# A Comprehensive Review of Open Caisson Modeling Technology: Current Practices and Future Prospects
## 6 Conclusions  
This review paper highlighted the status of various modeling tools in understanding the complicated dynamics of ground displacement during open caisson construction. The construction of open caisson shafts in soft urban contexts was a complicated process influenced by a number of factors, including soil-structure interaction, earth pressure distribution, and excavation methods. This paper emphasized the importance of physical modeling, such as 1-g and centrifuge models, as well as numerical modeling, in capturing the mechanisms of deformation and ground motions that occur during caisson building. The key findings included the following: the examined results verified theoretical models given by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON], demonstrating that earth pressure falls with depth and reaches active conditions with wall displacements ranging from 0.2 to 1.6% of shaft height. However, considerable variation in earth pressure patterns remained due to changes in experimental settings, shaft geometry, and soil qualities. Current 1-g and centrifuge modeling tools were extremely useful for studying the behavior of open caissons under controlled settings, but they frequently failed to properly recreate in situ stress states and large-scale complexity. Hybrid techniques that combine physical and numerical models represented a possible route for tackling these difficulties. Large-scale physical tests and enhanced numerical models were crucial for better understanding the sinking behavior of ultra-deep caissons in a variety of geotechnical conditions. Improvements in real-time monitoring techniques and better modeling materials will improve the accuracy of this research. The advancement of geotechnical engineering in complicated and diverse soil conditions depends on the research of ground movements and earth pressure distribution under open caisson shaft construction. This review highlighted the significant potential of combining advanced monitoring systems, numerical modeling, and physical experiments to address existing knowledge gaps. Field monitoring associated with AI approaches, such as PINNs and ACPP, provided a robust tool for real-time prediction and optimization of construction operations. Multi-field coupling models, such as THMC coupling, offer a comprehensive understanding of soil-structure interactions, while advanced numerical methods allowed precise analysis of soil behavior under various scenarios. Transparent soil testing and centrifuge transparent testing have emerged as valuable approaches for visualizing and validating soil deformation mechanisms, especially in ultra-deep shafts and complex strata. Additionally, numerical-physical coupling tests have bridged theoretical and experimental studies, enhancing the reliability of predictions and practical applications. Future studies have to focus on improving these approaches, combining their advantages, and overcoming their constraints. By embracing these advanced methodologies, the geotechnical community can improve construction safety, optimize design strategies, and better tackle the challenges posed by soft urban underground spaces in heterogeneous soil conditions. Methodology, J.W., N.S.A., W.P., W.W. and X.Z. ; Software, S.N.A., A.A., B.A. and H.L. ; Validation, S.N.A., J.W., A.A., B.A. and H.L. ; Formal analysis, N.S.A., J.W., W.P., H.L. and W.W.; Investigation, J.W., N.S.A., W.P., H.L., W.W., X.Z., P.G., B.A. and H.L. ; Resources, J.W., W.P., P.G. and W.W.; Data curation, S.N.A. and J.W. ; Writing--original draft, N.S.A. and J.W. ; Writing--review and editing, J.W., W.P. and W.W.; Supervision, J.W. ; Project administration, J.W., W.P., P.G., H.L., W.W. and X.Z. ; Funding acquisition, J.W., W.P. and W.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co., Ltd. (2022-SK-02); Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Rail Transit Design and Research Institute.