# Blockchain Technology Applied in IoV Demand Response Management: A Systematic Literature Review
###### Abstract  
Energy management in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is becoming more prevalent as the usage of distributed Electric Vehicles (EV) grows. As a result, Demand Response (DR) management has been introduced to achieve efficient energy management in IoV. Through DR management, EV drivers are allowed to adjust their energy consumption and generation based on a variety of parameters, such as cost, driving patterns and driving routes. Nonetheless, research in IoV DR management is still in its early stages, and the implementation of DR schemes faces a number of significant hurdles. Blockchain is used to solve some of them (e.g., incentivization, privacy and security issues, lack of interoperability and high mobility). For instance, blockchain enables the introduction of safe, reliable and decentralized Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading. The combination of blockchain and IoV is a new promising approach to further improve/overcome the aforementioned limitations. However, there is limited literature in Demand Response Management (DRM) schemes designed for IoV. Therefore, there is a need for a systematic literature review (SLR) to collect and critically analyze the existing relevant literature, in an attempt to highlight open issues. Thus, in this article, we conduct a SLR, investigating how blockchain technology assists the area of DRM in IoV. We contribute to the body of knowledge by offering a set of observations and research challenges on blockchain-based DRM in IoV. In doing so, we allow other researchers to focus their work on them, and further contribute to this area. blockchain; smart grid; internet of vehicles; demand response; systematic literature review +
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Yet, the widespread utilization of dispersed EVs creates problems for the energy management in IoV [10; 11]. A possible solution is DR management, which might be used in IoV to allow energy consumers (i.e., EV drivers) to adjust their energy consumption patterns based on the cost [12; 13]. Specifically, DR allows customers to play an important part in the energy grid operation by decreasing or changing their power usage during peak hours in response to time-based tariffs or other types of financial incentives. Several electric system operators utilize DR programs as alternatives for balancing supply and demand [14]. Such programs can reduce the cost of electricity in energy markets, resulting in reduced market prices. Time-based pricing schemes, including critical peak, variable peak, time of use and real-time pricing, are examples of how market players might participate in demand response [15; 16]. Nevertheless, research in the area of IoV DR is still in its early stages and the deployment of IoV DR in smart grids confronts a number of important challenges [17; 18]. Specifically, IoV currently lacks sufficient security and privacy procedures to reduce inaccurate and malicious information transfers between EVs [19; 20]. There is also a lack of incentive mechanisms to encourage prosumers (i.e., producer and consumer) to join in such DR schemes. EV owners are hesitant to join in large-scale trading networks unless they are highly compensated (i.e., incentivization schemes), due to higher battery drain and other costs associated with discharging [21; 22]. Additionally, IoV's characteristics, such as high mobility, low latency, network complexity and heterogeneity, pose substantial issues when typical cloud-based storage and management is incorporated. As a result, to be ready for the future expansion of IoV and fulfill its potential, the data interchange and storage infrastructure may be distributed, decentralized, interoperable, adaptable and scalable [23; 24; 25; 26]. From a different point of view, blockchain can be seen as a promising technology in the area of smart mobility and EVs, as it can support secure, reliable and decentralized energy trading [3; 27; 28]. Blockchain technology provides transparency regarding energy production and consumption.