## 4 Results
### Comprehensive Study  
Based on the percentage of the submerged length of the buildings to the total perimeter of the buildings and the amount of damage, a chart was developed (Figure 5) to comprehensively analyze the impact of the storm surge, high-intensity rainfall, and sea level rise that caused the water level to rise 8 ft (2.4 m) on the 14 WWTPs in NYC. The higher these two values are, the greater the impact of the event on the WWTP.  
According to the model, as shown in Figure 5, when the storm surge reached 2.44 m (8 ft), all buildings of the Rockaway WWTP, Red Hook WWTP, Owls Head WWTP, and Coney Island WWTP were 100% flooded. Among the 14 WWTPs, during hurricane C2, the storm surge caused the highest amount of damage to the Newtown Creek WWTP, at a cost of USD 288 million. As shown in Figure 5, after the rainfall intensity of 10.9 cm/h lasted for  
Figure 4: Outline of buildings in Newtown Creek WWTP.  
Figure 5: Percentage of the submerged length of buildings to the total perimeter of buildings and amount of damage caused by storm surge, high-intensity rainfall, and sea level rise.  
20 min, all buildings in 8 of the 14 WWTPs were not significantly flooded: Oakwood Beach WWTP, Tallman Island WWTP, Jamaica WWTP, Bowery Bay WWTP, Hunts Point WTTP, Owls Head WWTP, Coney Island WWTP, and Wards Island WWTP were not submerged. Figure 5 also shows the impact of a sea level rise of 2.44 m (8.0) ft on 14 WWTPs in NYC. The most obvious is that the percentage of the Rockaway WWTP submerged was 98.34%, far exceeding the percentages of submergence for the other WWTPs. However, among the 14 plants, the largest amount of damage occurred at the Newtown Creek WWTP, which was 5.1 times greater than that of Rockaway WWTP. In the end, the Jamaica WWTP was not affected at all. According to this figure, the most significant observation is that the impact of storm surges on NYC's WWTPs is greater than that of the high-intensity rainfall and sea level rise. The storm surge caused damage to all 14 WWTPs. However, the heavy rainfall only caused damage to 6 of the 14 WWTPs. Sea level rise caused relatively minor damage to WWTPs, with only one of the 14 plants remaining unaffected. It indicates that the formulation of preventive measures and response plans for storm surges should be a higher priority than high-intensity rainfall and sea level rise. To further compare which event of storm surge, high-intensity rainfall, or sea level rise has a greater impact on WWTPs, this study also developed Figure 6a,b. Figure 6a shows that the percentage of submerged length caused by storm surge is always the largest, while the percentage of submerged length caused by high-intensity rainfall is always the smallest. In addition, as shown in Figure 6b, from the perspective of damage, the amount of damage caused by storm surge is always the largest, while the amount of flooding caused by high-intensity rainfall is always the smallest. Except for the Rockaway WWTP, Coney Island WWTP, and North River WWTP, the other WWTPs follow the rule that the amount of damage caused by storm surge is the largest and the amount of damage caused by high-intensity rainfall is the smallest. This information indicated that the storm surge causes major challenges to WWTPs. Researchers and the government should increase the research and prevention of storm surges to cope with the occurrence of future storm surges and provide a sufficient basis for pre-disaster prevention and post-disaster recovery.