## 3 Results
### Enhanced Real-Time Interactivity and Immersive Experiences Through 5G and IoT Integration  
Since the roll-out of 5G, educational institutions have experimented with linking multiple IoT devices--such as wearables, interactive boards, sensors, and mobile terminals--to create synchronous, immersive learning experiences. For instance, pilot programs incorporating 5G coverage and local sensor networks enable real-time data aggregation on student engagement, environmental conditions, and content usage. Integrating near-instantaneous connectivity with sensor-rich classrooms makes scenarios like AI-driven robotics practice in remote STEM laboratories or interactive VR-based language practice possible, which dynamically responds to student movements and utterances, in the environment of newborn smart cities [28; 29].  
Widely adopted IoT standards (e.g., ZigBee, LoRa, Wi-Fi 6) converge under 5G backbones to unify communication layers [30]. This unification allows developers to more easily prototype and deploy smart classroom solutions that track resource usage, manage asynchronous device updates, and deliver timely analytics to instructors with minimal delays [31]. For instance, ref. [32] showed a 90% resource-sharing rate compared to 30% with the usage of traditional methods. The recorded median retrieval times of 25.24 s versus 37.69 s, respectively, note 5G's role in reducing latency and optimizing bandwidth distribution. Utilising such speeds, institutions can systematically combine big data from IoT endpoints with multi-gigabit 5G uplinks, streamline resource allocation, detect anomalies, and optimize class scheduling. Additionally, there is potential for heightened student engagement and motivation when IoT-based, interactive simulations replace static course materials. For example, immersive robotics and 5G-driven motion can provide higher satisfaction and lower attrition rates than in conventional laboratories [33].  
Such approaches improve situational understanding and promote creativity. Incorporating real-time classroom data, wearable feedback devices, and shared digital whiteboards can offer multi-sensory experiences which adapt to learners' pace while providing a deeper collaboration. It is important, though, to consider, as [34] observes, that teacher-student interaction quality remains a key determinant of successful 5G-based distance learning, particularly in maintaining continuity and engagement across virtual platforms. Supporting the concept of Education 4.0, ref. [25] stresses the importance of contemporary digital tools and pedagogical methods aligned with advanced 5G and IoT infrastructures, paving the way for more holistic education. However, issues of cost distribution and equitable Internet access remain significant. Although urban schools can leverage private 5G small-cell deployments or government-funded pilot programs, rural areas often struggle with last-mile connectivity [35]. With strategic infrastructure planning and effective stakeholder collaboration, 5G or near-5G technologies can be adapted to run lightweight IoT solutions with partial connectivity, notably offset by local caching and \"store-and-forward\" data synchronization.  
Table 4 summarizes the main features of key studies, including the level of instruction, the specific 5G and AI technologies employed, and their reported outcomes.