## 4 Discussion
Since it did not statistically differ from the PBS control, the coating did not trigger RBC lysis [87]. As coatings for titanium implants, [PERSON] et al. employed carbon nanotubes, hydroxyapatite, and TiO\({}_{2}\) nanotubes. None of the materials induced hemolytic reactions, according to the results of hemolysis. When compared to the material covered in HA, the addition of carbon nanotubes raised the hemolysis percentage, though not to a point that is harmful to the human body [88]. [PERSON] et al. claim that poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA nanoparticles loaded with nonfloxacin (NFX) were utilized to figure out the effectiveness of these NPs as antibacterial agents. The hemolytic results showed a slight increase in haemolysis rates when PLGA/NFX nanoparticles were compared to controls [89]. [PERSON] et al. synthesized and studied the impact of different shaped CeO NPs (nanorod, nanocube, and nano-octahedron CeO\({}_{2}\)) on Ti surfaces in relation to their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial response. Comparing the results concerning their antioxidant capacity, octahedron CeO\({}_{2}\) had the greatest results leading to successful scavenging of ROS in contrast to nanorods which showed noneffective anti-inflammatory activity. All samples exhibited excellent hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, and biosafety. Finally, regarding antibacterial efficacy, cube-CeO\({}_{2}\), and octa-CeO\({}_{2}\) showed inhibition of bacterial adhesion (_P. gingivalis, F. nuclatum, S. sanguinis_) [27]. Our findings demonstrated that CeO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles with a higher amount of cerium precursor (CeO3g, CeO4g, and CeO5g) did not cause hemolysis or alter the morphology of erythrocytes at all tested concentrations (Figure 5). Also, CeO4g and CeO5g presented ROS scavenging capacity at all tested concentrations (Figure 6). This finding might be attributed to the mixed NPs population observed at least for CeO5g, which included NPs with higher diameters. It has been reported that ROS is highly associated with the diameter of NPs, and this is observed in different types of NPs [90]. The mechanism behind this phenomenon was the cellular uptake which increased as the size decreased. Nano CeO\({}_{2}\) antioxidant activity may help to maintain the membrane's integrity after coming in contact with erythrocytes since it imitates the actions of SOD and catalase by acting as an ROS scavenger. The reported scavenging activity of synthesized CeO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles in the present research work was consistent with prior research findings [53]. A recent study that assessed CeO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles on hemostasis, showed that CeO\({}_{2}\) did not induce hemolysis on red blood cells (RBC) at all tested concentrations. Also, under oxidative stress, CeO\({}_{2}\) reduced ROS formation induced by H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)[74]. [PERSON] et al. studied the influence of CNPs on RBCs at hyperthermic conditions. The results showed that CeO\({}_{2}\)-treated cells had a much lower rate of apoptosis than the control cells. They also examined how CeO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles affected the generation of ROS, leading to the conclusion that red blood cells subjected to hyperthermia decreased ROS generation and improved apoptosis even at extremely low concentrations of CNPs [29]. In the present study, modulation of only one parameter (precursor amount) was employed to clarify the role of gelatin in the shape and crystallinity of the synthesized NPs. However, other parameters such as pH, synthesis, and calcination temperature may further affect the final structural, physicochemical, and biological properties of NPs. The authorsare currently evaluating NPs' antibacterial activity against _P. intermedia_ and _P.gingivalis_, two bacteria species related to perimplantitis, and, although preliminary results show promising antibacterial action, further in vitro studies are needed to clearly demonstrate their capability of inhibiting bacteria growth, either as planktonic bacteria or in biofilms.