esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Shear Mechanical Properties of Bolt-Grout Interface under Different Bolt Surface Profiles
## 3 Test Results
### Interface Shear Failure Characteristics
#### 3.4.1 Influence of Rib Spacing on Interface Failure Modes  
For ease of exploring the impact of varying rib spacings, we conducted specific analysis on the failure morphology of the interface under \(\sigma_{n}=2\) MPa for five different rib spacings, as illustrated in Figure 16. The angle \(\theta\) indicates the inclination angle of the crack created along the upper right side of the gypsum specimen, and \(i\) indicates the angle between the shear break direction and the horizontal direction in the figure.  
When \(L\) is 12 mm, \(i\) is about 17\({}^{\circ}\) (which finally produces a nearly horizontal macroscopic rupture band), and \(\theta\) is about 25\({}^{\circ}\). Most of the gaps between the ribs have been filled with worn or sheared gypsum debris, in which the narrower and lighter color debris band near the root of the ribs is debris generated by the shear-slip failure, while the wider and yellowish debris band between the two ribs is debris generated by the shear-break failure. There is a certain gap between the upper and lower specimens, and the gypsum near the ribs of the upper specimen is not all sheared, which indicates that shear-slip failure was generated. Therefore, the interface failure mode is a combined failure, but mainly shear-break failure.  
Figure 16: _Cont._  
When \(L\) is 20 mm, according to the side view, the upper and lower specimens are completely separated and partially sheared at the edge of the gypsum between the two ribs, where \(i\) is about 21\({}^{\circ}\), and \(\theta\) is about 43\({}^{\circ}\). There is a certain gap between the upper and lower specimens, and the gypsum near the rib of the upper specimen is not completely sheared, which indicates that shear-break failure is generated, so the interface failure mode is a combined failure. From the top view, most of the gypsum debris is located near the root of the ribs and the debris zone is narrow. No obvious large-scale shear-break failure has occurred, so shear-slip failure accounts for a larger proportion of the combined failure.  
When the rib spacing was 28 mm, 36 mm and 44 mm, respectively, the interface failure morphology was similar to that of the interface failure morphology when the rib spacing was 20 mm, the failure modes were all combined failures, and the shear-slip failures accounted for a larger proportion.
# Synthesis of Star Nanoparticles and Their Applications for Bioactive Compound Encapsulation
## 3 Encapsulation Methods
### Indirect Encapsulation
#### 3.2.3 Bioactive Compound Dissolved in an Organic Solution  
The drug can also be dissolved into an organic phase. It could be both, into an organic solvent and also into an emulsion or an oily phase which will form an emulsion. In a recent study, [PERSON] et al. compared the drug loading capacity of SNPs synthesized through nanoprecipitation and acid hydrolysis, in order to know which method may result in a higher loading capacity. Also, different types of surfactants (CTAB, SDS, and Tween 20) were used to modify the SNPs and obtain the highest drug loading. The drug used in this study was paclitaxel, which was dissolved in ethanol at different concentrations, and mixed with the SNPs under stirring. The concentration of unbound paclitaxel was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the characterization of paclitaxel concentration was carried out by mixing drug solution with a mixture of PBS and ethanol [20]. [PERSON] et al. reported the use of amphiphilic crosslinked SNPs as a stabilizer for Pickering emulsion formulation which was then used for curcumin encapsulation. SNPs were prepared through the alkali freezing method followed by crosslinking by citric acid. The crosslinked SNPs were then dispersed in water at different contents and sonicated followed by the addition of an oil phase containing the curcumin dissolved at room temperature to the aqueous phase in order to form the solid particle-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions [85]. [PERSON] et al. carried out a comparative study with native starch and SNPs synthesized through a ball milling mechanical method for the encapsulation of probiotic bacterial cells (_Pediococcus acidolactici_). A phase containing the starch dispersed in Milli-Q water was prepared and subsequently emulsified with the addition of vegetable oil and surfactant. This mixture was homogenized and the cell culture containing the bacteria was added under slow agitation. The study concluded that SNPs were not the optimal distribution vehicles for probiotics, making native starch a better alternative for this application [53].
## 2 Problem Formulation and Related Work on Possible Solutions
### The Homomorphic Encryption Schemes
In addition to conducting search operations in the encryption domain, we have to grasp how to retrieve the patient's symptoms in the plaintext domain to achieve our goal and then analyze the challenges of escalating the problem to the ciphertext domain. Let us probe into the problem in more detail. Assume the patient list sent by the administrator of the EMRS of Hospital HA is plaintext; after another hospital, say Hospital HB, receives the patient list, the easiest way to achieve our goal is to traverse HB's database to find out whether there is a matching patient. If the answer is yes, the related symptoms of the patient in the database will be fed back to the administrator of the HB's EMRS. Unfortunately, HE only supports additions and multiplications on ciphertext, but not conditional branching in a programming loop. In other words, no complex program logic, such as \"if-else,\" exists in the HE-encrypted domain, which brings a significant obstacle to developing HE-based applications in practice. Therefore, we need to accomplish two tasks with the help of homomorphic encryption algorithms. Task 1: Confirm whether the patient list sent by the administrator of Hospital HA and the medical record databases of other hospitals have found matched patients. Task 2: If there is, return the symptoms corresponding to the matched patients. We can formulate task 1 as \"finding the intersection of two sets without leaking the elements of both sets,\" a.k.a. the Private Set Intersection (PSI) problem. Let us denote the set of patients in other hospitals be X and the set of patients that the administrator of the EMRS of Hospital HA wants to retrieve every day be Y. In our situation, it usually satisfies \(|\texttt{X}|>>|\texttt{Y}|\) (that is, the number of elements of the set X is much larger than that of the set Y). To accomplish Tasks 1 and 2, we will apply the PSI-related techniques, as detailed in Section 2.3.
# A Frequency-Domain Estimation Scheme for Frequency Offset with Large Range in OFDM Systems
###### Abstract  
With the development of 5G new radio (NR) applications in high-speed scenarios, such as 5G non-terrestrial networks (NTN), the Doppler shift in the systems is significant. In this paper, an estimation scheme for frequency offset with large range in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. The proposed scheme firstly takes advantage of the \(2\pi\)-periodicity of the phase offset between two pilot OFDM symbols to estimate a set of candidate frequency offsets. It then uses the autocorrelation of the pilot sequence to determine the final estimated frequency offset. This method allows for a large estimation range, independent of the symbol gap between the two pilot OFDM symbols. Moreover, the low-complexity implementation of the scheme is provided. The simulation results based on 5G NR physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in both single-user and multi-user scenarios, where various Doppler shifts and numbers of configured resource blocks (RB) are considered. The simulation results also show that the proposed frequency-domain method outperforms the conventional time-domain method with additional computation complexity.  
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM); Doppler shift; frequency offset estimation; new radio (NR) +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Letters  
1
# Automatic Clustering for Improved Radio Environment Maps in Distributed Applications
## 3 Related Work
In fact, one of the key differences is that our proposed approach has the capability to construct a more accurate REM for an area containing two heterogeneous environments. Proposed Coverage Prediction Method using the Kriging Technique in Conjunction with Automatic Clustering  
In this work, we apply the Kriging technique to predict the RSRP for heterogeneous environments differentiated by automatic clustering. In this section, we first present the Kriging technique. Then, we demonstrate how to perform automatic clustering to improve prediction accuracy.
# Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Stationary Phase Small ncRNAs in _E. coli_
## 1 Introduction
rancRNAs have been described in all domains of life, and a subset of experimentally characterized candidates bind the ribosome, are thereby protected from cellular degradation machineries, and regulate translation under specific stress conditions [32]. In eukaryotic systems, rancRNAs were shown to be capable of either inhibiting or stimulating protein synthesis by various mechanisms [33; 34; 35]. rancRNAs have also been described in prokaryay; in the archaeon _Haloferax volcanism_, two rancRNAs were shown to inhibit translation either globally by competing with mRNA binding [36] or locally by inhibiting the translation of specific mRNAs [37]. However, the contribution of sRNA in general, and rancRNAs in particular, to stationary phase biology has not been investigated in a systematic and comparable manner transcriptome-wide. Therefore, our knowledge about these ribo-regulators in the bacterial domain remains fractional. As bacterial sRNAs are often expressed under specific physiological conditions in response to external stimuli and can modulate the levels of several transcripts at once, these small molecules can globally orchestrate the aftermath of the physiological condition under which they are produced. Our understanding of the magnitude of sRNA involvement in weaving regulatory networks in dormant bacteria is still elusive and far from being understood in molecular terms. In the present study, the small transcriptome (20-300 nucleotides) of the Gram-negative bacterium _Escherichia coli_ (_E. coli_) was extracted from the total, as well as ribosome-associated RNA pools, from bacteria growing in the exponential and stationary phases and different growth media. Subsequently, these sRNAs were converted into cDNAs, deep sequenced, and finally bioinformatically analyzed and compared. We developed and reported a new pipeline called STARPA (Stable RNA Processing Product Analyzer) to identify, quantify, and characterize putative stable RNA processing products or novel sRNAs from multiple RNA-seq libraries. Dual analysis of libraries reveals various upregulated sRNAs in the stationary phase, offering a global repertoire of sRNAs expressed under this growth condition and thus, representing prime candidates for being involved in establishing the non-proliferating state in the stationary phase. To validate the STARPApipeline, we experimentally verified several predicted RNA processing products derived from various RNA types in _E. coli_.
## 4 Experiment Results and Discussion
### Moment-Strain Curves of the Jointless Component  
Figures 16 and 17 show the moment-steel tube strain curves of the 1/2 section and 1/8 section of the jointless component, respectively.  
For the 1/2 section, the external steel tube measuring points STS-1, STS-3, STS-5, and STS-7 are all compressive strains, and the maximum strain values of the measuring points range from \(-319~{}\mu\epsilon\) to \(-867~{}\mu\epsilon\); the steel tube measuring points STS-2, STS-4, STS-6, and STS-8 are all tensile strains, and the maximum strain values of the measuring points range from \(56~{}\mu\epsilon\) to \(320~{}\mu\epsilon\). The internal steel tubes measuring points STS-9, STS-11, STS-13, STS-15, and STS-17 are all tensile strains, and the strain at ultimate bearing state is 1991 \(\mu\epsilon\), 2346 \(\mu\epsilon\), 2614 \(\mu\epsilon\), 2204 \(\mu\epsilon\) and 1992 \(\mu\epsilon\). The measuring points STS-11 (483.3 MPa) and STS-13 (538.5 MPa) exceed the yield strength of the material. The steel tube measuring points STS-10, STS-12, STS-14, STS-16, and STS-18 are all compressive strains, and the maximum strain values range from \(-535~{}\mu\epsilon\) to \(-655~{}\mu\epsilon\).  
Figure 15: Bending moment–axial force of the bolts relationship curves of the end-plate joint component.  
For the 1/8 section, the measuring points STS-1, STS-2, STS-3, and STS-4 are compressive strains, and the maximum strains are \(-2097\)\(\mu\varepsilon\), \(-1266\)\(\mu\varepsilon\), \(-2398\)\(\mu\varepsilon\), and \(-1206\)\(\mu\varepsilon\), respectively. Among them, the stress value of measuring point STS-3 is approximately 494.0 MPa, which exceeds the yield strength of the material. The measuring points STS-5, STS-6, STS-7, STS-8, and STS-9 are all tensile strains, and the maximum strains are 2386 \(\mu\varepsilon\), 1927 \(\mu\varepsilon\), 1826 \(\mu\varepsilon\), 1790 \(\mu\varepsilon\) and 1358 \(\mu\varepsilon\), respectively. The stress value of STS-5 is approximately 491.5 MPa, which exceeds the yield strength of the material.  
Figure 16: Bending moment–steel tube strain relationship curves of the 1/2 section of the jointless component. (**a**) external steel tubes and (**b**) internal steel tubes.
## 4 Challenges and Solutions
For example, the incorporation of hybrid GNPs and CFs into cementitious composites led to highly stable and reversible electrical signals under cyclic compressive stress [177]. Similarly, the combination of CFs and CNFs demonstrated increased sensitivity and more stable electrical signals in cementitious composites compared to using CFs alone [40]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022) [157] reported that hybrid conductive fillers (0.5 wt.% CFs and 0.05 wt.% CNTs) achieved a resistivity of 250 ohm-cm, which was one-third of the electrical resistivity observed when using CFs alone at 0.7 wt.%. This demonstrates that the enhanced sensitivity afforded by hybrid conductive fillers, compared to individual fillers, reduces the instability of electrical signals by facilitating the formation of effective electrical conductive pathways [178]. Moreover, the magnitude of influencing factors is a critical aspect that warrants consideration, as altering trends in electrical signals may occur under different levels and forms. For instance, elevated temperatures lead to a reduction in electrical resistance or an increase in electrical conductivity in electrically conductive cementitious composites due to the increased kinetic energy of electrons. However, at exceedingly high temperatures,  
Figure 16: Schematic illustrations: (**a**) influencing factors on electrical resistivity/electrical conductivity and associated changing trends; (**b**) influence of curing time/hydration time on microstructure variation in nonconductive cementitious composites; (**c**) influence of curing time/hydration time on microstructure variation in electrically conductive cementitious composites. thermal expansion and the occurrence of cracks disrupt the electrical conductive pathways, resulting in increased electrical resistance. The susceptibility of the direct contact between conductive fillers to influencing factors is relatively low. However, these factors can readily alter the ionic conduction and tunneling effects in electrically conductive cementitious composites. For example, the hydration products that develop over time due to cement hydration fill the pores and occlude the gaps between carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) [179], as depicted schematically in Figure 17. This obstruction of tunneling effects, as shown in Figure 17, due to the presence of hydration products, leads to a reduction in the electrical conductivity of electrically conductive cementitious composites.
###### Abstract  
Multiple recycling of waste concrete has attracted widespread attention. This study presented the carbonation behavior of repeatedly recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC) used in a micro-frozen region. The effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the carbonation depth of three generations of RRAC with 25%, 75%, and 100% of replacement rate were evaluated. All RRAC specimens after different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were rapidly carbonated for 28 d indoors to test the carbonation resistance of concrete. The results suggested that the carbonation depth of RRAC subjected to freeze-thaw cycles is higher than that in the non-freeze-thaw condition. This is because the freeze-thaw damages cause the internal structure of RRAC to become porous and and prone to cracking, thus providing convenient channels for CO\({}_{2}\) to react with the alkali in the cementitious materials. With the growth of replacement rate or recycling number, RRAC reveals serious freeze-thaw damage and inferior carbonation resistance, which is due to the continuous deterioration repeatedly recycled concrete aggregate (RRCA) quality. However, when the replacement rate was 25%, the carbonation depth for the third generation of RAC was comparable to the second generation of RAC at a 75% replacement rate, and even the first generation of 100% RAC. To ensure better carbonation resistance durability of multiple recycling RAC, the low replacement rate of RRCA should be considered. For the third generation of RAC with the 100% replacement rate, its highest carbonation depth after freeze-thaw cycles was 9.16 mm, which still met the design requirements for structural use in a micro-frozen region. This indicates that it is feasible for three generations of RRAC to be used in the micro-frozen environment and that RRAC has great engineering application potential and promotional value.  
repeatedly recycled aggregate concrete; carbonation behavior; freeze-thaw cycles; multiple generations of recycling; replacement rate +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Integrated Fusion Network for Hyperspectral, Multispectral and Panchromatic Data Fusion
## 2 Related Work
### FHP Method  
The main origin of the current FHP techniques is the expansion of pansharpening. Three primary groups can be distinguished in the present fusion processing of HSI and PAN based on the various technical paths: CS based methods, MRA based methods, and DL based methods. PAN replaces the spatial components of HSI directly in the CS based technique. To replace the spatial detail components of HSI with panchromatic pictures, [PERSON] et al. [3] suggested a fusion technique based on a cutout model. By use of a non-linear intensity component estimation technique, [PERSON] et al. [26] precisely calculated the missing detail information of HSI. Despite the speed and simplicity of implementation of CS techniques, the fused image spectral information obtained by CS based techniques is severely distorted due to the mismatch between PAN and HSI spectral ranges. The MRA approach extracts spatial information of PAN and injects it into HSI by multi-scale breakdown of signals in the original spatial domain. Using several decomposition strategies and optimizing injection coefficients have been the main topics of recent multi-resolution analysis advancements. For instance, to minimize spectral distortion brought on by spectral band mismatch, [PERSON] et al. [4] suggested correcting the fusion of visible/near-infrared bands using atmospheric path radiation coefficients. A useful optimization tool was created by [PERSON] et al. [27] that evaluates the relationship between input images, calculates injection gains, and minimizes spatial spectral distortion in fused images. Even though its spatial quality is not as good as that of the CS approach, the MRA method can lessen spectral distortion. Motivated by the convolutional neural network fusion model of MSI, [PERSON] et al. [28] included convolutional neural networks into HSI PAN fusion (HyperNN), which improves the network's spectral prediction capacity by introducing a spectral prediction structure and outperforms conventional techniques. [PERSON] et al. [29] introduced a new interpretable unsupervised end-to-end sharpening network known as IU2 PNet. This network incorporates a well-studied color change observation model into an unsupervised unfolding iterative adversarial network. The generator builds adversarial games to update spectral and spatial information without ground truth images in each iteration using spatial and spectral discriminators.
# Diffusion-Denoising Process with Gated U-Net for High-Quality Document Binarization
###### Abstract  
The binarization of degraded documents represents a crucial preprocessing task for various document analyses, including optical character recognition and historical document analysis. Various convolutional neural network models and generative models have been used for document binarization. However, these models often struggle to deliver generalized performance on noise types the model has not encountered during training and may have difficulty extracting intricate text strokes. We herein propose a novel approach to address these challenges by introducing the use of the latent diffusion model, a well-known high-quality image-generation model, into the realm of document binarization for the first time. By leveraging an iterative diffusion-denoising process within the latent space, our approach excels at producing high-quality, clean, binarized images and demonstrates excellent generalization using both data distribution and time steps during training. Furthermore, we enhance our model's ability to preserve text strokes by incorporating a gated U-Net into the backbone network. The gated convolution mechanism allows the model to focus on the text region by combining gating values and features, facilitating the extraction of intricate text strokes. To maximize the effectiveness of our proposed model, we use a combination of the latent diffusion model loss and pixel-level loss, which aligns with the model's structure. The experimental results on the Handwritten Document Image Binarization Contest and Document Image Binarization Contest benchmark datasets showcase the superior performance of our proposed model compared to existing methods.  
d 2023 13 11141. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011141](https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011141)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011141](https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011141))  
1  
document binarization; deep learning; gated convolution; generative model; latent diffusion models; text stroke
## 1 Introduction
### Objectives and Contributions of This Paper  
In this paper, we propose the _Alternative-Route Definition_ (ARounD) communication scheme. This scheme is able to support source-to-destination message streams in cluster-tree WSNs, without relaying messages through the PAN coordinator (root node). The proposed communication scheme defines alternative communication paths, which are set without interfering with the pre-defined cluster-tree communication paths. The underlying idea is to search for new inter-cluster mesh paths compatible with the previously defined beacon scheduling, using available border nodes of the clusters during their inactive periods. These alternative paths typically go through less congested areas of the network, which may result in smaller end-to-end communication delays.  
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that proposes the use of WSN border nodes during their inactive periods to provide shorter communication paths, avoiding interferences with the previously scheduled cluster-tree communication. The importance of the proposed ARounD scheme can be highlighted by the emergence of applications with source-to-destination message streams, such as those found in WSNs with actuating capabilities.