# Modern MultiPort Converter Technologies: A Systematic Review
###### Abstract
When compared with the benefits offered by multiport converters, using numerous conventional converters becomes less appealing, especially in hybrid systems that combine renewable energy sources, energy storage, the grid, and a variety of loads or consumers. In some cases, the multiport converters perform other important control functions in addition to regulating the low-level direct current voltages of the renewable energy sources to the proper level for supplying the inverter. Therefore, there are currently two main approaches, including the use of an individual converter for connecting each energy source to the grid or a multiport converter for connecting several sources that can be used to link various renewable energy sources, including the battery, to supply load or the grid. Another field of multiport converters' application is electric vehicles (EV). The automotive industry has a significant impact on the development of human civilization and the economy. Internal combustion engine (ICE) cars have a significant impact on pollution and carbon dioxide emission [12]. Vehicles equipped with ICE account for 20-30% of overall emissions of greenhouse gases [13]. As an alternative to ICE vehicles, electric vehicles emerged on the market [14]. Electric vehicles are given more attention as a result of their replacement of ICE with an environmentally friendly option. Modern EVs have different energy sources such as batteries, ultracapacitors (UC), and fuel cells (FC). These energy sources require a reliable means of power transfer. Power delivery from energy sources is greatly aided by power electronic circuits. The DC-DC converter is essential for managing various energy sources and stabilizing DC buses, as was mentioned for the renewable energy systems [15]. There are many review papers dedicated to different aspects of multiport converter technologies. In [16], the authors describe several topologies (more than 30) and indicate that the implementation of wide band gap (WBG) semiconductors and particularly silicon carbide and gallium nitride technologies will establish future trends. For energy storage management, a novel implementation of multiport zero-current switching switched-capacitor converters is described in [17]. The suggested switched capacitor converters allow individual control of the charging or discharging current of the series-connected energy storage modules, such as the battery or super-capacitor cells, in addition to the auto-balancingfunction provided by the switched capacitor approach. Circuit analysis and derivation of the corresponding analytical representation are discussed along with various configurations, such as the single-input multi-output, multi-input single-output, and altered circuits for string-to-cells, cells-to-string, and cells-to-cells equalizers. The authors indicate that the simulation analysis and experimental findings showed that the presence of a battery management system and closed-loop management of cell currents significantly increased the balancing speed. In [18], multiple input-single output DC-DC converters with isolated and non-isolated outputs are compared. Pulsed voltage source cells (PVSC) serve as the foundation for the examination of DC-DC converters. The analysis focuses on efficiency, non-ideal output properties, and size considerations. According to the results, the multi-input single-output Buck converter's output voltage has a linear relationship with the duty cycle control signal and is more efficient than the Flyback converter. In [19], multiport converters for the combination of solar energy with energy storage systems are systematically reviewed. Along with a comparison of converter architectures and features such as operating conditions, classification of isolated and non-isolated topologies is offered. Based on its architectural design, each set of multiport converters is classified into several smaller groups. Important topologies are described with detailed specifications.