## 4 Discussion  
SBO and SB extracts have been recognized as ingredients for use in skincare products for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). SB fruit pulp oil (SBFO) is rich in mono- and polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. This lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of nuclear factor-kappa-b (NF-kb) and release of free radicals, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\(\upmu\)g and IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF- \(\alpha\)) were nullified in SBFO-treated THP-1 cells (human leukemia monocytic cell line). SBFO intervention reduced edema in Carrageenan-induced paw edema and mice psoriasis-like experimental models. The study in question claimed that SBFO could be used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-posoriatic candidate [27]. It is likely that topical application of SBO improved the AD-like lesions in the mouse model. Moreover, SBO suppressed the thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine via NF-kb, Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activators of transcription 1(JAK2/STAT1), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) pathways in HaCaT (spontaneously immortalized, human keratinocyte line) cells [13]. SB has been recognized as one of the active compounds used in skincare products. The effect of the combination of SB fruit extract, blueberry extract, and collagen on UV-induced skin aging was investigated using a mouse model [14]. The oral administration of the SB fruit blend for six weeks reduced wrinkle formation in the skin and maintained the normal moisture content by preventing transdermal water loss. The protective effect  
Figure 9: The in vitro drug permeation property of the SBO-NLCs. (**a**) The cumulative vitamin E permeation level (%) at 12 and 24 h. * A significant level of free SBO penetration was observed after 24 h. (**b**) The penetration of SBO, represented in terms of vitamin E concentration, into the inner skin. * A significant level of vitamin E penetrated the inner skin compared to the free SBO. of the SB fruit blend was associated with the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 and superoxide dismutase activity [14]. [PERSON] et al. [15] described the influence of SB seed oil (SBSO) on UV-mediated alterations to lipid metabolism in skin (keratinocytes and fibroblasts) cells. The results showed that SBSO improved non-enzymatic antioxidant levels and inhibited UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). The activity of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) that was induced improved antioxidant enzyme activity. Phospholipid and free fatty acid levels were increased in SBSO-treated cells and decreased lipid peroxidation products and cannabinoid receptor expression. Changes in the expression of peroxisome proliferatorator-activated receptors (PPARs) were also noticed in SBSO-treated skin cells. The study suggested that SBSO could counteract UV-induced changes in lipid metabolism and redox balance, thereby protecting the skin against photo-damage [15]. Kaempfer, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and procyanidins are the major compounds in the hydroalcoholic extract of SB (HESB). HESB treatment significantly decreased melanin content and inhibited extracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. HESB suppressed the expression of tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1). The anti-melanogenesis property of HESB may be attributed to decreased TYR activity and expression of TRP-1 [28]. The purpose of this study was to develop SBO-NLCs for improved skin hydration. The particle size, PDI, ZP, and EE of the developed SBO-NLCs were characterized. Particle size is the most essential parameter to be determined for the targeted delivery of active ingredients to specific sites [29]. Based on many previous studies, the use of various solid or liquid lipids or their combinations affects the particle size of developed NLCs. The selection of solid lipids was based on the particle size and specific target site.