## 3 Results and Discussion
### In Vivo Study
The results show that the phlorotannins lowered the urea levels (32.25 \({}^{\text{c}}\)\(\pm\) 5.18) in the normal rats and also in the case of the diabetic rats treated with _S. linifolium_ phlorotannins. The results demonstrated no significant changes in creatinine levels in the normal rats treated with _S. linifolium_ phlorotannins or in diabetic treated with _S. linifolium_ phlorotannins; meanwhile, elevated creatinine levels were observed in the diabetic rats (0.84 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 0.04 mg/dL). Elevated urea and creatinine levels are regarded as principal indicators of the renal impairment brought on by diabetes hyperglycemia [61], as STZ results in pathological kidney alterations [62]. The main risk factor for renal morbidity and death is diabetes, and one of the causes of chronic kidney failure is diabetic nephropathy. Gluconeogenesis is brought on by the metabolic anomalies seen in uncontrolled diabetes [63]. Increased proteolysis fuels gluconeogenesis, by releasing free glycogenic amino acids into the bloodstream, where they are de-aminated by the liver and converted into more urea [64]. As it assisted in controlling the nitrogen molecules during the endocrine metabolism, the _Nannochloropysisulata_ alga extract reduced the adverse effects on the renal function in STZ-induced diabetes [65]. In the STZ diabetic rat group, glutathione loss reflected intracellular oxidation [66]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Animal Groups**} & **Glucosidase** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Alpha Amylase uL/mL**} & **Glutathione mg/g** & **Catalase Level** \\  & **\(\boldsymbol{\mu}\)mol/min/g Tissue** & & & **Tissue** & **(\(\boldsymbol{\mu}\)mol/min/g Tissue)** \\ \hline Control normal (CN) & 0.11 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\) 0.097 & 420.5 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\)13 & 11.27 \({}^{\text{ab}}\)\(\pm\) 3.3 & 8.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 1.31 \\ CN + _S. linifolium_ & 0.022 \({}^{\text{c}}\)\(\pm\) 0.017 & 395.75 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\) 43.2 & 13.62 \({}^{\text{ab}}\)\(\pm\) 3.8 & 8.53 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 2.13 \\ Control diabetic (CD) & 0.27 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 0.07 & 866.5 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 168.2 & 7.91 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\) 1.64 & 4.61 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\) 0.76 \\ CD + _S. linifolium_ & 0.04 \({}^{\text{c}}\)\(\pm\) 0.016 & 184.75 \({}^{\text{c}}\)\(\pm\) 55.24 & 12.78 \({}^{\text{ab}}\)\(\pm\) 2.1 & 11.28 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 1.74 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Different letters represent significant value.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Serum glucosidase, alpha-amylase, catalase, and glutathione in the treated rat groups. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Animal Group**} & **Glucose (mg/dL)** & **Insulin (\(\boldsymbol{\mu}\)LU/mL)** \\ \hline Control normal (CN) & 130.75 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\) 5.56 & 5.302 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\)1.336 \\ CN + _S. linifolium_ extract & 111.25 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\) 9.25 & 5.80 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 0.97 \\ Control diabetic (CD) & 596 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 76.64 & 0.58 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\)0.17 \\ CD + _S. linifolium_ extract & 159.25 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\) 20.22 & 5.03 \({}^{\text{a}}\)\(\pm\) 1.43 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Different letters represent significant value.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Serum glucose and insulin levels in the treated rat groups. The results in Table 6 show the effect of the phlorotannin extracts from _S. linifolium_ on the cholesterol (mg/dL) and serum triglyceride (mg/dL) levels in the normal and diabetic rats. Phlorotannis extracted from _S. linifolium_ reduced the cholesterol and triglyceride (mg/dL) in diabetic rats by 72.5 \({}^{\text{b}}\)\(\pm\) 8.58 and 51.5 \({}^{\text{c}}\)\(\pm\) 12.23, respectively. According to [PERSON] et al. (2016), _Nannochloropsisulata_ alga extract reduced the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and triglycerides, decreasing cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Additionally, the algal extract increased HDL levels and decreased LDL levels.