# Seismic Hazard Evaluation and Strain Dynamics in the
## 1 Introduction  
Earthquakes, which lead to the collapse of engineering structures, infrastructure systems, and homes, causing casualties and widespread destruction, are among the most significant natural hazard phenomena worldwide. They have profound socio-economic consequences and pose a serious threat to the sustainability of the human life cycle [1]. Throughout human history, earthquakes, being the most devastating natural disasters, have caused significant loss of life and economic challenges in many densely populated, seismically active regions worldwide over the past few years [2, 3, 4]. Today, although thetiming, location, and magnitude of earthquakes cannot be precisely predicted, studies conducted across various disciplines have enabled the estimation of key seismic parameters. Through earthquake catalogues specific to the region of interest, it is possible to derive critical data such as recurrence periods, seismic intensity, fault maps, and ground motion characteristics from past seismic events [5]. Through the application of these data, seismic hazard analyses can be performed to predict the potential hazards, damages, and indirect socio-economic impacts of future earthquakes within the focus area. These analyses enable the development of strategies to mitigate such effects, thereby enhancing resilience and reducing vulnerability. The primary objective of seismic hazard analysis, which is used to predict future ground shaking caused by earthquakes in one or more regions, is to systematically integrate existing data from past seismic events with seismological, geological, and statistical information. This integration enables the determination of probable values for seismic ground motion parameters--such as, velocity, peak ground acceleration (pga), and dislocations--that the region of interest may experience in the future [6]. From past to present, two distinct approaches have been employed in the assessment and modeling of seismic hazard: Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) and Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). The DSHA method, being a simple and rapid approach, is particularly used to identify the worst-case scenario in the hazard analysis of massive engineering structures. However, it considers only a single earthquake scenario at a specific location and magnitude, disregarding uncertainties related to the magnitude, location, and timing of the event [7; 8]. The probabilistic approach, initially developed in the late 1960s by Cornell [9], is preferred over the deterministic approach today due to its ability to quantitatively calculate for the uncertainties in seismic hazard analysis [10]. The aim of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) is to calculate the exceedance probabilities of different ground motion levels at specific locations or regions over a given time period, which may lead to damage and loss of life [11; 12]. PSHA provides a detailed and comprehensive perspective on seismic hazard by not only accounting for uncertainties in the magnitude, location, and recurrence frequency of earthquakes, but also by defining and logically integrating uncertainties related to the changes in ground motion properties in relation to earthquake magnitude and epicentral location [10; 13; 14]. Conventionally, seismic hazard analyses rely on earthquake catalogs and empirical equations to evaluate seismic hazard, utilizing data from past earthquakes. As stated by [PERSON] [15], during the pre-seismic period, potential energy accumulates in seismic sources, leading to an increase in stress, a phenomenon referred to as the elastic rebound theory [16]. The rising stress leads to different deformations in the Earth's crust, and these alterations can be detected through geodetic methods. Advancements in technology, especially in space geodesy during the latter part of the 20 th century, have led to the widespread adoption of GNSS for detecting tectonic plate movements using geodetic techniques.