## 3 Research Gaps and Issues  
* _Lack of Privacy Preservation:_ Existing benchmark models in the field of federated learning with electronic medical records often do not adequately address privacy preservation concerns. They either rely on simplistic anonymization techniques that may not provide sufficient protection or neglect privacy altogether, raising significant ethical and legal concerns [20].
* _Limited Scalability:_ Many benchmark models fail to consider the scalability of federated learning in the context of large-scale healthcare systems. They do not account for the challenges of aggregating data from a vast number of diverse healthcare institutions, leading to potential limitations in generalizability and real-world applicability.
* _Lack of Transparency and Auditability:_ Some benchmark models lack transparency and traceability in the federated learning process. The absence of a robust mechanism for verifying the integrity of data aggregation and model updates raises concerns about the reliability and reproducibility of the results obtained [26].
* _Understanding the Scope of Data Breaches and Cyberattacks:_ Data breaches and cyberattacks have become increasingly frequent and sophisticated over the years. These incidents can lead to significant financial losses, reputational damage, and potential legal consequences for affected parties. By collecting more data on the nature and extent of data breaches and cyberattacks, we can identify patterns, trends, and vulnerabilities that can inform better cybersecurity measures and preparedness.
* _Quantifying the Impact of Data Breaches:_ One of the challenges in handling data breaches is the lack of standardized metrics to assess their impact. Incorporating more data on the financial losses, customer trust erosion, and the time required for recovery can help organizations better understand the long-term consequences of such incidents. These data can also help policymakers develop more effective cybersecurity regulations and incentivize businesses to invest in robust security measures.
* _Identifying Vulnerable Industries and Sectors_: Different industries and sectors face unique cybersecurity challenges and risks. Collecting more data on data breaches and cyberattacks in specific domains can help organizations and authorities prioritize resources and allocate efforts where they are most needed. For instance, industries dealing with sensitive personal information, such as healthcare and finance, may require more stringent protective measures due to the potential harm caused by data breaches.
* _Strengthening Legal and Regulatory Frameworks_: Legislation and regulations surrounding data sharing and cybersecurity vary across jurisdictions. By incorporating comprehensive data on legal and regulatory hurdles that impede data sharing, policymakers can gain insights into the gaps and inefficiencies in current frameworks. This information can aid in crafting more robust and adaptive laws that foster responsible data sharing while ensuring privacy and security for all stakeholders.
* _Fostering Trust in Data Sharing:_ Public perception and trust regarding data sharing can be heavily influenced by data breach incidents and news of cyberattacks. Incorporating more data on these incidents can help organizations and policymakers understand the concerns of the public better. This knowledge can be used to develop transparent data-sharing practices, communicate risks effectively, and implement measures to protect data, ultimately fostering trust in data sharing initiatives.
* _Promoting Proactive Cybersecurity Strategies:_ Data breaches and cyberattacks are ever-evolving, and organizations must adopt proactive cybersecurity strategies to stay ahead of potential threats. By analyzing the data on past incidents, organizations can gain insights into the tactics used by attackers and strengthen their defenses accordingly. Moreover, sharing anonymized incident data can facilitate collective learning within industries and across sectors to enhance overall cybersecurity posture.