# A Component-Based Approach to Early Warning Systems: A Theoretical Model
## 3 Results
### Components of Early Warning Systems
Additionally, they play a crucial role in assessing fire risk. These insights provide crisis management with initial information and the opportunity to prepare for potential crisis events. The information is primarily used in the crisis management cycle during the prevention phase [43]. On a global scale, the technological infrastructure for this already exists; however, the main reason for the lack of implementation in crisis management is not the unavailability of solutions but rather the lack of awareness among relevant stakeholders and authorised management regarding their existence or potential [44]. Meteorological entities generally have access to this information. However, a challenge may arise from limited access to these technologies and the data they generate for poorer countries that lack the financial resources for their own remote sensing technologies or are not part of larger networks that possess such data. A particular challenge lies in integrating these data into crisis management structures and extracting relevant information from meteorological systems for the needs of crisis management. Beyond the need for crisis management, this information should also serve the general public, informing them of existing risks that could arise from certain activities, helping them plan accordingly. These insights should be distributed in the form of alerts. At this stage, distribution should occur through crisis management applications, the internet, or broadcast, while critical infrastructure entities should receive alerts via pre-established methods. Other forms of communication to the public are less meaningful at this stage, as this information should be disseminated several days before a potential threat emerge. Additionally, at such an early stage, there is still a degree of uncertainty regarding the development of the situation. The second component should focus on the initial onset of a natural hazard. This component primarily deals with the actual impact of given influences on a specific area, rather than just the probability of occurrence, as in the first component. At this stage, there is a shift in hydrological, meteorological, or geological conditions in a given area. From a crisis management perspective, this phase involves restricting certain activities that pose a danger or preparing countermeasures. The information provided as an alert is now transited into a warning. It is recommended that warnings at this stage should be issued also via SMS to maximise public awareness of the potential danger [12; 45]. Since 2018, the European Union has enforced Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code, which mandates that all member states implement an SMS and broadcast-based warning system for designated risk areas [46]. Such messages should include details about the emerging danger, recommendations for necessary actions, and activities that should be strictly avoided. Additionally, important businesses should be notified, particularly those that may pose a hazard or are classified as high-risk. These include critical infrastructure facilities and enterprises handling hazardous substances. For the second component, meteorological information from satellites and data from ground-based sensors should be integrated. Real-time data should be used to continuously assess and adjust predictive models, ensuring the most accurate possible estimation of a crisis event's development. The third component should account for the actual occurrence of a crisis event and its impact as a direct threat. This is the moment when there is a real risk to life, health, property, or the environment--an imminent threat requiring immediate attention, emergency response, and the implementation of protective measures to mitigate its effects. In this phase, measures such as evacuation, sheltering, or restricted access to affected areas may be enacted.