## 4 Bioactive Properties
### Antibacterial Effects
(116,200) discovered a series of sesquiterpene phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpene coumarins from _F. ferulioides_ with strong antibacterial properties against multidrug-resistant (MDR) _S. aureus_ strains, including ATCC25923, RN4220, SA1199B, XU212, EMRSA15, and EMRSA16. Among them, 8,9-oxoisopropyldishamirome (**454**) and ferulaeolactone A (**452**) displayed better antibacterial properties than some of the controls in the above strains, i.e., norfloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oxacillin. The sesquiterpene phenylpropanoid (6_E_)-1-(2,4-dihydroxypropyl)-3,7,11-trimethyl-3-vinyl-6,10-dodecadien-1-one (**439**) and the sesquiterpene coumarin 2,3-Dihydro-7-hydroxy-2S*,3R*-dimethyl-2-[4,8-dimethyl-3(_E_),7-nondaienyl]-furro[3,2-c]coumarin (**383**) from _F. heuffelli_ could significantly inhibit _S. epidermidis_ (MIC: 11.2 and 5.2 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\), respectively) and _Microococcus luteus_ (MIC: 22.5 and 10.5 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\), respectively) growth. Moreover, (6_E_)-1-(2,4-dihydroxypropyl)-3,7,11-trimethyl-3-vinyl-6,10-dodecadien-1-one (**439**) could also inhibit _B. subtilis_ growth, with an MIC value of 11.2 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)[210]. [PERSON] et al. [211] discovered two sesquiterpene phenylpropanoids from _F. fertiloides_ using TLC-bioautography-directed isolation. Both compounds showed significant antibacterial activities against five tested strains, especially the MDR strains XU212 and SA1199B, and the MIC values of the two compounds (16 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\) and 1 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\), 8 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\) and 2 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\), respectively) were lower than the standard antibiotic norfloxacin (32 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\) and 8 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\), respectively). Ferulsinaic acid (**218**) was found to have strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strains (_B. cereus_ and _S. aureus_) and Gram-negative strains (_Serratia_ sp., _Pseudomonas_ sp., and _E. coli_), which was comparable to the reference antibiotics ampicillin and amoxicillin (**145**). In 2007, [PERSON] et al. [212] proved that galbanic acid (**213**) could enhance the antibacterial activity of penicillin G and cephalexin against _S. aureus_. The MIC of penicillin G alone was 64 ug/mL, while the MIC of a combination of penicillin and galbanic acid (**213**) was reduced to 1 ug/mL. In the meanwhile, the MIC of cephalexin decreased from 64 ug/mL to 1 ug/mL when used in combination with galbanic acid (**213**). In 2009, [PERSON] et al. [213] proved that galbanic acid (**213**) could enhance the activity of methicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin against isolates of _S. aureus_. The MIC of methicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin decreased from 10-80 ug/mL, 40-80 ug/mL, and 10-20 ug/mL to less than 1.25 ug/mL when used in combination with galbanic acid (**213**). The class A \(\beta\)-lactamase is one of the main causes of \(\beta\)-lactam antibiotic resistance. Umbelliprenin (**150**) and galbanic acid (**213**) showed potent inhibitory activity (IC\({}_{50}\): 54 \(\pm\) 2.9 uM and 47 \(\pm\) 3.1 uM, respectively) against class A \(\beta\)-lactamase, and the IC\({}_{50}\) of the positive control, clavanic acid, was 24.1 \(\pm\) 2.1 uM. Moreover, the average MIC of penicillin G alone was 244.2 \(\pm\) 12.3 uM, while the average MIC of penicillin-umbelliprenin and penicillin-galbanic acid were 21.3 \(\pm\) 4.3 uM and 18.2 \(\pm\) 5.6 uM, respectively, which was a significant decrease from the MIC of penicillin G. The results indicate that umbelliprenin (**150**) and galbanic acid (**213**) may be good substitutes for clavulanic acid to combat infections caused by _S. aureus_ resistance [214]. Galbanic acid (**213**) appears to exert its antibacterial activity by the regulation of drug resistance. In 2014, [PERSON] et al. [158] reported that 4\({}^{\prime}\)-hydroxy kamolonol acetate (**277**) and kamolonol (**334**) from _F.