## 1 Introduction
2556-2573 (2013-2030), National Industrial Development Master Plan B.E. 2555-2574 (2012-2031), and Waste Management Roadmap. As indicated in the National Climate Change Master Plan, emissions from energy and transport sectors would be reduced by 20-70% by 2020 compared to emissions under the BAU scenario. By 2050, the proportion of investment in low-carbon and environmentally friendly industries would be increased, while the ratio of GHG emissions to GDP would be reduced. To achieve the INDC targets, the EEDP aims to lower energy intensity by about 30% in 2036 compared to that in 2010 primarily through (i) compulsory measures (i.e., enforcement of energy conservation standards in designed factories and buildings, building energy code in new buildings, energy labeling on equipment/appliances (HEPS and MEPS), and the Energy Efficiency Resource Standard) and (ii) voluntary measures (i.e., promoting increased use of LEDs via price mechanisms, supporting financial incentives, and supporting energy performance achievements and energy-saving measures in the transport sector) [11]. To foster sustainable urban development and limit the net carbon emissions, it is very important for cities to better understand and credibly measure their own baseline greenhouse gas emissions. Indicatively, cities must play a central role in global climate change mitigation and the implementation of low emission development strategies (LEDS) [12]. Many countries are promoting the implementation of climate change-related policies focusing on the deployment of low-carbon power and energy-efficient technologies across all sectors. A sustainability assessment of measures related to energy and climate change mitigation is urgently needed. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [13] assessed the sustainability of the German energy system by considering the following goals of sustainable development: (i) securing human existence (i.e., protection of human health, satisfaction of basic needs, autonomous subsistence based on income from own work, and just distribution of opportunities to use natural resources), (ii) maintaining society's productive potential (i.e., sustainable use of renewable and non-renewable resources, sustainable use of the environment as a sink for waste and emissions, such as energy-related GHG emissions, sustainable development of human and knowledge capital, such as added value creation from energy efficiency measures in households), and (iii) preserving society's options for development and action such as participation in societal decision-making processes and society's capability for self-organization. Despite the importance of the topic, there is a total lack of databases on energy-related CO2 emissions at the provincial level in developing countries like Thailand. Further, the local implementation of climate change mitigation actions faces several challenges, including a lack of alignment of climate policies, institutional blockage, and low prioritization of motivation for climate policy adaptation [14]. Therefore, this study estimated citywide energy-related CO2 emissions and proposed some potential climate change mitigation measures in the energy sector. A multi-criteria decision analysis based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and sustainability indicators were employed to assess the feasibility of implementing energy-efficient and energy-saving measures to lower CO2 emissions in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from a sustainability perspective. Ultimately, the results of this research can provide deeper insights into how city-scale actions can potentially contribute to both the global climate goals and the NDC targets. Furthermore, this research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge because it is one of the first studies conducted in a country that applied sustainability indicators and a multiple-criteria decision analysis approach to the investigation of the energy sector's potential in driving low-carbon strategies and related policies at a city-wide scale.