# The Hyperloop System and Stakeholders: A Review and Future Directions
## 5 Conclusions  
The development of the hyperloop system attracts interest from private and public stakeholders, industrial leaders, and R&D entities. Since the release of the first hyperloop study [17] in 2013, a remarkable and rapid evolution of the hyperloop technologies has been observed. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review of the hyperloop system to explore the current state of progress of hyperloop components, identify related stakeholders, their geographic location, and their work object, and provide future directions to bridge existing gaps. The analysis showed that Europe and Asia demonstrate particular interest in the hyperloop system. More specifically, 81 unique EU stakeholders were identified to work on pod or infrastructure components; however, very few of them were found to work on pod interior or user acceptance. The majority of the publications were found to focus on performance aspects, such as safety (35%), energy (33%), and cost (30%), while only a couple of studies focused on legislation and risk analysis. Stakeholders aim for hyperloop commercialization and solving technical issues that arise from testing at a real scale. The design of the hyperloop's technological components is in progress, and developers appear to focus on power system requirements. Although the hyperloop is foreseen to be powered by electricity and renewable energy sources, there are no details about the feasibility of the power delivery method. Establishing the technical requirements, creating a heat management plan, and conducting a feasibility analysis of the evaluation of various concepts for power delivery are certain considerations to be solved in the long term. The system functionality of certain technologies at a sub-scale level and low speeds has been proven; however, the compatibility of the various systems in subsonic and transonic speed ranges and real scale has to be verified. For the operational speeds of a hyperloop, the feasibility of both EDS and EMS technologies still needs to be proven. The comparison study between the two led to the conclusion that the EMS demonstrates a better potential against the EDS due to its lower power consumption. Constant power supply is required for both systems; however, the energy consumption using permanent magnets can be reduced significantly by developing a suitable Inductrack guideway. Although these aforementioned findings aim to contribute toward hyperloop development in Europe, certain impediments to its progress exist. These include, but are not limited to, the design of its sub-components, which are under study, and the operational testing at real-scale and ultra-high speeds, which is under consideration. Finally, transport engineering and planning guidance that embrace the hyperloop's physical and operational characteristics should be developed for the hyperloop design and implementation. The review may serve as a guide for stakeholders and investors seeking partnerships and establishing research collaborations for the hyperloop, while the proposed research directions aim to provide a pathway of actions capable of bridging the identified gaps in hyperloop development. Our findings provide solid insights into the current state of progress of the hyperloop system that may be used by interested stakeholders to extend their R&D activities and identify potential gaps that need to be addressed for developing the hyperloop. Future attempts may be focused on further expanding the stakeholder list at the global level and gradually disaggregating hyperloop components to expose the system complexity and engage more stakeholders in R&D activities. Then, a comprehensive database may be built to link stakeholders and hyperloop components to facilitate collaborations and enable knowledge sharing. In terms of system performance, each hyperloop component may be explicitly studied to assess safety, energy, and cost impacts; performing a detailed study and understanding potential tradeoffs will enhance decision-making.