# Enhancing Smart Agriculture by Implementing Digital Twins: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Reviewing DT Applications in Agriculture and Farming Domain
### The Second Categorization of Researched Literature, Related to Specific Technical Research Aspects
** & **Communication Technologies** & **Real-Time Data, Visualization, Analytics** & **IoT Cloud Services** & **Data Bases** & **Software** & **Simulation Software** & **3D, Modelling AR-VR** \\ \hline
[28] & Ethernet & Grafana, Real-Time Data & IoT Broker, FIWARE, IoT agent & Mongo DB, Draco, My-SQL, & Python & Simulation software to generate a virtual environment for a DTI of an irrigation  
On the other hand, AI, ML, and DL algorithms seem to be a major issue in [45; 63; 83; 87; 88], leading to Big Data analytics [82] to describe DT modelling that relies heavily on real-time  
available data flow. The immense amount of data is stored in databases such as Mongo DB [28; 73], Draco, My-SQL [28; 73], and SQLite [80; 81], besides using Excel CSV files for retrieving height values [79] or generally mentioned Knowledge bases as in [75] leading to cloud big data manipulation schemes in [45; 81; 85]. Major cloud computing platforms such as Alibaba Cloud, Amazon web services, Google Cloud Platform, IBM, and Microsoft Azure are examples of cloud computing services provided by leading technology companies that serve the DT idea, as seen in [87]. Cloud IoT service broker agents come into place as a software component or intermediary that facilitates the interaction between cloud service consumers (users or organizations) and cloud service providers like FIWARE. In [28; 73], FIWARE cloud applications are exploited, adding to IoT broker and IoT agents to facilitate cloud management of context information. The procedure includes converting various communication protocols into a shared base protocol and incorporating intelligent functionality through the processing, analysing, and visualising of contextual data. FIWARE generally is used as an open-source platform to provide a standardized framework and a set of reusable components for building smart applications and services in the context of the IoT and Future Internet (FI) domains. It aims to simplify the development of innovative and interoperable solutions by offering a collection of open APIs, data models, and software tools that facilitate the development of smart applications and services. A fuzzy inference system enhances adaptive and learning capabilities. It handles nonlinear and complex relationships between variables, as in [73], in addition to Siemens industrial plant simulation software for plant simulation model production with a weather station. In [67; 79], the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet application is used instead of other dedicated software such as Geo-Soft-Core, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository hosted at the archive DIGITAL.CSIC in [78] or Java ontology editor to elaborate a DT editor in [75; 76]. Lastly, wireless network communication technologies are addressed in the research literature. Initially, the wired networking technology Ethernet is mentioned in [28; 73; 77], while the wireless networking technologies such as Wi-Fi are mentioned in [35; 45; 74; 77; 87], LoRaWAN in [45; 73], mobile or cellular in [45; 74; 87] and generally mentioned as mandatory in [29; 82]. Bluetooth, RFID, and NB-IoT are exploited in [85].