## 3 Results
### Olive Fruit Fly Infestation of the Drupes  
The seasonal pattern of the infestation by the fruit olive fly largely differed among cultivars. A visual representation of the impact of the olive fruit fly on the six different cultivars over time is presented in Figure 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source of Variation** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Marginal**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**df**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**SS**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**MS**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**F Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**_p-Value_**} \\  & **Mean of Drupe** & & & & & & \\
**Diameter (mm)** & & & & & & \\ \hline Cultivar (CV) & & 5 & 16,047 & 3209 & 3038.6 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{’Frantoio’} & 10.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 e & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{’Leccino’} & 11.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 d & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{’Nocellara etnea’} & 11.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 c & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{’Nocellara messinese’} & 15.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 b & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{’Pendolino’} & 9.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 f & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{’Sant’Agostino’} & 17.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 a & & & & & \\ \hline Time (T) & & 9 & 6315 & 702 & 664.4 & \textless{}0.001 \\ DOY 188 & 9.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 h & & & & & \\ DOY 199 & 10.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 g & & & & & \\ DOY 209 & 10.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 f & & & & & \\ DOY 216 & 11.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 e & & & & & \\ DOY 235 & 12.7 \(\pm\) 0.2 d & & & & & \\ DOY 248 & 13.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 c & & & & & \\ DOY 259 & 13.5 \(\pm\) 0.2 c & & & & & \\ DOY 277 & 14.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 b & & & & & \\ DOY 287 & 14.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 ab & & & & & \\ DOY 301 & 14.8 \(\pm\) 0.3 a & & & & & \\ \hline CV \(\times\) T & & 45 & 627 & 14 & 13.2 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Residuals & & 1740 & 1838 & 1 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Effect of cultivar (CV: ‘Frantoio’, ‘Leccino’, ‘Nocellara etnea’, ‘Nocellara messinese’, ‘Pendolino’, ‘Sant’Agostino’), time (T: expressed in the day of the year, DOY), and CV \(\times\) T interaction (assessed by two-way ANOVA) on the drupe diameter. Figure 1: Seasonal pattern of the olive fruit diameter in six olive cultivars. The \(x\)-axis corresponds to the dates of measurement and the \(y\)-axis corresponds to the diameter in millimeters. Each cultivar is represented by a different symbol and color. Separately, for each day of measurement, different letters indicate significant differences in the fruit diameter between cultivars, according to [PERSON]’s post hoc test (\(p\leq 0.05\)). One of the interesting differences among cultivars was the DOY when the first attacks on the drupes were detected. In 'Sant'Agostino', a total of 14% of drupes were punctured on the first measuring dates (DOY 199) (Figure 2A), whereas the dates when the first attacks were detected were DOY 209 for 'Leccino' and 'Nocellara messinee' (a %PDtot of 4% and 6%, respectively), DOY 216 for 'Nocellara ethea' (%PDtot = 4%), and DOY 248 for 'Frantoio' and 'Pendolino' (a %PDtot of 10% and 4%, respectively). On the last measuring date, the %PDtot also differed among cultivars and was highest in 'Leccino' and 'Sant'Agostino' (a %PDtot of 96% and 98%, respectively), intermediate in 'Frantoio', 'Nocellara ethea', and 'Nocellara messinee' (a %PDtot of 60%, 64%, and 64%, respectively), and the lowest in 'Pendolino' (%PDtot = 32%). The seasonal pattern of %PDtot was like %PDtot for most of the cultivars, with the exception of 'Sant'Agostino' (Figure 2B). This difference was mainly related to the relatively high %PDster measured during the fruit development period in 'Sant'Agostino' compared to the other cultivars (an average %PDster of 22% in 'Sant'Agostino' compared to 5% of the other cultivars) (Figure 2C). Despite this, on the last measuring date, 'Sant'Agostino' reached %PDster values like 'Leccino' (90%) (Figure 2B). While the number of punctured olives and drupe diameters increased over time for all the varieties, there were cultivar-specific relationships between the diameter and the occurrence of punctures caused by the olive fruit fly (Figure 3). Figure 2: Seasonal pattern of the olive fruit fly infestation on the six olive cultivars.