esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Self-Organized Fast Routing Protocol for Radial Underwater Networks
## 4 Routing Path Formation
### Data Packet Forwarding  
When a node receives a data packet to be forwarded, it looks into the routing table and compares the string ID of the received data packet with its own string ID. If the string ID of the packet matches with the node's string ID, it forwards the packet.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Fried Mackerel Fillets
#### 3.3.1 Colour Evaluation  
Colour is an important quality attribute that plays a key role in consumer acceptability, influencing their perception of ripeness, freshness and even nutritional content.  
Figure 2A shows the results obtained for the colour parameters of the CIELab model (L*, a* and b*), with no statistically significant differences observed between samples. Fillets coated with alginate solution supplemented with _P. canaliculata_ extract (Alg Pc) exhibited the lowest luminosity value (L* = 49.6 \(\pm\) 6.8). Conversely, the highest value (L* = 60.9 \(\pm\) 3.4) was observed in fillets coated with carrageenanan (Car).  
Figure 2: CIELab parameters (**A**) and total colour difference (**B**) of fried mackerel fillets. Uncoated fried fillets (Control); fillets coated with alginate solution (Alg); fillets coated with alginate solution supplemented with _P. canaliculata_ (Alg Pc); fillets coated with carrageenanan solution (Car); fillets coated with carrageenanan solution supplemented with _P. canaliculata_ (Car Pc).  
However, these differences were not noticeable through visual observation (Figure 3).  
Regarding the a* parameter, which ranged from 9.0 \(\pm\) 0.7 (Car) to 10.7 \(\pm\) 1.6 (Car Pc), all samples exhibited a slight red hue, indicating that the presence of algae extract did not affect the fillets' final colour. For the b* parameter, all samples showed a tendency towards yellow, with values between 14.5 \(\pm\) 1.7 (Alg) and 22.2 \(\pm\) 1.8 (Car Pc). Considering that a golden yellow hue is appealing in fried foods, it can be concluded that the fillets achieved the desired appearance for the final product (Figure 3). The total colour difference between coated fried fillets and the control is presented in Figure 2B. The alginate-coated fillets (Alg and Alg Pc) exhibited the highest value, but without significant differences when compared to the carrageenanan-coated samples (Car and Car Pc).  
Generally, it is desirable that fried foods exhibit both higher lightness (L*) and yellowish (b*), and lower redness (a*). Frying time and temperature assume a prominent effect in these parameters, being promoters of non-enzymatic processes such as the Maillard reaction and the caramelization of sugars [41]. The browning effect caused by the Maillard reaction is due to the presence of reducing sugars (like glucose or fructose) and amino acids that react when exposed to the high temperature of frying oil. Acrylamide is a potentially harmful compound formed as a by-product of the Maillard reaction, using the amino acid asparagine as a reaction precursor. Its formation is a special concern when fish is coated in flour-based batter or breadcrumb mix, which are often rich in sugars and starch. The polysaccharide coating was shown to be effective in slowing down the Maillard reaction by retaining moisture inside the food matrix, reducing oil uptake and forming a physical barrier that limits the interaction between reducing sugars and amino acids [39].
### The Current Study  
Studies of Cantonese tone acquisition have mainly focused on younger populations, such as monolingual children [25], bilingual children [26; 27] and bilingual adolescents [28], but adult L2 learners' acquisition of Cantonese tones has not been investigated. Adults are fundamentally different from younger populations in terms of L2 acquisition because adult learners have fully acquired their L1 when they begin to acquire their L2, while younger populations are developing their L1 and L2 simultaneously or consecutively [29]. In addition, the acquisition of L2 tones by learners with a tonal language background has received little attention which, according to the SLM/SLM-r and the PAM-L2, is an essential topic for the better understanding of L1 influences on L2 acquisition and of L1 and L2 speech interactions. Thus, in the present study, we attempted to investigate whether adult learners with a tonal language background (native speakers of Mandarin) could acquire the complex Cantonese tonal system, and whether there were any modulations of lexical tones in  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Language** & **Tone Name** & **Tone Category** & **Tone Letter** & **Example** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Cantonese} & Tone 1 & High Level & 55 & _si55 ’teacher’_ \\  & Tone 2 & High Rising & 25 & _si25’_ history’_ \\  & Tone 3 & Mid Level & 33 & _si33 ’test’_ \\ \cline{1-1}  & Tone 4 & Mid-low & & _si21_ ’time’ \\ \cline{1-1}  & Tone 5 & Rising & 23 & _si23 ’market’_ \\ \cline{1-1}  & Tone 6 & Mid-low Level & 22 & _si22’_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mandarin} & Tone 1 & High Level & 55 & _ma55’_mother’_ \\  & Tone 2 & High Rising & 35 & _ma35’_ _hemp’_ \\ \cline{1-1}  & Tone 3 & Low Dipping & 214 & _ma214 ’_horse’_ \\ \cline{1-1}  & Tone 4 & High Falling & 51 & _ma51_ ‘to scold’ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Tonal systems in Cantonese and Mandarin. There are six lexical tones in Cantonese and four in Mandarin.  
their L2 Cantonese due to the influences from their L1 Mandarin. The purpose of this study was to examine the following two hypotheses:  
**Hypothesis 1.**_Given the acoustic similarity of T1 and T2 in Cantonese and Mandarin, the Mandarin learners of Cantonese will be able to link these L1 and L2 tones and will show convergence with the native Cantonese speakers in the production of T1 and T2._  
**Hypothesis 2.**_Perceptual evaluations can be predicted based on the acoustic features in the L2 Cantonese tone production._
# Energy Harvested and Cooperative Enabled Efficient Routing Protocol (EHCRP) for IoT-WBAN
## 5 Energy Harvested and Cooperative-Enabled Routing Protocol (EHCRP) Scheme  
In the proposed work, more focus is given to solve mainly the following issues:  
* Network stability/network lifetime; which is always remains one of the main issues in WBAN from very beginning. The issue arises due to the small size and limited battery backup in the tiny SNs.
* Congestion on forwarder nodes.
* Line of sight (LoS) which causes path loss and end to end delay in WBAN because of different body postures of humans during mobility. For the purpose dual coordinator nodes concept has been used which are deployed on left and right hips of the human body.
* Transmission of duplicated data causes more energy consumption. It is eliminated in EHCRP tremendously.
## 5 Key Technologies Supporting Deliberate Attack Defense for IECPS
### Cyber Security of IECPS  
With the development of cyber technology, cyber systems have gained increasing significance in the operation and control of IECPS. Deliberate attacks on IECPS cyber systems have become more frequent, and the methods of attack have become more diverse. However, at its core, these attacks primarily disrupt the functionality of communication and the integrity of data. Therefore, it is essential to upgrade data encryption and processing technologies, along with communication authentication and protection technologies, to prevent damage to data integrity and communication functionality. By integrating attack detection and identification technologies, it becomes feasible to sense and issue alerts in response to deliberate attacks, thereby further strengthening the defense capabilities of IECPS. Simultaneously, using attack traceability and countermeasure technologies, deliberate attacks can be recorded, and corresponding countermeasures can be designed to prevent similar attacks from recurring.
## 6 Directed Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithm
### Edmonds' Centralized DMST Algorithm
#### 6.2.1 Quantum Distributed Implementation  
Our goal is to implement the Lovasz iterations in the quantum distributed setting in \(\mathcal{O}(n^{1/4})\) rounds by making use of quantum APSP from Section 4. In the distributed setting, processor nodes cannot directly be shrunk into super vertices. As in [3], we reconcile this issue by representing the super vertex contractions within the nodes through _soft contractions_.  
First, note that a convenient way to track what nodes we wish to merge into a super vertex involves maintaining a mapping \(sID:V\to S\), where \(S\) is a set of super vertex IDs, which we can just take to be the IDs of the original nodes. We will refer to a pair of \((G,sID)\) as an _annotated graph_. An annotated graph naturally corresponds to some _minor_ of \(G\), namely, the minor obtained by contracting all vertices sharing a super vertex ID into a super vertex.  
**Definition 11** (Soft Contractions).: _For an annotated graph \((G,sID)\), a set of active edges \(H\), and active component \(H_{i}\) with corresponding weight modifiers \(\beta_{i}\), and a subset \(A\subset S\) of super vertices, the soft contraction of \(H_{i}\) in \(G\) is the annotated graph \((G^{H_{i}},sID^{\prime})\) obtained by taking \(G^{H_{i}}=(V,E,W^{\prime})\) with_  
* \(W^{\prime}_{uR}=0\) _if_ \(sID(u)=sID(v)\)* \(W^{\prime}_{uv}=W_{uv}+dist_{G(A)}(v,C(H_{i}))-\beta_{i}\) if \(u\in V\setminus A\) and \(v\in A\)
* \(W^{\prime}_{uv}=W_{uv}\) otherwise  
and updating the mapping \(sID\) to \(sID^{\prime}\) defined by \(sID^{\prime}(v)=sID(v),\forall v\
otin A\), \(sID^{\prime}(v)=\min\{sID(u):u\in A\}\).
## 1 Introduction  
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), which is suitable for the integrated forming of large, medium, and complex parts [1], is a technology that melts metal wires and accumulates solid parts layer by layer under the action of arc. Compared with the high-energy beam and powder additive manufacturing [2; 3], WAAM has a high forming efficiency, a high density of stacking body; compared with traditional forming methods (casting or forging) [4; 5], WAAM has the characteristics of Buy-to-Fly ratio, excellent mechanical properties and short processing cycle. The cold metal transfer (CMT) technology has a high cladding efficiency, a low heat input, and no spatter [6; 7]. Its application in the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminum alloy has attracted considerable attention [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. [PERSON] et al. [12] investigated the influence of the raw material batch and process parameters on the porosity of 2219 alloy by CMT-WAAM. [PERSON] et al. [13; 14] compared the microstructure and properties of the thin wall and block structures of Al-6.3%Cu alloy and investigated the effect of parameters on porosity of Al-6.3%Cu alloy deposited by CMT-WAAM. [PERSON] et al. [15] investigated interlayer rolling on the properties and porosity of Al-4.5 Mg alloy manufactured by CMT-WAAM process.  
Al-7 Si-0.6 Mg alloys are widely used in automotive and aerospace [16; 17; 18] industries due to excellent castability and processability resistance. In particular, Al-7 Si-0.6 Mg alloys can have good mechanical properties after heat treatment. [PERSON] et al. [19] found that Al-7 Si-0.6 Mg alloy has good flow performance and molding performance in CMT-WAAM process. The structural products of the alloy prepared by WAAM technology have achieved engineering applications [20]. At present, the diameter of the materials used in the CMT-WAAM process is generally 1.2 mm [21; 22; 23]. Because of the limitation of the power supply process for CMT, the maximum wire feeding speed (WFS) is 9 m/min, that is, the maximum forming efficiency is 1.6 kg/h. In this paper, Al-7 Si-0.6 Mg aluminum alloy welding wire with a diameter of 1.6 mm was selected as raw material, and manufactured as-deposited alloy by CMT-WAAM process. The influence of heat input on the formability, microstructure, and properties of WAAM Al-7 Si-0.6 Mg alloy under the process condition of WFS \(>\) 5 m/min (that is, forming efficiency \(>\) 1.6 kg/h) were investigated in detail. The aim is to provide theoretical and data support for the Al-7 Si-0.6 Mg alloys deposited by WAAM further engineering applications.
## 2 Overview
### IoT
#### 2.1.2 Characteristics  
The Internet of Things has various advantages because of its unique characteristics, such as the interconnectivity of heterogeneous systems, enormous scale, safety (e.g., healthcare and industrial domains), connectivity, dynamic changes, and things-related services. Heterogeneity refers to the use of diverse devices in IoT networks and hardware platforms; these devices are able to communicate with each other on various networks. Inter-connectivity refers to the ability to connect everything via global information and communication infrastructure. Safety refers to the systems affecting their external environment, including the physical well-being of individuals and the protection of personal data and endpoints. The enormous scale implies that the number of endpoints connected to each other through intranets and the Internet has risen significantly, which is majorly due to IoT devices. This growth requires further improvements in efficient data handling, clarified semantics, and data interpretation within applications. Network accessibility and compatibility are made possible via connectivity. Compatibility includes the control of protocol matching and data production and consumption interfaces. Accessibility means being able to reach the information anytime, anywhere, if authorization is provided and the stakeholder has authenticity. When a device is asleep or waking up, connected or disconnected, or in a specific place or at a specific speed, the state of the device changes dynamically, and the number of devices varies dynamically: this is what is meant by dynamic changes. Finally, things-related services include semantic coherence and privacy protection within device restrictions or constraints, which can be completed by changing the physical and information worlds' technologies [34].
# Monitoring Acute Heart Failure Patients Using Internet-of-Things-Based Smart Monitoring System
## 1 Introduction
In addition, major challenges in IoMT are identified. * An IoT-based smart healthcare monitoring system is presented that collects and processes the data for heart patients. Machine learning models are incorporated to detect patients with acute heart failure. * The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using several experiments, and a performance analysis is performed in comparison to existing state-of-the-art methods. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses previous literature. Section 3 provides the working of IoMT. Section 4 describes the dataset used in this work and provides the scenario of the proposed smart framework. It also explains the various algorithms used in this research. Section 5 explains experimental details and evaluation parameters. A conclusion is given in Section 6.
###### Abstract  
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of peritumoral collateral vessels could be indicative of a high Fuhrman grade (e.g., III and IV) in clear cell renal renal carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: Between November 2019 and February 2020, a total of 267 ccRCC patients with histology-proven diagnoses were retrospectively analyzed and screened. Imaging analysis was performed on computed tomography (CT) images to assess the presence of peritumoral collateral vessels and understand the potential association with high Fuhrman grades. These vessels are defined as dilated and macroscopically visible peritumoral renal capsular veins. Results: A total of 190 ccRCC patients were included in the study, considering the exclusion criteria. In patients with peritumoral collateral vessels, there was a statistically significant greater presence of ccRCC with a high Fuhrman grade both among the total cohort of patients regardless gender (\(n=190\)) (\(p<0.001\)) as well as among ccRCC male patients only (\(n=127\)) (\(p<0.005\)). Conclusion: Here, we show a novel association between peritumoral collateral vessels and ccRCC with high Fuhrman grades in male patients. The presence of peritumoral collateral vessels in perinephric adipose tissue can be indicative of more aggressive ccRCC.  
body composition; clear cell renal cell carcinoma; collateral vessels; computed tomography; imaging; Fuhrman grade; kidney cancer; perinephric adipose tissue
# Research on Optimization of Multi-Objective Regional Public Transportation Scheduling
## 3 The Regional Public Transportation Scheduling Model
### The Optimization Model  
Based on the above analysis, the first objective of this model is to minimize the total waiting cost of passengers who have not achieved easy transfer and those who have to choose other modes of transportation, and the waiting time cost of non-transfer passengers and transfer passengers. The second objective of this model is to consider the efficiency of public transport operation, including the average full load rate of buses and the ratio of inter-station running time of all buses to the total operation time. Then, the bi-objective optimization model for regional public transport scheduling can be formulated as follows:  
\[\begin{split}\min Z_{1}=c_{1}(\sum\limits_{x_{i},x_{j}\in X}\sum \limits_{i\in L}\sum\limits_{(s_{ij},s_{ij})\in S_{t}}Q^{\delta}_{x_{j}s_{ij}s_ {ij}}Q^{\delta}_{x_{j}s_{ij}s_{ij}}Q^{s_{j}s_{ij}s_{ij}}_{x_{j}s_{ij}}(1-T^{s_{ j}s_{ij}s_{ij}}_{x_{j}s_{ij}})\\ +\sum\limits_{x_{i}\in X}\sum\limits_{q=1}^{m_{i}}\sum\limits_{i \in L}^{m_{i}}Y_{x_{i}s_{ij}})+c_{2}(H_{1}+H_{2})\\ \max Z_{2}=\sum\limits_{x_{i}\in X}\sum\limits_{i\in L}\frac{\max (C_{x_{i}s_{ij}})}{V|X|}+R\end{split} \tag{8}\]  
s.t.  
\[T_{1}\leq A_{x_{i}}\leq T_{2},x_{i}\in X \tag{10}\]  
\[\frac{C_{x_{i}s_{ij}}}{V}\leq 1,x_{i}\in X,s_{i,q}\in S \tag{11}\]  
\[I_{\min}\leq A_{x_{i}}-A_{x_{i}-1}\leq I_{\max},x_{i}\in X \tag{12}\]  
Formula (8) indicates the total waiting cost of passengers, \(c_{1},c_{2}\) represent the waiting cost coefficients of passengers who did not realize easy transfer and choose other modes of transportation, and the time value cost of waiting time. Formula (9) indicates the comprehensive service ratio of buses, \(|X|\) is the number of elements of the set \(X\). Constraint (10) ensures that the departure time is within the scheduling simulation time window. Constraint (11) is the bus capacity constraint. Constraint (12) indicates the arrival interval limits.
# Chemometric Classification of Feta Cheese Authenticity via ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Instrumental Analysis  
FTIR measurements were performed using a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR Spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), equipped with a Deuterated Triglycine Sulfate (DTGS) detector and operated through OMNIC software (version 9.1.24). Each sample was analyzed in triplicate (\(n\) = 3), and the mean spectrum was used for further processing. A small quantity of sample was applied onto the diamond crystal of the Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) accessory (Smart iTR, Thermo Fisher Scientific), ensuring full and uniform sample-crystal contact. Between measurements, the ATR crystal was thoroughly cleaned with ethanol and deionized water to prevent contamination. Spectral data were collected in the mid-infrared region (4000-525 cm\({}^{-1}\)) using air as background. Instrument parameters included 32 scans per sample, 4 cm\({}^{-1}\) resolution, and absorbance mode. Prior to sample measurements, a background spectrum was recorded to account for instrument and environmental effects. A 30 min warm-up period preceded spectral acquisition to ensure detector stability. The total analysis time was under 6 min per sample (including triplicate measurements and surface cleaning), and the method required minimal sample amounts, making it highly cost-efficient compared to molecular or chromatographic techniques.
## 1 Introduction
### 1.1 Impact of Power Line Sectionalizing on Power Supply Reliability
Nevertheless, in rural networks, especially in 0.4 kV ones, sectionalizing units and reclosers were practically not applied previously due to the lack of low-cost technologies for their implementation, and therefore, the investments in rural distribution network protection were not paid off. Nowadays, that situation is being ameliorated, and emerging means of data transmission as well as inexpensive sensors and processors make it possible to recoup the introduction of SUs and reclosers in rural networks.
## 2 NB-PLC and RF Characterization
### RF Characterization
#### 2.2.1 RF Attenuation
A multipath wireless channel can be modelled using the method of the impulse response with the Equation (7) [43] as follows:  
\[h(t,\tau)=\sum_{i=1}^{N(t)}a_{r}(t)e^{j\theta_{r}(t)}\delta(\tau-\tau_{r}(t)) \tag{7}\]  
where \(a_{r}(t)\) is the amplitude, \(\theta_{r}(t)\) is the phase, \(N(t)\) represents the number of paths which depends on \(t\), and \(\tau_{r}(t)\) is the delay.
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes a distributed coordination scheme for connected vehicles, including automated vehicles (AVs) and manual vehicles (MVs), at signal-free intersections. The cooperation issue of vehicles at an intersection is formulated into a multi-objective optimization problem that aims to eliminate conflicts and improve traffic mobility and fuel economy. For this purpose, the future trajectories of AVs and MVs are predicted by the respective car-following models, and are shared with neighboring vehicles in conflict relationships. The proposed scheme optimizes the sum of the performance of AVs within the cooperative zone in a prediction horizon. A distributed optimization algorithm in the receding horizon is presented to obtain the local optimal solutions, and is tested in simulations with different demand levels and penetration rates of AVs. The results show that the proposed scheme reduces travel time by 29.7-45.5% and 34.5-49.2%, and decreases fuel consumption by 27.6-35.3% and 21.6-29.9% under 70-100% penetration rates of AVs, compared to the no-control operation and fixed-time signal control strategy. In addition, a comparison simulation with the strategy of jointly optimizing the vehicle trajectory and signal timing is conducted to evaluate the relative merits of the proposed scheme.  
connected vehicles; automated vehicles; manual vehicles; signal-free intersections; distributed cooperation; receding horizon optimization