## 1 Introduction
At the same time, impervious surfaces are active areas of urban development, and the extraction of impervious surfaces from traditional remote sensing data is not effective for reflecting the social and economic activity of the region. On the other hand, the brightness of nighttime light data can accurately reflect the urban expansion level, and the intensity of lights can also reflect the scale of human activities within the city. Therefore, nighttime light data are more practical than the impervious surface extracted from traditional remote sensing images [17; 18]. Consequently, nighttime light images have received a significant amount of attention as a new remote sensing data type [19]. There are five main types of available nighttime light images, which are described as follows:  
The operational line system (OLS) sensor was launched in 1976 via the DMSP satellite. It is an oscillating scanning radiometer with a strip width of about 3000 km, consisting of two broad spectral bands [20]. It has a spatial resolution of 30 arc seconds [21]. As the DMSP-OLS nighttime light imagery is not perturbed by light shadows, it can be used for characterizing human activities, and is a good data source for dynamic monitoring of urban land expansion at large urbanization scales [22]. The Suomi national polar partnership (NPP) satellite launched in October 2011 has an on-board visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) instrument, which is a 22-band visible/infrared sensor. It has the same strip width as the DMSP, i.e., 3000 km, but a higher spatial resolution of 15 arc seconds [23]. The VIIRS has fuller in-flight calibration, lower detection limits, wider dynamic range, and finer radiometric quantification. Furthermore, it can provide richer information about human habitation and economic activity compared to the OLS [24]. As the first dedicated nighttime light satellite, Luojia1-01 has a spatial resolution of 130 m [25], a high radiance quantification of 15 bits, and a wide image frame of 250 km [26]. It provides a new nighttime light dataset with a high resolution and accuracy for artificial nighttime light variation monitoring [27]. It is seminal for the development and application of nocturnal remote sensing [28]. Since Luojia1-01 data do not suffer from saturation and bloom problems [29], [PERSON] et al. [30] found that the use of these data resulted in better impermeable surface extraction compared to using the NPP-VIIRS data. The existing high-resolution nighttime light data are mainly photographs taken by astronauts on the international space station (ISS) and commercial satellites, such as EROS-B and JL1-3 [31]. The data obtained from the ISS have a spatial resolution between 5 to 200 m, while those obtained from the commercial satellites have a resolution of less than 1 m [32]. This category of data has the advantage of fine resolution and multSDectral information. However, their high price and difficult acquisition have lowered the interest in their usage for impermeable surface extraction and urban land expansion. Derived datasets for nighttime lighting: [PERSON] et al. produced a global \"NPP-VIIRS-like\" nighttime light dataset having a spatial resolution of 500 m with cross-sensor correction. These nighttime light data can effectively mitigate the oversaturation and overflow effects of the original DMSP-OLS data and use both types of data continuously over a time span [33]. Flint, developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station, is the world's first full sequence global nighttime light annual product based on the NPP-VIIRS sensor's monthly nighttime light product. It has a 500 m resolution in its official version and a 1500 m resolution in its beta4 version. The Flint nighttime light images smooth out disturbances other than the surface factors and provide higher accuracy, stability, and ease of use to continuously track human activities on the Earth's surface [34]. However, the derived datasets have not been widely used in various fields.