## 4 Sample RC Structure Model  
The purpose of earthquake-resistant building codes is to ensure that structures are built to withstand expected ground motion levels without experiencing damage. For the numerical analysis, SeismoStruct-2023 software was employed [62]. Using the acquired data, pushover analyses were performed on a 5-story sample RC building model. Every building under analysis had an identical story plan, which is shown in Figure 25. All slabs were selected as rigid diaphragms and the height of the slabs was selected as 120 mm. All building models consider the story height to be 3 m. Five meters of span in each direction were taken into consideration when selecting the example reinforced concrete building, which was carried out symmetrically in the X and Y directions. Figure 26 displays the applied loads and the 2D and 3D building models for the 5-story building. All structural designs were created using the infrmFBPH (force-based plastic hinge frame elements) for columns and beams. These components only allow for a finite amount of plasticity and simulate the spread inelasticity based on force. To represent the stress-strain distribution in the cross-section, the number of fibers in the cross-section should be sufficient [63]. For the parts that were chosen, a total of 100 fiber members are specified. This amount is adequate for these sections. The chosen plastic hinge length (Lp/L) was 16.67%. A totally fixed column footing and a free top end were the outcomes of setting the column's boundary conditions in line with the cantilever boundary criteria. Figure 23: Examples of vehicles damaged by collapsed structures. Figure 24: Main causes of structural damage in RC buildings during Kahramanmaras earthquakes. The characteristics of the reinforced concrete structure model are shown in Table 4.  
Figure 26: The 2D and 3D models of the sample RC building. Figure 25: The blueprint of the sample RC building. Pushover analysis was used in all structural analyses. Pushover analysis captures the behavior of a structure from a fully elastic state to collapse. It is an approximate method of exposing the structure to lateral forces that increase step by step with a constant height distribution until the target displacement is reached. In addition to permanent loads due to gravity, incremental loads consisting of horizontal loads at each floor level are also applied to the structure in the X direction. Conventional (non-adaptive) pushover analysis is used to estimate the horizontal capacity of structures whose dynamic behavior is not significantly affected by the levels of deformations occurring (i.e., the shape of the horizontal load model that should simulate the dynamic behavior can be assumed to be constant) [66; 67; 68]. In performance-based earthquake engineering, it is crucial to predict the goal displacements for damage calculation when specific structural element performance limitations are met. In this investigation, the limit states provided in Eurocode 8 (Part 3) [69; 70] were considered for damage estimation. Figure 27 displays the goal displacements, and Table 5 provides a description of these limit states. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Concrete grade & C20/25 \\ Reinforcement grade & S420 \\ Beams & 250 \(\times\) 500 mm \\ Height of floor & 120 mm \\ Cover thickness & 25 mm \\ Columns & 400 \(\times\) 500 mm \\  & Corners & 4\(\Phi\)20 \\ Longitudinal reinforcement & Top bottom side & 4\(\Phi\)16 \\  & Left right side & 4\(\Phi\)16 \\ Transverse reinforcement & \(\Phi\)10/100 \\ Material model (steel) & Menegotto-Pinto [64] \\ Material model (Concrete) & [PERSON] et al. non-linear [65] \\ Constraint type & Rigid diaphragm \\ Local soil class & ZC \\ Incremental loads & 5.0 kN \\ Permanent loads & 5.0 kN/m \\ Target displacement (5-story) & 0.30 m \\ Importance class & II \\ Damping & 5\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Analyzing the structural models’ input data. Figure 27: Target displacements on idealized and pushover curves.