## 3 Results and Discussion
### Gc-Ms  
The fabric samples were analyzed for the presence of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs), formaldehyde, aromatic amines derived from azo dyes, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, chlorophenols (PCPs), tetrachlorophenols (TPCs), and phthalates. Since volatile compounds were sampled using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), only their presence or absence could be determined. The identification of the volatile compounds is based on their electron ionization mass spectrum. A more detailed table, reporting retention times and indices for all the analyzed samples has been provided in the Supplementary Materials. Results are reported in Table 2.  
Special attention has been paid to these specific VOCs used in the textile industry because they can represent a hazard linked to exposure. Alkylphenols are synthetic compounds used in textile processing processes such as washing and dyeing. Given the widespread use of these substances, the REACH regulation permits a concentration in the final product intended for sale of <100 mg/kg. The most  
Figure 1: Schematic workflow. commonly used alkylphenols in the textile industry are synthetic ones, such as nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) and octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEs) [17; 18; 19]. Formaldehyde is a volatile organic substance considered highly irritating by inhalation, sensitiizing by contact, and a suspected carcinogen. Currently, it is used in the textile cycle as a fixer for dyes and pigments, in fabric printing processes, to maintain the crease in garments, and as a preservative in the final stages of packaging. There are variable limit values depending on the regulatory source; the reference values for the REACH regulation are <75 mg/kg. Stricter regulations, such as OEKO-TEX(r), set limits from 20 mg/kg for articles intended for children (toys, clothing) to 30 mg/kg for clothing in direct contact with the skin, and 300 mg/kg for other textile products. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a heterogeneous group of synthetic chemicals that are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic; they can easily migrate in the air, dust, food, soil, and water. This means they resist degradation when used, as well as in the environment. Most PFAS are also easily transported through the environment, covering long distances from the release source. They are used in the textile industry for their water-repellent, stain-resistant, and oil-repellent properties. In the examined samples, perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) and perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPS) were detected due to their high stability and low surface tension properties. The PFDS molecule is present in the sample \"less_98\". Azo dyes continue to be widely used for dyeing yarns, despite releasing aromatic amines that have been proven to be carcinogenic. Aromatic amines are lipophilic, bind weakly to synthetic fibers, and are easily absorbed by the skin. In fact, if a fabric loses a lot of color after washing, it is most likely dyed with these dyes. European directives do not prohibit their use, but they do require that the residual concentration in the final product must be <30 mg/kg. The main molecules detected in fabric samples that are part of aromatic amines include 4,4\({}^{\prime}\)-Oxydianiline, 4