## 1 Introduction  
Increasing amounts of waste are considered a major global problem that tremendously impacts the environment and human life. For example, air pollution is an inevitable consequence of waste incineration, and water pollution is caused by the disposal of waste, harmful substances, and the release of industrial sewage into rivers, resulting in severe environmental degradation. This problem is further complicated by an ever-increasing amount of infectious waste resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, which the world has been facing for almost 2 years. The pollution of infectious waste, especially from hospitals and industries, also posed serious risks to humans, animals, and plants. The volume of waste produced per day by the human population of Thailand increased during 2014-2018; the amount of waste generated during each consecutive year in this period was 71,779, 73,560, 74,130, and 76,529 tons/day [1]. This increase in the amount of waste was partly caused by the increase in the amount of infectious wastes. According to the Pollution Control Department's report from 2013-2017, the annual amounts of infectious waste were 50,481, 52,147, 53,868, 55,646, and 57,954 tons, respectively. The current disposal technique for infectious waste is incineration, which utilizes various approaches such as the pyrolysis method, the high-temperature steam sterilization method, the chemical disinfection method, the microwave disinfection method, and rotary kilns [2]. According to the standards set by the Department of Health's Ministry of Public Health, small kilns can eliminate infectious waste at rates of 25, 50, and 100-150 kg/h. A rotary kiln with a 3-burner system installed has a combustion temperature of approximately 700-1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the high temperature results in the suppression of dioxins and furans [3] and allows for the decomposition of other dioxins' synthesis [4; 5]. Proper incineration of contaminated material is currently the best available method for preventing and controlling exposure to dioxins and requires high temperatures of over 850 \({}^{\circ}\)C. For the destruction of large amounts of pollutants contaminated by exhaust gas, even higher temperatures are required. One further enhancement is when an O\({}_{3}\) system [6] and chiller have been installed in order to control the temperature of cold water in the wet scrubber room for treatment, as it is the most efficient method for ozone gas oxidation. Ozone is a strong gas phase oxidant that can achieve pre-oxidation at low temperatures of 15-20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is significant for this investigation [7; 8]. Additionally, and of great concern, is the fact that the kilns are not designed to eliminate dust and smoke. The Public Health Ministry Report of 1999 showed that only 41% of hospital infectious waste incinerators around the world are functioning properly, whereas the rest do not [1]. Regarding the provincial infection waste management in Thailand, there is a total of 820 public hospitals under the governance of the Ministry of Public Health. Among these, only 723 hospitals are equipped with incinerators for the disposal of infectious waste. This would imply that 97 hospitals do not have the facilities required for the disposal of infectious waste. Provincial administrative offices are responsible for managing the infectious waste generated in these hospitals. The waste is collected and combined with other solid waste from locations with a similar lack of disposal capabilities. After collection, they are processed together at disposal facilities provided by the local government administrative organizations. However, the disposal of infectious waste by incineration releases emissions such as particulate matters (PM), opacity, carbon monoxide (CO), dioxins and furans, hydrochloric acid (HCI), sulfur dioxide (SO\({}_{2}\)), nitric oxide (NO\({}_{x}\)), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) into the atmosphere [9; 10; 11].