esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### DFT Calculated CH\({}_{4}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O Adsorption on Coal  
#### 3.1.1 CH\({}_{4}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O Adsorption on Graphene  
Graphene, or a single layer of carbon rings, was often used as a simplified model for coal in previous studies [5; 9; 35]. In this work, CH\({}_{4}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O adsorptions on graphene were tested in order to validate our computational methods, as well as to provide a baseline for the binding affinity to CH\({}_{4}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O.  
The most stable adsorption geometries of CH\({}_{4}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O on graphene predicted by the PBE functional with DFT-D dispersion corrections are shown in Figure 2. Table 1 lists the adsorption energies (E\({}_{\mathrm{ads}}\)) calculated by the PBE+DFT-D and other methods, along with the distances between the graphene plane and the CH\({}_{4}\) or H\({}_{2}\)O molecules.  
Figure 2: Most stable adsorption geometries of (**a**) CH\({}_{4}\) and (**b**) H\({}_{2}\)O on graphene.  
The binding energy (\(-\)24.90 kJ/mol) and distance (3.22 A) of CH\({}_{4}\) adsorption on graphene predicted by PBE+DFT-D closely match the experimental values of \(-\)13.5 kJ/mol and 3.03 A [38]. They also resemble the values found in previous theoretical calculations; for example, \(-\)31.8 kJ/mol and 3.36 A, as reported by [36]. A similar study based on a smaller carbon model (C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{8}\)) predicted the adsorption energy and distance to be \(-\)13.3\(-\)13.89 kJ/mol and 3.36\(-\)3.39 A [5].  
The results in Table 1 suggest that the dispersion effect is indispensable for the correct prediction of CH\({}_{4}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O adsorption since, without dispersion, the interactions between the carbon layer and the small molecules become rather weak so that the equilibrium distances are larger than the experimental value. The results also suggest that PBE+DFT-D can achieve accuracy equivalent to that produced by m11-L, which is a meta-GGA functional and computational more expensive [27]. Moreover, H\({}_{2}\)O adsorption is slightly stronger (\(-\)31.63 kJ/mol) than CH\({}_{4}\) adsorption (\(-\)24.90 kJ/mol), with both hydrogen atoms facing towards the graphene layer.  
As a comparison, we also tested the accuracy of the COMPASS forcefield. For methane adsorption, the COMPASS forcefield predicted value (\(-\)5.38 kJ/mol) is slightly weaker than the experimental result (\(-\)13.5 kJ/mol) but is qualitative correct. For H\({}_{2}\)O adsorption, COMPASS forcefield generates an adsorption energy (\(-\)17.4 kJ/mol) rather close to the experimental value. The results suggest that the accuracy of the COMPASS forcefield is adequate for the molecular simulation calculations performed in this study.
###### Abstract  
The isotopic content (\(\delta^{13}\)C, \(\delta^{2}\)H, \(\delta^{18}\)O) and concentrations of 30 elements (Li, Na, Mg, P, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Ba, Pb, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb) were determined in different wild and cultivated berries (raspberry, seabberry, blackberry, cranberry, and blueberry). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied in order to develop models for differentiating berries according to their botanical origin and growing system. \(\delta^{13}\)C, \(\delta^{2}\)H, \(\delta^{18}\)O, Li, Na, Mg, P, Ca, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Ba, and Eu were identified as significant elements for the differentiation of berry species, based on which an 85% PLS-DA model accuracy was obtained. Similarly, the PLS-DA model developed for the growing system differentiation correctly classified 94.4% of the cultivated berries and 77.2% of the wild ones, based on the main predictors: \(\delta^{13}\)C, \(\delta^{18}\)O, Li, Na, Ca, Cr, Mn, Ni, Rb, and Ba. The developed PLS-DA model for the discrimination of wild blueberries from cultivated ones showed excellent levels of sensitivity (100%), specificity (100%), and accuracy (100%).  
wild berries; cultivated berries; isotopic content; elemental profile; PLS-DA
# End Face Attitude Detection of Special Steel Bars Based on Improved DBSCAN
## 3 Proposed End Face Attitude Detection Algorithm for Special Steel Bars
### Acquisition of the Special Steel Bar End Face Attitude  
#### 3.4.1 Calculation steps of the Special Steel Bar End Face Attitude  
At this point, we have obtained the feature point of the steel bar's end face, which is the center of the circumcircle. The steel bar's ends are sprayed or pasted with two-dimensional codes, so the existing mature two-dimensional code identification method is applied. The end point of the two-dimensional code far from the circle center is selected as the second feature point. These two feature points can be used to calculate the attitude angle of the steel bar's end face. The specific calculation steps are as follows:  
1. The circumcircle of the steel bar's end face is detected according to our method, and the circle center and radius of the circumcircle are obtained. The results are shown in Figure 7b.
2. No matter how the steel bar is rotated, the circumcircle center of its end face remains the same. Therefore, the circumcircle center is taken as the coordinate origin \(O\). The horizontal and rightward direction passing through the origin is taken as the positive direction of the X-axis. The vertical upward direction passing through the origin is taken as the positive direction of the Y-axis, resulting in a Cartesian coordinate system \(XOY\).
3. The two-dimensional code on the steel bar's end face is detected and identified, and the steel bar product information as well as the four endpoint positions of the two-dimensional code can be obtained.
4. The QR code end point \(P_{QR}\) is selected that is farthest from the center \(O\) of the bar, and the angle between the vector \(OP_{QR}\) and the positive direction of the X-axis is calculated, so the current attitude angle of the steel bar end face is obtained. The results are shown in Figure 7c, and the attitude angle is 25.393 degrees.
# Transforming Petrochemical Processes: Cutting-Edge Advances in Kaolin Catalyst Fabrication
## 6 Unlocking the Potential: Advanced Applications of Kaolin in Industry
### Catalysis  
Kaolin is widely recognized for its catalytic applications beyond the petrochemical industry due to its high surface area, porosity, and chemical inertness. This mineral can be utilized both as catalyst support and as a stand-alone catalyst for the synthesis of microspherical zeolitic molecular sieves and silica aluminophosphate (SAPO) sieves [16]. In environmental catalysis, kaolin-supported catalysts are effective in breaking down organic pollutants in water and soil, such as pesticides and dyes, and are also used in the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in automotive and industrial exhaust treatment [130]. In fine chemical synthesis, kaolin acts as a catalyst in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates, enhancing reaction selectivity and yields, and is utilized in hydrogenation reactions crucial for manufacturing various fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals [131; 132]. Kaolin-based catalysts also play a significant role in renewable energy processes, aiding in the conversion of biomass into biofuels and in water-splitting reactions to produce hydrogen [133; 134]. In the polymer industry, kaolin serves as a catalyst support in poly merization reactions [135], facilitating the production of polymers with desired properties, and oxidation reactions essential for manufacturing a range of industrial products. The green chemistry applications of kaolin include the development of catalytic converters that enhance reaction efficiency and minimize waste and photocatalysis for environmental cleanup processes under light irradiation [136; 137].  
Kaolin's role in catalysis is notably significant, but its most critical application is within the petrochemical industry. Here, kaolin is pivotal in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), which is a crucial process that transforms heavy hydrocarbons into valuable lighter products, such as gasoline and petrochemical feedstocks. The upcoming section will offer an in-depth exploration of kaolin's fundamental contributions to petrochemical catalysis, which stands as the most relevant point of this review study.
# A Vision of 6 th Generation of Fixed Networks (F6G): Challenges and Proposed Directions
## 2 Services and Requirements for F6G
### The Indispensable Network Transformation in Order to Realize the F6G Vision
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Service Requirements**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Service Type**} \\ \hline
**Category** & **Service** & **Bandwidth** & **Latency** & **Reliability** & **Density** & **eFBB** & **FFC** & **GRE** & **FFBC** & **GRFB** & **GRFFE** \\ \hline  & Digital twins & H & L & H & M & & & & x & & \\  & Hans environment automation & M & L & H & M & & & & & x & \\ Industry 4.0 & Collaborative robots & H & M & H & M & & & & & x \\  & AR diagnosis and collaboration & H & L & H & M & & & & & x \\  & & & & & & & & & x & \\  & & & & & & & & & x & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\ Entertainment/ & Homestyle extended reality (KR) & H & M & M & L & x & & & & & \\  & Internet of senses & M & M & M & L & x & & & & \\ \hline  & Ultra smart airport & H & L & H & H & & & x & x & \\  & Ultra smart port & H & L & H & H & & & x & x & x \\ Transportation & Ultra smart highway & H & L & H & H & & & x & \\  & Ultra smart city & H & L & H & H & & & x & \\  & Ultra smart railway & H & L & H & H & & & & x & \\  & Ultras monitoring, e.g., airplanes, fleet & H & L & H & H & & & & x & x \\ \hline  & Telesurgery & H & L & H & L & & & & x \\ E-Health & AR field metal support & H & L & H & L & & & & x & \\  & remote areas Diagnosis/consultations & H & L & H & L & & & x & \\ \hline Education & AR-assisted remote education & H & L & H & L & & & x & & \\ \hline Safety & Health hazard monitoring & H & M & H & M & x & & & & \\  & AI-assisted incident detection & H & M & H & M & & & x & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Classification of services and their requirements in the F6G ecosystem, eFBB: Enhanced Fiber BroadBand, FFC: Full Fiber Connection, GRE: Guaranteed Reliable Experience, FFBC: Full Fiber BroadBand Connection, GRFB: Guaranteed Reliable Fiber Broadband, GRFFE: Guaranteed Reliable Full Fiber Experience. Figure 3: Requirements during F5G and F6G for the different service categories. Figure 2: Our vision of the F6G ecosystem: The six categories of services based on their requirements. The equivalent categories of the 6G ecosystem are shown in parentheses in red.
## 19 Quasi-Isotropic Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna--Bow-Tie Patch with Harmonic Suppression  
[PERSON] et al. [18] proposed a quasi-isotropic hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) and bow-tie patch with harmonics suppression. The proposed antenna consists of a DRA, a bow-tie patch, and a microstrip Chebyshev low-pass filter. A quasi-isotropic pattern is realized by applying a bow tie patch to the designed DRA. The 7 th-order Chebyshev low-pass filter is applied to reduce harmonics generated by the proposed antenna. The measured gain isolation between the operating band and the 2 nd harmonic is 10.10 dB, and gain isolation between the 3 rd harmonic is 18.94 dB. The authors claim that the proposed antenna can be applicable to applications that require omni-directional radio reception, such as wireless access points, Internet of Things, and radio frequency identification.
# Pet Fiber Reinforced Wet-Mix Shotcrete with Walnut Shell as Replaced Aggregate
###### Abstract  
In the rapidly developing modern society, many raw materials, such as crushed limestone and river sand, which are limited, are consumed by the concrete industry. Naturally, the usage of waste materials in concrete have become an interesting research area in recent years, which is used to reduce the negative influence of concrete on the environment. Hence, this paper presents the development of a sustainable lightweight wet-mix shotcrete by replacing natural coarse gravel with a kind of byproduct, nut shell (walnut). Fibers made from dumped polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles were mixed in the composite to improve the properties of the lightweight wet-mix shotcrete. The initial evaluation of the fresh concrete mixed with different volume fraction of walnut shell was carried out in terms of its performance capacities of mechanical properties (i.e., tensile and compressive strength), pumpability and shootability (i.e., slump, pressure drop per meter and rebound rate) and the results were compared with plain concrete. With increase of walnut shell, compressive and splitting tensile strength of casting concrete decreased, while slump and pressure drop reduced slightly. Additionally, appropriate dosage of walnut shell can improve the shootability of fresh concrete with low rebound rate and larger build-up thickness. In the second series tests, polypropylene (PP) fiber and multi-dimension fiber were also mixed in composite for comparative analysis. After mixing fibers, the splitting tensile strength had obtained marked improvement with slight reduction of compressive strength, along with acceptable fluctuation in terms of pumpability and shootability. Furthermore, relation of density and compressive strength, relation of rebound and density, build-up thickness and relation of compressive and splitting tensile strength were discussed. This study found wet-mix shotcrete incorporating PET fiber with walnut shell of about 35% coarse aggregate replacement could be used for roadway support as lightweight shotcrete per requirements of mine support.  
wet-mix shotcrete; walnut shell; PET fiber; mechanism; pumpability; shootability +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Feature-Preserved Point Cloud Simplification Based on Natural Quadric Shape Models
## 3 Experiments and Discussions
### Comparison of the Simplification Effect with Other Algorithms
#### 3.3.2 Point Cloud Simplification for the Machine Component Data Set
For the component data set, the comparison of experiment effects showed that the FPPS algorithm divides the surface into different regions and analyzes shape features, such as the boundary and curvature. During the process of the simplification algorithm, the regular shape was matched correctly, and the shape features were similar to those of the real surface, so the simplification effect was optimal, and the performance of the curvature-based algorithm was slightly lower than that of FPPS. However, faced with a wide range of surfaces that are similar to regular shapes, the uniform-based and grid-based simplification algorithms produce an unsatisfactory effect.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Bench-Scaled Alkaline Fractionation of RH at Optimized Conditions  
Changes in the composition of RH after bench-scaled fractionation are summarized in Table 3. The percentage of solids remaining after the alkaline fractionation was 34.1%, and the glucan content was 80.1%, which corresponded to an increase of 225% based on oven-dried RH. Cellulose was rarely hydrolyzed during the fractionation, whereas XMG and lignin were extracted from raw RH at 69.1% and 81.9%, respectively. At the same time, 0.5% of glucan and 1.1% of XMG were found in the Fr. hydrolysate, corresponding to an extraction mass balance of 78.1% for glucan and 38.9% for XMG, respectively, whereas 69.1% and 81.9% of XMG and lignin, respectively, were fractionated from the raw RH. At the same time, 0.5% of glucan and 1.1% of XMG were found in the Fr. hydrolysate, which corresponded to an extraction mass balance of 78.1% for glucan and 38.9% for XMG, respectively.  
This was attributed to the fact that glucan and XMG fractionated from raw RH existed in the form of oligomers, such as cello-oligomers and xylo-oligomers (unquantified oligomers), not monomeric forms such as glucose and xylose. However, low amounts of decomposed products were found in the Fr. hydrolysate despite the dissolution of approximately 70% of XMG, indicating that the Fr. hydrolysate is rich in XMG and can be effectively used for other processes that use xylose as a raw material [38].
## 9 WLAN Integration with 6G: Challenges and Opportunities
### Enabling Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)  
Some emerging applications, such as industrial controls that heavily depend on predictable and reliable network services, demand precise and exact timing. The availability of an accurate and high-resolution understanding of time is used for their optimal operation. Further, providing guaranteed access to services is also a key requirement in the 6G ecosystem. However, time-sensitive networking is still a challenge in most WLANs. WiFi 7 is addressing this issue with the IEEE 802.1 TSN standard. As discussed in Section 5.7, recent WiFi networks achieve better performance in terms of TSN. However, the other WLAN technologies are yet to incorporate features to support time-sensitive traffic. Most VLC standards still operate in contention-based modes, which cannot cater for TSN. Therefore, it is necessary to explore other MAC protocols that can enable time-sensitive networking to provide guaranteed services in VLC and OWC.
## 3 Results
### In Vitro Metabolic Stability of ERDA  
The liver is the most important site of drug metabolism in the body. Liver microsomes are subcellular fractions that contain membrane-bound drug-metabolizing enzymes. Microscopes can be used to determine the in vitro intrinsic clearance of a compound. The curve for ERDA metabolic stability (the ERDA percent remaining is plotted versus time) was established following sample analysis. The time points of the linear range of this curve (0-10 min) was used to plot another curve of time versus the natural logarithm (Ln) of ERDA remaining. The elimination rate constant or slope of the linear part was used for the calculation of ERDA in vitro half-life (t\({}_{1/2}\)). The equation of the linear part of the curve was \(y=-0.0951x+4.6188\) with R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9961, that was used for the calculation of in vitro t\({}_{1/2}\) and in vitro t\({}_{1/2}\), was found to be 7.28 min and the inference clearance (CL int) was 95.11 \(\mu\)L/min/mg (Figure 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Stability** & **Nominal Con. (ng/mL)** & **Measured Con. (ng/mL)** & **Precision (\%)** & **Accuracy (\%)** \\ \hline Short-term & 15 & 13.09 \(\pm\) 1.56 & 11.92 & 87.27 \\  & 750 & 621.15 \(\pm\) 59.82 & 9.63 & 82.82 \\ \hline Long-term & 15 & 12.76 \(\pm\) 1.57 & 12.30 & 85.07 \\  & 750 & 648.58 \(\pm\) 35.38 & 5.45 & 86.48 \\ \hline Thaw and freeze & 15 & 12.91 \(\pm\) 0.92 & 7.13 & 86.07 \\  & 750 & 639.32 \(\pm\) 61.90 & 9.68 & 85.24 \\ \hline Auto-sampler (24 h) & 15 & 12.93 \(\pm\) 0.83 & 6.41 & 86.20 \\  & 750 & 671.88 \(\pm\) 54.78 & 8.15 & 89.58 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Stability of ERDA in plasma under different processing and storage conditions.  
Figure 4: The metabolic stability curve of ERDA in liver microsomes (**A**) and the regression equation of the linear part of the curve (**B**).
# Numerical Simulation on Dynamic Behavior of Slab-Column Connections Subjected to Blast Loads
## 4 Analysis Results  
From the analysis results, typical forms of pressure distribution were commonly observed in every specimen, as shown in Figure 4. When the explosive load was applied, high compressive forces were generated in the slabs and columns directly affected by the explosion load. Then, the overpressure spread spherically through the slab-column connection. The analysis end time was set to 3000 ms, which is the time at which deformation of all specimens was found stable. As shown in Figure 5a-d, for specimens subjected to 4 kg of TNT, spalling on the rear face of the slab, was severer than that on the front face. These phenomena of pressure development and spalling are quite similar to previous researches [33; 43; 53]. Looking at the fracture pattern of the specimen under 12 kg of TNT, the part of the slab where the explosion load was placed was completely lost, as shown in Figure 5e-h.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Explosion Method** & **Material Type** & **Loaded Weight** \\ \hline Small briefcase & & 2–4 kg \\ Large briefcase & Military commercial bomb & 4–12 kg \\ Suitcase & such as TNT & 12–22 kg \\ Bicycle & & 30 kg \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Typical example of terrorist explosive materials [63].  
Figure 4: Typical forms of pressure distribution.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Specimen** & **Description** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Charged Weight of** \\ **TNT** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline IC4 & \begin{tabular}{c} 4 kg \\ \end{tabular} \\ IC12 & \begin{tabular}{c} 12 kg \\ \end{tabular} \\ IC-D4 & \begin{tabular}{c} 3 kg-interior--column connection \\ \end{tabular} & 4 kg \\ IC-D12 & \begin{tabular}{c} reinforcing with drop panel \\ \end{tabular} & 12 kg \\ EC4 & \begin{tabular}{c} 4 kg \\ \end{tabular} \\ EC12 & \begin{tabular}{c} 12 kg \\ \end{tabular} \\ CC4 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 4 kg \\ \end{tabular} \\ CC12 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 3 kg-corner--column connection \\ \end{tabular} & 12 kg \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Specimen descriptions.
## 5 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
### Energy Efficiency in the Context of RIS and HAP Integration
#### 5.1.2 Extending Coverage with Reduced Power  
Traditional HAPs require significant energy to increase their coverage area, often increasing power consumption [72]. With RISs, HAPs can extend their coverage by intelligently reflecting signals toward blind spots or areas beyond their direct line of sight without additional power expenditure. This ability to manipulate the signal path passively means that more areas can be covered with the same or even less energy, improving the energy efficiency ratio [72; 125].
# Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production from Waste Cooking Oil: Transesterification Reactor Modeling
###### Abstract  
Biodiesel and biolubricants play strategic roles in green technologies, as they can be produced in biorefineries. The design of industrial facilities is essential to assess the industrial implementation of these processes, with few studies about this subject in the literature. The aim of this work was to produce biodiesel and a biolubricant from waste cooking oil through double transesterification with methanol and trimethylolpropane, obtaining high conversion values (>97 and 98%, respectively). The biolubricant (characterized according to the UNE-14214 standard) had a density of 951 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\), a viscosity of 127 cSt (at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C), an acidity value of 0.43 mgKOH\(\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\), flash and combustion points of 225 and 232 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and an oxidation stability of 6 h through the Rancimat method. Also, a kinetic study was carried out (at temperatures ranging from 80 to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C and with catalyst concentrations from 0.3 to 0.9% \(w/w\) and working pressures from 210 to 760 mmHg) to establish the main kinetic parameters, obtaining a second-order reaction and an activation energy of 17.8 kJ\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\). Finally, a conceptual design was included, considering the main components of the facility. Thus, the projected plant worked in a discontinuous regime (producing 2 cubic meters per day), pointing out the feasibility of this plant at an industrial scale.  
Keywords:fatty acid methyl esters; methanol; trimethylolpropane; antioxidants; reactor design; kinetics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences