esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Solder Joint Defect Detection in the Connectors Using Improved Faster-RCNN Algorithm
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Important Improvements
#### 2.2.2 K-Means Clustering Generates Anchor Boxes  
The size of anchor boxes in the Faster-RCNN algorithm refers to the target size in VOC 2007 and VOC 2012 data set. The generated boxes can cover most of the targets, and a more accurate suggestion box can be obtained through regression. However, the size of the pin in the connector is small in the image. Although the official anchor box can get a more accurate suggestion box by training the regression coefficient, the adjustment scale is too large, which is not conducive to convergence. Therefore, k-means clustering is adopted in this paper to analyze all training data and obtain a set of anchor boxes with more appropriate scale. K-means clustering pseudo code is shown in Table 2.  
Anchor boxes generated by k-means clustering are more in line with the actual size of detection targets compared with the preset anchor boxes based on experience, which is conducive to regression and obtaining a suggestion box with higher accuracy. Generally speaking, the larger a k value is, the more anchor boxes are generated and the higher the accuracy is. However, when k value is increased to a certain extent, the accuracy is basi  
Figure 6: Results of data augmentation in this paper. (**a**) the original image, (**b**) the result of left-right flipping, (**c**) the result of up-down flipping, (**d**) the result of random brightness, (**e**) the result of diagonal flipping and (**f**) the result of random contrast.  
cally unchanged, while too many suggestion boxes will greatly reduce the computational efficiency of the network. Therefore, the value range of k is generally defined in [2; 10]. The average Intersection-over-Union (IOU) of anchor boxes generated by k-means clustering under different k values are shown in Figure 7.
## 3 Results  
### Questionnaire  
Respenses to the questionnaire were obtained from all 23 participants. Sixteen participants ranked condition M as \"the most convenient\", the conditions T and N each were preferred by three participants, and only one participant preferred the condition F. The highest average score was obtained for the condition M, \(9.2\pm 1.1\) (M \(\pm\) SD), where the individual values ranged from 7 to 10. Next to it was N (\(8.0\pm 2.1\), ranged 3 to 10), then F (\(6.8\pm 2.6\), ranged 1 to 10), and T received the lowest estimate (\(5.9\pm 2.5\), ranged 1 to 10) (Figure 2). The scores were separately submitted to one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction, which showed the significance of the users' score factor (\(F(3,\,66)=15.32\), \(\varepsilon=0.75\), \(p<0.000001\)). The post-hoc test revealed significant differences in this estimate between conditions M and F, T and M, and T and N (Table 1).
## 1 Introduction
There is increasing research associated with characterization of indoor VLC channels that can more accurately model a VLC link, in addition to considering all the factors that can influence the link behavior [11,14,15]. Compared to typical VLC indoor systems, VLC environments for underground mines are more complex to model. A typical underground mining scenario consists of small tunnels with irregular walls, so the VLC channel can be modeled considering the line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) components, provided by the direct signal emitted by the LED (optical transmitter) to the PD (optical receiver) and the signals reflected on the walls that also reach the receiver, respectively [9,16]. Further, due to the light characteristics, as well as the LEDs and PDs, intensity modulation (IM)techniques in the transmitter and direct detection (DD) in the receiver must be implemented in these systems. According to all these features, a complete optical propagation model of the signal received at the receiver must also be proposed. To date, there has been little research regarding underground mining VLC models that involve these details [17]. Among the problems that may occur in underground mining VLC systems, it is well known by many studies that, when the optical receivers are in the overlapping area of two adjacent optical cells, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) of these receptors could decrease considerably, due to the existence of strong interference produced by the inter-cell interference (ICI) phenomenon, which severely degrades the system performance [18; 19]. Also, specifically in underground mining environments, there may be fluctuations in SINR, which are caused by the NLoS components due to reflections of light on irregular surfaces, which also affects the reduction of system efficiency. A considerable amount of scientific literature has been published that, presents solutions to efficiently mitigate the ICI [20; 21]. Recently, a new technique, based on angle diversity receiver (ADR), has been introduced in typical indoor VLC environments [18; 19; 22; 23; 24; 25]. An ADR consists of multiple narrow-field-of-view (FoV) PDs, which, when combined, result in a large-overall-FoV and coverage as a single PD. Each of the narrow-FoV PDs can be selected or combined through signal combining schemes, thereby reducing the interference effect of the signals that produce ICI. Nevertheless, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no previous work addressing ICI mitigation problems and SINR fluctuation reductions in the field of underground mining VLC, which implies that solutions to these problems like those of ADRs, have not been tested in mining scenarios either. In the following subsections we present several models related to the underground mining VLC channel. Then, state-of-the art solutions for the ICI problem in VLC, specifically involving ADR schemes, are presented. Finally, we briefly present works related to the direct application of the ADR solution in hostile VLC environments.
## 3 Materials
### TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA)
After seventeen years with the TRMM satellite in orbit, its mission came to an end in 2015, and was succeeded by the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM, see Section 3.2). Nevertheless, the plan is that TMPA will continue to be computed with climatological coefficients for several months after the IMERG is retrospectively processed to the start of TRMM in order to allow a transition for users, like in the present study.
# IAACaaS: IoT Application-Scoped Access Control as a Service +
## 5 Implementation and Results  
To validate the proposed solution, the authors have implemented and deployed the model in the scope of the FIWARE European project ([[https://www.fiware.org](https://www.fiware.org)]([https://www.fiware.org](https://www.fiware.org)) [Last accessed on 3 October 2017]). The objective of FIWARE is to provide a framework for developing smart applications for the future Internet. To achieve this, it creates a service ecosystem based on key elements called Generic Enablers (GEs), which compose a frame that allows the development of the new future Internet applications. To add security to this framework, the FIWARE Security Team develops a set of GEs with the main objective of providing a single identity service for the rest of the GEs. This way, GE developers provide FIWARE users the possibility of easily logging in using a single account: the one provided by the FIWARE identity service. Moreover, access to the protected resources that those services expose is managed following the FIWARE Security basis, which implements an AC mechanism that follows the architecture presented in this paper.  
Each FIWARE GE is defined by an open specification that describes relevant information for users to consume the implementations corresponding to the GE and/or to build compliant services that can work as alternative implementations of GEs developed by FIWARE. Moreover, each GE has a Generic Enabler reference implementation (GEri) that implements the defined open specification and that is used as a reference for the other implementations that could appear in the ecosystem. These implementations are totally open-source and maintained by the community of FIWARE developers.  
Figure 3: Device request and authorization flow.
# Low-Latency Bit-Accurate Architecture for Configurable Precision Floating-Point Division
## 4 General Architecture and Main Parts
### Part 2 Mantissa_Divide
Such rule is applicable for the rest of 16 MUX. Partial Product Comparator module is to calculate 16 partial products of the 16 possible 32-bit quotients and divisor \(Y\) using _product_ and \(Y\) and to gain the final partial product _tmp_product_ by Product Comparator. The architecture of Partial Product Comparator is displayed in Figure 8.  
Figure 7: The architecture of Partial Product Comparator module. As displayed in Figure 9, the architecture of module Quotient Comparator in Figure 6 is quite similar to module Partial Product Comparator. Although the Product Comparator module outputs _tmp_product_ with a 16-stage MUX group, the Quotient Comparator module outputs the most approximative 32-bit partial quotient \(q\)32_ which makes up 32 bits of _quotient_out_tmp_ every cycle. After Quotient Selection Unit, update _cnt_ with  
\[cnt\_next=cnt+32. \tag{32}\]  
Therefore, new dividend  
\[dividend\_next=dividend-tmp\_product, \tag{33}\]  
and new quotient  
\[quotient\_out=quotient\_out\_tmp+q\_32\times 1/2^{(precision-cnt)}, \tag{34}\]  
can be attained. Since \(Y\) is invariant during the whole division progress and the first and second cycles have already computed \(B\), only two multiplication (\(X_{h}\times B\) and \(q\_32\times Y\)) and one subtraction is needed in the third and later cycles. If precision > cnt, left-shift dividend_next by 32 bits, update dividend_next, and update quotient_out with quotient_out_tmp. Afterwards, repeat the third cycle procedure until _cnt_ > precision_. Otherwise, terminate the recurrence and jump to NORMALize.
# Research on the Reliability of Bridge Structure Construction Process System Based on Copula Theory
## 3 Engineering Applications
### System Reliability Analysis  
#### 3.3.1 Relationship between System Reliability Index and Failure Mode Reliability Index  
In this section, the relationship between the variation of the reliability indexes of the bridge system with the reliability indexes of individual failure modes is analyzed, and the system reliability index values are calculated separately when each single failure mode takes any integer between 1 and 8. Based on these data, a graph of the variation of the system reliability indexes with each single reliability index is fitted and the variation is plotted in Figure 1. From Figure 1, it can be seen that the seven failure modes mentioned in the examples used in this paper have approximately the same effect on the system reliability index of the bridge structure. When the reliability index of a single failure mode is less than 4, the reliability index of a single failure mode directly determines the reliability index of the whole system due to the high probability of failure. As the individual failure mode reliability index increases, the reliability index of the bridge system tends to be stable and finally stabilizes at a number near the system reliability index calculated in this paper (4.4176). The reading of the graph shows that the sixth failure mode, the compressive stress at the lower edge of node 107, plays a decisive role in the magnitude of the system reliability index, which is consistent with the definition used in the wide boundary method calculation.  
In order to more clearly describe the influence of each reliability index of the overlapping part in Figure 1 on the system reliability index, the influence of a single failure mode reliability index on the system reliability index when the variation range of the reliability index is 4-8 is enlarged in Figure 2.
## 4 Bionic Morse Coding Method
### Information Modulation
#### 4.2.4 Step 4: Time Interval  
This step calculates the time gap between the correlation peaks obtained in the last process. The time interval is used to map the covert information. In this method, letters of the English language are defined through one to three bionic Morse elements as listed in Table 1. One letter may consist the element of other letter. To differentiate this lack, a time delay is inserted between the elements and characters. Let the time delay and the time duration of bionic Morse element be denoted as \(t_{d}\) and \(t_{e}\) respectively. In the modulation process, the time interval between the elements and characters are set as 0.1 and 0.2 s respectively. We took the mean value in the detection.  
Let \(t_{d}-t_{e}\) be the threshold time termed as \(t_{h}\). If \(t_{h}\leq\) 0.15 s, it means that the next element is part of the same character. If this condition is false, it represents that other characters have startedand the element is part of other characters. Let us understand with the help of an example. Figure 11 shows the detection of \"club\" in the mimicked message \"COVERT\". The \(t_{e}\) of element club is 0.37 s. The first correlation peak is detected at 2.9 s. The subsequent correlation peak at 3.37 s. Time delay \(t_{d}\) is calculated as 0.47 s. Therefore \(t_{h}\) = 0.1 s which means that the subsequent element is part of the same character. The green embossed correlation peak lies in the same character representing the English letter \"V\". The fourth correlation peak dictates that the new character has started as \(t_{h}\) of fourth and third peak is calculated as 0.2 s.  
Figure 10: Detection of bionic Morse elements (**a**) club, (**b**) diamond, (**c**) heart and (**d**) spade from a mimicked message “COMMUNICATION”.
## 3 Proposed System
### Intended Environment  
This research aimed to develop a system that detects athletes at high risk of ACL injury in their regular training environments using wearable devices and notifies them of the risk. The system implementation met the following four requirements:  
1. **No restriction on movement**. The proposed system was intended for use during athletes' regular training, so it was designed to not restrict their range of motion or activities. Thus, the system used a knee supporter that athletes could wear without discomfort, ensuring no restriction on movement.
2. **Capable of measuring knee joint state**. Preventing ACL injuries requires estimating the knee valgus angle during jump landings and direction changes, as well as the valgus angle when the knee flexion angle is small. Therefore, the system has to measure the knee joint state. The proposed system uses stretch sensors that are elastic and easy to attach to the supporter to measure changes in knee joint angles.
3. **No need for extensive equipment**. The proposed system was intended for use in athletes' regular training environments, so it did not require extensive systems like multiple cameras for angle estimation. This research aimed to develop a system that used only a knee supporter, stretch sensors, and a PC to estimate knee joint angles and evaluate ACL injury risk.
4. **No need for specialized skills for attachment and measurement**. Continuous knee joint angle measurements need to minimize measurement errors caused by individual characteristics and attachment/detachment. Thus, the system is simple to use without requiring specialized skills. The proposed system allows users to wear a knee supporter device and perform calibration through flexion exercises during warm-up to minimize errors due to attachment/detachment and body shape changes during movement.
# Feasibility of Wave Simulation in Typhoon Using WaveWATCH-III Forced by Remote-Sensed Wind
## 1 Introduction
Although assembling winds from remote-sensed products has served as the forcing field for the numeric wave model over the global ocean [24], the feasibility and accuracy of remote-sensed wind data used in typhoon-induced wave simulation are important questions worth investigating. At present, typhoon-induced waves are usually simulated via the wave model forced by reconstructed wind products [25] and predicted via artificial intelligence methods with remote-sensed products [26]. The application of assembling winds from remote-sensed winds in a typhoon-induced wave simulation has not been examined. An experiment utilizing multiple satellites is carried out in this study to explore this issue. In this study, the simulated region is located in the Western Pacific Ocean with a wide spatial coverage, indicating that the rectangular grid used in WW3 has better computational efficiency than the unstructured grid in SWAN. This study aims to assess the feasibility and accuracy of assembling winds from remote-sensed wind data used in the typhoon-induced wave simulation via the WW3 model. Section 2 shows the data collection from typhoons, including operational wind products from nine scatterometers and radiometers, including the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT-A/B/C) and Haiyang-2 (HY-2B/C/D) constellation. The radiometers consist of Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR-2) and HY-2B, and wave spectra from SWIM. The methodology for assembling wind and the metric parameters is also presented in Section 2. Section 3 provides the verification of WW3-simulated waves using the assembling wind forcing field and ERA-5 wind forcing field, respectively, against the measurements of SWIM and provides further discussion. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 4.
## 2 Processing and Preparation of Water-Saturated Fissured Sandstone Specimens and SHPB Test Device  
### Processing of Water-Saturated Fissured Sandstone Specimens  
The sandstone was provided by Pan Er Coal Mine, Huainan City, Anhui Province, China. It was treated according to the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) recommended test protocol [26] and China Technical Specification for Testing Method of Rock Dynamic Properties [27]. By coring, cutting, and polishing, cylindrical specimens with a diameter (\(D\)) and height (\(H\)) both measuring 50 mm were fabricated. A full cross-section through fissure measuring 20 mm in length (\(l\)) and 2 mm in width (\(h\)) with a 45\({}^{\circ}\) dip angle was machined along the side of the cylinder using water jet technology. The location of the prefabricated fissures in the sandstone specimen is shown in Figure 1.  
Referring to the Rock Testing Procedure for Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Engineering [28], the fissured sandstone specimens were put into water for 48 h of natural saturation to achieve the saturated state. The specimen preparation process is presented in Figure 2. The Smartlab SE X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China) was used to analyze the compositions of the specimens after the water saturation of the prefabricated fissured sandstone, and the XRD patterns were measured as shown in Figure 3. By comparing the obtained XRD spectra with the standard PDF cards, it can be seen that the water-saturated fissured sandstone is mainly composed of quartz ([SiO\({}_{2}\)]) and gismondine ([CaAlSi\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{8}\)-4H\({}_{2}\)O]).  
Figure 1: Precast fracture location diagram of sandstone specimen.
## 1 Introduction
### Classification and Assessment of SCI  
SCI classification uses anatomical and functional criteria. The spine is divided into five sections: cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacral (S1-S5), and coccyx (Cx3-Cx5). The neurological level of injury is the lowest spinal segment with intact motor and sensory function. Injuries are classified as complete or incomplete based on preserved neurological function below the injury level [8]. A complete injury results in total loss of motor and sensory function, while an incomplete injury allows for some function and sensation [3; 9; 10]. Neurological function alone does not fully define disability; motor and sensory impairments also influence outcomes [11; 12]. Standardized assessment tools evaluate SCI severity and recovery potential. The American Spinal Injuries Association (ASIA) impairment scale (AIS) is widely used, classifying injuries from Grade A (complete injury with no function) to Grade E (normal function) based on motor and sensory assessments [13]. ASIA evaluates key muscles and dermatomes, providing a standardized score. The lower extremity motor score (LEMS), a component of ASIA, helps predict walking ability; a score of 30 or higher indicates a good chance of regaining mobility [14]. The complexity of SCI outcomes extends beyond neurological impairment alone and involves multiple dimensions of functioning. Thus, the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides a comprehensive framework to describe health and disability in terms of body function, activity limitation, and social participation [15]. It includes qualifiers for body functions and structures, resulting in a 7-point scale indicating the presence and magnitude (or extent) of an impairment. Integrating the ICF framework allows for a broader interpretation of recovery that goes beyond traditional impairment scales, supporting a more holistic and patient-centered approach to prognosis and rehabilitation in SCI. Research has investigated linking ASIA scores with ICF categories to create standardized outcome measures for spinal cord injury (SCI). For instance, certain ICF codes, such as b730 (muscle power functions) or d450(walking), can be associated with ASIA motor and sensory scores to measure disability and monitor progress [16]. The ICF's universal terminology supports interdisciplinary collaboration and international comparisons, while the ASIA classification offers precise, SCI-specific insights [17].
## 2 Background and Literature Review
### Review of NDN Mobility
In addition, they introduce a mechanism for mobility preprocess that leverage connectionless as well as multi-path packet forwarding within the NDN to create the forwarding path for future interest in advance, that supports the producer to perform a seamless handover. The authors show, using numerical analysis, that their approach reduces latency during the handover and improves response ratio. Similarly, the work in [26] suggests a mobility service managed in NDN which is accountable for supervision when a connection is performing a transaction. Hence, the new connection is determined in this manner that is intended for the transaction. Additionally, it hides the connection distortion from the new transaction. Through establishing a mobility service link to the NDN, the mobile service for the consumer is visible to the remaining NDN architecture. Consequently, the consumer's mobile service, as well as the architecture of NDN can be developed individually. The analytical evaluation and the results from simulation show that the author's proposed method reduces the transmission of data. Furthermore, the handover latency is compared with respect to the original solution for NDN mobility. In [27], the authors proposed a mobility architecture for NDN that leverages SDN. The architecture was illustrated with a single controller and multi-controllers in SDN. However, there were no proof-of-concept experiments to evaluate the validity of the given strategy. Moreover, the procedure was not effectively demonstrated with more details. Hence, our proposed scheme overcomes the limitations of the previous methods. In the following sections, we demonstrate our SDPCACM for NDN. Moreover, we provide the experimental setup and evaluation of our suggested approach.