## 4 Results
### Step 3: Interpretive Ranking Process (IRP) Model
#### 4.3.2 Interpretive Matrix (IM)  
The lean implementation LBs and lean performance criteria are compared using the contextual relationship from the cross-interpretive matrix. Each lean barrier is compared to another lean barrier concerning its dominance on performance criteria, i.e., P1 to P4. Based on such a comparison, the LBs and performance criteria relationship is developed. Such a relationship provides the basis for the further accomplishment of a ranking. Table 8 shows how the lean implementation barriers interact with the lean performance criteria. Figure 4: Validation of ISM model through Delphi technique. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**LBs** & **P1** & **P2** & **P3** & **P4** \\ \cline{2-5}
**Code** & **Manufacturing Cost** & **Service Quality** & **Volume Flexibility** & **Safety** \\ \hline LB 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ LB 2 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ LB 3 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ LB 4 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ LB 5 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ LB 6 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ LB 7 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ LB 8 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ LB 9 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ LB 10 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ LB 11 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ LB 12 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ LB 13 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Cross-interaction matrix (CIM) of LBs and lean performance criteria. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**LBs** & **P1** & **P2** & **P3** & **P4** \\ \cline{2-5}
**Code** & **Manufacturing Cost** & **Service Quality** & **Volume Flexibility** & **Safety** \\ \hline LB01 & Shortages of resources may delay and increase hold-up for the product, people, and machinery during the production process. & Shortages of various resources, e.g., money, skilled workers, and machines affect the quality of the service directly. & Resource shortages may hinder adapting to the changing demands of the customers, which reduces flexibility. & Resource shortages may hinder adapting to the changing demands of the customers, which reduces flexibility. & Resource shortages may hinder adapting to the changing demands of the customers, which reduces flexibility. & Resource shortages may hinder adapting to the changing demands of the customers, which reduces flexibility. \\ \hline LB02 & Slow response increases manufacturing costs. & Shortages of various resources, e.g., money, skilled workers, and machines affect the quality of production process. & Resource shortages may hinder adapting to the changing demands of the customers, which reduces flexibility. & Resource shortages may hinder adapting to the changing demands of the customers, which reduces flexibility. \\ \hline LB03 & The lack of training and ignorant workers leads to poor job performance and hinders progress. & Untrained workers may lead to poor quality of work and service. & Workplace accidents and may affect employee health and safety. \\ \hline LB05 & Poor strategies, improper guidelines, and policies escalate the cost. & Not adjusting to uncertain demands reduces flexibility. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Interpretive matrix. The lean knowledge base matrix helps in developing dominating and non-dominating lean implementation barriers concerning lean performance criteria, i.e., from P1 to P4. Such a comparison develops the dominance interaction matrix. Table 9 provides the lean implementation barriers dominating the other LBs to provide an interpretive logic lean