# Application of Blockchain Technology in Emergency Management Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis
## 4 Results
### Research Hotspots and Evolution Trend Analysis
#### 4.6.4 In-Depth Analysis of Major Clusters
The key publications within this cluster explore diverse applications of blockchain, ranging from the transformation of emergency medicine to the development of patient-centric healthcare frameworks. Notably, [PERSON] et al. [84] provided a comprehensive scoping review of blockchain's impact on the patient journey through emergency departments, while [PERSON] et al. [85] introduced a patient-centric architectural framework leveraging Hyperledger Fabric to optimize healthcare management during the pandemic. Other significant studies [86; 87; 88] investigated blockchain's role in environmental management in hospitals and its potential in supporting COVID-19 contact tracing and vaccine distribution, respectively. This cluster also addresses broader implications of blockchain in healthcare, including challenges related to privacy, data security, and system interoperability [89; 90]. The most cited works in this cluster include [PERSON]'s foundational technical report [20], which continues to serve as a cornerstone for much of the research in blockchain technology. Other highly influential studies include [PERSON] et al. 's work [89] exploring the use of blockchains to enhance network security and safeguard data privacy and [PERSON] et al. 's study [91] on blockchain's integration with engineering management in healthcare. Collectively, these works underscore the growing recognition of blockchain's potential to revolutionize healthcare systems by enhancing data management, improving security, and optimizing patient outcomes. Cluster (#3) consists of 31 members and has a silhouette value of 0.898. This cluster primarily explores the role of blockchain technology in enhancing collaborative emergency management, particularly through multi-agent participation and the integration of emerging technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles and 6G networks. The major studies in this cluster investigate how blockchain can improve the coordination and performance of disaster response systems. [PERSON] et al. discussed the potential of blockchains to optimize collaborative emergency management, particularly through multi-agent systems that enhance cooperation between various stakeholders [1]. The studies by [PERSON] et al., [PERSON] et al., and [PERSON] et al. [92; 93; 94] examined the integration of blockchain with 6G and UAV technologies to ensure secure and decentralized management of tasks and data during disaster response efforts. The works by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. [95; 96] focused on how blockchains can be applied in conjunction with the Internet of Drones and vehicular ad hoc networks to enhance trust and efficiency in disaster scenarios. The most cited works in this cluster include [PERSON] et al. 's study [97] proposing a blockchain system using Ethereum to track COVID-19 data from reliable sources, ensuring data integrity and transparency for stakeholders; [PERSON] et al. 's research [98] on blockchain's role in securing UAV communication networks; and [PERSON] et al. 's work [99] on blockchain for vehicular networks. These contributions highlight the growing recognition of blockchain's potential to revolutionize emergency management by facilitating secure decentralized communication, enhanced coordination among agents, and more effective disaster response operations. The fifth-largest cluster (#6) includes 21 members and has a high silhouette value of 0.974, indicating strong thematic consistency. This cluster focuses on the integration of blockchain technology into emergency logistics, particularly in improving the efficiency, traceability, and coordination of supply chain activities during disaster scenarios. The most cited article in this cluster presents a two-stage evolutionary game model on the use of complex networks to analyze decision-making processes in emergency logistics systems facilitated by a blockchain platform [100]. [PERSON] et al.