# An Energy-Distance-Balanced Cluster Routing Protocol for Smart Microgrid IoT Sensing Networks
## 5 Conclusions  
In scenarios where 20% of nodes fail non-randomly (e.g., corner nodes), LEAD-RP's dynamic radius (Equation (10)) automatically expands coverage, but it may increase the  
Figure 8: Average computation time comparison for LEAD-RP, LEACH, and HEED under \(N=100\) and \(N=300\) nodes. LEAD-RP exhibits the shortest computation time due to lightweight cluster head selection and minimal neighbor information exchange.  
cluster head load. Future work will integrate failure-prediction [18]. Persistent interference may disrupt TDMA scheduling. While not modeled, our energy factor \(E_{f}\) indirectly mitigates this by deprioritizing low-energy nodes for cluster head roles. Single-BS architectures remain a vulnerability. Multi-BS extension could leverage Equation (12) for distributed coordination.  
In conclusion, the LEAD-RP protocol demonstrates a comprehensive set of advantages over traditional protocols such as LEACH and HEED. By efficiently managing energy consumption and optimizing cluster head selection, the LEAD-RP protocol achieves lower energy usage, prolonged network longevity, and improved data throughput. These attributes highlight the LEAD-RP protocol's superiority and potential as a preferable solution in the design and implementation of energy-efficient wireless sensor networks, particularly in applications requiring long-term, stable, and efficient data collection and communication.  
In this study, we delve into the challenges associated with the LEACH protocol when applied to IoT-enabled microgrids, focusing on enhancements to clustering dynamics such as the cluster radius, the ideal ratio for cluster head selection, and the criteria for choosing cluster heads. Through comprehensive simulations, it is evident that the optimized LEAD-RP protocol exhibits superior performance metrics, notably in reducing the overall energy demands of the network, prolonging the network's operational lifespan, and increasing the aggregate data transmission capacity. These improvements mark a significant stride towards optimizing energy management and operational efficiency in IoT-based microgrid configurations, suggesting that the LEAD-RP protocol could offer a robust solution for enhancing network reliability and data-handling capabilities in such environments.  
Conceptualization, C.L. and C.Y.; methodology, C.L. and G.W.; software, C.L.; validation, G.W., K.L. and Z.C.; formal analysis, C.L. and K.L.; investigation, C.L. and K.L.; resources, G.W. and Z.C.; data curation, G.W.; writing--original draft preparation, C.L.; writing--review and editing, G.W., K.L., Z.C. and C.Y.; visualization, C.L.; supervision, C.Y.; project administration, C.L.; funding acquisition, C.L. and C.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
This item is not necessary.  
The research does not involve humans.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors are employed by Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd. They declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.