esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Region-of-Interest Based Coding Scheme for Live Videos
## 3 Proposed Approach
### Model Training Data Generation  
To train the proposed neural network, a meticulous dataset collection process is executed in several stages, as depicted in Figure 4:  
1. Firstly, we establish a Quantization Parameter (QP) range of \([Q{P_{min}},Q{P_{max}}]\), which encompasses the QP values suitable for all videos undergoing live streaming en  
Figure 3: CNN-based ROI rate control.  
Figure 2: Fully Connected Inference Networks.  
coding. In the case of HEVC, when subjective quality is not a primary concern, this range can be directly set to [0,51].
2. Next, utilizing mm-detection, we pre-detect and store ROI maps from the training video dataset. The detection includes identifying objects of interest such as faces, human bodies, and common scene elements.
3. For each individual \(QP_{i}\) within the set range, we initially encode the video to acquire \(\lambda_{roi}\) data across all ROI regions. Following this, we fix the \(\lambda_{roi}\) values in the ROI areas and re-encode the video with varying QPs (\(QP_{j}\)) ranging from \(QP_{min}\) to \(QP_{max}\). This allows us to collect \(\lambda_{rou}\) data for ROU regions. Concurrently, we gather all relevant input variables for the CNN, including \(R_{frame-1}\), \(R_{over}\), average \(\lambda_{cu}\) in ROI and ROU, \(C_{roi}\), \(C_{rou}\), \(P_{roi}\), \(P_{rou}\), and the previous frame's \(QP_{frame}\). The output information from the CNN consists of \(\lambda_{roi}\) and \(\lambda_{rou}\). Here, \(K_{roi}\) is defined as the difference between the initial encoding QP (\(QP_{i}\)) and the subsequent loop QP (\(QP_{j}\)).
4. We repeat Step 3 for every possible QP value within the entire range for every video in our dataset to generate an exhaustive set of training data.  
Data preparation and cleaning play a pivotal role. To ensure data integrity, we segment the training videos into scenes containing only one intra frame per video; multiple intra frames are strictly avoided as they could potentially contaminate the data. Furthermore, any collected training videos where the QP values for ROI or ROU exceed their respective limits are discarded.  
Ultimately, after rigorous preprocessing, 42,000 valid videos with diverse content--such as video games, sports events, shows, news broadcasts, movies, and TV dramas--are utilized as training samples. Our model achieved a commendable test set accuracy of 92%. We refined the model structure by incorporating Huber Loss as a regression constraint during the input phase. Additionally, we applied pair-wise ranking loss to further constrain the \(\lambda_{roi}\) and \(\lambda_{rou}\) values with respect to the QP upper and lower bounds.  
We also experimented with integrating features like video resolution and frame rate as inputs, but empirical results indicated that these had no significant impact on prediction accuracy.
# The Legal Framework for Space Debris Remediation as a Tool for Sustainability in Outer Space
## 3 The Definition and Scope of Space Debris Remediation
### SDR and the Role of Non-Binding Instruments
These guidelines are voluntary and include measures for, among others, sharing information on space objects and orbital events; conjunction assessment during all orbital phases of controlled flight; practical approaches for pre-launch assessment of possible conjunctions of newly launched space objects with space objects already present in near-Earth space; safety and security concerns for terrestrial infrastructure; criteria and procedures for the preparation and conduct of space activities aimed at the active removal of space objects from orbit; procedures and requirements for the safe conduct of operations resulting in the destruction of in-orbit space objects; criteria and procedures for the active removal of space objects and for the intentional destruction of space objects, specifically as applied to non-registered objects; risks associated with the uncontrolled re-entry of space objects; and measures of precaution when using sources of laser beams passing through outer space [72]. Summarizing, the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and other related instruments for the protection of the outer space environment from space debris depict environmentally relevant technical measures for future missions. As these instruments are not legally binding, they do not create rules of international law, the violation or non-observation of which would give rise to an international responsibility of states for creating or for not mitigating space debris. Thus, compliance with such measures is only of a voluntary nature and cannot be legally enforced. Another weakness of the mitigation guidelines, content-wise, is the fact that they do not impose very restrictive mitigation strategies, although the constant growth of space debris would require this. For example, it could be considered whether the 25-year rule is up to date in the backdrop of expected mega-constellations and the obvious reluctance of the international community to come up with binding rules on space debris mitigation. Nevertheless, these non-binding instruments do not fully lack relevance as they can serve as a model for the development of national space laws which impose concrete obligations for implementing mitigation measures on private space actors. Moreover, these instruments can also be seen as an expression of the willingness of the international community to formulate, even if only on a voluntary basis, certain technical standards for space activities in order to prevent the creation of space debris. Thus, they may serve as a basis for the development of a legal framework for space debris remediation.
## 2 Results and Analysis  
FBS135 Transcriptomes of High Quality Were Obtained from Conditions with the Presence and Absence of NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\)  
In previous studies, we have confirmed that _P. eucalypt_ FBS135 can grow in/on nitrogen-free media [42]. To understand its gene expression in response to nitrogen limitation, we first designed a test to establish a suitable sample-collecting condition, which could be used in the transcriptome analysis experiment. We grew _P. eucalypt_ FBS135 on nitrogen-free Ashby medium plates supplemented with inorganic nitrogen (NH\({}_{4}\)Cl) of different concentrations. FBS135 was able to grow on all the plates forming large colonies or lawns (Figure 1). With the gradual increase of the NH\({}_{4}\)Cl concentration, the color of the FBS135 colonies became yellowish, while their secretion of slime capsules decreased accordingly (Figure 1). When the concentration of NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\) reached 8 g/L, the morphology of the FBS135 colonies looked similar to that on LB plates, with strong yellow pigment but a barely noticeable capsule. Under the condition of 1 g/L NH\({}_{4}\)Cl, FBS135 secreted a large amount of capsule, similar to the NH\({}_{4}\)Cl-free condition, which provided a common basis for the comparison of the FBS135 transcriptome under this condition with that under the condition of no additional NH\({}_{4}\)Cl; on the other hand, FBS135 secreted more yellow pigment, possibly caroten [41], than the NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\)-free condition, suggesting that this was a condition which could present a noticeable difference for the comparison. Therefore, we collected the cells of FBS135 grown on the nitrogen-free Ashby medium plates as well as the cells on the Ashby plates with 1 g/L NH\({}_{4}\)Cl for total RNA extraction and transcriptome sequencing.  
The sequencing results showed that the proportion of clean reads in the six samples was above 96%, the number of N was below 15, and the low-quality reads were all 0%, indicating that the sequencing quality was good. The error rate of a single base site of each sample fluctuated at 0.2%, falling within the normal error range. The GC content of the same group was well correlated (Table 1). After raw data filtering, the clean bases of the transcriptome of each sample were all around 1 G. Their Q20 was greater than 98% and their Q30 was greater than 94%, higher than the normal level (Q20 > 95%, Q30 > 85%) (Table 1), indicating that the quality of the transcriptome sequencing was reliable.  
After quality control, the high-quality sequences were mapped to the genome of _P. eucalypti_ FBS135. The results showed that the total mapped reads were above 80%, while the multiple mapped reads ranged between 1% and 2%. The ratio of the number of reads mapped onto the genomic CDS region to the number of clean reads fell in the range of 65-82%, indicating a relatively high level of mapping.
# Enhanced Radiation Therapy of Gold Nanoparticles in Liver Cancer
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cytotoxicityicity of PEG-Coated GNPs  
To assess cytotoxicity of nanoparticles, we performed a CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay, which quantitatively measures the concentration of ATP that is related to the number of metabolically active cells in a culture. The amount of ATP was positively correlated to cells present in culture. Figure 7 shows the results of cytotoxicity in H22 and HepG2 cells after 24 h treatment with PEG-coated GNPs of 14.4 nm or 30.5 nm at various concentrations (0-200 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL, Au atom concentration). The 14.4 nm particles showed 58% cell viability values that higher than 42% of 30.5 nm particles in HepG2 cells after 24 h at the dose of 100 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL. Viability of H22 cells exposed to control group decreased by 15% after being treated with 12.5 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL GNPs, and 75% after being treated with 200 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL. Cell viability of HepG2 cells was 95% and 100% when treated with 12.5 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL 14.4 nm and 30.5 nm GNPs, respectively, and decreased to 27% and 22% respectively at the highest concentration of 200 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL, indicating that the toxicity would increase when the concentration went up to a higher value.  
In the cell viability assay, both PEG-coated GNPs of 14.4 nm and 30.5 nm diameter showed anti-proliferative effects in a concentration dependent manner, and PEG-coated GNPs of 14.4 nm was in general significantly (\(p<0.05\)) less toxic to the cells than 30.5 nm. In addition, 25 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL of PEG-coated GNPs of 14.4 nm or 30.5 nm became slightly more toxicy after 24 h in culture (Figure 7). These results were consistent with the phenomenon of particles distribution in Figure 4. Moreover, PEG-coated GNPs of 30.5 nm were about 10%-20% more abundant than those of 14.4 nm in the cytoplasm, which could have an influence on cell viability. These two GNPs were used for the radio-sensitization experiments in H22 and HepG2 cells to evaluate their ability in sensitiizing the cells to radiation.  
Figure 6: Direct observation of Au-protein corona aggregator by TEM imaging in H22 (**a**); HepG2 cells (**b**); and blood dynamic (**c**) of GNPs in physiological environment.
## 3 The Main Parameters and Indices of MOT  
### Control Parameters  
MOT is created by manipulating atoms via magnetic and light fields. Its control parameters are related to these fields, as shown in Table 1.  
The detuning of the repumping laser varies depending on the type of atom used and is typically constant. The gradient of the compensated magnetic field is calibrated before measurement and remains unchanged during the measurement process. Therefore, the control parameters that frequently require adjustment mainly consist of the first six.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Comparative Analysis of HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS in Identifying VOCs
#### 3.4.4 VOC Change of Different Tea Cultivars Following Drought Stress
On the other hand, significantly downregulated VOCs mainly displayed citrus, woody, and herbal aromas, such as (E)-\(\beta\)-farnesene, D-limonene, linalool oxide IV, \(\alpha\)-calacorene, \(\delta\)-guaiene, cedrol, \(\alpha\)-cubebene, \(\delta\)-3-carene, as well as citrus/green-odor-type VFADs (fatty acid alcohols and fatty acid esters), such as non-(2E)-enol, cyclohexanol, cycloheptanol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octanol, (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate, (E)-butanoic acid 3-hexenyl ester, hex-(3Z)-enyl acetate, cis-3-hexenyl cis-3-hexanoate, and nonanal. In comparison to HS-GC-IMS, HS-SPME-GC-MS detected a greater diversity of VOCs, with more pronounced up- and downregulation. The elevated VOCs detected by both methods mainly featured sweet, floral, and fruity characteristics, whereas the reduced VOCs were predominantly associated with green and herbal aromas. Notably, our findings on major differences in linalool oxides, jasmone, \(\alpha\)-farnesene [23], methyl salicate [18], 2-hexenal [49], alkenes, medium- and long-chain fatty alcohols, and unsaturated fatty alcohols [50; 51; 52] are consistent with previous reports. It is also noteworthy that methyl salicate has been reported to induce stomatal closure in guard cells [53], which may aid in plant self-protection during drought stress. Furthermore, compared to the control groups, the drought-stressed groups displayed a significant reduction in sesquiterpenes but an increase in monoterpenes, monoterpene oxides, and medium- to long-chain VFADs, particularly fatty alcohols. Similarly, drought has been reported to induce significant increases in alkanes and fatty alcohols in wheat leaves during both the seedling and flowering stages [54]. Numerous studies suggest that fatty alcohols may enhance drought resistance by modulating gene expression related to drought response, potentially through interactions with transcription factors. For instance, the OsFAR1 gene in rice has been implicated in primary fatty alcohol biosynthesis and plays a critical role in drought stress response [52]. Additionally, fatty alcohols act as organic solutes that help reduce cellular osmotic potential, thereby maintaining turgor pressure and supporting normal physiological processes under drought conditions. Long-chain VFADs, including fatty alcohols, have been shown to reduce water loss by forming cuticular waves, thereby enhancing plant drought tolerance [50; 51]. In conclusion, the accumulation of medium- and long-chain fatty alcohols, unsaturated fatty alcohols, and alkanes represents a key physiological adaptation to drought stress in plants, playing an essential role in osmotic regulation and the modulation of drought-responsive gene expression.
# Structure-Property Relation of Trimethyl Ammonium Ionic Liquids for Battery Applications
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Self-Diffusion Coefficients  
\({}^{1}\)H, \({}^{19}\)F and \({}^{7}\)Li pulsed-field gradient self-diffusion coefficient measurements were carried out on a Bruker NMR spectrometer serving at a \({}^{1}\)H Larmor frequency of 300 MHz. Samples were prepared in an argon filled glove box (see Section 2.8) by filling the mixtures in Hilgenberg tubes (glass no. 14, order no. 4007410) with outer diameter of 1.0 mm, which were placed inside of a standard NMR tube (closed by screw cap). A stimulated-echo pulse sequence with bipolar gradients was used to perform all measurements. The diffusion time \(\Delta\) and the gradient duration \(\delta\) were 100 ms and 3 ms, respectively. The preliminary \(T_{1}\) experiments allowed us to estimate the relaxation time and to set a recycling delay of 5-\(T_{1}\). The number of scans was optimized for each experiment to provide a good signal-to-noise ratio. To ensure that the measured diffusion coefficients are free from a convectional contribution, the experiments at the highest accessible temperature were carried out with a set of different diffusion times ranging from 30 to 300 ms. The similarity of the resultant values proved a negligible effect. All diffusion curves of the diffusing species \(i\) represented a single Gaussian function, and the diffusion coefficient \(D_{\text{S}}(i)\) was determined from the Stejskal-Tanner Equation (2):  
\[I(t)\propto I_{0}\exp\left(-D_{\text{S}}(i)\ \gamma^{2}g^{2}\delta^{2}\left( \Delta-\frac{\delta}{3}\right)\right) \tag{2}\]  
where \(I(t)\) is the signal intensity after a time \(t\), \(I_{0}\) is the intensity of the signal in the absence of gradient pulse, \(\gamma\) denotes the gyromagnetic ratio of the investigated nucleus, \(g\) is the gradient strength, and \(\Delta\) and \(\delta\) are the diffusion time and the gradient duration, respectively.
## 3 Results
### Cell Viability Assays  
To investigate cell viability in the presence of different doses of apatite granules, cells were cultured in the presence of apatite granules for three or seven days (Figure 3). Regardless of their composition, they surrounded the granules of biomaterial (Figure 3), growing in close contact with the apatite. No signs of growth impairment or cell death were observed. Noteworthily, sintered granules consistently released smaller debris scattered over the surface of the culture plate. Cells appeared to grow around or on top of these smaller granules, sometimes forming cell clusters resembling mineralization nodules.  
Figure 2: Indirect biocompatibility assay: microphotographs of primary human osteoblasts cultured in the presence of (**A**,**E**) complete pristine DMEM or previously conditioned with (**B**,**F**) hydroxyapatite (HA), (**C**,**G**) Sr-substituted HA (SrHA), or (**D**,**H**) magnesium, strontium-substituted HA (MgSrHA). Cells were observed at phase contrast after (**A–D**) three days or (**E–H**) seven days of culture. Magnification: 10 X. Bar = 20 \(\upmu\)m.  
To better understand cell kinetics, an MTT assay was performed three and seven days after seeding. Protein content in the culture was also quantified at the same time points (Figure 4). Cells did not exhibit signs of toxicity or impaired growth (data not shown); however, they did not proliferate at an equal rate in all samples (Figure 4). When growing in the presence of HA granules, they tended to grow slower than in the control group, albeit not significantly, regardless of the granule concentration. However, in the presence of 0.1 mg/mL of SrHA granules, their growth rate was significantly slower (\(p<0.05\)). In the case of MgSrHA samples, 0.3 mg/mL significantly reduced cell proliferation (\(p<0.01\)). When we quantitated protein content in the well, HA significantly increased the amount of protein per well at the concentration of 0.3 mg/mL (Figure 4D). If the concentration of granules increased further, the increment in total proteins decreased. This behavior was not observed with either SrHA or MgSrHA granules. At 0.1 mg/mL of MgSrHA, the rate of protein production was significantly higher than in the control group (Figure 4F).
## 1 Introduction
This treatment improved the dye absorption, thereby enhancing the antimicrobial and color properties of the wool fabric. Researchers have demonstrated the potential of an APPJ to modify medullulation properties, including total medullulation in fibers (TMED) and non-medullated samples (NMED), as well as to enhance lightness (L*), chromaticity (a* and b*), chroma (C*), and color strength (K/S) [27; 28]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14] observed that oxygen plasma treatment alters the morphology and chemical structure of fibers, increasing their roughness and crystallinity, which may optimize dye absorption without the necessity for metallic mordants. However, certain experts have questioned the consistent replicability of these improvements in an industrial context. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [15] reported enhancements in shrinkage resistance and alterations in the microstructure and dyeing properties of plasma-treated wool. Nonetheless, other researchers emphasize the importance of evaluating the cost-effectiveness and long-term viability of APPJs [17]. These diverse reports underscore the necessity for further research to conclusively determine the efficacy and benefits of APPJs in comparison to traditional wool dyeing methods. In this context, it is imperative to seek sustainable alternatives in the textile industry to mitigate the environmental impacts and promote responsible practices. The atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) has emerged as an innovative technique that offers results comparable to those of traditional mordants, but without their associated toxicity [29]. This investigation focuses on analyzing the impact of dyeing wool with _Dactylopiusoccus_ dye, utilizing the APPJ, on the medulla properties, textile characteristics, and colorimetry parameters in yarns dyed with and without plasma treatment. This research aims to evaluate the feasibility of employing an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) as a sustainable method in the textile and artisanal industries. Experiments were conducted to examine the efficacy of the APPJ in dyeing wool using the _Dactylopius coccus_ dye. The findings help us to determine if the APPJ is a viable and sustainable alternative, contributing to more environmentally responsible dyeing techniques while preserving artisanal tradition. Colorimetric parameters, textile characteristics, color fastness, and medulla properties were assessed.
## 4 Conclusions  
A comparative study of the adsorption of methylparaben onto commercial activated carbon and olive stones activated by calcination at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C and treatment with 1 M HCl was carried out in this paper. For both adsorbents, the methylparaben adsorption capacity  
Figure 7: Effect GO and rGO presence in adsorbents on methylparaben adsorption (typical experimental conditions).  
increases with the increase in methylparaben concentration and stirring rate and decreases with the increase in adsorbent dose and pH.  
At the same experimental conditions, the adsorption capacity of methylparaben onto activated carbon is about four times higher than that onto activated olive stones due to both higher surface area and higher MPB-AC adsorption interactions.  
For both adsorbents, the methylparaben adsorption process is best described by the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and it is mainly controlled by the boundary layer diffusion step. Langmuir model constants show that the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MPB onto AC is 3.4 times higher than that onto AOS and that the MPB/AC affinity is 6.85 times higher than the MPB/AOS affinity.  
Pseudo-first-order kinetic model constants show that MPB adsorption onto AC has an adsorption rate constant and a theoretical adsorption capacity of 1.19 and 4.68, respectively, times higher than MPB adsorption onto AOS.  
The addition of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide to both adsorbents increases their methylparaben adsorption capacity due to modifications in the surface characteristics of the adsorbents related to the increase in both adsorption surface area as a consequence of the high porosity and high surface area of graphene nanomaterials and the number of functional groups that can interact with the methylparaben through hydrogen bridge interactions (oxygenated functional groups) and hydrophobic interactions (polyaromatic p-electron functional groups). These increases are more important in the case of graphene oxide, due to its higher oxygenated functional group presence, and in the case of activated carbon, due to its higher surface area and higher oxygenated functional group presence.  
Conceptualization, G.L., B.M. and A.M.H.; methodology, G.L., B.M. and A.M.H.; validation, G.L., A.M. and M.A.G.; formal analysis, G.L., A.M. and M.A.G.; investigation, G.L. and A.M.; resources, G.L. and B.M.; data curation, G.L., A.M. and M.A.G.; writing--original draft preparation, G.L. and M.A.G.; writing--review and editing, G.L., B.M. and A.M.H.; supervision, G.L. and B.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to they are part of a much larger study that is still underway.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.