esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# ICT in Rural Areas from the Perspective of Dairy Farming: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Market (12 Documents)  
Due to the great importance of the ICT to the economic and social development of any country, the European Commission declared a strategy of Digital Single Market (DSM) as one of the 10 main priorities, committing 61.300 million euros to the budget period from 2014 to 2020 [109]. It is here where we can see the importance of the new technologies for rural businesses and activities that have to face the problems of spread population, the distance between clients and suppliers and communication costs and delays. In this way, the electronic network and commerce have become some of the most important factors for small rural companies [110; 111]. Going deeper into the field of the application of the new technologies in the rural world, it is essential to highlight that they serve to promote innovation in the farms, improve the rural context, allow a more sustainable rural development, and foster an economic growth [112; 113]. Along this line, the use of the ICT itself or combined with other ICT systems in the farms has resulted in an improvement of the productivity and better use of the resources, reducing the necessary time in terms of marketing, logistics, and quality assurance, which implies a better making of decisions and, therefore, a great improvement of the conditions of market effectiveness [87; 114].  
Specifically dealing with the dairy field, it is worth mentioning that the current tendencies of the market, added to the abolition of dairy fees, have accelerated the tendency of the European dairy industry towards bigger farms and more productive cattle [115; 116]. At this point, it must be highlighted that the ICT are becoming crucial in the application of prognostics, such as the price of the milk or pastures since this sector is characterized by a volatile pattern of demand, influenced by an environment of a quick and dynamic response [117]. In the field of application of the ICT to this sector, research developed by [118] in Flanders (Belgium) and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) demonstrates the importance of the creation and exchange of knowledge with the support of innovative technologies in order to face complex challenges such as the climate change, depletion of resources, global markets, and the changing social and legislative prospects, thus that they become an essential condition to stimulate sustainable agricultural production. In terms of sustainable agriculture, surveys elaborated by [116] in Greece show the great importance of this terminology in a sector in crisis, as is the case of the dairy industry. In fact, they remark the importance of political interventions oriented towards the creation, management, and governance of the producers' organizations, since a strong and feasible organization will reduce the production and transaction costs, increase the farmer's negotiation power, and contribute to a balanced distribution of power among the chain actors.
## Materials and Methods
### Technological Methods
#### 2.2.2 Osmotic Dehydration Process (OD)  
Weighted strawberry slices were placed in 300 mL glass beakers and poured with 50% sucrose solution in a 1:4 ratio. The procedure was conducted within a laboratory water bath with continuous linear agitation (VWR model VLSB12, Darmstadt, Germany) at 30 \(\lx@math@degree\)C for 30, 60, and 120 min. After an osmotic dehydration process, the filter paper was used to blot away any extra solution present on the slice surfaces. Then, the samples were weighted and the extract content (measured in \(\lx@math@degree\)Brix) was assessed using a handheld refractometer PAL-3 (Atago Instruments, Tokyo, Japan) [33]. The experiment was performed in duplicate. All the parameters and abbreviations for the samples are presented in Table 1.  
The kinetics of osmotic dehydration of kiwi was analyzed based on mass loss \(\Delta M_{t}^{o}\) (kg/kg), water loss \(\Delta M_{t}^{w}\) (kg H\({}_{2}\)O/kg), and solid gain \(\Delta M_{t}^{ST}\) (kg/kg) using following equation [34]:  
\[\Delta M_{t}^{o}=\frac{\left(m_{0}-m_{t}\right)}{m_{0}}, \tag{1}\]  
\[\Delta M_{t}^{w}=\frac{\left(m_{0}X_{0}^{w}-m_{t}X_{t}^{w}\right)}{m_{0}}, \tag{2}\]  
\[\Delta M_{t}^{ST}=\frac{\left(m_{t}X_{t}^{ST}-m_{0}X_{0}^{ST}\right)}{m_{0}}, \tag{3}\]  
where:  
\(m_{0}\)--initial weight of strawberries before osmotic dehydration (kg),  
\(m_{t}\)--final weight of strawberries after osmotic dehydration (kg),  
\(X_{0}^{w}\), \(X_{0}^{ST}\)--water and dry matter content before osmotic dehydration (kg/kg),  
\(X_{t}^{w}\), \(X_{t}^{ST}\)--water and dry matter content after osmotic dehydration (kg/kg).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Code** & **Description** & **OD Process** & **US Treatment Time [s]** & **PEF Treatment Energy [kJ/kg]** \\ \hline F & Fresh & - & - & - \\ SA\_x\({}^{1}\) & Osmotic dehydrated in 50\% & + & - & - \\  & sucrose solution & & & \\ SA\_PEF1\_x & PEF-treated and osmotic dehydrated & + & - & 1 \\ SA\_PEF2\_x & PEF-treated and osmotic dehydrated & + & - & 2.5 \\ SA\_US1\_x & US-treated and osmotic dehydrated & + & 30 & - \\ SA\_US2\_x & US-treated and osmotic dehydrated & + & 90 & - \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) x: different time of osmotic dehydration time (0.5; 1; 2 h).  
\end{table}
Table 1: Osmotic dehydrated samples of strawberries with the use of different parameters of ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments.
## 6 Results and Analysis
### End to End Delay  
In the networks without the reputation model, as shown in Figure 12, as the presence of selfish nodes gradually increased from \(2\to 8\), the network end to end delay decreased gradually. A slight increase in the delay was also observed when the number of selfish nodes increased from \(8\to 12\). The decrease in the end to end delay is due to fewer good nodes participating in packet routing activities. Since the selfish nodes do not participate in route discovery processes, their increased presence may partition the network, which, in turn, reduces the amount of time it takes to send and receive packets between the good nodes that remain in the various partitions. Increased presence of selfish nodes also means that there is a possibility of experiencing reduced packet collisions in the network. Their non-participation in route discovery processes may ensure that data transfer between established genuine links (between two good nodes) may be quicker due to fewer packets competing for bandwidth.  
On the other hand, the slight increase in the delay experienced by the networks when the number of selfish nodes increase from \(8\to 12\) could be a result of different factors. As observed in Figure 12, the  
Figure 11: Throughput for networks experiencing an increase in deceitful nodes.  
registered increase in the delay is minimal and could be a result of increased hop counts from the source to the destination when data are being transferred between good nodes in disjoint partitions.  
When compared to the networks with the deployed reputation model, the end to end delays are higher than the networks without the reputation model as the number of selfish nodes increased from \(2\to 8\). As the number of selfish nodes increases from \(10\to 12\), the end to end delays of the network slightly decrease when compared to the network without the reputation model. The higher end to end delay in the reputation model may be a result of the additional time it takes to check if a node is on the white-list, watch-list or blacklist before responding to the route request from that node. It may also be a result of the activities of the path coordinator to source paths without bad nodes before routing a packet.  
When comparing the performance of the networks in Figures 12 and 13, a trend toward a decrease in the network delays as both sets of misbehaving nodes increase is observed. The networks with deceitful nodes had a much lower end to end delay when compared to the networks with selfish nodes. Deceitful nodes periodically respond to route requests and drop the corresponding data packets. This may  
Figure 12: Overall end to end delay for networks experiencing an increase in selfish nodes.  
Figure 13: End to end delay for networks experiencing an increase in deceitful nodes.  
lead to decreased end to end delays due to less queuing at the interface queue and buffering during route discovery latency.
# APT Attack Detection Scheme Based on CK Sketch and DNS Traffic
## 3 Research Design
### Count and Compress DNS Traffic with an Improved Sketch Structure
#### 3.4.1 Data Structure  
The Bloom filter [41] is a data structure used to represent a collection or determine whether an element belongs to a collection. This data structure is a simple and efficient storage structure. It was used in database at first, and has been widely used in network in recent years [42].  
To attain optimal analysis of network traffic statistics, the CK sketch data structure proposed in this study is shown in Figure 6. This data structure encompasses multiple layers of hash buckets and Bloom filters, which serve to record the storage location of network traffic.  
Figure 6: CK sketch data structure.  
Hash bucket: The incoming network traffic is comprised of (Key, Value) pairs, where the key is represented as the DNS domain name, and the value is a set of eight feature values selected to describe APT attacks, as outlined in Section 3.3. The \(H_{n}\) function of each layer computes the key present in the network traffic and maps the relevant (Key, Value) pair to the appropriate hash bucket, based on the calculated value.  
\[loc=H_{n}(key), \tag{2}\]  
The outcome of the hash function operation varies between each layer, and to comprehensively account for the heterogeneity of network traffic, the number of hash buckets in layer \(n+1\) is double that of layer \(n\).  
\[S_{n+1}=2S_{n}, \tag{3}\]  
2. Bloom filter: This structure encompasses the main hash function and a two-dimensional vector. The main hash function is employed to map the network traffic into the two-dimensional vector, where the key is recorded in the first line of the corresponding position in the mapping. Upon completion of data insertion, the number of layers in which the data are located will be recorded in the second row of the corresponding position in the mapping.
# Performance of Tilting Pad Journal Bearings with the Same Sommerfeld Number
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] have numerically shown that pad flexibility affects the journal eccentricity and bearing force coefficients of TPJBs. In particular, for a thin pad TPJB, the pad flexibility tends to reduce the damping by 34% compared to the thick pad TPJB. [PERSON] et al. [14] present the effect of pivot flexibility versus the Sommerfeld number. For an LBP TBJP, the bearing performance is largely affected at the lower Sommerfeld number (high bearing load W). [PERSON] et al. [15] experimentally and numerically present the effect of the starvation of oil supply in the TPJB. The limited oil flowrate induces subsynchronous vibration (SSV) of the test rig with TPJB. Apparently, the oil supply pressure affects the bearing dynamic performance. Reference [16] suspects that the oil starvation at the TPJB induces nonlinearity due to active and deactivate of the bearing when starvation develops. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] present a starved flow model to predict the lack of lubrication supply in TPJB which induces the onset of sub-synchronous vibration. The oil starvation at the TPJB leads to a swift change in bearing performance, in particular, reducing both the natural frequencies and damping ratios. The author also notes that the frequency reduced KCM model cannot capture the pads' modes of vibration, but the full-coefficient model KC model does. [PERSON] et al. [18] summarize the differences of KCM for the degree-of-freedom model versus KC full bearing coefficient model. They conclude that the full coefficient KC model tends to capture better TPJB dynamic performance. Also, most TPJB applications operate under laminar flow condition for reducing Reynolds number, i.e., the effect of fluid viscosity dominates the bearing performance over fluid density. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19; 20; 21] present a 3D TEHD model to better predict the performance and thermal distribution of the TPJB. The 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) implements the heat transfer/thermal deformation in the shaft and bearing pad and bearing pad dynamic behavior. The papers present a full-scale temperature variation of the tilting pad bearing. Throughout the research and development of TPJB [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21], the thermo-elastic hydro-dynamic (TEHD) model has shown a better correlation to test data and it is now widely accepted for predicting the performance of the bearing in the industry. The current work presents how the TPJBs' static/dynamic performances are affected by the elastic and thermal deformations for seven different sizes of TPJBs, but with identical Sommerfeld number. The presented numerical analysis clearly provides insight into the limitation of Sommerfeld number, in particular for large bearing sizes. The present paper implements the 3D TEHD model presented in references [19; 20; 21].
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations and Future Research Directions  
Several limitations should be considered when interpreting these results. The study did not account for the competitive level or importance of the games, factors that could influence the physical and physiological demands on referees. These limitations highlight the need for future research incorporating these variables to provide a more comprehensive understanding of basketball proficiating demands. A final limitation was that all the referees analyzed were part of the same tournament. The sample was very large, and no previous research has included such a large number of referees. However, only one tournament was analyzed, and it is unknown whether the values obtained are repeatable patterns or represent an isolated event.  
Future research should investigate the relationship between physical demands and decision-making accuracy across different officiating technique and competition types, particularly focusing on the impact of specific game contexts (e.g., close games, playoff matches) on referee demands. Studies examining the specific movement patterns and positioning strategies employed by referees in different team techniques, along with measures of cognitive load and decision-making performance, would help optimize officiating techniques and training protocols. These insights would be valuable in developing evidence-based guidelines for referee preparation and management, particularly for tournaments and congested fixture periods.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Validation Results of Improved Non-Destructive Detection Method for SSC in Bunch-Harvested Grapes  
Two key models, as outlined above, were established: the grape segmentation model based on DL and the SSC prediction model based on HSI. Finally, the validation of the non-destructive detection technology for the SSC of bunch-harvested grapes was carried out, and the sample is shown in Figure 8, including eight bunches of grapes.  
When imaging within the platform, we assumed that the reflectance spectrum of the same object at different heights (i.e., distance from the light source) was uniform. In reality, when placing a bunch of grapes in the platform, due to the irregular shape, the distance between different grapes and the light source was slightly different. This could lead to slight deviations in hyperspectral data.
## 2 Methodology  
### PFC3D Simulation Model  
Cylindrical specimens (50 mm diameter \(\times\) 100 mm height) were simulated in PFC3D (Itasca Consulting Group Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) using an assembly of 18,787 spherical particles with radii uniformly distributed between 0.10 mm and 0.15 mm (Figure 1a). Particle density was set to 2600 kg/m\({}^{3}\), and initial porosity was prescribed as 0.20 (Figure 1b). To prevent particle loss during compression, the assembly was enclosed by three rigid walls extending beyond the nominal specimen boundaries. Two contact laws governed the inter-particle interactions: (1) a linear elastic contact model for non-cemented behavior (e.g., particle wall and broken bond contacts) and (2) a linear parallel bond model to represent intact, cementitious behavior.  
The linear elastic contact comprises normal and shear springs (stiffnesses \(k_{n}\) and \(k_{s}\), respectively) in parallel with viscous dashpots defined by critical damping ratios \(\beta_{n}\) and \(\beta_{s}\). Springs provide a tension-free, linear elastic response, while dashpots dissipate kinetic energy.  
Following pre-compaction, all contacts were redefined using the linear parallel bond model. Each bond consists of normal and shear springs (\(k_{n}^{b}\), \(k_{s}^{b}\)) in parallel with dashpots (\(\beta_{n}\), \(\beta_{s}\)), and a finite-sized cylindrical element characterized by tensile strength \(\sigma_{t}\) and cohesion \(c\). Bonds transmit both forces and moments, resisting relative rotation, bending, and torsion, until failure occurs when local stress exceeds \(\sigma_{t}\) and \(c\). Upon bond breakage,  
Figure 1: PFC3D model components: (**a**) particle assembly; (**b**) contact bonds.  
contacts revert to the linear elastic model with reduced stiffnesses (\(k_{n,d},k_{s,d}\)) and a friction coefficient \(\mu\), thereby capturing both pre-peak and post-peak material behavior.  
A total of seven micromechanical parameters control the macroscopic response: the contact modulus (\(E\)), stiffness ratio (\(k_{s}/k_{n}\)), degraded modulus post-failure (\(E_{d}\)), degraded stiffness ratio (\(k_{s,d}/k_{n,d}\)), bond tensile strength (\(\sigma_{1}\)), bond cohesion (\(c\)), and inter-particle friction coefficient (\(\mu\)). Definitions and value ranges are summarized in Table 1.  
An orthogonal design yielded 361 unique parameter combinations for systematic sensitivity analysis. Each combination underwent a displacement-controlled uniaxial compression simulation at 0.01 mm/s, terminating at 50% of simulated peak stress. Displacement and force data were recorded to construct macroscopic stress-strain curves, from which the influence of individual micromechanical parameters and their interactions on global mechanical behavior was evaluated.
# Secure Proxy Re-Encryption Protocol for FANETs Resistant to Chosen-Ciphertext Attacks
## Efficiency Analysis
### Performance Analysis for Re-Encryption/Decryption  
To evaluate the actual performance of the proposed proxy re-encryption protocol, we not only conducted a complexity analysis but also implemented the re-encryption and decryption processes to measure the time. Because the whole protocol heavily depends on network conditions and event situations, we only measured the core components of the proposed protocol, which are the re-encryption and decryption processes. The experimental environment is shown in Table 2.  
The experiment involved measuring the time for the re-encryption and decryption processes with message sizes set to 10 bytes, 100 bytes, 500 bytes, and 1000 bytes. The result is as follows in the Table 4.  
For the re-encryption process, it was observed that as the message size increased, the process time gradually increased. For a message size of 2000 bytes, an exceptionally fast performance of approximately 0.02 s was demonstrated. For the decryption process, all recorded times showed as 0.0 s. This was likely due to the elapsed time being extremely small and showing as 0 s.
## 1 Introduction
This color difference is attributed to higher levels of myoglobin and the composition of muscle fibers, which can influence consumer perceptions of quality and acceptability [18]. Lactic acid (LA) is commonly used as an organic antimicrobial agent for the decontamination of meat and meat products and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). LA is particularly effective against Gram-negative bacteria [19]. Studies have shown that 2% LA can effectively treat beef carcass against _E. coli_[20], and it also has a significant inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria [19]. Lactic acid exhibits antimicrobial activity through several mechanisms. It can lower the cytoplasmic pH of microbial cells by entering in its undissociated form and then dissociating, releasing protons (H+), which disrupts the cell's internal environment [21]. Additionally, lactic acid physically disrupts microbes, leading to the immediate decontamination of meat surfaces [22]. Under acid stress, free radicals are generated due to interference with the electron transport chain, further contributing to its antimicrobial effects [23]. However, a major drawback of LA decontamination, especially at higher concentrations, is the discoloration of meat cuts [24]. Furthermore, LA treatment can affect the texture of meat by influencing the properties of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, which are essential for maintaining meat tenderness and juiciness during storage. Ascorbic acid (AA) has been widely used as a meat surface treatment, either alone or in combination with other antioxidants, to maintain meat color and improve oxidative stability due to its strong antioxidant properties [25]. Muscle foods naturally contain low amounts of AA [26], but their application to meat can enhance both nutritional value and shelf life by preventing oxidation and discoloration [27]. Since meat color plays a critical role in consumer appeal and purchasing decisions, preventing discoloration is essential. In response to growing concerns about food safety and increasing consumer demand for natural additives, AA has gained attention as a viable alternative to synthetic antioxidants. Its use not only enhances meat quality but also significantly extends shelf life [28]. Although LA and AA have been used in beef at various concentrations [14; 24; 27; 28], there is no research on their combined use on venison. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of LA and AA mixture with the spray method on venison surface on meat quality parameters pH, color, bacterial count, and texture analysis. Additionally, gel electrophoresis was used to analyze protein degradation, as it provides insights into the effects of treatment on sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins. The aim of this work was to determine the effectiveness of LA and AA in extending the shelf life of wild venison during retail display under vacuum packaging at 4 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
## 4 Discussion
Moreover, the global sensitivity analysis showed that the azimuth angle, which describes the beamforming variation in the H-plane, has a predominant role in the induced \(SAR\) exposure levels in all the six distributions examined, though also the elevation angle in the E-plane is relevant, even if with a lower impact, especially for brain tissue. The variation of the elevation angle can indeed influence the power of the radiated wave towards the area where these tissues are morphologically placed. These considerations highlighted that it is crucial to consider both the azimuth and the elevation angles to obtain surrogatemodels able to reliably describe the exposure level due to indoor 5G AP deploying antenna arrays with 3D beamforming capability.