# Strategies for Reducing Automobile Fuel Consumption
## 3 Vehicle Design and Technology
### Improved Fuel Economy by Improving Thermal Management in Automobiles  
Recent innovations in _thermal management technology_ offer ways to mitigate parasitic thermal losses across diverse vehicular systems, thereby increasing efficiency in engines, transmissions, and equipment for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). Regarding thermal management systems, several innovative solutions are emerging. Notably, among these are intelligent coolant pumps, electronic coolant control mechanisms, proactive engine heating strategies, transmission oil bypass valves, and exhaust heat recovery systems. Moreover, new concepts like thermoelectric generators, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for optimized heat recovery, and innovative thermal energy storage methodologies are being explored [58]. Other thermal management constructive alternatives include residual heat recovery, insulated glazing, solar reflective paint, active seat and cabin ventilation,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Aspect of Rolling Resistance** & **Description** & **Percentage Contribution** & **Source** \\ \hline Hysteresis & Compression, deformation, heating of tire’s contact area & \(\approx\)90\% of rolling resistance & [51] \\ \hline Tire Rolling Resistance & Proportion of fuel used to overcome rolling resistance & 20–30\% of fuel consumption & [51] \\ \hline Hysteresis Damping & Major contributor to rolling resistance & 80–95\% of total tire rolling resistance & [52] \\ \hline Aerodynamic Resistance & Resistance due to tire rotation through air & 0–15\% of total tire rolling resistance & [52] \\ \hline Frictional Sliding Contact & Friction between tire and rim, road surface & \(\approx\)5\% of total tire rolling resistance & [52] \\ \hline Tire Labeling System & Fuel consumption efficiency & Up to 7.5\% difference in fuel consumption & [53] \\  & categories (A to G) & between A and G categories & \\ \hline Tire Pressure Impact & Effect on fuel consumption & 2\% increase in fuel consumption per 10\% & [30] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Rolling resistance in tires and fuel economy.  
active transmission heating, solar panels for battery charging and cabin ventilation, active aerodynamics, and engine start-stop systems (with or without heater circulation).  
It is important to mitigate _heat absorption_ in vehicles, also known as _heat soak_ or _thermal soak_, when exposed to prolonged sun exposure [59]. For instance, enhancing the treatment of glass and windshields' surface and composition (e.g., providing higher transmissivity during cold weather and lower transmissivity during hot weather) plays an important role in reducing thermal soak and cabin temperatures, leading to reduced fuel consumption by air conditioning systems. By incorporating infrared reflective coatings and advanced glass technologies, vehicles can effectively reduce thermal loads and contribute to overall fuel efficiency improvements. [PERSON]'s research [58] covers thermal management technologies designed to optimize vehicle performance and reduce fuel consumption, in consideration of cost factors. These technologies comprise active engine heating (AEH), active seat ventilation (ASV), and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Efficient thermal management can lead to a fuel consumption reduction of approximately 2% to 7.5%, depending on the vehicle's underlying thermal management characteristics.  
Other thermal management methods are being investigated, including independent cooling for different cabin zones, automatic climate control (ACC), and air quality management. Implementing techniques to decrease thermal loads and improve heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems plays a significant role in achieving sustainable objectives [60; 61]