esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Topology Based Automatic Registration Method for Infrared and Polarized Coupled Imaging
## 2 Methodology
### Overview of the Proposed Algorithm  
SSR transforms the extraction of common points into the extraction of common objects, which is different from the traditional registration algorithm. Firstly, regular preprocess, such as the median filter, is sufficient for de-noising. Depending on the imaging conditions, a top-hat transform might be required to remove the halo in infrared images. Then, to extract objects from infrared and polarization images which vary widely in image style, different segmentation methods are chosen, that is, a threshold-based algorithm for the infrared image target segment and a texture-related method for polarization parameter image target segmentation. Subsequently, morphological skeletonization is performed in segmented images to obtain the topological endpoints of the target as registration control points for later matrix transformation. The algorithm flowchart is shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Flow chart of the proposed SSR.
# Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to
## 2 Background
### Global Remeshing Approach  
The domain deformations can be handled by OpenFOAM(r) through the global remeshing approach (GRA). The goal of the GRA is to adapt externally prescribed boundary deformations by changing the positions of the nodes ensuring the quality of the mesh in terms of skewness and/or nonthogonality. The motion u is calculated considering the Laplace smoothing equation (Equation (19)) and the pseudo-solid equation (Equation (20)) (linearization of the motion equations for small deformations):  
\[\
abla(y\
abla u)=0 \tag{19}\]  
\[x_{i}^{n+1}=\ x_{i}^{n}+\Delta tu \tag{20}\]where \(\gamma\) represents the diffusivity, \(x\) is the position of the nodes of the mesh, and \(t\) is the actual time. Therefore, once a mesh is generated, motion is imposed at the boundaries, whereas the internal points of the grid are moved according to the solution of the Laplace equation in order to adapt to the boundary motion. In the GRA, the mesh is regenerated completely when the distortion achieves a specific threshold (and not only the most distorted elements likes in the LRA approach). The results of the previous computation are than mapped on the new mesh. In this case, the interpolation of the computed flow field from one mesh to the next one is performed by means of a second-order, inverse distance weighting method. In the GRA, The Delaunay algorithm is often exploited for the mesh generation [53]. The Delaunay algorithm subdivides the edges into segments according to the local seed prescribed element size. The faces are seeded with points and these are connected during the triangulation phase.  
The GRA was created to have a much higher control of the mesh parameters, ensuring huge timesaving for the computations (up to 93% with respect to the LRA approach) [53]. Indeed, the computational time step is mainly affected by the minimum size of the mesh cells.  
The GRA has been exploited to study the lubrication of various machine components where the topological change of the mesh is a critical factor for the simulation. Many studies are focused on the gearboxes [54; 55; 56; 57]. Other studies apply the GRA to gear pumps [58; 59]. Complex systems like planetary gearboxes are studied in [60; 61] and cycloidal speed reducers in [62].
# Topological Navigation and Localization in
## 4 Development and Testing Methodology
### Development in a Simulated Environment  
The system was initially developed and tested in a simulated environment using Gazebo [29] and integrated with ROS [30]. At first, an underground scenario with wide tunnels and perfect self-localization, using the real position from the simulator, was used as a testing environment. When the system could perform reasonably well, the wide tunnels were substituted by realistic tunnels, using laser scans acquired in a real underground mine. The realistic tunnels were much narrower and had irregular shapes. Finally, when the challenges of the new scenario were solved, the system was tested with a functional self-localization module, and with other factors that added complexity, such as a simulation of the LHD's controller, in order to validate all low-level communication and security schemes.
## 2 Theory and Model
### EMT Theory  
In EMT, the displacement current can be ignored when the excitation frequency is low (\(\omega<10^{7}\)). Inserting \(\mathbf{B}=\
abla\times\mathbf{A}\) into Maxwell's equations results in  
\[\
abla\times\left[\frac{1}{\mu(x,y,z)}\
abla\times\mathbf{A}\right]=\sigma(x, y,z)\mathbf{E} \tag{1}\]  
Considering electromagnetic induction, ignoring the electric field component caused by a potential change \(\
abla\phi\), it can be considered that \[\mathbf{E}=-j\omega\mathbf{A} \tag{2}\]  
Putting Equation (2) into Equation (1) leads to  
\[\
abla\times\left(\frac{1}{\mu(x,y,z)}\
abla\times\mathbf{A}\right)+j\omega \sigma(x,y,z)\,\mathbf{A}=0 \tag{3}\]  
Equation (3) describes how the vector magnetic potential \(\mathbf{A}\) changes in EMT under a given conductivity and permeability distribution.  
If the permeability does not depend on the internal change, we consider \(\mu(x,y,z)\) to be a constant \(\mu\). According to the vector identity \(\
abla\times(\
abla\times\mathbf{A})=\
abla(\
abla\cdot\mathbf{A})-\
abla^{2 }\mathbf{A}\), in the case of Coulomb gauge \(\
abla\cdot\mathbf{A}=0\), the above formula can be written as  
\[\
abla^{2}\mathbf{A}=j\omega\mu\sigma(x,y,z)\mathbf{A} \tag{4}\]  
This simplified Equation (4) describes how the vector magnetic potential \(\mathbf{A}\) changes in EMT under a given conductivity distribution \(\sigma(x,y,z)\) in EMT.
# Synergistic Effect and Phase Behavior of SCG-CAPB-H\({}_{2}\)O
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Synergistic Effect of SCG/CAPB Ternary Compound System
#### 3.1.3 Critical Packing Parameter (CPP) of Sodium Cocoyl Glycinate (SCG)  
From the results of surface tension measurements, we can also deduce the aggregation state of surfactant molecules at the air/water interface. The Gibbs adsorption isotherm [60; 61; 62] is one of the fundamental equations for studying surface adsorption of surfactant solutions. From the Gibbs adsorption equation, we can obtain a crucial parameter--the maximum surface adsorption amount, denoted as \(\Gamma_{max}\):  
\[\Gamma_{max}=-\frac{1}{2.303 nRT}\bigg{(}\frac{\partial\gamma}{\partial logC} \bigg{)}_{T} \tag{3}\]  
In the equation, \(R\) denotes the gas constant (8.3144 J\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\)K\({}^{-1}\)), T is the absolute temperature, \(C\) stands for the concentration of surfactant, and \(\partial\gamma/\partial logC\) is calculated as the slope of linear surface tension \(\gamma\) with respect to the logarithm of concentration \(logC\). Here, sodium cocoyl glycinate is an ionic surfactant of the 1:1 electrolyte type [63], so n is taken as 2. From the above equation, \(\Gamma_{max}\) can be calculated as 3.085 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) mol\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\).  
After the surfactant dissolves in water, due to its amphiphilic nature, the surfactant tends to preferentially aggregate at the interface between water and air. Therefore, \(\Gamma_{max}\) can be further utilized to determine the minimum cross-sectional area \(A_{min}\) with Equation (4).  
\[A_{min}=\frac{10^{18}}{N_{A}\cdot T_{max}}\text{ nm}^{2} \tag{4}\]  
Based on the previously calculated \(\Gamma_{max}\), \(A_{min}\) can be determined to be 0.538 nm\({}^{2}\).  
The morphology of organized molecular self-assembly depends on the geometric structure of surfactants, particularly the relative sizes of the cross-sectional areas of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in solution. This concept has been defined by [PERSON] [64] as the critical packing parameter (CPP); it can be calculated by Equation (5).  
\[CPP=\frac{V_{c}}{L_{c}\cdot A_{min}} \tag{5}\]  
Here, \(V_{c}\) refers to the volume of the hydrophobic portion of the surfactant molecule, \(L_{c}\) denotes the chain length of the hydrophobic tail of the surfactant molecule, and \(A_{min}\) indicates the cross-sectional area of the head group of the surfactant molecule.  
Figure 3: Transmittance of sodium cocoyl glycinate as a function of temperature.  
According to the Tanford equation [65], the volume \(V_{c}\) of the hydrophobic portion of the surfactant molecule and the chain length \(L_{c}\) of the hydrophobic tail can be calculated based on the number of carbon atoms \(n\) in the hydrophobic chain of the surfactant molecule:  
\[V_{c}=(0.0274+0.0269n)\text{ nm}^{3} \tag{6}\]  
\[L_{c}=(0.15+0.1265n)\text{ nm} \tag{7}\]  
The calculations yield \(V_{c}\) = 0.3233 nm\({}^{3}\), \(L_{c}\) = 1.5415 nm, and CPP = 0.7935. The physical properties of sodium cocoyl glycinate are shown in Table 2.
## Appendix A
### Data Decoding  
Once received, payloads have been appropriately conditioned and any unnecessary or invalid payloads have been discarded, the payloads for each device type can be decoded based on the SAN, which has been mapped in the previous step. This flow is shown in Figure A5. During the data decoding step, a \"device type router\" block checks the SAN type identifier (e.g., \"WTH\") and forwards the payload on towards the correct decoder.  
Figure A5: Data flow for payload decoding and conditioning prior to storage for device data integration.  
Finally, during the payload decode step, all device-specific decodings of sensor parameters are extracted and compiled into a format that is compatible with and can be stored in an InfluxDB database. All datapoints are decoded with a timestamp, and the sensor parameter name, device ID (SAN), the data or measured value, and the corresponding units of the data point are stored. For some devices, timestamps are recorded by the sensor manufacturer platform and accompany the data queried via the integration APIs. In the case of push or real time ingest types (i.e., MQTT or websocket clients), where a timestamp is not provided by the API and the data push occurs in real time, we record it as the time at which the data were received by that particular ingest trigger.
## 1 Introduction  
Optical zoom systems are basic components of all optical imaging systems. These zoom systems change the magnification of the image without altering the position of the object and image planes. They are usually composed of lens systems, in which a mechanical displacement of the lenses varies the effective magnification of the system, while keeping fixed object and image planes [1].  
The design of zoom lenses without mechanical movements has been proposed since the early production of tunable lenses [2]. Programmable active lenses are currently available with different technologies, including liquid lenses [3], liquid-crystal lenses [4; 5], or active polymer lenses [6]. Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) lenses are a new technology useful to overcome the slow response time of other technologies [7]. Therefore, zoom lenses with tunable adjustment and no moving elements have been reported [8; 9; 10; 11].  
Phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs) are also very useful devices to display a lens function. They can display lenses where the focal length can be controlled directly by the geometry of the pattern addressed from a computer. They are diffractive lenses, and therefore they are affected by chromatic dispersion. They also require the use of polarized light. In addition, the pixelated structure of the SLMs impose limits on the shortest focal length that can be implemented. Nevertheless, SLMs allow a great flexibility to combine multiple lens functions [12], to multiplex the lens function with other holographic functions [13], or to correct aberrations [14]. These functions cannot be implemented with other kinds of tunable lenses.  
Zoom lenses composed by SLMs have been reported previously [15]. In ref. [16], an anamorphic zoom lens system was demonstrated that used two SLMs. In Refs. [17; 18], a holographic zoom lens projector using SLMs was also produced. However, SLMs present certain limitations and artifacts that make lenses displayed on them differ from the perfect idealized paraxial tunable lens. Nonlinear phase modulation, quantization of the phase levels, amplitude and/or polarization modulation coupled to phase modulation, fringing effects, phase fluctuation (flicker), or non-flatness panels that introduce aberrations, are some of the typical phenomena that one can find in these devices [13]. All these effects deteriorate the optical performance of lenses displayed onto SLM and must be considered and reduced, when possible.  
In this work, we discuss the limits imposed by the rasterized structure of the SLM and give details for its experimental implementation in a simple zoom system composed of two lenses. We present configurations, which allow for different magnifications, and also to change the sign of the magnification to obtain both erect and inverted images. Because we employ SLMs with relatively large pixel sizes, we are forced to build a very large optical system, impractical for realistic applications. However, the results here presented constitute an experimental proof-of-concept that can be made useful and compact by using the newer SLM technology.
## 1 Introduction
Since MG-PMSM must be installed in the bogie space where the conventional mechanical reduction gear system is installed, minimizing  
Figure 1: Urban railway vehicle and structure of the bogies according to the type of railway vehicle: (**a**) Urban railway vehicle (**b**) General bogie for railway vehicles; (**c**) Low-floor bogie for tram. the size of the MG-PMSM is the main design goal in this study. In this research, first, to derive the detailed model of the 45 kW-class MG-PMSM for the tram, the analysis of the characteristics according to the stator winding method was performed, and the studied stator winding method is the distributed winding and concentrated winding method. In general, the method of deriving the number of pole pieces in the design of MG-PMSM is divided into a method using the number of pole pairs of a permanent magnet rotor and a stator and a method using the number of stator slots instead of the number of stator pole pairs. The method using the permanent magnet and stator pole pairs is based on the general magnetic gear equation [5]. It was applied to the design of CVT application MG-PMSM by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6; 7; 8; 9; 10], outer rotor type MG-PMSM by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11; 12], and decoupled type MG-PMSM by [PERSON] [13]. On the other hand, a method using the number of pole pairs and stator slots of permanent magnets was presented in MG-PMSM by [PERSON] [14; 15; 16]. A topology using the number of stator pole pairs was selected for the design of MG-PMSM in this research. After selecting the winding method that can reduce the size of the MG-PMSM, two design topologies were applied to determine the number of stator poles, the number of outer rotor pole pieces, and the number of inner rotor poles of the MG-PMSM. The detailed model was derived by applying the selected design topology that can minimize the size of the MG-PMSM, and it was confirmed that the required performances are satisfied through electromagnetic characteristics analysis. In order to accurately verify the validity of the 45 kW class MG-PMSM design method for tram driving proposed in this research, a real model prototype should be applied. However, a 1/10 scaled model prototype was used in consideration of cost and test-bed conditions. A design model of a 4.5 kW-class small-scaled MG-PMSM was derived by applying the design method suggested in this research, and the 4.5 kW-class small-scaled MG-PMSM prototype was manufactured to verify the validity of the analytical model, and performance verification was performed. Through this research, it is expected that MG-PMSM, which has been reviewed only as a driving system for electric vehicles, will be reviewed as a driving system for railway vehicles. In addition, it is expected that the possibility of replacing the existing driving system for railway vehicles in terms of size and performance will be continuously reviewed. Figure 2: Structure of MG-PMSM and rotation principle by magnetic flux modulation in double air gap of MG-PMSM.
## 2 Datasets
### Peptide Datasets  
**PeptideAltas**  
[PERSON] et al. started to establish a Peptidealtas database in 2006 to curate a comprehensive peptide dataset that has been continuously updated [75; 95; 96]. PeptideAtlas containsat least 3,979,590 distinct peptides. It is a publicly accessible, multispecies repository consolidating peptide data identified through tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic studies. It aggregates raw mass spectrometry outputs from diverse organisms, including humans, mice, and yeast, and it processes them via advanced search algorithms and protein sequence databases. To ensure data reliability, all the results were subjected to uniform analysis via the Trans Proteomic Pipeline, which assigns confidence metrics for peptide identification and calculates global false discovery rates. The platform enables users to explore, query, and retrieve verified peptide information through its web interface while also providing downloadable datasets--raw files, processed outputs, and comprehensive builds--to support further research. By standardising quality control across experiments, PeptideAtlas serves as a robust resource for advancing proteomic investigations and validating peptide identification.  
**UniProt**  
UniProt is a globally authoritative, open access database renowned for its meticulously curated and exhaustive collection of protein sequences and functional annotations, serving as an essential resource for researchers, educators, and biomedical professionals advancing studies in genomics, proteomics, and therapeutic development [76]. [PERSON] et al. established the UniProt database in 2004, building upon the Swiss-Prot sequence database originally developed by [PERSON] et al. in 1997, and both databases have been continuously updated [76; 97; 98; 99; 1001]. The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) consortium, a collaborative effort by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), and the Protein Information Resource (PIR), aims to offer the scientific community a comprehensive central repository for protein sequences and functional data. The UniProt KnowledgeBase (UniProtKB), which is updated every four weeks, is the primary resource maintained by the consortium. Additionally, supplementary databases such as the UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef) and the UniProt Archive (UniParc) are also maintained. The UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot section, a component of the UniProt KnowledgeBase, comprises expertly curated protein sequences from a wide range of organisms that are publicly accessible. Within the framework of the Plant Proteome Annotation Program (PPAP), plant protein entries are generated, with a particular focus on well-characterised proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. The high-quality annotations provided by UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot are extensively utilised to predict annotations for newly discovered proteins via automated processes.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Undrained Shear Strength  
Cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 100 mm were tested in the laboratory to obtain the undrained shear strength of the material. A total of 18 samples were tested, 9 for the undisturbed state and 9 subjected to oven-drying. Figure 12 shows a box plot of the obtained results for both states.  
On average, an undrained shear strength of 36.3 kPa was obtained for the undisturbed samples, whereas in the oven-dried samples, a value of 8.8 kPa was obtained. Standard deviation was 7.94 and 3.87 kPa for undisturbed and oven-dried samples respectively. With this data, the sensitivity to remolding of the material can be obtained using Equation (1).  
\[S_{t}=\frac{S_{u\ unrated}}{S_{u\ oven-dried}} \tag{1}\]  
The sensitivity value corresponds to 4.15, and thus would classify the samples as very sensitive soil [33]. Some authors obtained a sensitivity equal to 13 [13], 3 [12], and even a value of 42 is reported [10]. The scatter of the reported data for the sensitivity to remolding of the material, depending on the place of sample extraction, indicates the need for a site-specific characterization of the material. However, a trend in the behavior can be extracted, with all reported samples being classified at least as sensitive.
# Metasurface-Based Polarimeters
## 3 Metasurface-Based Polarimeters
### PB-Phase Metasurfaces for Determining Part of the SOP
Inset shows the SEM image of the fabricated metasurface on an ITO-coated glass substrate; (**b**) Charge-coupled device (CCD) images for wavelength \(\lambda_{0}=750\) nm and different angles \(\beta\). (**c**) Experimentally obtained ellipticity \(\eta\) versus the incident polarization as a function of \(\beta\); (**a–c**) Reproduced with permission from [70], Copyright Optical Society of America, 2015; (**d**) Illustration of the metasurface used as a circular dichroism spectrometer using the the photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE); (**e**) Experimental results of reflected power for left circularly polarized (LCP) and right circularly polarized (RCP) incident beams at different wavelengths as a function of reflected angle, showing the discrimination of LCP and RCP spectra; (**d,e**) Reproduced with permission from [71], Copyright Optical Society of America, 2015. As a final comment, it is worth pointing out that the obtained SOP of the incident light is incomplete as this type of PB-phase metasurface-based chioptical spectroscopy has only two channels and cannot probe the polarization azimuthal angle. To fully characterize the SOP and determine the Stokes parameters, an additional polarizer is needed, which will inevitably increase the complexity of the whole system.