### Importance of Structural Health Monitoring in Bridge Maintenance  
Effective maintenance of bridges is vital to ensure the safety of transportation infrastructure and the uninterrupted flow of goods and services. Over time, bridges are subjected to numerous external factors, including dynamic loads, harsh environmental conditions, and aging processes, all of which can lead to gradual deterioration and compromise the structural integrity of these critical infrastructure elements [10]. Structural health monitoring (SHM) has emerged as a valuable tool in bridge maintenance, offering a proactive and data-driven approach to assess and manage the condition of bridge structures [11]. Unlike traditional inspection methods that rely on visual observations and periodic assessments, SHM employs continuous monitoring systems to gather real-time data on various structural parameters, enabling early detection of potential issues and facilitating timely intervention [12]. One of the primary advantages of SHM is its ability to provide a comprehensive understanding of a bridge's behavior and condition [13]. By employing a network of sensors strategically placed throughout the bridge, SHM systems can capture critical information, such as strain, deformation, temperature, humidity, corrosion, and vibration. These data points offer valuable insights into the performance and health of the bridge, allowing engineers and maintenance personnel to make informed decisions regarding repair, maintenance, and rehabilitation strategies. The integration of nanosensors within SHM systems has revolutionized bridge maintenance practices [14]. Nanosensors, utilizing nanoscale materials and innovative sensing principles, offer enhanced sensitivity, accuracy, and versatility in monitoring bridge structures [15]. They can detect minuscule changes in structural parameters, enabling early detection of damage, fatigue, or other signs of deterioration that may not be immediately visible to the naked eye. The real-time and continuous data provided by nanosensors enable proactive maintenance practices, optimizing the allocation of resources and minimizing the potential risks associated with bridge failures. Furthermore, SHM systems incorporating nanosensors contribute to the development of a more sustainable and cost-effective maintenance approach [16]. By enabling targeted interventions based on actual structural conditions, resources can be allocated more efficiently, reducing unnecessary repairs and maximizing the lifespan of bridges [17]. This approach not only saves time and money but also minimizes disruptions to traffic flow, reducing the inconvenience caused to the public during maintenance activities. The implementation of SHM systems in bridge maintenance is of paramount importance. By integrating nanosensors into these systems, engineers can continuously monitor the structural health of bridges, enabling early detection of potential issues and facilitating prompt and targeted maintenance interventions. This proactive approach enhances the safety, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of bridge maintenance practices, ensuring the longevity and reliability of these critical transportation assets. Figure 1 illustrates the significance of structural health monitoring (SHM) in bridge maintenance by highlighting key aspects of importance. The horizontal bars represent various aspects, including enhanced safety, timely intervention, optimized maintenance, improved durability, and sustainable practices. The importance ratings depicted on the x-axis emphasize the significance of SHM in ensuring the safety, reliability, and longevity of bridges. The ratings represented in Figure 1 were determined through a meticulous, multi-faceted methodology designed to amalgamate insights from various authoritative and empirical sources. An assembly of domain experts provided evaluative scores for each SHM aspect, using a specified rating tool to ensure accuracy and consistency.