## 4 Simulation and Analysis  
We model the proposed algorithm and parent protocols in this section. In addition, taken into consideration different evaluation scenarios and analyzed the output results of our protocol comparing with other given protocols in terms of performance behavior. Network model parameters considered for MATLAB simulations are described in Table 1. The packet size is supposed to be 4000 bits. One hundred nodes are placed in zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3, with base station allocated in the center of the field area \(x\) and \(y\), as shown in Figure 2. \(X\) is an x-axis, whereas \(y\) acts for y-axis. \(R_{max}\) indicates the quantity of total rounds in the specified network and is dependent on the application. Possible parameters are shown in Table 2.  
\(E_{0}\) is the assigned initial energy of each node, \(E_{amp}\) is nodes amplification and receiving energy and \(E_{g}\) is the energy dissipated to transmit the data between two CHs and \(E_{DA}\) is the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Network diameter (M) & \(100\times 100\) m\({}^{2}\) \\ Nodes (n) & 100 nodes \\ \(E_{0}\) & 0.5 Joules \\ Receiving (\(E_{amp}\)) & 0.0013 pJ/bit/m\({}^{4}\) \\ Free space model (\(E_{g}\)) & 10 pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\) \\ Power amplifier (\(E_{amp}\)) & 100 pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\) \\ Data aggregation (\(E_{DA}\)) & 5 nJ/bit \\ Tancreiving/receiving (\(E_{TX}\)/\(E_{RX}\)) & 50 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Simulation parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Field axis \(X\), \(Y\) & 300 \(\times\) 300 m\({}^{2}\) \\ Sink axis \(X\) & 150 m \\ Sink axis \(Y\) & 150 m \\ \(R_{max}\) & 9000 \\ Cluster head associates (m), quantity & 4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Different parameters of the network. Figure 3: Communication processes of EZ-SEP protocol. consumed energy used throughout the data transmission latency. Data packet transmission and receiving energy is \(E_{TX}\)/\(E_{RX}\). Using these parameters, EZ-SEP algorithm starts the network routing procedure improving the network parameters below:  
1. Increase in alive active nodes value
2. Increase in package delivery rate
3. Reducing the value of power consumption (residual energy)  
The above parameters are plotted against the quantity of active alive nodes, the package delivery rate and the remaining residual energy compared to the three WSN protocols. A red color line represents the SEP protocol, a blue color one the LEACH protocol, magenta color represents the parent Z-SEP algorithm and the proposed EZ-SEP algorithm is represented by a green color. The graphs in the figure illustrate that at the beginning of the network, the LEACH protocol demonstrates the worst performance in comparison with the other three. First node death and network instability in LEACH protocol begins at round 1508, while in SEP happened at 1816 th round. The proposed EZ-SEP protocol at the beginning shows an approximately 5% improvement as the number of rounds reaches 2000 and a gradually increase over a parent Z-SEP protocol, but shows a better lifetime for the first node death at the 2497 th round, while in Z-SEP the first node died at the 2461 th round. The performance of proposed EZ-SEP protocol is improved after the 6000 th round, showing a better and frequent stability period rather than the Z-SEP protocol. Generally speaking, the number of dead nodes in the EZ-SEP algorithm is less than in the other three protocols as the network continues to operate. Death of all nodes in parent protocols is considered at 8000 rounds, while the proposed EZ-SEP protocol shows improved results over 9000 rounds, thus significantly improving the whole network lifetime as shown in Figure 4.  
Network packet delivery ratio to a BS is illustrated in Figure 5. Nodes' data transmission to a base station is the main role of a WSN.