## 3 Results and Discussion
### EDX Analysis  
The amount of elements present on the surface and below the surface of a sample varies when it is subjected to laser ablation. To ascertain the influence of laser processing on the elemental composition of the CP Ti sample, EDX measurements were undertaken before and immediately after immersion and compared with the polished sample. The EDX data from the measurements are tabulated in Table 3. The EDX data from the polished sample and laser-processed CP Ti samples shows that the elements consist mostly of Ti, and small quantities of O, C, Fe, and Al. The percentage composition of Ti is highest in the polished CP Ti in comparison to the laser-structured regions of the CP Ti. This shows that Ti exists as elemental Ti on the surface of the polished sample. The percentage composition of oxygen on the polished CP Ti appears higher than the value in the literature because, after polishing, the oxygen in the air may have reacted readily with titanium to form a very thin natural oxide layer [48]. Table 3 illustrates how the elements' compositions vary after laser processing. It can be noticed that the quantity of Ti element has reduced after laser processing in ambient conditions while the O element has increased. Ti has decreased in amount because titanium oxides are formed on the surface of the sample as a result of the elemental Ti's oxidation reaction with oxygen facilitated by laser ablation [9,46,49,50,51]. Following laser ablation, titanium oxides have formed on the surface, increasing the amount of oxygen on the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Regions**} & **Mean Roughness** & **Skewness,** & **Kurtosis,** & **RMS Surface** & **Projected** & **Surface Area,** & **Roughness** \\  & **Sa (nm)** & **Ssk** & **Sku** & **Slope, Sdq** & **Area (\(\mu\)m\({}^{2}\))** & **(\(\mu\)m\({}^{2}\))** & **Factor, r \({}^{*}\)** \\ \hline A1 & 118.2790 & \(-\)0.7021 & \(-\)0.0444 & 0.0834 & 40,006.7000 & 40,138.8000 & 1.0033 \\ B1 & 157.3180 & \(-\)0.3043 & \(-\)0.0626 & 0.1375 & 40,006.7000 & 40,362.3000 & 1.0089 \\ C1 & 136.5680 & \(-\)0.2754 & 0.2999 & 0.1376 & 40,006.7000 & 40,363.3000 & 1.0089 \\ D1 & 127.0170 & 0.1471 & 0.7541 & 0.1531 & 40,006.7000 & 40,447.4000 & 1.0110 \\ D4 & 510.3000 & \(-\)0.4424 & \(-\)0.6126 & 0.1316 & 40,007.0000 & 40,341.0000 & 1.0083 \\ E1 & 136.7490 & 0.2370 & 0.1862 & 0.1766 & 40,006.7000 & 40,592.7000 & 1.0146 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)Calculated value.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Surface roughness values of the laser-structures regions of CP Ti. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Elements (\% Weight)**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Before Immersion**} \\ \hline  & **Ti** & **O** & **C** & **Fe** & **Al** & **Ti** & **O** & **C** & **Fe** & **Al** \\ \hline Polished & 99.1 & 0.7 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & & & & & \\ A1 & 90.1 & 9.6 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 91.5 & 8.2 & 0.0 & 0.1 & 0.1 \\ A4 & 91.9 & 7.4 & 0.4 & 0.2 & 0.1 & 91.3 & 8.6 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.1 \\ B1 & 89.1 & 10.6 & 0.1  
surface [51; 52]. The amount of C remained the same as before laser structuring because the storage period of two months enabled the laser-structured surfaces to have organic hydrophobic C functional groups adsorbed on them [17; 51; 53]. The amount of Ti in A1 is less compared to in A4 while the amount of O is higher in A1 than in A4. The two regions were processed differently based on the hatching distance and scanning velocity. The PO and LO were 93% and 80%, respectively, in the A1 region, and 73% and \(-\)100%, respectively, in the A4 region [32]. Consequently, different heat energy depositions occurred on each surface, with a greater amount of heat energy being deposited in the A1 region compared to the A4 region. Consequently, the A1 region experienced a greater degree of Ti oxidation than the A4 region. From Table 3, it can be noted that the amount of Ti reduces as the amount of laser fluence is increased. This indicates that Ti is oxidised more as laser fluence increases.