esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Background
### Navigation and Positioning System and Network Transmission Technology  
As early as 1996, scholars proposed that the GPS navigation system could be used in vehicle navigation. With its navigation and positioning functions, the system can help vehicles avoid traffic accidents and traffic jams, reduce economic losses, and ensure life safety [22]. With the deepening of research, the navigation and positioning system has also been applied to road monitoring. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s research closely integrated Galileo's navigation and positioning system with a machine control and monitoring system. The study designed a GNSS (_global navigation satellite system_) receiver and RTK (_real-time kinematic_ positioning) solution for high-precision positioning, which is used to continuously monitor and control key parameters in the process of road construction. [23]. The Astarita V team developed an automatic sensing system to detect anomalies such as potholes and speed bumps. A GPS receiver and a three-axis accelerometer are used to collect the acceleration data generated by moving vehicles under abnormal road conditions, thereby identifying high-energy events [24].  
To promote the construction of smart cities and change the manual monitoring of road conditions to intelligent monitoring, [PERSON] et al. proposed to build a real-time road monitoring system. This was achieved by installing gyroscopes and GPS sensors on a vehicle to collect road condition data, retrieve the data in the sensors, and accurately find the logical model of road anomalies [25]. In 2020, China's BeiDou navigation and positioning system was completed. The BeiDou navigation system has been applied to road monitoring and construction to obtain accurate location information, such as driving route and time, and the data can be transmitted to other systems. In further work, [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. developed a highway video surveillance system to monitor the traffic flow of special channels and transmit information through 4G communication [26]. However, with the development of 5G communication technology in China and construction of 5G base stations, 5G communication technology has been applied to the operation of monitoring systems and data transmission [27], which allows a higher transmission speed compared to 4G communication [28]. Therefore, this study proposes to apply the BeiDou navigation system and 5G communication technology to the construction of the asphalt pavement monitoring system framework.
# Statistical Characterization of Supraharmonics in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The statistical characterization of supraharmonics performed in this paper aims at investigating the probability distributions that can effectively model the level of emissions in the range 2-150 kHz within an actual low-voltage distribution network. The statistical characterization can be useful for regulation purposes (e.g., to define thresholds as acceptable limits) and to predict the impact of the further installation of power electronic converters within a studied network by simulating scenarios. In addition, since supraharmonics are detected from source as primary or secondary emissions [16], the statistical characterization may be helpful to individuate and characterize the two hidden regimes.  
This section discusses two approaches for the statistical characterization of the supraharmonics that are either based on the overall emissions within the entire 2-150 kHz range or on the single components at a given frequency band. A brief recall of the supraharmonic evaluation methods considered in the IEC 61000-4-30 standard [12] is presented as it is used to assess the individual components, and the total supraharmonic distortion (TSHD) index is introduced to provide the overall evaluation of the emissions within the entire 2-150 kHz range. Then, the probability distributions selected for the two approaches, the corresponding parameter estimation problems, and the methods to evaluate the GOF are described.
# Mycobacterial Biofilm: Mechanisms, Clinical Problems, and Treatments
## 1 Introduction  
In the past century, scientists have conducted a great amount of research on mycobacteria, including _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_ (Mtb) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), such as _Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium ctimaera_, and _Mycobacterium avium_, but the concept of mycobacterial biofilm was only developed within the past few decades. The phenomenon of an aggregation of mycobacteria, observed in early years, was referred to as 'pellicle', 'film', 'aggregates', etc. [1; 2]. These were the early conceptions of mycobacterial biofilm. However, little research has investigated the substances surrounding bacterial cells. In 1978, [PERSON] and colleagues claimed that bacteria use glycocalyx to mediate adhesion to targeted surfaces, both organic and inorganic [3]. They further elaborated on the tendency of the anchored single bacterium to proliferate and go through cell division to generate sister cells, thus forming a microcolomy encapsulated with glycocalyx, in which some residue made of dead cells can also be observed. Surprisingly, they also found that this kind of coated pathogen was protected from being washed out by urine in the urinary tract. These findings inspired researchers to study the molecular components and biological functions of bacterial biofilm further.  
In recent decades, a series of studies have proved that mycobacteria form biofilm both in vitro and in vivo [4; 5; 6]. A consensus has been reached, stating that biofilm, including mycobacterial biofilm, refers to a multicellular structure attached to a surface, with microbes embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), comprising polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA produced by bacteria [7; 8]. In Mtb, it was found that biofilm formation contributes to Mtb virulence and drug tolerance [4; 6]. In 2022, tuberculosis (TB)remained a threat to human health, infecting 10.6 million people and causing 1.3 million fatalities worldwide [9]. Continuously emerging multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) are the biggest barriers to anti-TB therapies. A deeper understanding and more research on mycobacterial biofilm are still necessary and will be helpful for the development of new anti-TB drugs that target biofilm, as well as novel therapies combining current first-line anti-TB drugs and antibiotic/film agents. In this review, we will discuss the latest findings on mycobacterial biofilm, including the genes and clues involved in mycobacterial biofilm formation, the clinical problems caused by mycobacterial biofilm, and treatments with the potential to reduce mycobacterial biofilm.
## 1 Introduction
[25] conducted triaxial compression tests of marble and granite under different confining pressures, proposed a damage index (DI) to describe the degree of damage to marble in the post-peak stage, and established a quantitative relationship between the rock fracture angle and confining pressure. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [26; 27; 28] studies show that crack openings significantly affect the crack initiation stresses and crack initiation modes, and propose a new method for the simulation of frictional contact on crack slips in the framework of the XFEM. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements are carried out to evaluate the micro-cracking characteristics of sandstones during the creep stage under the different levels of creep stresses. For related research on granite under different water-bearing states, [PERSON] [29] studied the dry and wet failure strengths of granite and anddesite under different strain rates and confining pressure conditions. [PERSON] et al. [30] carried out a study on the rheological properties of water-saturated granite under uniaxial compression. The study showed that the long-term strength of water-saturated granite was significantly reduced and the rheological rate and degree of deformation were significantly increased. [PERSON] et al. [31] carried out three-point bending tests on two types of deep granite with different water contents. The results show that the fracture mechanics and acoustic emission characteristics of granites undergo significant changes under the influence of water. [PERSON] et al. [32; 33] studied the brittleness characteristics of granite with different degrees of water saturation using new evaluation indices combined with uniaxial compression tests. They also carried out fracture scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed the microscopic granular morphology to reveal the failure mechanism. At present, there are few studies on the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of granite under the background of water-sealed storage cavern engineering. There are few studies on the maximum free water absorption characteristics of granite, its triaxial compression failure mechanism, and the differences in the stress conditions under different engineering environments. In this study, a laboratory triaxial compression test of granite with maximum free water absorption under different confining pressures was carried out, and the failure mechanism of the rock mass was obtained from the microscopic topography through SEM. The data collected in this study can provide reference data for related rock mass engineering and research.
# Recycled Polyethylene Fibres for Structural Concrete
## 4 Conclusions  
In an effort to promote sustainability in construction, this work has focused on offering an application for industrial polyethylene waste, recycling it as fibres and using it as reinforcement in concrete. Later, an analysis of its mechanical properties was carried out. The following conclusions have been drawn after analysing the results obtained.  
* The methodology followed for recycling the fibres does not adversely affect their mechanical behaviour; indeed, a material with better mechanical properties than the original one is obtained.
* The fibres obtained by injection have a very rough surface, which improves its adherence to the concrete.
* The addition of fibres to the concrete mix, in the proportions studied, produces a slight increase in the compressive strength of the concrete. This characteristic is linked to a 22% reduction in the porosity of the concrete.
* The tensile strength is one of the main advantages of the use of concrete reinforced with polyethylene fibres in comparison to the control concrete, since with 4 kg/m\({}^{3}\) of fibres it is possible to increase resistance by 36.71%.
* Polyethylene fibres also demonstrate an excellent capacity for controlling cracks in concrete.
* A more thorough study of the durability of concrete with polyethylene fibres is required, as well as an analysis of the resistance of the fibres in an alkaline environment.
* Concretes with higher fibre percentages should be produced to check whether an increase in fibre content leads to an improvement in the tensile behaviour of the concrete.  
The experimental results confirm the initial hypothesis concerning the potential of recycled polyethylene fibres for reinforced concrete structures.  
Conceptualization, C.T.; Data curation, J.A.S.-A. and M.S.; Formal analysis, J.A.S.-A.; Funding acquisition, C.T.; Investigation, M.S., L.G., P.T., G.G.d.A. and A.A.; Methodology, S.D., M.S., P.T. and C.T.; Project administration, C.T. and S.D.; Supervision, C.T.; Writing--original draft, J.A.S.-A.; Writing--review & editing, C.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the LADICIM (Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering), Universidad de Cantabria. E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Av./Los Castros 44, 39005 Santander, Spain.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank: LADICIM, the Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering of the University of Cantabria, for making the facilities used in this research available to the authors. The authors would like to thank the \"[PERSON]\" postdoctoral grant program of the University of Cantabria for their support. The authors would like to thank the \"industrial doctoral\" grant program of the Government of Cantabria for their support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
# Quantum Natural Language Processing: Challenges and Opportunities
## 2 Theoretical Background
### Quantum Background
#### 2.1.1 Fundamental Notions
* **Quantum interference** is a principles of quantum theory that affects the state of a qubit to influence its probability to collapse into a manner or another. It allows biasing the measurement of superposition toward a desired basis state or set of states.
## 3 Proposed Approach and Implementation Details
### Proposed Approach: Inference Engine
It is widely used in circumstances in which humans are not suited to perform the classification and automated functionality is required for this purpose [46]. * The support vector machine (SVM) is known as a supervised learning algorithm that is widely used to predict or classify data. Its classifier is officially characterized by an isolating hyperplane. That is, the labeled dataset for training is required, and the algorithm yields an ideal hyperplane that generates new examples. In two-dimensional space, this hyperplane is a line separating a plane in two sections where each class is located on one of the two sides. SVM carries out generous upgrades and best-performing strategies, and it can be applied to a wide range of learning tasks. Moreover, it is completely programmed, eliminating the requirement for manual parameter tuning [47]. Figure 5 presented below shows the complete workflow of the implemented model.
# Flooding Message Mitigation of Wireless Content Centric Networking for Last-Mile Smart-Grid +
## 3 Proposed Scheme  
TOP-CCN is designed to reduce the broadcast storming problem and to enhance the communication stability of CCN for LMN. Figure 2 shows the protocol stack of the TOP-CCN enabled wireless LMN. In this figure, all devices are connected with AMI gateway and gateway is connected to SG server. If the local gateway receives the metering data request traffic such as peak price alert or firmware update content from the SG server, then the gateway stores and announces the content information usingCA packet. The content is stored by the SG gateway until a SG device requests the content through interest packet transmission, which is then disseminated to the requestors and potential devices that may cache the content for shorter-length data delivery. Each device processes the smart grid traffic using smart grid application protocol such as IEC 61805, open smart grid protocol, and ANSI C12.18 table structure [15]. In the proposed TOP-CCN architecture, each application traffic is classified by the content classifier. Basically, the network management traffic is processed by legacy IP stack. However, LMN application traffic such as DLMS can be translated to TOP-CCN.  
Figure 3 is an operation example of CCN in LMN. Requested Event profile (e.g., peak power data) of all meters from server side is translated to CCN interest packet instead of IP format in a gateway. Interest packet is propagated to LMN. For example, if the server requests a regional event profile information of all meters, 'Local-AMI-DATA/EventProfile/\"or All_Device/\" interest packet is broadcasted to network. Interest message is propagated to network and each device update its PIT to make simple backward routing path. Thus, content packet can be transmitted to server using backward path without any additional routing algorithms.  
Figure 3: An operation example of Topology Aware Content Centric Networking (TOP-CCN) for LMN.  
Figure 2: Network design and stack architecture of the Smart Grid Last-Mile Network (LMN).
## 3 Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model Analyses  
### Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model  
A full-scale monopile foundation in saturated sand is developed with the help of the Three-dimensional finite element model analysis software ABAQUS. The properties of the pile and sand are taken from [PERSON] et al. [25]. The monopile has a diameter of 6 m, a wall thickness of 0.06 m, an embedded depth of 60 m, and a height of loading of 10 m.  
Figure 1 illuminates an isometric view of the finite element mesh and the boundary conditions adopted in this study. The lateral boundary of the finite element mesh is constrained by roller supports, while the bottom boundary is fixed against translation in all directions. Aiming at eliminating the boundary effect [25], the lateral boundary is assigned as 10 \(D\) (\(D\) is the pile diameter) from the center of the pile.  
The monopile in the simulation is modeled with Eight-node brick (C3D8), calculated by the state-dependent critical state model of saturated sand, respectively. The monopile foundation is assumed to be a linear elastic model, which is transformed to be a cylinder closed-ended pile. Compared with the prototype open-ended pipe pile, it is simplified to a solid pile of the same diameter by the simulation. The typical [PERSON]'s modulus is converted into \(E_{p}=17.35\) Gpa in which the prototype pile is \(E_{p}=210\) Gpa and [PERSON]'s ratio is \(v_{p}=0.3\) complying with the requirements of the bending stiffness. The interaction between the pile and sand is simulated based on the Coulomb friction law and the friction coefficient \(\mu=0.4\) is based on the equation proposed by [PERSON] et al. [26]. The detachment between the pile and the sand horizon during the scour and load period is allowed, too.
# Unsupervised Learning-Based Spectrum Sensing Algorithm with Defending Adversarial Attacks
## 4 Implementation of USDAA Defense Algorithm
### Implementation of Primary User Adversarial Attacks and Defense
#### 4.3.2 PGD  
Projected gradient descent PGD is an iterative attack algorithm which adds some small random perturbations each time in the iteration process and limits the perturbations to a certain range during the iteration process whose attack iteration mode is shown in Equation (16).  
\[D^{adv}_{0} =D+U(-\gamma,\gamma),\] \[D^{adv}_{i+1} =\prod_{D,\gamma}\left\{\mathrm{D}^{adv}_{i}+\mathrm{per}\times \mathrm{sign}(\
abla_{D}J(\beta,\mathrm{D}^{adv}_{i},L)\right\}\, \tag{16}\]  
where \(U(-\gamma,\gamma)\) represents the random perturbation generated in between \([-\gamma,\gamma]\), each iteration adds a random perturbation \(U(-\gamma,\gamma)\) to the sample; \(\prod_{D,\gamma}\) indicates that the perturbation is confined within the sphere range; \(D^{adv}_{i}\)represent the adversarial samples obtained by iteration \(i\) times; \(\mathrm{per}\times\mathrm{sign}(\
abla_{D}J(\beta,D^{adv}_{i},L)\) is obtained by the same way as FGSM, except that \(D^{adv}_{i}\) are used instead of \(D\).  
Figure 2: PUAA and defense.  
To prevent the amplitude of the adversarial samples \(D^{adv}\) from being too large or too small, Equation (17) is used to limit the amplitude \(A^{adv}\) of the adversarial samples to the range of the clean samples,  
\[A^{adv} = Clip(A^{adv},A_{\text{min}},A_{\text{max}}), \tag{17}\]  
where \(A_{max}\) and \(A_{min}\) represent the largest and smallest values of the clean samples, respectively.
## 5 Experimental Setup
### Results  
So as to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the system through the user studies described previously, results will be reported at qualitative and quantitative level:  
* Qualitative evaluation. At this level, responses from the SASSI questionnaire will be analyzed.
* Quantitative evaluation. Evaluation at this level will provide quantitative information on the systems evaluated by considering different units of analysis:
* Dialogue. From this perspective, the dialogue as a whole (i.e., a series of interactions between the system and the user to achieve an executable action) is assessed. To do so, three aspects are evaluated:
* Dialogue completion rate. Whether a dialogue has been successful or not [42].
* Dialogue completion steps. How many steps were necessary to complete a dialogue.
* Error analysis. Number of cases the user goal was not fulfilled by the system due to a specific reason in interpretation.
* Interaction. Here, the interactions performed in each dialogue turn by the system and the user are evaluated considering the following information:
* Response time. Time needed by the system to provide a response given a user request.
# Research on the Efficient Space Debris Observation Method Based on Optical Satellite Constellations
## 5 Numerical Simulation Experiment
### Tacking Observation Performance  
Based on the optimal scheduling algorithm of the satellite constellation observation tasks designed above, the monitoring ability of the different constellation configurations for LEO space objects was simulated, mainly for space objects with orbital altitudes less than 1000 km. The simulation conditions were that each object was observed for at least 60 s, and the switching time of the satellite detectors was 5 s. The field of view of the telescope was 15\({}^{\circ}\), the maximum observation distance was 1000 km, and the simulation duration was 24 h.  
It can be seen from Figure 13 that the fourth, seventh, and eleventh constellation configurations had good tracking observation performances. The corresponding constellation configurations were 15_3, 18_3, and 24_3, respectively. They tracked 91.10%, 91.77%, and 92.75% of LEO space objects, respectively, within 24 h. If they were observed continuously every day, most LEO space objects could be catalogued. Among these constellation configurations, 15_3 and 18_3 were the locally optimal constellation configurations, and the 24_3 constellation was the globally optimal constellation configuration. However, for the constellations composed of 15 and 18 satellites, the number of satellites was less than the 24-satellite constellation, resulting in a lower cost and a higher cost performance. The specific constellation configuration can be determined according to the needs of the users.  
In Figure 14, the 15_3 constellation configuration was taken as an example, to analyze the number of space objects that could be observed by each satellite in the constellation under the observation task optimization scheduling algorithm. Here, 15_3 indicated that the constellation was composed of 15 satellites, which were evenly distributed on three orbital planes, and the right ascension of each orbital plane was evenly distributed. The detector on the satellite could rotate freely, so that it could observe the specified space objects. The number of space objects that could be observed by each satellite in the constellation within 24 h is shown in the above figure. It can be seen that the number of space objects that can be tracked by most satellites was more than 800, and the number of objects that can be tracked by a few satellites was approx. 650. The constellation tracked and observed 11,522 objects in 24 h, accounting for 91.10% of the total objects participating in the simulation. It had a  
Figure 12: Variation of the number of objects observed using the different constellation configurations for the observation frequency.  
good observation efficiency. If the constellation continued to observe space debris every day, it could catalog most space objects with an orbital height of less than 1000 km.