# Economic Loss of Pine Wood Nematode Disease in Mainland China from 1998 to 2017
## 5 Conclusions  
This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the economic losses from disease caused by pine wood nematode in mainland China from 1998 to 2017. The occurrence and prevalence of pine wood nematodes have brought huge impacts on China's ecological environment and economy and society. By constructing a three-level index system including direct economic loss and indirect economic loss, and comprehensively applying the direct market method and the dynamic equivalent factor method, this study quantitatively evaluates of the economic losses caused by pine wood nematode disease in various provinces in mainland China from 1998 to 2017.  
In general, the economic losses of pine wood nematode disease have increased since 1998, and have become more huge from 2015 to 2017. The indirect economic losses were far greater than the direct economic losses. From a spatial point of view, the economic losses caused by disease in the southeast region were more serious.  
Conceptualization, J.H. and G.F.; Data curation, J.Z.; Methodology, J.Z. and J.H.; Project administration, J.H. and G.F.; Resources, J.Y. and G.F.; Writing--original draft, J.Z.; Writing--review and editing, J.Z., and J.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant numbers 2018 YFC1200400, 2019 YFA0606600]; the National Science and Technology Major Project [grant number No.21-Y30B02-9001-19/22].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Direct Economic Loss** & **Indirect Economic Loss** & **Total Economic Loss** \\ \hline  
\hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Economic losses from disease in mainland China from 1998 to 2017/10\({}^{4}\) CNY.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & **Forest** & **Forest** & **Prevention** & **Afforestation** & **Tending** & **Maintenance** \\  & **Volume** & **By-Products** & **and Control** & **Expenditure** & **Expenditure** & **Expenditure** \\ \hline
1998 & 3065.88 & 52,117.03 & 4514.53 & 36,179.98 & 4425.24 & 3191.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Provincial** & **Direct** & **Loss of Forest** & **Loss of Prevention** & **Ineffective** \\
**Administrative** & **Economic** & **Material** & **and Control** & **Forestry** \\
**Region** & **Loss** & **Resources** & **Expenditure** & **Expenditure** \\ \hline Liaoning & 6480.33 & 3455.31 & 282.68 & 2742.34 \\ Shanghai & 24.47 & 13.05 & 1.07 & 10.35 \\ Jiangsu & 28,329.41 & 15,105.22 & 1235.76 & 11,988.42 \\ Zhejiang & 47,973.59 & 25,579.49 & 2092.67 & 20,301.43 \\ Anhui & 9524.94 & 5078.69 & 415.49 & 4030.76 \\ Fujian & 9344.60 & 4982.54 & 407.62 & 3954.44 \\ Jiangxi & 4434.32 & 2364.38 & 193.43 & 1876.51 \\ Shandong & 5333.71 & 2843.93 & 232.66 & 2257.11 \\ Henan & 4751.56 & 2533.53 & 207.27 & 2010.76 \\ Hubei & 3804.22 & 2028.41 & 165.94 & 1609.87 \\ Hunan & 3255.10 & 1735.62 & 141.99 & 1377.49 \\ Guangdong & 33,755.87 & 17,998.61 & 1472.47 & 14,284.79 \\ Guangxi & 1347.40 & 718.43 & 58.78 & 570.19 \\ Chongqing & 4452.85 & 2374.26 & 194.24 & 1884.35 \\ Sichuan & 2758.92 & 1471.06 & 120.35 & 1167.52 \\ Guizhou & 1337.60 & 713.21 & 58.35 & 566.05 \\ Yunnan & 324.90 & 173.24 & 14.17 & 137.49 \\ Shaanxi & 3377.60 & 1800.94 & 147.34 & 1429.33 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Economic losses on the provincial level in mainland China from 1998 to 2017/10\({}^{4}\) yuan.