## 1 Introduction  
The phyllosphere, primarily consisting of the aerial parts of plant leaves, is a vast but often overlooked microbial habitat [1; 2; 3]. The global leaf surface area, estimated at 1,017,260,200 km\({}^{2}\), is approximately twice that of the land surface. Assuming \(10^{6}\) to \(10^{7}\) bacteria per cm\({}^{2}\) of leaf surface, the phyllosphere may host up to \(10^{26}\) bacterial cells [1], with even higher numbers when including yeasts, filamentous fungi, and protists. The phyllosphere includes both epiphytic (leaf surface) and endophytic (leaf interior) microbiota. As epiphytic microbiota are more diverse and abundant [4; 5], this study focuses on these surface-dwelling microbes. In recent decades, our understanding of plant-microbe interactions Has mainly focused on rhizosphere microbes. These diverse communities, often called the plant's second genome [6; 7], are crucial for plant health, while some beneficial microbes like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are well known, they represent only a small fraction of rhizosphere communities. Our understanding of rhizosphere microbe assembly and function remains limited [8]. The knowledge gap for phyllosphere microbe is even larger. However, studies on Arabidopsis, grapevine, and mustard plant _Boechera stricta_ have revealed significant overlaps between key community members in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere [9; 10; 11]. This suggests that, phyllosphere microbes should be considered when investigating host-microbe interactions. Phyllosphere microorganisms are crucial for plant and ecosystem health. They benefit host plants by improving nutrient uptake, increasing tolerance, protecting pathogens, regulating hormones, and degrading environmental toxins [12; 13]. These plant-microbe interactions enhance ecosystem resilience and sustainable plant growth [14; 15; 16]. Certain phyllosphere bacteria, such as _Microbacterium_, _Thermus_, and _Methylobacterium_, produce growth regulators like IAA and fix nitrogen, improving plant growth and nutrition [17; 18]. Atmospheric dinitrogen fixed by genera, like _Beijerinkai_ and _Azotobacter_, can be absorbed by leaves or transported to roots, affecting plant growth [19]. In rice, interleaf microbes fix nitrogen and produce antimicrobial substances, indirectly promoting plant growth [20]. Phyllosphere microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling and influence microbial communities in soil, water, and air, with implications for conservation and restoration efforts [21; 22; 23]. This emerging field has broad implications for plant and ecosystem health, sustainable agriculture and land use management. Phyllosphere microorganism sources are complex, influenced by both biotic factors (host characteristics, insect activity, and microbial interactions) and abiotic factors (soil, climate, and temperature) [4; 11; 24; 25; 26]. Plant-emitted volatile organic compounds significantly shape phyllosphere microbial communities, serving as antimicrobial agents or carbon sources [27; 28]. For instance, _Methylobacterium_ and _Candida boidinii_ can utilize methanol as a growth substrate [27; 29]. Plant volatiles also contain fungicidal substances that help plants resist pest stress and impact microbial community structure. Understanding leaf VOCs can provide insights into phyllosphere community composition and plant-microbe interactions. Global trade and cultural exchanges have led to the introduction of exotic species, some becoming invasive and damaging natural ecosystems. _S. trilobata_ (L.) [PERSON], a South American perennial herb introduced to China in the 1970s, is now one of the world's 100 most noxious invasive species. In southern China, it has displaced the native _S. calendulacea_. Recent studies on _S. trilobata_ have focused on its ecological impacts [30], phytochemical properties [31], and eco-physiological traits [32; 33]. While many studies have investigated the invasion mechanism of _S.