## 1 Introduction  
Accurate soil erosion measurements and modelling at different scales have received increasing attention from the scientific community throughout the last century [1; 2; 3]. This is due to the negative environmental impacts of soil erosion on natural ecosystems and man-made landscapes [4; 5]. The need to find control measures according to the water and soil loss rates of each study case has drastically increased using a wide range of multiple methods and tools [6; 7; 8]. Soil erosion negatively threatens the land affecting vital ecosystem services such as soil fertility [9; 10] and respiration [11], biological activity [12; 13], or pollutant transport [14], among others. However, each land use shows a different response depending on specific key drivers such as climate, parent material, soil type, and management, vegetation cover, or topography [15; 16; 17]. There is a consensus that states vineyards as one of the most affected land uses by soil erosion [18; 19; 20]. The active scientific community researching soil erosion in agriculture lands such as vineyards found flaws in the methodologies applied. Some methods that quantify soil erosion rates show values that are not adequate as a consequence of possible overestimation [21; 22; 23]. Moreover, many of the methods were applied to investigate soil erosion processes in specific locations such as rainfall simulators [24], Gerlach troughs [25], or erosion pins [26], and the holistic view of the landscape is lost. In addition, some other methods are not able to show the spatial variability of the soil losses as the approach focuses on the discharge of a river watershed or basin connectivity [27; 28]. Additionally, from a temporal point of view, there are many flaws in some soil erosion methods. Most of the research is focused on a thunderstorm such as the ones based on rainfall simulations experiments, or in a few months or years of measurements [29; 30]. Then, long-term soil erosion rates are rare, although they are the ones that are able to inform of the impact of soil erosion and Earth sustainability. There is a need to improve methodologies applied to survey soil erosion rates both from a spatial and temporal point of view. One example can be the ISUM (Improved Stock Unearthing Method), which allows surveying long-term soil mobilization rates and providing information about the sediment spatial distribution [31]. However, when using ISUM, previous researchers sampled one inter-row of vines. In addition, there is a doubt about how this strategy affects the final result. It is accepted and demonstrated that soil erosion is different at different locations and slope positions such as what [PERSON] et al. [32] found. However, how different the erosion rate will be in the same hillslope position and soil type from one inter-row to the nearest one is still unclear. This will be a fundamental issue to evaluate the accuracy of the ISUM to standardize the method and to clarify how many sampling points, and where, should be taken. There is a debate about whether the position in a vineyard affects the soil detachment and runoff activation under rainfall simulation experiments [33], but there is no long-term research and this paper investigated this issue. There are three areas that need to be improved in order to increase the scientific knowledge of soil erosion in vineyards: (i) the accuracy of the measures; (ii) the standardization of the protocols; and, (iii) an increase of the measurements reaching the most relevant viticultural areas of the world. Accurate measures in soil erosion investigations depend on different factors, such as the size of the plot [34; 35], design of the plot [36], device used [37], factors [38; 39], seasonal changes [40], or the number of repetitions or points to be measured [41]. They are well-known constraints of carrying out the same method in different regions because of economic costs, logistic issues, and agreement among research groups. This issue defaults the third unsolved question.