# Fluoride Risk Assessment of Different Brands of Coffee Commercialized in the Canary Islands
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization  
The exposure assessment was calculated by setting the coffee serving volume at 60 mL, based on which the fluoride estimated daily intake (EDI) from these beverages was established for three consumption scenarios following the survey results: 1, 2, and 3 coffees per day. This was carried out for both the data obtained from coffee brewed with distilled water and the ones from coffee brewed with tap water (Tables 6 and 7). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fluoride by Area** & **Mean (mg/L)** & **SD (mg/L)** & **Min (mg/L)** & **Max (mg/L)** \\ \hline Metropolitan & 0.25 & 0.691 & 0.02 & 3 \\ \hline South & 1.04 & 0.599 & 0.1 & 7 \\ \hline North & 1.12 & 2.677 & 0.12 & 15.1 \\ \hline
**Coffee Prepared with Tap Water** & **Mean (mg/L)** & **SD (mg/L)** & **Min (mg/L)** & **Max (mg/L)** \\ \hline Metropolitan & 0.39 & 0.48 & 0.01 & 4.73 \\ \hline South & 2.73 & 2.83 & 0.19 & 8.47 \\ \hline North & 1.35 & 3.37 & 0.21 & 16.68 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Mean fluoride content is in the tap water of the different areas of Tenerife and in the coffee brewed with this coffee. The tolerable upper intake level established by EFSA for the adult population (7 mg/day) was used to perform the risk characterization for the different scenarios [36] (Tables 8 and 9). The highest percentage contribution to the reference value by brand for the intake of a daily cup of coffee was found for Haecndado decaffeinated coffee (0.25%), followed by Haecndado natural ground (0.25%). As for coffees prepared with tap water for the same scenario, the highest percentage was determined for coffee prepared with water from the southern part of the island (2.34%). It is necessary to consider that these percentages refer to the average fluoride content recorded in each area of Tenerife since, if these percentages were calculated with the maximum concentrations recorded in each area, there would be a risk (specific areas of the island of Tenerife). However, this has been calculated with the averages to generalize the results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Brand** & **EDI 1 Cup (mg/Day)** & **EDI 2 Cup (mg/Day)** & **EDI 3 Cup (mg/Day)** \\ \hline Bio Lidl\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.001 & 0.001 & 0.002 \\ \hline Orix\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.000 & 0.001 & 0.001 \\ \hline Haecndado Natural Ground Coffee\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.017 & 0.035 & 0.052 \\ \hline Kynia\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.001 & 0.002 & 0.003 \\ \hline Marcilla\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.000 & 0.001 & 0.001 \\ \hline Caracol\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.000 & 0.001 & 0.001 \\ \hline Tirma Mild Blend\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.009 & 0.017 & 0.026 \\ \hline Sabanda\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.001 & 0.001 & 0.002 \\ \hline Carioca\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.001 & 0.002 & 0.003 \\ \hline Haecndado Caracolillo\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.001 & 0.001 & 0.002 \\ \hline JSP\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.003 & 0.007 & 0.010 \\ \hline Haecndado Natural Espresso\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.005 & 0.009 & 0.014 \\ \hline Saimaza\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.015 & 0.030 & 0.046 \\ \hline Auchan Coffee\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.012 & 0.025 & 0.037 \\ \hline Bellarom Natural\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.002 & 0.004 & 0.006 \\ \hline Bellarom blend\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.001 \\ \hline Bellarom Decaffeinated\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.001 & 0.001 & 0.002 \\ \hline Haecndado Decaffeinated\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.018 & 0.037 & 0.055 \\ \hline Haecndado Soluble Coffee\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.004 & 0.008 & 0.012 \\ \hline Nescafé Classic Soluble\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.016 & 0.033 & 0.049 \\ \hline Auchan Intense Espresso\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) & 0.000 & 0.001 & 0.001 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Fluoride, estimated daily intakes from coffee, prepared with distilled water according to brands.