# Review of Monitoring and Control Systems Based on Internet of Things
## 3 Monitoring and Control Systems Based on IoT
### Monitoring and Control Systems for Smart Agriculture Based on IoT
Apart from this, parameterssuch as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and PIR sensors show the threshold value. The water level sensor indicates the water level in the tank or water source. The system uses a PIC16F877A microcontroller, a GSM module and various sensors such as a soil moisture sensor, an LM35 temperature sensor and a PIR sensor. The RS232 interface enables communication with a GSM modem to send and receive SMS and telephone calls. The soil moisture sensor uses both analog and digital output, and the LM35 temperature sensor offers a linear output with a range of \(-55\) to \(+150\) degrees Celsius. The PIR sensor detects the movement of people, animals or other objects using infrared radiation. Proteus 8 software was used to simulate the electronic system. The conclusions from the experiment show that the system is a complete solution to field operations and irrigation problems, which can help to improve crop yields and overall agricultural production. In the future, the system can be developed for larger land areas and integrated with soil quality control and plant growth in each soil. In [48], [PERSON] et al. present a comprehensive IoT system to support agriculture by monitoring environmental conditions and remotely controlling robotic vehicles. The proposed system uses two microcomputers, Arduino Nano and ESP32, which cooperate to collect sensor data and manage vehicle traffic. The Arduino Nano acts as the control unit, managing the vehicle's movement, while the ESP32 acts as the sensor unit, collecting data on temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. These data are then transmitted to the Thing5 peak IoT platform using the built-in ESP32 Wi-Fi module, allowing it to be stored and analyzed in real time. The system also includes DC motors and a motor controller, DHT11 and soil moisture sensors, lithium-ion batteries, a Buck converter that stabilizes the voltage, an HC05 Bluetooth module enabling communication with a mobile application, a buzzer signaling low soil moisture levels, and an OLED display presenting environmental data. Programming is performed using the Arduino IDE, which allows us to write, test and debug code easily. The system collects data via ESP32 and sends it to the cloud, while Arduino Nano controls the vehicle's movement based on commands from the mobile application. When the soil moisture level drops below the threshold, a buzzer signals watering needs. The mobile application allows us to monitor data and remotely control the vehicle in real time. The collected data are analyzed on the ThingSpeak IoT platform, which allows farmers to manage resources effectively. The proposed system offers innovative solutions for agriculture, especially in rural India, where access to advanced technologies is limited, yields are increasing, resource wastage is reduced, and environmental sustainability is improved. In recent years, the energy sector has been undergoing a significant transformation, driven mainly by the development of modern information and communication technologies. One key element of this evolution is intelligent energy grids, which integrate advanced monitoring and control systems that enable more efficient energy production, distribution and consumption management. The IoT plays a central role in these systems, which allows data to be collected, transmitted, and analyzed in real time from various points of the energy network. Smart energy grids equipped with IoT solutions offer numerous benefits, including improving the reliability of energy supply, optimizing energy consumption and increasing operational efficiency. Thanks to sensors, smart meters and advanced analytical algorithms, it is possible to quickly detect and respond to failures, predict energy consumption patterns, and integrate renewable energy sources more sustainably and efficiently. [PERSON] et al.