## 3 Inventory Data
### Inventory Data for the Production of the Base Cream
The dataset aligns with the general environmental profile of esters, making it a practical choice for capturing the environmental impacts of ester production. Sorbitan stearate is a non-ionic surfactant used as an emulsifier, stabilizer and thickener in cosmetics, personal care and food products. It is produced by esterifying sorbitol and stearic acid, producing a waxy solid soluble in water, alcohol and oils. It helps blend water- and oil-based ingredients in cosmetics, and maintains product texture. The production was modelled using the Ecoinvent dataset >>Market for esters of versatile acid | Cutoff, U<<, due to its alignment with the esterification process. Sorbitan stearate is produced by esterifying sorbitol and stearic acid. The dataset captures the general environmental impacts of ester production. Cetearyl Alcohol Ceteareth-20 is a blend of cetearyl alcohol and ceteareth-20 used as an emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics. Cetearyl alcohol, a fatty alcohol derived from natural sources like coconut oil, thickens and stabilizes formulations, while ceteareth-20, a surfactant, improves emulsification and product consistency. Together, they enhance the texture and performance of lotions and creams. The production of cetearyl alcohol was modelled using the Ecoinvent dataset >>Market for fatty alcohol | Cutoff, U<<. Squalane is a stable, lightweight and non-greasy oil, used in cosmetics for its embilient properties, helping to hydrate and soften the skin. It is derived from squalene, which can come from plant sources like olives, rice bran and sugarcane. The production of squalane was modelled using the Ecoinvent dataset >>Market for vegetable oil, refined | Cutoff, U<<. For the Cetearyl ethyl hexanoate production process, we used the >>Market for esters of versatile acid | esters of versatile acid | Cutoff, U<< process in the Ecoinvent database for representing ester production processes, since Cetearyl ethyl hexanoate is produced through esterification. Borago officinalis seed oil, extracted from the starflower plant, is rich in Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) and is valued for its anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties. It is used commonly in cosmetic products for skin noruishment. The Borago officinalis seed oil production was modelled using the Ecoinvent dataset >>Market for cottonseed oil, crude | Cutoff, U<<, due to its relevance in representing plant-based oil production processes with similarities in agricultural cultivation, oil extraction and refining processes. Prunus amygdala dulcis oil, or sweet almond oil, is used commonly in skincare and haircare products for its embilient, moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties [23]. Rich in fatty acids and vitamin E, it helps protect against oxidative stress and is suitable for all skin types [24]. The production of sweet almond oil was modelled using the >>Linseed oil, refined, at oil mill\" process from the AGRIBALYSE v3.1 database as a plant-based oil with similar production characteristics. Sweet almond oil shares comparable fatty acid profiles and processing methods associated with the cultivation, extraction and refining of plant-derived oils. Oenothera biennis oil, or evening primrose oil, is rich in Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) [25] and antioxidants like vitamin E, providing anti-inflammatory and skin-hydrating benefits. It is often used to treat inflammatory skin conditions and improve skin hydration [26]. The production of evening primrose oil was modelled using the Ecoinvent dataset >>Market for vegetable oil, refined | Cutoff, U<< for general applicability to refined plant-basedoils by capturing the environmental impacts associated with the cultivation, oil extraction, and refining processes of similar plant oils. Macadamia integrifolia and Tetraphylla seed oil [27], rich in monounsaturated fats and palmitoleic acid, is used widely in skincare and healthcare products [28], due to its stability and resemblance to human sebum. The oil is resistant to oxidation, making it ideal for cosmetics and food applications [29].