# Review on Optimization Techniques of PV/Inverter Ratio for Grid-Tie PV Systems
## 2 Literature Review  
In a grid-tied solar PV system, optimization of DC/AC ratio, cost, and tilt angle to maximize annual energy yield has been discussed and continues as a challenging task for investing in PV systems. A short context of a number of situations over outdoor measurements connected to the impact of the DC/AC ratio towards maximizing the annual energy yield of grid-tied PV systems was addressed in this section.  
The study [36] analyzed the optimal use of PV array to inverter sizing for grid-tied systems. In order to determine the ideal grid-connected PV system size, factors such as carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) emissions percentage, net present cost (NPC), the percentage of renewable electricity, excess electricity, and unmet load weretaken into account. It was reported that the DC/AC inverter ratio with a unity value and minimized CO\({}_{2}\) emissions produced the best results for providing energy (to Mecca, Saudi Arabia), with excess electricity of 0% and an unmet load. However, it was found that it is possible to downsize  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & **Range of** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Literature Focus**} & **Related** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Intererer**} & **Proposing** & **Date** \\  & **DC/AC Sizing and** & & & **Analysis** & & **Undersizing** & **System** & **Publish** \\  & **Cost** & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[32]} & \multirow{6}{*}{Extensive} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{sizing optimization issues, hybrid PV/wind/diesel generator systems, hybrid PV/wind systems, hybrid PV/diesel generator, and standalone PV systems} & \multirow{6}{*}{No} & \multirow{6}{*}{Limited} & \multirow{6}{*}{No} & \multirow{6}{*}{2013} \\  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[33]} & \multirow{6}{*}{Limited} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Power and Energy Losses in PV Plants in Future Ancillary Services Markets} & \multirow{6}{*}{Limited} & \multirow{6}{*}{No} & \multirow{6}{*}{No} & \multirow{6}{*}{2020} \\  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[34]} & \multirow{6}{*}{Limited} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Optimization goals, utilized optimization methods, grid type as well as the investigated technology} & \multirow{6}{*}{No} & \multirow{6}{*}{No} & \multirow{6}{*}{2018} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[35]} & \multirow{6}{*}{Limited to PV system installed} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Environmental, PV system, installation, cost factors as well as other miscellaneous factors} & \multirow{6}{*}{Limited} & \multirow{6}{*}{No} & \multirow{6}{*}{No} & \multirow{6}{*}{2017} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{This work} & \multirow{2}{*}{Extensive} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{DC/AC ratio optimization techniques} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes, main results} & \multirow{2}{*}{yes} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{2}{*}{2023} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison with related review studies on DC/AC sizing for PV-inverter systems.  
the inverter size to 68% with respect to the nominal PV power to decrease the total NPC of the system, as well as reduce inverter cost.