# Clone Node Detection Attacks and Mitigation Mechanisms in Static Wireless Sensor Networks
## 5 Ontology in Wireless Sensor Networks
### Ontology Language  
It is a formal language that is ordinarily used to encode an ontology. It facilitates the encoding of knowledge about definite domains and mostly includes reasoning rules that support the processing of that specific knowledge. There are various types of \"ontology languages\". Ontology languages are generally called _declarative languages_. What we mean by that is they describe relationships between the interpreter or compiler (i.e., language executor) and variables in terms of functions, or terms of inference rules. Declarative languages are usually known as _programming languages_. In a nutshell, _declarative languages_ are any relational languages or any functional languages. Note that, declarative languages are different from _imperative languages_, which pinpoint a clear manipulation of the computer's internal state. They also differ from _procedural languages_, which specify a detailed sequence of steps and procedures to follow. Ontology languages are regularly based on either first-order logic [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic)]([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic)), accessed on 14 September 2021, or on description logic [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logic)]([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logic)), accessed on 14 September 2021. Other ontologies languages are outlined below:  
* Common logic [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Logic)]([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Logic)), accessed on 14 September 2021, is ISO standard 24707, a framework for a family of logic languages or ontology languages that can be faultlessly translated into each other. In other words, this framework aims to allow the exchange and transmission of knowledge in computer-based systems. * Common Algebraic Specification Language (CASL): it is applied to ontology specifications to deliver or to provide modularity and organizing mechanisms. * Gellish: it is an ontology language specifically for communication and data storage. * OntoUML: is an ontologically well-grounded language for ontology-driven conceptual modeling. * IDEF5 languages. IDEF5 Ontology Languages  
Supporting the ontology development activity are IDEF5's ontology languages. There are two such languages:  
(1) The \"IDEF5 schematic language\",(2) The \"IDEF5 elaboration language\". The first one is a graphical language, specifically tailored to facilitate domain experts to express the most common forms of ontological information. This allows average users both to input the fundamental information required for a first-cut ontology and to expand existing ontologies with new information. The second language as its name says, is the IDEF5 elaboration language, a structured textual language that enables detailed characterization of the components in the ontology. A variety of diagram types can be developed in the IDEF5 schematic language. The goal of these diagrams is to represent information visually. Therefore, semantic rules must be provided to interpret each possible schematic. These rules are practically provided by sketching the rules for the interpretation of the most elemental constructs of the language, then applying them recursively to more complex constructs. However, the nature of the semantics for the schematic language varies from the nature of the semantics for other graphical languages. Precisely, each salient schematic is provided only with default semantics that can be overridden in the elaboration language. It functions that way due to the primary purpose of the schematic language. That purpose is to serve as a support for the construction of ontologies; they are not the main representational medium for storing them.