## 1 Introduction  
Protected areas actively contribute to the conservation of natural resources and wildlife habitats [1]. Environmental pollution in these conservation zones poses a significant challenge to preserving their ecological integrity and biodiversity. Despite formal protection, these areas face various forms of degradation. Increased tourism at protected sites is linked to the development of road infrastructure, which significantly impacts their functioning, affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and landscape integrity. As tourism grows, the risk of anthropopressure on a protected area increases, hindering the achievement of conservation goals [2]. The conflict between nature conservation objectives and the rising demands of tourists presents a challenge that necessitates a sustainable approach to tourism management, alongside new conservation and remediation solutions [3]. Effective management requires educating tourists about environmental issues and implementing well-considered protection strategies, such as limiting visitor numbers or strictly controlling tourist infrastructure [4, 5]. Noise is a prevalent environmental pollutant that significantly affects conservation efforts. In protected areas, anthropogenic noise poses a serious threat to ecosystems. It negatively affects biodiversity, animal behavior, and the quality of ecosystem services [6]. Roads, especially those with heavy traffic, pose a serious threat to many national parks. Traffic noise contributes to habitat degradation by masking natural sounds, thereby diminishing the quality of biodiversity conservation [7]. Studies conducted in the United States indicate that, although protected areas typically have sound levels a few decibels lower than those in adjacent areas, 15% of all protected areas exhibit sound levels 10 dB higher than predicted natural levels [8]. In the natural environment, anthropogenic noise increasingly harms ecosystems. It has a more substantial impact on fauna than on humans, primarily due to differences in hearing sensitivity and responses to sounds, which serve as a means of gathering information about the surrounding environment for animals [9]. While humans can adapt to noise through habituation mechanisms, animals often perceive it as a threat. Studies of wild animals' reactions to noise have clearly identified changes in their behavior and spatial distribution [10] and disturbances in community structure [11]. Noise pollution exacerbates problems associated with habitat fragmentation. The noise generated by tourist traffic and transportation infrastructure near protected areas also causes stress in animals, which in turn affects their reproductive behavior and migration patterns. Research results presented in [12] suggest that low-frequency noise, typical of transportation activities, can penetrate over long distances and affect a wide range of species simultaneously, altering their spatial distribution and social behavior. Acoustic disturbance can also hinder communication between individuals, which is crucial for many species [13]. High noise levels interfere with the acoustic signals used by animals for social interaction, territorial defense, and predator detection [14; 15]. Research indicates that the presence of roads leads to a decrease in activity and a reduction in the number of individuals observed in areas highly exposed to noise. This type of pollution can impact reproductive processes and foraging ability, thereby altering population dynamics [16]. Many species, especially birds and mammals, utilize sounds to attract mates and establish bonds. Traffic noise reduces the effectiveness of these behaviors. Prolonged noise exposure can lead to increased stress hormones and contribute to health disorders, including reduced reproductive capacity and fewer offspring [17]. In particular, forest species may exhibit reduced activity near roads [18]. A review covering more than 130 species [19] found that the negative impacts of roads on animal numbers are five times greater than the positive impacts.