# Novel Processing Methods of Low-Clinker Multi-Component Cementitious Materials--A Review
## 3 Magnetic Field Treatment (MF-T) Methodology
### MF-T of Cementitious Materials/Concrete and SCMs
In contrast, utilizing the M-Water system (Figure 7) reduces cement particle agglomeration and enhances the interaction between water molecules and cement particles, leading to efficient hydration and improved mechanical characteristics of concrete [84; 85]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [86] reported that M-Water penetrates cement granules more easily due to the loose bond between water molecules and single polar molecules (O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\) and H\({}^{+}\)), allowing electrically charged cement particles to move faster. This breaks up cement clusters, making trapped mixing water flow more efficiently and increasing the ST of concrete. The preparation cost of M-Water is low compared to concrete additives, and the mixing procedure is streamlined [74; 75]. The impact's main conclusions from different non-conventional methods on the preparation of low-clinker constituents of cement can be outlined as follows and are shown in Table 2.  
[PERSON] et al. [73] observed beneficial effects on the mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength) of fresh and hardened concrete when using M-Water. [PERSON] et al. [87] found that M-Water significantly improved the microstructure of foam concrete with a 0.75 m s\({}^{-1}\) magnetizing flow speed. The mechanical properties of concrete were enhanced by M-Water, as evidenced by increases in compressive strength (fc) of 12.2%, 10.2%, and 8.6% after 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively, and increases in flexural strength of 11.9%, 10.5%, and 9.7% at the same ages, along with increases in split tensile strength (fst) of 10.9%, 9.8%, and 8.5% at the same ages. [PERSON] [88] observed a 20% increase in the fc of concrete mixed with M-Water, which was achieved by carefully selecting parameters such as water flow velocity (0.71 m s\({}^{-1}\)) and treatment duration (4.5 s per liter). [PERSON] et al. [89] studied the effects of M-Water on self-compacting concrete (S-CC) reinforced with steel fibers. The mixing water was passed via a permanent MF-T (0.65 T) once and 15 times. The steel-fiber-reinforced SCC showed significant improvement in workability, fc, and fst (50% relative increase after 28 days) compared to control specimens when mixed with M-Water. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{12.3 pt} p{12.3 pt} p{12.3 pt} p{12.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Aggregates (F-Fine, C-Coarse)** & **SCMs/Replacement Levels (\%)** & **Main Findings** & **Treatment Refs.** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Microstructural features, porosity**} \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{} \\ F: nonreactive sand & DSF/(5, 10, 20) & - US-T processing altered the particle size distribution, favoring smaller sizes, resulting in SSF with an average particle size of 3.85 \(\upmu\)m, a volume content of sub-micrometric particles of 56.9\%, and a d50 of 0.72 \(\upmu\)m. & US-T [62] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{} \\ C: crushed limestone F: nonreactive sand & SF/(1, 5, 10) & - US-T can increase the number of nanometric particles in SSF (up to 90\% in contrast to the initial SF), decrease its mean size to reach 57 nm, and increase its dispersibility. - SSF’s zeta potential values after 15 min of US-T were significantly higher than those of initial SF, indicating that the particles were highly stable and had a low propensity to aggregate. & US-T [63] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{} \\ - & DSF/(10) & - In comparison to NDSF, the particle size distribution of SSF was found to be less variable, indicating the efficiency of US-T. - The use of US-T to density SF increases its reactivity through a de-aggomeration mechanism. & US-T [69] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of effects on hardened concrete properties—the microstructural features, mechanical properties, permeability, and durability indicators (US-T: power ultrasound treatment, M-Water: magnetized water). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Aggregates (F-Fine, C-Coarse)** & **SCMs/Replacement Levels (\%)** & **Main Findings** & **Treatment Refs. ** \\ \hline F: nonreactive sand & \(