## 4 Results
### Physical and Economic Dimensions
In fact, when enabled by other smart technology, DRT systems have been able to use advances in data collection, distribution, and analysis to improve decision-making, simplify ticketing, and enhance route planning, scheduling, and vehicle selection [29; 78; 79]. Data obtained from smart ticketing systems can be integrated and used to analyze the behavior of passengers and identifying service gaps [80]. AV are also important because without the need for a driver the internal layouts can be reconfigured to provide comfort and access based on special needs [72]. This is important as studies have found that, for shared mobility to be appealing, it needs to be flexible and able to satisfy individual needs--particularly with regards to having both on- and off-peak access to employment, healthcare, and recreational areas [81]. Integrated services such as MaaS can help by facilitating better multi-stakeholder collaboration and the sharing of information. The needs and trends of each individual user can then be used collaboratively to support the day-to-day operation of the entire system [82] and connect potential users with the most suitable providers [42]. Thirdly, there is potential for smart mobility to reduce transportation costs by improving the efficiency of the transportation system and promoting a move towards shared mobility. The integration of services through a MaaS-like system and the use of ITS has the potential to reduce administration and management costs. Cost savings related to the design of transportation systems could theoretically be passed onto the consumer or used to supply transportation services to the disadvantaged [24; 79]. Using shared mobility as a replacement for PMV would also remove many of the economic barriers associated with ownership--e.g., purchasing, maintenance, insurance, and storage costs [39]. Parking costs would also be reduced under a shared system as vehicles would spend less time in idle [34; 83]. However, the distribution of shared services is likely to favor areas with high demand and is unlikely to reduce issues associated with geographic-related transport disadvantage. Furthermore, disability related disadvantage is unlikely to benefit from car and bike schemes alone [34]. AV would be beneficial in this regard as removing the need for a driver would significantly reduce operational costs and help solve issues associated with accessibility. In fact, SAV have the potential to reduce total transportation cost by over 80% when compared to traditional PMV [39]. However, new technology also brings high upfront costs and low short-term return on investment. Thus, while research continues to show that there is a huge demand for more sustainable vehicles [84],residents are willing to pay extra for more environmentally friendly options [49], and shared mobility is cheaper than car ownership [85], it may be difficult to guarantee economic sustainability--particularly in the short term. For example, while the use of alternative environmentally friendly fuels often achieves better economic performance, the high cost of vehicles--particularly hydrogen fuel cell vehicles--can make the economic sustainability of such vehicles difficult [48]. Similarly, despite potential for lower maintenance costs, reduced accidents, and overall efficiency, the high upfront cost may limit potential for market penetration [85]. Finally, cost alone might be not be enough to sway users to a shared system. In fact, in many countries, the modes with the lowest cost of operation--e.g., public and active transportation--are often not the ones with the highest market share. Other factors, such as comfort and prestige, also play a part [39]. AV could transform interior of private vehicles into mobile offices, dwellings, or entertainment and communication hubs improving the VOT by facilitating the ability to work, eat, socialize, and rest while in transit [56]. This could improve work life balance and reduce stress--particularly among those who travel regularly.