## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Component Name,**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Chemical**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**[PERSON] (ngkg)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**[PERSON]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**IDLH [7]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fish Point [7]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Lower Explosive**} \\  & & & & & & (\%) & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (UUPAC)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Chemical Abstracts Service**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fission (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diffection rate (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diffection rate (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fish Point [7]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Lower Explosive**} \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (UUPAC)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Chemical Abstracts Service**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fission (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diffection rate (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diffection rate (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diffection rate (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diffection rate (\%)**} \\  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**independent-2-core (internal standard) (E)**} & 112-12-9 & 1000.00 & 1000.00 & 0.0 & nd & ad & ad \\  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{permaned-80 (D)} & 109-39-4 & 1.55 & 9.29 & -49.4 & nd & 96.0 & 1.6 \\  & 1-4-digitly-2-core (A) & 1032-95-4 & 0.01 & 0.3 & -200.0 & nd & ad & ad \\  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{hexa-2-4-core (_E-D_) (0)} & 592-46-1 & 0.01 & 1.5 & -14,500.0 & nd & ad & ad \\  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{1-nethyl-4-perman-2-3-core (A)} & 99-86-4 & 0.01 & 2.1 & -20,300.0 & nd & 47.0 & ad \\  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Spyrene (\%)} & 100-0-5 & 0.01 & 3.6 & -35,900.0 & 2962 & 31.1 & 0.9 \\  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Total} & - & 14,503.88 & 1996-70 & 86.2 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The identified groups of compounds were classified to five groups marked by colors: A—alkyl derivatives of benzene or phenols carcinogens [50]; B—alkyl derivatives of two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons; C—derivatives of heterocyclic amines; D—compounds that are generally considered as lower risk (e.g., present naturally in food); E—other or unknown. nd—no data. IIDLH—immediately dangerous to life or health.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._The presented results are novel and open a new niche for investigations and experiments. Particularly from the fundamental science point of view, the mechanism of VOCs generation during torrefraction, the influence of the type of waste feedstock for torrefraction on the presence of VOCs in biochar, and the mechanism of VOCs mitigation during palletization, are intriguing and should be further investigated. Several of the compounds identified in emissions from CRDF are considered as low risk and non-toxic and often occur as volatile food ingredients. For example, 2- and 3-methylbutanoic, propanoic acid as well as heptanone occur in cheese [51], 2-methoxyphenol and pentan-1-ol occur in wine [52], non-cyclic saturated aldehydes (hexanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal) occur in brown millet [53], and benzaldehyde occurs in cherry [54]. On the other hand, some furan compounds are well-known as products of the Maillard thermal degradation of food (i.e., furan-2-carbaldehyde and 5-methylfuran-2-carbaldehyde [55]) or hydrothermal degradation of compounds from biomasses rich in pectin [56]. Methyl benzoate could be found as a volatile compound in Styrax benzoin. The conducted simulation of VOCs concentration in the headspace of the storage bin showed that in the scenario with ground CRDF, the health standard threshold values were exceeded in the case of acetic acid (USA standards), toluene (Polish standards), furan-2-carbaldehyde (USA standards), 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (Polish and USA standards), and phenol (Polish and USA standards) (Table S1 in the Supplementary Material file 'Model of VOC emissions from CRDF during storage.xlsx--spreadshnet 'Ground CRDF\"). The fold of standards' exceedance was the highest in the case of furan-2-carbaldehyde, which was higher than 20.