## 8 Conclusions  
CLS's impact was analysed by comparing the following factors before and after 20 min of CLS among 30 healthy participants: muscular electrical activity; muscle strength; and balance status (static and dynamic).  
* Balance: Decreasing the duration of both the static and dynamic balance can be considered as a negative side effect of CLS for static balance, while this decrease may be viewed as a positive impact for dynamic balance. In addition, the COP in the medial/lateral direction displayed a significant increase post-CLS compared to pre-CLS. Thus, increasing the COP in any direction can be considered another negative effect of CLS on the static balance.
* EMG: regarding the lower limbs' muscular status, only the lateral gastrocnemius muscle was electrically activated after CLS, with a significant difference compared to before.
* Limb strength: the hip extensor; knee flexor; and ankle plantar flexor became stronger when assessed using the force sensor after CLS compared to before.  
Generally, 20 min of CLS had a positive impact on dynamic balance, while static balance was affected negatively post-CLS compared to pre-CLS. In addition, CLS has a positive influence in terms of electrical stimulation on all lower limb muscles, except for the lateral gastrocnemius, which is responsible for the flexion of the ankle joint and acts as an assistant muscle in the flexion of the knee joint. Therefore, CLS can be safely included in one's daily routine and in any rehabilitation programme to improve the dynamic balance and muscular strength that is responsible for hip extension; knee flexion; and ankle plantar flexion, and to increase the range of motion accordingly. However, CLS should be avoided for patients who are suffering from static balance disturbance. In general, CLS does not need any prevention means if the personal sitting duration is short, e.g., 20 min.  
Conceptualisation, H.A. and W.W.; methodology, H.A.; software, W.W.; validation, W.W.; formal analysis, H.A. and W.W.; investigation, H.A.; resources, A.A. and G.A.; data curation, H.A. and A.A.; writing--original draft preparation, H.A.; writing--review and editing, W.W.; visualisation, H.A. and W.W.; supervision, W.W.; project administration, G.A.; funding acquisition, H.A. and W.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study received funding from the University of Dundee, the School of Medicine PhD Cost Centre Fund. This research received the PhD studentship from Al-Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.  
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the University of Dundee, Medical School Ethics Committee (SMED REC Number 21/74) on 6 September 2021.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors are grateful to all volunteers who participated in this study, and to [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their support during data collection. The acknowledgements are extended to the University of Dundee, the School of Medicine, particularly the Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, for giving the authors a chance to conduct the study with their help.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.