# Asynchronous Quantum-Resistant Blockchain for Secure Intelligence Sharing
## 2 Literature Review
### Comparative Analysis of System-Level Features in Blockchain Architectures  
To explore the practical applicability and long-term scalability of blockchain systems, this study reviewed and compared five critical system characteristics: data security, resistance to quantum computing attacks, lightweight storage burden, consensus efficiency, and sustainable maintenance. Data security refers to the system's ability to protect the integrity, immutability, and confidentiality of transaction data. It is a foundational pillar of blockchain design. Resistance to quantum computing attacks evaluates the system's cryptographic robustness against future quantum threats, which are capable of breaking classical encryption algorithms. Lightweight storage burden focuses on minimizing the cost of data synchronization and storage between nodes, which are especially important in environments like IoT or mobile devices. Consensus efficiency relates to transaction throughput, latency, and energy consumption--key indicators of blockchain scalability and performance. Finally, sustainable maintenance concerns the system's ability to maintain secure and efficient long-term operation without performance degradation. A comparison of the three representative studies is conducted based on the five aforementioned features, as shown in Table 1.  
[PERSON] et al. [16] proposed the Meepo architecture, a multi-execution and sharding framework for consortium blockchains designed to enhance cross-organizational scalability and efficiency. In terms of data security, Meepo supports isolated execution environments and private channels for each organization, effectively enabling data separation and access control. For storage burden, the sharding mechanism reduces the volume of data each node must store and synchronize, achieving significant optimization. Consensus efficiency is improved through the use of localized consensus mechanisms that reduce global synchronization, thereby enhancing transaction processing performance. However, while Meepo offers modular deployment, it lacks a systematic approach for ensuring long-term performance stability and operational integrity, and thus falls short in achieving sustainable maintenance. Additionally, quantum resistance is not addressed, as the system still relies on traditional cryptographic methods. [PERSON] et al. [17] conducted a comprehensive survey on the application of blockchain in smart grid systems, highlighting its potential roles and technical challenges. In terms of data security, the study emphasizes blockchain's role in ensuring transparency and immutability of energy transaction data, thus enhancing trust, but lacks detailed analysis of cryptographic mechanisms. On quantum resistance, although the article mentions the potential threat of quantum computing, it provides no specific technical design or mitigation strategy. Regarding storage and maintenance, it identifies limitations in resource-constrained IoT nodes but does not propose concrete architectural solutions. Consensus efficiency is discussed theoretically, with references to consensus mechanisms like PBFT and PoW in smart grid contexts yet lacks experimental validation. Sustainable maintenance is discussed conceptually, with emphasis on decentralized governance and autonomy in \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature/Literature** & [16] & [17] & [18] \\ \hline Data Security & \(\blacktriangledown\) & - & \(\blacktriangledown\) \\ \hline Lightweight Storage Burden & \(\blacktriangledown\) & \(\bigtimes\) & \(\bigtimes\) \\ \hline Consensus Efficiency & \(\blacktriangledown\) & - & \(\bigtimes\) \\ \hline Quantum Resistance & \(\bigtimes\) & \(\bigtimes\) & \(\blacktriangledown\) \\ \hline Sustainable Maintenance & \(\bigtimes\) & \(\bigtimes\) & \(\bigtimes\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. \(\blacktriangledown\) indicates achieved, \(\bigtimes\) indicates not achieved, - indicates not mentioned.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Literature comparison table.