## 7 Security
### Threats  
It is important to be aware not only of the potential but also of the potential threats that drones may encounter. Threats can be diverse and can affect their safety, functionality, and ability to successfully perform their operations and tasks. There are many threats, but the most common include the following:  
* GPS signal manipulation: The GPS signal is crucial for navigation applications. It is transmitted by satellites orbiting the Earth. However, there is a vulnerability on Earth known as\"GPS spoofing.\" This refers to the act of generating a GPS signal to manipulate the GPS receiver in a target device. The person behind the spoofing has access to information about the GPS signal from satellites. The person uses it to create a manipulated version, thus giving them control over the target device [149]. This poses a risk for vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles that follow predetermined routes [150]. GPS spoofing could potentially lead to the theft of assets or result in unsafe cargo delivery, such as biological weapons or explosives.
* Malware and data interception: The wireless and remote control methods used for piloting UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles are not completely secure. Hackers can secretly implant a message into the vehicle's memory by installing malware without detection in the system that controls the ground station [151]. Additionally, since these vehicles often monitor objects, their unsecured wireless transmission of sensor data makes them susceptible to hackers inserting malware.
* Wi-Fi interference: When deauthentication processes occur between an access point and a vehicle controller, it opens up opportunities for hijacking UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles. When hackers disrupt the Wi-Fi frequency of a drone, they manipulate it to connect to a network without authorization [152].
* Technical issues and nature: There are factors that can lead to crashes of UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles, such as the loss of connectivity, inexperienced piloting, or unfavorable weather conditions. These incidents can cause damage to property. Ref. [153] studied how these risks can even result in injuries. Additionally, technical problems like motors overheating or batteries exploding in temperatures can pose risks. Inadequate security measures in the design of these vehicles may also contribute to the loss of control, thus further escalating harm [154].
* Privacy concerns: As the popularity of UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles increases, so does the concern surrounding privacy [155]. Equipped with cameras and sensors, these vehicles have the capability to capture high-quality images and collect data that may intrude upon an individual's privacy without their consent. Privacy concerns extend further when considering the risk of hackers gaining control over a vehicle's cameras and gaining access to data from military zones or private residences for purposes such as identity theft, blackmailing, or illegal activities [156].  
Regulatory bodies worldwide are actively working on establishing rules and regulations concerning the use of UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles. However, these regulations vary across countries, with some regions still lacking guidelines. The measures being implemented include obtaining permits for operation that adhere to procedures during usage, as well as imposing limitations on vehicle use within certain areas or under specific circumstances [157]. To tackle privacy concerns, it is important to establish guidelines that mandate operators to seek consent from individuals before capturing images or collecting data. Furthermore, it is crucial to take measures to guarantee the usage of applications, especially considering that many vehicles have apps, which could potentially pose security risks [158].