## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, we have proposed a novel method that integrates the AHP/ANP with Shapley values for complex decision-making problems involving independent or interdependent criteria and cooperative alternatives. Our approach demonstrates the benefits of combining these techniques to comprehensively evaluate resource allocation problems, and leading to improved decision-making outcomes. The numerical example showed that integrating the AHP/ANP with Shapley values allows decision-makers to account for cooperative alternatives, resulting in more informed and equitable resource allocation decisions.  
The practical implications of our work are significant, as the proposed method can be applied to various real-world decision-making scenarios. In the context of urban planning, as demonstrated in our numerical example, city governments can use this approach to evaluate transportation alternatives based on multiple criteria while accounting for the interdependence between the criteria and alternatives. By considering the cooperative nature of the alternatives and their contributions to coalitions, decision-makers can make more informed choices regarding resource allocation, ultimately leading to improved urban mobility and overall quality of life for residents.  
Moreover, the versatility of our method extends its potential applications to a wide range of fields, such as supply chain management, environmental decision-making, and project portfolio selection. In supply chain management, the integration of the AHP/ANP with Shapley values can help decision-makers evaluate and select suppliers based on multiple criteria while considering the cooperative dynamics among suppliers. This approach can lead to more resilient and efficient supply chains, as it accounts for the synergistic effects of supplier coalitions.  
To facilitate the adoption and application of our method in practice, we encourage the development of user-friendly software tools that integrate the AHP/ANP with Shapley values. These tools should provide a clear and intuitive interface for decision-makers to input criteria, alternatives, and coalition values, as well as allowing for the visualization the results and sensitivity analyses. Additionally, we recommend the creation of case studies and training materials to help practitioners understand and apply the method in their specific contexts.  
In conclusion, the integration of the AHP/ANP with Shapley values offers a powerful and comprehensive approach to complex decision-making problems involving cooperative alternatives. The practical implications of our work span across various domains, from urban planning to supply chain management and beyond. By emphasizing the real-world applications and potential impact of our method, we hope to encourage its adoption and further research in this area. Future studies can explore the integration of our approach with other MCDM techniques, as well as its application in diverse decision-making contexts, ultimately contributing to more informed, equitable, and effective decision-making processes.  
Conceptualization, J.-J.H. and C.-Y.C.; methodology, J.-J.H.; writing--original draft preparation, J.-J.H. and C.-Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
No new data were created.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.