## 1 Introduction  
Climate change is an indisputable fact. The fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) pointed out that the global surface temperature increased from 1880 to 2012, with the global average temperature increasing by 0.85 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Based on the largest temporal dataset [1], the average temperature difference between 1885 and 1900 and between 2003 and 2013 was 0.78 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The rate of warming in China from the 1970s to the early 2000s was greater in the last 100 years than in any previous decade [2]. Climate change has local characteristics. Local climate change is the response to climate change on the regional or urban scale and is closely associated with urbanization. The heat island effect is one of the most significant effects of urbanization on urban temperature [3]. The urban heat island effect is one of the typical characteristics of an urban climate, a concept put forward in the early 20 th century by British climatologists. The urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon that the temperature in a city is higher than in the surrounding areas. Under the influence of global climate change, the urban heat island effect is increasingly intensified, seriously affecting the health, thermal comfort, and other urban ecological functions of urban residents, and it is an important factor restricting the healthy development of cities [4]. The urban area warming phenomenon caused by the urban heat island effect can lead to a change in the urban thermal environment and increase the possibility of extremely high temperatures in urban areas, thus increasing climate risk and affecting the quality of the ecological environment, human comfort, and health [5]. At present, research on urban heat islands has matured. As shown in Table 1, many scholars at home and abroad have conducted high-quality research in related fields using different methods and parameters. [PERSON] [19] pointed out that the changes in underlying surface properties and anthropogenic heat emissions are the two main factors causing the urban heat island phenomenon. [PERSON] [20] pointed out that a large number of impervious surfaces, including asphalt and cement, replaced the original natural surface. At the same time, the daily heat emissions for urban residents surged, leading to an increase in urban heat emissions and increasing the urban heat island effect. [PERSON] [21] pointed out that unreasonable spatial urban layouts will further aggravate the negative effects of climate change. [PERSON] [22] showed that a series of environmental and ecological problems caused by urban heat islands have affected the further development of cities and changed the ecological environment of human settlements. Based on statistical data [23], the global heat island effect can lead to an average reduction in heating energy consumption of buildings by 18.7% and an average increase in cooling energy consumption of 19.0%, which has an impact on the total building energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to study the energy consumption of buildings under influence of the urban heat island effect. The influence of the urban heat island effect on the energy consumption of urban buildings, especially on the energy consumption of building air conditioning systems, has been the focus of researchers. Although research on building occupants has proliferated over the past decade, buildings are still designed and operated based on outdated and simplistic occupant assumptions that are increasingly proven to be wrong [24]. According to statistics [25], in China, building energy consumption accounts for nearly one-third of the total energy consumption. In 2018, China consumed 2.147 billion tons of equivalent coal in