# Preliminary Valorization of Climatic Conditions Effects on
## 4 Results and Discussions
This can be due to the fact that existence of variety of climatic parameters in the site conditions, such as air flow and daily thermal variations, eased the carbon dioxide gain for the oiled mortars; hence they behaved closely as non-oiled mortars in the site condition. This is a progressive value as addition of fatty acids usually improves the hydric properties of lime mortars with adverse effects on the carbonation rates, based on previous studies in laboratory conditions [12]. However, natural curing in the site conditions did not manifest reduction of carbonation rates for oiled mortars. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Samples** & **Open Porosity by MIP** & **WA24h** \\  & **[\%]** & **[\%]** \\ \hline LA0 & 40.5 & 16.5 (\(\pm\)0.3) \\ LA1 & 33.2 & 4.5 (\(\pm\)0.5) \\ LA2 & 38.2 & 4.8 (\(\pm\)0.4) \\ SA0 & 35.0 & 18.1 (\(\pm\)0.3) \\ SA1 & 34.5 & 1.2 (\(\pm\)0.4) \\ SA2 & 36.6 & 1.9 (\(\pm\)0.4) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Physical properties of the investigated mortars: open porosity (by MIP) and water absorption (WA24h) assessed after 180 days of curing in laboratory and the site situation. The values of WA24h correspond to the average (\(\pm\)standard deviation). Figure 6 demonstrates the impermeability (or water vapor resistance) of the mortar samples. Generally, the samples demonstrated impermeability values in the range of 4 to 5. The results are in accordance with previously carried out studies [12; 15] and all of the mortars fall in the range of 0-6 for impermeability; hence, theoretically they are considered suitable for restorative applications as their water vapor diffusion resistance coefficient value falls below 15 [22; 23]. Increment of impermeability values of the mortars in presence of fatty organics can be due to their hydrophobic cavities, due to possession of lower open porosity compared to their non-oiled reference mortar demonstrated by MIP (Table 4). SA1 mortar manifested a higher permeability compared to the other samples cured in the site condition. This can be due to the high extent of its micropores, with diameters lower than 0.02 microns reported in the pore size distribution graph (Figure 3). This effect was notable only when the mortars were cured in the site conditions. In a previous study, the lime mortar samples containing higher extent of linoleic acid (13 wt.%) demonstrated alterations in the microstructures that also led to impermeability reductions [12]. However, in this study  
Figure 4: Substantial reduction of relative humidity [%] of the driest month of the year in the zone of the in-situ application (Shiraz) in ten years: (**a**): June of 2010; (**b**): June of 2020 [21]. Figure 5: Calcium carbonate formation after 180 days of curing in laboratory and in the site. Figure 3: Pore size distribution of air lime mortars at 180 days of curing. this effect was evident only when the A1 mortar was cured in natural climatic condition (SA1). According to Figure 5, this can be due to the practically complete carbonation of SA1 mortar when it had outdoor curing (SA1). Superficial durability of the lime mortars was assessed in freezing-thawing cycles. As a confirmation to previous studies, oiled mortars demonstrated substantially higher superficial durability compared to their non-oiled references, thanks to their low water absorption and their ability to discharge the absorbed water content before freezing due to possession of hydrophobic pores. Superficial detachments were visible for the non-oiled mortar samples cured at laboratory conditions demonstrated in Figure 7 after 5 destructive cycles. The same formulation demonstrated soundness up to 10 destructive cycles when it was cured at the site. Such an effect of curing was not reported in previous studies.