## 3 Results
### Non-Contact Boxing Training Outcomes
#### 3.2.2 Percentage of Time Spent Above the Threshold for High-Intensity Training During Boxing  
Table 4 summarizes the percentage of time spent above \(\geq\)85% HRmax from the CPET (HI-85%) and \(\geq\)VT2 (HI-VT2) in all rounds during both boxing sessions. HI-85% (\(p\) = 0.13) and HI-VT2 (\(p\) = 0.44) were not significantly different between boxing sessions one and two among all participants.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **PDCI** & **PD Non-CI** & **Control** \\  & **(_n = 11_)** & **(_n = 14_)** & **(_n = 14_)** \\ \hline \%_MA-PHR_ & & & \\  Round 1 S1 & 69.6 \(\pm\) 3.17 [63; 76] *\({}^{\dagger}\) & 91.5 \(\pm\) 2.55 [83; 97] & 96.3 \(\pm\) 2.57 [91; 101] \\  Round 1 S2 & 73.2 \(\pm\) 3.35 [66; 80] *\({}^{\ddagger}\) & 90.5 \(\pm\) 2.66 [85; 96] & 97.6 \(\pm\) 2.70 [92; 103] \\  Round 2 S1 & 71.7 \(\pm\) 3.21 [65; 78] *\({}^{\ddagger}\) & 93.5 \(\pm\) 2.55 [88; 99] & 98.5 \(\pm\) 2.57 [93; 104] \\  Round 2 S2 & 74.9 \(\pm\) 3.36 [68; 82] *\({}^{\ddagger}\) & 93.3 \(\pm\) 2.66 [88; 99] & 99.2 \(\pm\) 2.70 [94; 105] \\  Round 3 S1 & 76.3 \(\pm\) 3.21 [70; 83] *\({}^{\ddagger}\) & 96.3 \(\pm\) 2.56 [91; 101] & 101.7 \(\pm\) 2.57 [96; 107] \\  Round 3 S2 & 76.5 \(\pm\) 3.36 [70; 83] *\({}^{\ddagger}\) & 94.5 \(\pm\) 2.68 [89; 100] & 98.9 \(\pm\) 2.70 [93; 104] \\  Round 4 S1 & 76.6 \(\pm\) 3.21 [70; 83] *\({}^{\ddagger}\) & 96.5 \(\pm\) 2.58 [91; 102] & 101.9 \(\pm\) 2.57 [98; 107] \\  Round 4 S2 & 77.1 \(\pm\) 3.38 [70; 84] *\({}^{\ddagger}\) & 94.8 \(\pm\) 2.68 [89; 100] & 100.1 \(\pm\) 2.71 [94; 106] \\ \hline \end{tabular} All values are in mean \(\pm\) 82 leg 195% confidence interval. HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; \(\%\)HR-CPET: heart rate as percentage of highest HR during CPET); \(\%\)MA-PHR: heart rate as percentage of maximum predicted HR; \({}^{\star}\)_p_\(\leq\) 0.05 vs. control; \({}^{\ddagger}\)_p_\(\leq\) 0.05 vs. PD non-CI; \({}^{\ddagger}\)_p_\(\leq\) 0.05 between sessions.  
\end{table}
Table 3: _Cont._  
Figure 2: MA-PHR; maximum predicted heart rate. HR; heart rate; CPET; cardiopulmonary exercise test. MA-PHR was calculated using [PERSON]’s equation (207–0.7 * age) [6]. The participant’s age was 65 years and the maximum HR during CPET was 128 bpm.  
HI-85% was not significantly different between PDCI and PD non-CI participants (\(p\geq 0.05\)), or between PD non-CI participants and controls (\(p\geq 0.05\)) in both sessions. However, HI-85% was significantly lower in PDCI participants compared to controls during the first three rounds of session one (\(p\) = 0.03, \(p\) = 0.01, and \(p\) = 0.04), but not in the last round (\(p\) = 0.18). In the second session, HI-85% was significantly lower in PDCI participants than controls in the first round (\(p\) = 0.007), but not in the last three rounds (\(p\geq 0.05\)).  
In session one, HI-VT2 was significantly lower in PDCI participants than controls in the first three rounds (\(p\) = 0.006, \(p\) = 0.004, and \(p\) = 0.02), but not in the last round (\(p\) = 0.08). Meanwhile, PD non-CI participants showed a significantly lower HI-VT2 only in the second round (\(p\) = 0.04) compared to controls, with no significant difference in the other rounds (\(p\geq 0.05\)). In the second boxing session, HI-VT2 was significantly lower in PDCI and PD non-CI participants compared to controls (\(p\) = 0.01 and \(p\) = 0.01) in the first round, but not in the other rounds of this session (\(p\geq 0.05\)).