# Numerical Study on Tree Belt Impact on Wind Shear on Agricultural Land
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, combining wind turbines with agricultural crops, as discussed in [64], shows that crop switching (e.g., replacing corn with soybeans) can increase the wind speed and energy output by up to 14%, but requires precise management of the agronomic factors. Research in [65; 66] found that wind farms lead to changes in land surface temperature, increasing the night-time temperature by 0.20 \({}^{\circ}\)C and decreasing daytime temperature by 0.11 \({}^{\circ}\)C, as well as significant effects on soil properties and vegetation cover. Negative impacts on vegetation were recorded in 75.20% of parks, especially for large facilities or those located in sensitive ecological areas, highlighting the need for sustainable planning and the application of advanced technologies. The results in [67; 68; 69; 70] showed that onshore wind farms predict significant changes in local climate and ecology, including temperature, wind speed, and soil moisture. This requires in-depth research to better understand and minimize the ecological footprint through improved models and adapted regional strategies. The field study in [71] revealed that vegetation significantly influences turbulent winds, creating deceleration and acceleration zones, necessitating studies on airflow dynamics during different phases of unsteady flow. These results highlight the importance of integrating numerical simulations with field data for sustainable airflow management and mitigation of adverse impacts. The tree belts play an essential role in fighting climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. According to the authors in [72; 73; 74], these green infrastructures contribute to temperature reduction in agricultural areas while improving soil quality by stimulating biological activity and increasing fertility. Additionally, tree belts serve as buffers against extreme climatic events, such as heat waves, providing a cooling effect that protects both crops and ecosystems within their range. Modern technologies, such as Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), play an essential role in advancing tree belt research and management. LES models, according to the authors in [14], provide high accuracy in predicting turbulence and shear thickness, which is key for agricultural and energy applications. However, research in [60] highlighted that the use of simplified boundary conditions in current simulations limits their practical applicability, as it does not reflect the complexity of agricultural terrains and diverse vegetation structures. To overcome these limitations, the authors in [75; 76] recommended the application of integrated models that combine empirical data with advanced simulations, providing a better assessment of the influence of tree belts on wind shear under different climatic conditions. Research in [77] demonstrated that combining LES and GIS data can significantly improve the accuracy of predictions, especially in areas with diverse vegetation and rugged terrain. These innovative approaches not only allow for a better understanding of the complex interactions between wind flow and vegetation but also provide practical solutions for effective management of agricultural areas. For example, accurate simulations can be used to optimize the placement of tree belts to minimize erosion and maximize the efficiency of the resources used. Despite the significant progress, questions remain about the long-term influence of tree belts on local climate and soil quality. Future research, as noted by the authors in [78; 79], should focus on developing dynamic models that integrate complex interrelationships between vegetation, microclimatic conditions, and human activities. Such models will support sustainable ecosystem management and provide the necessary scientific foundations for informed decision-making on climate and agricultural practices.