetation; to measure displacements of the Earth's surface; to \"see\" structural changes that are not related to surface reflectance and are not visible with optical datasets. The availability of systematically acquired SAR data by Sentinel-1 presents new opportunities to use SAR and InSAR to address national-scale hazard monitoring requirements, including for countries such as Australia, where uptake of these data has historically been limited. New case studies that apply SAR data to issues critical to Australia and elsewhere, such as groundwater management, fires, resource extraction industries, and seismic hazard, highlight the potential contribution of these data to hazard monitoring efforts but also the potential challenges involved in the integration of SAR into operational systems. The case studies expand on the types of hazards previously investigated using SAR globally and provide an understanding of past, current, and potential future usage of these data for hazard monitoring applications in an Australian context, with insights that can be learned by the global community. The uptake of SAR data for hazard applications globally will continue to benefit from validated case studies, the development of tools (such as Analysis Ready Data and Open Data Cubes) that support operational use and, ultimately, the continued provision of open-access, consistent imagery by large-scale satellite missions. **Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs13081422/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs13081422/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs13081422/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs13081422/s1)), Table S1: lists resources for non-specialist Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data users; Table S2: details the SAR satellites described in the manuscript; Table S3 details the SAR datasets plus processing methods and parameters used to produce the example case studies in this study. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.L.P. ; formal analysis, A.L.P., P.C., T.F., and M.C.G. ; investigation, A.L.P., P.C., T.F., and M.C.G. ; writing--original draft preparation, all; writing--review and editing, A.L.P., P.C., W.E.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** A.P. is the recipient of an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award funded by the AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL, grant number DE190101389. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The Sentinel-1 data presented in this study are openly available in the Sentinels Australasia Regional Access portal ([[https://copernicus.nci.org.au/sara.client/#/home--accessed](https://copernicus.nci.org.au/sara.client/#/home--accessed)]([https://copernicus.nci.org.au/sara.client/#/home--accessed](https://copernicus.nci.org.au/sara.client/#/home--accessed)) on 16 March 2021). **Acknowledgments:** [PERSON] and [PERSON], Geoscience Australia, provided information regarding activations of the International Charter during flood events. We thank the European Space Agency for providing open access to Sentinel-1 data via the Sentinels Australasia Regional Access portal ([[https://copernicus.nci.org.au/sara.client/#/home--accessed](https://copernicus.nci.org.au/sara.client/#/home--accessed)]([https://copernicus.nci.org.au/sara.client/#/home--accessed](https://copernicus.nci.org.au/sara.client/#/home--accessed)) on 16 March 2021). [PERSON] produced the image shown in Figure 1, and [PERSON] processed the TerraSAR-X imagery acquired over Perth in Figure 4B with the data obtained from the DLR under science project LAN1499. T.F. and M.C.G.