## 3 Results
### NASSS Framework
#### 3.2.5 Organization(s)  
The Iranian government's National Medical Education Evolution and Innovation Plan is a demonstration of its commitment to improving healthcare through innovation. For this purpose, the evaluation of the policy process was conducted based on [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s policy process models. The policy implementation stage involved close collaboration with universities, medical schools, and stakeholders to implement the plan, including providing resources and support for new initiatives. The use of 3D printing technology can streamline the process of creating surgical tools, improving the efficiency of healthcare delivery in Iran [40]. This makes 3D printing a good candidate for the policy implementation stage of the innovation plan.  
The main organizations that will use this technology are hospitals and dental schools across Iran. According to the article [42], one of the disadvantages of using 3D printers is their high price. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of people using 3D printing technology, which has led to a significant drop in prices.  
The future of the 3D printing market in Iran looks bright and it is expected to be welcomed by surgeons, maxillofacial doctors, mold makers, and especially academics in this field. Many universities have already expressed their interest in offering courses related to this technology, which further indicates its promising future in Iran.  
The country has recently created a new department under the Presidential Office of Science and Technology dedicated solely to the advancement of manufacturing technology. This department, which is known as the Headquarters for the Development of Manufact  
Figure 8: Survey responses of maxillofacial surgeons to challenges of using 3D printing.  
turing Technologies and Advanced Materials, has announced a major project involving 3D printing and scanning, which is an indication that the adoption of 3D technology is increasing in Iran. The country is investing in 3D printing start-ups and incorporating additive manufacturing programs into numerous colleges and universities. Universities in Iran should allocate appropriate budgets for training novice specialists and conducting courses aimed at increasing awareness among general dentists. Equipping hospitals with 3D printers is also essential, with support from the government. Dedicated rooms for installing 3D equipment and using them would be beneficial for universities. Currently, the number of medical centers and hospitals utilizing 3D printers in Iran are limited, resulting in long waiting periods for patients requiring 3D-printed materials [29]. The Medical Equipment Office (MEO) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in Iran receives a government budget for importing medical goods and supporting domestic entrepreneurs to develop projects in Iran, which should be allocated to provide 3D printers to all hospitals [43; 44].  
Dentists and specialists in Iran are required to undergo refresher courses every year to acquire new skills and stay updated with the latest advancements in dentistry. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) conducts these courses necessary for renewing doctors' licenses. However, more focus is required on the use of 3D printers and their benefits to surgeons [45], as these requirements are currently limited.  
Iran produces 3D printers but still requires foreign markets to import the necessary tools and parts. Due to international economic sanctions, the government, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), the Medical Equipment Office (MEO), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) face many difficulties. These difficulties often result in marketers recommending cheaper devices with lower accuracy, discouraging surgeons from using them [20].