# Automatic Failure Modes and Effects Analysis of an Electronic Fuel Injection Model
## 2 Failure Mode-Failure Effects Trends  
Safety certification guidelines (ARP4761, ISO26262, etc.) require safety analysis documents and data of FMEA and FTA that can be reviewed by the certification authorities or their representatives. The safety analysis process is a time- and resource-consuming task that requires safety engineering technology as well as domain knowledge. FMEA is a process of reviewing thousands of pages of development documents and identifying the potential failure sources and their effects in a detailed manner. In addition, the developer must iterate this safety analysis process when there is a modification due to a requirement change or design error. The legacy FMEA analysis tools generally use the templates required by the corresponding safety specifications [13; 15; 16; 37; 38]. These tools record the failure modes and their effects manually as well as calculating the criticality, which is the product of the occurrence probability and the severity. Unfortunately, as the size of modern cyber-physical systems or embedded targets is growing rapidly, it is becoming more difficult to create the FMEA reports. The representative template-based FMEA analysis tools include IQ-FMEA, ENCO, and Relax [7]. As model-based development technology has become popular in the SW development process, research on model-based FMEA has increasingly taken place [39]. Using the design model developed in the MBD process, the model-based FMEA applies the failure mode to the design model and performs the model simulation to produce the possible failure. Like the traditional FMEA, the model simulation can generate the failure effects at three levels: the local effect, the next effect, and the end effect. The advantages of model-based FMEA (MB FMEA) are as follows: (1) It is relatively easier to perform risk analysis tasks than existing spreadsheet/Excel-based FMEA tools, thanks to simulation. The role of the members of the FMEA committee changes from producing FMEA reports to reviewing reports. (2) The MB FMEA method has the advantage that developers can minimize cost and time, and maximize efficiency. In one study, the use of automated development tools was reported to increase ROI by 2500% [40]. In the legacy FMEA method, the absence of an FMEA staff member means suspension of work. However, in the model-based FMEA method, risk analysis can be performed using simulation in advance, and the staff member can proceed with the task by checking the results later. (3) Using the MB FMEA method, it is possible to consistently and objectively evaluate various types of failure modes using simulations. In the legacy FMEA method, there is the problem that the FMEA staff may make a subjective evaluation. Many studies are being conducted on MB FMEA using SysML, Modelica, Simulink, and fuzzy inference engines [21; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. Among them, we explain the HiP-HOPS FMEA tool and the MADe FMEA tool. The HiP-HOPS FMEA tool automatically analyzes the Simulink model, identifies FTA synthesis and fault modes, and creates FMEA tables [21]. In the process of creating an FTA, the analysis model is optimized with a minimal cut set. However, each failure dataset (fault rate, failure effects, etc.) must be directly entered, and there are limitations in analyzing severity, incidence, and detection, which are essential for FMEA analysis. MADe FMEA is a commercial FMEA analysis tool that performs model-based failure mode derivation and failure impact analysis by defect injection simulation [34]. In addition, it is possible to establish an integrated safety/reliability analysis environment using the MADe tool. However, it uses its own modeling language, so the general users must undergo a significant learning period. Automatic FMEA is a systematic failure analysis environment using statistical fault injection simulation and rule-based failure classification. The automatic FMEA is built on top of the statistical fault injection environment.