## 3 Empirical Data and Technical Parameters
### Dispersion Simulations: Emissions Data  
The emission data in this study were obtained from the 9 th edition of the Taiwan Emission Data Systems (TEDS), which was published by the Taiwan EPA and uses 2013 as the baseline year. The PM\({}_{2.5}\), SO\({}_{\rm x}\), and NO\({}_{\rm x}\) contributions of each source of pollution are presented in Figure 1. It is demonstrated that PM\({}_{2.5}\) pollution in Taiwan is primarily caused by construction sites and road dust, which account for 41% of all PM\({}_{2.5}\) emissions. SO\({}_{\rm x}\) pollution is mainly caused by industrial emissions, which account for 80% of all SO\({}_{\rm x}\) emissions. The largest contributor to NO\({}_{\rm x}\) pollution is traffic emissions (49%), followed by factory emissions (41%).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Pollution Control Measures**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Technology Cost (in**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Expected Pollution Reduction (Metric Tons/Year) \({}^{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{ \texttexttext{ \text{ \text{ \text{ \text{ }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}\))**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **100 Million NTD** & **PM\({}_{\text{2.5}}\)** & **SO\({}_{\text{x}}\)** & **NO\({}_{\text{x}}\)** & **VOC** \\ \hline \hline Regulate power facilities (implement stricter power sector regulations and standards) & 20.8 & 143 & 12,092 & 17,163 & - \\ Regulate state-owned businesses (Taiwan Steel Group: install pollution control devices on emission sources and utilize optimal feasible technologies; CC Corporation: implement tail gas recovery and replace heavy-oil fuels) & 268.0 & 174 & 1948 & 1343 & 49 \\ Accelerate the decommissioning of 5000 industrial and 1000 commercial poliers & 540.0 & 175 & 4962 & 2936 & 7 \\ Improve control of smoke from 7000 restaurants & 4.1 & 788 & - & - & - \\ Change fuel-burning custors and traditions (increase centralized burning to 22,000 metric tons) & 10.0 & 95 & - & 30 & - \\ Regulate fugitive dust from construction sites and stockpiles of dust-generating materials Control smoke from the burning of agricultural waste (reduce the area of open-air burning by 90\%) & 2.5 & 466 & - & - & - \\ Control fugitive dust from riverbeds & - & 720 & - & - & - \\ Strengthen air pollution controls in port areas (implement reductions in ship speeds, regulate ship fuel usage, promote the use of donor power) & 1863.0 & 801 & 16,385 & 2123 & - \\ Retire 80,000 Stage and Stage 2 diesel trucks & 40.9 & 5395 & - & 71,149 & 7584 \\ Install exhaust filters in 38,000 Stage 3 diesel trucks & 193.0 & 243 & - & - & - \\ Eliminate 1 million 2-stroke motorcycles Promote electric vehicles (up to 2100 vehicles) for the transportation of fresh produce Strengthen emission standards for automobiles that are 10 years or older, and set up air quality maintenance zones, where the entry of highly politing vehicles is restricted or forbidden & - & 410 & - & 2587 & 5315 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Open data from Taiwan Government [36]. \({}^{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{ \text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\