# Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review
## 3 Results
### Educational Buildings
#### 3.4.4 Comparison between Different Types of Indoor Environments
The main contribution to environmental exposure (calling by participant not included) is from calling with mobile phones (37.5%), from cordless DECT phones and their docking stations (31.7%), and from the mobile phone base stations (12.7%). Instead of describing the detailed results by microenvironments, the authors reported the levels of exposure obtained during different daily activities of the subjects. As an example, the measurements recording while the subjects were waiting at a railway station showed the highest exposure, among all the considered activities, for the FM, TETRA, TV and the GSM and UMTS downlink bands. The exposure levels reordered at home showed mean power density equal to 0.159 mW/m\({}^{2}\) (0.24 V/m, equal to 87% of the ICNIRP reference level), with different contributions of the different sources depending of the activities: for cooking, eating and sleeping the main contributor was WiFi (mean power density equal to 0.329, 0.04 and 0.03 mW/m\({}^{2}\), respectively, equal to 0.35, 0.12 and 0.11 V/m, in terms of electric field strength), while for most of the other activities DECT gave the highest contribution (0.069 mW/m\({}^{2}\), equal to 0.16 V/m in terms of electric field strength, corresponding to 0.28% of the ICNIRP reference level). For attending courses and for visiting church or museum the downlink bands were the main contributors. For shopping in supermarkets and in large stores and malls the uplink bands were the highest contributors, while for shopping in small shops the DECT band was the largest contributor. During public transport the highest exposure was from the GSM and DCS uplink bands (0.162 mW/m\({}^{2}\) and 0.048 mW/m\({}^{2}\), equal to 0.25 and 0.13 V/m in terms of electric field strength, corresponding to 0.65% and 0.23% of the ICNIRP reference level), but driving a car led to a higher exposure in case a passenger was calling (0.381 mW/m\({}^{2}\), equal to 1 V/m in terms of electric field strength). Travelling by tram led to slightly higher exposure in the downlink bands than for other means of transport. Finally, a comparison among the results of RF measurement campaigns in different urban areas across Europe using PEMs was performed by [PERSON] et al. [20]. The objective of this study was to compare personal radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in different microenvironments between urban areas in five European countries, i.e., Belgium [80], Switzerland [25; 75], Slovenia [81], Hungary [82], and the Netherlands [83]. In each of these countries large measurement studies using crosimeters were performed. Results showed that all mean values were well below the ICNIRP exposure guidelines. The highest exposure, mainly due to mobile phone handsets, was found in transportation vehicles (train and car/bus), with mean values of the power density in the range 0.3-1.4 mW/m\({}^{2}\) (0.34-0.73 V/m, in terms of electric field strength), while the lowest exposure was found in urban homes, with mean values of the power density in the range 0.08-0.15 mW/m\({}^{2}\) (0.17-0.24 V/m, in terms of electric field strength).