# Low Profile Monopole Meander Line Antenna for WLAN Applications
## 1 Introduction  
Modern wireless communication systems are rapidly evolving, necessitating the development of innovative, multiband, and compact antennas. Since the last decade, mobile devices such as handheld computers and intelligent phones have been using wireless local-area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) technologies [1]. The antenna ought to have a high gain in order to receive available energy, and it must also be efficient in order to reduce losses [2]. The antenna is used in a variety of wireless electronic devices of various sizes [3]. Due to the limited space available for antennas in modern communication devices, antenna designers strive for compact antenna designs that meet wireless standards' preferred bandwidths. Designing a very compact antenna with good radiation performance is difficult due to limited space for multi-standard integration and the requirement for antenna geometry modification [4]. There are several techniques for reducing antenna size, including the use of high primitive substrates, shorting pins, and meander line antenna designs. The Meander line is the best solution for wireless communication applications such as radio frequency identification tags, USB Dongles, Bluetooth headsets, mobile phones, and many more [5]. In a varietyof applications, meander-line antennas have been investigated for miniaturization [6]. Because it introduces to the propagation time of an electromagnetic wave from the feed point to the antenna's end, this type of miniaturisation technique will result in even smaller antennas electrically [7]. Monopole antennas have a high radiation efficiency, a broad impedance bandwidth, a low profile, are inexpensive, and have a simple structure. WLANs for high-resolution radars, imaging systems, military communication, and cognitive radio can easily incorporate these antennas [8]. The literature reports a variety of techniques for reducing the size of the monopole antenna, including the meander line technique. In ref. [9], a lower-frequency UHF meander line antenna was designed using a metamaterial with a near-zero metamaterial density. In order to evaluate the antenna's performance, it was introduced. A monopole antenna with an S-shape stepped meander line with a defected ground structure that can operate at a super-wide bandwidth was demonstrated [10]. The author in [11] illustrated a planar, compact dual-band antenna on a semi-flexible substrate for 2.45/5.85 GHz wireless body area networks. A superstrate of a double negative metamaterial plane has been used to improve the proposed antenna bandwidth and gain [12]. The printed monopole antenna in ref. [13] is accompanied by a meander line that acts as a near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) element, reducing the overall size of the antenna. An improved wideband and compact flexible meander-line antenna for wearable electromagnetic head imaging systems was described by the author in [14]. A meander monopole antenna array based on an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure was demonstrated for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) applications [15]. Based on a symmetric split ring resonator, a metamaterial with epsilon negative (ENG) properties has been demonstrated to enhance the gain and directionality of broadband monopole antenna [16]. The reflect array element of the antenna is a slotted square patch with meander delay lines on each side of the square patch, and it operates in the X-band [17]. For microcell and femtocell applications, a closed-form, two-step localization technique was used. The developed algorithm as presented in [18] depended on received signal strength (RSS)-based indoor localization estimations using two antennas at 2.4 GHz, whereas antennas using Y-slot [19] and metamaterial [20] techniques were used reduce the size and enhance overall performance. However, the author in ref. [21] presented the antenna's primary radiating element as a unit cell of a single-negative metamaterial structure with a meander line and a defected ground structure (DGS).