# Assessing Spatiotemporal LST Variations in Urban Landscapes Using Diurnal UAV Thermography
## 6 Conclusions  
This investigation has demonstrated the efficacy of high-resolution UAV thermal remote sensing for characterizing diurnal LST variations across heterogeneous urban landscapes. Through the systematic examination of five distinct LULC classes at four critical diurnal periods, the research has yielded statistically robust insights into surface-specific thermal behavior patterns with implications for urban microclimate management. The findings reveal fundamental thermal behavior distinctions between artificial and natural surfaces that directly impact urban heat dynamics. Impervious surfaces exhibited pronounced heat retention capabilities, with paved roads maintaining elevated temperatures during evening and midnight periods despite ambient cooling--a key mechanism underlying persistent nocturnal urban heat islands. Water bodies demonstrated exceptional thermal stability, while vegetated surfaces showed efficient nocturnal cooling. These class-specific thermal signatures were further validated through spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran's _I_) and GWR modeling, which identified spatially heterogeneous relationships between LST and LULC distribution patterns. The methodological approach developed in this study--integrating UAV-based thermal orthomosaic generation with stratified random sampling, robust outlier management, and spatially explicit modeling--advances urban microclimate monitoring capabilities beyond traditional satellite-based approaches. The GWR models revealed that water bodies exerted the strongest localized cooling influence, while impervious surfaces demonstrated significant heat-retention effects persisting into nocturnal periods--quantifications that provide critical benchmarks for urban climate models. These empirically validated thermal signatures offer actionable guidance for climate-adaptive urban planning interventions. The documented prolonged heat retention in paved surfaces substantiates the need for implementing high-albedo materials and permeable pavements in heat-vulnerable urban areas. The exceptional thermal stability of water bodies supports strategic integration of water features as microclimate regulators, with their highly localized cooling influence (as revealed by GWR bandwidths of 53-57) informing optimal spatial placement. The variable cooling rates across LULC types indicate that urban design should incorporate temporal considerations--scheduling heat-sensitive urban activities in areas dominated by surfaces with efficient nocturnal cooling properties. Furthermore, the significant spatial variability in thermal patterns revealed by our [PERSON]'s \(I\) analysis demonstrates that urban cooling strategies must be spatially targeted rather than uniformly applied, with particular attention to impervious surface clustering that intensifies heat island effects. Future research directions should include the following: (1) multi-seasonal observations to capture thermal behavior under varying meteorological conditions; (2) the integration of in situ validation instrumentation to enhance measurement accuracy; (3) the inclusion of three-dimensional morphological parameters to account for urban geometric effects; and (4) coupling thermal measurements with human bioclimatic indices to translate physical observations into health-relevant metrics. Such advancements would further contribute to comprehensive understanding of urban thermal environments and support evidence-based strategies for sustainable, climate-resilient urban development. Conceptualization, N.P. and A.M.; methodology, N.P. and A.M.; software, N.P. and A.M.; validation, N.P. and A.M.; formal analysis, N.P. and A.M.; investigation, N.P. and A.M.; data curation, N.P. and A.M.; writing--original draft preparation, N.P. and A.M.; writing--review and editing, N.P. and A.M.; visualization, A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.