# Future Internet Architectures on an Emerging Scale--A Systematic Review
## 2 Literature Review
One of the key problems in this context is how to administer the computing and storage resources that are available while the application services are being deployed. To address this issue, the authors proposed an information-centric networking (ICN) model that gave rise to an ICN-edge/fog architecture. Within this architecture, the authors introduced an innovative service-caching strategy known as 3Q, which aimed to obtain optimal results by considering the cached hits, cloud usage, and latency. The emerging field of multi-access edge computing (MEC) presents a significant challenge in addressing the issues of combined service caching and task offloading. In response to this, the authors of [11] proposed an optimization-based approach that prioritized the quality of experience (QoE) for users by balancing the service latency and computing resource costs. Additionally, Named Data Networking (NDN) is gaining attention as a secure form of a sign-on protocol for smart homes, positioning it at the forefront of these next-generation internet architectures. In [12], the authors addressed two key concerns related to NDN, namely creating a trustworthy relationship between the system and new devices, ensuring that only authorized users could access the system data. These innovative solutions highlighted the growing need for advanced security measures in future internet architectures.The two approaches that are seen as most prevalent in today's internet are the software- and data-centric approaches. To support the on-demand control and configuration of resources, including storage and computation, the authors further proposed a cognitive network function virtualization for information-centric networking (ICN). This approach utilizes fog computing and relies on a data-driven intelligent future network to improve resource utilization and content distribution. Vehicular communication is a rapidly developing field that seeks to address technological, societal, and standardization challenges. According to a report on the Internet of Vehicles [13], there is a push to integrate SDN and network function virtualization with fog computing. The market for internet-connected vehicles is rapidly growing and it is predicted that companies will be using such vehicles in some form by the end of 2023. Another important aspect of the future internet is the evolution of quantum networking. The emergence of the Metaverse has captured significant attention, particularly since Facebook announced its rebranding to Meta in October 2021. This new realm of computer-generated, networked extended reality (XR) combines augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR) into a single entity. XR advocates suggest that the evolution of advanced 3D and online worlds will benefit society in multiple domains, including healthcare, education, arts, entertainment, and social life. However, with the rapid progression of AI-based assistive systems, the generation of user experience data may necessitate the creation of new spaces that can enrich users' lives. While the digital world of the Metaverse may seem glorious, concerns about privacy, security, health, safety, and economic impacts must be addressed. The potential societal implications of a mature XR-based Metaverse are the subject of debate among experts [14]. In a recent study [15], the authors suggested that AR-based remote robotic control and surgery can be achieved using Metaverse platforms. However, the implementation of areas such as digital biometrics [16], cryptocurrency [17], and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) [18] in the real world presents challenges. As the Metaverse is in its inception, it is important to consider privacy and security measures during the design phase to provide an additional service assurance for its users. While there are challenges to expanding the digital infrastructure, the absence of a serviceable digital infrastructure with adequate processing and network capabilities is a significant obstacle.