# Intelligent Educational Environments: Recent Trends, Modeling, and Applications
## 5 Results
### Conceptual Model of an Intelligent Educational Environment  
Considering the user requirements outlined in the previous section, a conceptual model of the IEE is proposed (Figure 7). It describes the entities that comprise an IEE and the relationships among them in the form of a UML class diagram. The entities are modeled by means of classes. One or more instances of each class may be created during the system's lifetime. The class instances depend on each other and interact with each other as indicated by the different kinds of relationships represented by lines and arrows. The symbol \"+\" indicates public access to the methods while the symbol \"#\" indicates protected access to the attributes. Some classes that are central to providing the functionality of the IEE (e.g., _SystemManagement_, _User_, _TeachingLearning_, or _Analytics_) have multiple relationships with other classes. The _SystemManagement_ class manages the green-colored classes _Collaboration_, _TeachingLearning_, _Authoring_, _Assessment_, and the gold-colored class _Analytics_ (to improve the readability, some of these association names are not shown in Figure 7). Similarly, the _User_ accesses functionalities from _TeachingLearning_, _Authoring_, and _Assessment_. Classes that model generic concepts, such as the class _IoTDevice_, also have multiple relationships--one for each subclass (e.g., _LightingControl_ or _AirConditioner_). In contrast, subclasses and classes representing concepts that serve as building blocks of other concepts, such as the classes _Resource_ or _Exam_, have fewer relationships. Figure 7: Conceptual model of an intelligent educational environment—UML class diagram. A non-standard color coding is used to show the relationship of the individual class to the aspects of the IEE illustrated in Table 3. The classes that support the _Intelligent Teaching-Learning Process_ are drawn in green color. The classes that are responsible for the integration of _Technology_ in the form of various devices, tools, network implementations, etc., are depicted in blue. The classes related to _Data and Knowledge Management_ are shown in red, while the classes that are part of _System Management_ are drawn in purple. There is a single gold-colored class (_Analytics_), which provides functionality that is important for both the _Intelligent Teaching-Learning Process_ and the _Data and Knowledge Management_. At the heart of intelligent educational systems is the smart use of various ICT- and AI-based tools to enhance the teaching-learning process. They can adapt to individual students' needs, provide personalized feedback, and track learning progress. Thus, one of the essential characteristics is personalization, i.e., the IES should adapt to each student's learning pace and style by utilizing educational data to figure out where a student is struggling and adjust teaching approaches and the learning path and content accordingly. This functionality is realized through the _TeachingLearning_ class together with all related subclasses (Figure 7). _EducationalTechnology_ includes intelligent agents, educational data mining, learning analytics, ontologies, etc., which are successfully tested and applied in many ITSs. Knowledge-based technologies include models and tools that leverage knowledge representation and reasoning to solve problems related to personalized tutoring, recommendation of learning content, dynamic generation of personalized learning paths, etc. These technologies are designed to process information in ways that mimic human understanding and reasoning, enabling them to provide intelligent actions. Ontologies, intelligent agent-based systems, rule-based systems, case-based reasoning systems, or deep learning-based technologies can be used to ensure intelligent behavior of the intelligent educational environment, based on the proposed model. The IES supports multiple learning modalities to cater to different students' learning needs and preferences.