## 4 Discussion  
Maintaining the integrity of the nasal mucosa stands as a fundamental physiological defense mechanism. Dry rhinitis can manifest with various symptoms, ranging from mild sensations like burning, itching, and nasal congestion to more severe indications such as a reduced sense of smell, persistent nasal discharge, and visible scabs on the nose. Among the different forms of non-allergic rhinitis, dry rhinitis stands out as it occurs independently of allergic or infectious triggers. Depending on the underlying condition, nasal dryness may solely affect the nasal passages or be accompanied by symptoms like dry mouth [35]. Other contributing factors to nasal dryness encompass climatic conditions, workplace environments, natural aging processes, allergies (e.g., reactions to house dust mites and molds), bacterial infections, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), or the specific side effects of medication. It is important to note that a \"runny nose\" often emerges as one of the initial symptoms of a cold infection [10]. Figure 7: Quantification of Human IL-6 (**a**) and Human IL-8 (**b**). Values are shown as mean \(\pm\) st.dev. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Negative** & **Positive Control** & **Sodium** & **Sodium** & **Sodium Hyaluronate + MSM** \\  & **Control** & **(LPS 50 \%/mL)** & **Hyaluronate** & **MSM** & **Sodium Hyaluronate + MSM** \\ \hline Cellular Degeneration & - & ++++ & - & - & - \\ Necrosis & - & +++ & - & - & - \\ Erosion & - & ++ & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Morphological evaluation of the treated tissue inserts. -: absent (0%); ++: moderate (>10 to 40%); ++: serious (>40%). The percentage indicates the cell counts of three different sections of three different experiments performed by two independent operators. To alleviate the discomfort associated with nasal dryness, continuous topical application of nasal sprays remains a pivotal therapeutic approach. In addition to saline solutions, nasal formulations leverage the activities of various active ingredients known for their impact on otolaryngological disorders [36; 37; 38; 39]. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has shown promise in experimental models of chronic respiratory conditions. Its water-retaining ability helps hydrate and shield the respiratory passages, safeguarding them from harm. Moreover, HA exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, as observed in its effectiveness in reducing inflammation in the airways of mice with cystic fibrosis and human airway cells treated through nebulization. This indicates its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent [40; 41]. Since the 1980s, beyond its established uses as a mucolytic and antidote for acetaminophen overdose, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been explored for conditions where oxidative stress is significant. A panel of experts convened in January 2019 to review NAC's clinical applications, summarizing its pharmacology, role in combating oxidative stress, established uses in respiratory diseases and acetaminophen poisoning, and emerging potential in conditions like central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular disease, contrast-induced nephropathy, and certain eye conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa [42]. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a natural sulfur-containing compound found in the body, fruits, vegetables, grains, and animals, is used orally and topically to alleviate chronic pain, osteoarthritis, exercise-induced muscle damage, and conditions like hemorrhoids and rosacea. While its benefits in treating allergic rhinitis and sinusitis have been less studied, some reports highlight its potential advantages in these allergic conditions [43; 44; 45]. Our study aimed to investigate how a formulation containing all three components could encompass the recognized beneficial properties of each active ingredient and their potential use in otolaryngological conditions. To this end, the study initially assessed the formulation's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity through instrumental analysis.