# A Physical Model Test of Coal-Mining-Induced Deformation Mechanisms in a Canal
## 1 Introduction  
The middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a water transfer project from the Danjiangkou Reservoir in the upper reaches of the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze River that flows through the Yangtze River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin to the Tuancheng Lake of the Summer Palace in Beijing. The middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project spans the provinces of Henan and Hebei as well as the Tianjin and Beijing municipalities, focusing on solving the water shortage problem of these regions and the production, residential, industrial, and agricultural water use of the large and medium-sized cities along its route. The total water supply area is 155,000 km\({}^{2}\)and the total length of the main water transmission channel is 1432 km. The route of the South-to-North Water Diversion channel strides across part of the coal mine goat in Yuzhou County, Henan Province. When the long-term deformation and coal seam recovery deformation are serious, the overburdened deformation could become unstable, which will affect the stability of buildings and pose a threat to the safe operation of the main canal; therefore, this study examined the effect of coal seam recovery deformation mechanisms on the safe operation of channels and deformation monitoring and early warning systems. Currently, scholars have conducted a great deal of research on surface subsidence, rock layer movement, and the destruction of upper surface buildings (structures) caused by coal mining, focusing on the deformation law of the surface and deep parts of the goat; site subsidence monitoring in the goat; ground catastrophe mechanisms, prevention, and control; goat management technologies; and other aspects [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. Commonly used goat stability evaluation methods mainly include physical model tests, nonlinear evaluations, numerical simulations, etc. The stability analysis of Jinjitan coal mine was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [12], combining field investigations and deformation monitoring with Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR). [PERSON] et al. [13] analyzed the attenuation of relative humidity on the strength of the ore column. [PERSON] et al. [14] made stress measurements for the ore column at different times, and studied the stability of the goat by establishing the relationship between the weathering thickness and the ore column time. In coal seam mining, [PERSON] et al. [7] studied the structure of stope cover rock and the law of cover rock fissure development. [PERSON] et al. [15] analyzed the relationship between the mechanical state of the roof and the total area of the column and the impact of weathering and peeling on the bearing area of the column, obtaining the influence of the bearing area on the stability of the roof. Through a model test, [PERSON] et al. [16] analyzed the influence of goat roof fracture movement on disturbances along empty lanes and obtained the limit span of the key rock layer and the load filling in the wall, proposing control technologies to improve the stability of the surrounding rock along empty lanes. [PERSON] et al. [17] studied the rupture mechanism of closed cracks under cyclic loading and unloading conditions by 3D numerical simulations. [PERSON] et al. [18] proposed a functional relationship between the area of damage formed by excavation and the rock mass strength, initial stress field, and geometric form of the excavation surface, conducted many statistical analyses based on the Hoek-Brown criterion, and summarized the empirical rule of predicting the depth of destruction. Based on the risk approach index of [PERSON] et al. [19], the stability of underground rock engineering has been evaluated and analyzed. [PERSON] et al. [20] summarized the possible pattern and mechanism of destruction of unsupported circular underground cavities. [PERSON] et al. [21] studied the action mechanism of rock surrounding roadways after grouting and reinforcement and analyzed the process of plastic deformation on surrounding rock.