## 3 Results
### Long-Term Large Scope IST-Cube  
In Figure 8a, the value represents the average duration of the long-term large scope IST-cube in the region, where the higher value is more likely to be dominated by changes that cause this long-term IST-cube. Figure 8a shows that LL IST-cubes exist everywhere in the study area. Figure 8b portrays one cube of the calculated result for the IST-cube model, which contains six layers representing six years, where the number of pixels per year increases, conforming to the LL and increasing IST-cubes. Figure 8d portrays one cube of the calculated result for the IST-cube model, which contains eight layers representing eight years, where the number of pixels per year fluctuates, conforming to the LL and fluctuating IST-cubes. Figure 8a,c show that the principal constituent of LL IST-cubes is the increasing IST-cube, followed by the fluctuating IST-cube. The increasing IST-cube indicates that the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of this cube with its environment is decreasing, whereas a fluctuating change indicates that there is a fluctuation in the spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Figure 8 shows that the LL IST-cube is not characterized by the decreasing and the stable types. However, a specific trigger of the LL could not be determined. The fluctuating IST-cubes were observed to have no cube-core (Figure 9). The increasing IST-cube core was mainly distributed in residential areas and scattered in the forest. The cube-core located in the forest resembled a disturbance refugia that suffers from severe or frequent disturbances less than the surrounding areas. The cube-core located in the residential area indicated expansion of the area. Figure 7: IST-cube containing the number of pixels distribution. (**a**) General sketch of the IST-cube containing the number of pixels distribution. (**b**) Line chart of the distribution of the IST-cube, whose constituent pixels are less than 50. (**c**) Box plot of the IST-cube distribution, where the constituent pixels are more than 50. LS and fluctuating IST-cube classes. Figure 10d is one cube from the calculated results for the IST-cube model, which contains 13 layers representing 13 years, where the number of pixels per year is stable, thus conforming to the LS and stable IST-cube classes. As shown in Figure 10, the LS IST-cube does not contain the decreasing type. Figure 10 shows that a significant constituent of the LS IST-cube is the increasing IST-cube, followed by the fluctuating IST-cube and stable IST-cube. In parallel with the increasing and fluctuating IST-cubes, the stable IST-cube indicates spatiotemporal heterogeneity of this cube with its environment with little change. As shown in Figure 10a,g, the stable IST-cube duration is the longest and exists primarily inside residential areas. Residential areas are difficult to change, as their primary component is architecture. Therefore, stable IST-cubes occur inside residential areas. In contrast to the cube-core of the LL IST-cube inside the residential area, but adjacent to the residential area boundary, the LS and stable IST-cube location is closer to the hinterland of the residential area. Accordingly, the hinterland of the residential area, where the LS and stable IST-cubes are located, does not change significantly with time. Figure 10c shows that the increasing IST-cube is adjacent to residential areas. The residential areas are surrounded by forests and are easily affected by indirect human impacts. An indirect human impact, as defined here, is the impact of daily human life and excludes the vandalism of forests, such as deforestation. The characteristic of the LS and increasing IST-cube classes is long duration, where the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of this cube and its vicinity is decreasing. However, the range of influence is small, which is in accordance with indirect human impacts. Consequently, the LS and increasing IST-cubes classes can be attributed to indirect human impacts.