esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a RC IR-HARQ transmission scheme based on PCPP codes to support data transmission over a time-varying channel. First, we designed an improved random puncturing algorithm that limited the puncturing patterns in the frozen bits of polar codes, which can provide RC polar codes for practical wireless communication systems, and gain about 0.2-1 dB decoding performance better than the existing puncturing schemes. Then, considering the continuous block transmission over a time-varying channels scenario, by utilizing analyzing the overhead of the previous successful decoded PCPP coding block in our RC IR-HARQ scheme, the optimal initial code-rate can be determined for each new PCPP coding block over time-varying channels. Simulation results show that the average number of transmissions is about 1.8 times for each PCPP coding block in our RC IR-HARQ scheme with a 2-level PCPP encoding construction, if the sender has the accurate statistical information of the time-varying channel. Our proposed scheme is independent of channel state and can be flexible over the time-varying channel. Furthermore, if the statistical information of the channel is not accurate, the PCPP codes can achieve joint optimization with a channel estimation algorithm for future work.  
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grants 61771158, 61701136, 61525103 and 61371102, the Natural Scientific Research Innovation Foundation in Harbin Institute of Technology under Grant HIT. NSRIF. 2017051, and the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Project under Grant JCYJ20160328163327348 and JCYJ20150930150304185.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and [PERSON] put forward the main idea and designed the RC IR-HARQ transmission scheme. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the analysis and prepared the manuscript. All authors participated in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# An Overview of Cube-Satellite Propulsion Technologies and Trends
## 9 Pulse Plasma Thruster (PPT)
### Design Considerations and Technologies
VATs also suffer from two major limitations: first, the force generated per pulse is non-adjustable for each specified cathode material, and the thrust level can be adjusted only by varying the pulse duty cycle; second, as the plasma is generated from cathode and transported out of thruster channel by plasma pressure gradient alone, the directional efficiency of the thrust generated is strongly dependent on the geometry of the thruster electrodes [120]. Table 8 provides the summary of surveyed pulsed plasma and vacuum arc thrusters along with their performance factors. None of the listed PPTs have CubeSat heritage, however two of them have flown on a bigger satellite for secondary propulsion purposes; one of the VATs has flown on a CubeSat mission.
## 4 A Twitter-Based Event Detection Method for Monitoring Emergency Events
### Twitter Sentiment as an Early Warning Indicator for Event Monitoring of Emergency Events  
As stated previously, the Twitter messages are gathered into a dataset after clustering to enable the model to learn the sentiment characteristics of event-related tweets during the training process. These characteristics will be systematically converted into the sentiment distribution of individual messages, representing the sentiment changes of the event theme over time. This function mainly uses sentiment analysis to quantify the sentiment of the tweets in each event in the data set to identify the sentiment value of the currently detected event so that the user can make appropriate decision-making plans based on the current market sentiment to achieve avoiding risk.  
VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner) is a simple rule-based sentiment analysis model designed specifically for the sentimental aspects of social media. Using qualitative combinations, a vocabulary feature table associated with the social media is created, and then the lexical features are combined with grammar and syntactic  
Figure 5: Proposed event-monitoring system model using a Twitter-based real-time event detection method.  
conventions that express and emphasize the intensity of the emotion. Dictionary-based sentiment analysis tools are not sufficient to infer the true feelings of social media users. The more complex sentiment analysis tool VADER can handle negative word questions and emoji and slang in community messages. Using the collected tweets with a word embedding tool, \"word2 vec,\" the related keywords of specific events could be obtained. We used the resulting keywords to find relevant tweets and then utilized the VADER method to analyze the sentiment. Through VADER, the positive, neutral, negative, and compound of each tweet can be calculated.  
The mechanism of responding to product market fluctuations can implement risk avoidance based on real-time detected emergencies and formulated values of the social-sentiment indicator after comparing with past information. This smart contract will only be executed according to what is written in the contract and cannot be tampered with. In particular, once these emergencies cause companies to suffer from supply shortages and demand interruptions, they are eager to know the answers to several questions, such as how long a supply chain can last, how long a supply chain takes, and how they can respond appropriately by changing suppliers. The prepared plans will continue to increase the complexity of the designed smart contract content. In this work, we only focus on situational awareness in the early stages of supply chain emergencies. Thus, Twitter-based sentiments are used as an early warning indicator for situation monitoring of emergency events.
## 2 Port-Hamiltonian Systems
### Example  
Consider the resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit in Figure 1, with \(n_{S}=2\), \(n_{D}=1\), and \(n_{P}=2\), described as follows. For the linear inductance \(L\), the state and the positive definite function can be the magnetic flux \(x_{1}=\phi\) and \(h_{1}(\phi)=\phi^{2}/(2L)\), so that \(v_{L}=dh_{1}/dx_{1}\) and \(i_{L}=\frac{dx_{1}}{dt}\). For the capacitance and the resistance, quantities are defined with \(x_{2}=q\) and \(\mathbf{w}=[i_{R}]\). Port variables are arranged as input \(\mathbf{u}=[v_{1},v_{2}]^{\intercal}\) and output \(\mathbf{y}=[-i_{1},-i_{2}]^{\intercal}\) (edges receiver convention).  
Applying [PERSON]'s laws to this simple serial circuit yields  
\[\left(\begin{array}{c}v_{L}\\ i_{C}\\ \hline i_{R}\\ \hline i_{1}\\ i_{2}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{rr|r|r}0&-1&-1&-1&+1\\ +1&0&0&0&0\\ \hline+1&0&0&0&0\\ \hline+1&0&0&0&0\\ -1&0&0&0&0\end{array}\right).\left(\begin{array}{c}i_{L}\\ \hline v_{C}\\ \hline v_{R}\\ \hline v_{1}\\ v_{2}\end{array}\right).\]  
From the constitutive laws of components, this equation restores the form (5) exactly, block by block. It provides the algebraic-differential equations that govern the system with input \(\mathbf{u}\) and output \(\mathbf{y}\).  
This work aims at simulating such passive systems by firstly generating Equation (5) associated to a given circuit, and secondly by deriving its numerical version so that a discrete power balance is satisfied.  
**Remark 2** (Reduction).: _The system (5) can be reduced by decomposing function \(\mathbf{z}\) into its linear and nonlinear parts. See Appendix A for details._
## 2 Modelling Tools
### DPF Model  
The gas properties at the DOC outlet define the boundary conditions for the modelling of the DPF. Like in the DOC case, a modular lumped model is employed in the DPF, including sub-models for pressure drop and heat transfer besides specific routines to account for filtration, regeneration and porous medium properties.  
The amount of soot cumulated in the DPF determines the dynamics of the filtration [40] and regeneration [38], as well as the pressure drop [41]. The variation in the soot mass inside the DPF is modelled as a function of the filtrated and oxidised soot amounts per unit of time according to Equation (14),  
\[\Delta m_{s}=\left(\dot{m}_{s,fill}-\dot{m}_{s,reg}\right)\Delta t, \tag{14}\]  
where \(\Delta m_{s}\) is the variation of DPF soot mass per time-step, \(\dot{m}_{s,fill}\) is the filtrated soot mass rate, \(\dot{m}_{s,reg}\) is the oxidised soot mass rate and \(\Delta t\) is the time-step duration.  
The amount of soot oxidised per unit of time as well as the heat released during the regeneration are determined from the depletion rate of the gaseous reactants depletion rate (O\({}_{2}\) and NO\({}_{2}\)), as shown in Equation (15),  
\[\dot{m}_{s,reg}=M_{C}\left(-\frac{1}{\alpha_{NO_{2}}}\frac{\partial n_{NO_{2}}} {\partial t}-\frac{1}{\alpha_{O_{2}}}\frac{\partial n_{O_{2}}}{\partial t} \right), \tag{15}\]  
where \(M_{C}\) is the Carbon molecular weight, \(\alpha\) is the stoichiometric coefficient of the gaseous reactant and \(\frac{\partial n}{\partial t}\) is the depletion rate of each reactant expressed in mole terms. The depletion rate is obtained solving the reactants species transport along the porous medium, i.e., particulate layer and loaded porous wall region, according to Equation (16)  
\[u_{w}\frac{\partial X_{n}}{\partial z}=-\left(S_{p,ext}+\eta_{int_{n}}S_{p,int }\right)\alpha_{n}k_{n}\frac{K_{S_{n}}p_{n}}{1+K_{S_{n}}p_{n}}, \tag{16}\]  
which considers the diffusion of the reactants into the soot particles and their adsorption according to a Langmuir isotherm, as discussed in [38]. In particular, the terms \(S_{p,ext}\) and \(S_{p,int}\) represent the specific external and internal surfaces of the soot particle, respectively, being \(\eta_{int_{n}}\) the internal pore diffusion efficiency. Additionally, \(K_{S_{n}}\) and \(p_{n}\) are the adsorption constant and the partial pressure of reactant \(n\).
## 3 Numerical Analyses
### Numerical Model and Verification
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Materials Properties** & **2 m SGC Mass** & **6 m GRS Mass** \\ \hline
**Soil Properties** & & \\ \hline Model & Hardening Soil & Hardening Soil \\ Peak friction angle, \(\phi\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 50 & 45 \\ Apparent cohesion \(\varpropto\) (kPa) & 70 & 0 \\ Dilation angle \(\psi\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 19 & 15 \\ Unit weight \(\gamma\) (kN/m\({}^{3}\)) & 25 & 17 \\ \(E_{\rm{eff}}^{50a}\) (kN/m\({}^{3}\)) & 62,374 & 77,622 \\ \(E_{\rm{eff}}^{50}=3E_{\rm{eff}}^{50}\) (kN/m\({}^{3}\)) & 187,122 & 232,866 \\ Stress dependence exponent \(m\) & 0.5 & 0.5 \\ Poisson’s ratio \(\
u\) & 0.2 & 0.2 \\ \(P_{\rm{ref}}\) (kPa) & 100 & 100 \\ \hline
**Reinforcement** & Single-sheet Geotex 4 \(\times\) 4 & Double-sheet Geotex 4 \(\times\) 4 \\ \hline Elastic axial stiffness (kN/m) & 1000 & 2000 \\ Reinforcement spacing (m) & 0.2 & 0.2 \\ \hline
**Modular Block Properties** & & \\ \hline Model & Model Linear elastic & N/A \\ Stiffness modulus (kPa) & 3 \(\times 10^{6}\) & N/A \\ Unit weight \(\gamma\) (kN/m\({}^{3}\)) & 12.5 & N/A \\ Poisson’s ratio \(\
u\) & 0 & N/A \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Input parameters for finite element analyses.
# Review of Anomaly Detection Algorithms for Data Streams
## 8 Future Research Directions  
### Future Research Directions of the Authors  
1. According to the paper, all the involved data stream anomaly detection algorithms will be conducted by experiments. With unified data sets, each algorithm will be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. On the basis of the analysis, the similarities and differences of algorithms and their practical application scenarios could be reached.
2. A new data stream anomaly detection algorithm is proposed on the basis of the Hoeffding tree algorithm. The algorithm has the following features: (1) green and energy efficient; (2) based on online learning; (3) anti-concept drift.
## 4 Discussion
### Evaluation of the Insecistatic Activity of Kaempfer against Spodoptera frugiperda  
[PERSON] et al. [54] reported that ethyl acetate extracts of _Tagetes erecta_ L. (Asteraceae) and _Datura metel_ L. (Solanaceae) induced anti-feeding activity against _S. frugiperda_ at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 ug \(\mu\)L\({}^{-1}\) in the quantification of phytochemicals. It was observed that, among the most abundant compounds in the extract of _T. erecta_, phenols and flavonoids ranked highest (at 107 mg g\({}^{-1}\) and 128 mg g\({}^{-1}\), respectively); meanwhile, in the extract of _D. metel_, 89.4 mg g\({}^{-1}\) of phenols was found, while 83.7 mg g\({}^{-1}\) of flavonoids was found.  
The results of our study suggest that the methanolic and hydrolyzed methanolic extracts of aerial parts of _R. commuis_, as well as kaempfer, have insecticidal and insecticatic activities against _S. frugiperda_ larvae.  
In a previous work of our team, it was demonstrated that the biological activity of the methanolic extract of _R. commuis_ aerial parts resulted from ricinine [22] and now also kaempfer since it is a secondary metabolite present in this plant extract. In addition to this, the mechanism of action of kaempfer involved in the biological activity of any insect has not been described so far.
###### Abstract  
Optical tweezers are widely used for noninvasive and precise micromanipulation of living cells to understand biological processes. By focusing laser beams on cells, direct cell manipulation with optical tweezers can achieve high precision and flexibility. However, direct exposure to the laser beam can lead to negative effects on the cells. These phenomena are also known as photobleaching and photodamage. In this study, we proposed a new indirect cell micromanipulation approach combined with a robot-aided holographic optical tweezer system and 3D nano-printed microtool. The microtool was designed with a V-shaped head and an optical handle part. The V-shaped head can push and trap different sizes of cells as the microtool moves forward by optical trapping of the handle part. In this way, cell exposure to the laser beam can be effectively reduced. The microtool was fabricated with a laser direct writing system by two-photon photopolymerization. A control strategy combined with an imaging processing algorithm was introduced for automated manipulation of the microtool and cells. Experiments were performed to verify the effectiveness of our approach. First, automated microtool transportation and rotation were demonstrated with high precision. Second, indirect optical transportations of cells, with and without an obstacle, were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Third, experiments of fluorescent cell manipulation were performed to confirm that, indicated by the photobleaching effect, indirect manipulation with the microtool could induce less laser exposure compared with direct optical manipulation. The proposed method could be useful in complex biomedical applications where precise cell manipulation and less laser exposure are required.  
Keywords:cell manipulation; cell transportation; optical tweezers; robot-aided; 3D direct laser writing +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 4 Results
### Data of Bands with a Spatial Resolution of 10 m
#### 4.1.2 Regression Models  
The following step is to analyze the regression models for the clay soil and sandy soil that allow estimating soil moisture based on remote sensing. Since for the sandy soil, there is only one band that shows a correlation with a \(p\)-value > 0.05 we present the regression model for this band (Band 8). Regarding clay soil, we present the regression model with the band with the highest significance level (Band 4). Both simple regression models are represented in Figure 4 (Figure 4a for clay soil and Figure 4b for sandy soil). In Figure 4, we can see the mathematical model with the confidence and prediction intervals as well as the equation, the correlation coefficient, and the R\({}^{2}\). In both cases, non-linear models are used to improve the accuracy of the regression, which increases the correlation coefficient described in Figure 3.  
On the other hand, a multiple regression model is calculated for clay soil since two bands have shown a correlation with \(p\)-value > 0.05. The result of this multiple regression model, as observed vs. predicted soil moisture, can be seen in Figure 5. We obtain better accuracy with the multiple regression model (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.47) for clay soil than for the simple regression model (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.35).  
Figure 4: Simple Regression Models for (**a**) clay soil and (**b**) sandy soil for bands with 10 m of resolution.  
Figure 3: Summary of multivariate analyses. (**a**) all soil types, (**b**) clay soil, (**c**) sandy soil, (**d**) sandy-clay soil. Significance levels (Sig): ***\(p\) < 0.001; **\(p\) < 0.010; *\(p\) < 0.05.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, based on the 10 m Sentinel-2 images on the Google Earth Engine platforms, and through exploring SII, the green-red band normalized difference vegetation index (GRNDVI), the green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the difference environmental vegetation index (DVI), four remote sensing salinity monitoring index models including SIDII, SIDI2, S1 DI3, and S1 DI4 were built to extract information on soil salinization in cotton fields in the Alar reclamation area, combined with the measured electrical conductivity. With the conducted accuracy evaluation, we can draw the following conclusions:  
1. The fitting degrees of the remote sensing salinity monitoring index models S1 DI1, S1 DI2, S1 DI3, and S1 DI4 and the measured conductivity are R\({}^{2}\) = 0.8335, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.8310, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.8296, and R\({}^{2}\) = 0.8025, and the overall classification accuracy of the samples is 96.52%, compared to 95.65%, 95.78%, and 95.78%. As a result, the model accuracy of cotton field soil salinization information extraction in the Alar reclamation area is S1 DI1 \(>\) S1 DI2 \(>\) S1 DI3 \(>\) S1 DI4.
2. Using the S1 DI1 model to extract the soil salinization information of the cotton fields in the Alar reclamation area, it can be found that the cotton fields in the Alar reclamation area are dominated by non-saline soil, which is distributed in the 7 th to 16 th clusters of the reclamation area. The content of light saline soil occupies second place, mainly distributed in the southeast area of the 9 th regiment and the area along the Tarim River of the 12 th regiment in the reclamation area, and the other small parts are scattered in the cotton fields of each regiment.
3. This study utilizes the Sentinel-2 images on the Google Earth Engine cloud platform combined with the optimal salinity monitoring index model S1 DI1 to conduct research on the monitoring and identification of salinity in cotton fields, which has the advantages of free remote sensing image data, easy access, and good performance. With the further development of optical satellite technology, using satellite remote sensing images to obtain high-precision, real-time information on the spatial distribution of salinization in cotton fields is an important trend in future agricultural development, for which some guidance can be found in this study.  
Writing--original draft, G.H. and T.B.; Writing--review & editing, X.W., M.L., C.L., L.C., X.Q. and X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study is supported by the Open Project of the Laboratory of Key Corps of Oasis Ecological Agriculture (202002) and the Bingtuan Science and Technology Program (2021 DB001, 2021 BB023), National Natural Science Foundation of China (61961035).  
Not applicable.  
The experimental data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.  
The authors sincerely thank those who have reviewed to this paper.
## 4 Discussion
### Strengths and Limitations  
This study evaluates both maximal contraction (MaxZone) and submaximal contraction (SubMax zone) during the box-lifting task. This allows for a thorough understanding of performance across different levels of force control, which can help in assessing functional capabilities more widely. The study employs IMUs to measure positional performance in terms of tilt along the x-, y-, and z axes. These devices offer precise and objective data on positional changes during lifting tasks. Automating the data analysis by programming makes it more efficient. Six specific parameters (anterior and posterior tilt, AH/NAH forward rotation, and AH/NAH downward tilt) are assessed, offering a targeted approach to understanding how positional performance changes between the Max and SubMax zones. The study focuses on a population of children aged 12-18 years with neurodevelopmental disabilities, providing valuable insights into motor control challenges in this specific group. This is an exploratory study with a small sample, and the representation of different subgroups (e.g., children with different neurodevelopmental conditions) may be uneven. This could affect its statistical power, and the conclusions should be interpreted with caution. In addition, the study focuses on a single, specific task (box lifting), which may not capture the full range of functional movements and challenges that children with neurodevelopmental disabilities encounter in their daily lives.
# Joint User-Slice Pairing and Association Framework Based on H-NOMA in RAN Slicing
###### Abstract
As for RAN slicing, additional challenges are faced due to limited capacity, radio channels, and performance isolation, which is still under development [11]. The uRLLC service is intended for event-driven, mission-critical, and industrial settings that may be helped in achieving QoS criteria such as ultra-low latency and ultra-high dependability. In addition, the standard uRLLC sets rigorous latency and reliability standards, with typical latency and reliability requirements of 1 ms/packet and up to 99% successful packet delivery [12]. Since both the eMBB and the URLLC are critical components of communication traffic in 5G, several researchers have addressed the problem of the coexistence between various services [13]. Some of the main challenges in HetNets are the user association process and the user pairing process. The users must be associated to different base stations (BSs) in the HetNets [14]. Consequently, and motivated by the aforementioned benefits of NOMA and RAN slicing, this paper considers H-NOMA in RAN slicing and studies the problem of the coexistence of services with heterogeneous requirements. User association and pairing algorithms are considered the various types of UEs and their different connection demands in a HetNet.