## 3 Results and Discussion
### Pharmacological Activities
#### 3.3.1 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
elaengifolium_ Leaves and Fruits  
Under typical circumstances, postprandial blood D-glucose levels are influenced by two primary processes: the conversion of complex, long-chain sugars into readily absorbable units, and the subsequent absorption of these carbohydrate units within the intestine. Following a meal, polysaccharides undergo enzymatic breakdown initiated by \(\alpha\)-amylase, leading to their transformation into oligosaccharides. Subsequently, the final phase of this process involves the action of intestinal \(\alpha\)-glucosidase, resulting in the production of absorbable monosaccharides. For these monosaccharides to enter the bloodstream, they must pass through the SGLT1 transporters situated on the brush border membrane (BBM) of the absorbing epithelial cells. Then, with the assistance of facilitated diffusion facilitated by GLUT2 transporters located on the basolateral membrane (BLM) of the epithelial cells, they are able to traverse into the bloodstream [42]. _S. elaengifolium_ leaves and fruits have been examined for their potential to inhibit the activity of intestinal \(\alpha\)-glucosidase, following the protocol outlined by [PERSON] et al. [39]. The ingestion of sucrose (2 g/kg) led to a marked elevation in postprandial blood glucose levels, reaching 1.45 \(\pm\) 0.03 g/L at the 60 min mark and 1.36 \(\pm\) 0.01 g/L at 90 min. However, upon the administration of SEFF at a dosage of 150 mg/kg, a significant decrease in postprandial blood glucose levels was observed. This reduction reached statistical significance at both 60 min (\(p\) < 0.001) and 120 min (\(p\) < 0.001), with recorded values of 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.02 g/L and 0.91 \(\pm\) 0.01 g/L, respectively, in comparison to the control group. In contrast, when a higher dose of SEFF (300 mg/kg) was administered, it also exerted a noteworthy suppression on postprandial hyperglycemia in comparison to the control group's rats. This effect was evident at two key time points: at 60 min (\(p\) < 0.001) with a measured level of 0.84 \(\pm\) 0.02 g/L, and at 120 min (\(p\) < 0.001) with a level of 0.95 \(\pm\) 0.01 g/L. Similarly, the administration of 10 mg/kg of acarbose also significantly inhibited starch-induced hyperglycemia (\(p\) < 0.001 and \(p\) < 0.001) at 60 and 120 min, yielding values of 0.98 g/L and 1 g/L, respectively (Figure 5). The ingestion of sucrose (2 g/kg) led to a marked elevation in postprandial blood glucose levels, reaching 1.45 \(\pm\) 0.03 g/L at the 60 min mark and 1.36 \(\pm\) 0.01 g/L at 90 min. However, upon the administration of SEFR at a dosage of 150 mg/kg, a significant decrease in postprandial blood glucose levels was observed. This  
Figure 4: Glycemic postprandial results in normal rats after administration of _S. elaengifolium_ extract and acarbose): (**A**) effect of leaf extract, and (**B**) effect of fruit extract. **\(p\) < 0.01; ***\(p\) < 0.001 as compared to the control. reduction reached statistical significance at both 60 min (\(p\) < 0.001) and 120 min (\(p\) < 0.001), with recorded values of 1 \(\pm\) 0.05 g/L and 1.02 \(\pm\) 0.02 g/L, respectively, in comparison to the control group. In contrast, when a higher dose of SEFR (300 mg/kg) was administered, it also exerted a noteworthy suppression on postprandial hyperglycemia in comparison to the control group's rats. This effect was evident at two key time points: at 60 min (\(p\) < 0.001) with a measured level of 0.87 \(\pm\) 0.02 g/L, and at 120 min (\(p\) < 0.001) with a level of 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.02 g/L. Similarly, the administration of 10 mg/kg of acarbose also significantly inhibited starch-induced hyperglycemia (\(p\) < 0.001 and \(p\) < 0.001) at 60 and 120 min, yielding values of 0.98 g/L and 1 g/L, respectively. SEFE and SEFR extracts have anti-alpha glycosidase activity, as evidenced by their ability to lower postprandial blood glucose levels, with their effects being comparable to acarbose, a known alpha glycosidase inhibitor.