## 2 Related Work
### Securing the VANET-Fog Computing (VFC) Using Cloud-Centric Architectures  
The authors in a previous study [25] identified the security goals for vehicular cloud computing (VCC); also known as VFC interoperability. The authors provided an Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) framework for VCC. Particularly, the authors proposed the problems with the challenges for the design of consistent AKA with extra strong security assurance for VCC. A hybrid AKA framework has been proposed, which combines \"single server, 3-factor protocol\" with \"non-interactive, identity-based, key established protocol\" and computed the performance on the basis of the simulated platform. The authors in a previous study [26] introduced a novel method for serving speed-based lane changing, time of arrival (TOA), and collision avoidance on the basis of localization in VANET. TOA has been designed for those areas in which there is an unavailability of GPS signals. The design of TOA provides clear line of sight for exact services for localization and positioning applications. The authors addressed collision avoidance with automatic braking and camera-based surveillance. The viability and feasibility of the algorithms were established via simulation in Simulation of Urban Mobility(SUMO) and Network Simulator (NS-2). The authors designed an mobile application interface (MAI) for the onboard unit for effective, smart monitoring of remote traffic. The authors in a previous study [27] proposed an exclusive hierarchy for cache discovery with a review on co-operative caching methods in VANET with the classification of linked cache discovery methods in the classification. According to this, the authors used varied cache discovery methods and examined the potential for addressing the appropriate challenges that occurred, while also deploying a non-safety application in VANET, which avoided the common pitfalls. The future lies in the utilization of this research for the development of new co-operative caching methods, such as fog computing, which could offer enhanced performance in VANET, while comparing the traditional approaches on the basis of co-operative caching methods. The authors in a previous study [28] presented the VANET design architecture for authentication key delivery with less delay between vehicles with more mobility, utilizing fog as well as cloud computing. The authors introduced fog computing for the extension of cloud computing, with the context of a middle fog layer among cloud and mobile devices for the production of varied benefits. As the keys are produced directly from the middle layer, the latency is significantly diminished. Additionally, the amount of message exchanges among vehicles varied in VANET as elements lessened, as compared to traditional methods. Accordingly, the resultant system was more effective. The design was executed and validated by a network simulation tool for a single as well as a multi-vehicle system. In another study [29], the authors presented a novel technique to address the problem of data sharing and delegated the data management to a trusted third party (TPA) on the basis of a bilinear pairing method. For the achievement of this goal, the authors utilized fog computing as the major tool for a utility computing hypothesis for storage of a large amount of data and executed the re-encryption procedure safely. Varied resources, such as an on-board unit, communication, endless battery life, and computing are implanted in the vehicles for usage for the enhancement of an intelligent transportation system (ITS). The main challenge for VANET is to safely distribute the significant information between the vehicles. In a few cases, the owner of the data was not accessible and could not control the process of data-sharing with the novel user or revoke the traditional user. The authors in another study [30] used Firefly (genetic algorithm (FA)) to investigate vehicles that travelled along highways that encountered some form of VANET attacks.