## 4 Results and Discussion
### Water Quality for Various Utilization
#### 4.2.3 Water Quality for Sustainable Agricultural Irrigation  
Agriculture is one of the most crucial pillar industries in the study area. As the primary source of irrigation water, the quality of phreatic groundwater is vital for agricultural production safety and sustainability [57]. Assessing groundwater quality relies on key indicators such as EC, SAR, %Na, RSC, KR, PI, and PS (Table 4), which are based on various  
Figure 6: Spatial potential health risks to (**a**) infants, (**b**) children, (**c**) adult females, and (**d**) adult males in the basin. hydrochemical components [58; 59]. Additionally, a comprehensive graphical analysis is also employed in this study to evaluate the overall quality of irrigation water. The application of saline water in irrigation impairs crop development and diminishes agricultural output. Additionally, high salinity in irrigation water can lead to soil salinization, which indirectly affects crop growth. Electrical conductivity (EC) can be used to infer the total concentration of charged substances in water and serves as an indicator of the irrigation water salinity impact on crops. The values of EC that are below 250 \(\upmu\)S/cm or between 250 \(\upmu\)S/cm and 750 \(\upmu\)S/cm are considered suitable for irrigation and do not adversely affect crops. The EC range of 750 \(\upmu\)S/cm to 2000 \(\upmu\)S/cm is regarded as moderate \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} & 37.5\% & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Classification and spatial distributions of groundwater samples based on irrigation indicators. for irrigation purposes. Nonetheless, the EC value greater than 2000 \(\upmu\)S/cm is considered inappropriate for irrigation, with levels exceeding 3000 \(\upmu\)S/cm having severe negative effects on crop growth, rendering the water unusable for irrigation. In the study area, there is significant variability in EC values of groundwater. Approximately 41.7% of groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation, and 37.5% are acceptable for use in irrigation. Conversely, 20.8% of groundwater samples are unsuitable for irrigation, with most EC values exceeding 3000 \(\upmu\)S/cm among them, indicating a high risk of poor irrigation water quality. Spatially, groundwater salinity increases from north to south, with areas of high EC values and samples predominantly concentrated in the southeastern region. In addition to EC, six other indicators for irrigation water quality assessment were also evaluated in the study area. Most of the samples in the study area had SAR values below 10, classifying them as excellent. However, it is noteworthy that 4.2% of the samples exhibited significantly high SAR values, placing them in the doubtful category, and these samples were concentrated in a small area in the eastern part of the study area. The %Na, a crucial indicator for irrigation water quality, reflects the sodium-alkali content of groundwater. The %Na values of groundwater in the study area varied significantly, with the categories being distributed as follows: 25.0% excellent, 37.5% good, 16.7% permissible, 12.5% doubtful, and 8.3% unsuitable. Spatially, areas with lower %Na values were located in the central and northern parts of the study area, while higher values were concentrated in the southeastern region. RSC, related to the bicarbonate and Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) content in water, indicates the ability of irrigation water to reduce free calcium and magnesium. Only one point in the study area fell into the unsuitable range, with the remaining samples being within the safe range. Spatially, the impact of unsuitable samples was limited. KR, first introduced by [PERSON], is considered lower values more suitable for irrigation. In the study area, 66.7% of the samples had KR values below 1, making them suitable for irrigation, whereas 8% of the samples had KR values above 2, indicating that they should not be used for irrigation.