## 3 Bio-Functional Compounds and Health Benefits of Kiwi Fruit and Its Juice
### Kiwi Nutritional Value and Bioactive Composition  
To fully evaluate the nutritional value and benefits of kiwi fruit, it is essential to describe its composition in terms of its bioactive compounds. The bioactive molecules and, thus, their composition in kiwi fruit can be affected by several factors, such as ripening, the place, and the development of the weather, etc. However, most of the nutritional components that are noteworthy for examination, including proteins, lipids, vitamins, carbohydrates, and minerals, are constantly present in the fruit. More precisely, kiwi is a major provider of beneficial substances for human health, like vitamins, phenolics, minerals, pigments, and plant fibers. Moreover, kiwi is not only rich in polar compounds like ascorbic, folic, citric, and glutamic acids, and in several amphiphilic bioactive compounds, including phenolics, but it also has low lipid content, while it does not contain cholesterol [14; 17]. An overview of the most well-known bioactives in kiwi is provided in Table 1. It is evident that the bioactives belong to polar, semi-polar, and non-polar compounds, resulting in the differentiation of their accumulation in the human body after consumption.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Bioactives**} & **Molecular Formula** & **Molecular Weight** & \(\mathbf{log}\,\boldsymbol{K_{\text{ow}}}\) \\ \hline _Vitamins_ & & & \\ Ascorbic acid & C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{6}\) & 176.13 & \(-\)1.880 \\ Alphatocopherol & C\({}_{29}\)H\({}_{50}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 430.72 & 12.179 \\ Betatocopherol & C\({}_{28}\)H\({}_{48}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 416.69 & 11.631 \\ Gammatocopherol & C\({}_{28}\)H\({}_{48}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 416.69 & 11.631 \\ Deltatocopherol & C\({}_{27}\)H\({}_{46}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 402.67 & 11.084 \\ Alphatoctrienol & C\({}_{29}\)H\({}_{44}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 424.67 & 11.923 \\ Betatoctrienol & C\({}_{28}\)H\({}_{42}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 410.65 & 11.375 \\ Gammatoctrienol & C\({}_{27}\)H\({}_{40}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 410.65 & 11.375 \\ Deltatoctrienol & C\({}_{27}\)H\({}_{40}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 396.62 & 10.828 \\ Folic acid & C\({}_{19}\)H\({}_{19}\)N\({}_{7}\)O\({}_{6}\) & 441.41 & \(-\)1.950 \\ _Carotenoids_ & & & \\ Beta-carotene & C\({}_{40}\)H\({}_{56}\) & 536.89 & 17.623 \\ Lutein & C\({}_{40}\)H\({}_{56}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 568.89 & 14.823 \\ Violaxanthin & C\({}_{40}\)H\({}_{56}\)O\({}_{4}\) & 600.89 & 11.976 \\ \(9^{\prime}\)-cis neoxanthin & C\({}_{40}\)H\({}_{56}\)O\({}_{4}\) & 600.89 & 11.940 \\
**Phenolic compounds** & & & \\ _Polyphenols_ & & & \\ Neochlorogenic acid & C\({}_{16}\)H\({}_{18}\)O\({}_{9}\) & 354.32 & \(-\)1.014 \\ _Flavants-3-ols_ & & & \\ Kaempfer & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{10}\)O\({}_{6}\) & 286.24 & 1.959 \\ Epicatechin & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{14}\)O\({}_{6}\) & 290.27 & 1.175 \\ Catechin & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{14}\)O\({}_{6}\) & 290.27 & 1.175 \\ _Flavonoids_ & & & \\ Luteolin & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{10}\)O\({}_{6}\) & 286.24 & 2.364 \\ Procyanidins & C\({}_{30}\)H\({}_{26}\)O\({}_{12}\) & 578.53 & 1.882 \\
3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid & C\({}_{7}\)H\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{4}\) & 154.12 & 0.914 \\ Catechol & C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 110.11 & 1.033 \\ Pryogallol & C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 126.11 & 0.974 \\ Quercetin & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{10}\)O\({}_{7}\) & 302.24 & 1.479 \\ _Phenolic acids_ & & & \\ Syringic acid & C\({}_{9}\)H\({}_{10}\)O\({}_{5}\) & 198.18 & 1.044 \\ Ferulic acid & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{10}\)O\({}_{4}\) & 194.19 & 1.415 \\ Ellagic acid & C\({}_{14}\)H\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{8}\) & 302.2 & \(-\)2.046 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Physicochemical properties of bioactives in kiwi.