# Visualisation of Information Using Patient Journey Maps for a Mobile Health Application
## 2 Review of Literature and Applications
### User Experience Evaluation Metrics for Mobile Health Apps  
We propose a novel visualisation method for effective and user-friendly information presentation using mobile health apps. The results of user experience (UX) evaluations are presented and discussed in detail in this paper. Evaluation metrics are required to assess the UX with mobile health apps for user evaluation of the proposed prototype. In this section, we introduce various existing metrics for evaluating mobile healthcare apps and describe the metrics that are used in this study. Traditionally, common ways to measure the UX of an interactive product include the AttrakDiff questionnaire, the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), or the modular evaluation of key Components of User Experience (meCUE) questionnaire [26; 27; 28; 29]. AttrakDiff assesses the user's feelings about the cognitive artifact with the help of 28 pairs of opposite adjectives [26]. Users can evaluate both the perceived pragmatic quality, the hedonic quality, and the attractiveness. The UEQ covers the following user experience aspects: attractiveness, efficiency, perspicuity, dependability, stimulation, and novelty [27]. It allows the users to express feelings, impressions, and attitudes that arise when experiencing the product under investigation in a very simple and immediate way. meCUE was developed to measure key components of UX in a comprehensive and unified way. meCUE is a questionnaire with 34 items covering the following components: product perceptions (usefulness, usability, visual aesthetics, status, commitment), user emotions (positive, negative), consequences of use (intention to use, product loyalty), and overall evaluation [28]. However, these methods are not specialised for mobile healthcare services and are instead aimed at general interactive systems. Various survey methods have been used to evaluate the user experience of mobile healthcare services. These questionnaires were primarily used to assess usability, quality, acceptance, and satisfaction. The System Usability Scale (SUS), mobile application rating scale (MARS), and Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) are commonly used for mobile healthcare application usability testing [30]. The System Usability Scale (SUS) was developed to provide a quick and simple method for measuring the usability of any system [31]. The Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) measures user satisfaction with system usability and is a usability evaluation tool specifically developed for use in the context of scenario-based usability testing [32; 33]. These two questionnaires are commonly used to evaluate the usability of various systems because of their reproducibility, reliability, and validity. However, they are not specifically designed to evaluate the user experience of mobile healthcare apps and it is difficult to evaluate them considering the characteristics of mobile healthcare apps. The mobile app rating scale (MARS) was used to evaluate mobile app quality. It is designed to be broader than its basic usability. MARS has moderately validated psychometric properties and is widely used to measure the quality factors of numerous mobile healthcare applications [34]. However, the target audience of the MARS is experts in a field (researchers, clinicians, and other professionals) who want to evaluate mobile healthcare apps, and raters need to learn enough to utilise this evaluation tool. To compensate for this, the authors developed uMARS, a simple user version of MARS targeted at general users for usability evaluation by nonspecialised end users. Although MARS and uMARS include usability components such as immersion, functionality, and information quality, as well as subjective quality factors of apps, these factors have not been validated, making them unsafe evaluation tools.