# Encapsulation of Blackberry Phenolics and Volatiles Using Apple Fibers and Disaccharides
## 3 Results
### Flavor Profile of Formulated Microparticles
A different effect was observed for microparticles with fiber:disaccharide ratio of 1:0.5. Microparticles with sucrose had an equal amount as apple fiber microparticles, while trehalose microparticles had the highest content of these terpen. For guaiacol, it was determined that all trehalose microparticles had a higher amount of this volatile than the one with just apple fiber, while for sucrose microparticles, this trend was observed only when its lowest amount was used for the formulation. Menthol and \(\beta\)-damascenone had similar behavior. The highest amount of these terpen was determined in the apple fiber microparticles. For disaccharide microparticles, a decreased adsorption of those terpen occurred with the increase in disaccharides. Both microparticles with the fiber:disaccharide ratio of 1:0.5 had higher amounts of eugenol and citral than the apple fiber microparticles. For nerol, the highest content was determined in the apple fiber microparticles, \(\alpha\)-ionone was the highest in microparticles with disaccharides (fiber:disaccharide ratio of 1:0.5), while microparticles with the fiber:disaccharide ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 had equal or lower amounts of this terpene than apple fiber, respectively. For \(\gamma\)-ionone, it was determined that only microparticles with trehalose (fiber:disaccharide ratio of 1:0.5) had higher content than apple fiber, while other microparticles were lower. Similarly, with the increase in disaccharides, a decrease of this terpene occurred. All disaccharide microparticles had lower \(\beta\)-ionone content than the apple fiber microparticles, but a positive effect of trehalose was noted. \begin{table} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Volatiles** & **BJ** & **AF** & **C** & **RT** & **RI** & **OT** & **Descriptor** \\ \hline Hexanal & - & 52.64 \(\pm\) 1.56 & + & 5.13 & 800 & 20 & green \\ Heptanal & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 6.29 \(\pm\) 0.10 & + & 10.76 & 897 & 3 & green \\ D-limonene & 7.37 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 64.90 \(\pm\) 1.15 & + & 19.41 & 1018 & 10 & citrus \\ Citronellal & 1.85 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 24.40 \(\pm\) 0.46 & + & 21.13 & 1051 & 25 & floral \\ Linalool oxide & 62.27 \(\pm\) 1.54 & - & - & 22.19 & 1068 & 100 & floral \\ Guaiacol & 104.17 \(\pm\) 1.80 & - & + & 23.17 & 1080 & 20 & green \\ Linalool & 23.39 \(\pm\) 0.42 & 80.92 \(\pm\) 4.45 & + & 23.96 & 1096 & 6 & floral \\ Phenethyl alcohol & 47.39 \(\pm\) 0.48 & - & + & 24.6 & 1103 & 1000 & floral \\ Menthol & 13.86 \(\pm\) 0.28 & - & + & 27.75 & 1167 & 920 & minty \\ Nerol & 20.25 \(\pm\) 0.61 & - & + & 30.63 & 1222 & 290 & citrus \\ Citral & 17.02 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 4.92 \(\pm\) 0.21 & + & 32.64 & 1265 & 30 & citrus \\ Perillyl alcohol & 29.19 \(\pm\) 1.98 & 3.71 \(\pm\) 0.13 & + & 33.9284 & 1290 & 1660 & green \\ Eugenol & 31.19 \(\pm\) 0.01 & - & + & 36.5930 & 1355 & 30 & spicy \\ \(\beta\)-damascenone & 11.90 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 5.89 \(\pm\) 0.24 & + & 37.6815 & 1381 & 10 & floral \\ \(\alpha\)-ionone & 13.10 \(\pm\) 0.44 & 1.64 \(\pm\) 0.09 & + & 38.95 & 1420 & 0.6 & floral \\ \(\gamma\)-ionone & 4.18 \(\pm\) 0.43 & 4.24 \(\pm\) 0.19 & + & 40.18 & 1473 & 0.07 & floral \\ \(\beta\)-ionone & 2.58 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 5.46 \(\pm\) 0.43 & + & 40.34 & 1480 & 0.1 & floral \\ \hline \end{tabular}  _“-_”–not detected; “+”—  
The flavor profile of any product depends on the amount of volatiles, but also on their odor thresholds. To further elucidate the contribution of each volatile to the overall flavor, odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated. OAVs were calculated as the ratio of the volatile concentration to the threshold [22]. A summary of OAVs of all the samples based on published odor thresholds is presented in Table 7. In blackberry juice, linalool, guaiaicol, eugenol, \(\beta\)-damascenone, \(\alpha\)-ionone, \(\gamma\)-ionone, and \(\beta\)-ionone had OAV values over 1, which indicates their importance to the flavor of blackberry juice. Especially high OAVs (over 10) were calculated for \(\gamma\)-ionone, \(\beta\)-ionone, and \(\alpha\)-ionone (29.71, 25.80, and 21.83, respectively).