## 1 Introduction  
Since 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic consequences of the Russo-Ukrainian armed conflict have posed significant challenges to global supply chains, leading to severe disruptions and stock-outs in essential goods and services. Such disruptions can have far-reaching consequences, impacting not only socio-economic stability but also manufacturing. One of the most promising approaches is for industries to diversify their activities [1]. It has emerged as a viable strategy for mitigating the risks associated with shortages and stock-outs in global supply chains. By reducing reliance on a single source or region, industries can establish alternative supply networks, thereby enhancing resilience and mitigating the impact of disruptions. Diversification involves identifying potential suppliers in different geographically close locations, fostering partnerships with multiple vendors, and strategically managing inventory to ensure a steady local flow of essential goods and services. This approach not only reduces the vulnerability of industries to crises but also promotes local innovation, as different suppliers bring their unique capabilities and expertise to the market [2]. Moreover, diversification can foster economic growth by enabling the development of new industries and employment opportunities, while simultaneously reducing the dependence on a limited set of resources [3]. Several tools are available to support industrial diversification. One of these tools is market research, which entails the examination of market trends and the identification of prospective new suppliers. Another tool is technology assessment, which involves evaluating technological advancements and their potential applications in various industries. By staying updated on technological innovations, industries can identify opportunities to incorporate new technologies into their operations, leading to improved efficiency, new product development, and increased competitiveness [4]. Additionally, collaboration and partnerships with other industries or research institutions can facilitate diversification by leveraging shared resources, knowledge, and expertise. Such local collaborations can foster innovation, enhance capabilities, and open doors to new market opportunities [5]. Overall, these tools empower industries to explore new horizons, diversify their activities, and adapt to crises and evolving market dynamics. Among the tools available to help industries diversify their product offerings, Product Space, developed by economists [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6; 7; 8], serves as an open-access framework to identify diversification opportunities for industries, particularly during stock-outs and shortages. It functions as a map representing different product types using a global nomenclature of a harmonized system [9], showcasing relationships between products based on manufacturing methods. By exploring adjacent products within the Product Space graph, policymakers and industry stakeholders can pinpoint potential areas for expansion and diversification. This data-driven approach supports informed decision-making, allowing industries to strategically diversify activities and mitigate risks associated with supply chain disruptions [10]. The Product Space thus serves as a recommendation system, guiding manufacturers toward product diversification by highlighting related products with untapped potential [11]. This approach makes it possible to respond to certain shortages or out-of-stock situations. For example, during the COVID-19 crisis, many countries lacked hydroalcoholic gels. The spirits industry produced these gels because their production equipment was similar to that used to produce spirits or medical gel. In Product Space, these two types of products are linked in Figure 1. Consequently, using the Product Space as a recommendation system enables industries to strategically diversify their product offerings and adapt to shortages.