# Modern Technologies for Waste Management: A Review
## 1 Introduction  
Waste production is directly related to human activities [1]. Municipal waste is produced by every human being. Their number and variety of waste grows every year. In addition to municipal waste, the second group consists of industrial waste [2], i.e., waste related to the activities of enterprises. Due to economic development and the improvement of living conditions in society, the amount of waste is also increasing [3]. The problem, and, the same time, the challenge, is the need to manage them in accordance with the law [4]. The life cycle of waste is long and difficult. After the waste is generated, actions are taken to collect, transport, and process the waste. Municipal waste can be recycled or recovered [5]. Another possibility for their management is thermal conversion, e.g., in incinerators [6], which is combined with energy recovery. The simplest way to manage them is to subject the waste to landfill. Each of these methods has an environmental impact. However, recycling and recovery should be the preferred directions of waste management. These processes can still produce valuable products from waste. Problems related to waste management may include, e.g., negative impacts on the biosphere, water, soil, and air pollution [7]. In order to minimize the impact of waste on the environment, appropriate action must be taken at the global, national, regional, and local levels [8]. Actions taken at the lowest, local level are important. Although there are limits to how much individuals can do to reduce waste [9]. Each of the decisions made regarding the disposal of waste has an impact on where the waste will go and whether it will be possible to subject it to the recycling process. That is why it is so important to properly implement activities related to the waste management sector in places where they are generated [10]. Most mistakes made by individuals will be impossible or difficult to correct. Another issue will be the cost-effectiveness of these activities. For this reason, more and more attention will be paid to modern, intelligent solutions that support the waste management sector. The environmental impacts of researched products and systems can be evaluated using life-cycle assessment (LCA). The key to reliable study is clear goals, boundary settings, and quality data. Correct prerequisites will result in greater certainty in the results [11]. LCA might reveal important factors for environmental impact, which will require a special attention by researchers and officials [12]. It has proven its usefulness in the assessment of MSW strategies by evaluating the GHG, energy, and economic performances of alternative MSW management strategies by considering the interactions between social variables from 2020 to 2030 in the STLW [13]. Modern and intelligent solutions based on IT tools are increasingly being implemented in local waste management systems. They are indicated by many scientists as important in the context of implementing the smart city idea [14; 15]. The use of the discussed solutions will allow waste management to be more efficient. This will be related to the preparation of better-quality raw material for recycling. The aim of this review paper is to discuss the possibility of using modern technologies in the waste management sector. The number of new technologies in the waste management sector is considerable. The authors presented some of them, which seem to be the key in modern waste management. In this overview, research studies and commercial technologies are covered. Some focus on individuals and help them to manage their waste effectively and easily, while others allow waste processing plants to detect, disassemble, and segregate waste. The research teams conducted a literature search, considering the topics presented in the subsections. Studies were mainly retrieved from digital libraries and also other, non-scientific sources. The choice of technologies was restricted to the authors' common area of expertise, which is computer science, electronics, and mechanical engineering.