# GazeRayHand: Combining Gaze Ray and Hand Interaction for Distant Object Manipulation
## 8 Conclusions  
In this paper, we introduced a novel 3D manipulation technique, named GazeRayHand, which combines gaze ray and hand interaction for distant object manipulation in VR. The GazeRayHand technique allows users to translate and rotate objects using the relative position between the gaze ray and hand with handling one or two DOFs separately. We additionally proposed a variation technique, named GazeRayHand2, supporting not only hand interaction for translation and rotation but also gaze interaction for translation. We evaluated them against existing manipulation techniques that combine gaze and hand interaction, namely Gaze&Pinch and modified Gaze Beam Guided techniques. The GazeRayHand and GazeRayHand2 techniques had similar results to the Gaze&Pinch technique, which is known for its high performance, in overall objective and subjective measures. The GazeRayHand and GazeRayHand2 techniques significantly reduced unnecessary translations compared to other techniques and were rated highly for intuitiveness and ease of use by using hand position relative to the gaze ray for controlling the direction and speed of translation and rotation. However, the Gaze&Pinch technique had a limitation of requiring two hands for rotation, leading to inconvenience. The modified Gaze Beam Guided technique performed the worst among the four techniques because of mandating the three compulsory steps for manipulation, even when not all steps were necessary.  
Furthermore, our techniques have potential for practical applications. For example, our GazeRayHand and GazeRayHand2 techniques, which support intuitive and low-fatigue interaction, can be beneficial in industrial training scenarios where users are required to repeatedly manipulate virtual tools. Additionally, their one-handed operation and reduced physical effort make them suitable for rehabilitation systems aimed at patients with limited mobility. Finally, the ease of use and compatibility with gaze ray and hand inputs suggest their applicability in commercial AR/VR platforms, such as gaming or collaborative virtual environments.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15137065/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15137065/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15137065/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15137065/s1)), the raw data of the user study.  
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and original draft preparation were performed by [PERSON] ([PERSON]); writing--review and editing were performed by [PERSON], [PERSON]-H.K., [PERSON]-[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]. ([PERSON]); supervision and project administration were performed by [PERSON] ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation(IITP)-Innovative Human Resource Development for Local Intellectualization program grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(IITP-2025-RS-2022-00156287); in part by Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) under the Artificial Intelligence Convergence Innovation Human Resources Development (IITP-2023-RS-2023-00256629) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT); in part by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2024-00465826).  
This study was approved by the Chonnam National University Institutional Review Board under Application No. 1040198-221121-HR-145-01.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in this study.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author(s).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.