# Strategies for Reducing Automobile Fuel Consumption
## 5 Transportation Policies, Alternatives, and Externalities
### Electric Mobility  
In Colombia, Law No. 1964 of 11 July 2019 [74] encourages the adoption of electric vehicles in the national territory. Electric traction, whether utilized in electric public transportation or passenger cars (whether fully electric or hybrid combustion/battery-powered), is increasingly recognized as a viable alternative to conventional ICE-propelled vehicles. _Electric vehicles_ (EVs) are notable because of their superior energy efficiency. However, optimizing this efficiency requires addressing energy losses stemming from different factors, including battery charging cycles, cabin temperature regulation, aerodynamic drag, and mechanical friction. A prominent aspect of electric motor operation in EVs is the fluctuation in performance which is contingent upon the charging cycles. This fluctuation is caused by demagnetization phenomena, which manifest when the motor temperature rises. Thus, adequate temperature regulation is an important element for the improvement of the efficiency and reliability of electric motors. Furthermore, it is worth noting that EVs provide zero emissions (i.e., _tailpipe emissions_). Nevertheless, its environmental friendliness depends on the source of electricity (fuel or renewable based). EVs exhibit significantly higher efficiencies compared to ICE-propelled vehicles. For instance, for the same type of vehicle (e.g., passenger car), the average energy consumption of an electric vehicle is approximately 0.470 MJ/km, compared to the 2.456 MJ/km consumed by a corresponding vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine [83]. This highlights the substantial energy savings associated with electric road vehicles. However, when assessing the efficiency of electric transportation, it is essential to consider the consumption of non-renewable primary energy associated with (a) the fabrication of electric road vehicles and (b) their transportation and distribution. Taking these factors into account, a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental impact and sustainability of electric vehicles could be obtained. In the context of electric vehicles (also called _battery electric vehicles_--BEVs) and hybrid-propelled (combustion/electric) vehicles (HEVs), two main types of alternating current (AC) traction motors are commonly used: _permanent magnet motors_ and _induction motors_. Each type has its advantages and limitations. Many car manufacturers and suppliers prefer permanent magnet motors due to their typically higher efficiency [84]. Several major suppliers currently utilize permanent magnet motors in their production of EVs and HEVs. On the other hand, induction motors may be more suitable for high-power output applications, although they are comparatively less efficient than permanent magnet motors [85]. Some companies use AC induction motors for their larger vehicles but utilize permanent magnet motors in their smaller models. Other electric vehicle companies employ unique approaches in electric trucks, such as individual four-wheel drive with permanent magnet motors, combined in a single integrated dual motor/transmission housing for both the front and rear wheels. Recent research in EVs and HEVs has primarily focused on enhancing _battery technology_ (i.e., increasing _energy density_ and reducing charging times), thereby addressing the crucial challenge of _limited driving range_[86, 87, 88]. Advances in solid-state batteries promise longer life, faster charging, and improved safety over traditional lithium-ion batteries. Concurrently, advancements in power electronics and motor efficiency are enabling more compact, efficient, and cost-effective drivetrains [89]. Another significant focus is the integration of _renewable energy sources_ with vehicle-charging infrastructure, aiming to reduce the overall carbon footprint of EVs. On the other hand, HEV research is focused on aspects such as optimizing the synergy between the electric motor and the ICE for better fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. The development of _plug-in hybrid vehicles_ further bridges the gap.