## 1 Introduction
[29] numerically investigated a geofoam-filled trench in a test site with a sand-gravel mixture soil for attenuation of vibrations generated by a load source with a maximum dynamic force amplitude of 15 kN. [PERSON] et al. [30] investigated a new generation of seismic artificial material used to screen waves propagating in wide frequency bands for noise and vibration isolation using LS-DYNA software with a finite element method. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] conducted a series of full-scale field experiments with artificially generated ground vibrations in the field to determine the effects of parameters such as the type of vibration source, local site conditions, and geometric dimensions of open trenches on vibration isolation. Combining vibration and noise barriers, [PERSON] et al. [32] conducted numerical investigations using the semi-analytical finite element method for ground vibration and the boundary element method for sound propagation. It was found that a typical 3 m noise curtain combined with a buried 4 m concrete wall deployed 80 m from the train line resulted in a noise loss of 12 dB and an 8% reduction in vibration amplitudes. [PERSON], [PERSON], et al. [33] used the impulse response (IR) test method with a 12 lb instrumented hammer to excite a railway track bed ballast consisting of various contaminated ballast to estimate ballast fouling, and the impulse response results were successfully correlated with the assessed Fouling Index of the ballast. [PERSON] et al. [34] proposed a new periodic composite rubber-concrete barrier (PCRCB) with prefabricated assembly characteristics for environmental vibration reduction. The results of the laboratory study showed that the depth of the impact load affects the vibration isolation. A study was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [35] on the use of polyurethane foam trenches to mitigate ground-borne vibrations from sources such as construction and traffic. The efficiency of open and infill trenches was analyzed, with findings indicating that trench depth and material properties, especially for low-density infill materials, are critical for effective vibration reduction. [PERSON] et al. [36] conducted a study to investigate ground-borne vibration isolation using dual open and in-filled trenches, addressing the limitations of single-trench solutions. Experimental findings indicated that dual trenches, particularly those filled with geofoam, significantly reduced vertical vibrations, achieving up to 76% reduction with normalized depths, thus demonstrating greater efficiency compared to single trenches. [PERSON] et al. [37] conducted a study to provide insights into the behavior of geocell-reinforced beds subjected to vibration loads, analyzing both reinforced and unreinforced. The results revealed that the inclusion of geocell reinforcement significantly improved vibration isolation efficacy, with foundation bed strain reduced by 67%, and a proposed mechanism quantified the diffraction angle and dispersion distance of induced vibrations. [PERSON] et al. [38] conducted a study on mitigating surface waves for ground vibration isolation by proposing a composite in-filled trench made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and concrete arranged as a periodic structure. The investigation revealed that the proposed trenches effectively reduced vibrations when their attenuation zone matched the surface wave frequencies, outperforming trenches made of concrete or EPS alone. [PERSON] et al. [39] conducted a study on the use of trackside wave barriers to isolate vibration transmission from metro train operations into over-track buildings. Their numerical model revealed that open trenches, especially those in-filled with geofoam, offered superior vibration isolation compared to concrete walls and other materials. Furthermore, the investigation of harmful vibrations that affect the efficiency of construction activities using vibration monitoring methods has been the subject of numerous studies, particularly in recent years [40; 41; 42].