## 1 Introduction  
Concrete fatigue is a phenomenon brought about by the repetition of loads. When subjected to cyclic loads throughout the life span, high-rise buildings, bridges, and pavements exhibit fatigue failures. The fatigue-based performance of concrete may be affected by a combination of diverse loads, mechanical strength properties, reinforcing properties, environmental changes, and so on. Compared to static loads, concrete strength under fatigue loads is typically low [1]. Concretes under the repetition of loads will be subject to an increase in displacements and cracks, finally causing fatigue failure [2]. The accurate prediction of these time-dependent quantities, as well as many other important considerations, such as serviceability criteria, were discussed in 1983 in ACI Special Publication-75, titled \"Fatigue of Concrete Structures\" [2]. In ACI SP-75, a total of 18 articles were published: five papers related to different loading conditions; two papers on flexural fatigue; three papers on special structures, such as hollow concrete spheres, offshore concrete, and prestressed concrete; two papers on bond characteristics; two papers on different material conditions related to the air content, water-to-cement ratio, and coarse aggregate type; three papers on deflections and crack width and growth; two papers on bar corrosion and different spliced reinforcements; and one paper on the diverse environmental conditions in chloride solution, in seawater, and in air. In 2022, [PERSON] et al. [3] summarized existing knowledge of concrete fatigue behavior, discussing current standards and the prospects of future experimental research. They provided a timeline of the first relevant fatigue studies with respect to compression, bending, and tension as well as loading frequency as an influencing parameter. As structures become larger and more complex, the construction materials used will require more stringent standards of performance than those in force today. To meet these standards, today's products, often termed high-performance concretes (HPCs), need to be improved in terms of their mechanical strength, durability, dimensional stability, and overall reliability [4]. In particular, the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) was evaluated to collect pavement performance data, this being one of the major research areas in the concrete research field [5]. Thus, concrete performance in the literature has been understood as the durability or long-term performance of concrete products. Numerous comprehensive studies on HPCs have been conducted over the past 20 years or so. These studies include research on the unhardened paste properties of HPC [6], the effect of incorporating fibers [7], mix designs using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) [8], and structural applications in hybrid hollow core structures [9], bridges [10], sleepers [11], and tunnels [12]. For a comprehensive review on pavement performance, refer to [PERSON] et al. [13], who conducted a comprehensive review of empirical methods for pavement performance modeling. Damage assessments of existing structures are defined as a set of activities performed to verify the reliability of an existing structure for future use [14]. The categories considered in these assessments include the state of structural experience, environmental changes, structural capacity, durability, etc. [15]. Traditionally, concrete damage induced by diverse loads and environmental conditions has been mainly detected by visual assessment and field measurements, including cored specimens. This basic method is very easy and cost-effective, although it is time-consuming and laborious, in addition to many high structures being difficult to reach [16]. Thus, various non-destructive test methods or modern computational and/or analytical methods, alone or in conjunction with experimental techniques, have been adopted for the intelligent damage assessment of concrete materials and structures.