# Characterization of Sidr (_Ziziphus_ spp.) Honey from Different Geographical Origins
## 3 Results
_Staphylococcus aureus_ showed the highest zones of inhibition 25.00 \(\pm\) 0.58, 23.00 \(\pm\) 0.58 mm in Egypt and Saudi Arabia honey respectively, followed by Emirates (21.33 \(\pm\) 0.88 mm) and Punjab (21.00 \(\pm\) 0.11 mm) honeys, while Egyptian (29.33 \(\pm\) 0.64 mm), Saudi (23.00 \(\pm\) 0.22 mm), and Iraq (22.00 \(\pm\) 0.58 mm) honeys revealed the highest zones of inhibition against _Streptococcus mutans_. The highest zones of inhibition against _Klebsiella pneumoniae_ were observed in the Saudi (25.00 \(\pm\) 0.61 mm), Egyptian (24.00 \(\pm\) 0.34 mm),  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Copperological Origin**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sampling (n)**} & **Grease** & **Frontuse** & **Frontuse/Clauses** & **Frontuse \(\star\)** & **Grease/Motives** & **Sources (f9100** & **Distance** & **Hoff angles** \\  & & **fg100 g/** & **fg100 g/** & **fg100 g/** & **Radio** & **Chinese \(\times\)** & **Ratio** & **\#** & **O.D.D. ** \\ \hline Existing & 72 & 25.00 \(\pm\) 1.55 & 33.05 \(\pm\) 0.48 & 1.33 \({}^{*}\) & 58.33\({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 12.8 & 1.54 & 3.01 \(\pm\) 0.92 & 13.32 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 12.64 \(\pm\) 1.80 \\ \hline Chinese & 64 & 26.44 \(\pm\) 0.70 & 35.02 \({}^{*}\) = 0.63 & 1.31 & 61.64\({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 1.16 & 1.73\({}^{*}\) & 2.33 \(\pm\) 0.83 & 17.36\({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 1.16 & 17.58 \({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 4.47 \\ \hline Long & 53 & 28.89\({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 0.11 & 36.01 \({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 1.05 & 1.25 & 64.95\({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 0.95 & 1.69 & 3.5 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 12.7 \(\pm\) 1.53 & 13.8 \(\pm\) 1.91 \\ \hline Palikure & 67 & 257 \(\pm\) 0.80 & 34.47 \({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 0.48 & 1.36 & 60.34\({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 1.10 & 1.73\({}^{*}\) & 1.24 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 11.59 \(\pm\) 1.28 & 12.7 \(\pm\) 1.58 \\ \hline Baltimore & 75 & 27.67 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 33.94 \({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 1.13 & 1.22 & 61.64\({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 1.16 & 1.39\({}^{*}\) & 1.62 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 13.36 \(\pm\) 1.28 & 12.52 \(\pm\) 1.49 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sidr honey} & \multirow{2}{*}{Front} & \multirow{2}{*}{60} & 25.81 \(\pm\) 0.60 & 33.84 \(\pm\) 0.46 & 1.31 & 59.1 \({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 1.18 & 1.431 & 3.75 \({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 0.48 & 16.39 \(\pm\) 2.58 & 14.69 \(\pm\) 0.80 \\ \cline{2-2}  & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Small Arabia & 65 & 27.53\({}^{*}\)\(\pm\) 0.27 & 34.94  
Emirates (22.00 \(\pm\) 0.68 mm), and Libya (21.00 \(\pm\) 0.31 mm) honey samples. Additionally, Egyptian (29.16 \(\pm\) 0.60 mm), Saudi (27.00 \(\pm\) 0.61 mm) and Libya (20.33 \(\pm\) 0.88 mm) honey were highly effective against _Escherichia coli_. Significantly higher zones of inhibition against _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ were shown for Saudi (40.67 \(\pm\) 0.67 mm) and Egyptian (29.00 \(\pm\) 0.58 mm) honeys (Table 6). The MIC of the Sidr honey from different geographical origins against the pathogenic bacteria _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Streptococcus mutans_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Escherichia coli_, and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ is shown in Table 7. The results of the antibacterial activity assay showed significant differences in MIC values when antibiotic-resistant strains were tested. Analyzing MICs, the strongest antibacterial potential against all tested bacteria was observed for Saudi Arabian and Egyptian (MIC = 0.4 g/mL) honeys. Iraq, Panjab, Kashmir, Libya, and India honeys showed the strongest antibacterial potential against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Streptococcus mutans_, and _Klebsiella pneumoniae_ (MIC = 0.4 g/mL). In contrast, the weakest overall antibacterial activity was shown in honey samples from Emirates, China, Pakistan, and Bashawer. Yemen honey showed the lowest antibacterial potential against _Escherichia coli_ (MIC = 0.05 g/mL).