## 3 Results
### Identification of Upresulated Genes in DaMDHAR-Expressing Yeast Cells to FT2 Stress
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Gene Symbol** & **Gene** & **Fold Ratio (DM/WT)** & **Description** \\ \hline YGL158W & _RCK1_ & 16.716 & Putative serine/threonine-protein kinase RCK1 \\ YYL136W-A & & 13.785 & Hypothetical protein \\ YYL134C-A & & 11.969 & Hypothetical protein \\ YJR038C & & 10.056 & Dubious open reading frame \\ YDR034W-B & & 6.267 & Predicted tail-anchored plasma membrane protein \\ YLR047C & _FRE8_ & 5.285 & Protein with sequence similarity to iron/copper reductases \\ YMR251W & _GTO3_ & 5.008 & Omega class glutathione transferase \\ YOR374W & _ALD4_ & 4.982 & Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase \\ YPL061W & _ALD6_ & 4.828 & Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase \\ YOR100C & _CRC1_ & 4.597 & Mitochondrial inner membrane carnitine transporter \\ YOR348C & _PUT4_ & 3.630 & Proline permease \\ YOR028C & _CIN5_ & 3.522 & Basic leucine zipper transcription factor of the yAP-1 family \\ YFL014W & _HSP12_ & 3.227 & Plasma membrane heat shock 12 protein \\ YGR088W & _CTT1_ & 3.076 & Cytosolic catalase T \\ YOL024W & & 3.018 & Predicted to have thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase active site \\ YMRI175W & _SIP18_ & 2.951 & Phospholipid-binding hydrophilic \\ YCL073C & _GEX1_ & 2.855 & Protom:glutathione antiporter \\ YMR169C & _ALD3_ & 2.758 & Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase \\ YDL222C & _FMP45_ & 2.670 & Integral membrane protein localized to mitochondria \\ YBR296C & _PHO89_ & 2.609 & Plasma membrane Na\({}^{+}\)/Pi cotransporter \\ YKL096W & _CWP1_ & 2.496 & Cell wall manoprotein \\ YAL048C & _GEM1_ & 2.403 & Outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase \\ YDL085W & _NDE2_ & 2.403 & Plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter \\ YKR052C & _MR54_ & 2.330 & Iron transporter of the mitochondrial carrier family \\ YER150W & _SPII_ & 2.237 & Mitochondrial outer membrane hypothetical protein \\ YOR049W & _SCM4_ & 2.235 & Plasma membrane protein, putative ammonium transporter \\ YDR384C & _ATO3_ & 2.207 & O-glycosylated covalently bound cell wall protein \\ YYL163W & _PIR3_ & 2.194 & Delta-Psi-dependent mitochondrial import protein of 8 kDa \\ YDI183C & _DP18_ & 2.183 & Protein that may form an active mitochondrial KHE system \\ YDR534C & _FIT1_ & 2.115 & Mannoprotein that is incorporated into the cell wall \\ YKL093W & _MBR1_ & 2.103 & Protein involved in mitochondrial functions and stress response \\ YPL135W & _ISUI1_ & 2.096 & Conserved protein of the mitochondrial matrix \\ YMR182W-A & _MIN3_ & 2.089 & Mitochondrial MINi protein of 3 kDa \\ YOL060C & _MM3_ & 2.074 & Protein required for normal mitochondrial morphology \\ YKL062W & _MSN4_ & 2.061 & Stress-responsive transcriptional activator \\ YGR243W & _MPC3_ & 2.050 & Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) \\ YPR196W & & 2.018 & Putative maltose-responsive transcription factor \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Upregulated genes in _DaMDHAR_-expressing yeast cells to FT stress. SIP18, YNL195C, PHO89, PDR15, and ATO3), and cell wall integrity (CWI) and remodeling (CWP1, SPII, PIR3, MNN4, and FIT1) (Figure 3; Table 1 and Tables S2-S4). Of the 197 upregulated genes, the highlighted gene was _RCK1_ encoding protein kinase involved in oxidative stress (Table 1); further, 98 genes encoding hypothetical or uncharacterized protein were identified in DM cells under FT2 stress (Table 1 and Table S2). The gene expression of _YJL136W--A_ hypothetical encoding protein was the lowest, following that of _RCK1_ (Table 1). Cumulatively, these results indicated that heterologous _DaMDHAR_ expression in transgenic yeast cells facilitates the functions of mitochondria, PM, and cell wall stabilization by enhancing redox, ion, nutrient and water homeostasis, reducing power NAD(P)H--generating system, and sulfate assimilation via the activation of transcriptional factor, protein kinase, and signaling sensor under FT2 stress.