## 5 Results and Analysis
### Multi-Constellation Scenarios
#### 5.2.2 Wideband Interference  
The benefits of the use of multi-constellation are validated again in the case of wideband interference, where the receiver was able to provide a positioning solution 100% of the time in both scenarios. A breakdown of the solution availability based on constellation is shown in Figure 12. The position solution was based on at least 7 and 9 available satellites for scenarios #5 and #6, respectively, as noted from Tables 7 and 8.  
Similar to the narrowband interference scenarios, GLONASS constellation was not affected when the jamming was centered on the GPS band and vice versa, as shown in Figures 13 and 14. It can also be observed from the figures that GLONASS satellites were more resistive to interference in terms of the signal outage.  
Figure 11: DOP values. (**Left figure**)—scenario #2, (**right figure**)—scenario #3.  
Figure 12: Constellation availability of wideband interference scenarios. (**a**) Scenario #5; (**b**) Scenario #6.  
Figure 13: Average carrier-to-noise ratio of scenario #5. (**Top figure**)—GPS measurements; (**bottom figure**)—GLONASS measurements.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Jamming Power (dBm)** & \(-\)**90** & \(-\)**88** & \(-\)**86** & \(-\)**84** & \(-\)**82** & \(-\)**80** & \(-\)**78** & \(-\)**76** & \(-\)**75.6** & \(-\)**75.2** & \(-\)**74.8** \\ \hline
**GPS satellites** & 9 & 8 & 8 & 7 & 4 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
**GLONASS satellites** & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 7 \\
**Total** & 15 & 14 & 14 & 13 & 11 & 10 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Minimum number of available satellites for scenario #5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Jamming Power (dBm)** & \(-\)**90** & \(-\)**88** & \(-\)**86** & \(-\)**84** & \(-\)**82** & \(-\)**80** & \(-\)**78** & \(-\)**76** & \(-\)**75.6** & \(-\)**75.2** & \(-\)**74.8** \\ \hline
**GPS satellites** & 10 & 10 & 10 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 \\
**GLONASS satellites** & 6 & 5 & 5 & 5 & 6 & 4 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
**Total** & 16 & 15 & 15 & 14 & 15 & 13 & 11 & 9 & 9 & 9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Minimum number of available satellites for scenario #6.  
Figure 15 shows that the jamming on the GPS band decreased the quality of the provided position solution as the DOP values of scenario #5 were much higher than their counterparts of scenario #6.  
Tables 9 and 10 show the positioning and velocity errors of all scenarios. It is noted from the tables that the maximum positioning errors were the highest for scenarios #2 and #5, which indicates that jamming the GPS band would yield worse results than jamming the GLONASS band. That is understandable as the GPS constellation has better coverage and geometry in North America compared to the GLONASS constellation. It is also noted from the tables that even if the GPS-only constellation scenarios show a better positioning solution, that came at the cost of at least 43% of total outage.  
Figure 14: Average carrier-to-noise ratio of scenario #6. (**Top figure**)—GPS measurements; (**bottom figure**)— GLONASS measurements.  
Figure 15: DOP values. (**Left figure**)—scenario #5, (**right figure**)—scenario #6.