esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Simulation Study
### Simulation and Verification of the Effect of Waves on Wind Turbine  
#### 5.1.1 Simulation and Verification of the Effect of Regular Waves on Wind Turbine  
In order to verify the existence of hydrodynamic frequency fluctuation components in wind turbine tower load, blade load and aerodynamic torque, the wind turbine load and aerodynamic torque with and without regular wave are simulated, as is shown in Figures 4-6. 'Without wave' refers to the operation of offshore wind turbines in a wind-only environment, while 'Regular wave 1' and 'Regular wave 2' refer to the operation environment of offshore wind turbines containing both wind and regular wave. For simplification, wind shear and tower shadow are not considered here. In the simulation, the wind speed at the hub center is constant at 14 m/s, and the wind and wave are in a consistent direction. In 'Regular wave 1', the wave height is 2.0 m, and the wave period is 6 s. In 'Regular wave 2', the wave height is 2.4 m, and the wave period is 6 s.  
Figure 4: Time domain and frequency domain results of the fore-aft load on tower at the MWL without and with regular wave: (**a**) The fore-aft load on tower at the MWL; (**b**) Frequency spectrum density of the fore-aft load on tower at the MWL.  
Figure 5: Time domain and frequency domain results of the blade root flap-wise load without and with regular wave: (**a**) The blade root flap-wise load; (**b**) Frequency spectrum density of the blade root flap-wise load.  
From Figure 4, the hydrodynamic frequency at 0.167 Hz directly impacts the tower and causes the low frequency oscillation at 0.167 Hz and 0.33 Hz (two times hydrodynamic frequency). According to statistics, the peak spectrum period of wave in China offshore is about 3-10 s, i.e., in the range of 0.1-0.33 Hz [39; 40]. Therefore, it is very easy to cause low-frequency vibration of the tower in the direction of current. If the hydrodynamic frequency is similar to the vibration frequency of the tower, it will cause resonance.  
From Figure 5, when the blade-tower interaction is considered, the vibration of the top of the tower caused by regular wave will increase the blade root flap-wise load fluctuations at the hydrodynamic frequency. However, the fluctuation of blade root flap-wise load at 1P frequency is slightly reduced under the influence of regular waves. In general, the effect of wave on blade root load is small due to the damp effect of tower and wind wheel. From Figure 6, when regular waves act on the wind turbine, a large fluctuating component of hydrodynamic frequency will be produced in the aerodynamic torque.  
From Figures 4-6, it is found that the greater the wave height of the regular wave, the greater the impact of the wave on the vibration of the wind turbine and the tower, and the greater the fluctuation of the fore-aft load on tower at the MWL, blade root flap-wise load and aerodynamic torque.
# Design Procedure of a Mono-Anchor Head for 2360 MPa High-Strength Steel Strand
## 6 Design Procedure of the Mono-Anchor Head for Use with 2360 MPa Steel Strand  
Generally, steel structures are designed not to exceed their allowable stress. It would be efficient to design the anchor head so that its stress does not exceed the allowable stress. However, despite having a simple shape, a structure such as a mono-anchor head exhibits complex behavior due to the interaction with the wedge, so performance evaluation should be performed through static load test during product design. PTI, which requires anchor head performance evaluation through testing, recommends evaluating the permanent deflection of the upper surface of the anchor head as a performance criterion. In order to exclude the complex process required for testing, this paper proposes a simple design procedure.  
In this paper, the behavior characteristics of the anchor head were investigated in advance by finite element analysis that reflects the actual behavior based on the static load test. Based on the investigated behavior characteristic, it is possible to evaluate the performance of the anchor head according to the design parameters of the anchor head. The simplified procedure determining design parameters of the diameter, angle of the inclined surface, and yield strength of the anchor head to meet the safety performance specifications of a mono-anchor head is illustrated in the flowchart in Figure 24. The following procedure can be applied in the anchoring system using the 2360 MPa strand and three-piece wedge.  
1. The standard loading load for the performance evaluation of the anchor head was 310 kN, the allowable plastic hoop strain was 0.000283, the friction coefficient between the anchor head and the wedge was 0.5, and the additional angle (\(\alpha\)) formed by friction was 26.6\({}^{\circ}\).
2. Assume the configuration parameters, which are the diameter (D) and angle of the inclined surface (\(\theta\)) within the range analyzed in this study.
3. Calculate the concentration factor of the specified configuration of the anchor head.
4. Additionally, calculate the area of the inclined surface of the anchor head and the normal stress applied to the inclined surface.
5. Calculate the elastic maximum stress in a given configuration of the anchor head.
6. Assume the yield strength, which is more than 200 MPa, of the anchor head.
7. Calculate the plastic hoop strain of the anchor head.
8. If the plastic hoop strain exceeds 0.000283, reassume the yield strength.
9. When the plastic hoop strain is less than or equal to 0.000283, loop is stopped and \(D,\ \theta,\ f_{y}\) are determined.  
Figure 23: Minimum yield strength according to the configuration of the mono-anchor head.
###### Abstract  
The effects of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on the film cooling effectiveness of a 30-degree slot was experimentally investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel. The pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique was used to measure the film cooling effectiveness, and two blowing ratios (0.5 and 1.0) were tested. A sinusoidal waveform with a 1-kHz frequency was supplied to the exposed electrode. Two input voltages (6 and 7 kV) and two exposed electrode locations were considered. The results showed that the film cooling effectiveness of the slot was higher for the blowing ratio of the 1.0 case than that for the blowing ratio of the 0.5 case regardless of plasma operation. The higher input voltage case (7 kV) showed higher film cooling effectiveness than the lower input voltage case (6 kV). The improvement in film cooling effectiveness facilitated by the DBD plasma was more significant when the coolant had less momentum. The maximum improvement of the area averaged film cooling effectiveness was 2.3% for the case with the exposed electrode located at the slot exit and a blowing ratio of 0.5.  
gas turbine; slot film cooling; film cooling effectiveness; pressure sensitive paint (PSP); dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Cell Line Measurements  
#### 3.1.1 Cell Impedance Assays  
Evaluating the safety of dry powder formulations and their compatibility with lung epithelial cells is crucial to ensure they do not adversely affect pulmonary tissues. To address potential toxicity concerns related to the developed formulations, a cell viability assay was conducted. Real-time impedance measurement, a sensitive method for detecting changes in cell barrier function and viability, was utilized. In A549 cells, only the MNT-containing sample (F1) caused a slight decrease in cell impedance at high concentrations (Figure 1A). Conversely, neither the F0 nor F1 carrier-free DPIs affected the cell impedance of CFBE epithelial cells (Figure 1B). These results indicate well-preserved cell viability and barrier integrity across all groups and nearly all KTP concentrations, consistent with previously published findings [19]. Moreover, these findings suggest that the developed formulations can be safely administered via the pulmonary route. In contrast, the detergent Triton X-100 induced cell death, sharply reducing impedance to nearly zero. Based on the impedance results, suspensions of KTP raw and DPI formulations containing 50 \(\upmu\)g/mL KTP were selected for the permeability experiments.  
Figure 1: Cell viability of (**A**) A549 alveolar and (**B**) CFBE bronchial epithelial cells after 1-h treatments with KTP raw and the developed F0, F1 samples measured by impedance. Values are presented as means \(\pm\) SD, \(n\) = 5–6. Statistical analysis: ANOVA followed by [PERSON]’s test. \({}^{\star\star}\)\(p<0.001\) compared to the control group. C, control; KTP, ketoprofen raw; TX-100, Triton X-100 detergent.
## 5 Discussion  
In terms of detection accuracy, as shown in Tables 2 and 3, the proposed approach shows significant improvements in detecting small objects over traditional methods. Specifically, it achieves 0.976 and 0.989 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] on the YawDD-E and SfdDD public datasets, respectively. This represents an absolute improvement of 1.3 and 1.8 % in comparison with YOLOv12n (0.963 and 0.971). It also outperforms recent models such as YOLO-SGC (0.972 and 0.980), YOLOv10n (0.960 and 0.966), and YOLOv11n (0.963 and 0.972).  
For practical deployment, the proposed model delivers competitive performance while maintaining computational feasibility. YOLO-AFR retains a compact model size with only 2.42 million parameters and 5.7 GFLOPs. This demonstrates a well-balanced trade-off between detection accuracy and model efficiency. The model achieves a processing speed of 104.59 FPS, significantly higher than recent baseline models and slightly lower than YOLO11n's 123.21 FPS, yet still meets the real-time requirements of dangerous driving behavior detection under computational constraints.
## 2 System Model and Problem Formulation
### Problem Motivation  
For optical wireless communication systems using LEDs or laser diodes (LDs) as transmitters, an IM/DD scheme is adopted. The intensity of the emitting light is modulated according to the transmitted signals [14]. On-Off keying (OOK) is a commonly used binary modulation scheme. Since its modulation efficiency is unsatisfactory, higher-order modulation schemes, such as PAM or PPM (pulse position modulation) are adopted in pursuit of higher data rates. However, PPM requires higher synchronization accuracy and wider bandwidth. Therefore, we focus on the constellations of PAM in this paper.  
As PAM is widely used in intensity-modulated VLC systems [15], the BER performance with the tunable IRS is optimized given the practical consideration of both communication and illumination. Without loss of generality, the normalized vector representation for the \(M\)-PAM constellation points is \(\mathbf{s}=(s_{1},s_{2},\cdots,s_{M})\), assuming that \(0\leq s_{1}\leq s_{2}\leq\cdots\leq s_{M}\leq 1\). All constellation points are transmitted with equal probability \(1/M\). Let \(\mathbf{r}_{m}=(r_{m,1},\cdots,r_{m,K})\) denote the coherent reflectance vector of the IRS units when \(s_{m}\) is transmitted, where \(r_{m,k}\) denotes the reflectance of the \(k\)-th IRS for \(s_{m}\). The coherent reflectances for all constellation points are represented by \(\bar{\mathbf{r}}=(\mathbf{r}_{1},\mathbf{r}_{2},\cdots,\mathbf{r}_{M})\).  
It was shown in [16] that the symbol error rate (SER) of AWGN channels is dominated by the distance between the most nearest received constellation points. Because PAM constellation points are one-dimensional and labeled by gray encoding, mistaking a symbol for an adjacent one in demodulation causes a single bit error only. As such, the BER performance is dominated by the minimum neighboring distance of the received signal constellations. Therefore, we aim to maximize the minimum distance between adjacent received constellation points to achieve better BER performance:  
\[\text{P:}\quad\max_{\mathbf{s},\mathbf{r}}\min_{m\
eq 1}\|s^{ \prime}_{m}-s^{\prime}_{m-1}\|, \tag{7}\] \[\text{s.t.}\ s^{\prime}_{m}=(h_{L}+\mathbf{r}_{m}^{\text{T}}\mathbf{ h}_{\text{NL}})s_{m},\] (8) \[\frac{1}{M}\mathbf{1}^{\text{T}}\mathbf{s}=\xi,\] (9) \[0\leq s_{1}\leq s_{2}\leq\cdots\leq s_{M}\leq 1,\] (10) \[0\leq r_{m,k}\leq\gamma, \tag{11}\]  
where \(s^{\prime}_{m}=(h_{L}+\mathbf{r}_{m}^{\text{T}}\mathbf{h}_{\text{NL}})s_{m}\) is the received constellation point if \(s_{m}\) is transmitted. \(\mathbf{s}^{\prime}=(s^{\prime}_{1},\cdots,s^{\prime}_{M})\) denotes the received constellation vector. \(\mathbf{1}\) is an \(M\)-dimensional vector of all ones, so (9) indicates the dimming constraint of equal-probability constellation points. \(\gamma\) is the maximum reflectance of the IRS.
###### Abstract  
The investigation of atmospheric characteristics is of great significance in properly exploiting air and water resources, and quantitatively estimating and noveasting precipitation. Microwave radiometers are widely used in this field because they can operate unattended for a long time under almost all weather conditions, and obtain high-quality remote sensing data. This research focuses on the applications of ground-based microwave radiometers in retrieving meteorological characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) during the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), such as humidity and temperature structures, stability/convection indices, and cloud and precipitation retrievals. Vertical structures of atmospheric temperature, pressure, humidity, and other variables were investigated under clear-sky and snowy-sky conditions. The statistical characteristics of stability/convection indices in the QTP region, such as convective available potential energy (_CAPE_) and convective inhibition (_CIN_), were investigated, with a special focus on snowy-sky conditions. The relationship between potential cloud water resources and atmospheric and thermodynamics and instability conditions were taken into consideration. The results showed that the peak _CAPEs_ under clear-sky and snowy-sky conditions were 1349.11 J/kg and 1165.12 J/kg, which were relatively larger than the corresponding values during the summer monsoon. _CINs_ during the EAWM were small enough to be negligible. For quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF), brightness temperatures at 30.0 GHz and 51.24 GHz sampling channels were sensitive to the snowfull process. Within 1 h before snowfall, the precipitable water vapour (_PWV_) and liquid water content (_LWC_) increased sharply by 0.05 cm and 0.12 mm, respectively, while the _CAPE_ and downwards _CAPE_ decreased by 225.60 J/kg and 180.31 J/kg, respectively. The findings of this article may be meaningful for characterizing meteorology and precipitation in the QTP and similar regions during the winter monsoon.  
ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR); radar remote sensing; precipitation forecast; quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE); Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) 202213549. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040549](https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040549)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040549](https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040549))
# Digital Human Technology in E-Learning: Custom Content Solutions
## 3 Methodology
### Step 2: Multimodal Processing  
Once the content is inputted, it undergoes a series of processing steps facilitated by specialized modules:  
Step 2-1: Text Processing  
The text processing module leverages natural language processing (NLP) techniques to analyze, structure, and enhance the input text. Key steps include:  
* Tokenization and Parsing--Breaking the input text into meaningful units for easier manipulation;
* Semantic Analysis--Ensuring the coherence of the content by examining its semantic structure, enabling the generation of appropriate speech and visuals;
* Customization--Incorporating user-defined preferences such as tone and language style.  
Step 2-2: Speech Synthesis  
Using state-of-the-art text-to-speech (TTS) technology, the processed text is transformed into high-quality, human-like speech. Deep learning models, such as Tacotron or WaveNet, are employed to achieve natural intonation and rhythm.  
Step 2-3: Image and Scene Generation  
Complementary visuals are generated to enrich the educational content. For instance, diagrams, animations, or relevant background scenes are created based on the input text's context. Advanced computer vision and generative models, such as Stable Diffusion, are utilized for this purpose.
# To What Extent Are the Effects of UV Radiation on Grapes Conserved in the Resulting Wines?
## 4 Materials and Methods  
### Plant Material, Culture Conditions, and Experimental Design  
This experiment was conducted in 2017 in an experimental vineyard located at the University of La Rioja (Logrono, La Rioja, northern Spain, 42\({}^{\circ}\)2\({}^{\prime}\)7 N, 2\({}^{\circ}\)25\({}^{\prime}\) W, 373 m elevation). The experiment was performed on _Vitis vinifera_ L. cv. Tempranillo (clone 43) plants grafted onto 110R rootstock and planted in 50-L pots in 2013. Tempranillo is the third most used cultivar worldwide and is expanding rapidly [40].  
Plants were exposed to five different radiation regimes:  
* P (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR, alone), using XT Vitroflex 395 Solarium Incoloro (Polimertecnic, Girona, Spain), which blocked all UV radiation.
* PA (PAR + UV-A), using acetate Folex 320 (Folex GmbH, Dreiech, Germany) complemented with a polymetacrylate rigid filter (PMMA XT Vitroflex 295, Polimertecnic, Girona, Spain). These filters blocked UV-B and UV-C radiation.
* PB (PAR + UV-B), using a Vitroflex 395 filter and UV-B lamps (TL 40W/12 UVB, Philips Lighting, Madrid, Spain). Lamps were switched on for 10 min periods in the middle hours of the day to provide the plants with the same UV-B that they would receive if exposed to ambient sunlight.
* PAB (PAR + UV-A + UV-B), using PMMA XT Vitroflex 295 (Polimertecnic, Girona, Spain), which blocked UV-C radiation.
* PAB\(\dagger\) (PAR + UV-A + enhanced UV-B), using the same filter as in PAB and the same lamps as in PB, but providing 10% higher UV-B than that received in the PAB treatment by adjusting the time of functioning of the lamps. This UV-B enhancement was realistic and compatible with the predictions of global climate change [24].  
Three replicates were established for each regime, each consisting of two plants. The experiments took place from 6 April (before bud break) to 5 September (harvest). Culture conditions and details on the UV irradiances and doses applied in each regime were as described in a previous study [9].
## 5 Discussion  
In this paper, we have investigated the performance of the two-way satellite multiple terrestrial relay networks with HIs and opportunistic relay selection scheme, where both AF and DF protocols have been considered in the system. Firstly, we have obtained the new SNDR of the system with the  
Figure 8: Throughput of the system for DF protocol versus different \(\overline{\gamma}\): AS.  
Figure 9: OP of the system for AF and DF protocols versus different hardware impairment level: AS.  
practical HIs model. Secondly, we have derived the analytical expressions of the OP and throughput for both AF and DF protocols, respectively, from which we can get the fast ways to calculate the effect of HIs on the considered system. Thirdly, to get the effects of HIs on the considered system at high SNRs, the asymptotic expressions of the system performance have been given. The results have shown that the OP and throughput would have a lower bound and a high bound at high SNRs when the system was under HIs. Besides, the larger HIs level is, the larger the bound of the threshold. The larger HIs level is, the larger the bound of the throughput. Fourthly, from the numerical simulations, we found that the system would get better performance when the number of terrestrial relay was larger. Moreover, we have researched the OP versus different HIs level; the results suggested that if we wanted to have better system performance, the HIs level of each node should have been matched according to the forward protocol.  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] contributed analysis tools; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
This research was funded by [the National Science Foundation of China] grant number [No. 61501507], [the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China] grant number [No. 20150719].  
The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments, which have largely improved and clarified this paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} HIs & hardware impairments \\ AF & amplify-and-forward \\ DF & decode-and-forward \\ OP & outage probability \\ SNRs & signal-to-noise ratios \\ Satcom & satellite communication \\ LOS & line-of-sight \\ HSTCN & hybrid satellite-terrestrial cooperative networks \\ MRC & maximal ratio combining \\ MRT & maximum ratio transmission \\ SER & symbol error rate \\ BF & beamforming \\ OP & outage probability \\ PDF & probability distribution function \\ CDF & cumulative distortion function \\ FHS & Frequent heavy shadowing \\ AS & Average shadowing \\ ILS & Infrequent light shadowing \\ \end{tabular}
## 5 Damage Characterization, Objective Functions, and Optimization Algorithm
### Sensitivity Study  
As discussed earlier, the selection of objective features is application specific, i.e., none of those features has proven to be satisfactory for every structure and every type of damage. The selection of objective features resides in a trade-off between their damage sensitivity and the possibility to ensure their consistency with the expected structural response. For that purpose, a sensitivity study is typically recommended as a fast way to tell which input parameters are important to a particular output feature in order to reduce the parameter space and select appropriate objective features. Generally speaking, there are two groups of sensitivity analysis (SA) techniques, i.e., local SA and global SA. The first historical approach is the local SA, where the impact of small input perturbations on the model output is studied [167]. In order to overcome the limitations of local methods, such as the linearity and normality assumptions, and local variations, the global SA methods have been developed in a statistical framework to consider the whole variation range of the inputs [168]. [PERSON] [169] and [PERSON] [170] presented a comprehensive review of various global sensitivity analyses, ranging from the differential sensitivity analysis, one-at-a-time sensitivity measures, standardized regression coefficients to statistical tests. The most engineering-used screening method is based on the so-called \"One At a Time\" design, where each input is varied while fixing the others [171].  
Moreover, when working with complex models, a screening tool may be necessary to reduce the number of parameters to a manageable size. The significant effects variable screening or linear variable screening method analyzes the contribution (linear effects only) of a particular input parameter to the total model variance [172]. Significant effects method provides an advantage over the sensitivity analysis because it is a probabilistic assessment of variable importance that is obtained through the analysis of variance [121]. In small parameter spaces, the design of experiment methods that systematically calculate a single parameter and combinations of parameters is used [173; 133]. If the dimension or the nonlinearity of the parameter space increases, stochastic sampling strategies [174] are preferred for scanning the design space.  
In summary, the sensitivity study is very helpful for the parameter selection and the adequate formulation of objective functions. By doing the sensitivity study, the parameter space could be adjusted or reduced for subsequent optimization problems, and the adequate starting points for optimization can be obtained as well for a successful optimization.