## 3 Results and Discussion
It is well known that _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_[30, 31, 32] causes severe infections in immunocompromised individuals, leading to conditions such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections, and _Staphylococcus aureus_[31, 33] causes infections like streptococcal infections (e.g., strep throat, scarlet fever), Clostridium difficile infections, Listeriosis, enterococcal infections, diphtheria, anthrax, and tetanus. Both bacteria are capable of forming biofilms, which are slimy layers of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular matrix. Biofilms on packaging materials can create an environment for other microorganisms to thrive, leading to the deterioration of the material and potentially affecting the integrity of the packaging [34]. The agar-well diffusion method was employed to assess the samples' antibacterial efficacies against both Gram-positive (_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_) and Gram-negative (_Staphylococcus aureus_) bacteria. Petri plates, each having 20 mL of Muller Hinton Agar  
Figure 8: CIE plot of samples: BC1, BC2, and BC3 for wavelengths (\(\lambda\)) of excitation at 350 nm. Figure 7: Power spectra of samples: (a) BC1, (b) BC2, and (c) BC3 for wavelengths (\(\lambda\)) of excitation at 350 nm. Medium, were inoculated with cultures of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The bacterial cultures were adjusted based on the McFarland Standard. Wells, approximately 10 mm in diameter, were created using a well cutter, and two different concentrations of the sample (1 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L and 4 \(\upmu\)g/\(\upmu\)L) were introduced into two different wells. Subsequently, the Petri plates were incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. During this incubation period, the antimicrobial components from the samples diffuse into the medium and interact with the freshly seeded test organisms on the plates. The standard antibacterial agent streptomycin served as the positive control in this experiment. The resulting zones of inhibition exhibited a uniform circular pattern due to the confluent law of bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity was quantified by measuring the inhibition zone's diameter surrounding each well, representing the bacterial resistance to the antimicrobial agent. A larger zone generally indicates greater susceptibility, while a smaller or absent zone may suggest resistance. The interpretation of the results was based on established guidelines and breakpoints provided by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. The zones of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are displayed in Figure 9a and 9b respectively, and the zone diameters are shown in Table 2. The higher concentration of BC2 shows the highest zone diameter, followed by the higher concentration of BC1. The packaging developed using this biocomposite is resistant to Staphylococcus aureus infections. The negative results observed for all samples against Gram-negative bacteria could be attributed to their more intricate cell wall structure than that of Gram-positive bacteria. Their cell walls consist of a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane. This outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharidesaccharides, which are important for the pathogenicity of many Gram-negative bacteria. This is why Gram-negative bacteria exhibit greater resistance than Gram-positive bacteria [35]. From the literature [36; 37], it can be seen that the FTIR spectra of materials exhibiting antibacterial properties show peaks corresponding to the N-H, C=O, and C=C, vibrational modes. The antibacterial properties exhibited by the biocomposites can be attributed to the presence of these bonds observed in the FTIR spectra shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 9: Antibacterial analysis of the samples showing the zones of inhibition against (**a**) _Staphylloxacin aureus_ and (**b**) _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_.