## 2 Definitions of Smart Campus and Smart University  
It must be first clarified that the term \"smart campus\" has been used in the past to refer to digital online platforms that manage university content [17; 18] or to the set of techniques aimed at increasing university student smartness [19; 20; 21]. However, in this article, the concept of smart campus refers to the hardware and software required to provide advanced intelligent context-aware services and applications to university students and staff. In addition, the term smart university refers to the hardware and software used to develop tools to fulfill the key dimensions of the university mission:  
* Improve the teaching, learning, and assessment processes involved in higher education. * Foster research and innovation. * Empower community-based knowledge transfer and a shared vision among the various university stakeholders (e.g., teachers, students, administration, non-profit organizations, research institutions, citizens, industries, and governments). Such characteristics make smart campus and universities unique and enable differentiating from other concepts like smart cities. Nonetheless, smart campuses/universities are similar to smart cities in the way they are organized, which revolves around six smart areas [22]:  
* Smart governance. It allows university staff and students to take part in different decisions that need to be made on a university or on a specific campus. * Smart people. It is related to the engagement of the university users in teaching and learning processes or their attendance to certain events. * Smart mobility. In the case of a smart campus, this field deals with the different issues related to the available transport systems, which should be efficient, green, safe, and may provide intelligent services. * Smart environment. This field is related to smart solutions able to monitor, protect, and actuate on the environment while also managing the available resources in a sustainable way. For instance, smart environment systems provide solutions for monitoring waste, water consumption, or air quality. In addition, this field is usually related to the deployment of systems to control and monitor the energy consumed, generated and distributed throughout a campus. * Smart living. It is responsible for monitoring the multiple living factors involved in the daily campus activities, including the ones related to health, safety or user behavior. Thus, smart living services can perform the following [23; 24]:
* Estimate room occupation and determine student classroom attendance. Control the access to classroom/lab equipment. - Provide teaching interaction services and context-aware applications. * Smart economy. This smart field deals with the productivity of a campus in relation to concepts like entrepreneurship or innovation. As a summary, Figure 1 illustrates the main fields and technologies related to the deployment of a smart campus/university. The inner circle contains the six previously mentioned smart fields. The contiguous outer circle references some of the most relevant technologies required to provide solutions for such six smart fields, including IoT, Augmented Reality (AR), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), or UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). Note that some of such technologies are the same as the ones proposed by Industry 4.0 [25], so commercial and industrial deployments are already available in other fields outside smart campuses [26; 27]. Moreover, there are also vertical fields like cybersecurity that affect several of the cited technologies, since their contribution is key to avoid potential issues [28]. Finally, the most external circle of Figure 1 indicates specific smart areas that are usually involved in the daily activities carried out in a smart campus/university. For example, smart plug-and-play objects [29] may be involved in many university activities, whereas certain environmental sensors are essential for actuating on smart buildings [30].