###### Abstract
In recent years, Chinese scholars have conducted extensive research on the analysis of highway tunnel accidents and safety evaluations. Their work has provided valuable methods and insights for the assessment of tunnel operational risks. [PERSON] [11], [PERSON] [12], [PERSON] [13], and others combined the current status of Chinese highway tunnel operation management and the characteristics of tunnel traffic accidents to conduct a comprehensive analysis of various factors influencing tunnel operational safety. They integrated the Delphi method, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method and established a tunnel operational safety evaluation index system and a level classification calculation model. They also constructed quantitative analysis standards for the evaluation index system and indicators, providing a basis for tunnel operational safety risk assessment. At the same time, some scholars have started to apply risk theory to tunnel engineering practices and use it as a basis to explore and establish the inherent connections between the two. [PERSON] [14] conducted a statistical analysis of domestic and international accident data and characteristic patterns of in-service highway tunnels. For the first time, he proposed the Tunnel Operational Social Risk Acceptance Criteria (F-N curve) specifically for China. [PERSON] [15] and others combined the characteristics and hazards of highway tunnel fires from both domestic and international sources. They utilized the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to analyze the hierarchical relationships among various factors and established a four-level hierarchical structure. This allowed them to conduct a qualitative analysis of the causes of highway tunnel fire incidents. [PERSON] [16] and others conducted a study on highway tunnel traffic accidents in the southwestern mountainous region of China. They introduced the accident tree analysis method and quantified the importance of accident safety factors through structural importance analysis. Currently, in China, research on tunnel operational risk assessment methods mostly involves comprehensive integration or improvement of methods that have been applied in other engineering fields. [PERSON] et al. [17], building upon the risk parameters of EuroTAP for highway tunnel operation, expanded the evaluation scope and accuracy and established a highway tunnel operation safety level assessment method suitable for the Chinese context. [PERSON] [18] employed Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) method, and the Extension Theory-based Comprehensive Evaluation (ETCE) method to assess the risks of highway tunnels in Sichuan Province, China. After conducting a comparative analysis, they identified the most suitable and rational evaluation method and applied it to the engineering project. [PERSON] [19] and others, based on the MaluanshanTunnel project, proposed an urban traffic tunnel operational safety risk assessment system that combines overall evaluation and specific assessment. Currently, tunnel operation safety management in China primarily relies on a \"reactive approach\", focusing on \"response during an emergency after incidents\". However, research on theoretical methods and control technologies for \"prevention before incidents\" is significantly lagging. Compared with the advanced safety management theories and practices in domestic and international contexts, the construction of a comprehensive risk management system for highway tunnel operation safety in the transportation industry is not yet fully developed. There are still many gaps and deficiencies in operational safety management. Therefore, researching operational risk assessment for long and large highway tunnels, promoting the establishment of tunnel safety risk management systems, and enhancing the tunnel's resilience against risks are pressing tasks. Based on previous research, this paper focuses on the characteristics of long and large highway tunnels.