## 3 Results
### Detection
#### 3.1.1 Laboratory Setting--Dataset
The following four tables (Tables 3-6) display the percentage values of records identified as covariate shift, using a contamination level of 30% and dividing the data into Hard and Easy, as presented graphically in Figure 9. In the tables, alongside the information regarding the percentage of records, the Wilcoxon \(p\)-value is provided. This \(p\)-value is calculated by comparing the values of the test configuration with those of the control configuration. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Control**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Test Diff Ref Diff Chs_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Test Same Ref Diff Chs_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Test Same Chs Diff Ref Ref_} \\ \hline
**Second** & **Accuracy** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Accuracy** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Accuracy** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Accuracy** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline
10 & 0.87 & - & 0.64 & \(4\times 10^{-10}\) & 0.78 & \(9\times 10^{-8}\) & 0.8 & \(3\times 10^{-8}\) \\
30 & 0.93 & - & 0.63 & \(5\times 10^{-10}\) & 0.8 & \(1\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.82 & \(2\times 10^{-7}\) \\
60 & 0.93 & - & 0.63 & \(9\times 10^{-10}\) & 0.8 & \(1\times 10^{-7}\) & 0.81 & \(3\times 10^{-8}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Classification accuracy values and \(p\)-values achieved across different configurations. Figure 8: Mean accuracy across all tests for each configuration and corresponding Wilcoxon test. Dashed lines represent \(p\)-values for Wilcoxon tests comparing Control accuracy with that obtained in _“Test same Chs diff Ref”_, _“Test same Ref diff Chs”_, and _“Test diff Ref diff Chs”_ configurations (same color legend). The last two lines are not visible due to overlap. All \(p\)-values are below \(10^{-8}\). Figure 9: Each graph pair on a row represents a distinct isolation forest model trained with a different contamination level, using the Hard and Easy condition data. Each curve point signifies the percentage of records within the subset (X-axis value) identified with a data shift compared to control data. At each graph’s bottom is the Wilcoxon test, with dashed curves indicating \(p\)-values by comparing %CS values of the control configuration with the other three configurations separately. All \(p\)-values are below \(10^{-5}\) except one (dashed green line, first box on the left). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hard**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Easy**} \\ \hline
**N Record** & **\%CS** & **\(p\)-Value** & **\%CS** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline
10 & 0.42 & - & 0.49 & - \\
15 & 0.42 & - & 0.48 & - \\
20 & 0.42 & - & 0.46 & - \\
30 & 0.42 & - & 0.47 & - \\
45 & 0.43 & - & 0.48 & - \\
60 & 0.43 & - & 0.48 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Control Data. Figure 10 shows the percentage of values identified with covariate shift (%CS) in the four test conditions, using recordings obtained under the resting condition (i.e., open-eyes). The graph presents participants on the X-axis and the percentage of records in CS on the Y-axis. Each data point represents the mean of values across the six recording sessions (four sessions for subject 9). This graph also includes a fifth curve (i.e., the purple curve) related to the cross-session result, wherein one session is used for training the Isolation Forest model, and n-1 sessions are used for testing.