## 4 Lessons Learned from Norwegian Case Studies
### Influence of Emission Factors  
The refurbishment scenarios have lower embodied GHG emissions in Bergen city hall (8%), Villa Dammen (11%), and Statens hus Vadse (18%), but the higher operational energy consumption leads to higher total GHG emissions from refurbishment scenarios in comparison with the new buildings. Different scenarios were considered to evaluate the influence of the emission factor, technical installations, and without refurbishment results (Figure 3). In Villa Dammen and Powerhouse Kjorbo, the influence of the calculated and measured energy consumption was considered, whilst in Statens hus Vadse and Bergen city hall, the NO and EU emission factors were considered (Figure 3). The change in these scenarios did, however, not have any impact on the embodied GHG emissions. The operational GHG emissions from the measured energy consumption values were lower than the calculated values both in the Villa Dammen (14.8 kgCO\({}_{2}\)eq/m\({}^{2}\)/yr) and Powerhouse Kjorbo (5.82 kgCO\({}_{2}\)eq/m\({}^{2}\)/yr) refurbishment scenarios. The user's energy use behavior was considered as one of the reasons behind the lower energy consumption in the actual measured values. NS-EN 16883 [11] emphasized the importance of raising users' awareness on the influence of their behavior on energy consumption and associated costs. Powerhouse Kjorbo is a pilot project of the Norwegian ZEB Research Centre, setting an ambition of achieving the ZEB-COME ambition level, following the step-wise Norwegian ZEB ambition level definition [57]. ZEB-COME means all emissions related to construction (C), operation (O), production and replacement of materials (M), deconstruction, transport, and disposal at end of life (E) shall be compensated for with onsite renewable energy  
Figure 3: Scenario analysis. generation. The result for the ZEB-COME scenario shows that the onsite energy generation (\(-5.82\) kgCO\({}_{2}\)eq/m\({}^{2}\)/yr for calculated and \(-5.7\) kgCO\({}_{2}\)eq/m\({}^{2}\)/yr for measured) compensated for 44 (for calculated) to 46% (for measured) of the total GHG emissions. The comparative assessment of the refurbishment vs. new building scenarios in Statens hus Vadse and Bergen town hall shows the influence of the scenarios for the choice of CO\({}_{2}\) factors on the operational and embodied GHG emissions. When using the EU emission factor, the newly built project has the lowest emissions, and when using the NO emission factor, the refurbishment project has the lowest emissions. The potential environmental benefit of refurbishment is more than half compared to a reference new building scenario. This is also in line with the findings from the IEA EBC study on 11 renovated buildings [40]. The results demonstrate that the lowest GHG emissions from operational energy are found for scenarios when the NO emission factor (lower emission factor, because of electricity generated by renewable resources) is considered. The results from Statens hus Vadse show that when including the impacts from technical installations, the embodied impact of the new building is further increased by 67% in comparison with the refurbishment (Figure 3). Most studies excluded technical installations; however, [PERSON] et al. (2019) estimated the impact of technical installations as being between 9 and 45% of the total life cycle emissions. In addition, using the EU emission factor resulted in increasing the significance of the emissions from operational energy in comparison to embodied GHG emissions. Thus, considerations of measures that reduce operational energy demands increase the energy efficiency, and the use of renewable energy sources can lead to increases in embodied impacts. [PERSON] et al. [58] demonstrated similar findings in the Norwegian ZEBs where the embodied GHG emissions dominate the operational energy emissions when a low emission factor is considered. The choice of emission factor for electricity affects the contribution of the embodied GHG emissions. [PERSON] et al.