NAPL penetration rates in aquifers can be easily obtained, and OHC can be used as supplementary data to more accurately characterize NAPL-contaminated areas in combination with other geophysical methods [20]. [PERSON] et al. documented the changes in soil resistivity due to petroleum contamination of natural fine-grained soils in both the laboratory and in the field, and oil contamination was found to result in positive and negative resistivity anomalies associated with the soil [21]. [PERSON] et al. monitored diesel migration using a micro-resistivity array and time-delay ERT imaging with off-the-shelf commercial instrumentation and inversion software, and found it to be well suited for monitoring the dispersion of diesel fuel (LNAPL) contamination in the unsaturated and saturated zone of an unconfined sandy aquifer [22]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the migration process of LNAPL in an inhomogeneous soil layer by using the high-density resistivity method combined with three-dimensional inversion, and investigated the migration and diffusion of LNAPL during the fluctuation of groundwater level. The team also used a homemade resistivity probe to dynamically simulate and monitor the migration of diesel fuel in porous media, and determined the location of the LNAPL transport front by plotting resistivity curves and wavelet analysis [23]. [PERSON] et al. simulated the transport of LNAPL pollutants in a three-dimensional non-homogeneous sand channel through indoor experiments, and used high-density resistivity imaging to obtain a process map of the resistivity values with time, and found that high-density resistivity imaging is feasible and effective for three-dimensional, dynamic monitoring of the transport of light non-aqueous phase liquids in non-homogeneous porous media [24]. [PERSON] et al. used a micro-resistivity array to monitor the diesel migration process and showed that diesel migrates vertically downward as it passes through the unsaturated zone until it begins to expand horizontally upon encountering the water table. The team also used time-shifted ERT imaging of micro-resistivity arrays to analyze the effect of bioremediation barriers on the migration of LNAPL contamination under unsaturated and saturated zone conditions [22]. [PERSON] et al. used resistivity imaging (ERI) to detect the transport mechanism of NAPL in a two-dimensional sandbox, and the results showed that the technique was able to detect NAPL thicknesses of more than 3.3 cm in the stratum [25]. [PERSON] et al. investigated abandoned perfume factories using ERT, which was able to depict areas of LNAPL contamination at high resolution and in agreement with borehole data, providing a more economical remediation cost [26]. [PERSON] et al. used resistivity and ground-penetrating radar to measure the electrical resistivity and permittivity of DNAPL-contaminated multiphase flow systems, and the combination of the two different electromagnetic methods can better explain complex multiphase flow systems [27]. Therefore, in this study, the high-density resistivity method was used to monitor the effect of lenticular bodies in the vadose zone on the migration pattern and distribution characteristics of LNAPL. In summary, researchers have employed a suite of innovative experimental and simulation techniques, including two-dimensional flume experiments, high-density resistivity imaging technology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technology, to delve deeply into the migration behavior of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) under various environmental conditions. These studies have uncovered a key phenomenon: after an LNAPL leaks, due to its unique physicochemical properties, it does not penetrate the water table to continue migrating downward but tends to accumulate and remain stable in the unsaturated zone, resistant to natural degradation. This characteristic leads to the long-term contamination of soil and groundwater resources.