# Space Efficiency in European High-Rise Timber Buildings
## 5 Conclusions  
This research centers on the spatial efficiency of high-rise wooden buildings throughout Europe, bridging a void in prior research. By methodically examining information from 56 towers through individual case analyses, we have identified critical parameters affecting spatial efficiency. These factors include the layout and size of the central and service cores, functionality, design, and choice of structural materials and systems, considering the size of load-bearing elements. The main conclusions from this study can be summarized as follows:  
* Residential use is the top choice in Europe. Central core designs are the most common, showing a liking for structures with a strong and stable center. Prismatic shapes are favored, indicating a preference for smooth and simple architectural styles. * A significant trend is the extensive use of composite construction, primarily combining timber and concrete. Structural systems used often favor shear-frame designs, particularly shear-walled frames, underscoring a dedication to strong structural solutions among European high-rise towers. * The average space efficiency observed in the analyzed towers was noted at 82%, with fluctuations spanning from 70% to 90% among various cases. * The average core area to GFA ratio was 11%, indicating differences between 4% and 21%. The practical application of these results in European tall timber buildings involves several key aspects. Firstly, central core arrangements were found to be the most effective, providing architects with a framework for designing spaces that optimize utility and accessibility, thereby streamlining the construction process. Prismatic configurations with shear-frame and shear wall systems are recommended for structural integrity and space efficacy. The widespread utilization of timber, supplemented with concrete, suggests a material approach that balances sustainability and structural resilience. With an average space efficiency of 82% and a core area to gross floor area ratio of 10%, architectural designers now have standards for maximizing rentable space and crafting efficient architectural plan layouts. Utilizing these guidelines, architectural professionals can develop timber structures that are more efficient, sustainable, and economically feasible. This balance fosters the development of distinctive high-rise spaces that symbolize the modern design philosophy and environmental consciousness. Moreover, although there are no significant differences between the building groups and an insufficient number of towers in certain groups such as tapered forms to make definitive scientific inferences, it can be suggested that composite buildings featuring peripheral cores, free-form designs, and tube systems were more efficient in terms of space utilization among the case study sample. Future research on spatial efficiency holds immense potential for advancing sustainable construction practices and urban development. By delving into the development of novel timber materials with enhanced structural properties and exploring innovative construction techniques such as modular assembly and digital fabrication, researchers can push the boundaries of what is achievable in tall timber buildings. The integration of optimization algorithms into the design process can optimize layouts to maximize usable space while ensuring structural integrity and meeting occupants' needs. Furthermore, investigations into biophilic design principles and flexible space planning strategies can enhance occupants' well-being and productivity while accommodating diverse uses within a limited footprint. Assessments of energy efficiency and sustainability, coupled with empirical studies on occupant behavior, can provide valuable insights into optimizing building performance and user satisfaction. Moreover, the incorporation of advanced building technologies, such as IoT sensors and data analytics, allows for real-time monitoring and management of space utilization and environmental conditions.