esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 The Circuit-Partitioning Algorithm Based on Partition Connectivity Clustering and Tabu Search
### Refinement Partitioning Algorithm Based on Tabu Search
#### 3.4.2 Candidate Solution-Selection Strategy  
As mentioned earlier, when multiple vertices in the neighborhood solution have the same gain, a selection strategy is required to decide which vertex \(v_{m}\) is moved to the target subset \(G_{m}\) (and \(v_{n}\) to \(G_{n}\)).To ensure that the selection of candidate solutions is closely tied to the current search state, the algorithm's strategy integrates several key factors, includingthe tabu list and the migration frequency of vertices. The tabu list is applied to avoid the local optima or some unnecessary repeated operations, thereby maintaining diversity in the search. The migration frequency refers to the number of times a vertex has been moved during the entire search process. This information enables the algorithm to prioritize vertices that may not have been sufficiently explored or that have a more significant impact on improving the current solution.  
Vertex migration is a key step in finding the optimal solution. Let \(V_{\text{cand}}\) denote the set of candidate vertices with the highest gain that can be moved to the target subset \(G_{m}\). If vertex \(v\) belongs to subset \(G_{c}\) and is in \(V_{\text{cand}}\), it will be migrated to \(G_{m}\) under the following conditions:  
* Vertex \(v\) is not in the tabu list;
* Moving vertex \(v\) to \(G_{m}\) generates a new partition that improves the current best partition \(P_{G_{2}\text{best}}\).  
The vertex-selection strategy utilizes two criteria to optimize the selection process. First, vertices with lower movement frequencies are prioritized to avoid frequent adjustments. This strategy can prevent repeatedly migrating the same vertices, thereby improving the diversity and efficiency of the search. Specifically, vertices with higher movement frequencies are penalized, reducing their probability of selection, thus enabling the exploration of more potential solutions.  
Second, when multiple vertices in the candidate set \(V_{\text{cand}}\) have the same movement frequency, select those vertices that effectively balance the weight difference between the two subsets. In other words, the weight difference between the target subset and the original subset are prioritized. This approach achieves a more even distribution of load across all subsets.
## 4 Simulation Results
### Comparison Between TDOM and Other Maritime Communications  
To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed TDOM technology, the comparison of the communication performance between TDOM system with the VDES is given in Figure 10. It can be seen that the communication performance of the sin-TDOM system with \(f=20\) and \(N=32\) is better than that of the VDES system, in which the TDOM system occupies \(1/5\) of the bandwidth of the VDES system. The communication performance of the sin-TDOM system with \(f=30\) and \(N=96\) is comparable to that of the VDES system, in which time the communication rate of the TDOM system is three times higher than the peak rate of the VDES system. In addition, when \(N=128\), the communication performance of the cos-TDOM systems with \(f=10,20\) and \(30\) is comparable to that of the VDESs, with the peak communication rate of the TDOM system being 20 times that of the VDES, and the occupied bandwidth still being one-fifth of that of the VDES. Thus, the peak spectrum efficiency is 20 times that of the VDES. Therefore, the TDOM system simultaneously achieves a reduction in bandwidth and an increase in transmission rate with higher spectral efficiency, which will provide better support for the maritime communication network to provide better-quality services.  
Figure 9: Bandwidth and performance of the TDOM system with a bandwidth of 96 KHz. **(a)** The spectrum of the TDOM symbol, **(b)** communication performance of the TDOM with 19.2 KHz and nearly 100 KHz bandwidth.
# Physical and Mechanical Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt
###### Abstract  
Against the backdrop of global warming and depletion of natural resources, new techniques and alternative materials need to be explored and integrated into road construction. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is one of the waste materials that can be reused in new road projects if its behavior is better understood. Numerous researchers have studied the use of RAP in both bound and unbound pavement layers. However, the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of RAP in unbound pavement layers are not fully understood due to its unique properties. For this reason, this paper aims to investigate the performance of RAP in the construction of unbound pavement layers (base and subbase). The methodology used consists of two phases: (i) laboratory tests in terms of physical properties, bearing capacity and permanent deformations generated and (ii) a comparative analysis of the test results. For the laboratory tests, the RAP material was taken from the milling operation of a pavement section to be rehabilitated and blended with virgin aggregates (VA) in different proportions. In addition, a sample consisting of pure VA was used as a reference sample for the comparative analysis of the results. Overall, it is concluded that the use of RAP for admixture in unbound layers is feasible and meets the sustainability requirements of pavement materials and structures without compromising pavement strength. A highlight of the research findings is that RAP with percentages up to 40% is a rational approach for the development of RAP-VA mixes to be incorporated into unbound pavement layers. Nevertheless, the results of the present study support the statement that testing is required each time to define the capabilities of RAP considering local effects and material conditions.  
pavement; unbound layers; RAP; CBR; resilient modulus; permanent deformation
## 1 Introduction
In the case of nanometer-range liquid crystal targets driven in the RIT regime by 3 J energy, 30 fs laser pulses, 20 MeV proton cutoff energies have been measured, but with degraded beam profile at low proton energy [43]. A general observation is that relatively long (a few 100 fs) pulse durations often lead to poor proton beam quality but higher conversion efficiency [34; 41; 42]. This is explained by the fact that the ASE-driven expansion of the target increases the plasma density scale length seen by the main laser pulse. This tends to favor the laser absorption into hot electrons but also to disrupt the laser beam profile, entailing, in turn, a degraded imprint in the proton profile. When using a PM, the reduced preplasma due to the higher lasercontrast is expected to improve the compactness of the hot-electron distribution and the proton beam quality; yet, the associated laser energy loss, typically around 50%, may detrimentally affect the achievable proton energies. Therefore, it is not clear whether the use of PMs systematically benefits or not proton acceleration. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate that the combination of an ultrashort (\(\sim\)24 fs) and ultraintense (\(>\)10\({}^{21}\) W cm\({}^{-2}\)) laser pulse with a double plasma mirror (DPM) [34] can significantly improve the maximum energy, conversion efficiency, beam profile, and divergence of the accelerated protons. Numerical particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations support these results, ascribing them to a closer overlap of the maximum of the TNSA field with the front of the proton bunch, where the fastest protons are located. Our findings have important implications for the development of high-quality proton beams for various applications.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Batch Desorption Studies
#### 3.6.1 Preliminary Studies
From the results obtained, the influence of pH solution on the adsorption efficiency showed that maximum adsorption for ZDV and phenol occurred at pH 2.00 and gradually declined as the pH tended towards an alkaline medium. These demonstrate that acidic mediums have higher ZDV and phenol  
Figure 6: Percentage removal vs. adsorption capacity for (**a**) 10 ppm ZDV and (**b**) 50 ppm phenol biochar/rGO/DES-glycerol (Conditions: pH = neutral pollutant pH; speed = 200 rpm; contact time = 24 h). dissociation rates. Due to the activities of the functional groups on the adsorbent surface and the presence of DES, positively charged ions dominate the adsorbent surface at low pH levels. Furthermore, an increased electrostatic attraction-ion interaction mechanism between the adsorbate and adsorbent results in higher removal efficiency. Therefore, the results obtained in Figure 7 confirm that biochar/rGO/DES-glycerol possesses better adsorption performance for the removal of ZDV and phenol. Hence, only biochar/rGO/DES-glycerol will be used for further optimization and detailed adsorption experiments.
## 3 Research Results
### Dynamic Evolution of Land Use from 2000 to 2020
#### 3.1.2 Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of CS  
The CS in the study area showed significant spatial heterogeneity, and its distribution features showed north-south polarization and local differences, which was highly consistent with the topographic characteristics and landscape distribution in the study area (Figure 5). To the west, the region is adjacent to the high-altitude QTP, while the LP lies to the east and the Qinling Mountains to the south, all of which contribute to a high-density  
Between 2000 and 2020, there was an overall upward trend in CS, but between 2010 and 2020, CS declined slightly (by 30 tons). The primary factor driving this change is the rapid increase in construction land between 2010 and 2020, coupled with the reduction in both forest and agricultural land areas (Figure 6). Although the government has implemented relevant policies such as ecological restoration and territorial spatial planning, these measures have promoted ecological restoration to a certain extent. However, these measures have been insufficient to effectively offset the loss of CS resulting from the conversion of agricultural land into urban areas and the deterioration of woodlands.
# Eye Movement Parameters in Children with Reading Difficulties
## 3 Results
### Saccadic Eye Movements
#### 3.1.2 Anti-Saccades  
Further data analysis explored the effect of saccadic eye movement direction, participant age, and reading performance on the peak velocity measurements in the anti-saccade tasks (Figure 5). The results of the mixed repeated measures ANOVA did not reveal a significant direction or reading performance effect on the peak velocity of horizontally oriented anti-saccades. However, a significant age effect was observed (F(5, 668) = 3.085, \(p\) = 0.009, \({\eta_{\text{p}}}^{2}\) = 0.023). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in the peak velocity measurements between 7- and 11-year-old children ([PERSON] post hoc: \(p\) = 0.047), with 7 year olds demonstrating higher peak velocities in the anti-saccade tasks compared to 11 year olds. A significant direction effect was observed for vertically oriented anti-saccades (F(1; 668) = 29.651, \(p\) < 0.001, \({\eta_{\text{p}}}^{2}\) = 0.043), indicating a lower peak velocity for downwards-oriented saccades compared to saccades performed upwards ([PERSON] post hoc: \(p\) < 0.001). No significant effect of age or reading performance on the vertically oriented anti-saccades was observed.  
The results of the mixed repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant direction effect on anti-saccade accuracy measurements for both horizontally (F(1; 668) = 63.754, \(p\) < 0.001, \({\eta_{\text{p}}}^{2}\) = 0.087) and vertically (F(1; 668) = 462.540, \(p\) < 0.001, \({\eta_{\text{p}}}^{2}\) = 0.409) oriented anti-saccades (Figure 6). Post hoc analysis revealed that saccades oriented to the right were less accurate than saccades oriented to the left ([PERSON] post hoc: \(p\) < 0.001), and saccades oriented downwards were less accurate than saccades oriented upwards ([PERSON] post hoc: \(p\) < 0.001). No significant age or reading performance effect was observed for anti-saccade accuracy in horizontally oriented saccades. However, for vertically oriented anti-saccades only, the effects of reading performance (F(1, 668) = 3.964, \(p\) = 0.047, \({\eta_{\text{p}}}^{2}\) = 0.006) and age (F(5, 668) = 2.709, \(p\) = 0.020, \({\eta_{\text{p}}}^{2}\) = 0.020) were revealed to be statistically significant. Children without reading difficulties were more accurate than children with reading difficulties ([PERSON] post hoc: \(p\) = 0.047), and 10-year-olds were less accurate than 12-year-old children ([PERSON] post hoc: \(p\) = 0.047).  
Figure 5: Peak velocity of anti-saccades in children with and without reading difficulties. Data outliers significantly different from the rest of the data are marked as dots. * Statistically significantly difference (mixed ANOVA, [PERSON] post hoc analysis \(p\) < 0.05).
# Distributed Centrality Analysis of Social Network Data Using MapReduce
## 2 Methods  
### Definitions  
Centrality measures are based on the number of immediate connection nodes, or on the shortest communication paths in the network [32]. Centrality scores for real-world networks are different from true-centrality levels, because there is no well-defined measure of centrality that would be independent of the networks themselves [33].  
Degree centrality (DC) helps in finding the nodes with the highest number of links to other nodes within a network. Hence, it measures the popularity and/or influence factor of the entity in the network. It is often used in identifying the entities that are central with respect to spreading news and influencing other entities in the network. Nodes with a high degree centrality will be those entities in a network that have the best connections to entities around them. They may be considered influential, or just as strategically important nodes for communication [34].  
Closeness centrality (CC) aids in finding the nodes that are closest to the other nodes in a network. The latter is calculated by evaluating their ability to reach other network nodes. This centrality measures the speed at which a piece of information can reach other entities within the network from a given entity. Nodes with a high closeness value have a shorter distance to all the other nodes, and are therefore considered to be efficient broadcasters of information [35].  
Eigenvector centrality (EC) is a method of computing the approximate importance of each node in a network [36]. The intuition behind the eigenvector centrality is that a node is thought to be more important if it is directly connected to more important nodes. This metric identifies the most influential node, which is connected to other important nodes.
## 3 Results
### Test with 50 Nodes  
The algorithm is then tested on a greater number of data (50 nodes). The coordinates of the nodes are given in Appendix A (Table A3) and are displayed in Figure 14. There are 491 \(\simeq 10^{63}\) possible routes.  
Figure 12: The three steps of the proposed algorithm. (**a**) Step 1: reduction of the node number; (**b**) Step 2: evolutionary algorithm; (**c**) Step 3: geometrical reduction (1 st iteration); (**d**) Step 3: geometrical reduction (2 nd iteration)  
Figure 13: Display of the final result. (**a**) Final result; (**b**) Display in the software.  
To compare the benefit of the algorithm, we first applied the evolutionary algorithm (population size: 100, group number: 25, iteration number: 1000) on the data without taking account the intersections and communication ranges. The result is presented on Figure 15: the total route length is 15,249 m with the node order \"11 5 1 2 3 4 8 12 20 19 36 37 41 42 22 21 23 24 38 43 49 39 47 46 40 44 45 48 34 25 33 50 30 29 35 28 27 26 31 32 18 17 15 6 16 14 13 7 9 10 11\".  
The algorithm in three steps is applied on these data. Step 1 found nine intersections, enabling to reduce the number of nodes. The result of the first step is presented in Figure 16a. Step 2 applies the evolutionary algorithm. A trajectory of length 13,382 m is obtained, see Figure 16b, that represents a reduction of 12.2% in comparison to the initial trajectory. Finally, step 3 is applied, based on geomtrical reductions. The result of step 3 is presented in Figure 16c. The length of the trajectory is 10,910 m. That represents a reduction of 28.4% with respect to the initial trajectory. The final result is represented with the 50 nodes in Figure 16d.  
Figure 14: Node locations with their respective communication ranges.  
Figure 15: Initial test with the evolutionary algorithm on the 50 nodes: the route length is 15,249 m.
# Enabling the Orchestration of IoT Slices through Edge and Cloud Microservice Platforms
## 4 Validation of the Solution
### Protocol and Message Formatting  
It is important to remark that IoT solutions may be diverse, considering: the heterogeneity of sensors and actuators; the vast variety of devices onboarding those sensors, which may present different characteristics (e.g., memory or processing capacity); the different radio access technologies supported by these devices (e.g., Bluetooth or Narrowband IoT); and the considerable number of open-source and commercial software platforms providing IoT-related functions which are able to collect and analyze all these measurements. However, there is still one important aspect to be considered, and it is related to the amount of protocols used in IoT solutions and the format used to send the measurements obtained from the sensor.  
In relation to the protocol, MQTT [57] has been used, since it was already supported by both Edge X Foundry framework and Mainflux platform and because there is a wide range of available devices and libraries providing this protocol.  
Regarding message formatting, the Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) format has been used. It is defined in an already standardized IETF specification [72] which was already supported by Mainflux platform. Edge X Foundry software was updated to support this format [70; 71] and specific Python clients were implemented to send SenML formatted data over MQTT from any device supporting Python [77].
# Efficient Route Management Method for Mobile Nodes in 6 TiSCH Network
## 2 Background
### Tsch
In another experiment, we simulate a situation in which the communicable distance of a static node covers the topology of a moving node with all four fixed nodes and one moving node. This generally assumes an industrial environment in which robots move and static gateways ensure stable communication. Experiments show that downtime is extremely low at less than 0.5% regardless of the number of moving nodes, which does not affect TSCH network performance and synchronization if the moving radius of the moving node exists at a distance that can communicate with the static node.
## 2 Case Study Site  
_Engineering Geological Conditions_  
The Vulcan open-pit coal mine is situated in the Tete province in the heart of Mozambique [8]. The deposit has a large number of bands of sandstone and siltstone in addition to Gondwana-variety allochthonous coal [9]. Excessive quantities of phosphorus in coal can affect how well the coal is used while making steel, since phosphorus is considered a pollutant. Significant diversity is observed in the Chipanga deposit, both laterally across the Moatize deposit and vertically inside the Chipanga seam. Due to its position and mining activities, the area is vulnerable to geological disturbances and natural hazards. These factors are especially important to take into account when working with shift lengths and cemented paste backfill. The Vulcan open-pit coal mine is linked to a number of geological disturbances and natural hazards, including water pollution, land-grabbing and displacement, violence and fatalities, heavy metal contamination, and soil and sediment pollution.  
According to the actual drilling histogram of the Vulcan open-pit coal mine [8; 9], the distribution of rock layers is shown in Table 1 and the case study area can be seen in Figure 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number** & **Lithology** & **Thickness (m)** & **Density (kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\))** & **Cohesion (MPa)** & **Internal Friction Angle (\({}^{\star}\))** \\ \hline
1 & Silstone Sandstone & 50.71 & 2460 & 2.45 & 40 \\
2 & Coal1 & 1.32 & 1675 & 3.5 & 24 \\
3 & Silstone1 & 3.57 & 2010 & 3.75 & 38 \\
4 & Coal2 & 0.41 & 1500 & 3.5 & 24 \\
5 & Silstone2 & 2.08 & 2400 & 3.75 & 38 \\
6 & Coal3 & 1.36 & 1670 & 3.5 & 24 \\
7 & Silstone3 & 3.06 & 2290 & 3.75 & 38 \\
8 & Coal4 & 1.82 & 1730 & 3.5 & 24 \\
9 & Silstone4 & 3.44 & 2280 & 3.75 & 38 \\
10 & Coal-Silstone1 & 5.80 & 2010 & 2.45 & 40 \\
11 & Silstone5 & 1.07 & 2220 & 3.75 & 38 \\
12 & Coal-Silstone2 & 1.23 & 1890 & 2.45 & 40 \\
13 & Silstone6 & 1.16 & 2390 & 3.75 & 38 \\
14 & Coal5 & 2.32 & 1710 & 3.5 & 24 \\
15 & Silstone7 & 0.68 & 2500 & 3.75 & 38 \\
14 & Coal-Silstone3 & 0.78 & 2020 & 2.45 & 40 \\
17 & Silstone8 & 0.71 & 2420 & 3.75 & 38 \\
18 & Coal-Silstone4 & 1.24 & 2050 & 2.45 & 40 \\
19 & Thin Variable Silstone & 0.97 & 2470 & 2.45 & 40 \\
20 & Coal6 & 0.90 & 2050 & 2.45 & 40 \\
21 & Silstone/Tilite & 0.97 & 2590 & 2.45 & 40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Rock mechanics parameters and distribution of rock layers.
# Experimental Research on the Properties of Rock-Filled Concrete
###### Abstract  
In order to comprehensively evaluate the properties of rock-filled concrete (RFC) with the strength of C15, lab experimental test and in-situ test are applied to explore the mechanical, hydraulic, ultrasonic characteristics of RFC in Hantang reservoir dam. Four types of defects within RFC are shown from the appearance of borehole cores specimens: (1) large sized voids existing in interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between self-compacting concrete (SCC) and rock block (RB); (2) bad cohesion in ITZ; (3) joints within rock block; (4) voids within SCC. For hydraulic aspects, the average porosity of RFC is 14.10%; the permeability rate of RFC ranges from 2.41 Lu to 10.41 Lu, with the average of 11.32 Lu, occasionally more than 25.52 Lu due to interconnected defects. For ultrasonic aspects, the ultrasonic velocity of RFC conforms to lognormal distribution, with the average of 2993.3 m/s and standard deviation of 650.5 m/s. For mechanical aspects, the average cubic compressive strength of RFC is 22.55 Mpa, with the standard deviation of 4.09 Mp. Thus the data shows a relatively great dispersion due to uneven distribution of some defects in RFC, which deteriorate the quality of RFC. Through the experimental investigation, it is shown that the quality of massive RFC in the Hantang dam is obviously non-homogeneous, mainly influenced by construction technology.  
rock-filled concrete; defect type; permeability; ultrasonic velocity; compressive strength +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences