# Wearables for Industrial Work Safety: A Survey
## 3 State-of-the-Art Techniques in the Field of Industrial Wearables
### Data Transmission
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **Description** & **Examples** \\ \hline Light intensity & The strength of light produced by a specific lamp source measured in lux [97]. The light intensity’s recommended levels in different cases can be found in the document issued by the National Optical Astronomic Observatory [98]. Both excessive and insufficient lighting in the workplace can lead to visual impairment. A wide range of health effects of lighting is observed in working conditions at night or in underground sites, including various types of cancer, irregular sleeping habits, and cardiovascular disorders [99; 100]. Significantly, an insufficient illumination intensity is considered as causing an additional increase in the rate of accidents in low-light environments, such as construction areas, warehouses, and tunnels [101]. & Motion, traffic, ambient light sensors [20], e.g. [102] \\ \hline Noise level & The amplitude level of the undesired background sound [103] is measured in dBA. Constant sound above 80 dBA leads to the physiological effects and above 100 dBA—to the hearing damage, [104]. & Sound sensors, dynamic microphones [20] \\ \hline Radiation & An energy from a nuclear reaction [105]. Nowadays, it is measured in Sv (Sievert). However, rem (roentgen equivalent man) units also could be found in the literature. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission has set a radiation limit of 5 rem or 0.05 Sv [106]. Even an acceptable level of radiation during a long period of time (what is typical for radiation industry employees) can be a reason for irreversible changes in the body, in particular, the risk of cancer increases. High doses lead to the vomit, skin burns, can cause death [107] \\ \hline Relative Humidity & The amount of water that is present in the air compared to the greatest amount it would be possible for the air to hold at that temperature [109]. The hygienic norm of relative humidity for humans is 30–60\%. With low humidity, the body becomes dehydrated, and the risk of bacteria entering the human organism increases. High humidity can cause overheating, increased perspiration rate, and promotes the appearance of allergens (mold, fungi, dust mites) [110; 111]. & Temperature/humidity sensors [112] \\ \hline Temperature & Ambient temperature, which is most often expressed in degrees Celsius. The the typical range of temperature sensors is \(-40\) to 125 degrees Celsius \({}^{\circ}\)C [82]. The survival limit for the person is between \(-40\)\({}^{\circ}\)C [113] and \(48\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. For the best performance the optimal ambient temperature is 22–26 \({}^{\circ}\)C [114]. & Temperature/humidity sensors [82; 112] \\ \hline Ultraviolet index (UVI) & An index shows the degree of ultraviolet radiation from the sun at a particular time and place. For measuring UV World Health Organisation (WHO) proposed a linear scale beginning from 0 and without an upper border. There are 5 ranges: low (UV: 1–2), moderate (3–5), high (6–7), very high (8–10), extreme (11+) [115]. The sun exposure with UV higher than 7 can lead to serious damage of eyes (e.g., snowblindness), skin (burns, skin cancer, skin aging), and overall immune system [116]. & UV radiometers and dosimeters embedded in wrist bands, smartwatches, clips, etc. [117] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 4: _Cont._needed). The short-range and mid-range connectivity solutions in industrial wearable applications include Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), ZigBee, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) [122]. For instance, Reactec company has designed a wearable wristband that measures the amount of Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV) that provides real-time monitoring and automated reporting of HAV exposure [123]. This solution is called HAVWEAR and is utilized by several construction companies to prevent HAV-related diseases such as the white finger syndrome and, thus, to protect the workers' health conditions.