# The Future of Autonomous Vehicles in the Opinion of Automotive Market Users
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Autonomy Levels in the Automotive Market  
In recent years, various surveys of public opinion and user acceptance regarding the perception and adoption of ADS have been conducted worldwide [32; 42; 43]. [PERSON] [44] developed a survey on the likelihood of AV adoption aimed at UK transport experts to establish their perceptions of whether and when interviewees expect AVs to become a reality. In this survey, 28% of respondents said vehicles with level 3 autonomous driving technology will be available on UK public roads by 2040, and almost 25% said that the implementation of AVs would improve road transport safety. In turn, [PERSON] et al. [45] conducted a public opinion poll on automated driving among 4886 respondents in 109 countries. In this survey, respondents indicated that fully automated driving (level 5) would be easier than manual driving, while partially automated driving (level 3) was perceived as more difficult. Concerns focused on the hacking and misuse of software, legal issues and security. In addition, 20% of respondents said they would be willing to pay USD 7000 more for a fully level 5 AV, and nearly 70% said AVs could gain around 50% of the market share by 2050. Another area of research is the analysis of the service side provided by AVs. Automated and autonomous freight transport will expectedly consist of high capacity (e.g., trucks) and small capacity (e.g., vans) vehicles [46]. The small capacity vehicles will be mainly applied in the urban environment for many transportation tasks. Reference [47] presents research on the readiness to entrust one's safety and health while traveling in an autonomous ambulance. As shown, the respondents approach this solution with great caution and uncertainty. As mentioned in Reference [48], the gradual introduction of autonomous ambulance technology through the trial transportation of patients \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Socio-Demographic Profile** & **Number of Respondents** & **Percentage Share [\%]** \\ \hline Place of residence: & & \\ rural area & 198 & 34.2 \\ city to 100,000 residents & 118 & 20.4 \\
100,000–300,000 residents & 58 & 10.0 \\ city with more than 300,000 residents & 203 & 35.4 \\ Driving license: & & \\ yes & 506 & 87.4 \\ no & 73 & 12.6 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: \(Cont.\)with noncritical injuries may enhance users' trust and lead to the spread of this technology. Currently, in the area of services, innovative solutions are also used in the field of city logistics: EVs, electric cargo bikes (E-CB), new techniques for modeling and controlling traffic [49; 50; 51] and AVs are available. Demand-based ICT applications (hardware and software) are also spreading. The research carried out by the authors of this work showed different tendencies in the perception of the concept of AVs by the respondents (not only active drivers) depending on the grouping variable adopted (age, gender, place of residence and driver's experience). As can be seen from the data presented in Table 1, the majority of the respondents were men (62.2%). The most numerous age group consisted of young respondents aged 19-25--they constituted 47.7% of all respondents. Most people, 35.4%, declared that they came from a city with more than 300,000 inhabitants, and the vast majority of them constituted a group of self-declared drivers, i.e., people holding a driving license, at 87.4%. The conducted research shows that the belief of respondents regarding the level of autonomy is clearly the highest in relation to level 1. The higher the level of autonomy, the more skeptical both women and men are regarding this solution. The importance of the different types of autonomy is presented in Table 2 and Figure 2.  
In the case of autonomy levels 1, 2 and 3, the significance of the survey is quite high in the opinion of the respondents, because they assess the concept as the most likely form for cars on the market. It should be remembered that these levels apply to standard vehicles supported by autonomous solutions (SVs+).