# Design and Analysis of a Hybrid MPPT Method for PV Systems Under Partial Shading Conditions
## 1 Introduction  
The usage of renewable energy sources has significantly increased over the past ten years due to reasons such as the dwindling of traditional energy sources, environmental concerns, and the fluctuating price of fossil fuels [1]. One of the most effective and reliable renewable energy sources utilized today is photovoltaic (PV) technology integrated into electrical grids. PV resources are a clean, abundant, economically cheap, and long-term resource that are beneficial to economic development and employment [2, 3, 4, 5]. Solar energy is also one of the most invested-in and promising sources among renewable energy sources. During 2024, around the world, 75% of the expansion in renewable capacity has been caused by photovoltaic energy, and photovoltaic energy capacity has been increased by30% when compared with the previous year. As of the end of 2024, the total installed solar PV energy capacity worldwide had reached approximately 2.2 TW [6]. A PV system typically consists of PV modules, a controller, a DC-DC converter, and a load [7]. PV modules have two options for powering loads: directly or through DC-DC boost converters. The power transfer capability of a PV system is limited without an MPPT controller. MPPT and DC-DC boost converters can be used to supply the optimum power and adjust the voltage level [8]. Temperature, irradiance, geographic location, panel shadowing, pollution level, humidity, and other factors all have an impact on the solar PV module's efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to identify surroundings and employ corrective measures in order to use PV solar energy efficiently [3]. Especially in shading situations, the efficiency of PV cells decreases significantly. The amount of energy that should be produced from the photovoltaic system is lower than desired due to shading [9]. Frequently, trees, poles, snow, chimneys, birds, and antennas provide shade [10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. The PV module is forced to work in conditions of partial shade due to the impact of shadows created by nearby objects [15]. In PV systems deployed in urban locations, partial shading is a frequent loss factor that should be taken into account when estimating electrical output [16]. The partial shading phenomena in some PV array modules restrict the total current of the series modules and decrease the overall output power [17]. Partial shade causes a significant drop in the PV array's power production, which lowers efficiency and raises prices and design complexity. PV panels are typically linked in parallel to boost the power produced or in series to improve string voltage in photovoltaic systems [18; 19]. In this situation, shaded PV cells use a portion of the energy produced by non-shaded PV cells if any of these panels are shaded by passing clouds, nearby trees, or other buildings [1]. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is used to achieve the desired output power by reducing these negative effects, particularly in partial shading situations. In the current literature, there are many MPPT algorithms to cope with partial shading conditions and obtain maximum power in PV systems. These MPPT algorithms in the literature are distinguished from each other by various features such as cost, efficiency, implementation complexity, tracking accuracy, tracking speed, required sensors, and input parameters. The Perturb & Observe (P&O) and Hill Climbing (HC) methods are the most widely used methods in the literature [20; 21]. These two methods demonstrate a similar core strategy for obtaining the maximum power point (MPP). The HC algorithm works by irregularly changing a power converter's duty cycle. The P&O algorithm operates with a change in the PV system's operating voltage [22]. Many other MPPT methods have been used in the literature to solve the partial shading problem. Classical MPPT algorithms have been further developed and are the subject of many studies.