## 2 Electro-Optical Basic Concept of Architectural Standard Modulation
### Optical Conversion Gain Features
The simulations shown in Figure 5 yield similar results. However, the simulation model exhibits more noticeable improvement in higher frequency ranges, extending up to 195.5 GHz. The determination of the conversion efficiency involves assessing the difference in requested electrical powers between the up-lifted replicas at outgoing frequencies \(nf_{s}+f_{IF}\) and the inlet signal measured at a frequency of \(f_{IF}=0.5\) GHz. This analysis provides an insight into the effectiveness of the up-mixed signal within the framework of designing electro-optical standard modulation systems. Referring to Figure 7, the electrical conversion gain (ECG) undergoes a reduction in the simulation analysis from 38 dB at \(f_{s}+f_{IF}=20\) GHz to 13 dB at \(10f_{s}+f_{IF}=195.5\) GHz. This transition from the initial to the final ECG values shows a notable 25 dB difference. The ECGs of the up-converted signal in the experimental research presented in Figure 7 are limited to measurements at \(f_{s}+f_{IF}=20\) GHz, \(2f_{s}+f_{IF}=39.5\) GHz, and \(3f_{s}+f_{IF}=59\) GHz due to the constrained bandwidth of the used ESA. To confirm the results, a comparison is made with the corresponding range in simulated scenarios. Because of the shot and thermal noise at the receiver, coupled with the optical fiber's photonic inefficiencies, the ECG observed in real-world experiments is about 2 dB lower than the simulation ones. Our laboratory research corroborates the ECG findings in the actual environment when compared to the simulated data. Thanks to the SOA amplification gains and the involvement of mixing frequencies associated with the harmonics \(H_{n}\), favorable ECG values are achieved over all mixing frequencies in both simulation and experimental measurements. At substantial mixing frequencies, the ECG undergoes a notable decrease due to the dynamic conductance of the SOA-MZI [20]. Nevertheless, the amplification of electrical power at extreme mixing frequencies is influenced by the conventional modulation process and the increase in the OPC repetition rate, as presented in the following section [46]. Figure 6: Experimental electrical spectrum achieved for the significate up-converted signal at \(nf_{s}\pm f_{IF}\) at the SOA-MZI outlet for the standard modulation design, where \(n\) spans from 1 to 3. Owing to the dynamic nature of the SOA-MZI, achieving parity between harmonic power and replica power becomes an important task. D. QPSK Frequency Up-Conversion Attributes  
At a data transfer speed of 5 Gbit/s, we assess the efficacy of an electrical Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) data subcarrier that has experienced frequency shifting to elevated frequencies. This evaluation is conducted through simulations at the outgoing portal of the SOA-MZI within the framework of the electro-optical standard modulation. The effectiveness of the applied mixing system is gauged by assessing the quality of the up-shifted signal through the error vector magnitude (EVM), offering valuable insights [47; 48]. The bit error rate (BER) metric for the QPSK mixing transmission is conducted using the BER_El-M-QAM arrangement integrated into the VPI software. These BER metrics appraise the excellence of the received signal, determining the EVM parameters for the recorded signal in the mixing process. Following the application of error correction techniques (FEC), the established threshold for admissible BER is defined as 0.0038 [49]. Moreover, the EVM restriction for the QPSK data should not surpass 17.5% [50; 51]. It is noteworthy that, for experimental purposes, the up-converted photon undergoes conversion into a digital format employing a contemporary digital sampling oscilloscope (DSO). Subsequently, the EVM of the recorded signal is evaluated utilizing vector signal analyzer (VSA) software. Additionally, the DSO-VSA instruments exhibit the capability to demodulate the up-mixed QPSK data at various mixing frequencies. It is essential to emphasize that the optical outgoing power directly at the output portal of the SOA-MZI registers at 29.5 dBm.