# Integrated People and Freight Transportation:
## 2 Terminologies of Integrated People and Freight Transportation (IPFT)
[PERSON] [28] stated that the term 'Urban Co-modality' was developed due to increasing air pollution, traffic congestion, and fuel consumption and was based on the idea of using the idle capacity in public transportation systems such as trains, trans, and buses during off-peak hours for freight transportation. **Sharing Economy** is a widely adopted term in recent years, encompasses the collaborative creation, distribution, production, consumption, and trade of goods and services among various individuals and organizations [29]. Two main forms of sharing within transportation are passenger sharing and load sharing [30]. **Crowd-shipping (CS)** is also known as crowdsourced delivery [31]. CS is a transitional phase of the emerging sharing economy phenomenon, and researchers have defined this field in various ways [17]. [PERSON] et al. [32] define it as outsourcing logistics services to an audience where coordination is supported by a technical platform managed and hosted by the mass logistics provider. [PERSON] et al. [33] define CS as an information link-enabled market concept facilitating the alignment of supply and demand for logistics services with an external crowd possessing available capacity in time and/or space. This system is voluntary and is charged accordingly. Similarly, **occasional drivers (OD)** can be defined as the inclusion of vehicles of ordinary people who have a planned trip to service the transportation demands [34]. [PERSON] et al. [34] stated in their study that OD can lead to better use of vehicles on the road, reducing road congestion and emissions. OD is also known as occasional couriers (OC) [35]. More specifically, due to security and privacy problems, **crowdsourced delivery among friends** is also used as a current approach. This approach uses social networks to coordinate deliveries and increase flexibility [36]. **Share a ride (SaR)** or ridesharing, a component of the sharing economy, embodies sharing car journeys, aligning with sharing goods, experiences, knowledge, and collaboration to optimize shared resources. There is a need for a change of mindset so that everyone can gain more benefits and that sharing can bring more value than owning [37]. Traditionally, ridesharing refers to a transportation model wherein individual travelers share a vehicle for a journey, dividing travel expenses such as gasoline, tolls, and parking fees with others with similar routes and schedules [38]. [PERSON] et al. [4] state that a vehicle such as a shared autonomous vehicle or shared taxi can provide door-to-door service for both people and freight. [PERSON] et al. [39] discussed a SaR problem in which people and packages share the same taxis. When all the concepts are examined, it can be said that there is not yet a well-established definition, but a general logic has emerged and developed to provide benefits such as utilizing idle capacities to reduce costs, reducing traffic congestion, and minimizingenvironmental and noise pollution. Integrated people and freight transportation can be summarized as collaborative transportation activities that yield various advantages within the same vehicles.