esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using the Geographical-Optimal-Similarity Model
## 3 Research Methodology
### Geographical-Optimal-Similarity Model Prediction
#### 3.4.4 Spatial Prediction  
The sample set is divided into training and testing sets in a 7:3 ratio [31]. Geographic configuration attributes are combined, and data with high similarity are extracted from the training set based on the optimal similarity threshold of the training data. This process effectively lowers data noise and computational load. Next, using Equation (8) [24], the spatial prediction of landslide susceptibility across Huangshan City is performed to determine the susceptibility probability map. This process calculates the similarity between unknown and known locations, combining observations at known locations with optimal similarity to estimate the observations at the current unknown location.  
\[\hat{Z}(\mathrm{v}_{\beta})=\frac{\sum\limits_{\alpha=1}^{m}S_{\lambda}( \mathrm{u}_{\alpha},\mathrm{v}_{\beta})Z_{\lambda}(\mathrm{u}_{\alpha})}{\sum \limits_{\alpha=1}^{m}S_{\lambda}(\mathrm{u}_{\alpha},\mathrm{v}_{\beta})} \tag{8}\]  
where \(\hat{Z}(\mathrm{v}_{\beta})\) is the predicted value at the unknown location \(\mathrm{v}_{\beta}\), and \(Z_{\lambda}(\mathrm{u}_{\alpha})\) is the observed value at the location \(\mathrm{u}_{\alpha}\) with optimal similarity.
## 2 Related Works and Motivations  
### Edge Computing and RDMA Technology  
Edge computing aims to deploy computing and storage resources closer to the data source to meet the demands for low latency and high bandwidth [14]. However, the computing and storage resources of edge servers are often limited, and the heterogeneous computing resources severely complicate the ability of a single server to complete complex business processes. When performing collaborative processing among edge servers, large volumes of data need to be transmitted, making it crucial to coordinate the allocation and scheduling of edge server resources to meet the requirements of multitask processing. The works [15; 16; 17] demonstrate that the traditional TCP/IP network protocol stack requires multiple copies of data between the kernel and user space during data transmission, resulting in numerous limitations such as high transmission latency, low transmission speed, low throughput, and significant CPU core resource consumption.  
The RDMA technology is a high-performance data transmission technology that allows network nodes to directly access the memory of remote nodes. By bypassing the operating system kernel, it significantly reduces transmission latency and CPU resource consumption [18; 19]. In the field of RDMA, many studies utilize RDMA's one-sided operation characteristics to improve system performance [20; 21; 22], while others focus on enhancing RDMA's scalability [23]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [7] improve connection scalability by minimizing on-chip data structures and their memory requirements through protocol and architecture co-design. Huawei's StaR [24] adopts stateless server connection technology to reduce RDMA resource consumption on the server side, thereby alleviating connection scalability issues. Mellanox attempts to limit the number of active network connections through dynamic connection transport service technology [25], aiming to avoid frequently triggering cache miss events in the network interface. [PERSON] et al. s' Scalable [26] effectively mitigates resource contention through connection grouping and virtualization mapping. However, in resource-limited situations, there is a need for improved memory management and data synchronization methods [27].  
Moreover, to further optimize resource scheduling and data processing in edge computing environments, container technology has been introduced as the smallest processing unit. K8s is employed to manage these containers, automating deployment, scaling, and operations. Container technology can flexibly and efficiently manage and allocate computing resources while ensuring isolation, enabling edge servers to better collaborate in handling complex business processes.
# Synchronization of Heterogeneous Multi-Robotic Cell with Emphasis on Low Computing Power
## 4 Validation of the Proposed Solution  
The proposed solution was experimentally validated in two phases. In the first phase, the algorithms were implemented as scripts in the MATLAB software environment. To evaluate the efficiency of the algorithms, monitoring of the percentage proportion deviation \(D_{i,j}\) (Equation (2)) was used. The aim of the solution was to reach a \(D_{i,j}\) value as close as possible to zero. The synchronization state was indicated by a value close to zero within the specified tolerance. In contrast, a value exceeding the limit can be considered as a desynchronization indicator.  
In the second phase, the designed algorithms were implemented in the native language of real robotic manipulators in a specific multi-robotic cell.  
Figure 3: Advanced algorithm for synchronization of robotic cell operations.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a novel dual-band circular polarized microstrip patch antenna for UAV applications was developed and characterized. The antenna, with compact dimensions of 40 \(\times\) 40 \(\times\) 1.6 mm\({}^{3}\), demonstrates effective performance across the WiFi frequency bands of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Key features of the design, including the implementation of truncated corners and strategically placed stubs, contribute to the antenna's ability to achieve a low AR and enhanced bandwidth. Our simulation results indicated a 3 dB ARBW of 13.88% at 2.4 GHz and 2% at 5 GHz, both of which align well with the measured results obtained from the fabricated prototype. Measurements conducted on a physical realization of the design in an RF anechoic chamber revealed good agreement with the simulation data, confirming the antenna's performance and validating the design approach. The effective radiation patterns exhibited by the antenna suggest its suitability for reliable communication in dynamic UAV environments. The findings highlight the importance of precise design parameters, such as the width of stubs and the diameter of cuts, in optimizing both the AR and gain. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of antenna technology for UAVs, providing a solid foundation for future developments. Further optimization and refinement of the design could lead to even greater enhancements in performance, potentially extending the antenna's applicability to a wider range of wireless communication systems. The current design focuses on two frequency bands (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz), and expanding this range to include additional communication standards could enhance versatility. By addressing these limitations, future research can improve the antenna's robustness and adaptability for UAV applications.  
Conceptualization, A.S.A. and R.W.A.; methodology, A.S.A. and R.W.A.; software, A.S.A.; validation, A.S.A. and R.W.A.; formal analysis, A.S.A.; investigation, A.S.A.; writing--original draft preparation, A.S.A.; writing--review and editing, R.W.A.; visualization, A.S.A.; supervision, R.W.A.; project administration, R.W.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Progress and Prospect of Saline-Alkaline Soil Management Technology: A Review
## 4 The New Method of Treating Saline-Alkaline Soil Mainly with Wood Vinegar
### The Advantages and Disadvantages of Wood Vinegar, and Its Prospects  
As a method of treating saline-alkaline soil, wood vinegar is also feasible, but there are some aspects that need to be paid attention to. For example, in green environmental protection, wood vinegar is a natural organic fertilizer and soil conditioning agent, is non-toxic, harmless, and environmentally friendly. Costs are low, and wood vinegar is made from widely available ingredients at a relatively low cost. Research findings demonstrated that applying wood vinegar led to substantial improvements in saline-alkaline soils, effectively decreasing both acidity and salinity levels. Additionally, it improved soil structure and enhanced crop growth, demonstrating its potential as an effective solution for rehabilitating degraded lands and boosting agricultural productivity. Wood vinegar has certain bactericidal and antibacterial functions, which can reduce the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests, thus minimizing pesticide application and lowering expenses in farming operations. The wood vinegar can be applied in many ways, such as irrigation, foliage spraying, etc. It is convenient and flexible. The wood vinegar can be mixed with farm manure, chemical fertilizers, etc.  
The synergistic use of wood vinegar in combination with other techniques has also proven to be highly effective in managing saline-alkaline soils. According to research by [PERSON] et al. [103], the combined application of wood vinegar for pH regulation, biochar for salt adsorption, and salt tolerant crops such as _Suada salsa_ has significantly improved the soil environment and boosted land productivity. In experimental fields located in the yellow river basin, where the wood vinegar and biochar were applied together and _Suada salsa_ was planted, the results indicated that soil pH was effectively neutralized. Biochar adsorbed and stabilized a substantial number of salts, while the well-developed root system of _Suada salsa_ not only enhanced soil structure, but also promoted microbial activity. Over the course of the experiment, soil fertility increased, microbial diversity expanded, and crop yields were notably higher than those in plots treated with single methods. This integrated approach leverages the strengths of each method, offering a more efficient and sustainable solution to managing saline-alkaline soils.  
However, the application of wood vinegar faces certain challenges. Its use requires careful adjustment based on the soil's pH levels and salt content to maximize its effectiveness. This process demands a high level of expertise and precision, making it a specialized practice that may limit its widespread adoption without proper guidance or professional involvement. In addition, regular monitoring of soil pH and salt content, as well as flexible adjustment of wood vinegar according to changes in the use of the program, is also essential.
## 1 Introduction  
The aim of this single-center, observational, retrospective study was to investigate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers for the assessment of radiotherapy (RT)-induced xerostomia. Twenty-seven patients who underwent radiation therapy for oropharyngeal cancer were divided into three groups according to the severity of their xerostomia--mild, moderate, and severe--clinically confirmed with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). No severe xerostomia was found. Conventional and functional MRI (perfusion- and diffusion- weighted imaging) performed both pre- and post-RT were studied for signal intensity, mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, k-trans, and area under the perfusion curves. Contrast-enhanced T1 images and ADC maps were imported into 3D slicer software, and salivary gland volumes were segmented. A total of 107 texture features were derived. T-Student and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed on functional MRI parameters and texture analysis features to identify the differences between pre- and post-RT populations. A _p_-value < 0.01 was defined as acceptable. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for significant parameters to discriminate the severity of xerostomia in the pre-RT population. Conventional and functional MRI did not yield statistically significant results; on the contrary, five texture features showed significant variation between pre- and post-RT on the ADC maps, of which only informational measure of correlation 1 (IMC 1) was able to discriminate the severity of RT-induced xerostomia in the pre-RT population (area under the curve (AUC) > 0.7). Values lower than the cut-off of \(-1.473\times 10^{-11}\) were associated with moderate xerostomia, enabling the differentiation of mild xerostomia from moderate xerostomia with a 73% sensitivity, 75% specificity, and 75% diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, the texture feature IMC 1 on the ADC maps allowed the distinction between different degrees of severity of RT-induced xerostomia in the pre-RT population. Accordingly, texture analysis on ADC maps should be considered a useful tool to evaluate salivary gland radiosensitivity and help identify patients at risk of developing more serious xerostomia before radiation therapy is administered.
## 2 Isolated Single Tree Radio Channel Characterization
### Experimental Measurements  
In order to complete the simulation outcomes for path loss, measurements were carried out in a forest and one medium size specimen of oak was chosen. The measurements were carried out using devices operating at the band of 2.4 GHz. The specific forest, composed of different type of trees, is called Chandebrito and is situated in Galicia, Spain. As shown in Figure 5a, the chosen tree's dimensions are larger in height and width than the model used for simulations: 5.5 m tall and 4.25 m wide. The larger width compensates the lesser homogeneity of the canopy that presents considerably more air gaps than in the simulated model becoming a polidispersive medium [46]. Figure 5b shows the surroundings of the chosen isolated tree, which is at least around 10 m away from any other tree.  
The transmitter consisted of a programmable signal generator (WindFreak SynthHD) connected to a directional log-periodic antenna with vertical polarization, model Electro-Metrics EM6952, via a low-loss coaxial cable. The antenna radiation pattern shows 70\({}^{\circ}\) of azimuth (E-plane) and 125\({}^{\circ}\) of elevation (H-plane). The frequency of the transmitted tone was 2.4 GHz, and its power was 0 dBm. The antenna gain at this frequency is 5.5 dBi.  
For acquiring the received signal we used a spectrum analyzer (SA) Rohde Schwarz FSH-6 that registered the RF signal via an antenna identical to the one used in transmission. No amplifiers or filters were used in transmission or reception.  
The transmitter antenna was placed on a tripod at a height of 2m, in a fix location at a distance of 3.5 m from the tree trunk base. The receiver antenna was also fixed on the top of a tripod at 2 and 3 meters high, moving along a radial from the tree trunk base to 4.6m apart. Both the transmitter and receiver antennas pointed to the tree canopy.  
Figure 4: Simulation results of the Delay Spread, for both pine tree (**left**) and oak tree (**right**).  
The measurement was done moving the tripod with the receiver antenna along a linear path from near (0.25 m) to far (4.6 m) the tree. The initial distance to the tree is 0.25 m. This initial distance was increased in steps of 0.10 m (>\(\lambda\)/4 increments) until the final position at 4.6 m from the tree was reached. At each position of the receiver antenna along the linear path the SA was configured to acquire a data trace of 301 power samples at 2.4 GHz, with a resolution bandwidth of 1 KHz and zero span, in order to average temporal power variations. Measurements were completed for receiver antenna heights of 2 m and 3 m given that in these cases the influence of the tree canopy is what creates the situation of a double propagation zone. A picture of the employed equipment is shown in Figure 6.
# Sentiment Analysis of Students' Feedback with NLP and Deep Learning: A Systematic Mapping Study
## 4 Systematic Mapping Study Results
### Findings Concerning RQs
These solutions are colored in orange in Figure 11. Rapidminer is the most common Java-based framework and was used in three articles. The third group is composed of NLP and machine learning solutions based on the R programming language. Only three studies used solutions in this group to conduct the sentiment analysis task. **RQ7. **_What are the most common data representation techniques used for sentiment analysis?_  
To provide our readers with more information on sentiment discoveries and analysis, we briefly present the commonly used word embedding techniques for the sentiment analysis task. From the related reviewed articles, we observed that very few studies employed word embedding techniques to represent textual data collected from different sources. Only one article [48] employed the Word2 Vec embedding model to learn the numeric representation and supply it as an input to the long short-term memory (LSTM) network. In addition to Word2 Vec, GloVe and FastText models were used in two articles [14,45] to generate the embeddings for an input layer of CNN and compare the performance of the proposed aspect-based opinion mining system. As presented above, word embedding techniques were seen in very few papers (3) out of all the references (92), particularly regarding sentiment analysis in the education domain for students' feedback. Therefore, more focus is needed to bridge this gap by incorporating  
Figure 11: Packages/libraries/tools used to conduct sentiment analysis in the reviewed papers. and testing different embedding techniques while analyzing the sentiment, emotion, or aspect of a student-related text.
## 1 Introduction
This makes it particularly suitable for remote open-path sensing, where the received power level may strongly fluctuate. In this paper a CLaDS-based system developed for open-path remote sensing of nitrous oxide (N\({}_{2}\)O) is discussed. A complete system characterization and demonstration of open-path N\({}_{2}\)O sensing, both in the laboratory and in the field, have been performed.
# Power Consumption Modeling of Discontinuous Reception for Cellular Machine Type Communications
## 3 Literature Review
However, the authors ignored the existence of context related parameters, such as cell environment, user mobility, device type, etc. In this paper, a semi-Markov chain model is proposed for modeling a DRX mechanism in MTC, which is different from the existing models as it not only takes into account the probability of packet arrivals during the tail time but also considers power consumption variations during active mode based on the system and context parameters in order to better estimate the power consumption in MTC applications. The short DRX cycle is proposed which can be used for delay-sensitive HTC and MTC traffic [4]. A summary of the latest research efforts for modeling a DRX mechanism based on distinct parameters is given in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & \multicolumn{6}{c}{_DRX Parameters_} \\ \hline
**Ref. Paper** & \(\mathbf{T_{I}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{ON}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{SC}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{LC}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{tail}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{RC}}\) & **Arrivals in \(\mathbf{T_{tail}}\)** & \(\mathbf{P_{Active}}\) & **Variation** & **Traffic Type** \\ \hline
[12] (Model 1) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & Active \\
[12] (Model 2) & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & Background \\
[14] & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & MTC \\
[15] & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & MTC \\
[16] & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & HTTP \\
[17] & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & HTC \\
[18] & ✓ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & Bursty \\
[19] & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & Poisson \\
[20] & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & Multimedia \\
[21] & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & Poisson \\ Proposed Model & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & Poisson \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: A comparison of power consumption models based on the DRX mechanism. MTC: Machine-type communication; HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol; HTC: Human-type communication.
# Measurement of Absolute Acoustic Nonlinearity Parameter Using Laser-Ultrasonic Detection
## 3 Experimental Setup
### Ultrasonic Measurement Using Laser Detection  
Figure 3 displays a schematic diagram for the measurement of the \(\beta\) parameter using the proposed laser-ultrasonic detection method. A high-power pulser (RITEC, RAM-5000) produced tone-burst sinusoidal signals with 10 cycles and drove a LiNbO\({}_{3}\) transducer with a center frequency of 2.25 MHz, which was used as a transmitter. The ultrasonic wave produced by the transmitter propagated through the test specimen and was measured on the other side using laser-ultrasonic detection. In the laser-ultrasonic detection system (TECNAR, TWM), the probe beam laser used was a frequency-stabilized Nd:YAG operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The probe beam was delivered into the PD head through fiber optics to illuminate the surface of the test specimen, and the scattered light collected by the head optics was delivered into the main interferometer. A picture of the photorefractive interferometric system is displayed in Figure 4. The PD head was positioned vertically relative to the target surface to detect the out-of-plane displacement; the distance between the PD head and surface was 45 mm. The output signal from the interferometer was  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Specimen** & **Copper** & **Al6061-T6** \\ \hline Thickness (mm) & 20 & 20 \\ Density (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) & 8960 & 2700 \\ Longitudinal wave velocity (m/s) & 4750 & 6300 \\ Acoustic impedance & 42.6 & 17.0 \\ (10\({}^{6}\) kg/m\({}^{2}\)s) & 42.6 & 17.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Material properties of copper and Al6061-T6 specimens.  
Figure 2: Images of tested specimens.  
recorded on a digital oscilloscope (Lecroy, Wavesurfer452) with 300 averaging and signal processing on a computer. All experiments were conducted by increasing the input power to obtain the linear fitting plot of \(A_{2}\) over \(A_{1}^{\ 2}\) (i.e., \(\beta\)) and repeated four times to improve the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement.
# Personalized Tour Itinerary Recommendation Algorithm Based on Tourist Comprehensive Satisfaction
## 2 Literature Review
### Research on Itinerary Recommendation Algorithms
By studying and comparing several multi-objective evolutionary algorithms from multiple perspectives, it was demonstrated that NSGA-II is the most effective in generating personalized itinerary recommendation rules for tourists unfamiliar with a city.