esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Calculation Results and Discussion
### Influence of the Position of UD  
The structural configurations of PUD models are shown in Table 2. The main difference between PUD and benchmark models is the position of UD. The findings are shown in Figure 16. These models had the same lamination and structural configurations except the distance between UD and the end of the trailing edge. The other parameters were the same.  
Figure 16: Differences between PUD and benchmark models: (**a**) Position of UD in the benchmark model was 20 mm; (**b**) Position of UD in the PUD1 model was 30 mm; (**c**) Position of UD in the PUD2 model was 40 mm.  
Figure 15: The damage at beginning of bonding line.  
The damage results of PUD models are shown in Figure 16. A comparison of the results of each layer with those of the benchmark model is shown in Figure 17. As the UD moved toward the leading edge, the peak and valley of the damage in the middle region of the adhesive also moved toward the leading edge. In addition, the value of damage valley near the trailing edge appeared in the shell area without UD and became lower when UD moved toward the leading edge. The peak value of damage in the middle region appeared in the staggered layer region of UD. The position of the peak value moved with the movement of UD, but the value of damage hardly changed. Another damage valley near the leading edge appeared in the area where the total thickness of the shell was constant. The position of the valley also moved with the movement of UD, and the value of damage valley gradually increased with the movement of UD toward the leading edge.  
The analysis results in Figure 18 show that the location of UD indeed affected the damage distribution of the adhesive at the trailing edge. However, adjusting the damaged distribution of the trailing-edge adhesive by adjusting the position of the trailing-edge UD in the actual blade structure design is almost impossible. First, the positioning of UD material on the trailing edge of the wind turbine blade largely determined the edge-wise stiffness of the blade. In addition, the position of the trailing-edge UD played a key role in controlling the clearance of the trailing edge. Therefore, the edge-wise stiffness and clearance were the two main considerations for UD positioning of the trailing edge in the blade structure design. The calculation results might help understand the effect of UD positioning on shear fatigue damage of the trailing-edge adhesive.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Structural Configuration** & **Detail** \\ \hline Position of UD & 30 and 40 mm \\ Presence of outer over-lamination & Yes \\ Prefabricated component & Prefabricated filler \\ Chamfer & Straight and perpendicular to the bonding surface \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Structural configurations of the PUD model.  
Figure 17: Damage of PUD models: (**a**) Damage of the PUD1 model; (**b**) Damage of the PUD2 model.
# Timing Performance Testing and Regularity Analysis of eLoran System
## 4 Testing and Analysis
### Receiver Signal Source: Long-Wave Signal from Analogue Source
#### 4.1.4 Ability of Receiver 2 to Accurately Measure 1 PPS Source
This gives Receiver 1 better immunity to interference and higher sensitivity. These results indicate that when the long-wave timing signal's quality is good, the short-term stability of these long-wave timing monitoring results is reliable, making this a valuable supplementary method for satellite timing, when necessary.
## 2 Circuit Implementation
### Low-Frequency Path  
The R-2R DAC reduces the offset caused by sensor element mismatches but does not reduce the IA's own internal offset. The chopper implements an internal offset reduction. The chopper is operated by two nonoverlapping clocks. As shown in Figure 3, the sensor output signal is modulated into the high-frequency band through a modulation chopper (CH1), and the modulated signal is demodulated back into the baseband through the demodulation chopper (CH3). Simultaneously, a modulation chopper (CH3) modulates flicker noise and DC offset into the high-frequency band. Consequentially, the up-modulated flicker noise and DC offset are reduced through a Miller integrator (Gm\({}_{4}\)) and combined with high-frequency path signals. At the output of the Miller integrator (Gm\({}_{4}\)), the up-modulated flicker noise and DC offset generate a ripple. The ripple is negative feedback to the input of the chopper (CH3) through an AC coupling capacitor (C\({}_{\rm s}\)) and the current buffer.  
The overall input impedance of the CFIA is determined by the switched capacitor resistor, and is generated by the chopping frequency and input parasitic capacitor (C\({}_{\rm P1}\), C\({}_{\rm P2}\), and C\({}_{\rm P3}\)). Consequently, the input impedance is inversely proportional to the chopping frequency and input parasitic capacitor. If the chopping frequency is reduced to increase the impedance, the output ripple increases. If the parasitic capacitor is reduced to increase the impedance, flicker noise tends to prevail. Achieving high-performance CFIA requires delicate consideration of trade-offs between noise and input impedance.
## 6 Conclusions  
Scouring causes seabed erosion in the vicinity of large-diameter monopile foundations, resulting in safety issues for offshore wind turbines. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposed a new type of anti-scour device, named \"fishnet\" technology. From the research described above, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
1. The fishnet is low in cost and convenient to install at the site; for example, it can be readily tied to the monopile foundation by a frogman. This means that the maintenance cost of the monopile foundation for offshore wind turbines can be significantly reduced after using such a technique.
2. After using the fishnet device, the local streamlines near fishnets are significantly disturbed, which consumes the energy of the downflows and the vortices around the monopile foundation.
3. Both numerical studies and laboratory tests showed that the \"fishnet\" technology can indeed reduce the scouring, and its contribution to erosion reduction can be further improved by performing parameter optimization. The numerical study showed that the maximum shear stress on the seabed in the vicinity of the monopile foundation could be reduced by about 14%, while the laboratory experiment showed that the largest erosion depth around the monopile foundation could be reduced by about 38%.  
The research reported above demonstrated the potential of the proposed \"fishnet\" technology in reducing the seabed erosion around the monopile foundation of offshore wind turbines. Moreover, it proved that the effect of the \"fishnet\" technology can be further improved by optimizing the design of the fishnet device. In this work, the influences of the fishnet size, the diameter of fishnet thread, and the length of the fishnet device were considered. However, the effect of the spiral angle of the fishnet thread on erosion reduction was not investigated. Next, the proposed \"fishnet\" technology will be further improved by optimizing the spiral angle of the fishnet thread. The relevant research will be reported in a separate paper.  
Conceptualization, K.W. and W.Y.; methodology, B.Y. and W.Y.; software, B.Y. and T.L.; validation, B.Y. and T.L.; formal analysis, B.Y.; investigation, K.W.; resources, L.N.; writing--original draft preparation, B.Y.; writing--review and editing, W.Y. and B.Q.; visualization, B.Q.; supervision, K.W. and W.Y.; project administration, K.W.; funding acquisition, K.W.  
Figure 22: Erosion depth when the fishnet device had different lengths.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11772126), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2017 JJ4017), and the UK EPSRC fund (EP/R021503/1).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Partial Shading Effect Implementation  
A PV module simulation was performed using MATLAB-Simulink. Thirty-six solar cells in series connection form a module. The open circuit voltage Voc of each cell is 22.1 V, and the short circuit current Isc is 4.8 A. The solar array is formed by the combination of such modules. The maximum power is 80 W with voltage at maximum power Vmp of 17.6 V, and the current at maximum power Imp is 4.55 A. Figure 1 presents the variation through the I-V and P-V curves taken from the solar cell module with MPP behavior when the irradiance changes from 200 to 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\).  
A PV array formed from two parallel connections of four modules in series was used in the simulations, as shown in Figure 2. In order to avoid \"hotspots\", bypass diodes were applied [28], and to discontinue the \"reverse flow of current\", blocking diodes were applied [29]. In a uniform illumination situation, a unique maximum point was produced in the P-V curve, while numerous peaks were created in the P-V curve under partial shading conditions based on the intensity of shading.  
Numerous scenarios were simulated to demonstrate the P-V characteristics of the studied PV array under partial shading conditions with different levels of strength. Because of the presence of numerous peaks of power in the PV array P-V curve, a suitable procedure which can precisely and effectively track the GMP is required. The overall efficiency of the PV system will be affected by the employed technique's performance.  
Figure 1: I–V and P–V curves of a photovoltaic (PV) module at different solar irradiation levels.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, a high-yielding cellulase strain, JZ2, was screened from white wine lees. We characterized and identified JZ2 by analyzing its colony characteristics through physiological and biochemical testing and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that JZ2 belongs to the genus Bacillus in the thick-walled Bacillus phylum. The colonies were large, and the bacterial cells were rod-shaped. JZ2 exhibited the ability to yield cellulase. The enzyme activities of exoglucanase, endoglucanase, and \(\beta\)-glucosidase were 4.341 \(\pm\) 0.05 U/mL, 1.874 \(\pm\) 0.04 U/mL, and 0.739 \(\pm\) 0.02 U/mL,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Sum of** & **Degrees of** & & & & \\
**Squares** & **Freedom** & & & & & \\ \hline Model & 8.72 & 9 & 0.9689 & 13.30 & 0.0013 & Significant \\ A—Time & 0.0363 & 1 & 0.0363 & 0.4985 & 0.5030 & \\ B—Rotation rate & 0.0003 & 1 & 0.0003 & 0.0041 & 0.9506 & \\ C—Temperature & 0.4232 & 1 & 0.4232 & 5.81 & 0.0468 & Significant \\ AB & 0.0000 & 1 & 0.0000 & 0.0003 & 0.9857 & \\ AC & 0.1047 & 1 & 0.1047 & 1.44 & 0.2697 & \\ BC & 0.5395 & 1 & 0.5395 & 7.41 & 0.0297 & Significant \\ A\({}^{2}\) & 0.4745 & 1 & 0.4745 & 6.51 & 0.0380 & Significant \\ B\({}^{2}\) & 3.08 & 1 & 3.08 & 42.27 & 0.0003 & Significant \\ C\({}^{2}\) & 3.38 & 1 & 3.38 & 46.44 & 0.0002 & Significant \\ Residuals & 0.5100 & 7 & 0.0729 & & & \\ Misfit & 0.3833 & 3 & 0.1278 & 4.04 & 0.1056 & Not significant \\ Pure error & 0.1266 & 4 & 0.0317 & & & \\ Sum & 9.23 & 16 & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: \(p<0.05\) indicates statistical significance, R\({}^{2}\)A\({}_{\rm{Al}}\) = 0.8737, CV = 7.66%.  
\end{table}
Table 6: JZ2 response surface experiment variance analysis table.  
Figure 7: Influence of various factors on the interaction of response values. AB indicates an interaction of fermentation time and rotation rate; AC indicates an interaction of fermentation time and temperature; BC indicates an interaction of rotation rate and temperature.  
respectively. The optimal cellulase production conditions for JZ2 were a fermentation time of 2 d, a rotation rate of 180\(\times\)\(g\), and a temperature of 26 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The enzyme activity of JZ2 performed better than reporter strains at 4.625 U/mL in three validation tests under optimal enzyme production conditions. This strain is a cellulose-degrading bacterium with research and development potential, laying a foundation for further research on cellulose degradation in distillery lees.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Integration of RF and Markov Chain Models
Understanding flood timing and progression enhances resource management during emergencies, improving early warning systems and information accuracy. Long-term forecasts aid in creating effective flood risk management plans, including preventive measures like flood barriers and advanced drainage systems.
# Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency in Different Ecozones of the North China Plain
## 4 Discussion
### Limitation and Future Perspectives  
This paper has studied the spatiotemporal variation of WUE and its driving factors in different ecological functional areas in North China from 2001 to 2017, with a very comprehensive analysis of the variations and driving factors of WUE in different ecological functional areas in North China, but there are still some shortcomings. On the one hand, because the remote sensing inversion data products and meteorological data used in this paper may have some errors themselves, these differences may lead to some errors in the analysis results. On the other hand, two climate factors (precipitation and temperature) were selected in this study to analyze the correlation between WUE and impact factors, and other impact factors were not added to the WUE driving factor analysis. Finally, the WUE data obtained from GPP and ET remote sensing data are not verified with the ground real-time monitoring data, so there are many uncertainties. Therefore, in future studies, remote sensing products and climate data with higher accuracy inversion are needed to more comprehensive analyze the influence of other factors affecting WUE changes in the study area and to analyze the likelihood that WUE is influenced by external influencing factors in multiple ways. Moreover, the accuracy of WUE remote sensing data needs to be verified by ground data.
# Advancing Digital Twin-Based Collision Avoidance:
## 4 Functional Safety for Wireless Systems
### Strengths and Limitations of the Study  
Our study presents both strengths and limitations in our approach to defining the PL of wireless safety functions in industrial settings.  
Regarding the novelty of our approach, our research introduces a pioneering theoretical framework that fills a crucial gap in existing safety evaluations. By developing this framework, we provide industries with a valuable tool to assess the effectiveness and reliability of wireless safety systems. Moreover, our framework is not just theoretical; it has been  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline Burst Length & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\ \hline Count & \(9.21\times 10^{6}\) & \(3.38\times 10^{5}\) & \(3.40\times 10^{4}\) & \(3.44\times 10^{3}\) & 383 & 39 & 4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Burst loss count of our data set according to SGM/SGM/SGM.  
Figure 11: With the SGM/SGM/SGM model, we receive the following distribution. This model is recommended for safety systems that transmit data over the internet.  
validated through real-world measurements in industrial environments, demonstrating its practical applicability and effectiveness in ensuring safety.  
Additionally, our study identifies a significant gap in existing standards regarding the evaluation of wireless safety functions. By highlighting this gap, we pave the way for the development of dedicated criteria tailored specifically to address the unique challenges posed by wireless communication in safety-critical applications. This recognition of the gap underscores the importance of our research in guiding future standards and regulations in the field.  
However, our study is not without its limitations. We acknowledge that our approach simplifies system performance assessment by primarily focusing on packet loss rates. While this provides a useful quantitative measure, it may overlook other critical factors that influence system reliability. Furthermore, our method may not fully capture the dynamic nature of real-world industrial environments, such as fluctuations in warehouse conditions, which can impact the accuracy of our performance-level assessments.  
In summary, our study offers a valuable contribution to the field of wireless safety systems by providing a novel theoretical framework and identifying gaps in existing standards. While our approach has its limitations, it lays the foundation for further research and development in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of wireless systems in industrial settings.
## 5 Data Analysis and Results
### Reconstruction of the Signals in State Space  
The absolute acceleration \(\vec{x}_{abs}\) is directly obtained from the measurement. However, the relative speed \(\dot{\vec{x}}_{rel}\) and displacement \(x_{rel}\) need to be reconstructed from the relative acceleration \(\vec{x}_{rel}=\vec{x}_{abs}-\vec{x}_{base}\) through integration. This problem can be solved with the integration property of Fourier transform [49]  
\[\mathcal{F}\{\int_{-\infty}^{t}f(\tau)d\tau\}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega}F( \omega)+\pi F(0)\delta(\omega). \tag{22}\]  
In Equation (22), \(F(\omega)=\mathcal{F}\{f(t)\}\) is the Fourier transform of the function \(f(t)\). Corresponding to this practical situation, \(f(t)\) equals \(\vec{x}_{rel}\) and \(\dot{\vec{x}}_{rel}\) in the first and second integrations, respectively. In the first integration, the amplitude at zero frequency in the spectrum \(\mathcal{F}\{\dot{\vec{x}}_{rel}\}\) indicates a translation of the moving mass with a constant acceleration. Since the oscillator vibrates only around the neutral position, theoretically, \(\mathcal{F}\{\dot{\vec{x}}_{rel}\}|_{\omega=0}\) equals zero. Due to the same reason, there is also \(\mathcal{F}\{\dot{\vec{x}}_{rel}\}|_{\omega=0}=0\) in the second integration. Furthermore, in order to avoid the drift effect, the spectrum under 10 Hz or 20\(\pi\) rad/s is forced to be zero [50; 51], so that  
\[\dot{\vec{x}}_{rel} =\mathcal{F}^{-1}\{\frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega}\mathcal{F}\{\dot{ \vec{x}}_{rel}\}\}|_{\omega>20\pi\text{ rad/s}} \tag{23}\] \[\vec{x}_{rel} =\mathcal{F}^{-1}\{\frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega}\mathcal{F}\{\dot{ \vec{x}}_{rel}\}\}|_{\omega>20\pi\text{ rad/s}}\] (24) \[=\mathcal{F}^{-1}\{(\frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega})^{2}\mathcal{F}\{ \dot{\vec{x}}_{rel}\}\}|_{\omega>20\pi\text{ rad/s}}. \tag{25}\]  
In experiments with impulse excitations, the amplitudes of signals decay over time. To obtain a sufficient ratio of signals against noise, the portion of a signal with a large amplitude is used for identification, i.e., the first half of a signal. With zeroing the spectrum under 10 Hz, the reconstructed responses of velocity and displacement with low frequency excitation can be interfered. Therefore, only the data in the interval from 20% to 100% of the time span were used for identification. The selected portions of signals are visualized in Figure 16.
## 2 Literature Review
### Research Posterior to Testing Program  
After the completion of the authors' testing program and retrofit design presented in this manuscript, a new version of ACI 440.2R was published (in 2017), and more research became publicly available, providing updated design recommendations and new design equations for FRP-embedded anchors [32; 33] and further insight into the performance of RC T-beams with full-wrap FRP-strengthening applications [34]. Limited seismic-strengthening recommendations were added to ACI 440.2R-17 [9], which were not available at the time of design of the experimental program presented herein. Among these, the new guideline explicitly states that, for seismic shear-strengthening applications, FRP should be provided with complete continuity around the perimeter of the section to account for effects of stress reversal. A new report by the Austin, Texas, research group [32], published in 2017, complemented their previous work [19] with additional monotonic test results of full-scale RC bridge members strengthened in shear with bidirectional CFRP retrofit schemes. In their 2019 publication, [PERSON] et al. [33] provided the most comprehensive design methodology for FRP anchors to date. This paper presented improved capacity equations for both straight and 90\({}^{\circ}\)-bent anchors exhibiting fiber-rupture failure and incorporated the effect of anchor size and fan angle. Furthermore, it provided an additional load capacity equation for the fan-to-FRP laminate bond failure, which was not included in the model by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24]. The work presented by [PERSON] et al. [28] was also extended with a new publication in 2017 [34] evaluating an alternative full-wrap FRP-strengthening scheme with the CFRP rope anchors passing vertically through the flanges of the T-beam (somewhat similar to the concept tested by [PERSON] et al. [25] and implemented on specimen S5) instead of horizontally through the web. The two full-wrap schemes were compared in this paper, and a better performance was demonstrated using the anchors through the flanges.  
Even though FRP is a popular solution for seismic retrofit of shear-deficient RC beams with a top slab, published performance data for this specific application under fully reversed cyclic loading is still very limited.  
The findings and general recommendations on EB-FRP shear-strengthening of RC T-beams in the papers and national design guidelines available at the time this retrofit project was in progress were used as a reference for design. However, the unique combination of shear deficiency, T-beam configuration, large size, and cyclic load demands, together with the lack of anchorage-related FRP design provisions and the limited amount of experimental data, warranted the experimental assessment through large-scale testing of the retrofit schemes for the deficient MRF beams in the existing high-rise building.
# Psychaocoustic Models for Perceptual Audio Coding--A Tutorial Review
## 3 Coding of Stereo Signals
### Models for Coding of Stereo Signals
Even though this approach _does not_ employ any explicit model of BMLD effects, it has become common implementation practice due to its simplicity and the fact that resulting codec quality does not suffer from the simplicity of the model. * Coding mode control: When M/S stereo is activated, the bitrate consumption for quantization or coding changes due to altered spectra and coding thresholds, as compared to individual (L/R) coding. For stereo signals that are far off from the stereo image's center, employing M/S coding may, therefore, be even more expensive than separate coding. In order to enable proper use of M/S stereo coding, an extension of the psychoacoustic model (\"M/S decision\") usually controls the use of M/S vs. L/R (individual) coding by estimating the bitrate demand (via Perceptual Entropy) for each alternative and then deciding on the more bitrate-efficient alternative. Depending on the coding scheme, this decision can be made for individual frequency bands [2] or broadband [44]. While M/S stereo coding provides the highest (approximately 50%) bitrate saving for center-dominant, near-monophonic signals, it does not enable efficient coding of near-monophonic signals that are panned to either side of the stereo image (even though this is possible, in principle, due to the high correlation between the channel signals). Generalizations to the basic M/S coding scheme also allow efficient coding of such signals. As an example, the \"Unified Stereo\" handling in MPEG-D Unified Speech and Audio Coding\" (USAC) [4; 18; 47] adds a (complex-valued) prediction stage from M to S (or from S to M for out-of-phase signals) after the encoder sum/difference matrix in order to remove the redundancy between M and S channels for near-monophonic signals that are panned off-center. While M/S stereo coding was the most widely used early technique for joint stereo coding, the _intensity stereo coding_ approach emerged concurrently. It will be discussed in the section on models for parametric audio coding (see Section 4.1).