# Intelligent Monitoring Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging
## 2 Related Work
### EVs Smart Parking  
While traditional smart parking systems provide a foundation for EV infrastructure management, the unique requirements of electric vehicles demand specialized monitoring and control capabilities. Key challenges include optimizing charging schedules, managing peak loads, and integrating with smart grid systems. Recent advances in battery management systems, charging protocols, and IoT integration have enabled newer approaches to these challenges [3; 17]. _IoT and Real-time Monitoring._ The integration of IoT technologies has enabled real-time monitoring of critical parameters across charging networks. Modern IoT-enabled charging stations can track not just basic metrics--like occupancy and power consumption--but also detailed charging profiles, thermal characteristics, and grid conditions. This granular data collection, combined with edge computing capabilities, allows operators to implement predictive maintenance strategies that have been shown to reduce downtime in real-world deployments [18]. [PERSON] et al. [3] implemented an IoT-based system that predicts the initial state of charge for vehicles entering parking facilities while tracking vehicle locations and connection durations within the charging infrastructure. [PERSON] et al. [19] developed a PIC microcontroller-based monitoring system for EV charging stations that enables real-time tracking of voltage, current, and temperature parameters. The system implements configurable current limits and automated safety protocols that trigger protective relays when measurements exceed defined thresholds. Integration of GSM communication enables immediate status notifications via SMS when anomalous conditions are detected, facilitating rapid response to potential safety concerns. _System Architecture and Security._ The evolution of EV charging infrastructure has seen significant architectural innovation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] developed an approach that tightly integrates vehicle-side systems (like ECU-based battery management) with infrastructure components through V2I communication. This bidirectional information flow enables features like dynamic space allocation and predictive charging management. [PERSON] et al. [21] analyze charge manipulation attacks (CMAs) against EV charging infrastructure, where malicious actors modify data exchanges during smart charging processes to manipulate aggregated EV demand patterns. Their analysis demonstrates how CMAs can bypass existing security protocols in EV communication standards. Through modeling of market participation in day-ahead and real-time energy trading, they quantify the economic impact of CMAs on EV aggregator profitability. To address these vulnerabilities, they propose an unsupervised deep learning framework that monitors charging parameters to detect attack signatures. _Charging Optimization._ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] addressed the challenge of optimizing charging schedules in workplace settings. Their dynamic charge scheduling scheme (DCSS) demonstrated how intelligent load management could reduce peak demand while maintaining charging effectiveness through careful coordination of grid and solar power sources. The integration of energy storage systems (ESS) represents another important advancement in smart charging infrastructure. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] highlighted how ESS can serve as a buffer between charging demand and grid capacity, enabling more efficient power management and grid stabilization. Their implementation of IoT-enabled battery management systems improved the overall charging efficiency while reducing strain on the local power infrastructure. [PERSON] [7] developed an energy management framework for EV parking facilities that optimizes charging allocation based on fairness indices, installed capacity constraints, and minimal EV-to-infrastructure communication requirements. Their mixed-integer linear programming approach incorporates multiple contract types (standard, premium, and extended duration) to enhance billing equity.