# Advancing BIM and Sustainability with Coopetition: Evidence from the Portuguese Stone Industry
## 3 Literature Review  
The concept of \"coopetition\", initially introduced during the 1980s [34] by [PERSON], the founder and CEO of Novell, gained prominence in business strategy through the influential work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1997). Their work marked a significant shift in understanding competitive dynamics [35]. Over the years, coopetition hasgarnered substantial attention within strategic management, evolving through various interpretations and applications [36]. Despite its widespread discussion, the definition of coopetition remains varied, with interpretations spanning different goals, relationships, and organizational contexts [37]. It has been described as a strategy that encompasses the simultaneous pursuit of cooperation and competition among firms, a hybrid activity within the same business entities, and a complex interplay that affects competitive dynamics among different market players [11]. At the nexus of coopetition and networks, a strategic orientation centred around innovation emerges, essential for firms seeking to bridge competitive gaps and effectively manage market challenges [38]. This orientation emphasizes coopetition's role in navigating competitive terrains and highlights its potential as a catalyst for transformative growth and resilience [10]. Studies show a wide range of findings, underscoring the need for a more unified and in-depth exploration of value co-creation processes in these complex networks [39]. A comprehensive review by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] (2023) reveals that coopetition has been examined through various theoretical lenses, such as Game Theory, Resource-Based View, Paradox Theory, Transaction Cost Theory, and Network Theory [36]. Each perspective, while insightful, often addresses the concept within its specific confines. Regardless of the diversity in definitions, the essence of competition converges on the notion of a hybrid relationship where competition and collaboration intertwine to benefit the involved companies [40]. It is particularly relevant in digital supply chains [10]. In the context of manufacturing companies, coopetition is a means to improve efficiency and achieve economies of scale [41]. Specifically, for construction manufacturers, collaboration among competitors holds significant potential, particularly in facilitating the benefits of BIM at the project level [42]. Complex projects require high levels of coordination among various stakeholders, including construction manufacturing companies [43]. Coopetition among these companies can lead to enhanced innovation, better resource utilization, and improved project outcomes. By collaborating on BIM implementation while maintaining competitive drives, companies can share knowledge, reduce costs, and accelerate project timelines [44]. The construction industry faces numerous challenges, such as fragmented supply chains, project delays, and cost overruns [45]. These challenges can be mitigated through effective collaboration and competition among manufacturers, where coopetition becomes highly relevant [11]. By forming coopetitive networks, construction manufacturing companies can integrate their resources and expertise to optimize construction processes [6]. This integration allows for real-time data sharing, improved accuracy in project planning, and more efficient execution of construction activities. Coopetition in construction manufacturing enhances BIM benefits and fosters a culture of continuous improvement and innovation [42]. When companies cooperate, they can collectively invest in advanced BIM technologies and training programs, leading to higher BIM proficiency across the industry [36]. Simultaneously, the competitive aspect drives each company to strive for excellence, ensuring they remain at the forefront of technological advancements and best practices. Moreover, coopetition can facilitate the standardization of BIM protocols and practices within the construction industry.