esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
The mortar disengagement leading to insufficient support under the slab affects the track dynamic irregularity and further adversely influences the responses of the wheel-rail system. To study the influence of mortar disengagement with different lengths and heights on the vibration performances of vehicle and track structures, a rigid vehicle-flexible track coupled dynamics simulation model with mortar disengagement is developed in SIMPACK platform with the help of ANSYS software. The conclusions are drawn as follows:  
1. The dynamic performances of vehicle and track systems are affected by LMD more evidently than HMD. When LMD is no more than 1 m, the dynamic performances of vehicle and track systems are hardly influenced by mortar disengagement with the maximum increase rate less than 10% except for the slab displacement. When LMD reaches 1.5 m, mortar disengagement becomes the dominant factor in aggravating the dynamic vibrations of vehicle and track systems.
2. The vertical wheel-rail contact force and the rail displacement exceed the safety limit of 170 kN and 2 mm with the LMD of 2 m and HMD of 1.5 mm. The vertical slab displacement and the longitudinal tension stress of the slab are most significantly affected, with increase rates of 190% and 272%, respectively. When LMD reaches 1.5 m, the maximum slab displacement exceeds the safety limit of 0.5 mm.
3. When LMD is 0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m and 2 m, and the corresponding HMD is 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm and 4 mm, respectively, the mortar disengagement develops into a mortar void. At this stage, the mortar layer no longer supports the slab even if the vehicle passes through the damaged zone.  
This study provides a reference for formulating the repairing plan of mortar disengagement, which is conductive to relieving the pressure of track maintenance while ensuring the service life of track structures and the operation safety and riding comfort of the vehicle. Specifically, it is recommended the repairing plan of mortar disengagement shall be delayed to reduce the workload of track maintenance when LMD is less than 1 m. When LMD  
Figure 14: Longitudinal tensile stress of slab and vertical compressive stress of mortar layer under different mortar disengagement conditions.  
is greater than 1.5 m, the mortar damage needs to be repaired immediately to ensure the service performance of the vehicle and track systems.  
Conceptualization, X.X. and Z.R.; methodology, X.X.; software, X.X.; validation, X.X. and Z.R.; formal analysis, X.X. and Z.R.; investigation, X.X.; resources, X.X.; data curation, X.X.; writing--original draft preparation, X.X.; writing--review and editing, X.X.; visualization, X.X.; supervision, X.X. and Z.R.; project administration, Z.R.; funding acquisition, Z.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 11790281.  
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
###### Abstract  
High-speed communication can be achieved using laser inter-satellite links. However, laser terminals are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, which can lead to link disconnections. Therefore, an acquisition method capable of determining pointing errors is essential. In this study, a fast space-time fusion acquisition method was developed. This method establishes the relationship between satellite position, capture time, and azimuth and elevation angles. The performance of the proposed acquisition time optimization method was verified in a practical engineering application. Experimental results show that the pointing error was reduced by five times, the acquisition rate increased by 40%, the acquisition speed improved by 300 times, and multiple interference factors were effectively addressed.  
laser communication; experiment verification; laser inter-satellite links; pointing error; neural networks +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-6500-552X]X.X.  
chanical vibrations or thermal deformation. Given the multiple factors that can affect L-ISL performance, comprehensive adjustments are required.  
To achieve this, neural network methods can be employed. Neural networks are capable of approximating the pointing error function in L-ISLs and predicting relationships between pointing errors and satellite status parameters, accounting for multiple influencing factors. Among various architectures, feedforward neural networks (FNNs) are particularly suitable due to their simplicity, faster training, higher accuracy, and ease of deployment on laser terminals [24; 25; 26; 27].  
In this paper, a novel scanning method based on an FNN is proposed. To improve data consistency, filter algorithm is used in the first place. Since orbital parameters are more readily available than information related to mechanical vibration or thermal deformation, the relationship between orbital parameters and the pointing azimuth and elevation angles was established. To evaluate performance, the speed and success rate of the original acquisition process, the traditionally adjusted acquisition process, and the FNN-enhanced acquisition process were compared.  
To validate the proposed method, the predicted results were analyzed against on-orbit telemetry data. Experimental results demonstrated that the FNN-based acquisition process achieved more than a 300-fold improvement in speed and an 8-fold increase in success rate compared to the original process.
# Application of Improved Sliding Mode and Artificial Neural Networks in Robot Control
## 3 Results
Figure 10 presents the trajectory response for a more complex Lissajous curve under sensor noise. The Lissajous curve represents a more challenging trajectory compared to the Tricuspid curve. Despite the increased complexity, the actual trajectory closely follows the desired trajectory, showcasing the controller's ability to handle complex paths accurately. The controller's performance under these conditions demonstrates its adaptability and robustness, maintaining trajectory accuracy even in the presence of noise and complex navigation requirements. The detailed analysis of these figures underscores several important aspects of the proposed ISMC-RBF controller:  
* Precision and Accuracy: The controller consistently achieves high precision in trajectory tracking, as evidenced by the close alignment of actual and desired trajectories across different path shapes. * Robustness to Noise: The ability to maintain trajectory accuracy under noisy conditions, as shown in Figures 9 and 10, highlights the controller's robustness to environmental disturbances. * Adaptability to Complexity: The accurate tracking of the complex Lissajous curve under noise conditions demonstrates the controller's versatility and adaptability to various trajectory complexities. * Reduction in Chattering: The smooth and precise trajectories indicate that the improved sliding surface, along with the exponential and hyperbolic tangent approach laws, successfully reduces the chattering phenomenon commonly associated with a traditional sliding mode control. The practical implications of these findings are significant. The enhanced performance and robustness of the ISMC-RBF controller make it well-suited for real-world applications, such as industrial automation, autonomous vehicles, and service robots, where precise and reliable control is essential. Future research could focus on real-world implementation and further optimization to enhance the controller's performance in diverse operational environments. The simulation results provide strong validation of the proposed ISMC-RBF controller's effectiveness in achieving precise and robust trajectory tracking, highlighting its potential for advanced mobile robot control applications.
## 1 Introduction
As receiver coils are mounted on vehicles in EV charging applications, their design is more demanding, considering weight and volume. A higher freedom for the design of transmission coils could be utilized to achieve higher coupling coefficient and quality factors of the systems. Therefore, such non-symmetrical coil structures could potentially be promising for wireless EV charging applications. This work focuses on an analysis of coil systems with non-symmetrical structures of ferromagnetic backing, compared to conventional, symmetrical ones. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. An analytical analysis of the coil-to-coil efficiency of the WPT system and the impact of the coupling coefficient on the efficiency is discussed in the following Section 2. The developed FEM model applied for the research and its core implementation details are presented in \"Materials and Methods\", Section 3. The verification of the model by applying experimental and analytical approaches is given in \"Model Verification\", Section 4. The obtained results are provided and discussed in the \"Results\", Section 5. An overview and summary of the results are presented in the \"Discussion\", Section 6. Conclusions are drawn in the \"Conclusions\", Section 7.
# Interference Suppression in EEG Dipole Source Localization through Reduced-Rank Beamforming
## 4 Discussion
One important use for the SSVEP is to build an SSVEP-based brain-computer interface (BCI) which can measure brain activity via invasive or non-invasive means, relying on different mental strategies that each produce brain activity patterns that can be detected by a pattern recognition system [32]. SSVEP-based BCIs utilize different frequency flickers to represent different tasks, then a subject can complete a task by simply staring at the flicker that corresponds to that work. Therefore, the intention of the subject can be decoded by recognizing the SSVEP frequency in the evoked EEG [31]. In that sense, our results show that the proposed methods can be helpful with this task, as differences in the brain activation can be related to different frequencies, as it can be seen in Figures 8 and 9.
## 7 Experimental Verification  
In this section, we first use a pair of STM32W108 chips in our building corridor to conduct the lossy link transmission experiment, as shown in Figure 21, to obtain the lossy packet pattern, and this loss pattern is further utilized to show the packet length effect on mutual coherence and recovery error for sparse signal transmission. A real Porsche car sound, as shown in Figure 2b, is sampled, and its data then  
Figure 19: Signal transmission efficiency comparison after data interleaving.  
Figure 20: Signal transmission efficiency with varying sparsity.  
can be transmitted to the receiver node. There are more than 160 coefficients that are larger than five after Fourier transformation. Various packet reception rates are obtained through changing the distance between the sender and receiver nodes. The transmitting power is \(-10\) dBm for both the sender and receiver nodes, and there is no retransmission during this experiment. This section aims to further verify sparse signal transmission performance, the packet length effect on mutual coherence and the recovery error presented in the simulation results of the last section. We first show that sparse signal transmission using compressive sensing outperforms traditional methods. The packet length effect is present to show that a larger packet length has an adverse impact, which increases mutual coherence and, thus, increases recovery error with the same \(M/N\). Then, with the knowledge that correctly-received packets correspond to a deterministic projection matrix, which shows inefficiency when using a large packet length, we further verify the interleaving improvement on mutual coherence and recovery error, respectively.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Principle of Antimony Detection  
To determine the presence of Sb\({}^{3+}\) ions, the thiolated PAO was conjugated with GNPs via the strong Au-S bond. In the absence of Sb\({}^{3+}\) ions, the PAO-modified GNPs dispersed well in the solution due to their stability. Some authors suppose that the aptamer-stabilizing GNPs are in the coil statebefore meeting a target [33]. When added Sb\({}^{3+}\) binds specifically with the aptamer, the PAO-GNP switches from a dispersed state to an aggregated state with a substantial change in the absorption spectra (Figure 1).  
The poly-A sequence was used because of its particular reaction with ions as revealed in preliminary results. The interactions of poly-A oligonucleotide with a variety of ions (Hg\({}^{2+}\), Pb\({}^{2+}\), As\({}^{3+}\), Sr\({}^{+}\), Cd\({}^{2+}\), Ba\({}^{2+}\), Co\({}^{2+}\), and Mo\({}^{2+}\)) as standard solutions and salts MgSO\({}_{4}\), NH\({}_{4}\)VO\({}_{3}\), CsCl, Li\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), Na\({}_{3}\)VO\({}_{4}\), CrCl\({}_{3}\), Bi(OH)\({}_{2}\)NO\({}_{3}\), Na\({}_{2}\)WO\({}_{4}\), (CH\({}_{3}\)COO)\({}_{2}\)Ni, CaCl\({}_{2}\), and La(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\) of chemical purity dissolved in 0.1 M HNO\({}_{3}\) were tested. The technique used for choosing a target for selective analysis is described in Materials and Methods. GNPs modified with poly-A DNA were mixed with solutions of the ions of interest and changes in optical density were measured. Observed color changes indicated the sensitivity of the chosen oligonucleotide to the detected ions. The experiments revealed a high specificity with respect to Sb\({}^{3+}\) at a low concentration (10 ng/mL). The simple and quick interaction achieved with the use of GNPs modified with PAO also provided optimal sensitivity in ion determination. A complete list of ion interactions with the oligonucleotide sequence is presented below in Section 3.4.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Satellite Data and Preprocessing  
#### 2.1.1 FY-3C Data  
The FY-3C meteorological satellite belongs to the second generation of the Chinese polar orbiting meteorological service satellite series. FY-3C provides global and local metrological, geophysical, and multispectral information [23]. It also helps researchers to conduct global remote sensing for the monitoring of land surface characteristics, such as vegetation, ecology, surface cover classification, and snow cover [24]. These data can be downloaded from the FengYun Satellite Data Center ([[http://satellite.nsmc.org.cn](http://satellite.nsmc.org.cn)]([http://satellite.nsmc.org.cn](http://satellite.nsmc.org.cn))). In this study, five bands have been used (Table 1).  
During the pre-processing of the data, various corrections and processing adjustments were made. These include geometric and radiometric correction, data exception processing, atmospheric correction, and cloud detection processing. The spectral response function of the FY-3C MERIS sensor used in data processing is shown in Figure 2.
# Density Self-Adaptive Hybrid Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Results  
#### 4.2.1 The Number of Alive Nodes  
Generally, the number of alive nodes can be used to describe the lifetime of the network, intuitively. For different applications, the lifetime of the network has different definitions. They are defined as the time of the first node dies, or half of the nodes die, or the last node dies. Figures 5 and 6 are the comparison chart of the number of alive nodes when the BS is inside or outside.  
From the picture we can see that the time that the first node dies (FND) of the DAHC protocol is later than the O-LEACH protocol and the LEACH-C protocol in both cases, which means the stable period of the DAHC is longer. Tables 4 and 5 are the round of the FND in two cases. When the BS is located internally, FND of the O-LEACH protocol and the LEACH-C protocol is less, whereas the DAHC protocol is 1228 rounds. Similarly, when the BS is outside, the stable period of the DAHC protocol is the longest. Since the distance between the nodes and the BS is longer than the first case, needing more energy, the FND is relatively short. In WSNs, the longer of the stable period the network  
Figure 5: The number of alive nodes versus rounds when the BS is inside.  
Figure 6: The number of alive nodes versus rounds when the BS is outside.  
is, the more data packets will be transmitted. Hence, the performance of the DAHC protocol is better in this term.
## 5 Discussion
Therefore, the oscillation remaining after calibration is because the parameters obtained by GA are not yet perfectly matched. As we still observed high oscillations in the calibrated result, we attempted to use the frequency amplitude contained in the measured data to reduce the high oscillations. From Figure 15, we can see that the high-frequency oscillation is due to a combination of the satellite's rotation and the mismatch of calibration parameters. From Figure 15, we determine the satellite rotates at about 0.005 Hz (1.8 deg/s). In Figure 16, we show the frequency spectrum of Data Set 1 of NepalSat-1. It shows a peak at around 0.007 Hz. Instead of using the error defined in Equation (5) as the evaluation function of the GA, we used the sum of the magnitude of frequency amplitude and WMM data. The smaller the amplitude, the better the ranking is. In this search, we used the entire data sets of whole orbits rather than a selected region within low-latitude regions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Satellite** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Data Set** \\ **Number** \\ \end{tabular} & **Without Gain** & **Without Offset** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Without** \\ **Non-Orthogonal Angles** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Ravaana-1 & 1 & 0.08 & 0.09 & 0.06 \\ Ravaana-1 & 2 & 0.08 & 0.08 & 0.02 \\ Ravaana-1 & 3 & 0.04 & 0.04 & 0.04 \\ Uguisu & 1 & 0.15 & 0.21 & 0.13 \\ Uguisu & 2 & 0.03 & 0.25 & 0.02 \\ Uguisu & 3 & 0.03 & 0.19 & 0.02 \\ NepalSat-1 & 1 & 0.13 & 0.15 & 0.07 \\ NepalSat-1 & 2 & 0.03 & 0.04 & 0.02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Error obtained by dropping 3 of 9 parameters from the search in the GA.  
Figure 15: Solar cell current and magnetometer measurements. The following Equations (8)-(10) were used to apply genetic algorithms in this case. Equation (10) was used as the evaluation function. E1 and E2 were chosen to make e/E1 and e2/E2 both approximately one at the first generation. \[\mathrm{e}=\frac{\Sigma\bigg{(}\frac{\sqrt{(\mathrm{Bwmm}-\mathrm{Bt})^{2}}}{ \mathrm{Bwmm}}\bigg{)}}{\mathrm{N}} \tag{8}\]  
\[\mathrm{e}2=\Sigma(\mathrm{amplitude~{}of~{}frequency~{}spectrum}) \tag{9}\]  
\[\mathrm{e}=\bigg{(}\frac{\mathrm{e}}{\mathrm{E1}}+\frac{\mathrm{e}2}{ \mathrm{E2}}\bigg{)}/2 \tag{10}\]  
Table 11 shows the parameters obtained from the GA. By comparing with Table 6, we can observe that the offset of the X-axis has been reduced. Figure 17 shows the calibrated result. Compared to Figure 14, we can see that the oscillations in the observation were reduced significantly in the first part of the graph, where we noticed high oscillations even after calibration with Equation (5). Figure 16: Frequency spectrum of measured magnetic field by NepaliSat-1 (Data Set 1). Figure 17: Calibration of Data Set 1, NepaliSat-1, using the oscillation amplitude and WMM as the evaluation function of GA.
# Ground Stability Analysis in Non-Open-Cut Tunneling Method Using Small-Diameter Steel Pipe Piles
###### Abstract  
The non-open-cut method is used for constructing tunnels under existing roads without blocking traffic. Various non-open-cut methods use pipe roofs made of medium- and large-diameter steel pipe piles. However, the risk of ground settlement or heave is involved during the application of such piles. Therefore, research is conducted through model tests and numerical analysis on the non-open-cut method to investigate these problems using small-diameter piles. The progress of tunnel construction is divided into two repetitive steps. The first step (Stage 1) involves pulling back the pressure panel, and the second step involves propelling the precast structure (Stage 2). The behaviors of the pipe piles and ground displacement are analyzed according to the cover depth, tunnel size, existence and nonexistence of the shoe structure, and progress of tunnel construction. Small-diameter piles reduce the displacement during both stages. With a decrease in cover depth, the stress acting on the pile decreases during Stage 1 and increases during Stage 2. The presence of the shoe structure reduces the stress on the pile during both stages. The ground behavior based on the construction progress indicates that the ground settlement increases during Stage 1; however, no correlation is observed during Stage 2 at low depth.  
underground multilevel crossing road construction method; non-open-cut method; shallow tunnel; small-diameter steel pipe piles; forepoling 2020
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Stress Component Calculation  
Table 3 lists the evaluation results of the three weld positions, where positions 1, 2, and 3 refer to the butt-welded joint, T-shape welded joint, and lap fillet-welded joint, respectively (see Figure 3). The subscripts \(m,\ a,\ min,\ max\) of \(\sigma\) and \(\tau\) refer to the mean, amplitude, minimum, and maximum of the stress, respectively. The minimum and maximum normal and shear stress were extracted by subroutine, and the corresponding minimum and maximum load cases are listed in Table 3. The results indicate that the main factors affecting the butt-welded joints are the normal stresses perpendicular and parallel to the direction of the weld (\(a_{\perp}=0.14\), \(a_{\parallel}=\)0.13). The main factor affecting the T-shaped fillet-welded joints was the normal stress perpendicular to the direction of the weld (\(a_{\parallel}=0.09\)). The main factor affecting the lap fillet-welded joints was the normal stress perpendicular to the direction of the weld, with the largest utilization degree under normal stress in the x-direction of local coordinates (\(a_{\perp}=0.31\)). The normal stress parallel to the lap fillet weld had negligible influence. In addition, the lap-welded joints exhibited the highest comprehensive degree of utilization of 0.33, and the T-shaped fillet-welded joints demonstrated the lowest comprehensive degree of utilization of 0.10. The results show that the components and comprehensive degree of the utilization of the pivotal weld joints in the aluminium alloy car body were less than 1, and the normal stress and shear stress of the welded seam of the car body structure were both within the MKJ fatigue evaluation curve, which also indicates that the fatigue failure of welded joints of the head car body first occurred in the lap-welded joint. In the MKJ diagram, the horizontal axis is the stress ratio \(R\), the vertical axis is the maximum allowable stress corresponding to the stress ratio, the numbers above the curve refer to the corresponding allowable stress, and the nodes below the curve refer to the calculation results of the measurement points on the welded positions. If the calculation results fell under the fatigue strength curves, then the fatigue performance of the welded structure met the standard requirements. The maximum and minimum normal stresses were obtained by plane stress calculation, and the allowable stresses of the corresponding components were obtained by the evaluation process. After data processing, the calculated