## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sample Preparation  
#### 2.2.1 Preparation of Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Stabilizer  
The thermo-responsive hydrogel curing agent consists of two components--a precursor solution and a responsive carrier--with a mass ratio of 6.4:1, where the hydrogel curing system containing the thermal response carrier in this study was designated as HSZ.  
For comparative analysis, a conventional hydrogel curing agent composed of a precursor solution and crosslinking agent, labeled as NSZ, is also employed in this research.  
The precursor solution was prepared as follows: 100 g deionized water was measured, and 0.44 g PVA powder was dissolved in it through 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C water bath heating with magnetic stirring for 30 min to obtain a PVA aqueous solution; after cooling, 5.89 g AAm, 0.066 g BIS, and 0.21 g TMEDA were added into the PVA solution, followed by mechanical mixing to yield precursor solution A.  
The preparation of thermal-responsive carriers involves two steps: (1) Fabrication of A-porous ceramic particles: porous ceramic particles were immersed in a 30 wt.% APS solution and subjected to vacuum treatment for 12 h under negative-pressure conditions (<20 kPa) to ensure complete APS solution infiltration, followed by vacuum drying for 4 h to obtain A-porous ceramic particles. The selection of porous ceramics as the core of the capsule is mainly due to its load capacity for the solution. (2) Encapsulation of A-porous ceramic particles: First, the paraffin was placed in a constant temperature water bath at 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C for continuous heating until it was completely melted. Activated carbon powder with a mass fraction of 3% was uniformly mixed with molten paraffin and fully stirred. Then, the porous ceramics immersed in ammonium persulfate solution was added to the molten paraffin containing activated carbon, and the paraffin was rolled quickly to cover the surface evenly. The paraffin was taken out and put into cold water to cool and solidify, with the preparation process illustrated in Figure 1.  
The simulated external thermal stimulation was conducted on the prepared thermal-responsive carrier using water bath heating at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 min to observe its responsive behavior, with the differences before and after stimulation displayed as shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: Preparation process of thermal-responsive carriers.  
Figure 3 displays the electron microscopy (XDS-10A; Zhangzhou Luosi Optical Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, China) images of the responsive carrier, in which the interfacial gap between the encapsulation material and the ceramics carrier is clearly visible from the high-resolution visualization. Ceramsite, as a widely used carrier material, exhibits a distinct porous structure with uniformly distributed honeycomb-like pores throughout its matrix. These pores provide a large specific surface area, enabling its extensive applications in catalysis, adsorption, and related fields. However, the submicron-scale dimensions of its internal micropores typically render them unresolvable under optical microscopy due to resolution limitations. The internal structure of porous ceramics was described in detail in the study of [PERSON] et al. [22].  
The images reveal a homogeneous outer wall thickness of the responsive carrier, indicative of a well-controlled encapsulation process and optimal encapsulation quality. This structural uniformity effectively mitigates potential mechanical impacts during transportation, thereby enhancing the stability and durability of the carrier. Furthermore, the homogeneous encapsulation layer serves as a robust barrier to prevent leakage of internal active components, ensuring the functional integrity and operational efficacy of the responsive carrier during service.