# Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms Relationship to Risk Level of Dental Caries
## 3 Results
### Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms
Thus, there is a significant need for additional, well-conducted research that will investigate the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and the prevalence of dental caries in mixed and permanent dentition, specifically in adult patients. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Genotype** & \begin{tabular}{c} _Apal_ \\ _(rs7975232)_ \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} _Taql_ \\ _(rs731236)_ \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} _Fokl_ \\ _(rs10735810)_ \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} _Fokl_ \\ _(rs2228570)_ \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} _BgII_ \\ _(rs739837)_ \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} _Bsml_ \\ _(rs1544410)_ \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} Homozygous \\ dominant \\ \end{tabular} & AA & TT & FF & FF & BB & BB \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Heterozygous \\ recessive \\ \end{tabular} & Aa & tt & Ff & Ff & bb & bb \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Different types of alleles and genotypes of the VDR gene polymorphisms. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors Publication Year** & _Apal_ & _Tapal_ & _FokL_ & _FokL_ & _Cok2_ & _BgII_ & _BamI_ & _Type of Study/Counters** & **Results** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al., 2021 [15] \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} & \multirow{2}{*}{+} \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._The effect of vitamin D serum levels on the prevalence of dental caries has also been studied in many scientific papers among different ages, populations, and dentitions. Table 3 presents studies correlating vitamin D serum levels with the prevalence of dental caries. From the studies presented in Table 3, we can report on 10 studies addressing the issue on primary dentition, 8 on mixed, 3 on permanent, and one on mixed and permanent dentition. Results from the above-mentioned 10 studies on primary dentition indicate an association between prenatal levels of 25(OH)D and caries risk in primary dentition. It is mentioned that maternal 25(OH)D, during pregnancy, diffuses across the placental barrier, while 25(OH)D cord blood concentrations are 75-90% of maternal concentrations at delivery [30]. Thus, in four out of ten studies, there was an inverse relation between maternal intake of VD and dental caries in children. In favor of this correlation, we refer to the study of [PERSON] et al., which examined 1210 Japanese mother-child pairs and agreed on the issue [31]. This inverse relation was also verified by another study, in which the authors found that insufficient levels of 25(OH)D (\(<\)50 nmol/L) during the third semester of pregnancy is associated with higher caries experience in primary teeth by the age of six [32]. In a third study, data were extracted from an extensive cohort survey in Austria on VDLs during the 12 th week of gestation and after gestation at 4 and 8 years of age, while a dental examination was held at 6 and 10 years of age. Although sugar consumption and incorrect brushing were the main factors associated with dental caries in children participating in the study, low levels of 25(OH)D (\(<\)20 ng/mL) during pregnancy magnified the effect of cariogenic parameters. For this reason, the authors claimed that supplementing VD for pregnant women and children could be an option [33]. These findings agree with a 6-year follow-up randomized clinical trial, which concluded that supplementation with a high dose of VD during pregnancy leads to a lower probability of enamel defects in the offspring [34]. On the contrary, [PERSON] et al. did not find a statistically significant difference when they administered prenatally two oral doses of 50,000 (IU) of VD in the prevalence of Early Childhood Caries [35].