esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 PDFT Simulations of Porphyrins on Surfaces
### PDFT Simulations of Substrate Bound Porphyrin Reactions and Catalysis  
Porphyrins on solid substrates can act as active sites for various catalysis reactions. PDFT simulations are typically used to determine the reaction mechanisms of catalytic reactions on surfaces. [PERSON] et al. [127], used Cu porphyrin to functionalize the graphene surface for methane catalytic reaction. Using PDFT simulations with GGA-PBE [45] functional, it was determined that the porphyrin Cu metal center acts as an active site for the direct oxidation of methane to methanol. The PDFT simulations elucidate the step-by-step reaction mechanism and energetics to understand the catalytic reaction with CuP functionalized graphene at the atomic level. The reaction coordinate (Figure 9) and corresponding geometries of the oxidation reaction was obtained using climbing image nudged elastic band method [128; 129] and charge analysis using Bader charges [130].  
On surface reactions of organic molecules with porphyrins supported on surfaces and monitored by STM experiments has gained significant interest since the pioneering work by [PERSON] et al. [131]. PDFT simulations were used to understand the on-surface reaction mechanisms, energetics and dynamics of porphyrin. [PERSON] et al. [132] studied the Heck reaction of alkene attached aryl bromides to TPP porphyrins on Au(111) surface. The surface structure of TPP changes upon the attachment of the aryl group. The reactions was found to be catalyzed by Pd attached to Au(111) surface. PDFT simulations using GGA-PBE [45] functional with DFT-D3 correction was used to determine the molecular surface configurations during deformation and coupling of Heck reaction on Au(111). [PERSON] et al. [133],  
Figure 9: Reaction energy profile for the reaction of CH\({}_{4}\) with pre-adsorbed O atom on CuP functionalized graphene surface. The numbers indicate the energies relative to the reference system of gas phase CH\({}_{4}\) and O bound to the metal center of CuP functionalized graphene surface. The transition states are shown as the maxima on the energy landscape. The x-axis corresponds to the reaction coordinate along the reaction pathway. Reprinted with permission from reference [127] Copyright 2017 Elsevier.  
studied the on-surface reactions of aryl-chloride and Cu(111) attached porphyrins. PDFT simulations with GGA-PBE [45] functional and DFT-D3 correction was used to determine the surface reaction dynamics and energetics of dehalogenation, cross coupling and cyclodehydrogenation reactions on Cu(111) surface.
## 2 Mathematical Background
### BEC Equations over \(GF(2^{m})\)  
[PERSON] developed a comprehensive model for Binary Edwards curves (BECs) in 2007, which includes a complete group law. The mathematical representation of BECs over a prime field with coefficient \(d\) is given by Equation (1)  
\[x^{2}+y^{2}=1+dx^{2}y^{2} \tag{1}\]  
In Equation (1), \(x\) and \(y\) represent the initial points, and \(d\) represents the curve parameter. However, working with large prime fields can be challenging, so [PERSON] proposed a binary version of Edwards curves to overcome this issue.  
\[E_{B,d_{1},d_{2}}:d_{1}(x+y)+d_{2}(x^{2}+y^{2})=xy+xy(x+y)+x^{2}y^{2} \tag{2}\]  
Equation (2) shows the binary form of [PERSON] curves, where \(x\) and \(y\) denote the initial points, and \(d_{1}\) and \(d_{2}\) represent the curve parameters. Equation (2) holds true when \(d_{1}\) is not equal to 0 and \(d_{2}\) is not equal to \(d_{1}^{2}+d_{1}\).
# Outage Probability Analysis in Relaying Cooperative Systems with NOMA Considering Power Splitting
## 3 Performance Analysis  
In this section, we are going to provide exact and approximate closed-form expressions for outage probability (\(OP\)). Besides that, the average bit error probability (ABEP) and delay-limited throughput are going to be examined to comprehensively study CR-NOMA. Let us start first with the study of \(OP\).
# Laboratory Testing and Analysis of Clay Soil Stabilization Using Waste Marble Powder
## 2 Materials and Method  
Soil strength is often evaluated in the laboratory using unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). One hundred eighty cylindrical specimens were tested, with 90 specimens used for UPV testing and 90 for UCS testing. These tests were conducted on treated and untreated soil samples at three compaction water contents. Of the 180 samples, approximately 64 samples were resampled and retested. This was performed because of suspected errors in some UPV and UCS values. Specifically, 32 samples were resampled and retested for UPV testing, and 32 were resampled and retested for UCS testing. Three different molding water contents (20, 22.5, and 24.5%) and six different percentages of marble powder (by weight of dry soil) (ranging from 0 to 75%) were used in the UCS and UPV tests performed on the clay and marble powder mixture. Each case was tested at different curing times ranging from zero to twenty-eight days, recognizing that a substance composed of soil and marble powder has the characteristics of a structured geomaterial due to interparticle bonds. The ANNs program was then integrated to estimate the strength of samples using UCS and UPV results, and these results are a valuable approach in geotechnical engineering. The process of the specimens is presented in Table 1.
# Investigating BIM Implementation Barriers and Issues in Pakistan Using ISM Approach
## 1 Introduction
### BIM in Pakistan  
Due to ill procedures in the construction industry, Pakistan's infrastructure development falls in the lowest ranks [1]. Ill quality, improper planning, scope and design changes of a project, claims and disputes, incomplete design, corruption and changes in quantity are the major risks associated with Pakistan's construction sector [18]. Additionally, some other factors that cause time and cost overruns are inadequate design, change in scope, not preparing drawings in the allotted time, late approvals, conflicts between designs, improper estimates, lack of planning, weak coordination links between stakeholders and unhealthy management of contracts [3]. BIM implementation in Pakistan is 11% and they have just used this technology to develop 3D drawings, which is very limited and only one of the applications of BIM [14] and should be increased. The government of Pakistan should make national policies and take measures to manage the problems faced by the construction sector [19].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Construction Markets** & **Percentage** & **BIM Level** & **Construction Markets** & **Percentage** & **BIM Level** \\ \hline Germany & 90\% & 2 & New Zealand & 54\% & 2 \\ U.S. & 79\% & 2 & Japan & 46\% & 2 \\ Denmark & 78\% & 2 & Europe & 42\% & 2 \\ Canada & 78\% & 2 & Turkey & 35\% & 1 \\ United Kingdom & 74\% & 2 & Middle East & 25\% & 1 \\ Brazil & 73\% & 2 & Nigeria & 23\% & 1 \\ China & 67\% & 2 & India & 22\% & 1 \\ Australia & 67\% & 2 & South Africa & 20\% & 1 \\ France & 65\% & 2 & Malaysia & 20\% & 1 \\ South Korea & 55\% & 2 & Pakistan & 11\% & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Implementation percentages of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in various construction markets data obtained from [14; 17].
# Object-Environment Fusion of Visual System for Automatic Pear Picking
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Environmental Perception  
Environmental perception encompasses the comprehension of the 3D space of the object and obstacle; it combines the depth image with the masks to generate point clouds of the object and background. The formula for the generation of the point cloud [36] is shown in Equation (1), where \((u,v)\) denotes the pixel coordinates; \((x,y,z)\) denotes the point cloud coordinates; \(d\) represents the depth corresponding to the pixel coordinates; \(W,H\) are the width and height of the image; and \(f\) is the camera's focal length.  
Figure 4: Occlusion and illumination in orchard.  
Figure 5: Masks of the object.  
Figure 3: Instance segmentation for pear identification.  
However, there is a large number of obstacles with irregular shapes, such as branches and leaves in the background. It is not efficient to apply point clouds to represent these obstacles. Therefore, we need to fit the point clouds to standard geometric shapes, such as cubes, spheres, and ellipsoids.  
\[\begin{cases}x=\frac{u-H/2}{c}\\ y=\frac{v-W/2}{c}\\ z=\frac{f}{c}d\\ c=\sqrt{(u-H/2)^{2}+(v-W/2)^{2}+f^{2}}\end{cases} \tag{1}\]  
The voxel-based representation of the environment is applied in this section. It represents the point clouds as cubes, which are called voxels. The size of the voxel can be adjusted according to the application's needs. The smaller the voxel, the finer the representation. Each voxel is assigned to a class, which indicates whether it is an object or obstacle. We use the number of background points \(N\) in a voxel to determine whether the voxel represents an obstacle. In this paper, the threshold of \(N\) is 300 and the size of the voxel is 10 cm, using an image resolution of \(1280\times 720\). Figure 6 shows the voxel-based representation. It can be clearly observed that there are obstacles on the right and upper sides of the object. This information is crucial for the evaluator to identify an effective picking pose.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Classification through Feature Extraction Technique
#### 2.4.1 Support Vector Classification  
Support vector machines (SVMs) have been widely used as a classifier for weed identification. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [57] performed crop/weed classification on a dataset of maize crops and four weed species images using SVM on image color and texture features. Later, they also included shape features in the SVM model and tested their performance using three different kernel functions (polynomial, sigmoid, and RBF) [58]. According to [PERSON] et al. [59], multi-class classification using SVMs generates the best probabilistic output. They trained an SVM model to differentiate the monocotyledon weeds, _Ageratum convzoides_,  
Figure 4: Visualization of activations of the first Conv-layer of _Alexnet_.  
Figure 5: Workflow for the artificial image synthesis through adversarial network and crop/weeds classification.  
and _Amarantthus palmeri_ weeds from other weeds for selective spraying. Many other studies have also utilized the different versions of SVMs and discussed their advantages [60; 61].  
In SVM, the classification is performed by identifying a hyper-plane that differentiates the classes very well. The algorithm aims to maximize the minimum distance between a point and the discriminating hyper-plane [57]. In this study, the radial basis function (RBF) was used to transform the feature space. This function computes the element \((i,\,j)\) of the Gram matrix \(G\) as:  
\[G\left(x_{i},\,\,x_{j}\right)=\exp\left(-\big{|}\big{|}x_{i}-x_{j}\big{|} \big{|}^{2}\right) \tag{5}\]  
where, \(x_{i}\) and \(x_{j}\) are the \(i\)-th and \(j\)-th observations of the training set.
# Numerical Analysis of Cold Spray Process for Creation of Pin Fin Geometries
## 2 Numerical Modelling
### Geometry and Boundary Conditions  
The geometry of the nozzle, mask, and substrate is presented in Figure 1. Due to the presence of the mask, the analysis needed to be modelled in three dimensions. However, the flow and overall particle deposition are symmetric about two planes, therefore, a quarter-symmetric model was utilized. The dimensions of the converging-diverging nozzle are the same as those in the study performed by [PERSON] et al. [31] (which was based on a PCS 800 cold spray system (Plasma Giken, Yorimachi, Japan)) and are shown in Figure 2. Furthermore, Figure 2 identifies the standoff distance (SOD) parameter for both the mask and the nozzle, which was varied in this parametric study.  
Figure 1: Quarter-symmetric model of nozzle, mask, and substrate.  
Figure 2: Nozzle dimensions and geometry. SOD stands for standoff distance.  
The flow domain is shown in Figure 3. Similar to previous studies [31; 32; 43; 44], the outlet boundary is treated as a pressure outlet, and all the walls (nozzle, mask, and substrate) are treated with no-slip conditions. A pressure inlet is specified at the nozzle inlet. The substrate used for the analysis is a square prism, 30 mm \(\times\) 30 mm \(\times\) 5 mm. The jet flows out radially after it impinges on the substrate surface. Therefore, to minimize the effect of the outlet conditions, the domain is extended 80 mm from the nozzle centerline. The domain is also extended to 50 mm behind the substrate surface and 30 mm behind the nozzle exit, since the flow can be reflected off the substrate.
## 3 Proposed Method
### Proposed Watermark Detection Scheme  
Figure 9 shows the proposed method for watermark detection. This method has similarities to the watermark embedding method shown in Figure 8. Initially, the watermarked JPEG 2000 image is decoded with an entropy decoder. Similar to the watermark embedding process described in Section 3.2, embeddable bits are identified within the decoded DWT coefficients. The DWT region is divided, and an RBS is generated.  
For each GOB, the watermark embedded in the embeddable DWT coefficient is extracted and compared with the generated RBS. If the extracted watermark does not match the generated RBS, the GOB is classified as modified. During the watermark embedding and detection process, this algorithm generates RBS using four parameters: ancestral information from the root GOB, non-embeddable DWT coefficients, metadata of JPEG 2000 images, and the owner's key. Consequently, the proposed algorithm in this paper can detect maliciously modified areas, as introduced in Section 3.5.
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] [15] showed that the condensation moment was consistent with the gradual change of the derivative of the strain read by the strain gauge and proposed the tangent geometric intersection of the measured strain as the strain zeroing standard. In \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Researchers** & **Year** & **Method** \\ \hline [PERSON] [6] & 2006 & \begin{tabular}{c} Defines the time when the lateral pressure is zero as the setting time of the concrete. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] [7]. & 2013 & \begin{tabular}{c} Non-destructive ultrasonic shear wave reflection \\ technique \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] [8] & 2009 & \begin{tabular}{c} The end point of expansion deformation is defined \\ as the setting time of concrete. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] [9]. & 2018 & \begin{tabular}{c} A judicious combination of the three NDT \\ techniques utilizing wave propagation \\ char-acteristics of UPV, discrete UGW and \\ continuous AE monitoring \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] [10]. & 2009 & \begin{tabular}{c} Used ultrasonic monitoring techniques \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] [11] & 2020 & \begin{tabular}{c} Changes in the dielectric constant \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] [12]. & 2007 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed the rapid growth point of temperature as \\ the final setting time of solid structural concrete. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] [13]. & 2015 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Used electrical measurements to anticipate the \\ setting time of high-volume fly ash concretes. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] [14] & 2022 & SH-wave-based method \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Recent studies of judgment methods. his paper, it is also mentioned that this method is still controversial, which may lead to the deviation of the results of the strain. Based on the research background outlined above, this paper proposes a method for judging the final setting time of mass concrete based on strain monitoring and a criterion for selecting the starting point of effective deformation, and then evaluates the structural safety state. Firstly, the strain monitoring of mass concrete is theoretically analyzed to explore the temperature effect components in the early strain response. Further, the mechanical analysis of the early data from the pouring of the actual project is carried out and its practical significance is expounded in sections. The robust regression fitting of the temperature and strain data at different stages is carried out to explore the changes of their correlation to better explain the process of concrete from plastic flow to final solidification. Finally, the final setting time is taken as the starting point of effective deformation to evaluate the structural safety. The results show that the change of the early strain response can effectively reflect the final setting time of concrete. Taking the final setting time as the monitoring deformation zero point can provide a more accurate judgment basis for the subsequent structural safety analysis.
## 5 Computer Simulation Results
This is because the proposed method is assumed with the constant velocity motion of the leading vehicle (\(v_{L},\ a_{L}\approx 0\)) for simplification. Moreover, driver #13's driving is not shown to have the CTG policy to the leading vehicle as the proposed model. However, the proposed model has a similar acceleration tendency as the human driver, despite the presence of the velocity/acceleration of the leading vehicle. If the leading vehicle has a \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \(a_{max}\)(m/s2) & \(a_{min}\)(m/s2) & \(a_{req,\ sail}\)(m/s2) & \(a_{sail}\)(m/s2) & \(q_{1}\)(-) & \(r_{1}\)(-) \\ \hline Driver \#23 & 2 & \(-2.1\) & \(-0.5\) & \(-0.4\) & 3 & 45 \\ Driver \#57 & 2 & \(-2.5\) & \(-0.5\) & \(-0.1\) & 5 & 45 \\ Driver \#61 & 2 & \(-2.7\) & \(-0.8\) & \(-0.5\) & 2 & 40 \\ Driver \#13 & 2 & \(-1\) & \(-0.5\) & \(-0.1\) & 5 & 40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Driver model parameters for simulation. Figure 11: Computer simulation results to compare the Gipps model (compared) and the proposed driver model (proposed): (**a**) the case of SPMD driver #61; (**b**) the case of SPMD driver #13 (cut-in/out situation). sudden velocity change, the acceleration of the leading vehicle should be considered in the driver model, as mentioned in Section 3.1, for more realistic driving motion. With the computer simulation results, the proposed longitudinal motion scenario design method not only simulates sailing and the longitudinal driving characteristics of human drivers, but it also satisfies the constraints. In addition, with variations of the constraints and weights of the driver model, it is confirmed that various human drivers can be imitated. Moreover, the proposed model can induce an atypical scenario if the constraints and weights are suitably chosen. For these reasons, this method can simulate the longitudinal movement of surrounding vehicles of the ego vehicle more diversely and realistically in a simulation environment. With these results, we confirmed that the possibility of designing various longitudinal scenarios with human driving characteristics. This method is focused on typical longitudinal driving situations. However, it is judged that malicious driving situations or edge cases can be dealt with if the constraint is set to approximate the vehicle's limit situation or collision risk situation, or if the target acceleration/deceleration is approximated to the limit situation, by diversifying the weights of the driver model. Therefore, the proposed method can provide more realistic scenarios by overcoming the shortcomings in the existing scenario design methods. However, as these results were compared with the randomly selected drivers in the limited driving section, additional verification is required for the robustness of the proposed method. Due to this, further improvement and verification will be conducted in future work.
## 4 Kinematics, Workspace, Singularity, and Simulation
### Singularity Analysis Using Geometric Algebra
In this case, the uncontrollable motion is also rotation and the instantaneous rotation axis slightly differs from the 1S leg line. The screw axis of the uncontrollable motion intersects all reciprocal screws, i.e., the three lines along the UPS legs. Also, it passes through the centre of the central spherical joint of the 1S leg. The geometrical explanation of this fact is that the reciprocal screws of the three revolute joints, which substitute the central spherical joint, could be arbitrary lines crossing the three joint axes. These three arbitrary lines represent the dummy joints. Thus, the axis of the uncontrollable rotation passes through the centre of the central spherical joint and, therefore, intersects the three axes of the dummy joints. To illustrate this, an example for a singular configuration of the UPS/1S mechanism is shown in \[I_{3}^{-1}=e_{3}\wedge e_{2}\wedge e_{1}\]0  
Although the singular configuration (\(\psi=0.5\), \(\theta=-0.9525498668\), \(\phi=0.2\)) in Figure 16 is outside the workspace boundaries, it better illustrates the crossing of the lines. The crossing of any two lines is demonstrated with a black circle in the figure. It is clear from the analysis that singularities exist within the obtained workspace of the mechanism. Therefore, the manipulator can incur singularities during movement. \[I_{3}^{-1}=e_{3}\wedge e_{2}\wedge e_{1}\]1 A singular configuration with the axis of the uncontrollable motion. \[I_{3}^{-1}=e_{3}\wedge e_{2}\wedge e_{1}\]2 Singular configurations of the mechanism and the uncontrollable motion. (**a**) All three legs are equal (corresponding to singular point from Figure 14a). (**b**) Singular configuration corresponding to singular point from Figure 14b. For example, if the moving platform rotates around the Z-axis in both directions, the mechanism will cross the singularity. Also, when all three UPS legs have equal lengths, the mechanism is in a singular configuration. For this reason, the selection of the starting position (or home position) having slightly different leg lengths is preferable. As a rule, try to avoid the singularity during the movement of the mechanism when this is possible.