esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Related Works
### Wireless Charger and Sensor Deployment
First, the chosen region was split into several sub-areas, so that each sub-area could have a continuous supply of charging power. Next, every sub-area was further evaluated to find the minimum dominating sets, after which an approximated optimal dominating set was chosen. The reviewed literature is tabulated in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Research** & **Sensor or Charger** & **Charging Type** & & **Important Concepts** & **Balanced Battery Power Distribution** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al., (2012) [12]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Charger} & \multirow{3}{*}{Omnidirectional} & 1. & Energy provisioning & \\  & & & & in WRSNs & \\  & & & & Physical characteristics of & \\  & & & & wireless charging & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al., (2012) [13]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Charger} & \multirow{3}{*}{Omnidirectional} & 1. & Mobility-Aware & \\  & & & & charger deployment & \\  & & & 2. & Optimization of & \\  & & & & mobile deployment & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al., (2013) [7]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Charger} & \multirow{3}{*}{Omnidirectional} & 1. & Optimized charger & \\  & & & & deployment for WRSNs & No \\  & & & 2. & Sleep scheduling & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON], (2006) [8]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Sensor} & \multirow{3}{*}{Directional} & 1. & Approximating optimal & \\  & & & & visual sensor placement & \\  & & & 2. & Grid linear programming & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al., (2008) [14]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Sensor} & \multirow{3}{*}{Directional} & 1. & Deploying directional & \\  & & & & sensor networks & \\  & & & 2. & Guaranteed connectivity & \\  & & & and coverage & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al., (2016) [10]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Charger} & \multirow{3}{*}{Directional and Omnidirectional} & 1. & Power balance aware & \\  & & & wireless & \\  & & & charger deployment & \\  & & & 2. & Minimum dominating & \\  & & & set problem & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2019) [16]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Charger} & \multirow{3}{*}{Omnidirectional} & 1. & The coordination problem & \\  & & & among multiple & \\  & & & mobile chargers & \\  & & & 2. & Mixed-integer linear & \\  & & & programming problem & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al., (2020) [17]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Charger} & \multirow{3}{*}{Omnidirectional} & 1. & Considering both charging & \\  & & & and routing & \\  & & & Partitioned charging time & \\  & & & according to the & \\  & & & energy consumption & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al., (2020) [18]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Charger} & \multirow{3}{*}{Drone} & 1. & A WRSN model equipped & \\  & & & charging drone & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & The shortest multi-hop & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & path problem & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Related deployment literature.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurement of Gene Expression  
In male zebrafish, the gene expression levels related to vittilogenesis (vittilogenin [_vtg_], estrogen receptor-alpha [_era_], and beta [_er_g_]) were analyzed in the liver. In H295R cells, the gene expression levels related to the steroidogenesis pathway (_STAR_, _3\(\beta\)HSD_, _CYP_17, and _CYP_19) were measured. The primer sequences are listed in Table S2. As the housekeeping gene, 60S ribosomal protein L8 [_RPL8_] and beta-actin [_\(\beta\)-ACTIN_] were chosen for zebrafish and H295R cells, respectively. The primer sequences of the target genes used in the study were determined based on previous studies [36; 39]. To isolate total RNA for zebrafish liver and H295R cells, the collected samples were extracted using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). After measurement of RNA quantification and qualification of the sample by a microplate reader (Gen5 2.05, BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA), the complementary DNAs were synthesized using an iScriptT cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The 20 \(\upmu\)L of solution mixed with 18 \(\upmu\)L of pre-mix (10 \(\upmu\)L of SYBR green, 1.8 \(\upmu\)L of forward and reverse primer, and 4.4 \(\upmu\)L of nano-pure water) and 2 \(\upmu\)L of the cDNA sample was prepared for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The relative transcription level of the target gene was calculated as threshold cycle (Ct) value following the \(2^{-\Delta\Delta\text{CI}}\) method [41].
# IEEE 802.11 ah: A Technology to Face the IoT Challenge
## 2 Challenges for IoT Applications and IEEE 802.11 ah
### Time and Frequency Resources  
Many technologies concurrently operate in the overcrowded frequency band of 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.15.4e, BLE, IEEE 802.11, etc.), where they incur in a lot of interference, which seriously degrades the performance of the network. With the advent of IoT, and the increase in the number of devices implementing these technologies, the fate of this band does not look promising; on the contrary, communications problems, such as the co-channel interference, which is especially harmful in Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)-like access schemes, will be exacerbated. However, the IEEE 802.11 ah amendment is intended to operate below 1 GHz which, besides improved coverage, faces less interference. This characteristic of the IEEE 802.11 ah appears particularly attractive for IoT applications, where hundreds or thousands of devices are expected to coexist.
# Prediction and Control of Broadband Noise Associated with Advanced Air Mobility--A Review
## 3 Methods for Prediction of BBN
### Experimental Observations
[20], further corroborating the significant impact of the flow velocity in the wake of the blade. Figure 8: (a) Schematic of experimental test setup and (b) acoustic spectra of microphone \(\theta=125^{\circ}\) at \(U_{\infty}=33\) m/s and 8100 RPM for different tip gap distances [16]. Figure 7: (a) Schematic describing the experimental test setup and (b) sound pressure level (SPL) measured by polar angles \(\theta=120^{\circ}\) at \(J=0.72\) and 8000 RPM for the baseline flow and turbulence grid ingestion [13]. of wake interactions on mid-frequency noise characteristics in various flight conditions and configurations. Blade self-noise: Self-noise is inherent noise in a propeller. If an isolated propeller is tested at static or uniform inflow conditions, the only BBN is the blade self-noise. Several investigations have been conducted, such as that of [PERSON] et al. [8] and [PERSON] et al. [21]. However, five self-noise mechanisms coexist, and they are hard to separate by experiment but could be identified by an analytical or a semi-empirical method.
###### Abstract
Machine learning techniques are employed to overcome these problems and successfully integrate the produced electrical power into the national grid. Various local and global parameters influence solar energy production. The availability of solar energy's reliable information becomes essential to allow the design and construction of energy production plants with high yields in economic terms. Solar irradiation forecasting is investigated and evaluated in this research work, with particular attention to the capability of new environmental parameters to influence solar irradiation levels. The meteorological parameters reported in the literature on the international level and in Jordan were focused on a few parameters such as solar radiation, wind, and air temperature. Moreover, the influence of these parameters was not studied per season, and researchers did not investigate them in the western region of Jordan. Other parameters that can influence solar radiation are analyzed in this article: specifically, evapotranspiration, humidity, and pressure. The obtained results showed that these parameters have a remarkable influence on solar radiation depending on the season. Therefore, this paper aims to study twenty-four solar radiation metrological parameters (inputs to the ML or DL algorithms) instead of a few parameters as in other research works. To the best of our knowledge, this complete set of parameters (listed in Table 1) has been tested in the west-central area of Jordan for the first time. The data, relating to a time interval of almost five years, were downloaded from the international database Meteobleu and analyzed using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and ANFIS methods to build the solar radiation forecasting model. In more detail, some parameters usually not used in the literature as they are considered not useful for the solar radiation forecasting (such as the direct and diffuse short-wave radiation, evapo-transpiration, vapor pressure deficit at 2 m, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and soil temperature), have been taken into consideration in this research work for the first time, demonstrating their effects and contribution. These parameters have been studied case by case, starting with the historical data of the solar radiation itself (as input) to predict the solar radiation values. Afterwards, by analyzing each parameter and determining its influence, they have been divided into two groups: the first contains parameters already investigated in the literature around the world (namely, solar radiation, air temperature, wind and direction speed, cloud cover, humidity, rain and snow precipitation, soil temperature, pressure, and sunshine duration). The second group contains only the parameters already used in Jordan for solar radiation forecasting (i.e., solar radiation, wind, and air temperature).
###### Abstract  
A low-profile planar millimeter-wave (MMW) folded dipole antenna fed by substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is proposed in this letter. By etching the gaps at the proper position of 1.5\(\Delta\) dipole, an additional resonant mode is generated. Accordingly, the working bandwidth is greatly broadened. In addition, by appropriately adjusting the length of the dual-side parallel strip line (DSPSL), the radiated electric fields generated by the aperture of the feeding SIW and the connecting metallic vias of the folded dipole are designed with an out-of-phase potential. Hence, the cross-polarization of the presented folded dipole antenna is improved as well. As a demonstration, a prototype is fabricated and measured. The experimental results exhibit that the proposed folded dipole has a \(-10\) dB impedance bandwidth of 58.5% (from 30.3 GHz to 53.7 GHz), a gain of around 5 dBi with more than 120 degrees beamwidth in H-plane, and a cross-polarization levels below \(-15\) dB, covering the working frequency band. Compared with the up-to-date planar dipole antenna, the proposed folded dipole achieves the widest working bandwidth and low cross-polarization level. The proposed antenna can be used as the terminal antenna of the MMW communication system.  
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW); the folded dipole; wideband antenna; millimeter-wave antenna +
Footnote †: journal: _Sci_  
antenna [13; 14; 15]. In previous work [16], a broadband SIW-fed dipole antenna has been developed by using long printed arms with two gaps. It can work at the half-wavelength and three half-wavelength dipole modes. However, the cross-polarization of the wideband dipole antenna is poor above \(-13\) dB due to the vertical electric field generated by the aperture of the SIW terminal.  
In this paper, a broadband SIW-fed folded dipole with improvement of cross-polarization is presented. Two gaps are cut at the \(1.5\lambda\) printed long dipole to generate additional resonance, which, combined with the existing resonance, are utilized to enhance the working bandwidth. The SIW is adopted to feed the folded dipole rather than the complex balun structure, and a dual-side parallel strip line (DSPSL) with a characteristic impedance of around 90 ohm is directly connected to the folded dipole element and SIW, without demanding taper transitions [17; 18]. Compared with the previously reported wideband dipole antennas, the presented folded dipole antenna shows a considerable increase in the impedance bandwidth while keeping a compact structure, as well as an improvement in cross-polarization level, which is around 9 dB lower than that of the conventional SIW-fed dipole antenna.
# Channel Estimation Based on IOTA Filter in OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM Systems
## 1 Introduction  
Wavelets have been a very hot research area in recent years. Their application ranges from function approximation, signal multiresolution representation, and image compression to signal processing and other fields. The popularity of wavelets is primarily due to their interesting structures, which can provide perfect time-frequency localization (TFL) characteristics. A few investigators have begun to exploit these time-domain and frequency-domain features of wavelets for application in wireless communication systems [1; 2; 3].  
In classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, a guard interval (GI) is inserted in front of OFDM symbols to effectively combat the multipath effect with little loss of spectral efficiency. It is robust to inter-symbol interference (ISI), but sensitive to inter-carrier interference (ICI) due to Doppler spread in the frequency domain. Offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) and offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) are spectrally efficient modulation schemes which are alternative technologies for replacing QPSK and QAM. OQPSK and OQAM modulations possess good TFL properties by utilizing an isotropic orthogonal transfer algorithm (IOTA) filter. The polyphase IOTA filters are utilized as both transmit and receive filters to enhance robustness for channel delayand Doppler spread. In OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM systems, the orthogonal condition of the subcarriers is guaranteed from the complex domain to the real domain. Thus, the GI inserted between consecutive OFDM signal frames can be removed in OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM systems. The ISI and ICI in OFDM/QPSK systems can be suppressed utilizing polyphase filter banks with good TFL property. Compared with OFDM systems, the TFL property of the IOTA filter can guarantee good bit error rate (BER) performance that combats ISI and ICI in OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM systems.  
This paper proposes a channel estimation method based on an IOTA filter, which is applied in OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM systems. It has high spectral and data transmission efficiency which effectively suppresses the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) existing at the estimated channel coefficients in the time domain. It can improve the system's BER and normalized minimum square error (NMSE) performance, and is easy to implement in hardware. Simulation results verified that the proposed IOTA filter channel estimation method was superior to the conventional comb-type pilots insertion based least square (LS) method in terms of BER and NMSE performance under Rayleigh fading channel conditions.  
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 and 3, the related work and OFDM/OQPSK system model are presented. Section 4 introduces the channel coding. Section 5 illustrates the simulation results. Conclusions are presented in Section 6.
# Enhancing Autonomous Vehicle Navigation with a Clothoid-Based Lateral Controller
## 5 Design and Validation of Lead Filter  
As mentioned in the previous section, there exists a lag between the application of the steering wheel angle (input) and the realization of a steady-state curvature of the vehicle's path traced in correspondance with the input. To compensate for this lag, a lead filter is designed, effectively increasing the bandwidth of the steering control system.
## 3 System Layout
### Testing Apparatus  
A CE530 apparatus was used in this work and is shown in Figure 6. The CE530 is designed for the desalination of NaCl solution of up to 4 wt % maximum, with a maximum permeate capacity of  
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the proposed system.  
Figure 5: Clark pump mechanism.  
250 L per day. This amount of permeate water production is minimal and is only used for experimental laboratory purposes. The reason for using this plant is its ability to operate at different pressure levels.  
Before the experimental operation, a salt solution is filled into the raw water tank. The stirring machine disseminates the salt for optimum solution progress in the water, while the pump pushes the solution out of the raw water tank to the membrane module. In the membrane module, the salt solution (raw water) is separated into a highly concentrated salt solution (retenate), in other words, the RO concentrate, and a low concentration salt solution (permeate). Permeate and retentate are fed back into the raw water tank, to maintain constant concentration during the experiment. Separation occurs according to the principle of reverse osmosis, as it requires a pressure that is higher than the osmotic pressure. The used membrane module is a spiral-wound module. It consists of the actual membrane and the pressure pipe. The membrane is located inside the pressure pipe. The membrane module is attached to the front side of the trainer as shown in Figure 6. This apparatus was used in order to clearly understand the most important parameters affecting the flow through the reverse osmosis unit as well as the energy consumption of the unit. This system has been used due to its accessibility, and adjustability. Moreover, the results that were found using this apparatus could be expanded to other similar systems.
## 1 Introduction
Synchronization errors in wireless measurements are known to have a profound effect on the identified modal results. Although their influence on the identified frequencies and damping ratios is generally negligible, errors in the identified mode shapes can be significant due to the asynchronous data [32; 33]. This article presents the results of OMA performed on a skewed highway bridge for in-field performance verification of the developed wireless sensors. A traditional wired system was used as the reference for comparison of the experimental results. The intention of the experimental campaign was also to build a highly accurate reference model for long term performance evaluation of the structure. The dynamic behavior of the skewed concrete bridge has been investigated by many researchers in previous years. Nevertheless, further studies remain to be done on these kinds of bridges from the perspective of SHM [34; 35]. A very good effort was made to study the compound effects of skew angle, superelevation, mesh refinement, and boundary conditions on the modal characteristics of skewed bridges [36]. By the current study, it is shown that superelevation and boundary conditions play an important role for deriving a reliable FE model of a short-span skewed highway bridge for its monitoring.
# Fire Resistance of Ultra-High-Strength Steel Columns Using Different Heating Rates
###### Abstract  
Ultra-High-Strength Steel (UHSS) offers several advantages over normal carbon steel, promoting exceptional strength, reducing self-weight, improving fire resistance, enhancing durability, and reducing material consumption. These advantages result in cost savings and sustainable engineering construction. The 3D numerical model is based on Geometrical and Materially Nonlinear Imperfection Analysis (GMNIA) and determines the fire resistance of different cross-section columns. The model is validated with experimental tests, with a maximum relative error of 11%. A parametric analysis is presented, based on 252 simulations, assuming three heating rates, two different cross-sections, two different thicknesses, three lengths, and seven load levels. The fire resistance depends on the heating rate, but the critical temperature is almost equal and independent of the heating rate, if one assumes implicit creep in the constitutive material model. The fire resistance decreases with the load level, as expected. The thickness effect of the hollow section is almost negligible in the fire resistance of UHSS columns. The fire resistance decreases more in higher load levels for slender columns. Columns with Circular Hollow Sections (CHSs) generally show higher fire resistance than hybrid columns in longer columns, but the hybrid columns are subject to much higher loads. New design formulas are presented for the critical temperature of UHSS columns, depending on the load level and slenderness of two different cross-sections.  
fire resistance; ultra-high-strength steel; heating rate +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Joint Content Recommendation and Delivery in Mobile Wireless Networks with Outage Management
## 6 Theoretical Performance Bounds with Simple Models
### Upper Limit of Interest at Zero Outage  
We assume that the file distribution follows a uniform distribution in \([b,b+g]\). Then, if the system capacity is \(C_{sys}\) and the outage is required to be zero, the file size in each user's recommended list should be limited to the range \([b,\frac{C_{sys}}{U}]\), which accounts for the ratio of the original interval \([b,b+g]\) to:  
\[\varphi=\frac{\frac{C_{sys}}{U}-b}{g}=\frac{C_{sys}-Ub}{Ug}. \tag{41}\]  
Because the file size is uniformly distributed, in the case where the system capacity is \(C_{sys}\) and the outage is zero, the number of optional contents is approximately:  
\[\widetilde{F}=F*\varphi. \tag{42}\]  
Given the number of contents \(\widetilde{F}\), we can obtain the total interest when the outage is zero according to (36):  
\[I_{total}^{0}=U\cdot\mathbb{E}(S;\widetilde{F};N). \tag{43}\]
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Model Description
#### 2.2.2 Net Primary Productivity  
Net primary productivity (NPP) is modeled as GPP minus total autotrophic respiration (\(R_{a}\) [g C m\({}^{-2}\) h\({}^{-1}\)]) from a nonstructural carbon product of CO\({}_{2}\) fixation (\(R_{c}\) [g C g C\({}^{-1}\)]), the remobilization of leaf carbon (\(R_{s}\) [g C g C\({}^{-1}\)]), and nutrient uptake (\(R_{n}\) [g C g C\({}^{-1}\)]):  
\[NPP=GPP-R_{a} \tag{6}\]  
where  
\[R_{a}=R_{c}+R_{s}+R_{n} \tag{7}\]  
\(R_{c}\) is estimated by the multiplication of the specific autotrophic respiration of a nonstructural carbon product of CO\({}_{2}\) fixation, a nonstructural carbon product of CO\({}_{2}\) fixation, and the temperature effect. \(R_{s}\) is modeled as the difference between the autotrophic respiration of a nonstructural carbon product of CO\({}_{2}\) fixation and maintenance respiration. \(R_{n}\) is modeled as:  
\[R_{n}=E_{N,P}(U_{NH4}+U_{NO3}+U_{PO4}) \tag{8}\]  
where \(E_{N,P}\) is the energy cost of nutrient uptake [g C g N\({}^{-1}\) or P\({}^{-1}\)]; \(U_{NH4}\), \(U_{NO3}\), and \(U_{PO4}\) are root or mycorrhizae ammonium uptake [g N m\({}^{-2}\) \(h^{-1}\)], nitrate uptake [g N m\({}^{-2}\), and dihydrogen phosphate uptake [g P m\({}^{-2}\) \(h^{-1}\)], respectively. That is, NPP is strongly controlled by climate, CO\({}_{2}\), and nutrient availability in plants directly through photosynthesis and respiration and indirectly through nutrient remobilization from storage roots to leaves and vice versa.