## 3 Proposed LAO-3D Block Cipher
### Encryption Algorithm
In addition, the throughput tests evaluate the impact of cipher design such as the key size, block size, number of rounds, and encryption components on the algorithm throughput. The performance of a cryptographic algorithm is determined by evaluating the running speed that can be measured by the average encryption time, encryption throughput, and the required number of cycles to encrypt one byte or block plaintext, which permits researchers to compare the running speeds of different algorithms working on different platforms. The encryption throughput and the number of cycles are defined in the following equations. \[Encryption\;Throughput=\frac{\text{Message Size}}{\text{Encryption Speed}} \tag{10}\]

\[Cycles\;per\;Byte=\frac{\text{CPU Clock Speed}}{\text{Encryption Throughput}} \tag{11}\]

Table 20 shows that the LAO-3D block cipher achieved a better performance against the other competitors in terms of execution speed and throughput [38]. Factors that contribute to the results are the number of encryption rounds and the components of the algorithm. LAO-3D has low encryption rounds with optimum component operations. Substitution (SubColumn) and permutation (Double3 DRotation) functions of the proposed block cipher ensure security without the need for implementing a high number of encryption rounds. These findings are supported by the security analysis results presented in previous sections. Therefore, these observations justify that the performance of the proposed algorithm is competitive and suitable to be applied in mobile encryption applications. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Algorithm**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Attack**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**1**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**3**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**4**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Round**} & \\  & & & & & & & & & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{LAO-3D} & DC & 1 & 3 & 6 & 11 & 17 & * 25 & & & & \\  & LC & 1 & 3 & 5 & 7 & 9 & 11 & * 13 & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{GIFT} & DC & 1 & 2 & 3 & 5 & 7 & 10 & 13 & 16 & 18 \\  & LC & 1 & 2 & 3 & 5 & 7 & 9 & 12 & 15 & 18 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PRESENT} & DC & 1 & 2 & 4 & 6 & 10 & 12 & 14 & 16 & 18 \\  & LC & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{RECTANGLE} & DC & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 6 & 8 & 11 & 13 & 14 \\  & LC & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 6 & 8 & 10 & 12 & 14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}

* no effective trail from the encryption round onward.

\end{table} 
Table 19: Active S-Boxes of Differential Cryptanalysis (DC) and Linear Cryptanalysis (LC). ### Mobile Encryption Application

This section presents the implementation of the LAO-3D lightweight block cipher on the mobile encryption application that was built using Android Studio (Bumblebee 2021.1.1) development software. Three steps are required to use the application--entering the encryption key, entering the message, and executing the data encryption in the mobile encryption application, as shown in Figure 19. Meanwhile, the decryption process requires entering the decryption key, entering the ciphertext, and executing the data decryption. Apart from the security analysis and performance test presented in Section 4, the development of the mobile encryption application proved the functionality of the proposed LAO-3D lightweight block cipher in a real application. ## 5 Conclusions

In conclusion, the proposed 3D light algorithm operation (LAO-3D) achieves confusion and diffusion characteristics with the implementation of a 3D design. Five security analyses