# AgriSecure: A Fog Computing-Based Security Framework for Agriculture 4.0 via Blockchain
## 4 Security Threats in Modern Agriculture
### IoT Vulnerabilities, Risks, and Threats in Agriculture  
IoT is made up of four main systems that make it possible to communicate between nodes. Sensing technology, IoT gateways, cloud servers, data storage, and mobile applications for remote control make up an IoT system. The architectures of IoT systems in agriculture come with current and new threats and vulnerabilities. These flaws can be linked to IoT device hardware and software problems, communication protocols, and also data processing and storage solutions (found, for example, in cloud infrastructures, data centers, and smartphones) [2; 11].  
According to [99; 100; 101], the following is a concise but accurate classification of the primary causes of low security in the IoT:  
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* Firmware that is not patched and/or default passwords that have been used for a long time allow for device compromise in an IoT network.
* Because of the limited computing power of smart devices and vendors' efforts to keep their prices low in a cutthroat market, it is difficult to incorporate complicated cryptographic algorithms.
* Flaws in the routing protocols used by smart devices (such as Bluetooth and ZigBee);
* The Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) protocol's outdated, low-security version, which is frequently still in use;
* Conducting passive vulnerability detection using search engines;
* The risk of assembling millions of smart devices into a potent botnet (such as Mirai), given how simple it is to find vulnerabilities via internet scanning;
* A general disregard for the security of smart gadgets  
Finally, a variety of criteria can be used to categorize IoT vulnerabilities, hazards, and threats. These risks apply to all IoT applications, including those in the agricultural sector. First, internal vs. external risks and passive vs. active risks are the two basic classification groups of security concerns in IoT systems in the agriculture sector [79].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Attacks** & **Agriculture Consequences** & **Years** & **Studies** \\ \hline Physical Attack & The collecting of data on the kind and potential & & \\ Replay Attack & applications of equipment for agricultural projects & (2019–2022) & [62; 76; 77; 78; 79; 80; 81] \\ Masquerade Attack & violates privacy. & & \\ \hline Dictionary attack, & Attackers with forged identities who can pass as & & \\ Session Hijacking, Spoofing & legitimate or authorized people can access the & (2019–2023) & [62; 79; 82; 83; 84] \\  & & precision agriculture system. & & \\ \hline Malicious Code Attack & & & \\ Repudiation Attack & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline Tracing Attack & Because of the confidentiality breach, unauthorized & & \\ Brute Force Attack & access to crucial data could result in the theft of & (2020–2023) & [29; 62; 79; 87; 88] \\ Known-Key Attack & significant data and pose serious risks to the privacy & & \\  & of the users of the involved agriculture system. & & \\ \hline Forgery Attack & Information about agriculture technology or smart & & \\ Man-In-The-Middle & farming techniques may no longer be accurate or & & \\ Attack (MITM) & dependable due to potential unlawful or improper & & \\ Trojan Horse Attack & changes in the reliability of data or resources. & & \\ \hline Denial of Service & & & \\ (DoS) attacks & Attackers have the ability to halt the functioning of & & \\ (SYN Flood, Ping of & the established smart farming network or even set & & \\ Death, Botnets) & up services that are inaccessible to farmers. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Summary of the study performed on attacks in agricultural 4.0.  
IoT hazards are categorized in another intriguing way using a layer-based system. According to [22], each of the levels below integrates many technologies that could lead to a variety of security threats, vulnerabilities, and/or breaches. The application layer, middleware layer, internet layer, access gateway layer, and edge technology layer are the five main layers that make up the IoT architecture.