esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Pre-Embedded Sensor Method  
The experimental results obtained using the pre-embedded sensor method for different grout filling degrees are shown in Figure 7. The analysis of the results reveals the following:  
From the measured vibration energy values and waveform plots, it can be observed that as the set grout filling degree increases, the vibration energy values initially remain unchanged and then decrease. Similarly, the number of waveforms gradually decreases and the waveform amplitude becomes smaller. When the set grout filling degree is 100%, the vibration energy waveform trends towards a straight line, which is consistent with the current specification for evaluating the grout filling degree based on the vibration energy values.  
When the set grout filling degree is less than 70%, the vibration energy values remain unchanged, essentially maintaining a value of 255, and do not accurately reflect the changes in the grout filling degree. This is due to the fact that in the pre-embedded sensor method, the core testing component, the damped vibration sensor, is exposed to the air and not completely covered by the grout. This indicates a limitation in using the vibration energy values from the pre-embedded sensor method to assess the grout filling degree.  
When the set grout filling degree is between 70% and 100%, the vibration energy values decrease as the grout filling degree increases. This is because, in this range, the grout covers the damped vibration sensor first, and then a portion of the grout recedes, causing the measured vibration energy values to change accordingly. This suggests a correlation between the vibration energy values and the grout filling degree in this range. It is worth noting that there is no linear relationship between groutliness and vibration energy value. When the set grout filling degree is between 70% and 100%, the relationship  
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of field demonstration.  
between grouting fullness and vibration energy values in this study can be represented by Equation (1).  
\[\text{y}=0.0725x^{2}-14.175x+810.75 \tag{1}\]  
where y represents the vibration energy values and \(x\) represents the grouting fullness.  
Figure 7: Test results of pre-embedded sensors under different grouting fullness: (**a**) 10%, (**b**) 20%, (**c**) 30%, (**d**) 40%, (**e**) 50%, (**f**) 60%, (**g**) 70%, (**h**) 80%, (**i**) 90%, (**j**) 100%.
# Telecommunication Technologies for Smart Grid Projects with Focus on Smart Metering Applications
## 4 Smart Metering Applications--Smart Grid Projects
### Grid Management
#### 4.5.13. Remarks on Projects for Grid Management  
Grid management is a broad term and it can be a topic of investigation for many projects that perform different activities. In six of the projects analyzed in Subsection 4.5, grid management is examined, among others, in terms of energy monitoring and utilization of RES (ELECTRA, Smart Grid Vendee, Model City Manheim, Smart Grid Hyllie, Nice Grid, e-GOTHAM). The former project in particular examines control schemes for the smart grid, while RES increase. Projects PRICE and PowerMatching City deal among others with management of smart appliances, whereas the latter one has shown the system's ability to expand, while smart appliances, RES and storage units have been introduced. Grid stabilization in combination to storage units' introduction has been a topic of investigation for NINES project. Table 7 summarizes the projects discussed in this subsection.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Project** & **Aim** & **Characteristics** & **SM Technologies Used** & **Other Technologies** \\ \hline PowerMatching City & Energy and grid management & Integration of Smart appliances, smart meters, RES, storage units & VPN network for communication between houses and central server, ADSL for local data connection \\ \hline PRICE & Automation and monitoring of the grid & Smart appliances communicate with a user interface & PRIME (first link) & ZigBee, PLC for in-home communication \\ \hline STAmi & LV network management management & Creation of a web interface to collect smart meter data & Meters \& More (first link) \\ \hline ISOLVES: PSSA-M & Network management through smart meter data & Real-time values of current, voltage and power are taken to depict the LV network & Meters \& More (first link) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Summary of projects for Grid Management.
## 5 Future Directions and Research Challenges
The reduction of computation immediately reduces energy consumption, where there is a need for a deeper understanding of AI computation with battery management measures, such as CPU throttling and sensor hardware modifications, which is an attractive research avenue [80]. Changes in input data, whether detected in software or hardware, can help reduce the frequency of AI runs and overall energy consumption. This challenge enables us to carry out research for better understanding of hardware chips (GPUs and TPUs) during the computation process.
## 4 Data Silos and Fragmentation:
### Partial Homomorphic Encryption for Outsourcing Medical Records  
To address the privacy concerns associated with outsourcing medical records, we propose the use of partial homomorphic encryption. Partial homomorphic encryption allows for certain computations to be performed on encrypted data without the need for decryption, enabling secure processing of sensitive medical information [41]. The following steps outline the process of outsourcing medical records using partial homomorphic encryption:Data Preprocessing:
* The medical records are transformed into a suitable format for encryption.
* The data are partitioned into individual fields or attributes, such as patient name, age, medical history, etc.
* Encryption:
* Each field of the medical records is encrypted using a suitable partial homomorphic encryption scheme.
* The encryption scheme allows for specific computations to be performed on the encrypted data, such as addition or multiplication, while preserving the privacy of the underlying information.
* Outsourcing:
* The encrypted medical records are securely transmitted to a trusted third party or a cloud service provider for storage and processing.
* The outsourced data remain encrypted, ensuring the confidentiality of the medical information even when stored on untrusted servers.
* Computation on Encrypted Data:
* Authorized parties can perform specific computations on the encrypted medical records using the partial homomorphic encryption scheme.
* For example, statistical analyses, data mining operations, or patient-specific queries can be executed on the encrypted data without revealing the actual medical information.
* The results of the computations are obtained in the encrypted form and can be securely transmitted back to the authorized parties.
* Decryption:
* If necessary, authorized parties can decrypt specific fields or attributes of the medical records using the corresponding decryption keys.
* Decryption is performed only when access to the actual medical information is required, ensuring the privacy of sensitive data.  
The use of partial homomorphic encryption for outsourcing medical records strikes a balance between data privacy and the need for efficient and secure data processing. By allowing specific computations to be performed on the encrypted data, this approach enables the outsourcing of medical records while preserving the confidentiality of patient information [36].
## 3 Establishment of 2D Higher-Order Theory and Equations of Thermo-PS Thin-Film Structures
### Numerical Results and Discussion
#### 4.3.2 Validity and Accuracy Analysis for Current Theoretical Model  
From the linear analysis viewpoint, if we only consider an p-type doped PS thin film without surface loads, i.e., by letting the initial-state electron concentration \(n_{0}\) and its concentration perturbations \(\Delta n^{(0)}\) as well as various loads (including \(F_{1}^{(0)}\), \(F_{3}^{(0)}\), \(D^{(0)}\), \(J^{n(0)}\), and \(J^{p(0)}\)) on the top and bottom surfaces (i.e., at \(x_{2}=h\) and \(x_{2}=-h\)) to be set to zero in Equation (16), then, the present Equation (16) can be directly reduced to the theoretical Equation (17) given by [PERSON] et al. [45]. Further, when considering the second pattern of temperature loads, as shown in Figure 2b, i.e., the applied temperature load \(\theta^{(0)}(x_{1},x_{3})=+\theta_{0}^{(0)}\), which is zero elsewhere, is uniform in a small and yellow rectangular area \(A_{y}\). With the rise in temperature load \(\theta^{(0)}(x_{1},x_{3})\) from 0.1 K to 0.2 K to 0.3 K, the variation in electric potential \(\phi^{(0)}\) along the \(x_{3}\) axis direction and \(x_{1}=500\) nm are shown as a comparative example in Figure 4, which are in good agreement with the theoretical results of [PERSON] et al. We can conclude from Figure 4 that the height/depth of electric potential barrier/well is quite sensitive to different temperature loads in a PS thin-film device.  
Figure 4: Local temperature load-induced electric potential barrier/well \(\phi^{(0)}(x_{1},x_{3})\) along \(x_{3}\) axis direction and \(x_{1}=500\) nm: black dots and yellow circles, respectively, denote theoretical results calculated from our study and that of [PERSON] et al. [45].  
Figure 3: The convergence analysis of double trigonometric series solution about electric potential \(\phi^{(0)}(x_{1},x_{3})\) under the fourth pattern of temperature loads and \(x_{1}=a/2\): red circles and black dots, respectively, denote theoretical results calculated from trigonometric series truncation parameters \(m=n=40\) and \(m=n=50\).  
3.3 Local Modulation of Electromechanical Fields via First, Second, Third, and Fourth Patterns of Temperature Loads  
From the working performance viewpoint, regulating local electromechanical field characteristics inside a PS thin-film device is crucial. Generally, the crucial aspect of local piezoelectric modulation lies in creating localized external stimulus fields within piezoelectric polarization. Inspired by this, for the considered rectangular PS thin film shown in Figure 2, when the applied thermal load is local, the strain produced by a higher or lower temperature change field \(\theta^{(0)}\) is always greater than that of films with \(\theta^{(0)}=0\) K under equivalent stress. As is commonly understood, the non-uniform strain is generated in a homogeneous PS thin-film medium by using local thermal field excitations, which can be used to create localized piezoelectric polarization. This is just the research strategy for the active manipulation of non-uniform strain and local polarization.
# QoS Aware and Fault Tolerance Based Software-Defined Vehicular Networks Using Cloud-Fog Computing
## 2 Literature Review
### SDN-Based Models  
According to [2], SDN is more efficient than traditional networks, as the SDN data plane is separate from the control plane. In SDN, the centralized controller can view the complete network and manage network traffic efficiently compared to traditional networks. Similarly, in [10], the author proposed the Roadside Unit (RSU)-based SDN model, in which they used CR technology to transmit the vehicle information by using the 5G networking model. In [11], the author proposed the Software-Defined Network Edge (SDNE) model. The proposed model provided network services to the edge of networking devices to reduce communication delay and respond quickly. They provided a three-tier architecture that performs very well in terms of response time and energy consumption.
## 4 Conclusions  
The cubic phase synthesis of the RFeO\({}_{3}\) (R = La, Eu, Gd) structures is very challenging. Recently, some successful methods have been developed to synthesize these materials with cubic structures [6; 7]. Therefore, due to the lack of information on the properties of the cubic structures of these materials, theoretical and computational studying of the cubic phases of these materials, and predicting their properties is crucial. In the current study, the mechanical properties of the cubic phase of the RFeO\({}_{3}\) (R = La, Eu, Gd) structures are first investigated using the continuum mechanics approach and density functional theory (DFT). The results of the current research reveal that by increasing the radius of the lanthanide atom in RFeO\({}_{3}\) perovskites, elastic constants increase, and accordingly, the mechanical properties are improved. Then, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) is utilized to understand the role of chemical bonds on the mechanical properties of RFeO\({}_{3}\) compounds. The QTAIM ([PERSON]'s analysis) confirms the DFT results and show when the lanthanide atomic radius increases, the local bulk modulus in the lanthanide basin is enhanced. Moreover, the QTAIM results depict that the EuFeO\({}_{3}\) possesses the highest mechanical isotropy; while LaFeO\({}^{3}\) has the lowest mechanical isotropy. The stress-strain curves of all RFeO\({}_{3}\) (R = La, Eu, Gd) structures show that all these three compounds are deformable up to 8.5% strain, which makes them suitable candidates for flexible electronic and optoelectronic applications.  
DFT calculations: M.F.; and V.N.; analysis: M.F.; and V.N.; validation: M.F.; F.S.; and A.R.; writing--original draft preparation: M.F.; and V.N.; writing--review and editing: F.S.; A.R.; and supervision: A.R. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no competing financial interest.  
Figure 4: Stress–strain responses of LaFeO\({}_{3}\), EuFeO\({}_{3}\), and GdFeO\({}_{3}\) under cubic deformation.
# Optimized Detection Algorithm for Vertical Irregularities in Vertical Curve Segments
###### Abstract  
The vertical curve is designed to smooth sudden gradient changes in the longitudinal profile, enhancing train operational safety and passenger comfort. However, dynamic detection in these segments has consistently encountered issues with long-wavelength vertical irregularities exceeding tolerance limits. To investigate the root causes of this phenomenon and develop a targeted solution, a comprehensive vehicle-track dynamics simulation model was first constructed, based on the design principles for intercity railway vertical curves. The inertial reference method was then applied to process the acceleration and relative displacement data between the detection beam and the track, yielding virtual irregularities. These were compared with excitation irregularities to identify key factors affecting detection accuracy in vertical curve segments. Through further analysis of abnormal exceedances in detection data, the reference cancellation method was proposed. By employing smoothing filters and orthogonal least squares fitting, this method effectively removes track alignment components from the acceleration integration results. Detection errors under various conditions were then compared between the two methods to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the reference cancellation approach. Results indicate that regions with increased longitudinal profile detection errors are primarily located at and near gradient transition points. The vertical curve radius was found to be the primary factor influencing the accuracy of long-wavelength irregularity detection. The proposed reference cancellation method effectively reduces detection errors in areas near gradient transition points to levels comparable to other track sections. Compared to the inertial reference method, the reference cancellation method reduces the maximum detection error by up to 71.77% and the root mean square error by up to 86.61%, effectively mitigating the abnormal exceedances associated with vertical curves.  
vertical curve; long-wavelength irregularities; track irregularity detection; inertial reference method; reference cancellation method +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
1
# A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research
## 2 Neurotransmitter Detection Methods
### Optical Sensing Techniques
#### 2.2.4 Chemiluminescence  
Chemiluminescence is the production of light during a chemical reaction: An energy donor molecule enters an excited state and transfers that energy to an acceptor (luminescence carrier), which releases a photon in order to return to its fundamental state, hence the luminescence. The technique was used for the identification of catecholamines in the culture of a clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma cells [140]. The chemiluminescence generated with the reaction of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate and H\({}_{2}\)0\({}_{2}\) was used in an HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography, described below) detection system to determine fluorescence-labeled catecholamines [141]. The technique was coupled with HPLC for the separation of various biological samples with high selectivity [142]. Other works used a flow injection inhibitory chemiluminescence to detect the concentration of dopamine hydrochloride [143, 144]. The method relies on the ability of dopamine hydrochloride to inhibit the chemiluminescence of a luminol-potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) system [145, 146] and a potassium permanganate-formaldehyde system in acidic medium [147]. A sensitivity of 6 nM was reported [143].  
The real-time measurement of catecholamines in urine samples was achieved by combining HPLC and flow injection with the chemiluminescence generated through the Ca inhibition effect on the oxidation of luminol by iodine in alkaline solution [144]. Further advancement in flow injection systems with plant tissue-derived molecular probe polyphenol oxidase is also used [148, 149], catalyzing the oxidation of dopamine by oxygen. The latter generates hydrogen peroxide to induce chemiluminescence with luminol [150].
## 4 Mechanical Effect Factors
### Quantitative Analysis of Additional Thrust \(q\)  
When the shield machine advances, the whole machine is close to equilibrium state. However, large additional stresses still occur in the front of the cutter head, especially while plate-type panel cutter head with a small opening ratio is adopted. [PERSON] built an extrusion model of cutter head and deduced the expression of additional thrust \(q\) based on the field monitoring data, as shown in Equation (11) [37].  
\[q=\frac{10.13(1-\mu)E_{u}\pi v(1-\xi)^{2}}{(1+\mu)(3-4\mu)Dk\omega}+\Delta p^{\prime} \tag{11}\]  
where \(E_{u}\) is undrained elastic modulus; \(v\) is shield tunneling speed; \(\xi\) is cutter opening ratio; \(D\) is diameter of shield; \(k\) is closure number of cutters; \(\omega\) is angular velocity of cutter head; \(\Delta p^{\prime}\) is extrusion pressure of cutters, generally takes 10-25 kPa.  
Based on Equation (11) and parameters of Table 2, the additional thrust \(q\) is 280 kPa. This is similar to the measured value in previous studies, which is much larger than the 20-30 kPa generally  
Figure 6: Coordinate transformation.  
considered. The additional thrust \(q\) is unit surface load parallel to Y axis. Based on the integral region in Figure 7 and Equation (10), let \(m=\rho cos\ \theta\), \(n=0\), \(k=0\), depth of action of load element \(d=H-\rho sin\ \theta\), stratum displacement induced by additional thrust \(q\) can be obtained.  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}S_{x,H}^{y,q}=\int_{0}^{R}\int_{0}^{2\pi}q\rho d\rho d \theta\frac{(x-\rho\cos\theta)y}{16\pi G(1-\mu)}\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{ 1}{R_{1}^{3}}+\frac{3-4\mu}{R_{2}^{3}}-\frac{6(H-\rho\sin\theta)z}{R_{2}^{5}} \\ -\frac{4(1-\mu)(1-2\mu)}{R_{2}(R_{2}+z+(H-\rho\sin\theta))^{2}}\end{array}\right] \\ S_{z,H}^{y,q}=\int_{0}^{R}\int_{0}^{2\pi}q\rho d\rho d\theta\frac{y}{16\pi G(1 -\mu)}\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{z-(H-\rho\sin\theta)}{R_{1}^{3}}+\frac{(3-4 \mu)(z-H+\rho\sin\theta)}{R_{2}^{3}}\\ +\frac{4(1-\mu)(1-2\mu)}{R_{2}^{3}(R_{2}+z+H-\rho\sin\theta)}\\ -\frac{6(H-\rho\sin\theta)z(z+H-\rho\sin\theta)}{R_{2}^{5}}\end{array}\right] \end{array}\right. \tag{12}\]  
where \(R_{1}=\sqrt{r^{2}+(z-H+\rho\sin\theta)^{2}}\); \(R_{2}=\sqrt{r^{2}+(z+H-\rho\sin\theta)^{2}}\); \(r=\sqrt{(x-\rho\cos\theta)^{2}+y^{2}}\); \(H\) is burial depth of tunnel center; \(\mu\) is Poisson's ratio of soil; \(\rho\) is the distance to the center of cutter head.  
As shown in Figure 8, under the action of additional thrust \(q\), ground uplifts in front of the cutter head, settlements behind the cutter head. Both reach maximum at 1 D and tend to be stable at 4.5 D away from the cutter head. The displacement is small by and large, for each 50 kPa increase in \(q\), the maximum displacement increases by 0.025 mm. Figure 9 shows that the horizontal displacement caused by \(q\) of the cutter head mainly appears within the depth of 1.5 D when Y = 1.  
Figure 8: Longitudinal ground settlement caused by \(q\).  
Figure 7: Integral region of \(q\).
# Towards Understanding Driver Acceptance of C-ITS Services--A Multi-Use Case Field Study Approach
## 1 Introduction
### C-ITS Roll-Out  
Extensive research, testing, and harmonizing of specifications led to the conviction that the time has come to deploy and commercialize C-ITS services both on the vehicle and on the traffic infrastructure side on a European level. The starting point is the Day 1 services and use cases mentioned in Table 1. The focus is on raising the awareness of the drivers by connected in-vehicle driver warnings. The roll-out of C-ITS equipment started on stretches of motorways with high traffic volumes and at intersections in urban areas. [PERSON] et. al. [18] listed numerous projects on the European level, funded by different European initiatives such as Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), Horizon 2020, or ICT Policy Support Programme. The projects not only focused on pure large-scale hardware deployment, but also on designing and harmonising the policy framework across Europe. [PERSON] et al. covered another important aspect of the roll-out: cost efficiency [19]. They provided guidelines for road authorities on how to determine the investment and operational cost of the C-ITS infrastructure or how to use the legacy ITS infrastructure efficiently. C-Roads as a funded project in the CEF program supports national authorities in financing the roll-out of C-ITS. C-Roads provides a well-structured overview of the last 8 years of the main achievements in the deployment of C-ITS infrastructure in Europe [20]. More than 2700 Road-Side-Units (RSU) are installed and operational in 18 core and 8 associated member states. More than 2200 On-Board units (OBU) are installed in public transport vehicles in 54 cities across Europe. The Austrian motorway operator ASFINAG deploys a C-ITS system consisting of Road-Side-Units (RSU) as well as a C-ITS central system that receives and generates C-ITS messages from and to the vehicles. In Germany, the motorway operator Die Autobahn GmbH des Bundes deploys a C-ITS system including RSUs on warning trailers and a C-ITS central system. In addition, the Czech Republic deployed RSUs along 360 km of its motorways. As a next step, cities have started to deploy C-ITS infrastructure. The Scandinavian countries Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland have joined forces in the NordicWay3 project. In Tampere, Finland, traffic light controllers are connected to the C-ITS backbone and send traffic light status messages to vehicles. The same approach is being taken in Trento