## 3 Results
### Expression Modes of Genes Related to Anthocyanin Synthesis by Different Hormone Treatments  
The biosynthesis of anthocyanins is controlled by structural and regulatory genes. In order to investigate the temporal and spatial expression patterns of anthocyanin structural genes, we analyzed the expression patterns of 12 anthocyanin structural genes based on the transcriptional mapping data of 54 tissues, organs, and development stages [32]. In the expression profile, the red color indicates strong gene expression, while blue indicates  
Figure 5: Differential expression of VvmiR156b/c/d and their _VvSPL_ target genes in response to different hormone treatments at different time points [seven days after treatment (7 DAT), 14 DAT, 21 DAT, 28 DAT, 35 DAT] of berry development. Asterisks indicated statistically significant differences at (* \(p<0.05\); ** \(p<0.01\)) as determined. weak gene expression (Figure 6A). _VvC4H_, _VvCHS_, _VvCHI_, _VvC3H_, _VvDFR_, _VvLDOX_, and _VvOMT_ were highly expressed in grape roots, stems, buds, and rachis; _VvCHS_, _VvCHI_, _VvC3H_, and _VvLDOX_ were also strongly expressed in flower and seed; moreover, _VvPAL_, _VvF3H_, _VvDFR_, and _VvLDOX_ were also strongly expressed in the berry, while _VvUFIGT_ was only specifically highly expressed in the berry skin and pericarp. In addition, we found that in flesh, most of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes were highly expressed in the berry flesh ripening period. In pericarp, most of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes were highly expressed in the berry pericarp mid-ripening period. In the peel, most of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes were highly expressed in the berry skin veraison period. Figure 6: Expression profiles of anthocyanin-related genes. (**A**) The expression of anthocyanin-related genes in different organs and tissues. (**B**) The expression of anthocyanin-related genes of different development periods. Root: root; S-G: green stem; S-W: woody stem; R-FS: rachis fruit set; R-PFS: rachis post fruit set; R-V: rachis veraison; R-MR: rachis mid-ripening; R-R: rachis ripening; T-Y: young tendril; T-WD: well developed tendril; T-FS: mature tendril; B-S: bud swell; B-B: bud burst; B-AB: bud after-burst; B-L: latent bud; B-W: winter bud; L-Y: young leaf; L-FS: mature leaf; L-S: senescence leaf (pool of leaves at the beginning of leaf fall); Stamen; Carpel: Carpel; Petal: Petal; Pollen: Pollen; I-Y: young inflorescence; I-WD: well developed inflorescence; F-FB: flowering begins; F-F: flowering; BF-PFS: berry flesh post fruit set; BF-V: berry flesh veraison; BF-MR: berry flesh mid-ripening; BF-R: berry flesh ripening; BF-PI: berry flesh post-harvest withering I; BF-PII: berry flesh post-harvest withering II; BF-PII: berry flesh post-harvest withering III; BP-FS: berry pericarp fruit set; B-PFS: berry pericarp post-fruit; BP-V: berry pericarp veraison; BP-MR: berry pericarp mid-ripening; BP-R: berry pericarp ripening; BP-PI: berry pericarp post-harvest withering I; BP-PII: berry pericarp post-harvest withering II; BP-PIII: berry pericarp post-harvest withering III; BS-PFS: berry skin post fruit set; BS-V: berry skin veraison; BS-MR: berry skin mid-ripening; BS-R: berry skin ripening; BS-PI: berry skin post-harvest withering I; BS-PII: berry skin post-harvest withering III; S-V: Seed veraison; S-MR: Seed mid-ripening; S-FS: Seed fruit set; S-PFS: Seed post fruit set; S-P  
qRT-PCR analysis showed that anthocyanin structural genes had a similar expression trend to VvmiR156b/c/d. With the ripening and color formation of grape berries, the anthocyanin structural genes began to be rapidly upregulated. The expression levels of most anthocyanin structural genes (_VvPAL_, _VvC4L_, _VvCHS_, _VvCHI_, _VvF3H_, _VvF3H_, _VvF3C'H_, _VvF3C'H_, _VvDFR_, _VvUFIGT_, and _VvLDOX_) peaked at 28 DAT, then their expression levels were downregulated (Figure 6B).