## 2 Background
### EPR-Based Investigations  
Considering the risks, various research projects have investigated the security, management and administration of EPR data. The majority of research in the EPR data analytics domain has tended to focus on patient and doctor support-based applications, with projects ranging from the direct detection of medical conditions (e.g., tachycardia [34], dementia, etc. [35]) and supporting medication management [36], to administrative/data management support-based studies [37; 38; 39]. For example, [PERSON]. [PERSON] et al. outlined the advantages of using electronic medical records for the creation of a medical domain dictionary [40]. Their approach demonstrates the potential to analyse EPR data for patient \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Findings** \\ \hline
**2019** & [PERSON] et al. documented a detailed survey of patients and their experience of EPR data. In the survey, the main concern is related to the interpretation of the data in an EPR record, with 70\% of participants expressing that they found the data hard to understand [23]. \\ \hline
**2018** & [PERSON] et al. conducted a survey comprised of the general public and physicians. Of the public participants, 48.8\% reported that they are worried about unauthorised access, whereas, 58.1\% of physicians felt that the doctor–patient relationship would not be disrupted [24]. \\ \hline
**2015** & A total of 78.9\% of the survey participants would have concerns relating to the security behind their personal data if they were part of a national EPR system. Furthermore, 71.3\% felt the health service does not guarantee EPR security [25]. Additionally, 46.9\% responded that EPRs would be less secure compared with how their health record was held at the time of the survey. \\ \hline
**2014** & Overall, 64.5\% of participants expressed apprehension regarding security/breaches when their own health data are transferred electronically between different healthcare professionals [26]. \\ \hline
**2013** & A total of 48\% of people believed healthcare IT would worsen privacy and security [27]. \\ \hline
**2012** & Overall, 60\% believed that a widespread adoption of EPR-based systems would result in higher levels of personal data being stolen [28]. \\ \hline
**2012** & A total of 31\% have concerns that the privacy and security of their medical information may be at risk within EPRs [29]. \\ \hline
**2010** & California Healthcare Foundation found that 68\% of patients are concerned about the privacy of personal medical records [30]. \\ \hline
**2009** & As many as 76\% of people thought it was likely that an unauthorised person would get access to an EPR [31]. \\ \hline
**2008** & Here, 62\% of respondents did not think data stored within an EPR would remain confidential [32]. \\ \hline
**2006** & In this study, 80\% of people were very concerned about identify theft or fraud when healthcare infrastructures use EPR data [33]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Patient privacy concerns by patients. similarity clustering, by adopting the use of a semi-supervised clustering approach. This offers a clear demonstration of the advantages of digitising patient records; where data are harnessed for assisted decision-making, for doctors and other (diagnosis and treatment-based) medical staff. This is further demonstrated in the research by [PERSON] et al., who presented the use of electronic medical records analytics for the development of a screening system [35]. The system is applied for the intelligent detection of at-risk surgical patients during on-call periods. Whilst being a single-centre study, the results indicate that an improved 28-day mortality rate is possible through a statistical data analysis process. The ability to harness medical information across multiple healthcare critical infrastructures has tremendously beneficial applications, particularly with regard to developing advanced personalised healthcare applications [41].