## 2 (Com)2 INet: Communication and Computation Integrated Network Architecture
### Key Technologies  
(1) _Measurement and modeling of multi-dimensional heterogeneous resources._ The computing capability of network component \(n\), referred to as \(CC_{n}\), is measured by indicators such as FLOPS, IOPS, BOPS, LOPS, etc., so as to satisfy the differentiated calculation rate requirements of complex and diversified services. These are mathematical expressed as \(CC_{n}=\{FLOPS_{n}, IOPS_{n}, BOPS_{n}, LOPS_{n},\cdots\}\). The storing capability of network component \(n\), referred to as \(SC_{n}\), is measured by indicators such as disk capacity \(DC\), disk bandwidth \(DB\), Input/Output Per Second \(IOPS\), memory capacity \(MC\), memory bandwidth \(MB\), etc. These are mathematical expressed as \(SC_{n}=\{DC_{n},DB_{n}, IOPS_{n}, MC_{n}, MB_{n},\cdots\}\). The networking capability of network link \(l\) is measured by indicators such as bandwidth \(BW\), end-to-end delay \(D\), delay jitter \(DJ\), packet loss rate \(PL\), throughput \(TP\), etc. These are mathematical expressed as \(NC_{l}=\{BW_{l},D_{l},DJ_{l},PL_{l},TP_{l},\cdots\}\).  
(2) _Multi-path transmission._ In the (Com)\({}^{2}\)INet computational paradigm, multi-path transmission mechanism has the characteristics of dynamic awareness, resource coordination, and efficient utilization, and supports data parallelism and task splitting, as described in Figure 3. By perceiving task requirements, network environment, and distribution of multi-dimensional resources, and by comprehensively considering factors such as network load, traffic type, and delay constraints, it intelligently selects multiple optimal paths to achieve cross-regional, multi-link adaptive transmission. This mechanism can avoid congestion on a single path, improve data transmission efficiency, and improve multi-dimensional resource utilization.  
Figure 3: Illustration of multi-path transmission.  
(3) _SC-based heterogeneous resource scheduling_. In the (Com)\({}^{2}\)INet architecture, SC-based heterogeneous resource scheduling supports scheduling of massive concurrent computing tasks across multiple computing domains such as end-edge-cloud, space-air-ground, and multiple data centers. To be specific, computing services can be modeled as multi-objective joint optimization with multi-network constraints and translated into corresponding SCs, which are composed of atomic network functions. SCs can be deployed and performed between ends, edges, and clouds, scheduling resources in heterogeneous infrastructure pools to satisfy the diverse requirements of communication and computation. It is worth noting that two or more domains can be selected simultaneously to effectively coordinate computing, storage, and network resources with different geographical distributions to provide computing services for tasks with extremely strict QoS and QoE requirements. Heterogeneous resource scheduling requires comprehensive consideration of task characteristics (i.e., parallel mode of large model training), traffic patterns (i.e., mixed long and short flows, burst flows), network topology, and other factors, and achieves global optimal resource adaptation and computing task execution efficiency by building an efficient, flexible, and intelligent adaptive optimization form.  
(4) _Fault tolerance_. In the (Com)\({}^{2}\)INet architecture, a fault-tolerance mechanism is designed to ensure that in a complex network environment, when faced with the network component/link failure, overload, or other sudden abnormal situations, the abnormal point can be quickly located through the intelligent fault detection and diagnosis system. The mechanism comprehensively considers multi-dimensional factors such as network topology, resource utilization, and QoS and QoE requirements, and based on preset fault tolerance strategies and real-time network status, dynamically performs operations such as intelligent re-routing, dynamic load balancing, or flexible migration of network functions to ensure the continuity of data transmission, uninterrupted critical services, and undegraded service quality.