## 4 Discussion
punctata_ fruit residues, in addition to the major constituents, 9-octadecenoic acid (E,E,E)-1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (areas 1, 2, and 4) and 4-O-methylmannose (areas 3 and 5), the study identified the notable presence of 2,3-butanediol and (-)-spathulenol in areas 1, 2, and 4. 2,3-butanediol is a very promising compound in the context of biorefineries, given the use of plant biomass as important substrates for the production of this compound in fermentation broth. It has many applications, being extremely useful in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries due to its physicochemical properties [72]. (-)-Spathulenol is a sesquiterpene that has already been isolated from the hexanic extract of the husks of _Dipteryx lacunifera_ fruits, together with the sesquiterpene \(\beta\)-farmesene and the vinatichoic acid (diterpene furanocassan). Spathulenol and \(\beta\)-farmesene have also been identified in oil extracted from _D. lacunifera_ residues via Clevenger, with percentages of 13.3% and 27.8%, respectively [73]. In addition, spathulenol has been reported in the extract of the epicarp + mesocarp of the fruits of _D. punctata_[10], and in the essential oil extracted from the flowers of _Dipteryx odorata_, which are also rich in germacrene D [74]. Hydrocoumarin, coumarin, and cis-vaccenic acid are markers for the residue extracts, the last being a naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond in the cis configuration. In general, fatty acids and their derivatives are important olechemical products both for technical applications and for nutrition in the case of natural oils and fats [75]. In the huks of \(D\). _adorata_ fruits, coumarins, lupeol, \(\beta\)-farnesene, betulin, and methyl esters of fatty acids were also identified [76; 77; 78]. Another fatty acid confirmed in the extracts of the residues was ethyl oleate. This compound, already identified in the extract of the huks of the fruits of \(D\). _punctata_[10], arises from the esterification of oleic acid with an alcoholic solvent and has applications in the food, cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceutical industries [79; 80]. In the extracts obtained from the seeds, coumarin in areas 2, 3, 4, and 5, and oleic acid in area 1 were identified as the predominant compounds. Coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) is very important in the cosmetics and perfumery industry and is extracted from \(D\). _adorata_ seeds in the Amazon region. The seeds of this species are also widely marketed for vascular and lymphatic disorders [81], as the main active ingredient in ethanolic extracts serves to attenuate and/or alleviate diseases [39]. The presence of 1,2-benzopyrone has previously been reported in the seeds and the extracts of the huks and endocarps (integral parts of the fruit residues) of \(D\). _punctata_. This study confirmed its presence in the extracts of residues and seeds from the different collection areas, which indicates there should be greater reuse of this material as a source for obtaining coumarin. Macerated _Dipteryx_ sp. seeds were extracted successively with hexane P.A., dichlorom ethane P.A., and ethyl alcohol P.A. to 96%, obtaining the highest yield and the isolation of 3.4% of coumarin in the hexaric fraction. However, in the dichloromethane and ethanolic fractions, in addition to simple coumarin, hydrocoumarin (3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one or 3,4-dihydrocumarin) was identified [82]. This substance, belonging to the class of coumarins, has also been reported in the extract of \(D\). _punctata_ seeds [10] and this study found it in the extracts of branches, residues, and seeds. Fatty acids have also been obtained from the oil extracted from \(D\). _adorata_ seeds, such as oleic acid and palmitic acid, with 53% and 13% of the relative total of the mixture, in addition to linoleic, stearic, and vaccenic acid (8%, 7%, and 2%, respectively) [83]. In \(D\).