# Developing an Adaptive 3D Vertebrae Model of Scoliosis Patients for Customize Garment Design
## 5 Results and Discussion  
### Virtual and Real Model of Cervical Vertebrae  
The developed models do not pretend to represent vertebrae's morphology correctly, but they aim to be dimensionally and functionally close to them. The dimensional aspect will only be carried out later, on individual specific blocks of the models. For example, the height, width, and weight of the vertebral body, and the length of the overflow towards the outside of the transverse processes of the spinous process will be parameters that help to obtain, during the image processing in the frontal and coronal plane, radiographs of the patient's spine. Thus, they are dynamic models that have the faculty to approach the shape of the vertebrae thanks to the specific parameter settings of each of them that apply for any type of person, of typical or atypical morphology. Figure 9a,b shows the generic model developed from the lumbar vertebrae's shape, and its specifications are very close to reality. It can be criticized that the developed model's position of the articular processes could be farthest back to the posterior part. However, this could not be a problem since the joint process can slide and follow the upper curve of the posterior arch's laminae. Thus, the current model, which was slightly modified to adapt to the dorsal vertebrae, follows exactly the shape of the last. As observed in Figure 9c,d, the stacking of one over the other of D6, D7 and D8 is well achieved. A critique could be made on the spinous process's shape, which tends to be firmly downward in the real case. Still, the developed model manages these kinds of aspects by modifying the shape and the inclination of the director, which defines this 3D shape. As already mentioned, the cervical vertebrae also have a specific articular process, which leads to the strong overlapping in each other. The real figures of the seven cervical vertebrae stacking in Figure 10a shows that the developed model is very close to reality. Each specific model integrates very well among all the morphological specificities of their category. For example, C7 has a critical spinous and transverse process which is very different from that of the generic lumbar and dorsal vertebrae models (Figure 10b,c). The C6, C5, C4, C3, C4, and C3 have also a slightly smaller vertebral body, which leads to a more important spinal process (Figure 10d,e). The articular process is higher than with the C7 (Figure 10a). The C2 is very imposing, following the integration of the two articular processes designed laterally on the vertebral body (Figure 10f,g). The dens are perfectly positioned on the axis of the vertebral body. The transverse processes follow, perfectly, the external morphology of the vertebral body. The whole gives a compact overall shape following the morphology of the C2. The spinous process is more noticeable at its tip but needs to be reduced by adjusting the director curve's length as of the dorsal vertebrae; the modeling of the C1 by a ring is very representative of it (Figure 10h,i). Figure 9: (**a**) Virtual lumbar, (**b**) real lumbar, (**c**) virtual dorsal and (**d**) real dorsal model of vertebrae. The addition and proper sizing of the joint process give its overall shape. The two transversal approaches properly complete the whole part. As it is already noticed, the spinal column is an exact stack of vertebrae evolving according to a defined curve in a 3D space. This curve characterizes the morphology of the person, in particular, the posture. To describe the 3D path of this kind of curve, it was chosen to be portrayed in the two main planes, namely the sagittal plane and the coronal plane. Our model segmented such a path into 24 portions represented by a set of lines on which it will align the 24 vertebrae of the spine. T represents the type of verteba (C: cervical, D: dorsal, L: lumbar) and n the number of vertebrae in its category.