esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Centralized Treatment Plants
### Industrial Wastewater Remediation
#### 2.3.7 Electroplating Industry  
The electroplating industry generates considerable amounts of wastewater containing heavy metals, alkaline- and acid-concentrated waste, oil and fats and solvents. The study reported by [PERSON] et al. was carried out at an onsite WWTP in the plastic plating industry with the aim to replace the existing chemical coagulation by a continuous-flow electrocoagulation (EC) process with enhanced pollutant removal and cost efficiency. The EC unit, equipped with multi-rod helical systems (i.e., made of an iron anode and a stainless-steel cathode), was monitored for nine consecutive months. The EC reactor (dimensions: 85 \(\times\) 100 \(\times\) 150 cm) consists of 10-cell reaction compartments with an effective volume of 5.6 L. With a continuous flow rate of 18 m\({}^{3}\)/h and an applied current between 1000 and 1100 A, the energy consumption can be maintained at 7200 kWh/month while achieving >99% removal of Cr, Ni and Cu, with removal rates of about 78, 105 and 38 mg/L per day, respectively. Moreover, the waste by-product (sludge and liquid) generation was reduced by approximately 50% and 100%, respectively, with the acid and alkaline by-products entirely recycled. The chemical cost was reduced by approximately 50%, and the operational treatment costs decreased from USD 6.11 to USD 2.87 per m\({}^{3}\) of wastewater. Further research on electrode configuration and material modification is required to establish more efficient anode consumption [109].
## 4 Wireless Soil Moisture Sensing Applications
### Applications in Agricultural Management  
Globally, one-quarter of cropland already needs to be irrigated, requiring more than 70% of human consumption of blue water [115]. Due to the increase in drought events in many regions of the world, efficient irrigation management is essential to optimize agricultural production and avoid overuse of water resources [67]. To this end, real-time monitoring of soil moisture is essential to optimize the amount and timing of irrigation. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [116] developed a closed loop irrigation system where inputs from a soil moisture WSN determine irrigation timing and amounts in real-time for a field cropped with cotton. It was shown that the use of WSN to measure soil moisture led to water savings of up to 70% in irrigation compared with conventional irrigation scheduling based on calculated evapotranspiration [117; 118]. However, there are also weaknesses in WSN-based irrigation scheduling. For instance, the electromagnetic sensors typically used for soil moisture monitoring have a relatively small probing volume, which typically does not capture the field average soil moisture content. The spatial variability of soil properties within fields and between farms must be considered [90]. Therefore, it has been recommended that a minimum of three WSN nodes with multi-depth soil moisture sensors are installed to cover the root zone in each homogenous irrigation sector to represent the total available water storage [117]. From the economic point of view of the farmer, the investments for the acquisition of the WSN equipment, the maintenance, and extension costs have to be taken into account. In addition, the maintenance of the WSN requires qualified personnel [118]. Moreover, WSNs typically provide massive data amounts, so efforts are needed to translate data into user-friendly information [119]. An example where this has been implemented is the ADAPTER project, which involves the development and delivery of WSN-based information products to farmers in the form of user-friendly analyses and data products to support climate resilient agriculture [120]. Here, the WSN data is used for data assimilation in a soil hydrological model to derive user-tailored predictions such as plant available soil moisture with a lead-time of 10 days.
# Robustness of 3D Navier-Stokes System with Increasing Damping
## 4 Proof
### Robustness  
Next, the robustness of the system is obtained by showing that the pullback attractors \(\tilde{\mathcal{A}}_{\varepsilon}(t)=\{\tilde{A}_{\varepsilon}(t)\}_{t\in \mathbb{R}}\) are upper semi-continuous. **Lemma 5**: _Let \(3<\gamma\leq 5\), \(u(\varsigma)\in\mathcal{V}\cap(L^{\gamma+1})^{3}\), and \(\varsigma>0\). For arbitrary \(t\in\mathbb{R}\), \(\varepsilon_{n}\to\varepsilon_{0}\) and \(u_{n,t-\varsigma}^{0}\to u_{t-\varsigma}^{0}\) as \(n\to+\infty\), then_  
\[\lim_{n\to\infty}S_{\varepsilon_{n}}(t,t-\varsigma)u_{n,t-\varsigma}^{0}=S_{ \varepsilon_{0}}(t,t-\varsigma)u_{t-\varsigma}^{0}.\]  
Let  
\[z^{\varepsilon_{n}}(t)=S_{\varepsilon_{n}}(t,t-\varsigma)u_{n,t-\varsigma}^{0}- S_{\varepsilon_{0}}(t,t-\varsigma)u_{t-\varsigma}^{0}=u^{\varepsilon_{n}}(t)-u^{ \varepsilon_{0}}(t),\]  
then \(z^{\varepsilon_{n}}(t)\) satisfies  
\[z_{t}^{\varepsilon_{n}}+\
u Az^{\varepsilon_{n}}+B(u^{\varepsilon_{n}})-B(u^{ \varepsilon_{0}})+G(u^{\varepsilon_{n}})-G(u^{\varepsilon_{0}})=P(\varepsilon _{n}-\varepsilon_{0})g(x,t), \tag{10}\]  
where \(z^{\varepsilon_{n}}(t-\varsigma)=u_{n,t-\varsigma}^{0}-u_{t-\varsigma}^{0}\). Multiplying (10) by \(z^{\varepsilon_{n}}(t)\), there is  
\[\frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dt}|z^{\varepsilon_{n}}|^{2}+\
u\|z^{ \varepsilon_{n}}\|^{2}+\beta||u^{\varepsilon_{n}}|^{\frac{\gamma-1}{2}}|z^{ \varepsilon_{n}}||^{2}\] \[\leq\int_{\Omega}|z^{\varepsilon_{n}}|^{2}|\
abla u^{\varepsilon_ {0}}|dx+\beta\int_{\Omega}|z^{\varepsilon_{n}}||u^{\varepsilon_{0}}|||u^{ \varepsilon_{n}}|^{\gamma-1}\] \[-|u^{\varepsilon_{0}}|^{\gamma-1}|dx+(\varepsilon_{n}-\varepsilon _{0})|(g,z^{\varepsilon_{n}})|. \tag{11}\]Using the technique employed in Theorem 3.1 in [20], for \(3<\gamma\leq 5\), we can obtain  
\[\frac{d}{dt}|z^{\varepsilon_{n}}|^{2}\leq C(1+|u^{\varepsilon_{n}}|^{\frac{\gamma -1}{2}}+|u|^{\frac{\gamma-1}{2}})|z^{\varepsilon_{n}}|^{2}+C(\varepsilon_{n}- \varepsilon_{0})|g|^{2}. \tag{12}\]  
Applying the Gronwall inequality to (12) yields  
\[|z^{\varepsilon_{n}}(t_{0})|^{2} \leq C(|u^{0}_{n,t_{0}-\varsigma}-u^{0}_{t_{0}-\varsigma}|^{2}+( \varepsilon_{n}-\varepsilon_{0})\int_{t_{0}-\varsigma}^{t_{0}}|g|^{2}ds)\] \[\times exp(\int_{t_{0}-\varsigma}^{t_{0}}(1+|u^{\varepsilon_{n}}|^ {\frac{\gamma-1}{2}}+|u^{\varepsilon_{0}}|^{\frac{\gamma-1}{2}})ds)\to 0\;(n\to\infty).\]  
**Lemma 6**. : _Let \(3<\gamma\leq 5\), \(u(\varsigma)\in\mathcal{V}\cap(L^{\gamma+1})^{3}\), and \(t\in\mathbb{R}\) is arbitrary. Then there are positive constants \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(T_{4}\), depending on \(\varepsilon_{0}\) and \(t\), such that_  
\[S_{\varepsilon_{0}}(t-\theta_{\xi},t-\varsigma)\overline{\bigcup\limits_{ \varepsilon_{0}-\hbar<\varepsilon\leq\varepsilon_{0}+\hbar}\bar{A}_{ \varepsilon}(t-\varsigma)}^{X}\subset\tilde{D}_{\varepsilon_{0}}(t-\theta_{ \xi}),\;\forall\;\varsigma\geq T_{4}.\]  
Proof.
# Design and Evaluation of Steganographic Channels in Fifth-Generation New Radio +
## 4 Protocol Analysis and Covert Channel Design
### Analysis of Covert Storage Patterns
#### 4.2.4 Random Value (PS10)  
Pattern  
The hidden information is encoded in a header element that contains a random value by default. However, the PDCP header does not comprise elements with a random value. Thus, this pattern is not suitable for covert data in the PDCP header.
## 3 Foundations of MANETs
### Challenges  
MANETs are _distributed_ and _decentralized_ networks. No central entity is available to provide security services. Thus, security mechanisms for key distribution, access control, _etc._, have to be implemented in a decentralized and, therefore, more complex way. Examples are approaches utilizing threshold cryptography to replace a central instance by a majority vote of the network nodes. Further, the available bandwidth is strongly limited and has to be shared with all nodes in transmission range. Due to this, countermeasures have to be limited in bandwidth requirements. In order to transmit messages to nodes not adjacent to the source, multi-hop transmissions are required. Therefore, every node forwarding those messages has to be _trustworthy_. Otherwise, intermediate nodes showing a malicious behavior are able to redirect or drop messages instead of forwarding them correctly. As the nodes are _mobile_, the topology of a MANET changes permanently. Due to this, routes have to be adapted frequently and neighbors must be detected periodically. As mobile nodes are mostly battery-powered, energy is strongly limited. As adopted CPUs with low energy consumption are mostly deployed in mobile nodes, processing power is also limited. Due to this, complex and highly resource consuming cryptography might not be applicable for all scenarios. Further, as MANETs are _wireless_ networks, they are susceptible to passive attacks as eavesdropping and, as the devices are mobile, they may be stolen and compromised. Those challenges are also shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: MANET routing algorithms.  
Figure 5: Challenges in mobile Ad hoc networks.
# Near-Nyquist-Limit Optical Communication and Ranging Method Based on Waveform Matched PPM
## 4 Simulation Results
### Ranging Accuracy  
Two scenarios near the Nyquist sampling limit were simulated. They were \(F_{s}=2.5\,\mathrm{Gbps}@R_{s}=1.24416\,\mathrm{Gbps}\) and \(F_{s}=625\,\mathrm{Mbps}@R_{s}=311.04\,\mathrm{Mbps}\), respectively. Four other scenarios of higher oversampling rates were employed as the comparison. The simulation results are shown in Figure 6.  
It can be seen that the improved speed of ranging accuracy gradually slows down with the increase in \(E_{b}/N_{0}\), where \(E_{b}\) is the bit energy and \(N_{0}\) is the noise power spectral density. At the same sampling rate (\(F_{s}\)), a higher slot rate (\(R_{s}\)) and a lower \(\sigma_{R}\) are achieved. With near the Nyquist sampling limit, \(\sigma_[EMAIL_ADDRESS]\,\mathrm{Gsps}\) and \(\sigma_{R}@625\,\mathrm{Msps}\) can reach 0.52 and 2.4 mm, respectively, when \(E_{b}/N_{0}\) is 18 dB. The simulation results demonstrate that it is necessary to increase \(E_{b}/N_{0}\) or slot rate to obtain higher ranging accuracy.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### G3-PLC: Tone Map
#### 5.3.1 Standard Tone Map
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Differential**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Coherent**} \\ \hline Parameter & Header & ROBO & DBRSK & DQPSK & DBRSK & ROBO & BPSK & QPSK & 8 PSK & Units \\ \hline SNR required for AWGN & –3,6 & –2,2 & 1,2 & 4.6 & 9.8 & –3,6 & –0,8 & 2,2 & 6,2 & dB \\ \hline Total noise link budget & 46,7 & 46,1 & 43,3 & 30,4 & 21,3 & 46,0 & 44,6 & 42,8 & 31,9 & dB \\ Total in-band noise link budget & 39,7 & 39,4 & 36,2 & 22,7 & 10,8 & 39,2 & 37,6 & 36,0 & 22,7 & dB \\ Periodic impulse noise link budget & 29,3 & 28,6 & 26,1 & 26,1 & 18,1 & 27,6 & 27,6 & 27,1 & 19,1 & dB \\ Random impulse noise link budget & 26,9 & 26,8 & 25,3 & 21,8 & 17,3 & 26,8 & 26,3 & 19.3 & 20,3 & dB \\ Intentional communicator link budget & 41,5 & 41,5 & 38,5 & 39,0 & 38,5 & 41,5 & 39,0 & 39,0 & 38,5 & dB \\ \hline Composite link budget (LBPRIV) & 44,9 & 44,6 & 42,6 & 39,5 & 35,0 & 44,4 & 43,5 & 41,6 & 38,0 & dB \\ Composite in-band link budget & 32,0 & 31,6 & 29,2 & 23,5 & 15,4 & 31,2 & 30,5 & 27,5 & 20,7 & dB \\ \hline der04 link budget & 30,3 & 29,5 & 28,5 & 26,5 & 23,5 & 29,0 & 28,0 & 27,0 & 25,0 & dB \\ der06 link budget & 30,7 & 29,3 & 28,8 & 27,8 & 24,8 & 28,8 & 28,3 & 27,8 & 25,8 & dB \\ der34 link budget & 57,2 & 56,4 & 52,4 & 48,4 & 43,4 & 56,4 & 55,4 & 51,9 & 46,4 & dB \\ der36 link budget & 52,8 & 52,0 & 48,5 & 44,5 & 39,5 & 52,5 & 51,0 & 46,0 & 42,5 & dB \\ der50 link budget & 2,1 & 1,7 & 0.2 & \(-\)3,3 & \(-\)8,3 & 1,7 & 12 & \(-\)6,3 & \(-\)5,8 & dB \\ der51 link budget & 7,8 & 7,4 & 5,4 & 1,9 & \(-\)2,1 & 7,4 & 5,9 & 0,4 & \(-\)4,1 & dB \\ \hline der average link budget & 30,2 & 29,4 & 27,3 & 24,3 & 20,1 & 29,3 & 28,3 & 24,5 & 21,6 & dB \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Absolute results with the standard tone map implemented in G3-PLC. whose tone map is '000111'. This is because frames need to be longer to accommodate the payload and the probabilities of time impulse noises affecting the frame slightly increase. Repetition by-4 robust modes with the tone map increase their link budget 0.6 dB, whereas non-robust modes improve 4.3 dB. It should be reminded that, by specification, the tone map is applied to non-robust modes only, i.e., the application to robust modes is for research purposes in this study. Robust modes present low improvement because the combination of the repetition mechanism with the interleaver provides high frequency diversity. Additionally, most of their errors are related to header decoding or payload alignment, where the tone map, which is applied to payload only, is not helpful. The tone map improvement increases with the density of the modulation scheme. 8 PSK differential and coherent modes have a 5.2 dB link budget increase, while BPSK modes improve 3.5 dB. The 8 PSK modes have a higher SNR requirement because the distance between their constellation points is lower and, thus, lower amplitude noises have larger impact in these modulations. Consequently, the tone map technique becomes more efficient in these scenarios.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sensitivity Analysis of biogas Engines
The rise in exhaust gas back-pressure causes a decrease in the pressure ratio across the turbocharger, resulting in lower mass flow through the components and less air available for the engine [46], adversely affecting the performance. The density of the mixture inside a combustion chamber of a naturally aspirated engine is 1.07 kg/m\({}^{3}\) at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, whereas, for a turbocharger engine, the density of the mixture leaving the intercooler is 1.78 kg/m\({}^{3}\) (65 \({}^{\circ}\)C). This higher density translates into a greater mass, increasing by 66.3%. This is a crucial aspect of large power engines for centralized treatment of wastes. The conversion of biogas into energy is more favorable for large-scale systems given the greater power and efficiency CHP units can provide, due to the compression of the inlet gas mixture and the recovery of heat from different engine stages. On the contrary, decentralized digestion plants have to deal with greater thermal losses and higher electrical demand [47; 48]. If biogas is valorized in situ, small engines should be used with lower electrical efficiency, generally using atmospheric air intake systems and having limited capacity for heat recovery. Mechanical requirements impose engine cooling to limit the temperature of the different engine elements, and cooling should be compatible with correct lubrication, allowing a moderate expansion. As the degree of loading increases, so does the heat transmission per unit area, the temperature difference between gases and cooling fluid, so that cooling requirements are increased, and also mechanical losses but to a minor degree. The cylinder head is the part of the engine that has the most exigent needs for cooling. Cooling by lubricating oil is necessary to keep engine temperature within the correct values. This task is performed along with the lubrication of piston-sleeve, piston-connecting rod, connecting rod-crank, camshaft-pusher, and exhaust valve assemblies without the oil losing its properties. Cooling requirements by lubricating oil vary little from minimum to full load in absolute value. The cooling of the intake mixture to the cylinders at the turbo outlet is small at either minimum or maximum load due to the low energy content of the exhaust gases because gases have low density and low \(Cp\) value. All parameters, previously analyzed, increase in value with the degree of loading. However, the exhaust gas temperature follows the opposite trend. Efficiencies at low loading levels are lower for the reasons indicated above, which causes the exhaust gas outlet temperature to be higher than that expected at full load. This effect increases the exhaust gas losses due to the higher temperature gradient. Table 6 presents other calculated parameters for the engines having relevance in the global analysis. Reducing the degree of loading significantly affects engine performance. Therefore, installing several engines operating close to full loading is better than having a single one with low flexibility when biogas production is significantly reduced.
# Seismic Performance of Ductile Column with Rectangular Hollow Cross-Section in RC Building
## 4 Discussion
### Strain Distribution of Reinforcement  
Figure 8 shows the strain distribution of the longitudinal reinforcement at \(R=1.0\%\), which is the peak drift angle just after the maximum strength in all specimens. As mentioned earlier, in this study, strain gauges were attached to five locations of the longitudinal reinforcement, to examine the effect of hollow cross-sections. In Figure 8, the vertical axis shows the positions of the attached strain gauges, and strain distributions at No.1-No.5 are plotted as red, orange, gray blue, and light blue, respectively. If there were some significant effects caused by the use of hollow cross-sections, the strains of No.1 and No.2, or those of No.4 and No.5, would show quite different values from each other. In the hollow-sectioned CM 2 of N-series, the strain values of No.1 and 2, as well as No.4 and No.5, are almost the same as each other, and there is little difference in the strains of the longitudinal reinforcement. The strains are likely to increase abruptly after yielding; therefore, slight differences were found in a couple of the strains which were close to the column end. However, except for such strains, the strain distributions of longitudinal bars are almost consistent in the vertical direction of CM1 and CM2, which are solid and hollow-sectioned specimens. A similar tendency was observed in both specimens until the end of the loading. Also, in CM11-CM13 of S-series, the strain values of No.1 and No.2, as well as No.4 and No.5, are almost the same as each other, and such results were found during the end of the loading. Therefore, it can be said that the presence or absence of the hollow cross-sections has little effect on the strains of the longitudinal reinforcement under the axial force ratio up to 0.3, when the columns have ductile behaviors.  
Figure 8: _Cont._  
Strain gauges were also attached to the transverse reinforcement to understand the effect had by the use of hollow cross-sections. Figure 9 shows the strain distributions of the transverse reinforcement in each specimen at \(R=1.0\%\). Strain distributions at No.1-No.3 are expressed in red, green, and light blue, respectively. Comparing CM1 and CM2 of the N-series, with solid and hollow sections, the strain distributions were found to be approximately the same in both specimens. Since CM11-CM13 of the S-series, with a higher axial force ratio, showed the same tendency, the effects of hollow sections on transverse reinforcement strains are also considered to be small when the columns fail in the flexural dimension.  
Figure 8: Strain distributions of longitudinal reinforcement (\(R=1.0\%\)): (**a**) N-series; (**b**) S-series.  
Figure 9: Strain distributions of transverse reinforcement (\(R=1.0\%\)): (**a**) N-series; (**b**) S-series.
# Applications of Nanomaterials in RFID Wireless Sensor Components
## 4 Nanomaterials for RFID-Based Sensing System
### Metal Nanoparticles
implemented RFID sensing by designing a smart vial for dextrin detection and controlling the surface charge of gold nanoparticles (Figure 6c) [106]. Specifically, in samples with a high concentration of _E. coli_, a decrease in the number of gold nanoparticles attached to the smart vial was observed, resulting in a reduction in resonance frequency shift. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. manufactured a stable copper printing paste by controlling the structure of copper nanoparticles (CuNP) through nanostructure control as a replacement for silver paste (Figure 6d) [107]. Surface treatment and heat treatment using formate ligands (FA) were performed to uniformly produce the shell layer of copper particles. The controlled sintering time and temperature in this process improved conductivity. The RFID pattern antenna made from copper paste with added micron-sized copper flakes demonstrated an excellent identification distance of 6.0 cm and superior performance. Additionally, the antenna made through printing showed excellent durability, remaining undamaged against bending and twisting.
# An Application of Manifold Learning in Global Shape Descriptors
## 4 Experiments
### Dataset  
To validate the utility of the proposed shape descriptor, we utilized two standard, widely-used, and publicly available datasets of 3D polygon meshes. The high-resolution TOSCA dataset [49]contains 80 three-dimensional non-rigid models, including 11 cats, 6 centaurs, 9 dogs, 4 gorillas, 8 horses, 12 women poses, 3 wolves and 2 men with 7 and 20 poses, respectively. In our experiments, we used all models except the gorilla models, as they contain isolated points. The models in each class of the TOSCA dataset are almost identical in terms of scale, the number of vertices, quality of triangulation, and structure, which all represent the same object with different poses.  
The McGill dataset with articulating parts [50] was used to evaluate the ability of the descriptors to describe models with poor intra-class quality. The McGill dataset contains 3D models of 30 ants, 30 crabs, 25 glasses, 20 hands, 29 humans, 25 octopuses, 20 pliers, 25 snakes, 31 spiders, and 20 Teddy bears. The classification of the McGill dataset models is more challenging due to scale and shape variations.
# Multipath Mitigation for BOC Signals Based on Prompt-Assisted-Offset Correlator
## 2 Problem Formulation  
This section first describes the BOC signal reception model without multipath and briefly reviews the DBT method. Then, a double-sideband multipath model of the BOC signal is introduced. Finally, the multipath effect on the DBT loop is analyzed.