## 3 Related Work/Literature Studies  
The literature studies were conducted using information sourced from online databases like Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis indicates that the stability of road freight transport is crucial for economic growth, market accessibility, and the support of local businesses and regions [16]. In 2021, the sector's share of the EU freight services market (tkm) increased by 1.7% compared to 2011 [17]. Among the 19 product categories transported between 2018 and 2022, the \"Unidentified Goods\" category, which includes AILs, saw the highest growth, with a 9.3% increase (Table 5) [18]. As a result, vehicle manufacturers are incorporating various fault monitoring and detection systems during the design phase [19; 20; 21]. The development of these systems can be categorized into four phases:  
1. Early days. Initially, road freight transport utilized basic monitoring systems to measure engine parameters such as RPM, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature. 2. Second half of the 20 th century. Advances in technology led to the introduction of more sophisticated monitoring systems with sensors for braking, tire pressure, and exhaust emissions. 3. Early 21 st century. The integration of electronic control units (ECUs) in trucks enabled more extensive monitoring through On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) systems. These systems utilize internal Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) networks to monitor operational parameters and On-Board Computers (OBCs) to collect, record, process, and transmit data to drivers while controlling the operation of all components and detecting possible anomalies. 4. Current developments. The rapid increase in monitored components has led to longer wiring and more connectors, which has impacted the reliability of monitoring systems. To address this issue, Controller Area Network (CAN) buses have been introduced. These include the serial Local Interconnect Network (LIN) and the ring-based Media Oriented System Transport (MOST), both facilitating bidirectional communication. Literature studies reveal four interconnected applications of such systems:  
1. Supporting the daily activities of drivers through periodic monitoring of vehicle technical conditions, including: * Monitoring transport operations and informing the driver about internal (e.g., faults in critical systems) and external (e.g., ice on the road) threats [22]. * Choosing alternate routes in emergencies (traffic congestion, infrastructure failures in the travel lane, etc.) [23; 24]. 2. Supporting managers in decision-making regarding planning and adjusting transport and maintenance operations in response to client requirements or incidents on transport routes that cause unplanned stops. Managers who have current information are better equipped to avoid planning mistakes, accelerate report preparation, and provide detailed geographical insights [25; 26]. 3. Enabling departments within the Transport & Logistics (T&L) sector to continuously monitor transport operations, streamline technical inspection scheduling, and assess maintenance downtime. Early identification of vehicle reliability issues facilitates timely preventive maintenance and repairs, preventing vehicles from becoming inoperative [20; 27; 28]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**EU Road Freight Transport between 2018 and 2022 (Million Tons)**} \\ \hline Transport of unidentified goods, including AILs & 2018 & 2019 & 2020 & 2021 & 2022 \\
155.0 & 165.9 & 158.7 & 164.4 & 188 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: EU road freight transport, 2018–2022 [18]. Supporting T&L companies in enhancing last-mile logistics, optimizing supply chains, tracking transport activities, ensuring schedule adherence, and managing operational expenses [29; 30]. In the literature, the authors place particular emphasis on the effectiveness of the OBD I system used in US vehicles since 1988 and the subsequent version, OBD II, which became mandatory in 1996.