## 4 Discussion
Post-exercise relaxation also increased their self-confidence and rendered them less fearful of pessimistic problems [37]. Our results are congruent with those of the effects of traditional face-to-face exercise on the QOL of older adults of different ages [11; 12; 38; 39] and also consistent with the impact of previous VR fitness interventions on the QOL of adults aged \(\geq\) 65 years [20; 40]. Recent studies support the application of technology-based interventions in enhancing the QOL of sub-healthy older individuals across various age groups. [PERSON], [PERSON] [19] implemented a 12-week rehabilitation therapy through a mobility application combined with smart dumbbells and found significant differences in QOL between the EG and CG, with no significant age-related differences. Our results are similar to a previous study. Therefore, technology-based exercise training is a potential strategy for maintaining QOL in sub-healthy and healthy older adults of different ages. Notably, significant decreases in autonomy and overall QOL were observed in the CG older adults. Additionally, significant decreases in past, present, and future activities were noted in the CG young-old adults. A longitudinal study revealed the importance of physical activity in predicting QOL [4]. After retirement, young-old adults tended to reduce their physical activity and worry about their health within 2-4 years [41]. Retirement is often associated with a loss of identity and affects mental health [42]. Physical activity potentially helps older adults regain purpose in daily life, while participation in group activities can afford them a sense of belonging [43]. Consequently, older individuals are able to acquire autonomy and effectively manage their lives by engaging in or maintaining physical activity. Regardless of age, the promotion of consistent physical activity among retired older individuals will contribute to the preservation of QOL and promotion of mental health in later life. Additionally, no significant increase in the past, present, and future activity dimension was noted in the EG older adults. Intimacy also did not improve as a result of the exercise intervention. This study involved a dynamic exercise intervention. Although the older adults exercised together, they did not interact with each other. However, when exploring specific deep inner feelings, static interventions and accompanied collaboration can improve QOL and more effectively support the psychological feelings of older adults. For example, a 9-week three-dimensional (3D) VR-based intervention combined with aromatherapy with assistance from a facilitator significantly improved life satisfaction in older adults [44]. Another 8-week 3D VR-based intervention combined with hands-on horticultural therapy significantly improved their perceptual abilities and achievement motivation [45]. Previous research has demonstrated differences in physical performance between adults and older adults after participating in VR [46; 47]. In contrast, few research studies involving VR have explored age differences and psychosocial QOL outcomes. The new contribution of this paper is to understand changes in the self-perceived QOL of older adults of different ages after participating in a multicomponent exercise intervention involving technology-based sports. Our study demonstrates that a 12-week semi-immersive VR exercise intervention significantly enhances the QOL of individuals aged 65 and older, including those aged 74 and above. These findings align with previous research highlighting the positive effects of exercise on enhancing QOL [6; 22; 23]. Additionally, we observed a decline in QOL among the older adults who did not participate in the exercise intervention, with particular attention needed for the young-old adult group. This research underscoresthe critical role of regular physical activity in promoting QOL among older adults and supports the use of technology-based exercise strategies to improve self-perceived QOL. However, our study has certain limitations.