# Advanced Strategies for Mitigating Particulate Matter Generations in Poultry Houses
## 6 Particulate Matter Emission Mitigating Strategies  
The PM concentration in poultry housing is primarily affected by housing and feeding, animal species, stocking density, lighting duration, environment conditions (season), and existing mitigation practices [22; 24; 72; 108]. It is important to possess a deep knowledge of PM morphology to evaluate their effects and propose the best mitigating technologies in animal housing. Particulate matter mitigating strategies can be classified into three different groups: dilution and effective room air distribution, source-control techniques to reduce PM from the source, and PM removal or cleaning techniques by using acid scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, or ionizers [109]. Other techniques for improving air quality are oil spraying, manure handling, and electrolyzed water spray [24]. Controlling the living space environment, including temperature, humidity, air quality, and litter quality, is critical for poultry well-being [110]. Variations in indoor air quality have been linked to various factors, including barn architecture, manure management, animal densities, feed regimens, building ventilation, and farm management practices. Therefore,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Country/Organization** & **Occupational Exposure Limit** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{World Health Organization} & PM\({}_{2.5}\): 5 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) annual mean \& 15 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & [11] \\  & 24-h mean (2011 standard) & \\  & PM\({}_{2.5}\): 10 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) annual mean \& 25 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & [106] \\  & 24-h mean (2005 standard) & \\  & PM\({}_{10}\): 15 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) annual mean \& 45 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & [11] \\  & 24-h mean (2011 standard) & \\  & PM\({}_{10}\): 20 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) annual mean \& 50 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & [106] \\  & 24-h mean (2005 standard) & \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{USA (EPA)} & PM\({}_{2.5}\): 35 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) 24-h mean & [13] \\  & PM\({}_{10}\): 150 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) 24-h mean & [13] \\  & PM\({}_{2.5}\): 12 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) annual mean (primary  standard *) & [103] \\  & PM\({}_{2.5}\): 15 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) annual mean (secondary  standard *) & [103] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{USA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)} & Total dust 10 mg/m\({}^{3}\) and respirable friction dust dust 5 mg/m\({}^{3}\) (regulator limit of 8-h time-weighted average) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Australia} & PM\({}_{2.5}\): 50 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) (1 h average) \& 25 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & [104] \\  & (24-h average) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{UK} & Total and respirable dust limits are 10 and 5 mg/m\({}^{3}\), respectively & [107] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Primary as sensitive health populations like asthmatic, elderly, and children. Secondary as welfare protection against damage and visibility.  
\end{table}
Table 8: Recommended guidelines for PM on occupational exposure limit of various countries or organizations.  
various biochemical, chemical, managerial, physical, and physiological practices must be implemented to decrease PM significantly lower than recommended guidelines (Figure 3).