## 1 Introduction
Geospatial analyses have revealed that some areas are particularly at risk for specific types of disasters. Factors such as the terrain, local climate, and how densely populated an area is significantly influence where these disasters occur [13]. Moreover, by studying temporal patterns, researchers can identify seasonal or cyclical trends and assess how climate change might be altering the frequency and severity of these events [43; 44]. In addition, one study highlights the significant toll natural disasters can take on mental health, stressing the importance of comprehensivepost-disaster intervention strategies to tackle the behavioral and psychological symptoms that follow such events [45]. Regarding this, the aim of this study is to provide a scientific description and comprehensive understanding of the patterns and impacts of natural and man-made (technological) disasters over more than a century. By analyzing the geospatial and temporal distribution of these events, this study aims to offer valuable insights that can inform future disaster risk management strategies, enhance preparedness, and ultimately contribute to reducing disaster-related losses. This research highlights the urgent need for tailored disaster risk management strategies that address the distinct challenges and impacts in various regions, thereby promoting resilience and sustainable development. A comprehensive understanding of the specific challenges and impacts encountered by different regions is crucial for developing strategies that not only bolster the resilience of these communities to future disasters but also align with broader sustainable development objectives. For example, addressing vulnerabilities related to infrastructure and socio-economic factors can foster more resilient systems that contribute to long-term sustainability and effectively reduce the risk of future disasters. Literature Review Geospatial and Temporal Patterns of Disasters Understanding and managing the effects of natural and man-made (technological) disasters have been significantly improved through geospatial analysis [46; 47]. Analyzing historical data through geospatial techniques unveils patterns in the frequency and distribution of natural disasters worldwide [48]. This type of analysis is essential for grasping the temporal and spatial behaviors of these events, which in turn is critical for making accurate future predictions and improving disaster preparedness efforts [17; 49]. Utilizing tools like remote sensing and GIS, researchers can now map out affected areas, predict potential damage, and evaluate the aftermath of these events [50]. This technological approach greatly supports efforts in disaster preparedness, effective response, and efficient recovery [17]. Geospatial technologies, including GIS and remote sensing, have proven to be highly effective tools for mapping and predicting natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, floods, and cyclones [47]. By utilizing these advanced technologies, researchers can accurately identify areas that are at high risk for such events. Moreover, these tools play a vital role in developing early warning systems that can help mitigate the impact of disasters by providing timely alerts and enabling better preparedness [35; 36; 41; 51]. Remote sensing and geospatial analyses play a crucial role in evaluating damage and monitoring recovery efforts following disasters [42; 52]. For example, the use of medium-resolution imagery alongside indices like NDVI and UI has been particularly effective in assessing recovery rates after tornadoes, where severely damaged areas tend to recover more slowly [52]. Satellite-based geospatial techniques offer a dependable alternative to traditional ground-based surveys, which are often hindered by hazardous conditions and logistical difficulties [48]. These technologies enable a comprehensive assessment of disaster impacts and facilitate more efficient recovery planning [50].