## 3 Findings and Discussion
### Challenges and Opportunities  
The implementation of a smart environment necessitates a balance between the many possibilities it offers and the obstacles it raises. The deployment of high-frequency networks in the pursuit of establishing a green environment presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly in relation to their potential effect on human cognitive functions. On the opportunity side, high-frequency networks enable faster and more efficient device-to-device (D2D) communication and data transmission [48], supporting the integration of various smart technologies and applications that contribute to environmental sustainability. These networks can facilitate real-time network monitoring [49], localization, and control of energy consumption [50], not only in terrestrial but also in underwater environments [51], enabling the optimization of transportation systems and enhancing \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Publication Year** & **Related Works** & **Exposure Type** & \begin{tabular}{l} **Source of** \\ **Exposure** \\ \end{tabular} & **No Impact** & \
\begin{tabular}{l} **Detrimental** \\ **Impact** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} **Inconsistent** \\ **Impact** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2015 & [37] & GSM and UMTS & UE & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2011 & [29] & GSM and UMTS & MP & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2006 & [22] & UMTS & BS & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2019 & [45] & GSM & BS & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) \\
2009 & [33] & GSM & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2017 & [30] & GSM & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\
2015 & [23] & GSM and UMTS & BS & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2007 & [24] & GSM & MP & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\
2005 & [25] & GSM & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2009 & [38] & – & MP & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\
2010 & [34] & – & MP & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\
2006 & [35] & GSM & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\
2019 & [39] & UMTS & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2019 & [26] & UMTS and LTE & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) \\
2013 & [40] & GSM, UMTS, LTE & UE & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) \\
2018 & [46] & GSM and UMTS & UE & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) \\
2018 & [27] & UMTS and LTE & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2021 & [41] & GSM and UMTS & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) \\
2016 & [36] & GSM and UMTS & BS & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\
2016 & [42] & GSM & BS & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\
2011 & [28] & GSM and WCDMA & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2023 & [47] & – & MP & \(\checkmark\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\
2022 & [31] & – & UE & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) \\
2020 & [32] & – & MP & \(\times\) & \(\checkmark\) & \(\checkmark\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
Notes “\(\checkmark\)” = Positive correlation with the type of impact; “\(\times\)” = Negative correlation with the type of impact.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Overview of relevant literature in terms of cognitive effect. resource management [52]. This holistic strategy reduces carbon emissions and supports a greener, more environmentally friendly livelihood on land and sea. However, challenges arise when considering the potential impact on human cognitive functions. While existing scientific research has not conclusively established a direct correlation between cognitive functions and high-frequency network exposure, it is essential to conduct further studies to comprehensively evaluate any potential risks. This calls for a balanced approach that prioritizes both environmental sustainability and human well-being. One challenge is ensuring that the deployment of high-frequency networks aligns with strict safety standards and regulations [53].