# Fog Computing: Enabling the Management and Orchestration of Smart City Applications in 5G Networks
## 2 Related Work
### Research Projects  
In recent years, research projects have been carried out to deal with management and orchestration issues in smart cities. The SmartSantander project [16; 17] worked on a suitable architectural model for IoT and on the inherent challenges of resource provisioning in smart cities. The SmartSantander framework provides a suitable platform for large-scale experimentation and evaluation of a large set of IoT use cases deployed in several urban scenarios. Furthermore, the CityPulse project [18] has been working on a data analytics framework for smart cities. The CityPulse framework integrates powerful data analytics tools, data aggregation and event detection modules and quality assessment algorithms, which aim to support the development of customized smart city applications. The SusCity project [19] is working on a resilient IoT architecture for smart cities focusing on data collection from multiple sources, in order to develop intelligent management solutions that can help the government and citizens to make appropriate decisions. Furthermore, the VITAL project [20] federates heterogeneous IoT platforms via semantics in a cloud-based environment focusing on smart city scenarios. Additionally, in [21], a big data network composed of SDN technologies and cloud/fog platforms is presented. Their goal is to reduce the large amount of redundant data and the response time in accessing data services. However, their focus is only on the orchestration of big data services, while our approach is not only concerned with data analytics operations, but also decision making functionalities that can help to autonomously orchestrate smart city applications in a distributed way. Furthermore, their work is based on simulation studies, while our approach is based on an actual deployment within the scope of Antwerp's City of Things testbed. Furthermore, in a recent article about 5G-enabled smart cities [22], an approach for M2M communication in cognitive 5G networks is presented. This paper introduces a novel decentralized multiple gateway assignment protocol based on multi-channel Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) for M2M communication in 5G networks. Moreover, a low overhead protocol is also proposed, which increases the throughput of the system and minimizes energy consumption by reducing the message header payload. Simulation studies were carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption. Regarding European research, the European Commission (EC), alongside industry manufacturers, telecommunications operators, service providers, SMEs and researchers, created the 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (5G-PPP) to advance the research of 5G technologies in Europe and to build global consensus on 5G networks. The projects supported by the 5G-PPP aim to deliver solutions, architectures, technologies and standards for the ubiquitous next generation communication infrastructures of the coming decade. Regarding management and orchestration,the following 5G-PPP projects should be highlighted. First, the Service Programming and Orchestration for Virtualized Software Networks (SONATA) project [23] aims to deliver an agile service development and orchestration in 5G virtualized networks. SONATA targets both the flexible programmability of software networks and the optimization of their deployments. Secondly, the Coordinated control and spectrum management for 5G heterogeneous radio access networks (COHERENT) project [24] will develop and validate a novel control framework for future mobile networks. The key innovation of COHERENT is the unified programmable control framework to coordinate the underlying heterogeneous mobile networks as a whole.