## 6 Conclusions  
This study evaluates both the environmental and economic impacts of remanufactured CV joints. While existing research predominantly examines the environmental benefits of replacing automotive parts with remanufactured alternatives and some explores necessary government subsidies to promote remanufacturing, few studies employ realistic data to assess both impacts comprehensively. Utilizing actual vehicle sales data, this research introduces a framework to accurately estimate the demand for CV joint replacements, despite the inherent challenges in determining exact replacement numbers. This estimation facilitates a quantitative assessment of the associated environmental and economic impacts.  
A sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the proportion of remanufactured CV joints. The results indicate that a higher share of remanufactured parts significantly benefits the environment by reducing CO2 emissions, raw material usage, and energy consumption. However, this shift also leads to a decrease in total profits within the CV joint replacement market. To address this trade-off, further analysis explored the relationship between economic impacts and the proportion of remanufactured parts by varying the profitability of remanufactured CV joints.  
The findings suggest that financial incentives, such as tax benefits or direct funding from the government, are essential to mitigate the profit losses faced by manufacturers as the market share of remanufactured parts increases. Substantial subsidies are required to bridge the profit gap between new and remanufactured CV joints, thereby facilitating the expansion of the remanufacturing industry. With adequate financial support, the remanufacturing sector could experience rapid market growth.  
Future research should apply the proposed framework to other automotive parts with similar replacement scenarios, further validating its applicability and effectiveness in promoting sustainable manufacturing practices.  
Conceptualization, K.-H.L. and C.-H.L.; methodology, K.-H.L.; writing--original draft preparation, K.-H.L.; writing--review and editing, C.-H.L.; visualization, K.-H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This paper was supported by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) grant funded by the Korean Government (MOTIE) (P0020612, HRD Program for Industrial Innovation).  
Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **The Retail Price of** \\ **Remanufactured** \\ **CV Joint** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **The Retail Price of** \\ **New CV Joint** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **The Coefficient of** \\ **the Slope (a)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **The Number of** \\ **Remanufactured CV** \\ **Joints (D\({}_{gap}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Preservation of** \\ **Loss Rate (\#)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Unit Subsidy** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \$90 (USD) & & 0.000 & & & \$0.000 (USD) \\ \$85 (USD) & \$170 (USD) & 1.083 & & & \$1.390 (USD) \\ \$80 (USD) & \$2.166 & & & \$2.166 (USD) \\ \$75 (USD) & & 3.249 & & & \$4.170 (USD) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The amount of subsidy depends on the retail price of remanufactured CV joints (with the preservation of loss rate at 100%).