# Temporal Instability Analysis of Injury Severities for Angle and Non-Angle Crashes at Roundabouts
## 7 Summary and Conclusions
: Conceptualization, revising the original draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71901223), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021)J40746), and the Open Fund of Hunan Key Laboratory of Smart Roadway and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems (Changsha University of Science and Technology) (kfj220701). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this paper. This data can be found here: [[https://www.fdot.gov/Safety/safetyengineering/crash-data.shtm](https://www.fdot.gov/Safety/safetyengineering/crash-data.shtm)]([https://www.fdot.gov/Safety/safetyengineering/crash-data.shtm](https://www.fdot.gov/Safety/safetyengineering/crash-data.shtm)), accessed on 13 November 2021. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. **Appendix A**  
**Table A3. **_Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Parameter** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Z-Stat**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**No**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Minor**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Severe**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Estimates** & & **In Injury** & **In Injury** & **In Injury** & **In Injury** \\ \hline Constant [MI] & \(-\)0.51 & \(-\)2.06 & & & & \\ Random parameter (normally distributed) & \(-\)1.11 & \(-\)1.98 & 0.0053 & \(-\)0.0008 & 0.0015 \\ Cloudy indicator (1 if the weather was cloudy, 0 otherwise) [MI] & (2.45) & (2.72) & & & \\ Heterogeneity in the mean of random parameter & & & & \\ Cloudy indicator (1 if the weather was cloudy, 0 otherwise) [MI]: Disabled driver indicator (1 if a disabled driver involved in the crash, 0 otherwise) & 2.52 & 1.78 & & \\ Temporal characteristics & & & & \\ Weidened indicator (1 if a crash occurred during the weekend, 0 otherwise) [SI] & \(-\)1.77 & \(-\)2.74 & 0.0053 & 0.0053 & \(-\)0.0106 \\ Roadway characteristics & & & & & \\ Pacued shoulder indicator (1 if the type of shoulder was paved, 0 otherwise) [NI] & 2.18 & 2.11 & 0.0711 & \(-\)0.0679 & \(-\)0.0032 \\ Pacued shoulder indicator (1 if the type of shoulder was paved, 0 otherwise) [MI] & 2.19 & 2.08 & \(-\)0.0679 & 0.0697 & \(-\)0.0018 \\ Curve left indicator (1 if road roadway alignment was curve left, 0 otherwise) [NI] & 0.69 & 2.65 & 0.0281 & \(-\)0.0187 & \(-\)0.0094 \\ Spatial characteristics & & & & & \\ Town indicator (1 if a crash occurred in town, 0 otherwise) [MI] & \(-\)0.50 & \(-\)1.84 & 0.0550 & \(-\)0.0578 & 0.0028 \\ Town indicator (1 if a crash occurred in town, 0 otherwise) [SI] & \(-\)2.81 & \(-\)7.57 & 0.0053 & 0.0156 & \(-\)0.0509 \\ Crank characteristics & & & & & \\ Speeding indicator (1 if speeding involved in the crash, 0 otherwise) [MI] & 1.23 & 1.69 & \(-\)0.0051 & 0.0057 & \(-\)0.0006 \\ Human characteristics & & & & & \\ Cyclist indicator (1 if it cyclists involved in the crash, 0 otherwise) [NI] & \(-\)4.07 & \(-\)3.82 & \(-\)0.0089 & 0.0075 & 0.0014 \\ Disabled driver indicator (1 if a disabled driver involved in the crash, 0 otherwise) [NI] & 1.16 & 2.40 & 0.0141 & \(-\)0.0098 & \(-\)0.0043 \\ Number of observations & & & & & \\ Number of estimated parameters & & & & & \\ Log-likelihood at zero (\(LL(\theta)\)) & & & & & \\ Log-likelihood at convergence (\(LL(\beta)\)) & & & & & \\ \(\sigma^{2}=1-LL(\beta)/LL(0)\) & & & & & \\ AIC & & & & & \\ BIC & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: NI = no primary; MI = minor injury; SI = severe injury.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Model results of mixed logit with heterogeneity in means for angle crashes in Florida 2014-2015.