## 3 Architectures in the 5G and LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities
### 5G Network Architecture  
Currently, 4G/LTE networks are not able to support the mMTC adequately. 5G networks are poised to provide the speediest cellular network data throughput with very low latency/delay and support for ultra-dense network connections. Recently, numerous works on 5G networks for IoT have been investigated [1]. The 5G network architecture is the foundation that will enable IoT applications. Compared with 4G/LTE cellular networks, the 5G core network, radio access network (RAN)/C-RAN (cloud-RAN), and the cloud-based data/5G new technologies must thoroughly be redesigned to provide massive connectivity for large varying IoT applications. The 5G network architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. When compared to existing cellular (4G/LTE), the 5G networks can provide applications users with faster speeds of up to 10 Gbps while maintaining reliable connections of up to multiple thousands of devices at the same time [30; 31; 32]. The following are the components descriptions of the 5G network:  
* NG-RAN: This is the next generation radio access network which comprises gNB and ng-eNB;
* gNB: Serves as base station and provides access to a 5G UE (user equipment) over a 5G NR (New Radio) air interface. Also, gNB connects to 5G Core, as well as to 4G evolved packet core (EPC);
* ng-eNB: Connects to 5G Core and serves as base station by providing access to a 5G UE over 4G radio; \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Survey** & **5G/LPWAN** & **Endogenous** & **LEO** & **Cell-Edge** & **Crythographic** & **Smart-Cities** & **5G-Based** \\
**References** & **Integration** & **Security** & **Satellite** & **Interface** & **QoS/QoE** & **Security** & **Applications** & **No2-IoT-** \\ \hline This Survey & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\
[1] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & x & x & X \\
[3] & 5G: x, LPWAN: x & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & x & x & X \\
[4] & 5G: x, LPWAN: \(\times\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & x & x & X \\
[5] & 5G: x, LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[8] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[9] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[10] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[11] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[12] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[13] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[14] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[15] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & \(\surd\) & x & X \\
[16] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & x & x & X \\
[17] & 5G: \(\surd\), LPWAN: \(\surd\) & x & x & x & QoS: \(\surd\), QoE: x & x & x & X \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparisons of existing LPWAN-IoT Surveys with regards to consideration of the highlighted factors (Considered: \(\surd\), Not considered: x). * 5G NR: 5G New Radio brings performance, flexibility, scalability, and efficiency to spectrum usage.