## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Manufacturing and** & **Cement Mix** & **Characterization Technique** & **Selected Results** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Ultrasonic sonication} & Ordinary Portland cement (OFC) type & & The samples with 5\% NKC \\  & 42.5R and commercially available & X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis & exhibited the highest \\  & nano-facolaire clay (NKC) powder was & and transmission electron & compressive strength, chloride \\  & added as Portland cement (PC) & microscopy (TEM) techniques & diffusion resistivity, relative \\  & replacement at 0\%, 1\%, 3\%, and 5\% by weight. & were carried out on the clay & dynamic modulus of elasticity, \\  & The NKC was first dispersed in water & powder. & and the most electrical resistivity \\  & using an ultrasonic dispersion method & & after 125 freeze-thaw cycles. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hobart electric mixer} & OFC is partially substituted by 1\%, 2\%, or & & \\  & 3\%, nanocoly by weight of OPC, The OPC & & \\  & and nanocoly were first dry mixed for 5 & & \\  & min in Ebkt mixer at a low speed and & & \\  & mixed for another 10 mm at high & X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis & The nanoday behaves not only \\  & speed until homogeneity was achieved. & X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis & as a filler to improve \\  & Cloistič®B is a natural monformullecine & & \\  & modified with a quaternary ammonium & & \\  & salt, which was supplied by Southern & & \\  & Clay Products, USA. & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Electric mixer} & OFC mortars where produced by partial & & \\  & substitution with NMR at 2\%, 4\%, 6\%, & & \\  & and 8\% by weight of cement. The & & \\  & nanocoly used in this investigation is & cement mortars with NMK were \\  & kaolin dry supplied by Middle East & higher than the reference mortar \\  & Mining Investments Company (MEMCO), & at the same water to binder \\  & Caire, Egypt. The nano-kaolin was & & (w/b) ratio. The enhancement in \\  & heated for 2 h at 1750 \(\cdot\) C to give active & & tensile strength reached 49\%, \\  & amorphous NMK. & & \\  & The ingredients were homogenized on an & & \\  & electric mixer to assure complete & & \\  & homogeneity. & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Electric mixer} & A total of 1\% or 2\%, & & \\  & Nano-monformuline modified foamed & & \\  & paste was produced with a high volume & & \\  & (70\%) fly ash shape. The nM used was & & \\  & produced by Zhejiang FengHong New & & \\  & Materials Co, Ltd., which has a purity of & & \\  & 90.5% (Technical Grade) & & \\  & The foaming agents and stabilizing agent & & \\  & had been dissolved in the water and used & & \\  & to soak the nM for 2h to facilitate its & & \\  & dispersion. Solids were mixed first and & & \\  & then mixed with water. Lastly, with the & \\  & water containing nMt and foaming & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Manufacturing and fabrication method of nano-montmorillonite/nanoclays suitable for cement nanocomposites according to literature. The work presented in this paper was part of a much broader research project, namely FIBCEM, (Nanotechnology-enhanced Extruded Fibre Reinforced For Cement-based Environmentally Friendly Sandwich Material for Building Applications) supported by the EU, involving industrial and academic partners throughout Europe, to investigate nanotechnology enhanced cements. A number of studies have been conducted and published by the authors on ternary, quaternary, or quinary pastes, which did not include fibers or superplasticizers [28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. Of all nanoparticles employed in these studies, the nMt's, which are promising materials for a number of reasons, including the fact that they are naturally occurring, abundant, and cost effective, provided ambiguous results.