# Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: State-of-the-Art
## 2 Technology Advancement  
To date, technological advancements have drastically influenced rehabilitative approaches in different fields and have improved the management of patients suffering from musculoskeletal conditions substantially [8; 9; 10]. In this context, [PERSON] et al. [11] assessed the effects of a novel gait rehabilitation system, providing functional electric stimulation controlled by deep neural networks, for hemiplegic patients. The electromyography (EMG) data related to joint torque were collected from healthy subjects during isometric contractions to recover a natural gait pattern. Interestingly, the authors found promising results in the ankle range of motion and in muscle fatigue through the stimulation of the soleusand tibialis anterior muscles, suggesting potential clinical implications of a comprehensive rehabilitation approach combined with robotic exoskeleton devices.  
Similarly, intriguing results were reported by [PERSON] et al. [12] that assessed the effects of a joint mobilization apparatus in terms of range of motion recovery in patients with frozen shoulders This innovative equipment was composed of pulling units, a power unit, and an adjustable structure, allowing multi-directional mobilization of the shoulder. The authors reported significant advantages of the mobilization apparatus combined with standard therapy in terms of shoulder flexion (11%), abduction (25%), internal rotation (41%), external rotation (24%), and pain score (34%) compared to standard therapy alone.  
Technological advancement has also influenced the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders. In particular, the recent review by [PERSON] et al. [13] underlined the need for ultrasound in daily clinical practice to better characterize elbow pathologies and to guide mini-invasive procedures, targeting pathological areas, and avoiding vulnerable structures, such as nerves or vessels.  
In this context, [PERSON] et al. [14] demonstrated the role of the rasterstereographic system, Symmetric 4D, in the assessment of postural adaptations in professional athletes practicing symmetric and asymmetric sports. The authors reported significant differences in the cervical (\(p\) = 0.041) and lumbar (\(p\) = 0.047) fleche of Stagnara [15], a parameter indicating the forward projection of spine curvature. The results supported the feasibility of the raster-stereographic system, Symmetric 4D, combined with posture evaluation in sports athletes to assess unknown posture adaptations related to repetitive exercise-specific movements.  
In this scenario, postural adaptation interventions were studied also by [PERSON] et al. [16] who evaluated the effects of a novel dynamic tool in sagittal plane trunk adaptations. A significant difference (\(p\) < 0.001) between dynamic and conventional sitting postures was recorded, suggesting a potential role for patients suffering from back pain or poor posture. However, further studies are needed to support the efficacy of the dynamic stool in musculoskeletal diseases management.  
Recently, technological advancements have also drastically influenced oncological rehabilitation, providing novel orthoses, potentially effective in breast cancer-related lymphaden (BCRL) reduction. In particular, a study performed by our research group [17] introduced an innovative self-adaptive inelastic compressive device for complex decongestive therapy of patients suffering from BCRL. The results showed a significant reduction of lymphedema volume after the treatment (\(p\) = 0.001) and a good safety profile, suggesting potential implementation in rehabilitative approaches for lymphedema.