esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Simulation Results
### Increasing Renewables Penetration
In a future scenario, it is not difficult to imagine power systems that are even largely penetrated by renewables. This case is studied in Simulation 17, with 80% of renewable participation. The correspondent results are shown in Figure 24.  
Figure 23: PV penetration increase. Figure 24: Simulation 17 frequency trend. It is evident that the benefit was obtained using the synergy between the Extended OPPT Method and the Power Reserve Control on the frequency stability. With such a renewable penetration, the system's inertia is really small (\(-72\%\) with respect to the base case) and, at the same time, a variation of power of the synchronous generator has just a small influence on the overall active power balance, accounting just for \(20\%\) of the per unit common basis power. The consequence of a drop in load power is potentially critical: a frequency nadir of \(1.0446\) pu corresponds to \(52.23\) Hz, which is an incredibly large frequency deviation. On the other hand, the introduction of renewable updated controls and their coordination allows for a limiting of the nadir to \(1.0082\) pu (\(50.41\) Hz), which is a perfectly acceptable value even facing an exceptionally strong perturbation event. By looking at the results of both simulations (11 and 15), in which, respectively, wind and PV penetration are equal to \(40\%\) as in Simulation 17, it can be observed that, if taken singularly, the frequency nadir is more accentuated, while in 17 the trend of the frequency is very flat. This fact enhances the idea that the two controls do not just act individually but that they support each other in the frequency control task due to their different response rates and they integrate very well with each other (Figure 25), obtaining a very smooth frequency trend and a satisfying frequency containment and stabilization. Finally, it is very interesting to observe the effect of this control in a more dynamic situation. In particular, combining Simulation 7 (variable wind profile and load power step \(-10\%\)) with Simulation 17 (\(40\%\) wind, \(40\%\) PV), the frequency profile shown in Figure 26 is obtained. It can be observed that the variability of the wind, as already demonstrated, has an increasing effect on the frequency instability if the penetration of the PV and wind turbine increases. If the system's inertia decreases, indeed, the system frequency is more sensible to the perturbation, including the step introduced at time \(60\) s. In the case of an updated control of renewables, when they constitute the large majority of the generation fleet, it is evident how good they control the frequency in cases of variable wind profiles, smoothing almost all the peaks produced. Figure 25: Simulation 18 power variations.
## 4 Result Analysis
### Influence of Patch Size on Damping Loss Factor  
As is known to all, the coverage area of the constrained damping layer of a sandwich plate will affect the damping loss factor. The patches of different sizes can be optimized to have different results. Therefore, the influence of the patch size on the damping loss factor is investigated in this section. In order to study three factors of decreasing, increasing and unchanged area, three kinds of patch sizes (0.04 m \(\times\) 0.04 m, 0.16 m \(\times\) 0.16 m, 0.16 m \(\times\) 0.04 m) are taken into account. In addition, this section only discusses one case under the CEFF condition and other parameters are the same as before. Optimization results for patches of different sizes are shown in Table 8. From Table 8, it is obvious that the loss factor increases with the increase in coverage area.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Experimental Results of Single-Crack Specimens with Different Angles
#### 3.1.2 Fixed Axial Pressure  
Experimental data collected under the conditions of 40 MPa and 10 MPa axial pressure (Figure 14) were selected for analysis, as shown in Figure 20a,b, respectively. When the axial pressure was 40 MPa (Figure 20a), with 5 MPa of confining pressure. The seepage flow increment for the 40 to 90-degree cracks were \(1.00\times 10^{-7},7.00\times 10^{-7},1.39\times 10^{-5},1.70\times 10^{-6}\), and \(9.00\times 10^{-7}\), respectively. When the confining pressure decreased from 30 MPa to 5 MPa, the seepage flow increments for cracks of 40-90 degrees were \(1.11\times 10^{-6}\), \(1.21\times 10^{-6}\), \(1.91\times 10^{-6}\), \(7.97\times 10^{-6}\), \(9.23\times 10^{-6}\), and \(9.84\times 10^{-6}\), respectively. When the axial pressure was 10 MPa (Figure 20b) with a confining pressure of 5 MPa. The seepage flow increments for the 40 to 90 cracks were \(5.9\times 10^{-7},2.93\times 10^{-6},1.2\times 10^{-5}\), \(7.0\times 10^{-7}\), and \(5.0\times 10^{-7}\). When the confining pressure decreased from 30 MPa to 5 MPa, the seepage flow increments for the 40-90-degree cracks were \(6.56\times 10^{-6},7.09\times 10^{-6},9.87\times 10^{-6},1.33\times 10^{-5}\), \(1.43\times 10^{-5}\), and \(1.47\times 10^{-5}\). The flow rate change rule was similar under the conditions of 40 MPa and 10 MPa, but the flow rate value with 10 MPa was significantly higher than that under the condition of 40 MPa.  
Under the condition of fixed axial pressure, when the confining pressure reduced from 30 MPa to 5 MPa, the seepage flow increment of different crack angles increased. This indicates that the sensitivity of permeability to the confining pressure was increasing. In addition, the seepage flow increments for the 70-90-degree cracks were more than those of the 40-60-degree cracks, which indicates that the stress sensitivity of the 70-90-degree cracks to confining pressure is greater than that of the 40-60-degree cracks. When the axial pressure decreased from 40 MPa to 10 MPa, the seepage flow increment for a  
Figure 19: Flow rate change curves with a 70-degree crack: (**a**) variation in flow rate with the axial pressure and (**b**) variation in flow rate with the confining pressure.  
Figure 18: Flow rate change curves with a 60-degree crack: (**a**) variation in flow rate with the axial pressure and (**b**) variation in flow rate with the confining pressure.  
given crack angle increased significantly, indicating that the sensitivity of the crack to the confining pressure gradually increased with a decrease in axial pressure.
## 3 Medical Data Sources
### Data Strategy  
#### 3.2.1 Data Source Selection Strategy  
The data source selection strategy developed in this paper first took the quality of data sources as a precondition to ensure the accuracy of medical data. Then, according to the statistical results of corresponding data sources as the applicable standard, the data characteristics of different data sources were utilized to the maximum use value. Specific implementation details are described below:  
1. Firstly, considering that the publicly available medical dictionaries possess expertise, they were used as the base data to provide standards for medical knowledge graphs, for example, standards for disease entity names and coding rules;
2. Secondly, clinical experience data have higher authority and validity, so using electronic medical records as the core data of a medical database facilitates improving the accuracy of intelligent diagnosis, for example, detailed symptom narratives, clinical manifestations, drug effects, and treatment;
3. Finally, medical community data sources can not only greatly enrich the diversity of medical databases, but also guarantee the timeliness of medical knowledge using the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Medical Category**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Entity**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Body Parts** & **Symptom** & **Examination** & **Disease** & **Treatment** \\ \hline Outpatient Clinic & 1810 & 3750 & 10 & 720 & 0 \\ Medical History & 39,200 & 41,230 & 34,680 & 3520 & 400 \\ Treatment & 4900 & 2970 & 3290 & 1590 & 4893 \\ Discharged From Hospital & 31,900 & 21,730 & 29,400 & 80 & 98 \\ Total & 77,810 & 69,680 & 67,380 & 5910 & 5391 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Statistical results of various medical entities in electronic medical records.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Medical Entity** & **Disease** & **Drug** & **Food** & **Doctor** \\ \hline Quantity & 8807 & 4828 & 4870 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Statistical results of medical entities in the online medical community.  
Web. However, considering the quality of the data, they are used as supplementary data to the medical database, for example, dietary issues, usage, dosage, precautions of drugs, medical science, etc.  
Considering the openness and availability of data, we chose publicly available medical dictionaries, online medical communities, and a certain number of electronic medical records obtained from local hospitals as the medical database in this paper. Among them, electronic medical records were desensitized data after manual processing, contain no private data of users, and were only used for academic research.
## 5 Camera Placement based on HybVOR Approach
### Generating Voronoi Diagram from Buildings  
HybVOR approach aims to find the optimal placement of surveillance camera network based on the Voronoi Diagram generated from the footprint of buildings located in the environment. Previous Voronoi based methods that have been mentioned earlier use cameras' positions as generator points that serve to segment the monitored space ([19; 20; 21; 23]). Then, these methods use different algorithms to improve the level of coverage by modifying the position of cameras or adding new ones. All of these methods do not provide an effective way to define an initial position of cameras that is as close as possible to the optimal placement. The HybVOR approach provides an original method to overcome this weakness. The principle is to use buildings as generator objects for the Voronoi Diagram. Thereafter, surveillance cameras will be placed on Voronoi edges. This kind of placement allows achieving three main objectives: (1) Minimizing the number of cameras for maximum possible coverage, (2) Providing better observability for buildings facades and entrances, and (3) Ensuring maximum coverage for roads.
# Low Complexity Equalization of Orthogonal Chirp Division Multiplexing in Doubly-Selective Channels
## 3 Low Complexity Equalizers for UP-OCDM under Doubly Selective Channels
### Iterative LSQR Block Equalizer
#### 3.3.2 Compational Complexity  
Speaking of the complexity of the proposed iterative LSQR equalizer, we assume the BEM coefficients of the doubly selective channels are known to the receiver. Step 1 requires to perform the FFT algorithm for M times, which results in a computation complexity of \(\mathcal{O}(MNlogN)\) operations. Step 2 requires \(MN\) operations to multiply a diagonal matrix by another for M times. In step 3), by using LSQR method, the computational complexity is \((2i+1)MNlogN+(10i+3+2 Mi+2M)N+14i+1\), where \(i\) denotes the iteration number and M is the order of BEM [25]. Therefore, the total complexity of the LSQR iterative equalizer is \(\mathcal{O}(iNMlogN)\). A comparison of the computational complexities of the proposed equalizers can be found in Table 1.
# Recent Advances in Optical Injection Locking for Visible Light Communication Applications
## 2 Applications of Optical Injection Locking (OIL) in Different Fields
In addition to the generation and transmission of microwaves and mmWaves as well as the production of frequency comb sources, self-injection-locked DFB LDs can be used for the high-sensitivity detection of acoustic emissions via fiber-coil Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometer sensors [13] and injection locking GaN blue LDs can be used for laser cooling and the trapping of ytterbium atoms in the field of physics [14]. Figure 2: (**a**) The perturbed P1 dynamics of semiconductor lasers for frequency-modulated continuous-wave generation with external injection locking [8]; (**b**) A self-injection-locked quantum dash LD comb source, based on a 50/75 GHz mmWave transport system [11]. Overall, OIL has been implemented in numerous applications over recent decades and now plays significant roles in various applications.
## 3 Results
### Assessment of Joint Stiffness  
Various methods for assessing PIP joint stiffness were identified. These approaches ranged from anatomical dissections to functional evaluations of range of motion (ROM) in different clinical and experimental contexts. ROM emerged as the predominant method among the analyzed studies, including pre- and post-intervention measurements in patients undergoing arthroplasties, orthotic treatments, or therapeutic manipulations.  
Several studies reported significant improvements in flexion (up to 25\({}^{\circ}\)) and extension (up to 34\({}^{\circ}\)) following prolonged rehabilitation protocols. In dynamic orthosis studies, an average improvement of 9.1\({}^{\circ}\) was observed over a four-week period.  
Biomechanical studies explored PIP joint stability in cases of fractures and dislocations, determining that joint stability depended on the displacement threshold in dorsal dislocations, with critical values defining instability. Additionally, the use of dynamic external fixators allowed patients to achieve an average active ROM of 89\({}^{\circ}\) after six months of follow-up.  
Regarding the comparison of orthotic devices, the effectiveness of custom-designed versus prefabricated models was assessed. It was concluded that custom-made orthoses significantly restricted joint movement, whereas prefabricated models offered greater flexibility. Furthermore, progressive mobilization orthoses were examined in patients with flexion contractures, demonstrating a ROM improvement of up to 40\({}^{\circ}\) in long-term follow-up.  
The impact of PIP joint arthroresis angles on hand function was also analyzed. It was observed that fusions at 40\({}^{\circ}\) and 20\({}^{\circ}\) did not result in significant differences in grip strength, whereas fusion at 0\({}^{\circ}\) negatively affected overall functionality.  
In terms of precision and methodological limitations, anatomical studies provided detailed data on innervation and joint structure, though with limited clinical applicability. Conversely, ROM assessments were highly dependent on the protocol and follow-up duration. Methodological biases were identified in retrospective studies, while systematic reviews provided a comprehensive yet heterogeneous overview of the results.  
In summary, methods for measuring joint stiffness exhibited variability in precision and applicability, with ROM being the most commonly used measure. However, its reliability was constrained by the heterogeneity of study protocols and populations.
# Flow Sensing-Based Congestion Detection for D2D Streaming on a 5G gNB
###### Abstract  
To provide high-quality streaming services in device-to-device (D2D) communications, performance parameters such as encoding rate, decoding rate, and flow rate should be detected and monitored. The proposed algorithm provides a method to detect time streaming for traffic flows in D2D communications, and a sequence to detect rate imbalance. This paper proposes a new FS-CDA (flow sensing-based congestion detecting algorithm) to prevent high congestion rates and assist an optimized D2D streaming service in 5G-based wireless mobile networks. The proposed algorithm detects and controls flow imbalance for streaming segments during D2D communications, and it includes operations such as transmission rate monitoring, rate adjustment functions, and underflow and overflow sensing for these operations. The paper aims to effectively control traffic flow rates caused by adjacent channel bandwidth, high bit rate error, and heterogeneous radio interference, and to enhance the performance of D2D streaming services by performing such operations. The proposed algorithm for D2D streaming services is measured by deriving the individual weight of certain versions of a streaming flow. Based on the given operations, the simulation results indicated that the proposed algorithm has better performance with respect to average congestion control ratio, PSNR, and average throughput than other methods.  
DUE; 5G wireless mobile; D2D streaming; media flow; channel bandwidth +
Footnote †: journal: _Sensors_
# Microgrid Cyber-Security: Review and Challenges toward Resilience
## 3 Definitions and Overview
### Modern Distribution Network Vulnerabilities  
Distribution systems play a major role in the electricity sector value chain linking transmission to consumption and providing direct contact with consumers [6]. Knowing that their systems were originally designed for passive energy delivery (in one direction), Distribution System Operators (DSOs) find themselves nowadays forced to cope up with the tremendous changes pertaining to the electrical networks, on especially on the medium to low voltage scale.  
Unlike in transmission systems that have adopted the Energy Management Strategy (EMS) early in the 1970s, the application of proper EMS at the distribution level was not put into action until recently, since it did not have much of added avail [21].  
Following the foregoing tendency, measures continue to offer incentives that consolidate the integration of all the flexible distributed resources into the market, side by side, with new demand-response technologies on the demand side [5].  
Dispatchable generation units owned by the DSO, which could be turned on and off by the energy operator to match a scheduled output that meets the network requirements, are a very useful avenue that has been widely exploited over the years in peak shaving and declining stress over the network components at times of high demand. Nevertheless, the surplus of the distributed generation (DG), especially the non-dispatchable (renewable) type, can adversely affect the performance of the  
Figure 2: Three types of cyber-attacks.  
distribution systems causing power quality issues, augmented fault levels, voltage violation, protection issues, in addition to line overloading or congestion [21].  
Certain DSOs have set rules of thumb that determine the adequate segment of DG that should enter the distribution networks depending on the hosting capacity of each of them. In general, an estimated 15% of the network's peak demand could be connected to the distribution network without causing significant problems [22].  
The needed elements for DG metering and monitoring change from country to country or even between regions. Hence, more or less data might participate in the decision that determines whether a DG participates in the energy markets or not, in respect to its impact on the local network, keeping in mind that larger DG installations could also have an extended disconcerting impact on the regional or national transmission system [21].
# On Transient Stability Problems in DC Microgrids
## 3 Analysis of Control on Transient Stability
### Analysis of Droop-Controlled DC Generators
In Figure 6, the stable equilibrium point \(v_{\text{c1\_droop}}\) in the droop control curve represents a balance between power generation and consumption. The stability of this point is maintained through the inherent voltage-power relationship established by the droop control strategy. Under this control mode, when the voltage decreases and the operating point shifts to the left from this stable equilibrium point, because the voltage change rate \(\text{d}v_{\text{c}}/\text{d}t\) is positive and on an upward trend, more power is output, therefore facilitating voltage recovery. When the voltage decreases, and the operating point shifts to the right from this stable equilibrium point, since the voltage change rate is negative and its absolute value is constantly increasing, the system absorbs power, thus quickly suppressing the voltage rise, and as a result, stability is maintained.
# Comparison of the Axial Fan and Synthetic Jet Cooling Systems
###### Abstract  
Choosing the right cooling device is crucial for the proper operation of electronic equipment. A comparison of the two different cooling devices is presented in this paper: one with a standard axial fan and the other with a synthetic jet actuator. Two distinct sets of operating conditions of the fan and two different loudspeakers for the synthetic jet actuator were used. The experimental setup consisted of a radial heat sink mounted onto a round electric heater and two cooling systems: one with the axial fan and the other with a synthetic jet actuator. From the thermal balance in the specified control volume, the heat sink's thermal resistance. as well as the coefficient of performance, were determined. The highest difference between the thermal resistance of both cooling systems occurred at a low input power of \(P=0.5\) W. The heat sink cooled with a synthetic jet had the thermal resistance of \(R=0.39\) K/W, while the same heat sink cooled with a fan achieved \(R=0.23\) K/W. Thus, the fan cooling exhibited almost 70% better performance than synthetic jet cooling. For a higher input power of \(P=7.0\) W, the relative difference in the thermal resistance decreased to the value of 42%. For the input power of \(P=7.0\) W, the fan-cooled heat sink dissipated the thermal power of \(Q_{\mathrm{HS}}=487\) W under the temperature difference between the heat sink base and ambient air equal to 60 K. For the same input power and temperature difference, the synthetic jet cooling of the same heat sink dissipated a thermal power of \(\dot{Q}_{\mathrm{HS}}=339\) W. Under natural convection, the heat sink dissipated the thermal power of \(\dot{Q}_{\mathrm{HS}}=57\) W. Thus, the heat transfer enhancement with fan cooling relative to natural convection was equal to 8.5, while the enhancement with synthetic jet cooling relative to natural convection was equal to 6.0. The modified coefficient of performance and the heat transfer rate of the heat sink per unit temperature difference and unit volume of the cooling device \(\varepsilon\) are presented. The axial fan performed better in terms of both parameters under consideration. The \(\varepsilon\) of the investigated device with a fan was around four times higher than in the case of the synthetic jet actuator and eight times higher than in the case of natural convection.  
heat sink; thermal resistance; natural convection; coefficient of performance +
Footnote †: journal: _sciences_  
_Applied_  
_Acticle_  
Comparison of the Axial Fan and Synthetic Jet Cooling Systems  
[PERSON]  
1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. [PERSON] [PERSON] 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland 1  
Footnote 1: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci))  
2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.P.)