## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cytotoxicity and Anticancer Properties  
The morphologies of HaCat, HDF, and A375 cells on BCC0.5 and BCC1.0 films were examined by SEM (5000\(\times\) magnification), at 24 h and 48 h after seeding (Figures 7 and 8, respectively). After 24 h of incubation, both BCC0.5 and BCC1.0 were observed to inhibit the growth of dermal cancer cells. The presence of curcumin released from BCC films into the culture medium caused a decrease in the viability of the cancer cells. At 24 h, A375 cells appeared to shrink and exhibited a rounded shape on BCC-0.5 and BCC-1.0 (Figure 7, Column 3). Moreover, cell membrane damage was observed when A375 cells were cultured with BCC1.0 film. More significant damages and breakage of cells on BCC-0.5 and BCC1.0 were observed when the cells were cultured for 48 h (Figure 8, Column 3). The results indicated that the release of curcumin from BCC films significantly affected the morphologies of A375 and caused cell death. Measurement of HaCat and HDF cells revealed that cell shrinkage occurred in the first 24 h of incubation with BCC1.0 (Figure 7, Columns 1 & 2). However, when these cells were cultured with BCC0.5, progressive cell adhesion onto the film was observed. After prolonged incubation (48 h), adhesion of HaCat and HDF cells onto BCC0.5 and BCC1.0 was observed (Figure 8, Columns 1 & 2). Therefore, we can conclude that curcumin is not cytotoxic against normal skin cells, but is selectively cytotoxic against skin cancer cells. Our observation under SEM (5000\(\times\)) agrees with the previous observation under a microscope (200\(\times\)) by [PERSON] et al. (2015) on the study of the effect of curcumin on the apoptosis of A375 cells, that the morphology of A375 cells appeared contracted,  
Figure 6: Antimicrobial activities of BC (column **1**), BCC-0.5 (column **2**), and BCC-1.0 (column **3**) against _E. coli_ (row “**a**”), _S. aureus_ (row “**b**”), _A. niger_ after 1 day-incubation (row “**c**”) and _A. niger_ after 7-day incubation (row “**d**”). shrunk, turned into irregularly round shapes, and detached from adherence after treatment with curcumin for 48 h [30]. They also confirmed that the A375 cells were killed by apoptosis by flow cytometry [30]. Figure 8: SEM images (5000\(\times\) magnification) showing cytotoxic effects of BCC0.5 (Row **B**) and BCC1.0 (Row **C**) against plain cover class (Row **A**, control) on HaCat (Column **1**), HDF (Column **2**), and A375 (Column **3**) cells after 48-h treatment. Figure 7: SEM images (5000\(\times\) magnification) showing cytotoxic effects of BCC0.5 (Row **B**) and BCC1.0 (Row **C**) against plain cover class (Row **A**, control) on HaCat (Column **1**), HDF (Column **2**), and A375 (Column **3**) cells after 24-h treatment. The viabilities of HaCat, HDF, and A375 cells treated with extracts of BCC0.5 and BCC1.0 (Figure 9) were correlated with the SEM micrographs of adhered cells. HaCat cells initially showed shrinkage in the first 24 h after seeding onto BCC1.0 film, but adhered to the film when the incubation time was increased to 48 h. The effects of curcumin on the adhesion of HDF cells were insignificant because the cells were adhering to the films throughout the incubation period. After incubation with BCC0.5 extract, the viability of A375 cells was significantly reduced to 88.04 \(\pm\) 1.36% after 24 h, and further reduced to 72.78 \(\pm\) 1.80% after 48 h. When A375 cells were treated with BCC1.0 extract, the viability was 82.42 \(\pm\) 6.80% after 24 h and 70.89 \(\pm\) 0.69% after 48 h. These values suggest that curcumin has cytotoxic effects against A375 cells and that BC contributes to the controlled release of curcumin. [PERSON] et al. (2015) suggested that curcumin affects the cell invasion and proliferation of A375 cells by increasing the rate of apoptosis ([PERSON] et al., 2015).