esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
In recent years, the interest in delay/disruption tolerant networking (DTN) is growing as a means of communication in times of disaster. To ensure that a DTN works well in an emergency, it is desirable to promote general use of the DTN, so that it will also be used in normal times. Since the DTN uses mobile terminals and vehicles, which are not dedicated network devices, as relay nodes, the routing method should be such that it does not impose a large processing load on relay nodes. This paper considers use of a DTN for a day-to-day service of delivering content to a specific area and proposes a new routing method that is based on information about the routes of fixed-route traveling nodes, such as public transportation vehicles. The destination of a bundle is specified not by a terminal identifier, but by an area, which is identified by its location information. This paper presents an outbound-type bundle protocol, which is used by relay nodes when they have received a forwarding-bundle request from a sending terminal and try to determine whether the bundle can reach its destination area. Using simulation, the superiority of the proposed routing was confirmed by comparing it to existing routing methods in terms of the bundle arrival rate and factors that affect the network load, such as the number of bundle copies, the number of hops and the maximum required buffer size.  
D 2016 8 15 10.3390/f8020015
# Modifications of Wound Dressings with Bioactive Agents to Achieve Improved Pro-Healing Properties
###### Abstract  
The great variety of wounds and the lack of an effective universal treatment method has resulted in high demand for modern treatment strategies. Traditional approaches are often ineffective on a variety of chronic wounds, such as venous ulcers or the diabetic foot ulcer. There is strong evidence that naturally derived bioactive compounds have pro-healing properties, raising a great interest in their potential use for wound healing. Plant-derived compounds, such as curcumin and essential oils, are widely used to modify materials applied as wound dressings. Moreover, dressing materials are more often enriched with vitamins (e.g., L-ascorbic acid,tocopherol) and drugs (e.g., antibiotics, inhibitors of proteases) to improve the skin healing rate. Biomaterials loaded with the above-mentioned molecules show better biocompatibility and are basically characterized by better biological properties, ensuring faster tissue repair process. The main emphasis of the presented review is put on the novel findings concerning modern pro-healing wound dressings that have contributed to the development of regenerative medicine. The article briefly describes the synthesis and modifications of biomaterials with bioactive compounds (including curcumin, essential oils, vitamins) to improve their pro-healing properties. The paper also summarizes biological effects of the novel wound dressings on the enhancement of skin regeneration. The current review was prepared based on the scientific contributions in the PubMed database (supported with Google Scholar searching) over the past 5 years using relevant keywords. Scientific reports on the modification of biomaterials using curcumin, vitamins, and essential oils were mainly considered.  
biomaterials; bioactive dressings; skin regeneration; curcumin; essential oils; vitamins; chronic wounds +
Footnote †: journal:  
cells; high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and decreased levels of various growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor-\(\beta\) (TGF-\(\beta\)) [7,9]. Importantly, acute and chronic wounds differ with respect to local pH level. Acute wounds have a slightly acidic environment, whereas a chronic wound bed is characterized by an alkaline pH [14]. A schematic comparison of the biochemical environment and the content of individual compounds in the wound bed is presented in Figure 1.
## 4 Discussion
This enhanced inhibition can be attributed to the presence of antimicrobial compounds in the CFS, such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins, which collectively lower the environmental pH and hinder _Candida_ adhesion. Furthermore, survival assays conducted in an acidic environment mimicking the vaginal pH of 4.0 revealed that although the initial bacterial concentration decreased from 13.6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) CFU/mL to 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) CFU/mL after 15 min, the viable cell count remained stable for up to 180 min, indicating the THY-F51 strain's ability to survive and function in acidic conditions (Figure 8b). This resilience to low-pH environments, similar to those found in the vaginal tract, suggests that THY-F51 can maintain its viability and antimicrobial function under physiological conditions. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays performed on HeLa cells demonstrated no adverse effects at relevant concentrations, confirming the safety profile of THY-F51 at therapeutic dosages (Figure 6). _L. citream_ THY-F51 exhibits significant antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-biofilm properties; however, several limitations must be addressed before its broader clinical application. A primary concern is the inter-individual variability in microbiota responses, which may influence the strain's efficacy. Differences in immune and microbial profiles among individuals, as discussed in previous studies [49], can lead to variable therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, clinical trials should incorporate diverse patient populations to assess the strain's effectiveness across different microbiota compositions and health conditions. Furthermore, while the promising in vitro results provide initial insights, the absence of key physiological factors, such as immune responses and host-microbe interactions, in these models limits their translatability to real-world clinical settings. In vivo studies, including animal models and human clinical trials, are essential to confirm the observed antifungal effects and establish a comprehensive safety profile, especially with regard to the potential disruption of the host microbiota or modulation of immune functions [50]. Additionally, challenges in large-scale production, including issues related to cost-effectiveness, strain stability, and regulatory approval, must be addressed. Optimizing production processes and exploring cost-effective manufacturing strategies are essential steps in overcoming these barriers [51]. Previous clinical studies examining probiotics in the context of chronic VVC have reported mixed outcomes, with some studies showing enhanced clinical outcomes when probiotics are co-administered with antifungal agents [52], while others report limited efficacy [53]. These discrepancies highlight the need for well-designed clinical trials to determine the optimal dosing, duration, and patient selection for THY-F51 in the treatment and prevention of VVC. Addressing these limitations through comprehensive clinical studies will facilitate a better understanding of the strain's therapeutic potential and safety profile.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Soil Properties and Heavy Metal Contamination  
Soil pH, EC, and TOC were 8.37 \(\pm\) 0.05, 8.73 \(\pm\) 0.11 ms m\({}^{-1}\), and 9.99 \(\pm\) 0.48 g kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Exchangeable cation concentration of Ca, K, Mg, and Na were 2.66 \(\pm\) 0.05 g kg\({}^{-1}\), 79 \(\pm\) 7 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 20 \(\pm\) 0.46 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), and 25 \(\pm\) 1.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The Ca content in the basic cation that can act as a limiting factor for heavy metal desorption along with pH was higher than other cations [20]. Since Ca has a major effect on the buffering capacity of the soil, it may be a factor that can inhibit the washing efficiency in the soil washing process [21]. The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and metalloid (As) were 17.34 \(\pm\) 0.43 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 307.76 \(\pm\) 11.65 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 18.65 \(\pm\) 1.14 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 714.78 \(\pm\) 16.28 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 1755.47 \(\pm\) 18.32 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), and 11.47 \(\pm\) 0.42 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively. According to the Soil Environmental Conservation Act of Korea, considering that the study area is agricultural land, the concerned levels are 4, 150, 100, 200, 300, and 25 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and As, respectively. It indicated that experimental soil was highly contaminated by Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, simultaneously, and the regulation level could be a goal of soil remediation and could allow for greater flexibility for site uses in the future [22]. Cultivation of food crops on heavy metal contaminated agricultural soil has a human health risk via dietary intake of contaminated crops; hence, the research on the reduction in the concentration of heavy metal and its availability in soil has been studied continuously [23; 24].  
Figure 1 showed the binding fraction of each heavy metal in soil assessed using the BCR sequential extraction method. In general, the earlier the extraction step among the results of the sequential extraction method means that it can be extracted relatively easily by a specific solution. In the case of Cd and Zn, the exchangeable fraction occupied more than 40%, which can be considered a high-risk state due to high mobility and bioavailability in the soil environment [25]. In the case of Cu and Pb, the sum of the fraction of carbonate binding and metal oxide binding was 75.3% and 91.5%, respectively, which is assumed to be able to be significantly removed by acid-based washing solution [26].
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, a new method of artificial ground freezing by natural cold gas injection was proposed. The measure was studied and verified through laboratory experiments, and the solid-fluid thermal coupling characteristics during cold gas injection were obtained. According to the research results, the specific conclusions are as follows:  
1. A new method of natural cold gas injection was proposed to construct an artificial ground freezing structure, which uses the manner of heat convection to enhance the freezing rate. According to the experiments, the freezing rates could reach 0.18-0.61 cm/min.
2. According to the characteristics of the temperature curves, the freezing process was divided into the initial cooling stage, phase transition stage, and subcooled stage. The duration of the initial cooling stage and phase transition stage will directly affect the freezing rate. Increasing the initial water content had less effect on the initial cooling stage, and the time required for the phase transition would increase in nearly the same proportion. Increasing the cold gas flow rate could not only increase the cooling rate in the initial cooling stage but also shorten the phase transition time, thereby increasing the freezing rate.
3. The law of water migration during cold gas injection was obtained. Driven by gas flooding, attraction of the frozen front, sand adsorption and gravity, and water in the pores would redistribute. When the water content was low, except for the significant reduction at the inlet, the other parts decreased slightly--roughly in the range of 0.16-0.2. When the water content was high, the moisture content near the inlet was greatly increased, reaching between 0.6 and 0.75, and the further it was from the inlet, the lower the water content.
4. The feasibility of the method was analyzed. The method proposed in this study has a high freezing rate and can be well applied in homogeneous soils. However, considering the low heat capacity of gas, the frozen range of a single well should be designed reasonably in the actual construction process; a range of approximately 3 m may be appropriate.  
Conceptualization, Y.S. and Q.L.; Investigation, Z.L.; Methodology, Q.L. and B.W.; Writing--original draft, Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Cooperative Project between Universities and Jilin Province, China, grant number: SF2017-5-1, the Program for JLU Science and Technology Innovative Research Team, grant number: 2017 TD-13, and the National Key R&D Program of China (grant No. 2019 YFA0705502, grant No. 2019 YFA0705501).  
We are appreciative of the insightful comments to our manuscript from anonymous reviewers, which are beneficial for improving our work.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Go Source Code Vulnerability Detection Method Based on Graph Neural Network
###### Abstract  
With the widespread application of the Go language, the demand for vulnerability detection in Go programs is increasing. Existing detection models and methods have deficiencies in extracting source code features of Go programs and mainly focus on detecting concurrency vulnerabilities. In response to these issues, we propose a Go program vulnerability detection method based on a graph neural network (GNN). The core of this approach is to utilize GraphSAGE to extract the global structure and deep semantic information of each concurrent function, maximizing the learning of concurrency vulnerability features. To capture contextual information of fine-grained code fragments in source code, we employ taint analysis to extract taint propagation chains and use a Transformer model with a multi-head attention mechanism, based on lexical analysis, to extract fine-grained vulnerability features. We integrate graph-level and token-level features to maximize the detection of various complex types of vulnerabilities in Go source code. Experimental results on a real-world vulnerability dataset demonstrate that our model outperforms existing detection methods and tools, achieving an F1-score of 91.35%. Furthermore, ablation experiments confirm that the proposed feature fusion method effectively extracts deep vulnerability features.  
Keywords:g olang; static vulnerability detection; program pruning; graph neural network; attention mechanism +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Seismic Analysis of Steel Solid Web Girder-RC Tubular Column Hybrid Structure
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussion
### Nonlinear Dynamic Time-History Analysis  
The El Centro (NS) record was selected as the input ground motion because of its ample spectral components and adaptability to the sites. As introduced in Section 2, the steel solid web grider-RC tubular column hybrid structure should satisfy the seismic demands under four hazard levels. Since the seismic precautionary intensity is 8-degree, the PGA of input ground motion was respectively scaled to 0.07, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.62 g to reflect the frequent, basic, rare, and very rare earthquakes according to the China seismic design code [17] and the seismic ground motion parameters zonation map of China [18].  
Table 3 provides the numerical results of maximum base shear forces and shear-weight ratios. The shear-weight ratio of the structure was defined as the maximum base shear force to the representative value of gravity load ratio. According to the China technical specification for concrete structures of tall buildings [26], the floor shear-weight ratio of the structure with significant torsion effect or whose fundamental period is less than 3.5 s under the frequent earthquake should be no less than 0.032. The numerical results showed that the shear-weight ratio of the solid web girder-RC tubular column hybrid structure under the frequent earthquake was 0.059 greater than 0.032, indicating that it could meet the design requirements.  
Figure 8 shows the time-history curves of base shear force and roof lateral displacement for the solid web girder-RC tubular column hybrid structure under different hazard levels. It can be observed that the occurring moment of peak responses were delayed with increase of PGA. This is because the structural damage gradually generated and accumulated with increase of PGA, resulting in the deterioration of lateral stiffness.  
Figure 7: Vibration mode shapes: (**a**) First mode; (**b**) second mode; (**c**) third mode.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Hazard Level**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Frequent**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Basic Earthquake**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Rare Earthquake**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Very Rare**} \\  & **Earthquake (0.07 g)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(0.20 g)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(0.40 g)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Earthquake (0.62 g)**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Positive** & **Negative** & **Positive** & **Negative** & **Positive** & **Negative** & **Positive** & **Negative** \\  & **(+)** & **(-)** & **(+)** & **(-)** & **(+)** & **(-)** & **(+)** & **(-)** \\ \hline Maximum base shear force (kN) & 18,361 & 15,741 & 29,612 & 32,927 & 43,055 & 41,666 & 60,826 & 61,718 \\ \hline Shear-weight ratio & 0.059 & 0.050 & 0.094 & 0.105 & 0.137 & 0.133 & 0.194 & 0.197 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Maximum base shear forces and shear-weight ratios.
# Communication Interface Manager for Improving Performance of Heterogeneous UAV Networks
## 2 Related Works  
Developing a communication architecture for mobile nodes is a challenging task that requires verifying behavioral features (pre-existing interference, coexisting networks, fixed or dynamic amount of nodes), medium access control (MAC) protocol (DCF, EDCA, PCF), the type of network management (decentralized, centralized), and applications-specific traffic (voice, video, data, control signal). Thus, the selection of the communication standard and/or the communication interface to be used should consider the specificity of the networks, and the characteristics in terms of delay, throughput, and link quality variations at a high mobility scenario [3].  
Some research initiatives concentrated their efforts on the use of a single communication standard (homogeneous systems) applying cognitive radio techniques to serve these networks, for example, reusing the write spaces slots during communication for management [2]. Other approaches suggest the use of more than a unique standard (heterogeneous systems), expanding the possibilities of communication of the network and managing the communication interfaces according to a context, such as the appearance of interference (noise) in the medium [19].  
To provide an overview related to the establishment and control of communication networks systems for multiple UAVs, two sets of related works can be categorized: homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Additional studies related to vehicular ad hoc networks are also included, since the nodes of these networks have similar characteristics to those of UAV networks.
## 6 Use Case: Privacy Identity Management Enrollment
### Presentation  
A user can prove possession of a credential certifying certain personal attributes to a service provider (i.e., relying party) by engaging in a presentation protocol. In this protocol, the two parties agree on which attributes the user needs to reveal, e.g., based on a policy of the service provider. At the end of the interaction, the service provider receives these attributes with high authenticity guarantees, while the user is guaranteed that no other information was revealed to the service provider.  
* Once the user has received their credentials, they can proceed to log in using the option to authenticate with those credentials. At this stage, the system checks the stored data to ensure validity.
* The user can now utilize the application to demonstrate the required attributes or conditions associated with their credential, allowing the service to verify them.
* Finally, the user is redirected to the credential management page, where they follow the same process of step 6 to manage or review their stored credentials and associated attributes.
# Monitoring the Dynamics of Ephemeral Rivers from Space: An Example of the Kuiseb River in Namibia
## 3 Data Used for This Study
### In Situ Data  
#### 3.3.1 Meteorological Data  
Meteorological data were obtained from the African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land management (SASSCAL, [[http://www.sasscalweathernet.org/](http://www.sasscalweathernet.org/)]([http://www.sasscalweathernet.org/](http://www.sasscalweathernet.org/)) (accessed on 17 March 2022). Although different parameters (air temperature, rain, fog, humidity, wind, etc.) were measured at hourly intervals, we only used rainfall data for Gobabeb (see Figure 1c for its location) and Claratal (located in the upper catchment of the Kuiseb River on the high plateau to the East).
# Multi-UAV Conflict Resolution with Graph Convolutional Reinforcement Learning
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this paper, we tackle multi-UAV conflict resolution by modeling it as a MARL problem with cooperative agents. Air traffic is represented as a graph with aircraft as nodes. An edge is created between every two aircraft in a pairwise conflict. We use _graph convolutional reinforcement learning_, which provides a communication mechanism between connected agents. This means that conflicting aircraft are allowed to communicate with each other and develop cooperative strategies. To formally define a multi-UAV conflict, we propose the concept of _compound conflicts_, which are conflicts that have tight spatial and temporal boundaries.  
We first train a model that learns how to solve compound conflicts with 3 agents. After that, the same model is retrained to to solve compound conflicts with 4 agents. As a result, we are able to refine the policies learned in the previous setting, while added agent learns a desirable policy.  
Figure 4: Frequency of actions for last 200 episodes of compound conflict with 3 agents.  
Figure 5: Frequency of actions for last 200 episodes of compound conflict with 4 agents.  
Results show that the agents are able to improve their policies and thus solve the task. For both settings, we observe an improvement both in number of LOSS present and duration of LOSS with the majority of scenarios after convergence having no LOSS (i.e., the compound conflict is solved). Furthermore, the agents are able to discover a strategy that increases the overall distance between them. As such, they effectively learn to solve the most severe conflicts first and then solve the remaining conflicts while making sure that no new conflicts are created.  
However, there are several aspects that must be further researched. For instance, in this work we use a maximum of 4 agents in the scenario. In reality, the number of agents in a compound conflict can not be always decided beforehand, thus a solution that adapts to \(\mathcal{N}\) agents must be sought. Furthermore, the reward function could be further elaborated to include terms that deal with the quality of solutions, such as optimizing for battery usage or number of actions taken. Finally, the action space can be extended to include solutions by speed or altitude changes.  
Conceptualization R.I., M.O. and M.A.P.; software, R.I. and M.O.; methodology R.I., M.O. and M.A.P.; investigation R.I., M.O. and M.A.P.; supervision M.A.P.; original draft preparation, R.I. and M.O.; review and editing, R.I., M.O. and M.A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Not applicable.  
We have open sourced our implementation in this link [[https://github.com/risufaj/bluesky](https://github.com/risufaj/bluesky)]([https://github.com/risufaj/bluesky](https://github.com/risufaj/bluesky)) (accessed on 13 November 2021). There, the data generation algorithm showed in this paper has been implemented.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.