Adsorption of Yttrium Ions on 3-Amino-5-Hydroxypyrazole Impregnated Bleaching Clay, a Novel Sorbent Material  
[PERSON]  
1 Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.C.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.I.M.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.C.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.I.M.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.C.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.I.M.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.C.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.I.M.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.C.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.I.M.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.C.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.I.M.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, Cairo P.O. Box 530, Egypt; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.C.);  
mmsh256@yahoo.  
often used as an additive in alloys. It increases the strength of aluminium and magnesium alloys. It is also used in the making of microwave filters for radar and has been used as a catalyst in polymerization of ethene. The radioactive isotope yttrium--90 has some medical uses; it can be used to treat some cancers, such as liver cancer.  
Recovery of yttrium from their aqueous solution, particularly wastewater, can be conducted by several techniques, such as: solvent extraction [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13], flotation, direct precipitation [14], adsorption [15; 16; 17; 18; 19], and solid-phase extraction [20; 21; 22]. In general, the adsorption process is widely used for uptaking yttrium ions from an aqueous solution. It is a simple technique and less cost; it also has high performance compared with other techniques. Activated carbon, natural and synthetic zeolites, resins, and clay minerals have been used as adsorbent materials. Today, researchers are interested in using low-cost adsorbent materials.  
Activated bleaching earth, which is activated with acid, mostly consists of SiO\({}_{2}\) (65-75%) and Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) (15-20%); it mainly consists of montmorillonite clay. This clay is used during the refinery process of edible oil industry to improve its quality, as it has immense capacity to remove undesirable residues and colored materials [23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. After the bleaching process, its color changes from white to brownish. A massive amount of spent bleaching clay is produced in the industry of edible oil as a by-product each year. In general, the residue was disposed to landfill without any treatment. It is noteworthy that several environmental problems were found because of the disposal of the spent bleaching clay. It contains up to 30% (\(w/w\)) of pyrogenic nature of the unsaturated oil, which rapidly oxidizes on the surface of clay to the point of spontaneous ignition, as well as has an unpleasant odor. Recently, the disposal process costs edible oil manufacturers much money each year. As a result, several studies were performed to recycle the spent bleaching clay and use it as an environmentally non-hazardous adsorbent material in the elimination of heavy elements from their aqueous solutions [32; 33; 34; 35].  
In this study, the spent bleaching clay was treated and modified with the organic reagent to enhance its adsorption efficiency. The ability of the new adsorbent material to uptake Y(III) ions was investigated regarding the influence of pH, agitation time, the sorbent dosage, initial Y(III) ions concentration, and temperature. Likewise, the sorption processes kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics were calculated given known models.