# Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Performance Comparison Utilizing Telnet and Superframe
## 4 Proposed Underwater Network Topology
These equations are important in the design and analysis of underwater communication systems, where it is crucial to understand the propagation of electromagnetic waves in this challenging environment. \[|E_{\mathcal{O}}|=\frac{\mu\omega\mathbf{ldA}}{4\pi r^{2}}\mathbf{\exp}(-\mathbf{\alpha r}) \sqrt{\left(\beta\mathbf{r}\right)^{2}+\left(1+\mathbf{\alpha r}\right)^{2}}\mathbf{sin}\theta \tag{1}\]  
Equation (1) represents the electric field strength at a distance r from the source. It depends on the parameters \(\mu\), \(\omega\), Id, A, \(\alpha\), \(\beta\), and \(\theta\). Where  
\(\mu\) is the magnetic permeability of the medium;  
\(\omega\) is the angular frequency of the signal;  
Id is the current density of the source;  
A is the area of the source;  
\(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are attenuation constants that depend on the properties of the medium;  
\(\theta\) is the angle between the direction of the electric field and the normal direction to the surface. \[\mathbf{S}=\frac{|E_{\mathcal{O}}|^{2}}{2}\mathbf{\exp}(-2\propto r)\mathbf{Re}\left[ \frac{1}{\eta_{c}^{*}}\right] \tag{2}\]  
Equation (2) calculates the signal power density S at a distance r from the source. It depends on the electric field strength \(E_{\mathcal{O}}\), the attenuation constant \(\alpha\), and the intrinsic impedance \(\eta_{c}\) of the medium. \[\mathbf{\eta}_{c}=\sqrt{\frac{j\omega\mu}{\sigma+j\omega e}} \tag{3}\]  
Equation (3) defines the intrinsic impedance \(\eta_{c}\), which depends on the properties of the medium: the magnetic permeability \(\mu\), the conductivity \(\sigma\), and the dielectric constant \(\varepsilon\). The following algorithms represent the selection of the cluster head node (CHN) and energy dissipated by the cluster head and the network parameters are updated as in Table 1.  
Figure 5: Network scenario with CB-UWSN in XY Visualization. Figure 6: Network scenario with CB-UWSN in 3D Visualization. Figure 7: Runtime view of Network scenario with CB-UWSN in XY Visualization by deploying Telnet. Algorithm 2 is used for selecting the cluster head node (CHN) in the CB-UWSN. In this algorithm, each sensor node in the network is assigned a pair of values, \(\mathrm{l_{k}}\) and \(\mathrm{h_{k}}\), which represent the lower and higher thresholds, respectively. The algorithm uses a random number generator to determine whether a node should be selected as the CHN or a normal node based on these threshold values. The algorithm works as follows. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Values** \\ \hline Type of Network & CB-UWSN \\ Channel Model & Underwater Channel \\ Area (Sq-m) & 1500 by 1500 Sq-m \\ Frequency of the Channel (in Hz) & 240 MHz \\ Number of Nodes & 250 nodes \\ Range (Tx/Rx) & 0.05 km \\ Protocols & AODV, Fisheye, LARI, OLSR, STAR-LORA \\ Application & Telnet, Superframe \\ Time (in s) & 500 s \\ Medium Access Control Protocol & Wireless LANs \\ Supply Voltage (in volts) & 6.5 volts \\ Packet Size in Words & 25 \\ Communication Link & Wireless \\ Wireless Channel Frequency (in Hz) & 1 MHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: CB-UWSN mock-up parameters. Figure 8: Runtime view of Network scenario with CB-UWSN in 3D Visualization by deploying Superframe. ```
if node = CHN then if rand \(\leq\) l\({}_{\text{k}}\) then  sensor node = CHN else  sensor node = normal node end  Where l\({}_{\text{k}}\) = lower value of kth node  hk = higher value of kth node
```  
**Algorithm 2**Selection cluster head node (CHN) for UWSN  
If the current node is already the CHN, the algorithm checks if a randomly generated number is less than or equal to the lower threshold value l\({}_{\text{k}}\). If it is, the current node remains the CHN; otherwise, the current node becomes a normal node. If the current node is not the CHN, the algorithm checks if a randomly generated number is less than or equal to the higher threshold value h\({}_{\text{k}}\). If it is, the current node becomes the CHN; otherwise, the current node remains a normal node.