# Engineering for Peace and Diplomacy
## 5 Engineering and Diplomacy  
In the field of conflict management and peace studies, the concepts of peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peacekeeping are intimately related to diplomacy, narrowly defined as \"the fundamental means by which foreign policy is implemented\" [11]. As shown in Figure 5, diplomacy along with development and defense (the three Ds) are often presented as being interconnected pillars of \"national policy decisions regarding investment, security, economic development, the environment and engagement\" [3]. All three pillars benefit from investments in science, technology, and engineering [7; 52]. In the framework of Figure 5, peace engineering can be seen as overlapping all three aspects of foreign policy. Engineers are known to be involved in defense and development projects. Less clear is their role in diplomacy and foreign policy in the global open and ever-changing world of the twenty-first century. The concept of engineering diplomacy has been advanced in the literature [53] as a field, which is to the engineering profession what the existing field of science diplomacy is to science. What can be learned from science diplomacy that could be applied to engineering diplomacy? Science diplomacy is an umbrella term often used to describe how science can serve as a vehicle to create transboundary and cross-disciplinary partnerships through scientific collaboration. As such,science diplomacy represents \"unofficial or nonofficial (also called Track 2) diplomacy\" addressing the science-policy nexus [11]. It has been spearheaded by organizations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science (see AAAS, [[http://www.aaas.org](http://www.aaas.org)]([http://www.aaas.org](http://www.aaas.org))) in the US and the Third World Academy of Science (see TWAS: [[https://twas.org](https://twas.org)]([https://twas.org](https://twas.org))) based in Trieste, Italy. In a recent report, the InterAcademy Partnership [54] demonstrated the input of scientists to global policymaking with a focus on the UN Sustainable Development Goals. As noted by [PERSON] [8], the science-policy nexus can mean different things to different people including (i) science in diplomacy (e.g., scientific research addressing global issues in support of policies); (ii) diplomacy for science (e.g., policies facilitating scientific collaboration); and (iii) science for diplomacy (e.g., scientists and policymakers joint advocacy and advising in-between states). [PERSON] [8] reviews several examples of international science-policy nexus initiatives including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Both initiatives transcend national boundaries and involve intergovernmental (transnational and regional) bodies. At the regional level, a good example of the science diplomacy initiative is the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (see ICIMOD; [[http://www.icimod.org/](http://www.icimod.org/)]([http://www.icimod.org/](http://www.icimod.org/))) based in Nepal which involves collaborative scientific work on climate change and natural hazards mitigation affecting eight countries in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. Another regional example is CERN (see [[https://home.cern/](https://home.cern/)]([https://home.cern/](https://home.cern/))) based in Switzerland that involves the collaborative work of physicists across various European member states and Israel. Similarly, engineering diplomacy can be understood as a vehicle to integrate engineering in/for diplomacy or diplomacy for engineering [55]. It can take different forms such as \"supporting education and research capacity, exchanging faculty and students, and 'building bridges' via partnerships to implement engineering and technology-related projects\" [53]. Like science diplomacy, engineering diplomacy can also be interpreted as a Track 2 form of diplomacy (sometimes called citizen diplomacy) that complements the more traditional Track 1 which relates to the policymaking world of diplomats and government officials.