# Identifying Energy-Use Behavior and Energy-Use Profiles of Hotel Guests
## 4 Methodology
### Incorporating Energy-Related Behavior Models  
In this section, the energy-related behavior models (i.e., Motivation-Opportunity-Ability, Norm Activation Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Pro-environmental Behavior) are identified to design the integrated framework of this study. The energy-related behavior models are incorporated to provide a comprehensive and holistic approach to identifying hotel guests' energy-use behavior. The proposed framework assigned Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) model to act as a moderator for the other three energy-related behavior models: Norm Activation Model (NAM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Pro-environmental Behavior (PEB). The three main categories of the MOA model (i.e., Motivation, Opportunity, and Ability) are designed to have high impact on intended energy saving behavior in this study. To accurately define and measure the components for each of the three levels of MOA, the authors adopted categories from the aforementioned energy-related behavior models (i.e., NAM, TPB, and PEB) to identify the energy-use behaviors of hotel guests, based on a comprehensive literature review of the hospitality industry and social psychology. Motivation (M) captures occupants' (i.e., hotel guests in this study) goals, concerns, and involvement in the performance of energy reduction behavior [7,8,20]; and it is directly associated with intended energy saving behavior of the occupants [7,52]. In this study, hotel guests' desire for energy reduction in hotel buildings are investigated as a measure of their Motivation level. Moreover, according to [PERSON] et al. (2019), NAM can be used to extend several important psychological measurements to capture the essential aspects of hotel guests' Motivation level in hotel buildings. Therefore, in order to capture the social-psychological factors of hotel guests in Motivation, this study adopted: (i) two NAM categories of \"Personal Norms\" and \"Ascription of Responsibility\"; (ii) one TPB category of \"Attitude\"; (iii) one PEB category of \"Environmental Concern\". Personal Norms category of NAM is designed as an internalized need to commit to pro-environmental behavior of hotel guests in hotel buildings. The Asccription of Responsibility category of NAM is applied on hotel guests to measure their degree of responsibility toward energy saving behavior in hotel buildings. The Attitude category of TPB is developed to evaluate hotel guests' energy saving performance level in hotel buildings. This is based upon the hotel guests' expectations about the outcomes of a particular energy saving behavior (e.g., the consequences of adjusting hotel room temperature, turning off lights) and whether these outcomes are desirable from the hotel guests' perspective. Furthermore, the Environmental Concern category of PEB is designed to activate hotel guests' sense of responsibility to perform energy-related behavior. Opportunity (O) is an external factor lying outside of the occupant that enables or inhibits a behavior [53,54]. In this study, Opportunity (O) measures the controllability and accessibility of hotel guests to hotel room energy systems (e.g., lighting, HVAC, appliances, and electronics) in hotel buildings. Opportunity has three categories in this study: (i) one TPB category of \"Social Norms\"; (ii) one MOA category of \"Hotel Management Support; (iii) one PEB category of \"Physical Effort.\" The Social Norms category of TPB are positively correlated and essential in influencing occupants' behavior [8]. Social Norms is divided into two sub-categories: Subjective Norms and Descriptive Norms. The Subjective Norms (e.g., peer pressure from room companion) can affect hotel guests' energy consumption behaviors when the guest tends to perform a particular behavior in the hotel room if it is approved by the room companion(s). In this case, guests' perception of what behavior is approved or disapproved by a room companion(s) becomes the external factor influencing behavioral intention.