## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption Experiment of High-Fluorine Uranium-Containing Wastewater  
In the adsorption experiment, 10 mL of simulated high-fluoride uranium-containing wastewater solution (U(VI) concentrations of 10, 100, and 200 mg/L, F\({}^{-}\) concentration of 100 mg/L) was added to the prepared MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) sample, and stirred with a glass rod at room temperature for about 15 s in a beaker. Subsequently, the solution mixed with  
Figure 3: (**a**) FTIR spectra of MS and MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) composites. (**b**) XRD pattern of MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) composites (\(\%\) the marked peak is characteristic of ZrO\({}_{2}\), the red line represents the ZrO\({}_{2}\) standard card). the sample was subjected to rapid vacuum filtration using a vacuum filtration machine at an operating pressure of \(-0.1\) MPa. After filtration, the filtrate was taken and its absorbance measured at wavelengths of 620 and 652 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. The concentrations of F\({}^{-}\) and U(VI) were calculated based on the absorbance. The uranium concentration was determined by Arsenazo III spectrophotometry [42], and the test for the fluorine concentration is specifically described in the Supplementary File. The adsorption efficiency R (%) of MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) for U(VI), F\({}^{-}\), and MB was calculated by the following Formula (1):  
\[R=\frac{C_{0}-C_{\mathrm{e}}}{C_{0}}\times 100\% \tag{1}\]  
Figure 4: (**a**) XPS spectra of MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) before and after uranium adsorption (illustration is a larger view of the Zr 3d peak), (**b**) high-resolution XPS spectra of MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) in U 4f region, (**c**,**e**) high-resolution N 1s XPS spectra before and after uranium adsorption by MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\), and (**d**,**f**) high-resolution O 1s XPS spectra before and after uranium adsorption by MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\). in which C\({}_{0}\) (mg/L) is the initial concentrations of U(VI), F\({}^{-}\), and MB, and C\({}_{\rm e}\) (mg/L) is the equilibrium concentrations of U(VI), F\({}^{-}\), and MB. The removal efficiencies of the composites of MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\)-0.3, MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\)-0.6, and MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\)-0.9 towards U(VI) and F\({}^{-}\) were tested using a simulated high-fluorine uranium-containing wastewater with 10 mg/L U(VI) and 100 mg/L F\({}^{-}\). As shown in Figure 5a, the results indicate that the removal efficiencies of all composites towards both U(VI) and F exceeded 99%. Given the similar removal performance across all the samples, we selected the 0.3 g ZrOCl\({}_{2}\)-8H\({}_{2}\)O precursor sample (MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\)-0.3, approximately 0.65 g) for subsequent dye adsorption and antibacterial experiments, considering the economic cost. To further investigate the removal efficiency of the MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) composites in high-fluoride uranium-containing solutions, we tested simulated wastewater solutions with varying uranium concentrations (10, 100, and 200 mg/L) and a constant F\({}^{-}\) concentration of 100 mg/L. As shown in Figure 5b, when the U(VI) concentration was 10 mg/L, the removal efficiency of MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\)-0.3 for U(VI) reached 99.82%. At the U(VI) concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/L, the removal efficiency increased to 99.97% and 99.98%, respectively. Similarly, the F\({}^{-}\) removal efficiency of the MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\)-0.3 exceeded 99% for all tested uranium concentrations (Figure 5c). The removal efficiency of MS for F\({}^{-}\) in high-fluorine uranium-containing wastewater was poor, about 70% (Figure S1). In order to evaluate the saturated adsorption performance of the MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\), the MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) sample was dried, and 0.1 g of MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) was mixed with 500 mL of high-fluorine uranium-containing wastewater (U(VI) and F\({}^{-}\) concentrations: 100 mg/L). The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) for U(VI) was 310.60 mg/g, and the saturated  
Figure 5: (**a**) Removal efficiency of F\({}^{-}\) and U(VI) in high-fluoride uranium-containing wastewater by MS/CID/ZrO\({}_{2}\) with different Zr contents.