## 3 Results
### Sustainability Assessment of GHG Mitigation Scenarios and Mitigation Policy-Based AHP  
The potential of mitigating energy-related GHG emissions from the energy sector and the feasibility of implementing climate change mitigation policies in Chiang Mai were assessed based on expert interviews and using the AHP-pairwise comparison technique. Table 2 shows the calculated AHP weighted scores of energy-related GHG mitigation measures in Chiang Mai's energy sector. The results revealed that LED lighting presented the highest score (0.380) in the AHP pairwise comparison, followed by improving the energy efficiency of air conditioners (0.278), and the use of energy-efficient appliances (0.203) in both residential and industrial sectors. As implementing LED lighting demonstrated the greatest potential for climate mitigation, the behavior of Thai consumers in terms of purchasing energy-saving lighting products was investigated based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) [21]. It was found that attitude is a strong predictor of purchase intention towards LED lighting products, while the subjective norm remains the weakest  
Figure 5: Potential of GHG mitigation in the energy sector of Chiang Mai province of both the (i) BAU scenario and (ii) NDCs mitigation plan. predictor of purchase intention. In this research, improving the energy efficiency of cooking stoves showed the lowest score in the pairwise comparison (0.026). Among renewable energy technologies, solar power and biogas energy ranked 4 th and 5 th, respectively. These results imply that the implementation of energy-efficient technologies or energy-saving options would be more feasible than developing renewable energy technologies for lowering energy-related CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. Apart from the multicriteria decision AHP analysis, sustainability indicators were used to assess the feasibility of implementing GHG mitigation scenarios and climate mitigation policies in the energy sector of Chiang Mai, Thailand. As presented in Table 3 and Figure 6, political, technical, and economic feasibility criteria showed the highest AHP score (0.789). Policy possibility presented the highest score compared to all other sustainability indicators (0.322), followed by the technological feasibility of implementing climate mitigation measures (0.247) and costs and benefits of implementing climate mitigation measures (0.230). Although the possibility of climate change policy development showed the highest score in the AHP pairwise comparison, the effectiveness of city-level policy (i.e., climate change and energy saving) mainly depends on the ability of local policies to meet GHG reduction goals while pursuing both economic growth and fiscal sustainability [22]. This is one of the possible reasons why the costs and benefits of mitigation measure implementation ranked third among all AHP factors. Overall, criteria with human and social dimensions showed the second-highest score (0.129), including society's ability for self-organization in the implementation of energy-efficient technologies or energy-saving options (0.048) and participation in societal decision-making processes on climate change energy policies (0.045). Interviews with experts revealed that a lack of or ineffective multi-stakeholder participation (i.e., local residents and representatives from industries and private sectors) is a major obstacle in the drive for climate change mitigation policies and other initiatives in their community. Altogether, environmental performance criteria showed the lowest score in the AHP comparison (0.073) (i.e., direct contribution to both environmental benefits (0.042)). More surprisingly, direct contribution to climate benefits as GHG reduction and added value creation from energy efficiency measures in households showed the lowest AHP score compared to all other sustainability indicators in this study. Added value creation focuses on the creation of sustainable added value by promoting energy efficiency and energy saving in residential and household sectors. [PERSON] et al.