esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Review on the Performance of Concrete Containing Non-Potable Water
## 5 Hardened Properties
### Compressive Strength
#### 5.1.2 Effect of Treated WW  
Compressive strength is one of the most important properties of concrete that is widely used for the design of concrete structures. The effect of treated WW content on the compressive strength of concrete, according to various studies [9; 12; 13; 15; 20; 22; 27; 28; 30; 31; 33; 35; 36; 37; 38], is shown in Figure 7. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19; 37] studied the compressive strength of concrete with different contents of treated WW and reported insignificant changes with varying WW percentage. This was because the treated WW has impurities well below the limits recommended for water used for concreting purposes [44]. Similar results were reported in other five studies [9; 15; 21; 30; 33]. Organic matter may negatively influence the strength gain of concrete due to a low pH. On the other hand, WW contains solid mineral particles, which might fill the voids and cause an improvement in the strength of concrete [9]. In short, WW contains constituents that show mixed effects on strength. Moreover, the presence of sodium chloride could also contribute positively to concrete. The early-age strength of concrete is positively affected by the chloride activator [45]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] also reported that early-age strength of treated WW mortar was higher than that of a potable water mortar.  
The histogram in Figure 8 shows the plot between many samples investigated in the past studies and the range of relative compressive strength (\(f_{\rm cm}\)) obtained using treated WW. It is shown that both positive and negative effects of treated WW were observed on the compressive strength. A total of 23 samples lie in the band of 0.8-1.1, where 11 samples yielded compressive strength within the 0.9-1.0 band. Based on the available evidence, it can be said more confidently that treated WW concrete will yield similar \(f_{\rm cm}\) to that of potable water concrete.  
Figure 6: Effect of untreated WW on the compressive strength of concrete.
# On the Evaluation of Complex Networks Designs for an Energy-Efficient IP/WDM Core Network
## 3 Complex Network Designs
### Small-World Network  
The small-world network was initially introduced by [PERSON] and [PERSON] to provide graphs that exhibit a high clustering coefficient with a small average shortest path length. A small-world network is a graph where most of its nodes are not adjacent to each other, however; the network has a low diameter, and most of its nodes can be reached by each other in a few hops. As the number of nodes in small-world networks increases, the diameter increases logarithmically, however; the number of links to interconnect nodes is kept to a minimum.  
As illustrated in Figure 1, the model starts with a ring structure that consists of a specified number of edges (\(k\)) and nodes (\(n\)) that remain unchanged throughout the realization process. With a predefined probability (\(p\)), a few shortcuts are created to rewire and interconnect nodes with edges which are selected randomly. The number of generated shortcuts (\(S\)) are governed by the predefined probability and can be calculated using Equation (3).  
\[S=\frac{(n)(k)(p)}{2} \tag{3}\]  
The clustering coefficient and path length properties are highly affected by edge rewiring, which is governed by the predefined (\(p\)). For \(p=0\), the network is unchanged. However, as the probability increases to approach 1, all edges are rewired, and the clustering coefficient and average path length become the lowest that can be attained. Modifying the probability of edge rewiring for values between 0 and 1 (e.g., \(p=0.1\)), a small-world  
Figure 1: Small-world network realization for different probabilities without changing the number of nodes and edges; (a) \(p=0\), original graph and all edges are unchanged; (b) \(p\) is a number between [0, 1]; (c) \(p=1\), random network with all edges rewired [6].  
network will be generated with a high clustering coefficient, as with a regular graph, and a low diameter, as with a random graph.
# Survey on Data Hiding Based on Block Truncation Coding
## 2 Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding
The file size of \(2M\)bits can be reduced to \(0.5M\)bits. In decoding phase, when two quantization levels and the bitmap obtained, the corresponding image block can be easily reconstructed by replacing every '1' in a bitmap \(BM\) with \(\mu_{1}\), while every '0' is replaced with \(\mu_{0}\). **Example 1**. : _Here, we explain the encoding of one block of a grayscale image using AMBTC. Figure 2(a) is a grayscale block, and the mean value of the pixels is 122. By applying Equations (2)-(4) on Figure 2(a), we can obtain the bitmap as shown in Figure 2(b) and two quantization levels (\(\mu_{0}=146;\mu_{1}=149\)). The basic unit of each block is trio (\(\mu_{0}\), \(\mu_{1}\), \(BM\)) = (146, 149, 001101011101000). Using the trio, we may recover the grayscale block as shown in Figure 2(c)._
# How 5G Wireless (and Concomitant Technologies) Will Revolutionize Healthcare?
###### Abstract  
The need to have equitable access to quality healthcare is enshrined in the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which defines the developmental agenda of the UN for the next 15 years. In particular, the third SDG focuses on the need to \"ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages\". In this paper, we build the case that 5G wireless technology, along with concomitant emerging technologies (such as IoT, big data, artificial intelligence and machine learning), will transform global healthcare systems in the near future. Our optimism around 5G-enabled healthcare stems from a confluence of significant technical pushes that are already at play: apart from the availability of high-throughput low-latency wireless connectivity, other significant factors include the democratization of computing through cloud computing; the democratization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cognitive computing (e.g., IBM Watson); and the commoditization of data through crowdsourcing and digital exhaust. These technologies together can finally crack a dysfunctional healthcare system that has largely been impervious to technological innovations. We highlight the persistent deficiencies of the current healthcare system and then demonstrate how the 5G-enabled healthcare revolution can fix these deficiencies. We also highlight open technical research challenges, and potential pitfalls, that may hinder the development of such a 5G-enabled health revolution.  
Keywords:healthcare; 5G; Internet of Things; big data analytics; artificial intelligence and machine learning +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Future Internet_
## 3 Measurement Results
### Common Mode Rejection  
Figure 14 shows the digital isolation system output in the presence of CMT noise. The high-voltage pulser is equipped with a 1:1000 divider to monitor the generated pulse on the oscilloscope. The system's output response to the rising CMT surge is shown in Figure 14a, where a slew rate of 500 V/\(\upmu\)s is observed at an amplitude of 28 V during a 100 ns duration. The output glitch of 500 mV at the start of the surge is observed. The  
Figure 11: **(a)** Chip micrograph of the integrated digital isolation system in a high-voltage 0.35 \(\upmu\)m CMOS process: (1) transmitter, (2) metall1-metal3 transformer, (3) metall1-metal2 transformer, (4) receiver; **(b)** Another implementation of the digital isolation system.  
Figure 12: **(a)** Experimental measurement of the digital isolation system input-output functionality at 250 MHz; **(b)** Measured input-output waveforms at 300 MHz.  
system's output during the falling CMT surge demonstrated in Figure 14b shows only a 200 mV shift due to the slower transient slope of 80 ns. The difference in slope measurement between the rising and falling CMT noise is due to the accuracy of the high-voltage pulser device. Although the simulation results demonstrate a CMTI of 220 kV/us, higher CMTI could not be achieved due to the slow rise/fall times of the high-voltage pulser device (25 ns), which is limited to 125 V/us at the falling CMT surge.
# Force-Based Self-Organizing MANET/FANET with a UAV Swarm
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
### Summary  
We presented an approach to move nodes in a network in a distributed and self-organizing fashion. Among the advantages offered by the presented approach is the ability of the network to adapt to changes in the clients' locations (movement) without the loss of multi-hop connectivity to the central gateway (which is also the base of the drones). However, the fact that there is no guarantee that an optimal allocation/distribution is/will be found may be considered a disadvantage.  
Furthermore, we wish to emphasize that we are making no claims of having developed a mature technical solution, which is why we used a simple and abstract _\"link quality metric\"_ LQM to quantify the fluctuations in coverage.  
Our findings are algorithmic and theoretical in nature: we present a decentralized decision-making framework capable of governing the suitable deployment and subsequent reorganization of mobile access points in a multi-hop ad hoc network, in an environment featuring a heterogeneous and dynamic distribution of clients.
# An Overview of Distributed Firewalls and Controllers Intended for Mobile Cloud Computing
## 2 Research Methodology  
### Evaluation Criteria for Assessing the Security and Performance of SDN, NFV, and CASB  
In our review, we employed specific evaluation criteria to assess the security and performance of SDN, NFV, and CASB. These criteria allowed us to comprehensively analyse each technology's capabilities and effectiveness in modern network environments.  
A. Security Analysis Criteria:  
We analysed the authentication and authorisation mechanisms employed by each technology to ensure secure access control. Furthermore, we explored the implementation of traffic encryption protocols to secure data during transmission and assessed the effectiveness of vulnerability management strategies in detecting and addressing security threats. Additionally, we investigated the security of SDN controllers, focusing on measures to prevent unauthorised access and the malicious manipulation of network configurations.  
In the context of NFV, we analysed the hypervisor security to ensure the integrity and isolation of virtualised network functions (VNFs). Furthermore, we scrutinised the security measures implemented within VNFs and assessed the multi-tenancy security to prevent data leakage between tenants sharing the same infrastructure. For CASB, we examined the data protection techniques, such as encryption and tokenisation, used to secure sensitive information in the cloud. We also evaluated the access control mechanisms, including user access management and device profiling, designed to prevent unauthorised access to cloud resources. Furthermore, we analysed the threat detection features of CASB solutions to ensure timely identification and response to security incidents. Lastly, we examined the compliance of CASB solutions with regulatory standards, such as GDPR, to ensure adherence to data privacy regulations.
# Person Search via Deep Integrated Networks
###### Abstract  
This study proposes an integrated deep network consisting of a detection and identification module for person search. Person search is a very challenging problem because of the large appearance variation caused by occlusion, background clutter, pose variations, etc., and it is still an active research issue in the academic and industrial fields. Although various studies have been proposed, following the protocols of the person re-identification (ReID) benchmarks, most existing works take cropped pedestrian images either from manual labelling or a perfect detection assumption. However, for person search, manual processing is unavailable in practical applications, thereby causing a gap between the ReID problem setting and practical applications. One fact is also ignored: an imperfect auto-detected bounding box or misalignment is inevitable. We design herein a framework for the practical surveillance scenarios in which the scene images are captured. For person search, detection is a necessary step before ReID, and previous studies have shown that the precision of detection results has an influence on person ReID. The detection module based on the Faster R-CNN is used to detect persons in a scene image. For identifying and extracting discriminative features, a multi-class CNN network is trained with the auto-detected bounding boxes from the detection module, instead of the manually cropped data. The distance metric is then learned from the discriminative features output by the identification module. According to the experimental results of the test performed in the scene images, the multi-class CNN network for the identification module can provide a 62.7% accuracy rate, which is higher than that for the two-class CNN network.  
person search; person re-identification; CNN +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Recent Applications Using Selective Enrichment
### Bioanalysis  
In 2009 [PERSON] _et al._ introduced a methodology termed material-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (MEIRS) for the fast quantification of low-density and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) in human serum [49]. A key risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis is a high concentration of serum LDL. Titanium oxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)) beads were used as an adsorbent for selectively immobilizing LDL and HDL-cholesterol and further analyzing the incubated and washed samples via NIR diffuse reflection spectroscopy (Figure 5). A principal component regression (PCR) model of 24 LDL standards in a range from 100 to 1000 ppm (clinical value is 400 ppm) was computed. The wavenumber region between 4000 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 7240 cm\({}^{-1}\) was found comprising the main information regarding the TiO\({}_{2}\)-LDL and TiO\({}_{2}\)-HDL composites. The regression coefficients (r) for LDL and HDL were \(>\)0.99 (calibration curve) and \(>\)0.97 (validation curve), respectively. The PCR model of TiO\({}_{2}\)-LDL showed a standard error of estimation (SEE) of 122.80 ppm and a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 121.15 ppm while the PLSR model of TiO\({}_{2}\)-HDL showed 47.70 and 47.14 ppm, respectively. In order to analyze the concentration of HDL in real serum samples, LDL was removed by adding a precipitation reagent containing 10 mg/mL magnesium dextran-sulfate, followed by incubation and centrifugation. The standard deviation (SD) for the analysis of real samples showed a value of \(<\)10%.
# A Design for an Internet Router with a Digital Optical Data Plane
## 4 Optical Hop Count Decrement  
Hop counts are represented as 8-bit unsigned numbers in both IPv4 and IPv6 [9; 10]. The value must be decremented by at least one at each router traversed by a packet, but, in most cases, it is decremented by exactly one. If the value reaches zero, the packet is silently discarded (Figure 8).  
Full, parallel implementations of 8-bit unsigned arithmetic would be too complex to implement using digital optical processing. Fortunately, a simple serial algorithm can perform unsigned decrement on values of any bit length. Figure 9 demonstrates this algorithm (left), which starts with the low-order bit, inverts the '0' bits until and including the first '1' bit, and then copies the remaining bits [19]. The equivalent schematic (Figure 9, right) requires only three simple elements--a bit inverter, a 2 \(\times\) 2 switch, and a set-reset flip-flop (S/R FF). An S/R FF has two inputs, Set and Reset, and one output \"Q\"; the inputs and outputs begin in the '0' state. When the Set input changes to a '1', the output Q changes to a '1' and stays there--regardless of Set input changes--until the Reset changes to a '1' (which resets the output Q to a '0').  
We implemented the schematic in Figure 9, right, as shown in Figure 10, left [19]. The data signal was 10 Gb/s NRZ, the same as for forwarding lookup, as described in Section 3; again, this is due to the limitations of available equipment. Data inversion was accomplished using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) powered by a continuous-wave (CW) pump and an optical circulator to create the conjugate of the NRZ signal. A pair of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides creates the optically controlled 2 \(\times\) 2 switch. The S/R FF is emulated using an electronic device, whose output and output complement drive modulators that concurrently enable and disable the pair of PPLNs. The experiment trace (Figure 10, right) shows the two PPLNs driven in complementary fashion from the low-order bit of the hop count up to and including the first '1' to invert the data input, and then swapping configurations to copy the data input to the output. The 1 \(\times\) 2 switch separates dropped packets (when a '1' is not seen) from correctly decremented packets.  
The most significant deficiency of the experiment is that an electronic S/R FF was used to emulate an optical device. Optical S/R FFs have been demonstrated [20] but currently represent an additional level of implementation complexity and cost. We do we expect to incorporate them in future implementations.  
Figure 8: Hop count effect on processed packets, showing decrement and drop if zero.  
Figure 9: Hop count decrement as a serial process (**left**); combining inversion and copy (**right**).
## 4 Coordination of PSS and BESS Controllers to Enhance Oscillatory Stability Using Proposed Method
### Power-System-Controller Tuning Using Optimization Technique  
#### 4.2.1 Optimization-Problem Formulation  
It is generally more convenient to use standardized expectations of damping constant \(\alpha_{o}^{*}\) and damping factor \(\xi_{o}^{*}\) for optimization studies, which are given by [22]:  
\[\alpha_{o}^{*}=\frac{\bar{\alpha}_{o}}{\sigma_{\alpha_{o}}},\xi_{o}^{*}=\frac {\xi_{o}}{\sigma_{\xi_{o}}} \tag{15}\]  
where \(\bar{\alpha}_{o}\), \(\xi_{o}\), \(\sigma_{\alpha_{o}}\), and \(\sigma_{\xi_{o}}\) are the expected value of the \(o^{th}\) damping constant, the expected value of \(o^{th}\) damping factor, standard deviation of the \(o^{th}\) damping constant, and standard deviation of the \(o^{th}\) damping factor, respectively, and can be computed using cumulant theory described in detail in References [2; 3; 4; 9; 10]. The objective function for the optimization problem is formulated as:  
\[\text{minimization F}=J_{1}\sum_{i=1}^{p}P(\alpha_{o}^{*}>\alpha_{c})+J_{2} \sum_{i=1}^{p}P(\xi_{o}^{*}<\xi_{c}) \tag{16}\]  
subject to [6]:  
\[\begin{split} 0.1\leq K_{i,pss},K_{i,pod}\leq 50\\ 0.01\leq T_{1i,pss},T_{3i,pss},T_{1i,pod},T_{3i,pod}\leq 1.5\\ 0.01\leq T_{2i,pss},T_{4i,pss},T_{2i,pod},T_{4i,pod}\leq 0.15 \end{split} \tag{17}\]  
Equation (16) is a minimization problem, where the objective is to minimize the likelihood of standardized expectation of the damping constant being greater than \(\alpha_{c}\), and the standardized expectation of the damping factor being less than \(\xi_{c}\). The values of \(\alpha_{c}\) and \(\xi_{c}\) depend on user requirements, and were chosen as \(-0.1\) and \(0.1\), respectively, for this paper [19; 22]. Equation (16) can be computed using Equations (7), (8), and (15). Values for both \(J_{1}\) and \(J_{2}\) were chosen to be \(0.5\), which corresponds to providing equal weight to both objective functions. Only the electromechanical eigenvalues of the total p were considered for the optimization problem [19; 22].  
Figure 9: PQ controller for BESS.
## 2 Theory of GLONASS Ionospheric-Free PPP Models  
GLONASS undifferenced pseudorange and carrier-phase observations are described. The processing schemes of GLONASS IFCBs are then introduced.
# Enabling Intelligent 6G Communications: A Scalable Deep Learning Framework for MIMO Detection
## 3 MIMO Detection: A System Model
### Conventional MIMO Detection
#### 3.1.3 Minimum Mean Square Error Detector  
To mitigate noise amplification, MMSE incorporates noise statistics into the detection:  
\[\mathbb{E}[\mathbf{s}|\mathbf{r}]=\left(\mathbf{G}^{T}\mathbf{G}+\frac{\sigma ^{2}}{E_{m}}\mathbf{I}\right)^{-1}\mathbf{G}^{T}\mathbf{r}, \tag{11}\]  
where \(E_{m}\) is the average symbol energy. Each symbol is then mapped to the nearest constellation point:  
\[\mathbf{\hat{s}_{i}}=\arg\min_{b\in\mathcal{A}}|\mathbb{E}[s_{i}|\mathbf{r}]- b|. \tag{12}\]
# The Antimicrobial Effectiveness and Cytotoxicity of the Antibiotic-Loaded Chitosan: ECM Scaffolds
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurement of Direct Cytotoxicity  
The direct cytotoxicity of the antibiotic-loaded chitosan:ECM scaffolds was tested following the ISO10993 standard for in vitro cytotoxicity. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1, provided by Dr [PERSON], Centers for Disease Control) were used as an established cell line for the assay which were cultured in standard medium 199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 10,000 U penicillin and 10,000 ug/mL streptomycin (Lonza Biologics, Basel, Switzerland). Scaffold samples for the assay were prepared by taking a 10 mm diameter sample with a biopsy punch. The samples were then sterilized by ethylene oxide.  
To perform the cytotoxicity assay, HMEC-1 cells were seeded into 35 mm tissue culture dishes at a density of \(1.5\times 10^{5}\) cells/mL with 1 mL of media per well. The cells were incubated for 24 h to form a semiconfluent monolayer (60-70% confluence). After 24 h, the culture medium was removed, and a sterile 10 mm diameter sample of each scaffold was placed in the center of the dish directly over the cell monolayer. Fresh media was added to the dishes, while ensuring the scaffold remained in contact with the cells and the cells were incubated for a further 24 h. Untreated cells were included as a positive control and a certified cytotoxic scaffold control (polyetherurethane (PU) film containing zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC). Japanese Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan) was used as a negative control.  
The measurement of neutral red dye uptake was used as a quantitative indication of cell number and viability based on the work by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018). The scaffold materials were removed from the dishes and the culture medium was aspirated. The dishes were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and 1 mL of neutral red medium (1 mL of neutral red stock (0.4 g neutral red in 100 mL type I water) in 79 mL medium 199) was added and the dishes incubated for 3 h. Following incubation, the dye solution was removed, and the dishes washed twice with PBS. After aspirating the PBS solution, 1.5 mL of neutral red eluent (1% glacial acetic acid in 50% ethanol) was added and the dishes were placed on a shaker for 10 min at 100 rpm until the neutral red had been extracted from the cells and formed a homogenous solution. The solution was then collected and the absorbance @540 nm measured.