# LoRa Architecture for V2X Communication: An Experimental Evaluation with Vehicles on the Move
## 2 Wireless Technologies and the Challenges for V2X Communication
DSRC in the US also supports IEEE 1609 standards for security and internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), user datagram protocol (UDP), and transmission control protocol (TCP) for networks and transport layers. The frequency spectrum ranges from 5.8 GHz to 5.9 GHz with a transmission throughput of 2.5 Mbps. DSRC provides ITS applications through different embedded devices like RSUs, OBUs, and pedestrian devices. Extensive research is done with DSRC in [43; 44] which includes a pilot project in New York City. These experiments and projects suggest their poor performances in a higher vehicular density environment. These results eventually inspired researchers to focus more on cellular vehicular communication, commonly termed as C-V2X. LTE-based V2X communication is commonly termed as LTE-V2X and it is standardized by the 3 rd Generation Partner Project (3 GPP). Communication between the user equipment and the evolved node base station is supported by LTE-V2X. Rel-14 and 15 mentioned some important constituents of LTE-V2X: user equipment, V2X server, V2X control function, evolved NodeB (eNB), and multimedia broadcast multicast service [45]. Each vehicle communicates with a V2X server with unicast communication and it also broadcasts a beaconing message to all the vehicles of a single communication cell, so with LTE, V2V can exchange information with nearby UEs directly and RSU can receive this information from UEs supporting V2I applications. Moreover, this information can be transferred to any particular UE or group of UEs with V2I. The V2X server also supports V2N communication which can also communicate with any UE or group of UEs. V2V and V2P communication are also possible with infrastructure supporting V2X services like RSU [46]. Mainly two operation modes are defined in LTE-V2X in Rel 13: (i) network-based communication for the vehicles to connect with the network and (ii) direct communication mode with device-to-device communication (D2D) [47]. Though V2X developed a lot with LTE-V2X it is not enough for autonomous driving and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). 3 GPP Rel. 14 of June 2017 developed the base and paved the way for integrating 5G new Radio (NR) in V2X which is termed as NR-V2X [45]. Rel. 15 comes with phase 1 which focuses on achieving enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and URLLC which is the core requirement for autonomous driving whereas phase two focuses on expanding and optimizing phase 1 [47]. Moreover, NR-V2X supports the multi-cast on top of the transmission broadcast. The comparison of the discussed wireless technologies is presented in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Wireless Technology** & **Network Type** & **Spectrum** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Transmission Range** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Transmission** \\ **Throughput** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Mobility Support** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline LoRa [48] & WAN & \begin{tabular}{c} 433, 868 \& \\ 915 MHz \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 2–5 km (Urban) \\ and 15 km (suburban) \\ \end{tabular} & 27 Kbps & Yes \\ \hline Zigbee [49] & PAN & \begin{tabular}{c} 433, 868 \& \\ 915 MHz \\ \end{tabular} & 10–100 m & \begin{tabular}{c} 250 Kbps for \\ 2.4 GHz; \\ 40 Kbps for \\ 915 MHz; \\ 20 Kbps for \\ 868 MHz \\ \end{tabular} & Yes \\ \hline DSRC [42] & \begin{tabular}{c} Wireless \\ Ad-hoc \\ \end{tabular} & 5.8-5.9 GHz & 1 km & 2.5 Mbps & Yes \\ \hline Bluetooth Low & \begin{tabular}{c} 100 m \\ (Class 1 device); \\ \end{tabular} & PAN & 2.4 GHz & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 10 m \\ (Class 2 device); \\ 1 m \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 1400 Kbps \\ (BLE 5) \\ \end{tabular} & Limited \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of different wireless technologies used in V2X. Moreover, there are different interesting technologies like light detection and ranging (LiDAR) which can be widely used in V2X and intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). [PERSON] et al.