## 3 Open Issues
The availability, productivity, and safety of operations are subjected to the security of communications when we project these challenges onto real-world applications, e.g., AHS. Wireless communication technologies such as LTE and 5G would achieve a rapid transformation of the AHS in the mining environment [32]. Thus, incorporating these technologies into the mining operations will give rise to opportunities for new attack vectors in the industrial environment. This leads us to the earlier claim that there is a current necessity for a well-studied procedure or guideline to tackle specific issues in the mine. As an example, what is the ultimate channel utilization and power transmit (Tx) within the mine? How can rouge access points be prohibited from injecting traffic into the mining network in the presence of mine challenges with signal processing? Is the IEEE802.11 wireless protocol a viable mining solution (i.e., especially for AHS) or should different solutions be suggested, e.g., PLTE, 4G, and 5G systems? Furthermore, there is a strong relationship between cybersecurity and communication technologies in the mining industry. DSRC-WAVE technology is also considered a suitable vehicular communication technology (i.e., vehicle to everything (V2X)) for autonomous vehicles in the mining industry, according to [PERSON] et al. [29]. This technology enables a variety of applications for autonomous vehicles, including safety and resource efficiency applications [28]. As a result, the investigation of DSRC communication technology in the mining industry, especially the AHS, is still an open issue. For example, an unauthorized emergency message disseminated among the autonomous trucks can cause disruption in the mining operation. The integrity of the propagated message is not maintained, which could lead to wrong decisions related to the mining operations. Although these communication technologies will outperform current technologies in terms of bandwidth and latency, they would be exposed to different variant of cybersecurity attacks, such the case of jamming attacks [33]. 5G, PLTE, and DSRC-WAVE, as any previous wireless communication technologies, are vulnerable to common attacks such as jamming attacks, which produce deliberate interference in order to obstruct genuine users' communication. Such types of attacks (i.e., jamming attacks) pose a serious risk to public safety, and hence mining safety too. Therefore, the mining industry, when developing AHS systems adopting any of these technologies, should develop a comprehensive security strategy for enabling these technologies in automated mines using AHS-based systems. All of these issues inspired us to pose even more in-depth questions and investigate different directions. For instance, in areas where both AHS and manual mining might be simultaneously used, what are the cybersecurity ramifications of having them both on the same network? Up until the writing of this paper, there were no industry standards or regulations that impose any specifications. Instead, organizations are repurposing other industry standards to fit within the mining environment, as previously mentioned. Overall, this study seeks to bridge the gap between existing standards and mining applications in cybersecurity, specifically network infrastructure. Yet, we believe a comprehensive solution would take into consideration security during the design phase as well as build solutions purposely to accommodate the mining environment and its applications, such as the AHS system.