## 5 Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Security Solutions and Integration Models
### Data Privacy with Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Confidential Transactions
#### 5.3.2 Architectural Model for Cross-Chain Supply Chains and Smart Contract Design
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Application** & **Blockchain** & **Key** & **Technical** & **Security** & **Traceability** & **Data Integrity** \\ \hline
[146] & Disaster relief donation logistics. & Permissioned blockchain for coordination and transparency. & Role-based access control, stateholder nodes. & Multi-party coordination, fraud process. & Role-based stakeholder attention. & Donor-to-recipient ledger & Dmonor-to-ledger records (platform) unspecified. \\  & Optimizing disaster contracts for execution of logic. & Smart & programming, multi-objective modeling, smart contracts. & Logistics optimization under uncertainty. & Smart contract enforcement. & Contract-level transaction flow. & Immutable contract execution logs. \\  & SCP design for long-term crises. & Conceptual model only. & Conceptual blockchain platform. & SCP protection and logic (no blockchain platform). & SCP protection and resource flow resilience. & Conceptual access control. & Abstracted stakeholder mapping. & Not technically validated. \\  & Transparency in aid distribution. & Simulated blockchain model. & Distinct blockchain chain (no platform). & Distribution transparency, community. & Simulated security model. & Token-based aid tracking. & Basic simulated bimutability. \\  & Post-disaster resource management. & Node-based decentralized architecture design. & Node-based process. & Roles, resource coordination, node logic (platform unspecified). & Resource coordination, system decen-traization. & Suggested access policies. & Aid path visual representation. & Theoretical bimutability. \\  & Public blockchain management in disaster and robustness analyses. & Ethereum, blockchain suggestion. & Misuse of smart contracts, DApp frontend. & Ethereum-based smart & Donor-to-project contract & Fully automatic transaction validation. & Fully automatic chain records. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 11: Evaluation of blockchain-based disaster relief studies by security, traceability, and data integrity. In particular, blockchain has been utilized in donation workflows to provide secure and traceable architectures through role-based access control [146], smart contract-enforced fund governance [147; 151; 155], and end-to-end ledger records [151; 154; 157]. Some studies propose conceptual frameworks without specifying a platform [148; 149; 150; 152], while others have implemented Ethereum or EVM-compatible DApps for real-time tracking [151; 155; 158; 159]. For instance, a donation monitoring platform based on Ethereum allows stakeholders to transparently track how each contribution is transferred to a beneficiary [151]. Similarly, a Polygon-based solution integrates wallet applications and smart contracts to enable donation traceability across campaigns [156]. Several studies further enhance transparency by combining blockchain with IoT technologies, enabling the real-time monitoring of aid materials under environmental conditions [154; 156]. This integration secures not only the digital transaction history but also the physical movement and storage conditions. Lightweight blockchain architectures that utilize smartphone-based peer-to-peer synchronization have also been proposed to

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**Ref. ** & **Application Focus** & **Blockchain Role** & **Key Technologies** & **Technical Challenges** & **Security Feature** & **Traceability Feature** & **Data Integrity Feature** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[153]} & Blockchain in disaster management & General overview of disaster BC (review & Review of 28 disasters & Conceptual studies, various & Summarized SC & Multiple case transparency. & General references. & General overview, not implemented. \\  & Food SC resilience in disaster via Industry 5.0 & Smart IoT for resilient SC.