# Use of Mineral Waste for the Production of Artificial Aggregates
## 4 Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Waste
### Chemical and Phase Composition
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Phase** & **Chemical Formula** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{oxides} & zincite & ZnO \\  & wüstite & FeO \\  & hematite & Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{hydroxides} & goethite & FeO(OH) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{sulphides} & sphalerite & ZnS \\  & galena & PbS \\  & pyrite & Fe\({}_{52}\) \\  & pyrrhotic & FeS \\  & digenite & (Cu\({}_{4}\)Fe)\({}_{5}\)S \\  & cubanite & CuFe\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\) \\  & covellite & CuS \\  & chalcocite & Cu\({}_{2}\)S \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{sulphates} & anglesite & PbSO\({}_{4}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{hydrated sulphates} & gosslarite & ZnSO\({}_{4}\) \(.7\)H\({}_{2}\)O \\  & gypsum & CaSO\({}_{4}\) \(.2\)H\({}_{2}\)O \\  & rapidcreekite & Ca\({}_{2}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))(CO\({}_{3}\))\(.4\)H\({}_{2}\)O \\  & ktenasite & ZnCu\({}_{4}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)(OH)\({}_{6}\) \(.6\)H\({}_{2}\)O \\  & posnjakite & Cu\({}_{4}\)[(OH)\({}_{6}\) \(|\) \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\)] \(.\)H\({}_{2}\)O \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{silicates} & willemite & Zn\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{4}\) \\  & fayalite & Fe\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{4}\) \\  & kirschsteinite & CaFe\({}^{2+}\)SiO\({}_{4}\) \\  & forsterite & Mg\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{4}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{aluminosilicates} & melilites & (Ca\({}_{3}\)Na)\({}_{2}\)(Al,Mg)[(Si,Al)\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{7}\)] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ carbonates} & cerussite & PbCO\({}_{3}\) \\  & smithsonite & ZnCO\({}_{3}\) \\  & hydrozincite & Zn\({}_{5}\)[(OH)\({}_{3}\)/CO\({}_{3}\)]\({}_{2}\) \\  & hydrocerussite & Pb\({}_{3}\)(CO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)(OH) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{spinels} & magnetite & Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) \\  & hercynite & FeAl\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) \\  & franklinite & ZnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) \\  & gahnite & ZnAl\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) \\  & ulvöspinel & Fe\({}_{2}\)TiO\({}_{4}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Main phase components of Zn-Pb slags [41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58]. Figure 4: Samples of Pb refining slags [41]. Determining the phase composition of metallurgical slags is highly challenging due to the diversity of their mineral constituents, which usually form multiphase conglomerates with numerous admixtures. The mineral composition of zinc and lead metallurgical slags varies significantly [41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59], and the most common mineral constituents present include (Figure 5, Table 6) the following: oxides and hydroxides: zinctite ZnO, wustite FeO, hematite Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), and goethite FeO(OH)); sulphides: sphalerite ZnS, galena PbS, pyrite FeS\({}_{2}\), pyrrhotite FeS, digentie (Cu,Fe)\({}_{9}\)S\({}_{5}\), cubanite CuFe\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\), covellite CuS, and chalcoite Cu\({}_{2}\)S; sulphides and hydrated sulphates: anglesite PbSO\({}_{4}\), ogslarite ZnO\({}_{4}\cdot\)7H\({}_{2}\)O, gypsum CaSO\({}_{4}\cdot\)2H\({}_{2}\)O, rapidcreekite Ca\({}_{2}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))(CO\({}_{3}\))\(\cdot\)4H\({}_{2}\)O, ketansite ZnCu\({}_{4}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)(OH)\({}_{6}\cdot\)6H\({}_{2}\)O, and posnjakite Cu\({}_{4}\)[(OH)\({}_{6}\)!