## 4 Results from the Literature Review
### The Use of Blockchain
#### 4.2.4 Integration and Management of Transport Systems  
The literature review highlighted four solutions that advance sustainable transport development and can play a crucial role in global crises (Table 11). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Solution** & & **Role in Case of Potential Crises** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Mobility as a Service (MaaS)} & \(\bullet\) & Reducing carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution (environmental crisis and health crisis) \\  & \(\bullet\) & Lower transport costs for users and reduction of expenditure on the provision of transport services by enterprises (economic crisis) \\  & \(\bullet\) & Possibility to limit interpersonal contacts and maintain social distancing by renting individual means of transport, as well as the option to book a ride and make contactless payments (health crisis) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Intelligent fleet management systems} & \(\bullet\) & Possibility to control the implementation of transport services in terms of route and schedule compliance, monitor traffic violations, and supervise the way the vehicle is driven (economic crisis) \\  & \(\bullet\) & Monitoring vehicle traffic and checking drivers’ compliance with sanitary rules and optimizing routes in terms of traffic disruptions and intensity (health crisis) \\  & \(\bullet\) & Possibility of using it to manage emergency vehicles (health crisis, social crisis, and military crisis) \\  & \(\bullet\) & Reducing exhaust emissions and improving air quality (environmental crisis and health crisis) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Real-time public transport management} & \(\bullet\) & Reduction of costs and travel times for passengers and lower expenditure on transport by enterprises (economic crisis) \\  & \(\bullet\) & Reducing carbon dioxide emissions and environmental pollution (health crisis and environmental crisis) \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Ability to respond quickly to the current occupancy of running vehicles—minimizing congestion and maintaining social distancing (health crisis) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: The role of selected solutions in the integration and management of transport systems during potential global crises. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an innovative concept that greatly enhances transport integration by offering a unified solution to the diverse range of transport options available. MaaS is an integrated platform that combines public, private, and shared transport modes, allowing users to not only find the best travel option for their needs but also to pay for their entire journey as a single, seamless service. The decision-making process is simplified and managed conveniently through a single mobile application [180]. MaaS is consistently evolving to provide safe and sustainable mobility solutions to the population, which in turn promotes its widespread adoption and social acceptance. One of the key directions of development is the inclusion of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which allows transforming this platform into an even more environmentally friendly one, i.e., sustainable MaaS (S-MaaS) [181]. Research shows that integrating multiple transport modes, particularly electric and shared mobility options (e.g., car sharing and bike sharing), can significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions and reduce air pollution. This is especially relevant in addressing environmental crises, such as global warming, as it mitigates transport's impact on the climate and promotes eco-friendly travel options [182; 183]. MaaS also offers economic resilience by reducing transport costs. For consumers, it minimizes personal vehicle expenses and provides cost-effective alternatives for daily travel. For companies, the rising demand for shared services, such as car sharing, urban bike rentals, and integrated public transport, helps reduce fleet maintenance costs by spreading expenses across multiple users [184; 185; 186].