# Field Evaluation and Application of Intelligent Quality Control Systems
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Intelligent QC System  
IC is a technique that improves the accuracy and efficiency of compaction work on foundation soils. In intelligent QC, an integrated system with a vibratory roller that provides CCC is defined as an IC system [23; 24]. Ensuring the desired compaction level offoundation soil during earthworks is critical. Conventional vibratory rollers can lead to localized under- or over-compaction, potentially causing uneven settlement or a reduced performance of foundation soil. This issue arises because roller operators struggle to assess the compaction area and soil levels in real time, making uniform compaction difficult to achieve. To improve compaction assessment, non-destructive and penetration testing methods (e.g., soil stiffness gauges, dynamic cone penetrometers, lightweight deflectometers, nuclear density gauges) are used to rapidly evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of soil. However, even rapid non-destructive tests, such as spot checks, can only cover approximately 1% of the total area, providing insufficient data to represent the overall compaction state of a site [3]. The concept of IC originated in Europe in the 1970s [25; 26] and began with correlating compaction layer stiffness with vibration frequency, leading to the proposal of CMV. The first study on roller-based acceleration measurements was conducted in 1974 by the Swedish Road Administration using a Dynapac vibratory roller equipped with an accelerometer. Swedish Geodynamik was established in 1975, and CMV was developed and introduced in 1978. Swedish Dynapac began commercially offering a CMV-based compaction meter in 1980, followed by Swiss Ammann and American Caterpillar, among others. German Bomag developed Evib in the late 1990s to measure dynamic ground stiffness. In 1999, Ammann introduced ks, considering a two-degree-of-freedom spring-mass-dashpot system to measure soil compaction. These parameters (Evib and ks) are characteristic values of ground performance, unlike the traditional acceleration-based CMV. In 2003, Caterpillar introduced machine drive power (MDP) based on rolling resistance; in 2004, Japanese Sakai developed the compaction control value (CCV), i.e., a CMV-based measure using harmonic vibration components, which was applied to IC rollers [27]. Recently, various IC roller parameters are collectively represented by the intelligent compaction measurement value (ICMV), which is currently a standard metric in IC measurements. To utilize the ICMV, the system includes a GNSS antenna and receiver, vibration sensors (accelerometers), connecting cables, and a monitoring (Figure 1) [4]. Each sensor is used to monitor precise location data and compaction levels. The GNSS antenna is mounted on top of the roller, the accelerometer is installed on the roller frame, and the tablet is placed in the operator's cabin. The synchronization of compaction and location data is achieved through real-time data acquisition systems and wireless communication, with the initial data processing performed via edge computing. The collected data are stored in a central data logger and transmitted to cloud storage for further analysis and long-term storage. Real-time data are visualized on the tablet in the operator's cabin, providing immediate feedback and generating detailed reports for quality control and performance evaluation. This system enables the management of the number of compactions and QC of the area before compaction. Figure 1: Intelligent roller equipped with tablet, GPS sensor, and accelerometer. From the method of continuous compaction evaluation, the CMV is obtained, calculated by analyzing the measured acceleration during the vibratory roller's operation in terms of the ratio of the first harmonic amplitude to the fundamental frequency amplitude.