esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Wireless Sensor Network and Wireless Sensor Node Deployment  
The proposed wireless sensor network is based on a set of nodes capable of capturing images, processing them internally in each node and producing an output response based on its decision (if it has found a bad leaf in the field or not). This design is a distributed system where each node makes its own decisions, thus avoiding sending too many messages through the network to a central server in order to make those decisions. Based on our previous studies, we know that each camera, when using a MPEG-4 codec compressed video over HTTP protocol, will require a traffic flow bandwidth of 800 Kbps for a video resolution of 320 \(\times\) 240 at 25 fps. It implies a maximum of 30 cameras in an IEEE 802.11g network [29], which is not scalable or useful for large fields. This pushed us to make a distributed design process when image processing is needed in the WSN, thus avoiding the limitation of the number of cameras because of the bandwidth requirements. Thus, on a vineyard, we deployed a WSN where the wireless sensor nodes should be strategically placed in order to maximize the sensed area to be covered by the nodes while minimizing the number of nodes to be placed in the field (that is maximizing the wireless radio coverage). Figure 1 shows the designed WSN topology. In this work we will make our design and deployment over flat fields or over smooth hills (which usually happens in almost all vineyards in Spain), but in case of uneven or steep fields, sensor nodes should be placed at the top of the hills or the mountains.  
The use of IEEE 802.11 technology requires more power consumption than when using other technologies, such as Bluetooth or ZigBee. But we used it nevertheless in order to cover larger areas because the sensors could be quite far. It allows us to have lower deployment costs because fewer devices have to be deployed. However, we should take into account the energy consumption, so we considered the recommendations published for WLANs by us in [30]. In order to select the best routing WSN protocol for our purposes, we took into account the work presented in [31]. Thus, we selected Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol as the routing protocol because it is the one that has the best performance for our case. In our design we use a single sink node which is placed in the vineyard house.  
Although our initial design is based on the aforementioned statements, we can make use of group-based protocols in order to cover bigger areas [32].
# Smart Mobility and Aspects of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure: A Data Viewpoint
## 3 V2I Communication
### Definition  
Communication between vehicles and road infrastructure equipment is referred to as vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) [21]. According to [22], there are several V2I system architectures that match in key components, namely:  
* Vehicle On-Board Unit or Equipment (OBU or OBE).
* Roadside Unit or Equipment (RSU or RSE).
* Safe Communication Channel.  
The vehicle is represented by the OBU in V2I communication. This component ensures communication between the vehicle and other vehicles in its vicinity, as well as between the vehicle and the RSUs. The RSU represents infrastructure in V2I communication. The  
Figure 4: Number of road accident deaths in Europe based on [18].  
device is connected to a network designed for V2I communication and can be located at intersections, petrol stations, pedestrian crossings or other locations. In addition to receiving and sending messages, its tasks may include prioritizing messages sent to and from vehicles [22].  
Based on memory capacity and communication capabilities, OBUs collect data at regular intervals, with the oldest data being overwritten. OBUs send \"status messages\" to other OBUs to ensure safety and, at the same time, they transmit vehicle data together with GPS data to RSUs [22]. The main idea of V2I communication is to provide local information on real-time safety, such as speed limitation, safe spacing between vehicles, accident warning or safety at intersections [23]. The purpose of providing this information to the driver or vehicle in real time is to try to avoid traffic collisions and increase mobility, thus ensuring smooth traffic [21]. To secure smooth traffic, V2I applications can be used, for example, for dynamic control of light signals at intersections or early notification of traffic congestion.
# Remote Sensing and Bio-Geochemical Modeling of Forest Carbon Storage in Spain
## 7 Conclusions  
The current research was aimed at investigating the NPP dynamics of Spanish forests both in the current and expected climate conditions. The analysis was conducted using an integrated modeling approach applied at high spatial and temporal resolutions (i.e., 1 km\({}^{2}\) and daily) in order to grasp the most relevant variations that characterize this highly heterogeneous Mediterranean country.  
The main conclusions that can be drawn from the experiment are:  
1. When applied in current climate conditions, the integrated modeling approach is capable of reproducing the general NPP variability of broadleaved forests in Spain (\(R^{2}>0.60\)) but underestimates the NPP of needleleaf forests.
2. When applied in future climate conditions, the approach produces results that can be explained considering the eccolimatic features of the present forest types. NPP increases are predicted for more temperate-humid forests, while decreases are predicted for forest already subject to water limitation.  
All these results contribute to the understanding of the behavior and the risks of Mediterranean ecosystems in the context of expected climate variability. However, they are affected by the limitations in model functioning and the datasets used. Therefore, future research will focus on improving the model capacity to simulate NPP in warmer and drier climate conditions and identifying more plausible future scenarios.  
Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing-original draft preparation, writing-review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition: S.S.-R., F.M., M.C., L.F., B.M., M.C.-T., F.J.G.-H., and M.A.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was partially funded by the ESCENARIOS project from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (CGL2016-75239-R) co-funded by FEDER, and by the LSA SAF CDOP-3 project from the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT).  
Part of the data was kindly provided by the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMet). The Third Spanish National Forest Inventory data were freely downloaded from the Spanish Ministry of Ecological Transition ([[https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/servicios/banco-datosnaturaleza/informacion-disponible/fr3.aspx](https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/servicios/banco-datosnaturaleza/informacion-disponible/fr3.aspx)]([https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/servicios/banco-datosnaturaleza/informacion-disponible/fr3.aspx](https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/servicios/banco-datosnaturaleza/informacion-disponible/fr3.aspx))).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Hyperspectral Imaging  
#### 2.1.1 Imaging Setup  
Hyperspectral data were acquired with two push-broom hyperspectral imaging systems (Specim, Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland) that operate in the visual (400-1000 nm) and near-infrared (900-1700 nm) wavelength range. The edges of the spectral range of both cameras exhibit a low sensitivity and were removed. The remaining spectral range is 450-951 nm (318 wavelength bands) for the VIS camera and 954-1650 nm (210 wavelength bands) for the NIR camera. In addition, the sensor's spatial resolution is 0.16 mm/pixel and 0.5 mm/pixel for the VIS and NIR camera, respectively. The scanning speed for both cameras was adjusted to match the cameras spatial resolution of the imaged line. Other technical details of these systems can be found in reference [15]. Figure 1 shows the imaging setup.
# Time-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging: A Review
## 2 Theoretical Background of TD-NIRS
### Physiological Information and Optical Properties  
Once the optical properties of biological tissues are estimated or determined by TD-NIRS physiological information, particularly, the hemodynamic information can be estimated.  
The absorption coefficient of tissue is the sum of the absorption coefficients of the chromophores such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, melanin, water, lipid, cytochrome, etc., and expressed as,  
\[\mu_{a}(\lambda)=\sum_{i=1}^{N_{C}}\varepsilon_{i}(\lambda)C_{i}, \tag{25}\]  
where \(\varepsilon_{i}\) is the extinction coefficient or the molar absorption coefficient of the component \(i\), \(C_{i}\) is the molar concentration or the molarity of the component \(i\), and \(N_{C}\) is the number of components. Note that \(\varepsilon_{i}\) is often based on common logarithm while \(\mu_{a}\) is based on natural logarithm, necessitating correction between the two logarithms. If \(\varepsilon_{i}(\lambda)\) are known for all the components, measurements of \(\mu_{a}(\lambda)\) at \(N_{C}\) (or more than \(N_{C}\)) wavelengths will determine \(C_{i}\) of all the components. Oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) are two dominant chromophores in NIRS with known spectra of \(\varepsilon_{oxy-Hb}(\lambda)\) and \(\varepsilon_{deoxy-Hb}(\lambda)\). Then \(C_{oxy-Hb}\) and \(C_{deoxy-Hb}\) are determined and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) concentration, \(C_{total-Hb}=C_{oxy-Hb}+C_{deoxy-Hb}\), and oxygen saturation, \(S_{\text{O2}}=C_{oxy-Hb}/C_{total-Hb}\), can be calculated to show hemodynamic statuses in brain, muscle, breast, skin, etc.  
In contrast to \(\mu_{a}\), the scattering properties, \(\mu_{s}\) and \(\mu_{s}\)', indicate the statuses of microstructures and sub-cellular components, because scattering is caused by gradients and discontinuities of refractive indexes in tissue.
###### Abstract  
This paper introduces a DC-DC buck converter on the secondary side of the capacitive power transfer system to reduce the voltage and electric field across the interface, and to reduce the circuit \(Q\), and thus the system sensitivity. The system is mathematically analyzed to study the improvement in sensitivity and voltage stress. The leakage electric field emissions around the plates are investigated by simulation. The analytical and simulation results show that by reducing the duty cycle of the buck converter at a constant output power, the voltage across the plates can be significantly reduced and the circuit becomes less sensitive to the variations in parameters. Experimental results demonstrated that \(Q\) and the voltage stress over the capacitive interface are reduced by changing the duty cycle of the buck converter. For delivering 10 W of power, the maximum voltage stress across one pair of the coupling plates is reduced from 211 V in the conventional system without using a DC-DC converter, to 65 V and 44 V at duty cycles of 30% and 20%, respectively. The system achieves an end-to-end power efficiency of 80% at an output power of 10 W and a duty cycle of 30%.  
capacitive wireless power transfer; DC-DC buck converter; quality factor; voltage stress; wireless power transmission 13 June 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 12 July 2018
# CommC: A Multi-Purpose COMModity Hardware Cluster
## 3 System Architecture
### Network Schema  
The network configuration requirements for the proposed setup are quite complex and intricate. The users' virtual machines should remain isolated, whereas those that form the Kubernetes cluster must communicate with each other. Every virtual machine should be able to access the internet but should not be directly accessible from it. However, a selected few services must be exposed to the World Wide Web; otherwise, the system's functionality will be rather limited. To satisfy all those needs, we came up with the architecture that is demonstrated in Figure 3.  
This network architecture is designed specifically to combine traditional virtual machines with containerized workloads, such as a hybrid infrastructure running both simple VMs and Kubernetes clusters.  
At the edge of the network, traffic from the internet passes through a reverse proxy, which intermediates requests and forwards them to appropriate resources within the cluster. A gateway sits between the reverse proxy and the cluster, handling the routing to ensure that external traffic is appropriately directed to internal systems.  
Within the cluster, each node contains both physical and virtual networking layers. The physical network interface card (NIC) provides the hardware connection between the node and the broader network, and virtual network interfaces enable communication within the node and across the cluster. Two main types of virtual interfaces are used: NAT interfaces and VXLAN interfaces. NAT interfaces allow internal workloads, such as virtual  
Figure 3: Network schema.  
machines and containers, to access external networks while masking their internal IP addresses, providing security, simplifying routing, and saving static IPs. VXLAN interfaces create an overlay network, allowing seamless communication between workloads across different nodes as if they were on the same local network.  
Inside each cluster node, a mix of virtualized environments operates, including simple virtual machines and Kubernetes-managed nodes that host containerized applications or pods. These workloads rely on the virtual network interfaces to interact both within the node and across the cluster. By combining these networking layers, the system provides a secure, flexible, and scalable environment for managing hybrid workloads that include both traditional VMs and containerized applications. This configuration enables smooth communication between distributed components while maintaining efficient and secure access to external networks.
# Comparative Study on the Role of Berberine and _Berberis_
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Establishment and Amelioration of Hepatocarcinoma  
The pathophysiological events following 60 days of DEN treatment, along with CCl4 treatment, resembles, to a great extent, the HCC conditions observed in humans [5]. As compared to some other mouse models, e.g., genetically modified models or xenograft mice models, chemical models are the most favorable as they mimic the natural development of HCC in humans [5]. The carcinogenic capability of DEN is due to its activation in alkyl-free radical groups by cytochrome P450, which generates a DNA adduct [34]. As the animals at the age of 5-6 weeks are most likely to develop liver tumors upon injection of 50-90 mg/kg of DEN along with a promoter (PB or CCl4), we used DEN at 100 mg/kg of b.wt of mice, along with the CCl4 promoter. According to the previous studies, this treatment should form solid live tumors in 50-100 days [5]. As the alpha-fetoprotein (Supplementary material Figure S1) is a mammalian embryonic protein and is associated with the tumor [35], it has been found in a high quantity in the serum of cancer patients and at a low level under normal conditions [5; 36]. The formation of tumors was confirmed by elevated levels of AFP in the serum of mice blood samples taken on the 60 th day of DEN + CCl4 treatment. The liver injury was characterized by elevation of liver functional enzymes, such as ALP and ALT, and the BUN content, as shown in Table 1. The level of AST, ALT, ALP, and AFP increased significantly (\(p<0.05\)) upon DEN treatment, as compared to the normal control group. These LFT markers, along with the level of AFP, were reduced by both BLE and berberine. However, BLE at a low dose (60 mg/kg) was not as effective compared to a high dose (120 mg/kg). This study agrees well with the previous findings on the stem bark-based ethanol extract of _Berberis Lycium_ Royle, where a high dose (200 mg/kg) of the extract was good at reducing hepatocyte ballooning and other signs of inflammation induced by the isoniazid drug [15]. Further, we found that berberine at both a low and high dose was much more effective at reducing the LFT markers of liver injury, along with AFP levels in the blood serum (Table 1).
# Security Threats and Cryptographic Protocols for Medical Wearables
## 2 Security in Medical Devices
### Applications and Sensors  
In this attack vector, patient's critical information might be compromised by non-secure or malicious apps designed by adversaries that simulate the functioning of the legitimate ones. In this second case, the WHMS is forced to be connected to the fake app, which compromises the security of the data. In [61], different characteristics of several apps of several operating systems were analyzed, including tracker connectivity and personal information leakage. An example of a malicious app attack is included in [38], where the authors constructed a fake Android application to sniff packets, analyze commands and send fake commands. Their results showed that they were able to read and send messages between the Bong 3 HR wristband and a smartphone, perform fake authentication in MiBand2 and read messages and gain remote control of the TW64 and Mambo HR wearables.  
Interestingly, the use of sensors recordings of wearable devices can lead to side-channel attacks that attacker might use to identify the activities performed or the applications employed by a concrete user. This type of attack is usually executed using AI tools, since they can identify patterns and correlate the sensorial data with the actions of a user. For example, in [62] the authors employ simple linear regression, random forests, and k-nearest neighbors to predict the words written by the user with his smartphone keyboard (keystroke dynamics) based on his wrist movements measured with a wristband. Similar attacks are proposed in [63], using a support vector machine, and [64], using tree-based key sequence inference and backward subpath integration.
# A Microservices-Based Control Plane for Time-Sensitive Networking
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work
Following a microservices architecture also raises some security issues that must be addressed. In order to keep data safe, mutual TLS (m TLS) could be used for identification and encryption in the internal interactions between microservices. Regarding external (user) interaction with \(\mu\)TSN-CP, the entry point, which is the Jetconf microservice, already includes the option to transmit the stream list by means of HTTPS. Furthermore, adding a monitoring microservice could be useful to provide centralized log management. Finally, \(\mu\)TSN-CP can be employed in integrated 5G-TSN scenarios such as those described in [37; 38] for industrial communications, where a whole 5G network (typically private) acts as a single TSN switch. The \(\mu\)TSN-CP would communicate with the 5G system through an application function (AF) in order to coordinate the creation and transport of Quality-of-Service flows, considering the requirements of the TSN streams. Because of the flexibility of its architecture, it would not be difficult to add new microservices to \(\mu\)TSN-CP in order to interact with the 5G control plane. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.A.-T., G.D.O.-U., D.R.-R., M.F.-M. and D.R. ; methodology, A.A.-T., G.D.O.-U. and D.R. ; software, G.D.O.-U. and M.F.-M.; validation, A.A.-T., G.D.O.-U. and M.F.-M.; formal analysis, A.A.-T., G.D.O.-U. and D.R. ; investigation, A.A.-T., G.D.O.-U., M.F.-M. and D.R.-R.; resources, A.A.-T., D.R.-R. and D.R. ; data curation, G.D.O.-U. and M.F.-M.; writing--original draft preparation, A.A.-T., G.D.O.-U., M.F.-M. and D.R.-R.; writing--review and editing, A.A.-T., G.D.O.-U., M.F.-M., D.R.-R. and D.R. ; visualization, A.A.-T., G.D.O.-U. and M.F.-M.; supervision, A.A.-T., D.R.-R. and D.R. ; project administration, A.A.-T., D.R.-R. and D.R. ; funding acquisition, A.A.-T., D.R.-R. and D.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation and the European Union--NextGenerationEU, in the framework of the Recovery Plan, Transformation and Resilience (PRTR) (Call UNICO I+D 5G 2021, ref. number TSI-063000-2021-15-6 GSMART-EZ), and by the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain under project PID2022-137329 OB-C41/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. **Data Availability Statement:** The software presented in this study is available in [[https://github.com/MaFe1401/TSN-CNC-CUC-UPC](https://github.com/MaFe1401/TSN-CNC-CUC-UPC)]([https://github.com/MaFe1401/TSN-CNC-CUC-UPC](https://github.com/MaFe1401/TSN-CNC-CUC-UPC)) (accessed on 15 February 2024). **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
###### Abstract  
Coastal areas are environmentally sensitive and are affected by nature events and human activities. Land/water interaction in coastal areas changes over time and, therefore, requires accurate detection and frequent monitoring. Multispectral Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems, which operate at different wavelengths, have become available. This new technology can provide an effective and accurate solution for the determination of the land/water interface. In this context, we aim to investigate a set of point features based on elevation, intensity, and geometry for this application, followed by a presentation of an unsupervised land/water discrimination method based on seeded region growing algorithm. The multispectral airborne LiDAR sensor, the Optech Titan, was used to acquire LiDAR data at three wavelengths (1550, 1064, and 532 nm) of a study area covering part of Lake Ontario in Scarborough, Canada for testing the discrimination methods. The elevation- and geometry-based features achieved an average overall accuracy of 75.1% and 74.2%, respectively, while the intensity-based features achieved 63.9% accuracy. The region growing method succeeded in discriminating water from land with more than 99% overall accuracy, and the land/water boundary was delineated with an average root mean square error of 0.51 m. The automation of this method is restricted by having double returns from water bodies at the 532 nm wavelength.  
multispectral LiDAR; discrimination; region growing; point density; height variation Article