## 3 Results
### Electric Machines and Their Role in Distributed Energy Systems
#### 3.6.3 Technology Comparison
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Theme** & **Ref.** & **Challenges** & **Future Directions** \\ \hline
1. Optimization and & & Addressing multi-objective & Development of integrated AI \\ Modeling in Energy & [1; 2; 3; 4; 5] & optimization with conflicting & and robust optimization \\
1. Optimization and & & goals; limited scalability of & frameworks; deployment of \\ Modeling in Energy & [1; 2; 3; 4; 5] & models for large-scale & real-time optimization \\ Systems & & distributed systems; & techniques to enhance \\  & & incorporation of dynamic & responsiveness in dynamic \\  & & market uncertainties. & environments. \\ \hline
2. MAS and Distributed & & Scalability in large and & Implementation of federated \\  & & complex systems; ensuring & learning within MAS for \\  & & data privacy in multi-agent & privacy-preserving operations; \\  & & environments; effective & adoption of advanced \\ Control & & coordination in systems with & clustering methods to manage \\  & & heterogeneous agents and & scalability; increased focus on \\  & & varied energy profiles. & cybersecurity mechanisms in \\ \hline
3. Simulations, Case & & Bridging the gap between & Use of hardware-in-the-loop \\ Studies, and Real-World & [21; 22; 23; 24; 25] & hydrology and real-world & simulations for enhanced \\ Applications & & factors such as renewable & validation; development of \\  & & intermittency, market & simulation models \\  & & volatility, and & incorporating real-world data \\  & & consumer behavior. & to improve accuracy \\ \hline
4. Blockchain, Smart & & High computational costs of & Development of lightweight \\ Contracts, and & [30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36] & traditional blockchain systems; challenges in ensuring & blockchain systems; \\  & & scalability and efficiency; & consensus protocols; \\ Emerging Technologies & & addressing regulatory & leveraging hybrid blockchain \\  & & compliance and & models combining public and \\  & & privacy concerns. & private elements for efficiency \\ \hline
5. Frameworks for & & Balancing robustness with & control and AI to enhance \\ Robust and & [39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 45] & sustainability; handling & adaptability; designing \\ Decentralized Energy & [39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 45] & uncertainties in decentralized & fault-tolerant mechanisms for \\ Management & & systems; integrating fault & decentralized systems; \\  & & tolerance in & improved coordination among \\  & & real-time operations. & energy resources in \\  & & & interconnected microgrids. \\ \hline
6. Electric Machines & & & Enhancing designs of \\ and Their Role in DES & [42; 44; 46; 48] & Adapting traditional machines & reluctance generators and \\  & & for variable renewable & synchronous machines for \\  & & integration; managing & renewable applications; \\  & & efficiency losses in & integrating real-time \\  & & high-demand scenarios; & monitoring and adaptive \\  & & ensuring compatibility with & controls for energy conversion \\  & & advanced control systems. & systems; advancing V2G \\  & & technology for \\  & & microgrid applications. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comprehensive analysis of trends, challenges, and future directions in distributed energy systems.