## 4 Digitalization of MGs
### Distributed Energy Resources Management Systems  
In recent years, the deployment of MGs has become increasingly popular due to the need for more reliable and resilient energy systems, particularly in areas with high renewable energy penetration. As the amount of DERs connected to MGs continues to grow, managing these resources has become a complex task [119; 120; 121]. To address this challenge, DERMSs have emerged as an innovative solution that provides a centralized platform for controlling and optimizing the operation of microgrid DERs [99; 122]. Firstly, it is important to understand the components of DERMSs. DERMSs are essentially software platforms that enable the integration, control, and coordination of various DERs within a microgrid. DERs include solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, ESSs, electric vehicles (EVs), and demand response (DR) systems. The DERMS platform communicates with each of these components, collecting data on their status and performance and using this information to optimize the overall operation of the microgrid [90; 123; 124]. One of the key benefits of a DERMS is that it allows for real-time control and optimization of the microgrid, which can significantly improve its reliability and efficiency. For example, the DERMS can use advanced algorithms to forecast energy demand and supply, and adjust the output of DERs accordingly. This ensures that the microgrid is always supplying the appropriate amount of energy to meet demand, while minimizing wastage and reducing the need for energy storage. Another advantage of a DERMS is that it enables the integration of RESs into MGs [89; 120; 97]. RESs, such as solar and wind, are variable in nature, which makes it difficult to predict their output. DERMSs can monitor the output of RESs and adjust the output of other DERs accordingly to maintain grid stability. However, implementing DERMSs for MGs comes with its own set of challenges. One of the main challenges is the need for data communication and interoperability between different components of the microgrid. This requires standardization of communication protocols and interfaces, which can be a complex and time-consuming process. Additionally, the implementation of DERMSs requires a significant investment in infrastructure and technology, which can be a barrier to adoption [99; 122; 125; 126]. Furthermore, ensuring the security of critical energy infrastructure is crucial, and the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is a vital aspect of achieving a more secure and resilient electric grid. As seen from Figure 5, the electric grid consists of interconnected machines, expertly managed by professional operators, and DERs connected at the grid edge must conform to the power system's reliability, safety, and security operations requirements [127]. Figure 5: Interconnection of a DERM to the grid and security requirement [127]. It is important to implement measured defenses that consider tiered requirements to balance the risk of compromise with the potential impact, making it a critical industry concern. In conclusion, DERMSs are an innovative solution for managing the operation of microgrid DERs and represent a promising technology that can help accelerate the transition to a more sustainable energy system. Table 5 presents a summarized assessment of DERMSs. Currently, DERMSs focus on enabling efficient management, control, and optimization of diverse distributed energy resources such as solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and demand response technologies. They aim to facilitate grid stability, reliability, and flexibility while maximizing the utilization of distributed energy resources. DERMSs leverage advanced technologies such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and real-time monitoring to enable better forecasting, coordination, and decision making.