esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Appendix A  
A summary table of the articles' substantive characteristics is developed in Table A1. The articles have been grouped into eight technological categories, associated with linked Industry 4 design principles and key challenges.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Technology Group**} & **No. of** & **Linked Industry** & **Key Challenges** & **References** \\  & **Articles** & **4 Design Principles** & **Key Challenges** & **References** \\ \hline Cyber-physical Systems & & & Lack of awareness; & [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 18, 24, 35, 37, 41, 47, 49, 9, 80, 84, 93, 96, 115, 117, 119, 140, 157, 158, 166] & \\ (CPS/CPPS) & & & Process complexity. & 119, 140, 157, 158, 166] & \\ Industrial IoT & & & [5, 17, 35, 39, 30, 31, 11, 118, 119, 134, 138, 140, 151, 152, 156, 159, 166] & \\ Digital Twin & & Information & Lack of awareness; & [12, 17, 32, 36, 45, 60, 62, 67, 98, 120, 129, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 150, 153] & \\ Advanced Robotics & 20 & Technical assistance & Lack of awareness; & [3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 47, 49, 53, 60, 61, 64, 86, 97, 119, 129, 136, 137, 166, 167] & \\ Additive Manufacturing & 5 & Technical assistance & Resource limitation. & [51, 69, 97, 111, 140] & \\ (AM) & & & & \\ Mixed Reality & 15 & Information & Technical difficulty; & \\ (AR/VR) & & & & Resource limitation. & \\ Big Data Analytics & 12 & Decentralised decisions & Technical difficulty; & [2, 47, 63, 68, 107, 110, 112, 139, 141, 150, 153] & \\ Machine Vision & & & & Technical difficulty; & \\ (MV) & 5 & Technical assistance & Resource limitation. & [37, 55, 56, 60, 160] & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table A1: Grouped summary of reviewed articles (n = 145) by technology category, associated with the number of articles, Industry 4 design principles, key challenges, and reference indices.
# A Review of Recent Advances in Roll Stability Control in On-Road and Off-Road Vehicles
###### Abstract  
Despite significant advancements in roll stability control for individual vehicle types, comparative research across on-road and off-road vehicles remains limited, hindering cross-disciplinary innovation. This study bridges this gap by systematically analyzing roll stability control in both vehicle categories, focusing on theoretical foundations, key technologies, and experimental validation methods. On-road vehicles rely on mature technologies like active suspension, braking, and steering, which enhance safety through sensor monitoring, rollover prediction, and integrated stability control. Validation is primarily performed through hardware-in-the-loop simulations and on-road testing. Off-road vehicles, operating in more complex environments with dynamic load changes and rugged terrain, emphasize adaptive leveling, direct torque control, and active steering. Their stability control strategies must also account for terrain irregularities, real-time load shifts, and extreme slopes, validated through scaled-model tests and field trials. Comparative analysis reveals that while both vehicle types face similar challenges, their control strategies differ significantly: on-road vehicles focus on handling and high-speed stability, while off-road vehicles require more robust, adaptive mechanisms to manage environmental uncertainties. Future research should explore multi-system collaborative control, such as integrating active suspension with intelligent terrain perception, to improve adaptability and robustness across both vehicle categories. Furthermore, the integration of machine learning and advanced predictive algorithms promises to enhance the intelligence and versatility of roll stability control systems.  
roll stability; vehicle dynamics; on-road vehicles; off-road vehicles; safety control 2025
## 5 Low-Power Cellular Technologies for IoT
### EC-GSM-IoT  
The Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communication (EC-GSM-IoT) was one of the early solutions proposed for cellular machine-to-machine IoT applications from the GSM and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) which was standardised by 3 GPP. The software enhancement of the design features of GSM aimed to support mobile IoT development because of its wide global coverage and business needs between the early 1990s and 2015. The number of frequency bands pairs for global GSM deployment--900 MHz with 1800 MHz, and 850 MHz with 1900 MHz--make the manufacture of the global GSM device easier since an IoT device's worst-case complexity is to have dual band capabilities and a low module price (multiple bands support), which are among the characteristics that make GSM suitable for IoT. GSM standards were defined for voice and data based on voice and packet-switched technologies, respectively, [30]. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and Enhanced General Packet Radio Service Phase 2B (EGPRS2B) are variants of GSM enhancement to support higher data rates of up to 2 Mbit/s. An EC-GSM-IoT-based IoT was designed to co-exist with higher versions of cellular networks and benefits from their high capacity, extended coverage, roaming support, deep indoor penetration, low energy consumption depending on the number of RF bands supported, and security as well as privacy features [60]. This is a good option for IoT deployment in developing countries, where cellular networks are predominantly used for voice, such as in Nigeria, where the GSM mobile share of technology stood at 99.8% in 2021 [61], and in places where GSM coverage exceeds 4G.  
It is important to state that the management of the spectrum has been a major challenge with some being refarmed and others shared between mobile network operators in order to provision global IoT services. With the advent of 5G, spectrum allocated for GSM may be further refarmed to support new technologies.
## 1 Introduction
The reproducible and robust structure that greatly enhances the electromagnetic field is ideal for SERS [16]. As a surface sensor measurement method based on nano scale substrate, one of the main difficulties of SERS technology focuses on the preparation and surface treatment of SERS active substrate. If the same molecule is adsorbed on solid substrates with different shapes, sizes, and morphologies, the SERS signal intensity may differ by several orders of magnitude. Therefore, the practical application depends on whether the SERS active substrate with high sensitivity, high repeatability, low detection limit, uniform hot spots, and stable physical properties can be provided. At the beginning of the advent of SERS technology, the material range of SERS active substrate was basically limited to Au, Ag, Cu nano sol particles, or the surface of Au, Ag, and Cu was chemically etched to obtain nano roughness [17; 18]. Up to now, with the increasingly mature and diversified development of nano preparation technology [19], SERS substrates were expanded from a small number of B-group metals, such as Au, Ag, and Cu to transition metals, semiconductors, graphene, metal oxides and precious metals, nanocomposites, etc. [20; 21; 22]. In this project, Raman signal enhancement, generated by an electric field propagating along the metal electrolyte interface, is selected. Silver film is employed as metal film, while zinc oxide film as an electrolyte film. As a wide band gap semiconductor nano material, ZnO has a number of excellent properties, such as high-efficiency photocatalytic performance, thermoelectric, and piezoelectric effects. In addition, cylindrical nano ZnO has a gain effect on light due to its material and morphology characteristics. Under light irradiation, the laser can be emitted through the resonant cavity mode, leading to an optical waveguide effect. In this paper, an optimal Raman enhancement method is proposed by comparing the influence of ZnO films prepared under different pH conditions on the Raman effect and the actually calculated enhancement factors. The influence of the rough substrate on the Raman effect is expressed by the difference of the hydroxide content in the nanostructure of ZnO.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Mesh and Boundary Condition  
The fluid and solid domains were discretized into tetrahedral mesh cells, as shown in Figure 2. Too coarse a mesh size will lead to inaccurate simulation results, while too fine a mesh size will waste computational resources. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct a mesh independence study to ensure that the appropriate mesh size was adopted for the numerical calculation. The number of elements in the fluid domain were 382,634, 516,906, 837,725 and 1,276,453. The solution operation was performed under the same model and the same parameters, and the velocity of a point at the bifurcation of the left circumflex branch at the same moment in the simulation results was taken and compared with the WSS progression of a point at the bifurcation of the diagonal branch, as shown in Figure 3. Compared with the result with the finest mesh accuracy, the velocity and WSS with a mesh number of 837,725 differed from them by 0.15% and 0.32%, respectively, while the computing time was only 45% of the former. Therefore, the mesh numbers of 837,725 and 147,326 for the fluid domain and solid domain, respectively, were selected for the numerical calculation.  
Figure 1: The location of the plaque in the left coronary artery (Model 1: the plaque is located on the side away from the heart; Model 2: the plaque is located on the side close to the heart; Model 3: the plaque is located on the side close to LCX; and Model 4: the plaque is located on the side away from LCX).  
In the numerical calculation of the coronary arteries, the velocity inlet and pressure outlet are often used as the boundary conditions [10; 16; 17]. In this work, the boundary conditions used real data from the coronary arteries, which reflected the pulsatility of the blood flow induced by cardiac systole [16]. The inlet boundary was adopted as the velocity inlet, the outlet boundary was adopted as the pressure outlet, and the cardiac period was 0.8 s, as shown in Figure 4.  
Due to the small displacement change of the arterial wall at the inlet and outlet, the position of the inlet and outlet of the arterial wall was fixed, and the rest of the arterial wall was free to move. Meanwhile, the inner vessel wall was set as the fluid-structure interface, which was used to transmit and receive data from the fluid domain.  
Figure 3: Variation in the velocity and WSS with the number of mesh elements.  
Figure 2: Mesh results of the fluid domain and solid domain.
## 4 Results and Discussion
The attenuation coefficient of the ultrasonic wave was measured using the relationship \(\alpha=20\)log (\(A_{1}/A_{0}\)). Figure 12 shows the results of attenuation; it was observed that for the same types of specimens the attenuation coefficient follows a similar pattern. It is clear that the attenuation is affected mainly by the chemical reactions that take place between water and cement powder during the hardening process but not by the amount of carbon nanotubes in the cement composite. The trend of attenuation over time for nanoreinforced specimens and plain specimens with w/c ratio 0.5 for both cement paste and mortar, agrees with results from previous study [20]. As Figure 13 shows, at a very early age the attenuation coefficient exhibits a sharp increase for about the first 18 h, then the changes become less pronounced. As the mortar/cement paste hardens, the changes in attenuation occur due to the formation of certain hydrating products, mainly alumina, iron oxide and trisulfate. The capillary pores are filled by these products and hence the scattering is minimized. Figure 3:1 Nonlinear parameter (**a**) \(\beta_{2}\) and (**b**) \(\beta_{3}\) for the nanoreinforced mortar specimens. Figure 3:2 Attenuation for different CNT loadings: (**a**) cement paste and (**b**) mortar.
# Spare Parts Made by Additive Manufacturing to Improve Preventive Maintenance
## 3 Results: Case Study
### Selected Lists
#### 3.2.2 The Selected Spare Parts  
After classifying the pieces, two of them were selected to be printed from the partner Solitium in \"HP 3D printers\" and another one was printed from the AM company \"Lupeon\". According to maximum printability criteria and taking into account the knowledge of the maintenance engineers and the functionality of the parts, two parts were selected to be made in PA12 by the HP Multi Jet Fusion 3D technology and one part to be made in PA12 using SLS technology. These parts belong to the first list because they contain the defined criteria that the company was looking for and they are all made of polymer.  
* Spare part number 1 has the functionality of clamping a tool in order to lock its movements so that the tool is positioned in a certain way. It is a polymer part which is made of polyamide;
* The spare part number 2 is a cover (crankcase) for a tool. This part has three holes where the screw is put in order to assemble the spare part into the tool, to protect the mechanism of the tool;
* The spare part number 3 is made of PA12 using the SLS method in the EOSP396 PBF machine in Lupeon Company located in the Poligono do Molle, Nigran, Ponteveda (Spain). The original spare part was made in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).  
Pieces number 1 and 2 were printed by the partner Solitium and they used the PA12 powder. The technology used is called HP Multi Jet Fusion. The Multi Jet Fusion 3D printing technology was developed to provide new levels of part quality in a fast and inexpensive way compared to existing 3D printing technologies [35].  
Thirty parts per category were analysed from the total number of spare parts in the company's warehouse. Based on the classification according to the above criteria, three polymer parts were selected, which were made at the partner additive manufacturing companies Lupeon and Solitium, as shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Categorisation of the spare parts in the inventory.  
Figure 8: Spare Part 1 selected, (**a**) Lay- out of 252 units, (**b**) Top side and (**c**) Bottom side.  
Figure 9: Spare Part 2 selected, (**a**) Lay-out of 104 units, (**b**) Top side and (**c**) Bottom side.
# Experimental Investigation on a Throttleable Pintle-Centrifugal Injector
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the design and experimental evaluation of a throttleable pintle-centrifugal injector system tailored for hybrid rocket engines, aimed at improving combustion efficiency and enabling precise throttling control. The novel injector system combines the principles of swirl injection and pintle-based throttling, offering fine adjustment of oxidizer flow rates to optimize combustion dynamics. Cold-flow experiments using deionized water were conducted to assess the injector's performance across a range of flow rates and pintle strokes. Results demonstrate that the pintle stroke effectively regulates injection pressure drop and atomization characteristics, with significant improvements observed in spray cone angle and droplet size distribution. The injector system achieved a pressure drop variation ratio of 4.162 at a flow rate adjustment ratio of 6.841, indicating a strong capacity for deep throttling. These findings highlight the potential of the pintle-centrifugal injector to enhance the performance and adaptability of hybrid rocket motors, offering promising applications in modern aerospace propulsion systems.  
hybrid rocket motor; centrifugal injection; pintle-centrifugal injector; throttling control
# Analysis of the Changes in Volatile Components During the Processing of Enshi Yulu Tea
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evolution of Differential Volatiles Throughout Enshi Yulu Taa Production
Acetophenone, a volatile metabolite of phenylalanine [42], is a compound with higher relative content in Laoshan green and Longjing teas, with a pleasant, sweet, and floral aroma [24,25]. 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, derived from the degradation of carotenoids, is a compound with higher relative content in Longjing green tea, mainly with a floral fragrance [23]. Both oct-1-en-3-ol and _cis_-3-hexenyl hexanoate are derived from fatty acid degradation [4]; the former smells of mushrooms, and the latter has a fresh and fruity aroma, and both are important aroma components of Longjing green tea [25]. Enshi Yulu tea also contains a relatively high proportion of these ingredients (Table 2). Phenylmethanol and 2-phenylacetaldehyde are volatile products derived from the metabolism of phenylalanine [43]. Phenylmethanol and 2-phenylacetaldehyde mainly have floral and fruity aromas, which are compounds with higher relative contents in green tea [23,25]. Our study found that they also have relatively high content in Enshi Yulu tea (Table 2). Longifolene is mainly sweet and rose and is an important aroma component in chestnut-green tea [13]. However, it has been reported that the concentration of longifolene significantly increases following the dehydration process of green tea [13], contrary to our results. Ethylbenzene is also a compound with a higher relative content of chestnut-green tea [27]. Additionally, safranal mainly presents a herbal and woody aroma, which is an important aroma component in Pu'er tea [44] and Yunnan black teas [28]. Dihydro-\(\beta\)-ionone has a delightful floral fragrance and is a significant aromatic constituent in Pu-erh ripe tea [45]; 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one has a pleasant and sweet aroma and is a significant aromatic component of black tea [46]; and (_2E,AE_)-octa-2,4-dienal plays a significant role as an aromatic constituent in Yunnan black tea [31]. Based on the relative contents of these aroma components, odor characteristics, and previous research, we infer that alterations in phenylmethanol, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, (_2E_)-non-2-enal, oct-1-en-3-ol, and _cis_-3-hexenyl hexanoate exert the most significant impact on the aroma profile of Enshi Yulu tea during processing.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, we implemented a new non-contact strategy based on the Eulerian motion magnification technique using the Hermite transform and a CNN approach to estimate the respiratory rate. We implemented and tested two different strategies to estimate the respiratory rate, a CNN-ROI method that needs a manual ROI definition, and a CNN-Whole-Image strategy without requiring ROI. We proposed a CNN training method using the tagged inhalation and exhalation frames as reference. Our proposal, based on the CNN estimation, does not require any additional processing on the reconstructed sequence after the motion magnification instead of other video processing methods. The proposed system has been tested on healthy participants in different positions, in controlled conditions but taking into account the surroundings of the subject. The experimental results of the RR were successfully estimated at different positions obtaining a MAE for the automatic strategy of \(3.28\pm 3.33\%\) agreement with respect to the reference of \(\approx\)98%. For future work we must test our approach in different kinds of scenarios, such as in the presence of some simple motions of the subject during acquisition, different camera distances, and different kind of clothes for the participants. This method can be tested for monitoring during longer periods of time.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.B. and E.M.-A.; methodology, J.B., E.M.-A. and H.P.; software, J.B., E.M.-A. and H.P.; validation, J.B. and H.P.; formal analysis, J.B., H.P., E.M.-A.; investigation, J.B. and E.M.-A.; resources J.B., H.P. and E.M.-A.; data curation, J.B. and E.M.-A.; writing--original draft preparation, J.B., H.P. and E.M.-A.; writing--review and editing, J.B., H.P. and E.M.-A.; visualization, E.M.-A. and H.P.; supervision, J.B.; project administration, J.B.; funding acquisition, J.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research has been funded by Universidad Panamericana through the grants: Fomento a la Investigacion UP 2018, under project code UP-CI-2018- ING-MX-03, and Fomento a la Investigacion UP 2019, under project code UP-CI-2019-ING-MX-29.  
**Acknowledgments:** [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] would like to thank the Facultad de Ingenieria of Universidad Panamericana for all support in this work.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} CNN & Convolutional neural network \\ ROI & Region of interest \\ Seat & S \\ Lying face down & LD \\ Lying face up & LU \\ Lying in fetal & LF \\ IPM & Image processing methods \\ HT & Hermite Transform \\ MAE & Mean average error \\ MV & Magnified video \\ MCV & Magnified components video \\ OV & Original Video \\ LOA & Limits of agreement \\ RR & respiratory rate \\ \end{tabular}
###### Abstract  
Recently, the diameters and construction water depths of the pile foundations of planned and newly built sea-crossing bridges have been increasing greatly. Hydrodynamic loads are the key control factors in the design of super-large-diameter piles. However, most of the previous studies focused on the inline force on the pile with a small diameter, and there were few cases to consider the impact of the transverse force on the hydrodynamic load of the pile under wave-current actions. In this study, to understand the hydrodynamic loads on such deep-water super-large-diameter piles, the prototype was one of the 6.3-m piles used in the Xihoumen Rail-cum-Road Bridge, and 1:60-scale model tests were carried out in an experimental tank, with the actions of regular waves and waves combined with currents used as loads. The influence of the current velocity and static wave height on the inline and transverse forces on the pile was measured and analyzed. The experimental results indicate that with increasing current velocity, the fluctuation characteristics of the wave-current-induced inline and transverse forces change significantly, and their peak values increase obviously compared to those induced by only waves. In particular, the peak transverse force increases tens of times and can become equivalent to the inline force. The modified Morison formula and Kutta-Joukowski formula are used to derive the correlations between the drag coefficient \(C_{D}\), inertia coefficient \(C_{M}\), lift coefficient \(C_{L}\), and redefined Keulegan-Carpenter number \(KC^{\star}\). Under wave-current action, the transverse force contributes quite significantly to the hydrodynamic load on a super-large-diameter pile, making it easier to trigger extreme structural loads. The results presented herein are an important reference for the engineering designs of such super-large-diameter piles.  
super-large-diameter pile; wave flume experiment; wave-current force; current velocity; wave height +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
**Citation:** [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Wave-Current Loads on a Super-Large-Diameter Pile in Deep Water: An Experimental Study. _Appl. Sci._**2023**, _13_, 8859. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/appl3158859](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl3158859)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/appl3158859](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl3158859))