## 8 Strategic Roadmap and Future Trends for Industry 4 Facilities Development  
### Strategic Roadmap for Academic Implementation  
To further support academic institutes, we propose a five-phase roadmap to outline a staged plan for developing and deploying Industry 4 facilities. The first stage is called Foundation and vision, which focuses on creating awareness and developing a strategic vision for the expected Industry 4 development. At this stage, awareness workshops and stakeholder consultations should be considered to underpin the long-term goals and short-term objectives of the development and identify the timeline and key milestones that align internal and external expectations. For example, a clear scope of building the learning factory at Lernfabric Fallenbrunen was outlined before its development [69]. Similarly, a framework design in detail is well discussed for building the Proto Learning Factory [64]. The next stage is called Pilot deployment. This stage aims to pilot low-cost infrastructure that includes key modular Industry 4 components. In this phase, some low-cost technologies can be commonly considered, such as an RFID system, Raspberry Pi-based IIoT tool kits, and OPC UA connectivity. In the reviewed articles, the majority of the studies are at this stage of demonstrating solo or limited technologies only. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [116] discussed an implementation of a digitisation strategy in their learning factory. Similarly, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [86] only discussed an MR strategy implementation that can be applied to their digital learning factory. The third stage is called Curriculum integration, where the laboratory setup and academic curricula can be linked. After the Industry 4 modular components have been piloted, early student engagement can be considered in this phase to integrate real-world technologies into coursework, which in turn will build a structured educational and research environment. [PERSON] et al. [104] briefly discussed how the framework of their Industry 4 learning factory matches the pedagogy at the University of Strasbourg. However, in the reviewed articles, there is a very limited number of studies that have considered curriculum integration in their Industry 4 learning facilities. The fourth stage is called Advanced capabilities. The purpose of this stage is to elevate the facilities into a fully digitised and semi-autonomous environment to support high-level research and real industrial practices. In the reviewed articles, the SEPT learning factory in Canada has successfully demonstrated multiple stages of implementation of advanced technologies, achieving a live training and research environment [35; 41; 43; 59; 68; 154; 166; 167]. However, the development at this stage requires huge funding support, which is a main challenge for both academic and industrial participation [164]. The final stage is called Regional collaboration and scaling, which aims to enlarge the scope of collaboration with other institutions and industrial partners to build an open \begin{table}
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Table 3: _Cont._access platform. The intended outcome in the last stage is to build a cooperative and scalable academic ecosystem with true Industry 4 competencies, which benefits not only the institution but also all potential academic and industrial partnerships from the shared infrastructure. Although no practices have been implemented, the participants at the Proto Learning Factory have taken into consideration integrating the learning factory into real-life industries to maximise the benefits [64]. The proposed five-stage strategy and key milestones in each stage are demonstrated in Figure 3.  
There are some key characteristics and challenges that can be identified and expected in the implementation processes. As summarised in Figure 4, the first key characteristic and challenge are technology engagement. It requires relatively low demands at stages 1, 3, and 5.