# Secure and Transparent Space Exploration Data Management Using a Hybrid Blockchain Model
## 5 Conclusions
The current system has not been tested with extremely large-scale datasets, such as petabyte-level satellite telemetry, and its performance under such conditions remains to be explored. Additionally, while computational costs associated with ZKP were manageable in our prototype, further work is needed to assess energy efficiency and resource consumption in long-term deployments. Another limitation is the dataset scope; our evaluation was limited to EVA records. Future studies may consider broader space datasets, such as deep-space sensor readings or satellite command logs, to assess generalizability. For future research, we propose three directions. First, transaction scalability can be improved through the adoption of layer-2 protocols or more efficient consensus mechanisms such as Proof-of-Stake variants optimized for throughput [25]. Second, hardware acceleration techniques offer promising paths to reduce proof generation latency. Recent frameworks such as GZKP demonstrate how GPU-based systems can significantly improve performance while maintaining security [26]. Third, applying this model to a wider range of real-world space datasets would provide insight into its robustness and adaptability across mission types. Fourth, we plan to extend validation by incorporating additional datasets such as satellite telemetry data and deep-space sensor readings. This will enable a more comprehensive evaluation of the system's performance and adaptability across a broader range of space mission environments. In addition, evaluating energy consumption and operational costs in large-scale deployments would strengthen the practical feasibility of the system. Formal security threat modeling using frameworks such as STRIDE could also improve the system's resilience and trustworthiness. In summary, the proposed hybrid blockchain model offers a practical framework for secure and transparent data management in collaborative space missions. As international cooperation in space exploration intensifies, this approach has the potential to serve as a foundational layer for trustworthy data infrastructure in future scientific and technical operations beyond Earth. Conceptualization, J.K., M.C. and S.K. ; Methodology, J.K., M.C. and S.K. ; Software, J.K.; Validation, J.K. and M.C. ; Formal analysis, J.K.; Investigation, J.K. and M.C. ; Resources, J.K. and M.C. ; Data curation, J.K.; Writing--original draft, J.K.; Writing--review & editing, J.K., M.C. and S.K. ; Visualization, J.K.; Supervision, S.K. ; Project administration, J.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS-2023-00240936). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are openly available in the NASA Planetary Data System (PDS) at [[https://pds.nasa.gov/](https://pds.nasa.gov/)]([https://pds.nasa.gov/](https://pds.nasa.gov/)), accessed on 21 May 2025. **Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to [PERSON] for his valuable contributions to this research. His insightful advice on experimental design and data analysis, provision of essential datasets, and thoughtful suggestions during key idea discussions significantly enhanced the quality and direction of this study. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.