# A Survey of Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence in Atmosphere and Related Turbulent Effects
## 2 Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence in Earth's Atmosphere
### Experimental Studies on Atmospheric Turbulence  
Recent stellar scintillation and temperature measurements from tether balloons in the sky and ground-based radar indicate deviations from [PERSON]'s turbulent model in parts of Earth's atmosphere. [PERSON] et al. studied the fluctuation behavior of aerosols in the lower troposphere using lidar and then studied the statistical law of passive conservative turbulent field at different heights in the troposphere. The results showed that the statistical law of turbulent field in this region was inconsistent with the [PERSON] turbulence model, and there was a \(-5\) power spectrum [11]. Since then, a series of experimental studies of the stratospheric atmosphere has been carried out. [PERSON] et al. measured the power spectrum of one-dimensional temperature fluctuations along the slant path of Earth's atmosphere by using balloons and radar. The results showed that the upper troposphere and the entire stratospheric turbulent atmosphere did not follow [PERSON] statistical law and the three-dimensional power spectrum of \(-5\) power rate was also confirmed [12]. [PERSON] et al. used spacecraft to record the time power spectrum of starlight flickering and obtained the stratospheric temperature fluctuation power spectrum, which was shown to contradict predictions based on the [PERSON] turbulence model [13]. [PERSON] conducted a numerical study on the power spectrum of internal gravity waves, and the results confirmed the existence of a turbulent power spectrum with a power ratio of \(-5\)[14]. [PERSON] et al. studied the temperature microstructure of the stratosphere by using airplanes and obtained the same conclusion as that of [PERSON] et al [15]. [PERSON] et al. measured the refractive index turbulence field in the top layer and stratosphere of convection, and the results showed that [PERSON] statistical law was not followed in most cases of turbulence in this region [16]. [PERSON] et al. used radar to study the inhomogeneity of anisotropic turbulence, and the analysis of radar return signals showed that the inhomogeneity of temperature in the stratosphere was flattened and did not have isotropic characteristics [17]. [PERSON] et al. studied experimentally the horizontal and vertical wave number spectra of gravity waves in the stratosphere and mesosphere over the Central Pacific, and the results obtained confirmed that the power spectrum of this region was inconsistent with the [PERSON] turbulence model [18]. [PERSON]'s research showed further that the reason why the stratospheric temperature fluctuation power spectrum deviated from the traditional locally uniform Kolmogorov model is due to the strong and stable stratification structure of the Earth's atmosphere at higher altitudes [19]. [PERSON] et al. conducted an experimental study on the effect of stratospheric turbulence on star image jitters with telescopes on the ground, and the results showed that the turbulence in this layer did not conform to [PERSON]'s statistical law [20]. [PERSON] also observed experimental evidence for wave-front tilts that do not follow [PERSON] turbulence [21]. Thus far, the statistical law of stratospheric atmospheric turbulence does not meet the statistical behavior of [PERSON] turbulence, which has a \(-5\) power spectral density. This also prompted the measurement of statistical behavior in different regions of the atmosphere. [PERSON] et al. used lidar to measure the intensity of backscattered light to study the fluctuation of passive conservative turbulent field in the top troposphere and stratosphere. The results showed that the passive conservative turbulent field in these regions did not follow [PERSON] statistical law. That is, the turbulence in Earth's atmosphere is composed of the Kolmogorov turbulence in the boundary layer, the \(-10/3\) non-Kolmogorov turbulence in the free atmosphere, and the \(-5\) non-Kolmogorov turbulence in the stratosphere [22; 23; 24; 25]. The research results by [PERSON] et al.