## 2 Background
### Fanet  
The flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are developing on the basis of VANETs. However, the focus is primarily on flying vehicles. Even though both networks can be considered as a subclass of MANETs, there are constraints, such as node mobility, speed, and density, present that require distinction [22].  
From a connection and communication standpoint, the primary difference is that no roadside units are present. Their futility stems from the assumption that vehicles may not  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **VANET** & **FANET** & **IoV** & **IoFV** \\ \hline Type of network & Vehicular & Flying & Vehicular & Flying \\ \hline Communication range & Short & Medium to Long & Short to Medium & Medium to Long \\ \hline Mobility & Road-based & Air-based & Road-based & Air-based \\ \hline Infrastructure & Roadside units & Limited ground & Roadside units, Cloud & Ground stations, Cloud \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Challenges} & Signal obstruction, & Limited energy, & Signal interference, & Limited energy, \\  & Interference, & Collision avoidance & Dynamic topology & Communication \\  & Dynamic topology & & changes, & security concerns \\  & changes & & Security concerns & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Applications} & Intelligent & & & \\  & Transportation & Surveillance, & Traffic management, & Surveillance, \\ \cline{1-1}  & Systems, & Environmental & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Emergency services & monitoring & Fleet management, & Environmental \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & Safety applications & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of vehicular networks.  
necessarily operate on a set path; instead, they roam space freely [23]. Hence, FANETs use the concept of base stations serving as a gateway for communication. Under those circumstances, the usage of DSRC is obstructed in contrast to in VANETs. Instead, either satellite communication or 5G networks can be utilized to secure the connection. A suitable technology differs among applications and needs to be considered individually [24].  
Similarly to vehicles in VANETs, the computing capability of individual vehicles is limited. However, especially in small UAVs, this limitation is amplified by the constrained carrying capacity of a singular vehicle. For this reason, mobile edge computing is frequently used to offload and load balance tasks among UAVs. This approach enables cooperation in solving complex tasks, but it is necessary to consider both energy and communication constraints [25].  
Application scenarios of FANETs can be divided into three main categories [26]; the first one is surveillance, in which UAVs have the function of flying cameras. Usually, the duties entail processing real-time pictures, video, or audio from flying objects to gather critical information. For instance, UAVs may be used in search and rescue operations to locate a target, usually on the ground. Another situation that might utilize a FANET as an observational infrastructure is traffic and urban monitoring. Aerial reconnaissance operations can be used for everything from law enforcement efforts to gathering data about battlefields in a military environment. Another application setting is in agricultural management. Another class similar to the prior is environmental monitoring, in which UAVs serve as sensors gathering information from a specified area. Physical parameters, including temperature, humidity, pressure, light intensity, and pollution level, are frequently analyzed using UAV sensor networks [27]. The last class that has seen increased utilization in recent years is the deployment of connectivity in places that require a particular type of communication. In order to effectively and securely send data gathered by ground sensors to remote control centers and to extend the communication range of relaying ground nodes, autonomously flown UAVs are being employed as airborne communication relays [26].