## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compound Profile
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Compound (\%)** & **R\({}_{t}\) (min)** & **KI (Exp.)** & **KI (Lit)** & **EBT** & **EBF** & **EPT** & **EPF** \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Pineinee & 8.76 & 933 & 939 & n.d. & n.d. & 0.20 & n.d. \\ Heptanal & 7.77 & 900 & 903 & 0.25 & 0.16 & 0.2 & 0.46 \\ Mesitylene & 10.57 & 992 & 996 & 2.44 & 4.95 & 0.11 & n.d. \\ Octanal & 10.86 & 1002 & 1001 & 0.92 & 0.56 & 1.14 & 1.38 \\ Limonene & 11.71 & 1029 & 1031 & 0.13 & 0.20 & 0.17 & n.d. \\ Benzeneacetaldehyde & 12.11 & 1042 & 1044 & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & 0.14 \\ (E)-2-Octenal & 12.58 & 1057 & 1056 & 0.25 & 0.25 & n.d. & 0.25 \\ (E)-2-Octen-1-ol & 12.85 & 1065 & 1064 & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & 0.17 \\
1-Octanol & 12.97 & 1069 & 1070 & 0.53 & 0.36 & 0.65 & 1.88 \\
2-Nonanone & 13.57 & 1089 & 1091 & 0.41 & 0.26 & 0.88 & 0.92 \\ \(\gamma\)-Terpinene & 13.76 & 1095 & 1089 & 0.4 & 0.84 & n.d. & n.d. \\
1,5,7-Octatrien-3-ol, 3-, 3,7-dimethyl- & 13.97 & 1101 & 1106 & n.d. & n.d. & 0.29 & 0.3 \\ Nonanal & 14.01 & 1103 & 1102 & 0.37 & 0.34 & 0.20 & n.d. \\ Octanoic acid, methyl ester & 14.58 & 1122 & 1120 & n.d. & n.d. & 0.12 & n.d. \\ (E)-2-Nonneal & 15.69 & 1257 & 1239 & 0.19 & n.d. & 0.12 & 0.25 \\ (E)-2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, & 15.80 & 1162 & 1132 & n.d. & n.d. & 0.55 & 1.11 \\
1-methyl-4-(1-methyletenyl) & 16.00 & 1169 & 1169 & 0.66 & 0.19 & 0.80 & 1.67 \\ Octanoic acid & 18.19 & 1243 & 1243 & 1.55 & 0.76 & 0.38 & 0.62 \\ (-)-Carvone & 18.33 & 1248 & 1248 & n.d. & 0.14 & 0.09 & n.d. \\ trans-Chrysanthenyl acetate & 18.58 & 1257 & 1239 & 11.95 & 11.84 & 31.55 & 34.99 \\ (E)-2-Decenal & 18.69 & 1257 & 1239 & 0.56 & 0.55 & 0.22 & 0.61 \\ (E)-Cinnamaldehyde & 19.0 & 1266 & 1268 & 0.26 & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\ Bornyl acetate & 19.37 & 1284 & 1285 & n.d. & 0.17 & n.d. & n.d. \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Values are mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (n = 3). Different lowercase letters in the same row are significantly different (\(p<\) 0.05); EBF: _E. billardieri_ flowers; EBT: _E. billardieri_ thorps; EFP: _E. planum_ thorps.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Volatile compound analysis of two studied plants *. Spathulenol has been identified as a significant component in the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of _E. maritium_[25], _E. campestre_, and _E. palmatum_[26]. Additionally, in the aerial parts of _E. borumulerl,_ spathulenol and sesquicineole were found to be the predominant components [27]. Furthermore, spathulenol, alongside \(\alpha\)-bisabolol, has been reported as a major compound in other species of _Eryngium_[28]. Trans-chrysanthenyl acetate was identified as the compound with the highest concentration in _E. planum_, particularly in EPF (34.99%), which exhibited higher contents than EPT (31.55%). Other notable compounds found in EPT and EPF included \(\beta\)-selinee (13.07% and 11.34%), \(\beta\)-elemene (7.51% and 7.24%), and (E)-\(\beta\)-famesene (7.00% and 1.42%), respectively. \(\beta\)-elemene, \(\alpha\)-pinene, trans-\(\beta\)-famesene, and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate have previously been identified as the main compounds in the essential oil of _E. planum_[10]. [PERSON] et al. [9] reported that the essential oil of _E. planum_, extracted using ultrasound-assisted hyddistillation, primarily consists of \(\beta\)-copaene, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, (E)-\(\beta\)-famesene, \(\gamma\)-gurjunene, carophyllene, germacrene B, and \(\beta\)-selinee. Furthermore, volatile compounds from _E. planum_ extracted through HS-SPME showed a composition in which cis-chrysanthenyl acetate was the most abundant (30.39%), followed by (E)-\(\beta\)-famesene, \(\beta\)-elemene, carophyllene, \(\beta\)-selinee, \(\delta\)-cadinene, \(\beta\)-copaene, and \(\alpha\)-pinene [9].