## 3 Digital Twins for Health Systems
### Platforms and Solutions for Healthcare-Based Digital Twins  
DTs can be used to model organs, systems within the body, or even entire medical processes. Many companies [63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69] provide such solutions for the biomedical sector, as also exemplified in Figure 9:  
1. Siemens Healthineers: Provide virtual twin solutions that simulate patient-specific organ and body systems to support diagnosis, treatment planning, and therapy optimization. Their technologies are applicable in cardiovascular diseases, oncology, and personalized medicine.
2. Philips Healthcare: Leverages their IntelliSpace Discovery platform to develop virtual replica for personalized treatment plans. The platform's applications include disease progression modeling, patient monitoring, and treatment optimization.
3. IBM Watson Health: IBM integrates AI and analytics to create DTs that aid in clinical decision support and personalized medicine for chronic disease, drug development, and operational efficiency in hospitals.
4. GE Healthcare: They provide the Hospital of the Future (HoF) Simulation Suite, which creates a digital replica of hospital(s) (and related ambulatory services) to be used in health management with the aim of focusing on the problems and scenarios.
5. Dassault Systemes: They provide a 3 DEXPERIENCE platform that enables the creation of virtual representations for organs, entire body systems, and care workflows. This can be applied in virtual surgery, treatment planning, and drug development.
6. Ansys: Ansys provides simulation tools for creating replicas that model the mechanical and fluid dynamics of organs and medical devices. Its applications are cardiovascular simulations, orthopedic implants, and medical device testing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Application Field** & & **Objective** & **Outcome** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Healthcare Systems} & - & Visualize patient care through & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{Enhanced patient care through} \\  & & real-time data integration and & & \\  & advanced analytics and & & personalized treatment plans \\  & & implement analytics and & & and real-time monitoring. \\  & & preventive techniques. & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Personalized Medicine} & - & Develop personalized DTs for & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{Improved treatment outcomes} \\  & & patients to improve treatment & & through personalized DTs. \\  & & outcomes. & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Chronic Disease Management} & - & Manage chronic diseases, such & - & Enhanced controlling of chronic diseases. \\  & & as metabolic disorders. & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hospital Management} & - & Optimize hospital operations. & - & Improved overall operations \\  & & & and resource allocation. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Medical Research and Education} & - & Simulate and model DTs for & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{Advanced medical research} \\  & & application in medical research & & outcome and the provision of \\  & & and education. & & good resources and training for \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Patient Engagement} & - & Empower patients to actively & - & Increased patient engagement \\  & & participate in their own care. & & and participation in care and \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The application of digital twins in the medical sector.  
* Medtronic: Medtronic is developing DTs to enhance the design and performance of its medical devices and improve patient outcomes.
* Oracle: Oracle provides a platform for creating DTs of therapeutic processes to optimize patient care and operational efficiency.