## 4 Applications of WSN in Urban Areas
### Healthcare Applications
The designed power control computer toggled between two broadcast modes consistently, aiming to reduce energy consumption while maintaining minimum battery capacity. The research addressed challenges associated with energy efficiency and battery life in IoT devices, offering a solution to extend battery life and improve overall device performance. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed energy-saving technique in reducing energy consumption and increasing battery capability, ultimately enhancing the usability and sustainability of IoT devices in various applications. [PERSON] et al. (2023) [39] proposed the non-delay-tolerant dissemination technique (NDTDT) to address issues related to overloaded dissemination and swift message delivery in healthcare systems. The study utilized accelerometer and gyroscope sensors within a centralized network type and a star-connected network topology for NDTDT. The dissemination method employed intelligent decision-making processes to prioritize and present accumulated details to healthcare centers efficiently. By leveraging these sensors and network architecture, the designed technique aimed to ensure reliable message delivery while minimizing errors due to discrete sensing intervals. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of NDTDT in increasing the delivery of vital healthcare information through efficient dissemination, ultimately improving healthcare outcomes and patient care. [PERSON] et al. (2018) [40] conducted a systematic survey to study and evaluate methods related to big data in healthcare applications. The study utilized thermometer sensors within a centralized network type and a cluster-based network topology for data collection. Through a comprehensive and detailed analysis, the researchers aimed to identify modern mechanisms in big data analytics relevant to healthcare applications. The survey addressed challenges associated with the integration and analysis of large volumes of healthcare data, offering insights into emerging trends and technologies in big data analytics for healthcare. The results provided valuable information for researchers and practitioners to enhance data-driven decision-making processes and improve healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. Table 7 compares various methodologies aimed at improving healthcare systems, focusing on objectives, sensor types, network configurations, results, and limitations. These methods use diverse sensors like video, acoustic, RFID, ECG, and environmental sensors in centralized or decentralized networks with star or cluster topologies. The objectives include enhancing e-health applications, healthcare data analysis, user satisfaction, IoT device battery life, message delivery reliability, and big data analysis. While the results show improvements in E, D, R, and NL, the limitations include delays in cross-sectional designs, inefficient data transmission, unimproved user satisfaction, and challenges in energy savings and reliability. Each method addresses specific healthcare challenges but has its own constraints. The \(\swarrow\) in Table 7 shows that the method increases the performance of the particular metric, whereas the blank space indicates that the method does not consider the performance of the particular metric. The summary conclusions of healthcare applications are listed below. * WSN technology improves healthcare delivery in urban crisis rooms by enhancing remote monitoring, healthcare access, and response times, reducing the need for physical presence. * Various sensor types and network topologies, including centralized and decentralized configurations, enhance healthcare delivery. Star-connected topologies are efficient in data collection and system reliability. * Centralized network topologies are preferred for robust resource and data management, focusing on energy-saving techniques and reliable message delivery. Cluster-based topologies effectively manage large data volumes and improve system performance.