# Eco-Efficient Mobility in Smart City Scenarios
## Personal Vehicles and C-ITS  
### Services for Personal Vehicles and Beyond  
It is forecast that almost 70% of world's population will live in cities by 2050 [27]. This implies a real need for sustainable ways of transportation in order to make cities better places to live. In fact, electric personal vehicles are already replacing cars and motorbikes in urban scenarios, which has a positive impact on the urban mobility's carbon footprint and, consequently, on the city inhabitants' health. Switching from a car to eco-friendly alternatives is nowadays simple and satisfactory thanks, in part, to connectivity--and this is only the beginning. The inclusion of these vehicles into hyper-connected spaces, as shown in Figure 1, offers users a plethora of novel practical services that improve their eco-mobility experience and safety. For obvious reasons, traffic safety has been the main focus of research related to vehicular connectivity during the last few years. Advances in this field could be even more important in the case of personal vehicles due to their vulnerability. Although many efforts are being done by city councils for separating bicycles and equivalents from regular traffic, they are still the weakest link in the chain. So far, due to the great latency of V2I communication, V2V alternatives have been employed to warn riders about dangerous proximity of another vehicle [28]. However, with the arrival of 5G, it is expected that the infrastructure could also help with improving road safety with a comprehensive vision of traffic and roads in real time. Intelligent route planning is another relevant service that permits finding the shortest and safest routes towards a given destination or even suggesting intermodality alternatives taking into account user needs or preferences [29]. In this line, route planners may adopt different path choice strategies considering the dynamic conditions of unreliable transit networks [30]. In addition, by integrating these kinds of systems in a smartphone, the application may guide the user before and after the ride, hence helping her to find an available vehicle (bike, scooter, etc.) or a valid parking spot in the case of using a vehicle-sharing service. These services are great beneficiaries of online vehicle location and tracking systems aiming at developing effective fleet management systems as well as improving its economic feasibility [31]. This is of prominent importance for achieving a coherent fleet organization and distribution but also for providing customers with a service cloud-platform to enable reservations or provide real-time traffic analytics, among other useful services. Digitalizing private vehicles also opens a range of valuable applications for owners, public authorities and citizens, in general. The first that comes to mind is security. Thousands of bikes and scooters are stolen every day in cities worldwide. Connectivity solutions can strengthen the classic mechanical lock, not only by enabling their real-time tracking as mentioned above, but also by using the OBU as a smart-lock managing vehicle's electronics. These e-lock capabilities can make the device unusable if manipulated, hence making the vehicle less attractive in the reselling market. In addition, continuous vehicle monitoring permits to be in contact with the retailer or technical service by anticipating device failures or receiving advice or alerts from them. Generalizing information collection from these vehicles, a plethora of new services in the area of traffic efficiency, environmental preservation, and citizen well-being can be fed with data harvested in Internet of Vehicle (IoV) scenarios. Sensory OBUs can monitor air pollution, sun radiation, noise, or navigation data, to analyze moving patterns, detect unhealthy areas, and recommend green itineraries or balance roads, cycle lanes and walking areas to reach a trade-off among all citizens. Finally, the synergy of sustainable personal mobility with social media platforms is also highly interesting as it permits creating a sense of community.