esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 WST Applications
### Precision Irrigation  
Efficient water management is a major concern in many crop systems. WST have a big potential for represent the inherent soil variability present in fields with more accuracy than the current systems available. Thus, the benefit for the producers is a better decision support system that allows to maximize their productivity while saving water. Also, WST eliminates difficulties to wire sensor stations across the field and reduces maintenance cost. Since installation of WST is easier than existing wired solutions, sensors can be more densely deployed to provide local detailed data. Instead than irrigating an entire field in response to broad sensor data, each section could be activated based on local sensors.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] used a six-span center pivot irrigation system as a platform for testing two WSN of infrared thermometers. Comparing the performance of a mesh and non-mesh networking systems of wireless sensors on a center pivot platform [76].  
[PERSON] _et al_. developed a prototype of smart sensor array for scheduling irrigation in cotton. The system integrates moisture sensors, thermocouples and RFID tags [77].  
[PERSON] _et al_. designed a new groundwater-monitoring instrument based on WSN. The new instrument monitors groundwater table and temperature through a sensor. An embedded singlechip processes the monitoring data and a GSM data module transfers the data wirelessly [16]. [PERSON] evaluated a low-cost soil water content sensor focusing in it wireless network application [78].  
[PERSON] develop an in-field WSN for implementing site specific irrigation control in a linear move irrigation system. Communication signals from the sensor network and irrigation controller to the base station were successfully interfaced using low-cost Bluetooth wireless radio communication [79].  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] reported an underground system for monitoring soil conditions, such as water and mineral content, in order to provide data for appropriate irrigation and fertilization. Also, the system can be used for monitoring the presence and concentration of various toxic substances in soils near rivers and aquifers, where chemical runoff could contaminate drinking water supplies. Another application can be landslide prediction by monitoring soil movement [80].
In view of the fact that the quality of ANN training depends on the number of parameters entered into it for calculation, the archives that include the data presented by a large number of tabular values for each type of product will be of the greatest value for this kind of research. For this reason, not every database will fit the objectives of the study. During the comparison, it was found that some of the data presented above are not suitable for a number of reasons: there are gaps and text abbreviations in the volume of values (nonnumerical values that cannot be used for training the ANN), and the absence of the same number of input numerical values. For example, FAO/INFOODS had from \(\approx\)80 to \(\approx\)320 different cells for different types of products, including empty ones. The FoodB database contained chemical formulas that would be more suitable for searching for individual components using mass spectrometry and chromatography. The Australian Food Composition Database contained blank cells and text notes, and the number of parameters for each product was 54. The FITsPBiBP and USDA databases had a similar structure, where each type of product was represented by a small number of parameters (USDA \(\approx\) 25; FITsPBiBP \(\approx\) 30), while the data format was extremely inconvenient for analysis and required conversion from a columnar form to a lineal one. As it turned out, the FNDDS base was the most suitable for our purposes. It contains 63 parameters of the nutritional value of food products in a common data array, does not contain non-zero cells, and there are no text abbreviations inside the volume of the database array [4]. Thus, the goal of this study is to train the ANN and predict ARP values for the main analyzed food groups based on the chemical composition of the FNDDS (USA) international food and nutrient database. We have not come across similar works with the use of databases on the nutritional value of food products published earlier. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the fact that the antiradical activity of the total volume of consumed food components has not been previously assessed in accordance with the accepted international norms of daily intake (FAO and WHO). Research in this area is still significant and relevant. Similarly, dietary ARAs and frequently consumed representatives of food groups have not been studied. The databases of nutritional content of foodstuffs collected to date allow for such studies to be carried out.
# Exergaming-Based Rehabilitation for Lateral Trunk Flexion in Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The pilot observational study was conducted between December 2022 and October 2023, involving nine participants affected by [PERSON]'s disease (PD) and lateral trunk flexion (LTF), prodromal phase of Pisa syndrome (PS), along with nine healthy controls of similar age. The research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Trieste (protocol code 115885 10.07.2024), and all participants signed the informed consent. The participants with PD and LTF were recruited from the Neurological Clinic, adhering to the Movement Disorders Society's clinical diagnostic criteria [25]. Pisa syndrome is clinically diagnosed according to the following criteria: lateral trunk inclination of at least 10\({}^{\circ}\), ipsilateral trunk axial rotation, worsening of the postural imbalance in standing position and gait, and nearly complete resolution of the postural disorder upon passive mobilization or supine positioning. LTF shares the same features, but involves trunk inclinations below 10\({}^{\circ}\)[1; 3; 8].  
The inclusion criteria for the lateral trunk flexion group were as follows: age between 65 and 85; diagnosis of PD and LTF; Hoehn and Yahr score less than or equal to 3 [26; 27]; maximum lateral trunk flexion of 10\({}^{\circ}\); and signed informed consent. The exclusion criteria were as follows: neurological disorders other than PD; cognitive impairments; orthopedic or rheumatologic disorders; and changes in the drug therapeutic plan during the study. On the other side, regarding the healthy controls, the inclusion criteria were as follows: age between 55 and 85 and signed informed consent. The exclusion criteria were as follows: diagnosis of PD or LTF, other kinds of neurological disorders, cognitive impairments, and orthopedic or rheumatic conditions.  
All participants underwent three assessments before and after the treatment protocol. The assessments were performed by one neurologist and two physiotherapists experienced in PD. The evaluations included the clinical history, the clinical assessments, and the instrumental assessments. All the assessments, clinical and instrumental, were conducted during the ON-phase of dopaminergic therapy.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Additional Advantages of Layered Metamaterial Structures
However, it has been noted in the literature that as the number of unit cells is fixed while the length of unit cells vary, the damping effect decreases with a decrease in frequency [4; 6; 32]. In applications where attempts to lower the transmissibility bandgap by increasing the number of local resonators is not feasible, small changes to the length of the unit cells can be a viable option. This can be done while maintaining a fixed number of local resonators per horizontal beam. Inconclusion, while changing the stiffness and design of the local resonators may offer a route for lowering the frequency bandgaps [5; 6; 18], the work presented in this article offers an additional venue for controlling and adding more frequency bandgaps through layering of metamaterial structures.
# Multiellipsoidal Mapping Algorithm
## 4 Experiments
### Varying the Number of Ellipsoids  
The percentage cost shown in Table 2 depends on the chosen number of ellipsoids (\(k\)). To show how the representation changes with \(k\), consider experiment 6 in Figure 8, where a point cloud of an office chair is approximated with various numbers of ellipsoids. The number of ellipsoids that are shown depends on the application.
## 4 Experiments and Analysis
### Performance Analysis for the BDS System
The STD of the satellite repeat shift time of the three methods is demonstrated in Figure 9. From the figure, it can be found that the STD of C14 is higher than the other two satellites, which almost reaches 3. However, although the STD of the C14 satellite is higher than the other MEO satellites and IGSO satellites, it is still much smaller than the GEO satellite relatively. As for the C11 and C12 satellites, the STD of the three methods performs similar to the IGSO satellite, which is only about 2. In addition, the STD of the three methods does not appear to be much different for the same satellite, which indicates the performance of the three methods is almost identical. Figure 6: The mean shift time for BDS IGSO satellites calculated by the three methods during DOY: 161–181, 2018. Figure 7: The STD of the satellite repeat shift time for the three methods for each satellite during the period DOY:161–181, 2018.
## 2 Research Area and Data Source  
### Research Area  
Kunming, the capital city of Yunnan Province in China, is located between longitudes \(102^{\circ}10^{\prime}\) and \(103^{\circ}40^{\prime}\) E and latitudes \(24^{\circ}23^{\prime}\) and \(26^{\circ}22^{\prime}\) N (Figure 1). The urban area of Kunming is mainly situated in the Kunming Basin with an area of approximately 525.2 square kilometers. The issue of ground surface settlement in Kunming has been worsening over the years. As early as the 1970s, ground surface settlement began to appear in Kunming [14]. The geological structure is complex, primarily consisting of fault structures and sedimentary rock layers [15]. The old urban area is mainly distributed in Wuhua District and Panlong District, which is adjacent to Dianchi Lake. The city has expanded outward. During the urban expansion process, the soil and strata have been affected by various factors, as well as the degree of settlement and uplift related to geology, geomorphology, and groundwater levels [16]. Therefore, it is challenging to assess and control ground surface settlement in this area.  
Kunming's urban area is rich in groundwater resources, especially along the eastern and northern shores of Dianchi Lake, which are among the primary water supply sources for Kunming. The continuous extraction of groundwater has not only met the living and production needs of residents and enterprises, but it has brought economic benefits and promoted local economic development. However, it has also led to environmental issues such as ground surface settlement [17].  
Kunming's urban area is densely populated, with the population mainly concentrated in Wuhua District, Panlong District, Xishan District, and Guandu District. The total population is about 4 million, with a population density of approximately 7600 people per square kilometer. The rapid urban expansion and extensive infrastructure construction have further exacerbated the ground surface settlement problem, such as high-rise residential  
Figure 1: Overview of the study area.  
buildings, industrial parks, and public buildings. Settlement phenomena are particularly severe in the northern and eastern industrial areas as well as the city center [18].
# Idle Vibration Reduction of a Diesel Sport Utility Vehicle
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a method to reduce the idle vibration on the driver's seat of a diesel SUV by operating the radiator and intercooler as vibration absorbers. Through the ODS analysis, dynamic behaviors of the SUV components, such as the powertrain, radiator, and body floor, were identified in the idle engine state. In addition, modal tests were performed to obtain the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the SUV containing these components. Based on the results of the ODS analysis and modal tests, a dynamic model with 13 degrees of freedom was established, and the validity of the model was verified. The design variables of the SUV, which can be changed with relative ease, were selected, and their sensitivities on the idle vibration level were investigated. Furthermore, using these design variables, an optimal design was obtained to minimize the idle vibration level.  
The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows:  
1. A dynamic model that can predict the idle vibration level on the driver's seat of a diesel SUV was established, wherein not only the rigid body modes of the powertrain, radiator, and intercooler but also the deformed modes such as the bending and torsional modes of the body floor were considered.
2. The design variables sensitive to the idle vibration level within the changeable variable ranges are listed in the following decreasing order of sensitivity: the rubber bushing stiffness of the radiator, the radiator mass, the lower hose stiffness of the intercooler, the intercooler mass, the lower hose stiffness of the radiator, the rubber bushing stiffness of the intercooler, the upper hose stiffness of the intercooler, and the upper hose stiffness of the radiator.
3. By using design variables related to the radiator and intercooler, design optimization was performed to reduce the idle vibration on the driver's seat, and the idle vibration was reduced by 9 dB through the optimization.
4. The idle vibration level can be reduced by rendering the natural frequencies for the bounce modes of the radiator and intercooler proximate to the idle frequency. Accordingly, the radiator and intercooler act as vibration absorbers.  
Conceptualization, D.H.; methodology, S.R., D.K. and B.L.; software, S.R.; validation, S.R.; formal analysis, S.R. and D.K.; investigation, S.R., D.K. and B.L.; resources, D.H. and I.J.; data curation, S.R.; writing--original draft preparation, S.R.; writing--review and editing, S.R., J.C. and I.J.; visualization, S.R.; supervision, J.C.; project administration, J.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Hyundai Motor Co., Ltd., and was also sponsored by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST) (NRF-2021R1A2C2007979).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Comprehensive Review of Indoor Localization Techniques and Applications in Various Sectors
## 5 Future Research Directions
### Enhancing Scalability and Infrastructure Optimization  
Scalability remains a significant challenge for large-scale deployments of RTLSs in healthcare facilities, industrial plants, and military operations. Future research should explore techniques to improve the scalability of systems, such as developing distributed localization algorithms that minimize reliance on central servers [26]. Utilizing existing infrastructure, like nurse call networks in hospitals or Wi-Fi networks in industrial settings, can reduce deployment costs and enhance system efficiency [62].
# A Secure and Scalable Authentication and Communication Protocol for Smart Grids
## 3 Methodology
### System Architecture  
The system comprises a certificate authority (CA), a central server, and multiple client nodes, simulating a typical smart grid communication framework as shown in Figure 2. Each client node represents various distributed smart grid elements, including smart meters that monitor energy consumption and EV chargers that support the charging of EVs.  
The client and server nodes generate their public and private keys and store them in secure files in their respective memory systems. The CA generates certificates for both the serve and the client nodes binding their public keys to their identities. The server and clients use these keys to derive a shared secret during the key exchange phase. The established shared secret can be used to encrypt and decrypt the communication between the server  
Figure 2: System architecture illustrating the interaction between the certificate authority, server, and client.  
and clients, which is conducted over a wired or a wireless channel, such as wired/wireless Ethernet or radio frequency or cellular communication (4G, 5G, etc.) or a hybrid channel (i.e., wired and wireless over different intermediary nodes). In our experimental setup, server and client nodes are connected via a wired Ethernet network, and they communicate with each other using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This architecture offers a simulated environment for real-time data exchange in a smart grid to test and verify the overall functionality of the cryptographic protocol and intelligence of the smart grid.
## 1 Introduction
While the parameters may be dynamically adjusted at the source to accommodate channel conditions, the destination may be unaware of this. As a result, the destination must have signal categorization methods in place to ensure that the information is demodulated securely. SC technology has been integrated into numerous existing wireless technical regulations, including those for mobile phones, wireless local area networks, and microwave schemes [22; 23]. Radio surveillance using SC algorithms is also utilized by government entities to verify compliance with spectrum management legislation. This guarantees consistent and reliable connectivity between police officers, fire services, civil aviation, and military services [24; 25].
## 2 Sample Preparation and Experimental Methods  
### Principles of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Technology  
Digital image correlation (DIC) technology utilizes the black-and-white speckle pattern sprayed onto the surface of the coal sample or the natural surface texture of the specimen. Based on a grayscale recognition digital matching algorithm, it calculates the displacement vectors of corresponding pixels across sequential deformation images of the loaded sample. This enables the determination of the full-field displacement and strain information of the coal rock surface [19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. The fundamental principles of digital image correlation are illustrated in Figure 1.  
Figure 1 illustrates the process of displacement of a single subset and its internal coordinate points before and after deformation. Let the center of the subset before deformation be denoted as point P, and its position after deformation shifts to point P'. For any arbitrary coordinate point Q within the subset, its position after deformation moves to point Q'. Since the deformation of the coordinate points within the subset includes translational, shear, and other deformation types, the displacement components along the x and y axes, u and v, are complex functions of x and y. From this, the following relationships can be derived:  
\[\begin{cases}x^{\prime}=x_{refc}+u(x,y)\\ y^{\prime}=y_{refc}+v(x,y)\end{cases} \tag{1}\]  
\[\begin{cases}\Delta x^{\prime}=\Delta x+\Delta u(x,y)\\ \Delta y^{\prime}=\Delta y+\Delta v(x,y)\end{cases} \tag{2}\]  
\[\begin{cases}\widetilde{x}_{curi}=x^{\prime}+\Delta x^{\prime}\\ \widetilde{y}_{curi}=y^{\prime}+\Delta y^{\prime}\end{cases} \tag{3}\]  
\[\begin{cases}\Delta u(x,y)=\frac{\partial u(x,y)}{\partial x}\Delta x+\frac{ \partial u(x,y)}{\partial y}\Delta y\\ \Delta v(x,y)=\frac{\partial v(x,y)}{\partial x}\Delta x+\frac{\partial v(x,y )}{\partial y}\Delta y\end{cases} \tag{4}\]  
By simultaneously solving Equations (1)-(4), the coordinates of any point within the subset after deformation can be determined as follows:  
\[\begin{cases}\widetilde{x}_{curi}=x_{refc}+u(x,y)+\left[1+\frac{\partial u(x,y )}{\partial x}\right]\Delta x+\frac{\partial u(x,y)}{\partial y}\Delta y\\ \widetilde{y}_{curi}=y_{refc}+v(x,y)+\frac{\partial v(x,y)}{\partial x}\Delta x +\left[1+\frac{\partial u(x,y)}{\partial y}\right]\Delta y\end{cases} \tag{5}\]  
From Equation (5), it can be seen that once the deformation information of the subset's center point is obtained, the deformation information of any arbitrary point within the subset can be derived accordingly from the deformation of the center point.
## 4 Discussion
For example, the maximum surface salinity difference at NB1 is 1.40 psu, while at NB2 it is 0.50 psu, which demonstrates that the effect of the typhoon on the salinity at the mouth of the river is much stronger than in the upstream area of the NB. The surface salinity difference at NB1 has a sharp decrease around the 24 September, due to the wind direction changing from S/SW to W/NW, which corresponds to the negative storm surge and the atmospheric pressure reduction. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017), in their study of the axial wind effect, found that increasing down-estuary wind could make both the stratification and the exchange flow show a transition of an increase and then a decrease, and a strong down-estuary wind could decrease the flow exchange and overcome the wind straining. Our result of salinity distribution change around 24 September can be well explained by a down-estuary wind in the NB. Figure 16 also shows that the typhoon enhances salinity in the flood tide and weakens salinity in the ebb tide in the NB of the YRE, which correspond to the influence of the typhoon on current. [PERSON] et al. (2018) described the estuary mixing as \"a mixing machine that combines high salinity water from the ocean with fresh water from the river to form intermediate-salinity water\" and [PERSON] et al. (2018) investigated the mixing in the estuary by the transport of inflow and outflow water volume, which emphasized the interaction of current and salinity. However, the impact of the typhoon on salinity is much more prolonged than that on current, i.e., a high salinity can remain in the typhoon falling period, which greatly influences water intake from the NB in the YRE in the typhoon period and the post-typhoon period. The salinity distribution and well-mixed water gradually recovered to the normal salt wedge pattern in 3 days after the typhoon, which was similar to the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NB**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SB**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Split Ratio of the NB**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Scenario** & **Flood** & **Ebb** & **Flood** & **Ebb** & **Flood** & **Ebb** \\  & **Discharge/m3** & **Discharge/m3** & **Discharge/m3** & **Discharge/m3** & **Flood** & **Ebb** \\ \hline Typhoon & 39,908,656.93 & 19,885,622.09 & 845,086,196.6 & 3,673,630,447 & 4.51\% & 0.54\% \\ \hline Normal wind force & 28,182,935.52 & 36,591,983.35 & 823,104,668.9 & 3,673,645,087 & 3.31\% & 0.99\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Flood and ebb discharge of the NB and the SB, and the flow split ratio of the NB under two scenarios of Typhoon Fongwong and normal wind force. situation in Chesapeake Bay [39]. Overall, the typhoon significantly increases the tidal level, current speed, and water mixing.