## 1 Introduction  
The rapid development of various industries around the world has brought convenience to our lives, but many environmental pollution problems due to the excessive discharge of pollutants have become increasingly prominent. In the textile industry, large quantities of printing and dyeing sewage and its pollutants are often discharged from factories [1]. According to statistics, the annual discharge of dye sewage in the world reaches 30 to 50 billion cubic meters. This discharge accounts for about 80% of the total textile industry and is the main source of sewage in the textile industry [2]. The sewage generated by printing and dyeing processes frequently contains a high concentration of pollutants, characterized by a complex chemical makeup comprising dyes, heavy metals, and a diverse array of organic compounds [3]. Textile dyeing sludge (TDS) [4], a byproduct generated during sewage treatment processes in sewage treatment plants, contains a significant quantity of toxic and hazardous substances, notably heavy metals, particularly Zn (II). The pollutants in the printing and dyeing sewage may cause carcinogenic or mutagenic effects in humans, seriously endangering human life and health [5, 6]. Complex and toxic dye sewage can also have an impact on the survival of microorganisms [7, 8]. Wastewater treatment methods currently used in the industry vary depending on the components of the wastewater and other factors. However, whether physical or biochemical treatment is used, the process not only consumes a large amount of resources and energy but also generates a large number of additional pollutants [9]. In the traditional sewage treatment process, the drying and incineration of sludge were used, which resulted in the release of a large amount of carbon dioxide [10]; therefore, in the context of the dual-carbon policy, the issue of sewage treatment has become a global concern [11; 12]. Subsequently, the efficient treatment of sewage is particularly important. Currently, a multitude of methods exist for treating dye sewage, encompassing physical adsorption, filtration, and various other techniques. Physical adsorption can adsorb the dye in water by a specific adsorbent such as activated carbon and nanoparticles [13; 14], and photocatalysis can be combined with the adsorbent to generate OH free radicals to remove the dye in the adsorption process. However, this method has a single effect and it is not applicable to sewage with complex compositions [15]. Furthermore, membrane filtration remains an effective technique; however, it is prone to membrane fouling [16], where the accumulation of impurities on the membrane surface can swiftly lead to clogging [17]. This necessitates frequent membrane replacements, ultimately driving up operational costs [7]. To address this, recent advancements have focused on developing more durable and self-cleaning membrane materials [18], as well as optimizing cleaning protocols to prolong membrane life and reduce replacement frequency, thereby mitigating cost concerns. In general, the current situation of water pollution treatment is not optimistic due to the insufficient treatment capacity, a wide variety of pollutants, and high operation and maintenance costs. Nowadays, more and more attempts are made to adopt bioremediation techniques for sewage treatment [19; 20; 21]. bioremediation, which uses the adsorption or degrading ability of microorganisms, is an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and more sustainable and efficient option to treat diverse contaminated media [22]. Various microorganisms can decolorize dyes by degradation, mineralization, adsorption, and so on [23]. Degradation of azo dyes by a fungus has been reported in a study by [PERSON] et al. [24]. Some previous studies [25; 26; 27] have also shown that bacteria have a strong decolorizing effect on different dyes. But in practical applications, microorganisms may be easily affected by environmental factors.