# Effect of Calined Marble Powder and Magnetized Water on the Performance of Cement-Based Composites
###### Abstract  
This study explores the transformative impact of substituting cement with raw marble powder (RMP) and calcined marble powder (CMP) at varying levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) on the physical and mechanical properties of cement-based composites. Additionally, the influence of two different mixing waters--tap water (TW) and magnetized water (MW)--was assessed to determine their combined effects on the composite performance. The evaluation encompassed fresh properties (initial and final setting times, and consistency) and hardened properties (flexural strength (\(f_{\text{fs}}\)), compressive strength (\(f_{\text{cs}}\)), ultrasonic pulse velocity (\(UPV\)), water absorption, porosity, and unit weight) of the composites. The results reveal that CMP-substituted composites significantly outperformed RMP-based counterparts across all indices. Notably, CMP-substituted mortars produced with TW showed a 10.8% to 15.8% increase in 28-day \(f_{\text{cs}}\) values compared to RMP-substituted mortars, while those prepared with MW exhibited 7.8% to 10.9% higher \(f_{\text{cs}}\) values than TW-prepared samples. A microstructural analysis via SEM indicated that CMP enhances hydration and microstructure densification, resulting in improved mechanical performance and durability. Overall, the combination of CMP and MW demonstrated a superior potential for producing eco-friendly, high-performance cementitious composites, supporting sustainable construction practices through significant material savings and environmental benefits. magnetized water; calcination; calcined marble powder; raw marble powder; microstructure analysis; physical and mechanical properties +
Footnote †: journal: applied sciences  
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- calcined marble slurry at a 10% ratio resulted in a 7% improvement in 28-day compressive strength compared to the control mixes, accompanied by a denser structure due to the decreased pore size and volume. [PERSON] et al. [6] stated that incorporating marble slurry into concrete lowers its environmental impact while also offering economic advantages. [PERSON] et al. [7] found that substituting MP for both sand and cement resulted in less porous concrete, with sand substitution particularly enhancing the mechanical properties. They also noted that using MP as a sand substitute had a more significant impact on the mechanical properties of concrete compared to cement substitution. The growing emphasis on sustainable construction has led to a surge in research focused on recycling industrial by-products like marble powder. Studies such as [PERSON] et al. [6] and [PERSON] et al. [7] have shown that RMP and other waste materials can partially replace cement, reducing the environmental impact and improving economic efficiency. This work aligns with these goals by exploring not just RMP but also its calcined variant CMP, demonstrating an enhanced performance in cement-based composites. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] replaced cement with MP at various ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). They noted declines in mechanical properties, including flexural, compressive, and splitting tensile strength, when the substitution exceeded 10% compared to the control mix. [PERSON] et al. [9] investigated the potential of substituting natural aggregates with waste marble aggregates in the manufacturing of alkali-activated concrete. Waste marble aggregate (WMA) was substituted at different weight ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) for natural aggregate (NA). It was found that WMA influenced the pore structure of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) samples, leading to the formation of new calcium-based products along with polymeric compounds, which accelerated the polymerization process and significantly improved the strength and durability of AAC. Up to 50% of NA in AAC production could be substituted with WMA. [PERSON] et al.