## 2 Materials and Methods
### IRE Procedure  
In this study, we employed an NIR laser system (\(\lambda\): 808 nm, LVI-LSR808-1000, Laser Lab Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) that had the capability of emitting a 1000 mW output in both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed wave modes. This system was equipped with a 1 mm diameter multimode optical fiber core that allowed incident light delivery at a 30\({}^{\circ}\) angle from the core axis and positioned the target 3 mm away from the tissue (Figure 1A). Additionally, an electrical generator (BTX, Holliston, MA, USA) was employed, which could produce a maximum output of 3000 V (50 A at 100 \(\upmu\)s pulse width) for the IRE procedure. Following NIR irradiation, electric pulses were delivered via the disk electrode based on the above simulation. The experimental group was divided into four groups: control (n = 6), NIR irradiation (n = 3), IRE (n = 3), and NIR irradiation followed by IRE (NIRE) (n = 3). In the control group, the electrode was contacted to the tissue and no electric pulsing was applied. The NIR-irradiation group was exposed to NIR rays of wavelength 808 nm in the CW mode at 695 mW to deliver a dose of 3 J/cm\({}^{2}\). In the IRE group, an external 250 V was applied as 20 pulses between electrodes placed 2 mm apart, each with a pulse width of 100 \(\upmu\)s. The NIRE group was subjected to both NIR irradiation, as in the NIR group, and IRE, as in the IRE group. Tissue impedance was analyzed by recording both pre- and post-pulsing impedance values that were displayed on the generator.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Control** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Group 1** \\ **(IRE)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Group 2** \\ **(NIR)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Group 3** \\ **(NIRE)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
1 & & Applied voltage: 250 V & \(\lambda\): 808 nm & \\
2 & & Pulsing: 20 & Power density: 695 mW & \\
3 & No treatment & Pulse duration: 100 \(\upmu\)s & Energy density: 3 J/cm\({}^{2}\) & NIR + IRE \\
4 & & Pulse interval: 1 s & - & \\
5 & & Electrode distance: 2 mm & - & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Experimental conditions.  
For the experiment procedure, rats were first administered enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg) and ketoprofen (5 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced using alfaxalone (10 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). After shaving and decontamination of the skin using iodine surgical scrub and 70% ethanol, the abdominal wall was dissected to expose the stomach. A 5 mm length of the stomach's body part was incised (Figure 1B(2)), and electrodes were inserted on either side of the targeted tissue (Figure 1B(3)).  
During the electrode placement in the control group, only mere electrode contact was ensured. For the NIR irradiation group, the tissue with a 4 mm diameter target size received NIR irradiation aiming for a 3 J/cm\({}^{2}\) dose, without electrode intervention. The IRE group underwent IRE between the disk electrodes, maintaining a 2 mm gap by means of pressing the electrodes. In the NIRE group, the target tissue was initially subjected to NIR irradiation without pressing the electrodes, ensuring accurate targeting. This was followed by an IRE application, pressing the electrodes in the manner adopted by the IRE group. Impedance readings from the generator were recorded for each step of the experimental process. Following IRE treatment, the rats were euthanized 12 h later for ensuing analysis.