## 1 Introduction
### Identification and Analysis of Accident Factors  
The identification and analysis of accident factors are important areas of scientific research, because they are the basis for the proper design and planning of preventive measures [2; 4; 5; 6]. In studies of accident factors, questionnaire research and documentation analysis are used first. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] presented the results of a survey concerning the identification of accident factors, which was conducted among construction workers. The identified factors were assigned to groups related to: management, safety procedures, the psychological features of employees, economy and work efficiency, self-assessment, the experience and perception of risk of employees, the work environment and training and education in the field of occupational safety. In [2], accident factors, which were identified on the basis of a research questionnaire, were divided into three groups depending on the degree of their connection with the accident. Group I included factors directly related to the construction site, group II involved factors generated in an organization such as a construction company and group III included factors generated in the surroundings of a construction company. Among the publications concerning this subject, the work of [PERSON] [8] deserves special attention. The author, on the basis of an extensive analysis of the subject literature, established a detailed classification of accident factors and divided them into four groups related to: working conditions, employees, management and organization of work, and the work environment.  
Each accident at work is caused by the simultaneous action of several factors that are the direct causes of the accident [9; 10]. The sources of these factors are directly related to, among others, the construction site [11], the organization of work processes [12], the organization of the construction enterprise and its size [3; 13]. On the basis of the authors' previous research [3], it was observed that the surroundings of the construction site may also affect the level of occupational safety. This is confirmed by, among others, the studies of [14; 15], in which particular attention was paid to the impact of the social environment on the culture of occupational safety in the construction industry.  
In Poland, a popular method of classifying the causes of occupational accidents is the TOL method, which was initiated by [PERSON] [16; 17]. This method assumes that every accident is the result of three types of causes, namely:  
* Technical (T), related to, among others, defects and damage to tools and devices used during works;
* Organizational (O), related to, among others, the improper organization of the work process and workstations;
* Human (L), related to the incorrect behavior of employees, their psychophysical state, etc.  
As the research conducted to date shows, a significant proportion of accidents in the construction industry are related to working at height, including working on building scaffolds [9; 18]. Working on these workstations is burdened with a high occupational risk, and the possible consequences of an accident are usually very serious. This is confirmed, among others, by studies conducted by Taiwanese scientists [19; 20], according to which accidents involving construction scaffolding account for approximately 30% of all fatal accidents in the construction industry.  
An unfavorable situation related to working at height results from a large amount of negligence concerning employers and employees performing such works. According to the inspection of 4779 Polish construction sites, which was carried out by the National Labour Inspectorate in 2018 [21; 22], violations of regulations related to safe work at height were found in 62% of the cases. In 47% of the inspected construction sites, irregularities directly related to the use of building scaffoldings were found.