## 3 Base Model  
The model proposed in [4] presents a hybrid architecture for cloud gaming that uses fog computing to improve the performance of MMOs. This architecture integrates fog servers to reduce the resource load and processing tasks that would normally fall on the main cloud gaming infrastructure, as shown in Figure 1. The strategy allows for an equitable distribution of traffic and processing load, achieving effective balancing between cloud and fog servers. It segments the game world into clusters, each managed by a different server and assigns fog servers according to the average population of each cluster. This spatial division, along with the advantages of fog computing, improves the scalability and flexibility of the system, reducing latency by placing resources closer to users and efficiently managing latency demands and network load. In addition, fog servers act as temporary backup when a game server faces excessive load, mitigating potential losses in quality of experience (QoE) for users.  
The base model for cloud gaming is structured in three layers: the cloud layer, the fog layer, and the user layer. The cloud layer is the top part of this architecture and is responsible for managing the virtual world of the game, dividing it into smaller clusters for efficient resource management. Each cluster is controlled by a game server, forming a network of servers that constitute the main infrastructure of the cloud. These servers can communicate both with a central data center that hosts the game world and the game's artificial intelligence (AI), as well as with each other, allowing for a smooth transition of avatars and other elements between clusters.  
The fog layer is made up of fog networks that include fog nodes, smaller computing infrastructures located near end users. These fog servers, although they have processing, rendering, storage, and network capabilities similar to game servers, have less computational power. In situations of high demand in a cluster, a game server can resort to the nearby fog computing network for temporary processing support. The fog layer, compared to the cloud layer, has less capacity and power, is distributed near users instead of being centralized, and its main function is to provide local assistance and reduce latency.  
The user layer includes players and their avatars within the virtual world of the game. Avatars are mapped to different game clients in this layer, allowing them to move seamlessly between clusters and experience events that occur near the boundaries of a neighboring cluster, as long as they are within visual range. This configuration ensures that players have a continuous and coherent gaming experience, regardless of the section of the game world they are in.  
The model also integrates a sophisticated load balancing algorithm, which dynamically transfers tasks from game servers in the cloud to servers in the fog according to their capabilities. This algorithm is designed to evenly distribute the load between the cloud and  
Figure 1: Base model [4].  
the fog, resulting in dynamic and effective load balancing in MMO gaming environments. By using the cloud and fog layers, the architecture improves the scalability and flexibility of the system, reduces latency, and efficiently handles activity peaks, thus ensuring a high quality of experience for users.