## 4 Discussion
It is noted that a reduction in angular separation between segments during turning in older adults may represent the normal coordination process associated with smaller turning amplitudes, a by-product of response due to the onset of age-related slowing of movement, self-confidence, balance ability, muscle weakness and individual capacity. An increase in turn amplitude was associated with an increase in step size, the total number of steps, and step duration. These findings are consistent with [PERSON] et al. (2016) [22]. These modifications might be attributed to biomechanical factors such as step size, which increased considerably with each increase in the amplitude of turning in both healthy older and younger adults. To verify these results, an analysis of stepping strategies in exercises in which turns were being carried out with full vision and investigating the impact during different turn amplitudes would be necessary. The results of step duration were found to be consistent across an increase in turn amplitude. The explanation is most likely that the central pattern generators in the spinal cord regulate the step variables, especially the temporal step strategies observed during turning. These generators encode the rhythmic pattern employed during walking [23, 24]. In addition, placement of the step strategy during pre-planned turns may be a deliberate process or reactive and depends on the individual's visual perception of the environment [15, 19]. Changes in turn amplitude appear to be formulated and carried out during pre-planned turns by modifying the temporal stepping characteristics. Furthermore, changes in the amplitude of the turns appear to be mediated by adjusting the size of the steps. Given that stepping frequency is not affected by turn amplitude, our proposal is that changes in step frequency can be achieved by increasing step size during turning. Another explanation is that when head-trunk separation decreases, stepping characteristics change to preserve balance and stability throughout the turn [18, 23, 25]. Our findings support the idea that reducing head-on-trunk rotation has an effect on the stepping characteristics which are important for the essential capacity to maintain postural balance at various turn amplitudes [25, 26]. Previous studies suggest that a narrow step width might be the result of the generation of insufficient force to accelerate the center of mass (COM) in the direction and amplitude of the turn, resulting in a destabilizing impact and adaptation in step strategy [23, 24, 26]. Regardless of variations in turn amplitude, we found that turn speed in the older adults group remained constant. In contrast, in the younger adult group, the turn speed decreased as the intended turn amplitude increased. A previous study found that when the radius of the curve increases, the velocity of the COM during steering falls systematically in older adults. However, segmental velocity appears to increase with higher turn amplitude in both healthy older and younger adults while the radius is constant as a standing turn [27]. This is likely to be due to the standing turns requiring the COM need to remain balanced within a rotation while a sufficient base of support is needed and is controlled via stepping mechanisms and postural demands more significantly in older adults in comparison to younger adults. Other characteristics, including muscle and brain activity, should be investigated in future research into turning kinematics in order to expand our understanding of turning strategies.