esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Application Example
### FE Model and Numerical Modal Analysis  
The FE model of the cable was built using the software Ansys [57]. The geometrical and mechanical properties of the cable under study were as follows: (i) its length, \(L=2.92\times 10^{2}\) m; (ii) its outer diameter, \(D=0.20\) m; (iii) the effective area of its cross section, \(A=8.38\times 10^{-3}\) m\({}^{2}\); (iv) the effective moment of inertia, \(I=5.58\times 10^{-4}\) m\({}^{4}\); (v) its mass per unit length, \(m=60\) kg/m; (vi) an axial force, \(H=4.13\times 10^{6}\) N; (vii) a Young's modulus, \(E=1.6\times 10^{11}\) N/\(m^{2}\); and (viii) the angle between the cable and the deck, \(\gamma=26^{\circ}\). The cable was modelled by a mesh of 100 equal-length beam elements (BEAM188). In order to simulate numerically the sag effect, a nonlinear static analysis was previously performed. The objective of this preliminary analysis was to find both the initial tensional state and pre-deformed shape of the cable. The self-weight of the cable and its initial axial force were considered as loads for this preliminary nonlinear static analysis. Subsequently, the results of this analysis were used to update the geometry and tensional state of the cable. Later, the linear perturbation method was considered to perform the modal analysis [57]. Additionally, the stress stiffening effect was taken into account to perform this modal analysis.  
As result of this numerical modal analysis, the first six natural frequencies were obtained. Table 1 shows the value of these first six natural frequencies (\(f_{i}\) being the natural frequencies of the \(i^{th}\) vibration mode).
# Application of Compact Folded-Arms Square Open-Loop Resonator to Bandpass Filter Design
###### Abstract
In the receiver, conversely, bandpass filters are used to ensure that only the desired frequencies are allowed at the receiving end of the wireless communication system. Most design requirements of bandpass filters, such as selectivity, cost, size, sensitivity to environmental effects, power handling capacity, and in-band and out-of-band performance metrics, are critical specifications when it comes to the development of radio frequency (RF) and microwave communication front ends. Filter design engineers and technicians are often required to make compromises between numerous conflicting requirements, as it is rather difficult or even physically and/or electrically impossible to simultaneously achieve all design criteria and requirements. For example, achieving higher channel selectivity usually requires the use of more resonators, which will then result in higher insertion loss along the transmission path [1]. The filter reported in this paper is compact, with very good performances including low return and insertion losses, high selectivity, and very sharp roll-off.
## 3 Memory Management in MIROS
### Dynamic Memory Allocators in MIROS  
To address the challenges presented above, the _heap-extendable SFL allocator_ and the _defragmented SF allocator_ are developed in MIROS. With these allocators, the flexibility problem of the _SFL_ allocator can be eased, and the fragmentation problem of the _SF_ allocator can also be solved.
# GNSS Profile from the Greenland Korth Expeditions in the Context of Satellite Data
###### Abstract
At the end of the last ice age (around 11,700 years ago), Northern Eurasia, Northern America, Patagonia and Antarctica underwent deglaciation, which until today causes the underlying crust to rebound. Thus, any error in the glacial isostatic adjustment model causes a similar height error in altimetry measurements. On the contrary, for gravimetry such an error is four to five times larger [9]. This is because gravity observing instruments cannot distinguish between local gravity changes and a vertical displacement of the source material. Rock in the Earth mantle is four to five times as dense as ice, so its rise by 1 cm is equivalent to a rise of the surface ice sheet by 4-5 cm. We will pay attention to glacial isostatic adjustment; we will exclude it from the usual processing of satellite gravity data in order to be better comparable to the local GNSS observations (Section 5); glacial isostatic adjustment will be included again in processing when estimating the total mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet (Section 6). In this paper, in Section 2 the Greenland Korth Expeditions are introduced, during which the local GNSS measurements of the Greenland ice sheet were obtained. Then in Section 3 the Greenland Korth Expeditions profile is displayed using satellite-derived maps of bed and surface elevations and the surface ice velocity. Section 4 presents the comparison of the GNSS and radar altimetry observations, and in Section 5 both satellite gravity and GNSS data are processed to be comparable. Finally, Section 6 provides an updated estimate of the Greenland ice sheet mass change using recent satellite gravimetry measurements.
# A Laser-Based Method for the Detection of Honey Adulteration
## 2 Materials and Methods
### LIBS Setup  
For the LIBS experiments a, 4 ns Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (Quanta-Ray INDI, Spectra Physics) operating at a repetition rate of 10 Hz, at its fundamental frequency, at 1064 nm, was used for creating the plasma. The laser energy was set at ~70 mJ and the laser beam was focused on the sample surface with a 150 mm focal length lens. The plasma emission was collected by a quartz lens and was introduced to a quartz optical fiber bundle coupled to the entrance slit of a portable spectrograph (AvaSpec-UL54096 CL-EVO (CMOS)) equipped with a CMOS detector (CMOS linear image sensor, 4096 pixels) and a diffraction grating with 300 lines/mm. From the 4096 pixels of the detector, only 2751 pixels were used, corresponding to the 200 to 1000 nm spectral region. The optimum conditions for the detector gating were a gate delay, t\({}_{\rm d}\), of 1.28 us, and a gate width, t\({}_{\rm w}\), of 1.05 ms. The width of the spectrograph slit was set at 10 um.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c} \hline
**15 Honey Samples** \\ \hline
4 fir honey samples \\
5 thyme honey samples \\
4 multifloral honey samples \\
2 pine honey samples \\
**27 adulterated honey samples** \\
9 fir honey adulterated samples (10–90\% (w/w)) \\
9 thyme honey adulterated samples (10–90\% (w/w)) \\
9 multifocal honey adulterated samples (10–90\% (w/w)) \\
3 glucose syrup samples \\
**In total: 45 samples** \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Honey samples.  
The LIBS measurements of the honey samples were performed according to the following procedure: the LIBS spectra of ten successive laser shots obtained at one location on the sample's surface were averaged, corresponding to one LIBS measurement. A total of 50 such LIBS measurements were collected at different positions on the sample's surface and were employed for the subsequent statistical analysis by the machine learning algorithms.
## 4 Discussion
### Stainless Steel vs. Titanium Alloy Miniscrews  
Primary stability is an important factor in miniscrew implant survival. Despite the many differences between stainless steel and titanium alloy, they had a similar rate of success in meeting the most important mechanical requirements for the good stability of the miniscrew implants. The primary stability of a miniscrew implant, which is a critical factor in the success of a miniscrew treatment, depends on the insertion depth rather than on the implant material [30].  
Instead of titanium alloy, stainless steel was the selected miniscrew composition because it had superior toughness (resistance to fracture) when placed in relatively dense cortical bone. Stainless steel also has a long history as the preferred material for orthopedic applications requiring sharp self-drilling screws with a high toughness (resistance to fracture) [31]. In thin cortical bone, however, titanium alloy miniscrews have a lower failure rate compared to stainless steel miniscrews. The likely explanation for the lower failure rate of titanium is its slight biocompatibility advantage in resisting bone resorption at the miniscrew interface in thin cortical bone [32].  
In a recent clinical study [31], both stainless steel infrazzygomatic miniscrews and titanium alloy infrazzygomatic miniscrews had overall success rates of 93.7%; therefore, either stainless steel or titanium alloy are suitable for most clinical applications. The FEA in this study revealed greater mean bending in titanium alloy miniscrew implants compared to stainless steel miniscrew implants used in the same hard palate model. Further clinical studies are needed to compare the stability between miniscrew implants composed of stainless steel and those composed of titanium alloy in MARME.
# Purification of Produced Water by Solvents to Enhance Oil Recovery and Reuse Separated Droplets
### Objective  
Although numerous industrial techniques are available and innovative proposals at the laboratory level for the purification of produced water exist, the use of solvents has not yet been studied. These solvents should be capable of breaking emulsions to induce the coalescence of oil droplets, and thus, their separation as a supernatant. The oil thus recovered can be commercialised and, therefore, will pay for the water purification costs. Depending on the solvent used, the recovery may involve a standard additional refining process to recycle the solvent.  
The primary aim of this study is to propose a solvent-based method for purifying produced water that allows for the recovery of residual oil for future commercialisation. Specifically, the first goal is to identify the essential characteristics a solvent must have to effectively disrupt oil emulsions, using the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) as a framework. The second goal is to select, from the tested solvents that meet the HSP criteria, those that are most suitable based on their high efficiency, low toxicity, industrial availability, and cost-effectiveness.
# A Novel Dynamic Transmission Power of Cluster Heads Based Clustering Scheme
## 4 Proposed Approach
### Cluster Head Election Strategy
#### 4.2.2 Node Remaining Energy  
The remaining energy of the UAV node is also an important election criterion. If a UAV node has low energy, it is less likely to become the cluster head. This is because the remaining energy of this node may not be enough to maintain its continuous work, thereby affecting the communication of the whole network. The residual energy ratio \(E_{i}\) of node \(i\) can be expressed as  
\[E_{i}=\frac{E_{0}-E_{\text{T}}}{E_{0}}, \tag{13}\]  
where \(E_{0}\) is the total energy of node \(i\). \(E_{\text{T}}\) is the total energy consumption of node \(i\), which is written as  
\[E_{\text{T}}=E_{\text{TX}}+E_{\text{RX}}+E_{\text{F}}, \tag{14}\]  
where \(E_{\text{TX}}\) is the energy consumed by sending message of node \(i\). \(E_{\text{RX}}\) is the energy consumed by receiving message of node \(i\). \(E_{\text{F}}\) is the flying consumption of node \(i\), which is calculated as  
\[E_{\text{F}}=\int_{0}^{t_{\text{F}}}P_{\text{F}}dt, \tag{15}\]  
where  
\[P_{\text{F}}=\sqrt{\frac{(m_{\text{UAV}}g)^{3}}{2\pi m_{w}r_{w}\rho_{air}}}, \tag{16}\]  
\(t_{\text{F}}\) is the flying time of UAV. \(m_{\text{UAV}}\) is the mass of UAV, \(\rho_{air}\) and \(g\) are the air density and earth gravity, respectively. \(n_{w}\) is the number of wings. \(r_{w}\) is the radius of wings.
# Generalized Paxos Made Byzantine
## 5 Byzantine Fault Tolerant Protocol
### Overview  
We modularize our protocol explanation according to the following main components, which are also present in other protocols of the Paxos family:  
* **View Change--**The goal of this subprotocol is to ensure that, at any given moment, one of the proposers is chosen as a distinguished leader, who runs a specific version of the agreement subprotocol. To achieve this, the view change subprotocol continuously replaces leaders, until one is found that can ensure progress (i.e., commands are eventually appended to the current sequence).
* **Agreement--**Given a fixed leader, this subprotocol extends the current sequence with a new command or set of commands. Analogously to Fast Paxos [12] and Generalized Paxos [13], choosing this extension can be done through two variants of the protocol: using either _classic_ ballots or _fast_ ballots, with the characteristic that fast ballots complete in fewer communication steps, but may have to fall back to using a classic ballot when there is contention among concurrent requests.
# SLLB-DEVS: An Approach for DEVS Based Modeling of Semiconductor Lithography Load Balance
###### Abstract  
In industrial applications, software related to computational lithography using a DP system method, which refers to how efficiently hardware resources are used, has a significant impact on performance. Because the amount of data to be processed per unit of time is comparatively large in the current semiconductor industry, the efficiency of hardware should be increased through job 12 scheduling by using the most efficient load balancing techniques possible. For efficient scheduling of the load balancer, these are necessary to predict the end time of a given job; this is calculated based on the performance of computing resources and the development of effective traffic distribution algorithms. Due to the high integration of semiconductor chips, the volume of mask exposure data has increased exponentially, the number of slave nodes is increasing, and most EDA tools require one license per DP node to perform a simulation. In this paper, in order to improve efficiency and reduce cost through more efficient load balancing scheduling, a new type of DEVS load balancing method was studied based on the existing industrial E-beam cluster model. The designed DEVS model showed up to four times the throughput of the existing legacy model for medium and large clusters when the BSF policy was applied.  
model; simulation; load balancing; distributed processing system; scheduling +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
The City of Surrey in British Columbia, Canada has recently launched a district energy network (DEN) to supply residential and commercial buildings in the Surrey Centre area with hot water for space and domestic hot water heating. The network runs on natural gas boilers and geothermal exchange. However, the City plans to transition to low-carbon energy sources and envisions the DEN as a key development in reaching its greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reduction targets in the building sector. Harvesting and utilizing waste heat from industrial sites using a mobile thermal energy storage (M-TES) is one of the attractive alternative energy sources that Surrey is considering. In this study, a techno-economic analysis (TEA) was conducted to determine the energy storage density (ESD) of the proposed M-TES technology, costs, and the emission reduction potential of integrating waste heat into Surrey's DEN. Three transportation methods were considered to determine the most cost-effective and low-carbon option(s) to transfer heat from industrial waste heat locations at various distances (15 km, 30 km, 45 km) to district energy networks, including: (i) a diesel truck; (ii) a renewable natural gas-powered (RNG) truck, and (iii) an electric truck. To evaluate the effectiveness of M-TES, the cost of emission reduction ($/tCO2e avoided) is compared with business as usual (BAU), which is using a natural gas boiler only. Another comparison was made with other low carbon energy sources that the city is considering, such as RNG/biomass boiler, sewer heat recovery, electric boiler, and solar thermal. The minimum system-level ESD required to makes M-TES competitive when compared to other low carbon energy sources was 0.4 MJ/kg.  
district energy network; mobile thermal energy storage (M-TES); industrial waste heat; techno-economic analysis; and GHG emission reduction; low carbon energy +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# High-Resolution Digital-to-Time Converter Implemented in an FPGA Chip
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the design and implementation of a new digital-to-time converter (DTC). The obtained resolution is 1.02 ps, and the dynamic range is about 590 ns. The experimental results indicate that the measured differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) are \(-0.17\)\(\rightarrow\)\(+0.13\) LSB and \(-0.35\)\(\rightarrow\)\(+0.62\) LSB, respectively. This DTC builds coarse and fine Vernier delay lines constructed by programmable delay lines (PDLs) to ensure high performance delay. Benefited by the close-loop feedback mechanism of the PDLs' control module, the presented DTC has excellent voltage and temperature stability. What is more, the proposed DTC can be implemented in a single field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip.  
digital-to-time converter; FPGA; programmable delay lines; time and frequency analysis Article
## 6 Conclusions  
For FPASR, the antenna pattern significantly influences the imaging quality. This paper analyzes various aspects including the antenna pattern differences, antenna pattern  
Figure 14: The results of the flight experiment after correction. (**a**) \(T^{XX}\), (**b**) \(T^{YY}\).  
measurement errors, backlobe antenna pattern, and cross-polar antenna pattern. According to the action form of the pattern errors on the visibility function, they can be divided into additive pattern errors (contribution of the backlobe and cross-polar antenna pattern) and multiplicative pattern errors (antenna pattern differences and antenna pattern measurement error). A two-step correction method is proposed to systematically correct these antenna pattern errors: first, artificial brightness temperature is employed to mitigate additive errors; subsequently, antenna brightness temperature is utilized to alleviate multiplicative errors.  
The effectiveness of this two-step method has been validated through both simulations and experimental results. Firstly, the Fresnel model of the ocean is used for fully polarimetric simulations, and the quantitative analysis of the correction method was conducted by comparing it with the original brightness temperature. When antenna pattern errors are introduced into the simulation, the BT errors for both X polarization and Y polarization exceed 12 K. After the two-step correction method, the BT errors are reduced to within 3 K. Then, to further verify the effectiveness of the correction method, flight experiments were carried out. An 11-element fully polarimetric aperture synthesis radiometer was carried on an aircraft for the flight experiment. The coastline was imaged in the flight experiment. By comparing the reconstructed image with the optical image, it can be seen that the corrected BT image has a higher imaging quality and is more consistent with the optical image.  
Conceptualization, Y.W.; methodology, Y.W., X.Y. and Y.L.; software, Y.W. and X.Y.; validation, Y.W., P.L. and G.S.; investigation, H.D., Y.L. and H.L.; resources, Y.L., H.L. and G.S.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.W.; writing--review and editing, Y.W. and Y.L.; visualization, Y.W., X.Y. and P.L.; supervision, Y.L. and H.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Pre-research Project of Civil Aerospace Technology of China (D040202).  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Results  
### Flooded Extent  
According to the satellite remote sensing results, the highest flood extent for 4 to 14 August reached 123,349 km\({}^{2}\) and affected 13 provinces and states as shown in Figure 6. Ayeyarwady, Bogo, Sagaging, and Magway were severely affected and the flood extent for each exceeded 1000 km\({}^{2}\). Ayeyarwady was affected the most (3980 km\({}^{2}\) flooded area). From the accumulated rainfall, the water levels of major rivers rose dramatically and spurred widespread basin flooding. Flooded areas were mainly distributed across valleys and plains along rivers. The northeastern Sagaging, southwestern Kachin, central and northern Ayeyarwady, and southwestern Bogo were flooded. The plains of central southern Sagaing, of central Magway, and of southern Rakhine were waterlogged. Chin was affected the least, presenting a flooded area of only 2.56 km\({}^{2}\).  
Figure 5: Flood Impact Estimation Workflow.
## 3 SLD-GEDIR Protocol
### Impact of Degree of Connectivity of NHVs on Successful Transmission  
The degree of connectivity of NHVs is defined as the number of links between the NHV and its neighbors within a respective segment area (_cf._ Figure 6). The degree of connectivity of NHVs is used to identify a reliable forwarding vehicle from among the segment vehicles. A segment vehicle having the highest degree of connectivity in its respective segment area will have higher probability of finding a better NHV, even if some of the segment vehicles undergo directional changes. In SLD-GEDIR, each vehicle has information about its position, degree of connectivity, average speed, and time. Vehicles exchange this information among neighbors. The information about the degree of connectivity plays an important role in making efficient routing decisions in the proposed protocol.  
The probability of finding an NHV \(P_{NHV}\) in the segment area can be expressed as given in Equation (21) (_cf._ Figure 4, for \(CABC\) and \(SAB\)):  
\[P_{NHV} = \frac{Number\ of\ vehicles\ in\ segment\ area\ CABC}{number\ of\ vehicles\ in\ sector\ area\ CAB} \tag{21}\] \[= \frac{\lambda\left\{\left(R^{2}\times\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{L}{2M }\right)\right)-\left(\frac{L}{4}\times\sqrt{4R^{2}-L^{2}}\right)\right\}}{ \lambda\left(R^{2}\times\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{L}{2M}\right)\right)}\]  
By simplification of Equation (21), Equation (22) is obtained:  
\[P_{NHV}=1-\left\{\frac{\frac{L}{4}\times\sqrt{4R^{2}-L^{2}}}{R^{2}\times\tan^{ -1}\left(\frac{L}{2M}\right)}\right\} \tag{22}\]
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Numerical Results
#### 4.1.2 Detection Performance
Accordingly, the output SNR of the target echo after the coherent processing can be expressed as,  
\[SNR_{out}=SNR_{int}G_{p}. \tag{36}\]  
We set the minimum SNR for the target detection \(SNR_{min}\) = 10 dB, \(M\) = 3, and the coherent time \(\tau_{p}\) = 0.1678 s. Figure 13 shows the SNR as a function of \(R_{R}\). Subsequently, the maximum detection range via the proposed method can reach 3 km.