esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
The thermohydraulic characteristics of the air flow in a baffled solar collector duct are presented in this study. The Taguchi method was used to generate 16 test runs from four independent factors with four levels per factor to find the optimum geometry of the baffle mounted opposite the absorber plate. This configuration accelerates the flow and forms an impingement region at the absorber plate, resulting in increased heat transfer. CFD simulations using the standard \(k\)-\(\epsilon\) turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment were performed in the study. The Taguchi method showed superior ability to find the optimal solution with a certain number of tests. The main conclusions drawn from this study are as follows:  
1. The baffle blockage ratio has a strong influence on the Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermohydraulic performance parameter because with increasing ratio, a vortex forms downstream of the baffle, and the primary vortex region is larger.
2. The optimal geometry parameters in terms of maximum thermohydraulic performance are the baffle spacing ratio \(P_{r}\) = 6, the baffle blockage ratio \(B_{r}\) = 0.375, and the baffle angle \(a\) = 90\({}^{\circ}\).
3. The highest thermohydraulic performance parameter of 1.01 is obtained at a Reynolds number of 5000. This parameter is approximately 0.92 at Reynolds numbers ranging from 10,000 to 20,000.
4. At the optimal geometry parameters, the Nusselt number and the friction factor of the baffled duct are 2.3 and 15 times higher than those of a smooth duct, respectively.  
It is suggested that the exergy analysis and evaluation of multiple-pass configurations should be performed for the SAH baffled on the back plate in future works. The further considerations would be to provide a comprehensive picture to determine the ultimate parameters for the inclined baffles.  
Conceptualization, N.M.P.; Investigation, P.B.T., D.C.T. and N.M.P.; Methodology, N.M.P.; Software, P.B.T. and N.M.P.; Supervision, N.M.P.; Validation, P.B.T.; Visualization, D.C.T.; Writing--original draft, P.B.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is funded by the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH) under grant number 21/1 NL03.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 12: Effect of \(P_{r}\) observed from the cases of optimum geometry and test number of 16. (a) Isotherms; (b) streamlines between successive baffles.
# Identification and Isolation Techniques for Plant Growth Inhibitors in Rice
## 4 Major PGIs in Rice
### Other PGIs  
Phenylamides are important nitrogen-contain compounds (Figure 5), which not only respond to the growth of weeds but also defend against pathogens. Some phenylamides were isolated from rice leaves infected with _Cochliobolus miyabanus_ and _Xanthomonas oryzae_, named N-benzoyltyramine (BenTry), N-_trans_-cinnamoylserotonin (CinSer), N-_p_-counarolysserotonin (CouSer), N-feruloylserotonin (FerSer), N-berzoylserotonin (BenSer), N-_trans_-cinnamoyltyramine (CinTyr), N-_trans_-cinnamoyltyramine (BenTyr), N-Feruloylagmatine (FerAgm), and N-feruloylputrescine (FerPut) [108]. N-_trans_-cinnamoyltyramine (NTCT) was purified in OM5930, a Vietnamese rice cultivar, and can retard the root and hypocotyl growth of _Lepidium sativum_ L. and _Leptochloa chinensis_ L. [PERSON] [109]. Meanwhile, lanast-7,9(11)-dien3\(\alpha\),15\(\alpha\)-diol-3\(\alpha\)-\(D\)-glucofuranoside is released from rice hulls and restricts the growth of _Lema paucicostata_, meaning that it could be able to act as a potential natural herbicide [81]. (E,E)-2,4-Heptadienal, a volatile compound, is harmful to rice plants, but it has both anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity against Xoo and the rice fungal pathogen _M. oryzae_[110].  
Fatty acids [111], indoles [10; 112], steroids [81; 113], and other constituents have been explored in rice. However, their effects on human health still need to be examined. The role of stearic acid in some diseases is summarized in this section. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [114] performed experiments on mice regarding the influence of stearic acid and oleic acid on obesity. The results showed that a diet containing stearic acid increased food reward-related behaviors, decreased leptin levels in the serum, and decreased leptin signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) compared with the oleic acid diet. In addition, a diet containing stearic acid also affects the mesolimbic dopamine system [114]. In other applications, vancomycin hydrochloride (V)-loaded stearic acid (S)/lauric acid (L) in the situ-forming matrix was used for knee joint infection treatment [115]. The solution exhibited effective antimicrobial activities, especially against methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_, with the V-loaded 40% 1:1 L5 showing the best performance. It therefore exhibited potential as an intra-articular drug [115].
# Vibration Responses of a Coaxial Dual-Rotor System with Supporting Misalignment
## 4 Experimental Study of Bearing Supporting Misalignment  
A dual-rotor test rig is designed and manufactured to verify the simulation results, which is shown in Figure 17. Its structural parameters are the same as those for the test bench described in Figure 1. The outer rotor motor drives the outer rotor by a cog belt. The inner rotor motor drives the inner rotor by a coupling. The speed ratio between the inner and outer rotors can be adjusted arbitrarily. It is assumed that the speed of the outer rotor is 1.6 times that of the inner rotor. Experiments were performed on the test rig under the intentional misalignment of Bearing 1 and Bearing 3, respectively. Bearing 1 and Bearing 3 are separately tested with a pad height of 0.2 mm.  
Figure 16: The spectrum of Bearing 3 and Bearing 4 (equal weight coefficients).  
Figure 15: The spectrum and the orbit of Bearing 1 (equal weight coefficients).  
Vibration data are acquired from the four bearing pedestals using a B&K data collector. Both horizontal and vertical vibrations of the bearing pedestals are measured by accelerometers. The acceleration signal collected by the sensor is firstly converted into a displacement signal by double integration. The FFT algorithm is applied on the displacement signal to obtain the spectrum. A high-pass filter is adapted to filter low-frequency noise signals below 8 Hz, because the low-frequency noise will be generated in this process.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Baseline of Ray Casting Algorithm  
All the geometry information needed in the process of mesh generation can be extracted from the STL file, in which the geometry is discretized into triangular facets, and the three-dimensional coordinates and normal vectors of triangular facets are stored [28]. In some slicing algorithms for mesh generation, the redundant information which mainly contains the same coordinate of vertex in STL file must be filtered out and the topological information of geometry must be reconstructed [29]. However, to avoid this disadvantage, the ray casting algorithm in this paper regards all the triangular set \(T\) and the normal vector set \(N\) in STL file as necessary input information. The destination of Cartesian mesh generation is obtaining three-dimensional data field \(F\) through \(T\) and \(N\). The value of each element in \(F\) is the property flag of each mesh cell. As shown in Figure 1(a), the rectangular computational domain contains four geometries. The blue plane (\(XY\) plane in Figure 2) is the projection plane where rays start. A series of ray starting from the point in projection plane is emitted with the direction of \(Z\) dimension. Usually, the largest dimension of three dimensions of the computational domain is selected as the ray direction. The rays cross the whole computational domain and intersect with geometries as shown in Figure 1(b). Through the intersection points, the mesh cells are classified into different flags. The collection of flags \(F\) is the result of Cartesian mesh generation. Figure 1(c) shows the mesh generation result of one geometry in the computational domain.
# Effectiveness of Laser-Assisted Teeth Bleaching: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### General Characteristics of the Included Studies
#### 3.2.5 Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) Laser-Assisted Bleaching
& \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[PERSON] [8]} & \multirow{8}{*}{Assessing the color} & Nanohybrid composite & \multirow{8}{*}{The color and whiteness changes were below the acceptability thresholds. (980 nm) lasers did not cause undesirable color and whiteness changes in the resin-based restorative materials following two in-offee tooth & \\  & bleaching procedures & 40\% H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) only, while & color change after & \\  & facilitated by & Groups 2 and 3 were & bleaching, followed by & \\  & Er,Cr:YSGG and diode & activated with an & EPBio and HC. & \\  & (980 nm) lasers. & Er,Cr:YSGG laser and & \\  & & diode laser (980 nm), & \\  & & respectively. & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[PERSON] [9]} & \multirow{8}{*}{Bleaching and microstructural impacts of low-concentration hydrogen peroxide, photoactivated with an LED/laser system, on bovine enamel.} & \multirow{8}{*}{Twenty bovine incisors were divided into 2 groups: 6% HP + LED/laser and 6% HP. The teeth were stained with tea and then fire whitening sessions were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.} & \multirow{8}{*}{Color changes were observed in both groups, with the greatest seen in the 35% HP. There were no noticeable no noticeable in 2016 differences in enamel microhardness after the treatment; however, the 35% HP showed & \\  &  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Aim of the Study** & **Material and Methods** & **Results** & **Conclusions** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[PERSON] SY [64]} & Comparison of whitening efficacy using carbamide peroxide (CP) or sodium perborate with 20\% hydrogen peroxide (HP) with and without photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) activation. & Eight-five incisors were endodontically treated with sheep blood and divided into five groups: Group 1 (walking bleaching with CP), Group 2 (walking bleaching with with photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) activation. & The pIPS + sodium perborate-20\% HP, Group 3 (PIPS + CP), Group 4 (PIPS + sodium perborate-20\% HP), and Group 5 (control). & The activation of sodium perborate-20\% HP ground showed noticeably better whitening efficacy compared to the other groups. & sodium perborate-20\% HP ground showed noticeably better whitening efficacy compared to the other groups. & H2O2 with PIPS resulted in a better bleaching effect than that achieved with walking bleaching techniques or PIPS using carbamide peroxide. \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[PERSON] R [37]} & & Forty incisors were immersed in a solution of tea, coffee, and cola for 21 days and then divided into four groups: Group 1 (diode laser 810 nm + Biolase Laser White 20), laser-assisted bleaching utilizing three distinct wavelengths of diode lasers. & The 940 nm laser group exhibited the highest bleaching efficacy, while the 810 nm laser group demonstrated the lowest efficacy. & Laser bleaching utilizing diode lasers with wavelengths of 810 nm, 940 nm, and 980 nm demonstrates \\  & & & 980
# CrowdPower: A Novel Crowdsensing-as-a-Service Platform for Real-Time Incident Reporting
## 3 System Architecture and Design
### Estimation of Data Quality, Participant's Reputation, and Filtering Outliers
#### 3.7.3 Classification and Filtering of Outliers  
As introduced earlier, we classify the data sent by participants as either malicious and faulty (\(N^{M}_{k}\)) or trustworthy (\(N^{T}_{k}\)). We use a distance-based outlier [45] to verify participant intention. For all data \(d_{i,k}\in\ D_{k}\) that are received from the participants, we define \(r\) as the distance threshold to determine the proximity of other data points. If most of the data items are far away from \(d_{i,k}\), i.e., not in the \(r\)-neighborhood, then \(d_{i,k}\) is regarded as malicious.  
\[\frac{\left|dist\Bigl{(}d_{i,k},d_{j,k}\Bigr{)}\leq\ r\right|}{\left|D_{k} \right|}\leq\ u \tag{14}\]  
\(d_{i,k}\) is malicious if Equation (14) is less than \(u\) (\(0<u\leq 1\)), which is the fraction threshold. The malicious data set is filtered out as an outlier.
# Elevation Angle Characterization for LEO Satellites: First and Second Order Statistics
## 3 Methodology for the Elevation Angle Characterization
### Results Validity
#### 4.1.2 Elevation Angle CDF for Different Longitudes  
ES's located at different longitudes share approximately the same elevation angle distribution for the same LEO satellite configuration. The reasoning behind this fact is discussed in [2], and it is illustrated in Figure 12(a), which shows the elevation angle PDF for three ES's located at the same latitude, \(\phi\), but at different longitudes, \(\lambda\)'s. Figure 12(a) shows that the elevation angle PDF is the same for ES located at different longitudes, \(\lambda\)'s, when they share the same latitude, \(\phi\), and those are served by satellites with the same orbit configuration (semi-major axis, \(a\), eccentricity, \(e\), and, inclination, \(i\)). The PDF's shown in Figure 12(a) were generated for a satellite with a circular orbit and an inclination of \(i=60^{\circ}\), and an altitude of \(h=1800\) km; in addition, all ES's were located at the same latitude \(\phi=25^{\circ}\) N.
# Federated Learning for Cybersecurity: A Privacy-Preserving Approach
## 3 Proposed Methodology
### Security Layers  
The proposed framework integrates a multi-layered set of security and privacy-preserving techniques that are designed to counteract common threats in FL. These threats include eavesdropping, model inversion, poisoning, and aggregation manipulation attacks:  
* Communication confidentiality is ensured through Diffie-Hellman key exchange, which secures client-server interactions against passive interception [25];
* Gradient clipping and Fisher-based parameter pruning reduce the volume and sensitivity of transmitted updates, mitigating the risk of gradient leakage and model reconstruction by adversaries [13];
* Differential privacy provides formal guarantees that individual contributions cannot be reverse-engineered from the global model [33];
* SMPC mechanisms enable encrypted aggregation without exposing individual model updates to the server [1];
* A permissioned blockchain ledger logs each client contribution and model update using cryptographic hashes and digital signatures. This mechanism provides tamper-evident auditability and defends against rollback and replay attacks [14];
* The framework incorporates post-quantum encryption (Dilithium) to safeguard the system against quantum-capable adversaries and align with emerging cryptographic standards [1];
* From a regulatory perspective, the architecture is compatible with GDPR and HIPAA principles by minimizing data exposure and supporting verifiable processing trails [13; 14].  
Collectively, these mechanisms enforce data minimization, integrity, accountability, and resilience--key requirements for deploying federated intrusion detection systems in real-world, adversarial IoT environments.
# Singular Value Decomposition Channel Estimation in STBC MIMO-OFDM System
## 6 Conclusions  
To obtain diversity gains and combat multipath channel fading, STBC is analyzed and utilized in the STBC MIMO-OFDM system in this paper. To apply the channel estimation method in a single antenna system to multiple antennas system without increasing the computational complexity, an orthogonal pilot sequence is designed to avoid interference between antennas. This paper derives the MMSE channel estimation method. To further simplify the computational complexity of the MMSE method, SVD is applied to decompose the channel autocorrelation matrix, which avoids the matrix inversion operation. Simulation results have verified that the SVD channel estimation method with the comb-type pilots and STBC have good performance and can adapt to the strong frequency-selectivity multipath fading channel.  
The proposed SVD method is also compared with the conventional LS and threshold channel estimation methods. The BER performance of the proposed SVD method is better than that of the two conventional methods in the QPSK, 16 QAM, and 64 QAM modulation modes. Although the SVD method simplifies the MMSE channel estimation method, the BER performance of the SVD method maintains comparable performance with the MMSE method.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the algorithm and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the results; [PERSON] drafted the manuscript; [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] revised the manuscript. [PERSON] supervised the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61702303) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No. ZR2017 MF020).  
The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of DL850E ScopeCorder administitated by [PERSON].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Operation Mode** & **LS** & **Threshold** & **MMSE** & **Proposed SVD** \\ \hline IFFT/FFT (\(N\) points) & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ Addition/Subtraction & 0 & \(N\) & \(N\) & 0 \\ Multiplication & 0 & 0 & \(N^{3}\) & \(l^{3}\) \\ Division & \(N\) & \(N\) & \(N\) & \(l\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of complexity analysis.
## 1 Introduction
BG is created through the formation of covalent bonds among gossypol and the free epsilon-amino groups of the amino acids lysine and arginine [16] in terms of browning or the Maillard reaction [13]. It must be noted that this particular reaction results in the depletion of amino acids' availability, especially lysine's, which is absorbed by animals [17]. Nevertheless, the volume of total gossypol is affected by a plethora of factors, such as weather and cultivated cotton variety [16]. Specifically, concerning the weather, it is observed that gossypol's production is increased with the elevated amounts of rainfall, while it is negatively correlated with the temperature. Additionally, storage conditions decrease gossypol's concentration, which is reduced upon a long period of storage [16]. Finally, it must be noted that according to the UN Food Agriculture Organization (FAO), the permitted concentration of FG must not exceed 0.045% when it is used for human nutrition, whereas according to FSSAI guidelines, the maximum presence of TG and FG is 0.6% and 1.2%, respectively [2]. From the abovementioned limitations emerge the necessity of applying specific strategies to monitor gossypol's presence. For this purpose, the application of the Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) procedure can be considered an ideal candidate that exhibits the potential to act as a suitable, valuable, and environmentally acceptable method to address the issue of gossypol toxicity. SSF is an eco-friendly and sustainable bioprocess that displays the ability to serve as a potential gossypol degradation agent. Moreover, the application of this procedure can be effectively employed to upgrade the nutritional value of agro-industrial by-products with the participation of suitable microorganisms such as fungi. Fungi are characterized as potent means because of their ability to deal with challenging conditions, anti-nutritional factors, and toxicity issues raised during the exploitation of the original raw material [12]. On the other hand, _Pleurotus_ species are capable of colonizing the generated lignocellulosicby-products by secreting lignin-modifying enzymes targeting lignin's degradation in order to upgrade their nutritional profile. Additionally, their diverse nature may exemplify their potential to break down a plethora of organic environmental compounds such as gossypol [18]. The main objective of the present study concerns the application of the SSF procedure initiated by _Pleurotus ostreatus_ on CSC and its mixture with LCP in a ratio of 80-20% \(w/w\), aiming to upgrade their nutritional value and simultaneously reduce their content with the extremely toxic gossypol. The final goal is their transformation into a high-added-value proteinaceous feedstuff.
## 3 Architecture
### Problems and Scenarios  
Considering that an MEC system consists of \(N\) mobile devices and the edge cloud, we assume that there are \(K\) computation tasks, and the number of users is greater than the number of tasks (\(N\geq K\)). This is because some computing tasks are highly popular and they may be repeatedly requested and processed multiple times. Thus, we assume that one mobile device only requests tasks once, while different users can request the same task based on their preferences.  
For heterogeneous computing tasks, we define three parameters to model the computing task. We define \(U_{n,k}=\{w_{k},s_{k},t_{n}\}\) to denote that the user \(n\) requests task \(k\), where \(w_{k}\) represents the amount of computing resources required for \(U_{n,k}\), and \(s_{k}\) means the data size of the computing task, and \(t_{n}\) is the completion time requirement that user \(n\) requests task \(k\). Furthermore, since the storage capacity of the edge cloud is limited, we assume that the cache size is \(C_{e}\). We define \(x_{k}\in\{0,1\}\) to indicate whether task \(k\) is cached on the edge cloud (\(x_{k}=1\)) or not (\(x_{k}=0\)).  
We divide task \(k\) into multiple subtasks with complex dependencies based on the fine-grained task partitioning model, which can be represented by \(k=\{k_{1},k_{2},\ldots,k_{v}\}\). This generates a fine-grained topology model of task \(k\), which is shown in Figure 2. For a graph \(G_{k}\), we define it as \(G_{k}=(V_{k},E_{k})\), where \(V_{k}\) is the set of subtasks to be processed in task \(k\), and \(E_{k}\) is the set of directed edges that represents dependencies between subtasks. We also define \(e_{ku,m}\in E_{k}\) as the amount of data transferred from the subtask \(u\) to the subtask \(m\). Subtask \(m\) starts only after subtask \(u\) has been completed and the data transmitted has been received.  
As can be seen from Figure 2, the subtasks can be divided into two groups. In the first group, all subtasks must be executed locally on the devices, such as subtask \(0\), subtask \(u\), and subtask \(v\), which belong to the non-migratory task set \(V_{local}\). In the second group, subtasks can be migrated to the edge cloud, such as subtask \(1\), subtask \(2\), and subtask \(m\), which belong to the migratable task set \(V_{offload}\). In the second group, not all of the m must be migrated to the edge cloud for execution, and the decision on migration depends on several factors such as the network condition and data size the task requested.  
Regarding the dependencies between subtasks, we use a binary variable \(R_{ku,m}\in\{0,1\}\) to represent the dependencies, where \(R_{ku,m}=1\) indicates that the subtask \(u\) is a predecessor of the subtask \(m\), while \(R_{ku,m}=0\) indicates that the subtask \(u\) has no predecessor relationship with the subtask \(m\).
## 1 Introduction
The experiment shows that this model can guarantee integrity and authentication for communication in industrial control networks effectively, and brings a low time delay to network communication, thus can basically meet the requirement of security and real-time in industrial control networks.