esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Different Diseases
### Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Bone and Cartilage  
Skeletal health is dependent on the fact that successful blood vessels and muscle generation are physiological processes that also include exosomal signals. Exosomes are composed of significant amounts of transforming growth factor-\(\beta\)1 (TGF-\(\beta\)1), promyogenic molecules (VEGF), proangiogenic, human T-cell factor 4 (TGF4), miR-494, interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, miR-181, multiple miRNAs, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), most of which were thrown by Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [56]. MSC-derived exosomes arising either from bone marrow, adipose tissue umbilical cord, or stimulating stem cells can enhance the bone differentiation of MSCs or primary bone cells. This is illustrated by the osteogenic genes and osteoclast upregulation and elevated osteoblast multiplication and migration [57]. The changes in gene expression in MSCs, following MSC-derived exosomes absorption, indicates cell adhesion activation, PI3K-Akt signaling, and ECM-receptor interaction pathways, which are finally related to bone differentiation [53]. Exosomes originated from MSCs can also be absorbed immediately by osteoblasts, enhancing their multiplication and stimulating protein synthesis associated with the GLUT3 and MAPK pathways [58]. Adaptation to MSC-derived exosomes leads to tissue changes, such as increased matrix vascularization and mineralization along with bone restoration in rats with bone disorders [59]. Strikingly, MSC-derived exosomes are directly bound to fibronectin and type I collagen proteins [60]. The development of matrix mineralization shows a feature of late exosomes rather than the early stage of bone differentiation. Tendon stem cell (TSC) and exosome injections in rodents led to a decrease in the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3 expression and an increase in the collagenase I (1a1) expression as well as the tissue metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) inhibitor [20]. Furthermore, in vitro studies using 2D-Exo and 3D-Exo umbilical Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cultures indicated that both cultures stimulated the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes as well as matrix synthesis and apoptosis inhibition [25]. Finally, exosomes also appear to be part of cartilage growth. Exosomes have an altered miRNA cargo produced by MSCs derived from bone marrow with an activated chondrogenic phenotype (marked by a reduction in miR-6891-5p and miR-377-3p and an elevation in miR-1290, miR-92a, miR-1246, miR-320c, and miR-193a-5p levels), and hence promote chondrogenesis [60]. The most obvious chondrogenic event due to miR-320c exosomal is controlled by the up-regulation of SOX9 and the down-regulation of MMP13 metalloproteinase [61; 62].
## 3 Numerical Simulation of UDRC Spallation
### Stress State Analysis in UDRC and Comparison with Plain Concrete
As shown in Figures 4 and 5, while the reinforcement induces localized multi-axiality at the UDRC interface, the stress state in the bulk concrete matrix closely approximates uniaxial compression and is highly comparable to that in plain concrete. Figure 4: Comparison of radial distribution of stress components between UDRC and plain concrete (PC) specimens at the cross-section \(535.5\,\mathrm{mm}\) from the impact end (at time of peak axial compression): (**a**) axial stress, (**b**) radial stress, (**c**) hoop stress, and (**d**) shear stress \(\tau_{rz}\). Figure 5: Comparison of radial distribution of (**a**) Lode parameter and (**b**) stress triaxiality between UDRC and plain concrete (PC) specimens at the cross-section \(535.5\,\mathrm{mm}\) from the impact end (at time of peak axial compression). To more directly validate the assumption under the critical loading conditions leading to fracture, the analysis was extended to the tensile phase. Figure 6 presents the radial distribution of stress components at the time and location just prior to spall initiation. This provides the most direct evidence: while the axial stress is tensile, the secondary stress components--radial, shear, and hoop stress--are all negligible and close to zero across the entire concrete cross-section outside the immediate rebar interface. Furthermore, Figure 7 shows that the stress triaxiality and Lode parameter maintain stable and uniform values across the bulk concrete region, closely approaching the theoretical values for pure uniaxial tension. Taken together, these complementary analyses of both the compressive and tensile phases confirm that the stress state remains predominantly one-dimensional. This robustly validates the application of the pull-back method to the UDRC system, a conclusion further corroborated by the macroscopic dynamic response discussed in Section 3.4. Figure 6: Radial distribution of stress components in a UDRC specimen at the time and location just prior to the initiation of tensile spall fracture. Figure 7: Radial distribution of the stress triaxiality and Lode parameter in a UDRC specimen at the time and location just prior to the initiation of tensile spall fracture.
# Possibilities of Detecting Damage Due to Osmosis of GFRP Composites Used in Marine Applications
## 1 Introduction
However, such a damage detection technique requires the repairperson to have a lot of experience, especially when the damage surface is very small. This method, in many cases, does not allow us to detect the places where the osmosis process begins. Compared to the literature on non-destructive testing of composites, publications on testing composites used in marine applications are a small part. More often, it is only mentioned that composites used in marine applications can be tested with the presented NDT methods [6]. In the study of composites in marine applications, in most cases, the methods used in similar composites for other purposes are used [7]. These are methods such as ultrasonic tests, optical methods (holography and sherography [8]), microwaves, thermography, and radiography [9]. A certain exception is the acoustic method, which is often used in the study of composites used in marine applications [10], and occasionally in other applications. In recent years, results from the use of terahertz radiation have been presented, most often from the use of THz SWT (Stationary Wavelet Transform) [11] and THz TDS (Time-Domain Spectroscopy) [12] methods. Non-destructive testing methods make it possible to detect the defects described above, formed in composite hulls of watercraft. The purpose of our work was to analyze the possibility of determining the parameters of non-destructive testing method, which would be both effective in detecting defects resulting from the phenomenon of osmosis and would allow relatively fast testing of the composite hull. Our many years of experience in non-destructive composites showed that one of these such methods is vibrothermography, and the possibilities of its use for detecting defects in composite hulls will be analyzed in this paper. The possibility of using the terahertz transmission method to detect defects caused by osmosis is also analyzed.
## 3 Results and Discussion
For the laser pulse irradiation modes N = 10 + 0, N = 5 + 5, N = 4 + 6, N = 6 + 4, N = 2 + 8, and N = 8 + 2, two consecutive series of pulses are different. Hence, the incubation coefficients are also different and the incubation effects are different. Figure 4: SEM images of ablation morphology and subwavelength ripples on titanium at different femtosecond laser pulse irradiation modes: (**a**,**a**1**) N = 10 + 0, (**b**,**b**1**) N = 5 + 5, (**c**,**c**1**) N = 4 + 6, (**d**,**d**1**) N = 6 + 4, (**e**,**e**1**) N = 2 + 8, and (**f**,**f**1**) N = 8 + 2. (**a**1**–**f**1**) show the magnification of the ripple structures in the central region in (**a**–**f**), respectively. The total pulse number is 10 in all cases. The laser pulse energy is fixed at 0.20 J/cm\({}^{2}\) in all cases. are different. By comparing the femtosecond laser pulse irradiation modes N = 4 + 6 and N = 6 + 4, we can easily find that rippled structures on titanium are characterized by larger areas and periods when the pulse number in the first series is less than that in the second series. The similar experimental phenomena have been observed for the situation of N = 2 + 8 and N = 8 + 2. Therefore, according to different requirements of rippled structure areas and periods, uniform rippled structures with large areas can be efficiently fabricated. Moreover, uniform rippled structures with large areas can be adjusted by designing laser pulse modes. For example, to obtain improved uniform rippled structures with large areas, two-step scanning methods can be used (those irradiated using two consecutive series of pulses). Furthermore, fabrication efficiency and feature size of rippled structures can be considered to select the pulse number of two series.
## 4 Experiment and Results
### RS Data Output  
The ingestion layer achieved an automatic download, decompression, filter, conversion, subset, and extraction efficiency. Hence, as shown in Figure 8, we note that the total daily size collected as input is around 50 GB. A 10% growth occurred after the decompression because the ground station compresses RS data to smooth transmission. After the conversion step, the total size remains the same size. Still, after the subset process, data decreases meaningfully due to the exclusion of unnecessary data. Globally, this ingestion layer allows us to increase the storage space by 86%. Thus, the final CSV files' total size is between 1 and 6 GB depending on the studied country's surface area. Therefore, this relevance could be considered as a partial solution to the satellite data's perversity.  
Figure 6: The standard and parallel pre-processing benchmarking metrics.  
The extraction is the final and significant stage of the ingestion layer. Figure 9 describes the daily total number of plots of the six countries. After the subset, we note that the sum of plots decreases exponentially to retain only datasets covering the countries' zone of interest. The quality, minimum, and maximum filter eliminate about 20% of inaccurate and erroneous datasets. Lastly, the refined and final datasets (rows) were stored in associated CSV output files loaded and imported into an HDFS.  
Figure 8: Total daily size of the RSBD (GB) during the processing.  
Figure 7: The averaged CPU is the temperature during the execution in a single machine.  
Consequently, the extraction also diminishes the number of inaccurate and unneeded datasets by up to 20%. The daily total number averages between thousands to millions of plots conditional to the studied country's surface area. This result confidently applies an efficient Extract Transform Load (ETL) process to the RSBD and adapts it for integration into a Hadoop environment.  
The ingestion layer results in several CSV files as outputs with a unified schema, storing datasets of several variables for each satellite, channel, and product. A final CSV file contains 24 columns: Id of rows useful to distinguish it, Epoch Time, Year, Month, Day, Min, Latitude, Longitude, and 12 atmospheric levels with an altitude between 0 and 8 km (middle Proposphere). Figure 10 shows a snapshot of the first six rows of the CSV output of the VCD of CH\({}_{4}\) in Morocco.
## 5 Discussion
### Shale Gas Significance  
The sedimentary facies directly influence the quality of shale reservoirs. Laboratory data shows that the hemipelagic deposits have the highest porosity and TOC content, followed by shallow shoal deposits and fine-grained turbidite deposits (Figure 2, Table 2).  
The porosity and TOC content of shale appear to be positively correlated with the content of autochthonous materials. Hemipelagic deposits have the highest content of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sedimentary** & **Well** & **Depth/m** & **Porosity/\%** & **TOC** \\
**Facies** & & & & **Content/\%** \\ \hline Shallow shoal deposits & Y101H3-8 & 3787.57 & 3.92 & 3.25 \\ \hline Hemipelagic deposits & Y101H3-8 & 3788.54 & 4.15 & 3.11 \\  & Y101H3-8 & 3788.79 & 3.34 & 4.10 \\  & Y101H3-8 & 3788.96 & 4.05 & 2.91 \\ \hline Fine-grained turbidite deposits & Y101H3-8 & 3789.13 & 3.20 & 2.6 \\  & Y101H3-8 & 3789.65 & 3.81 & 2.4 \\  & Y101H3-8 & 3790.49 & 3.50 & 0.37 \\  & Y101H3-8 & 3791.58 & 2.66 & 0.30 \\  & Y101H3-8 & 3792.29 & 1.58 & 0.15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Reservoir characteristics of different sedimentary facies in the Wufeng Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin, China.  
autochthonous materials, resulting in the highest values of TOC content and porosity. In contrast, fine-grained turbidite deposits are primarily composed of allochthonous components, leading to lowest values of TOC content and porosity.  
The sedimentary facies exert direct controls on shale reservoir quality, with TOC content serving as a critical proxy for both hydrocarbon potential and paleoenvironmental conditions. Laboratory analyses reveal distinct TOC variations across facies: Hemipelagic deposits exhibit the highest TOC values (2.91-4.10%), correlating with their dominance of biogenic quartz and minimal terrigenous dilution; Shallow shoal deposits show intermediate TOC (3.25%), reflecting mixed biogenic-terrigenous inputs; Fine-grained turbidite deposits display the lowest TOC (0.15-2.6%), attributed to high-energy depositional conditions that dilute organic matter with allochthonous siliciclastic sediments.  
Elevated TOC in hemipelagic facies (>3%) aligns with prolonged anoxic bottom-water conditions, as organic matter preservation is enhanced under oxygen-depleted environments [1,2]. This interpretation is consistent with the laminated, unbidurbated nature of these deposits (Section 4.2). In contrast, lower TOC in turbidites (<2.6%) suggests intermittent dysoxic to oxic conditions during high-energy turbidity flows, which promoted organic matter degradation and dilution by coarse-grained sediments 33. The intermediate TOC in shallow shoals likely reflects seasonal hypoxia, where episodic stratification of the water column allowed partial organic preservation alongside carbonate production.
## 4 The Geometries of the Proposed Transmitters
### Single Hexagonal Array  
As shown in Figure 7, a single hexagonal-shaped array transmitter is proposed with separation \(s\) between each individual LED. Each LED \(e_{i,j}\) has a half FOV \(\phi_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\prime}\) and is oriented along a vector \(\mathbf{O}_{i,j}\) crossing the location of \(e_{i,j}\) at \(y=0\) plane and the location of \(e_{i,j}^{\prime}\) on the \(y=d_{0}\) plane (illustrated in Figure 8). Similar to the \(3\times 3\) square array case, the \(y=d_{0}\)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline s & 1 cm \\ D & 150 cm \\ \(P_{0}\) & 10 W \\ \(\phi_{\frac{1}{2}}\) & 30\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(I_{0}\) & 1 \\ \(d_{0}\) & 130 cm \\ \(\phi_{\frac{1}{4}}^{\prime}\) & 15\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(I_{1}\) & 0.52 \\ \(I_{2}\) & 0.52 \\ \(I_{3}\) & 0.52 \\ \(I_{4}\) & 0.18 \\ \(I_{5}\) & 0.18 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The initial values of the design parameters for the single-LED and square array cases.  
Figure 6: Irradiance distributions at \(y=1\) m with \(d_{0}=130\) cm: (**a**) with the single-LED transmitters, (**b**) with the \(3\times 3\) square array transmitters, (**c**) with the single hexagonal array transmitters, (**d**) with the octagonal array transmitters, (**e**) with \(5\times 5\) square array transmitters, and (**f**) with the honeycomb hexagonal array transmitters.  
plane is defined such that the two arrays formed by the points \(e^{\prime}_{i,j}\) from the two transmitters become tangent, as illustrated in Figure 9. To meet this condition, the separation between the \(e^{\prime}_{i,j}\) points should be \(D/\sqrt{3}\). With the naming convention of Figure 7, the locations of elements \(e_{i,j}\) and \(e^{\prime}_{i,j}\) relative to the center element \(e_{0,0}\) are determined with  
\[\mathrm{P}(s\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}j,0,s\frac{1}{2}i) \tag{22}\]  
and  
\[\mathrm{P}(\frac{D}{N}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}j,d_{0},\frac{D}{N}\frac{1}{2}i) \tag{23}\]  
respectively.  
Thus, the required orientation vectors \(\mathbf{O}_{i,j}\) can be calculated by  
\[\langle(\frac{D}{\sqrt{3}}-s)\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}j,d_{0},(\frac{D}{\sqrt{3}}-s) \frac{1}{2}i\rangle \tag{24}\]  
The power of each LED in the single hexagonal array transmitter is determined to be \(P_{0}/9\) since it includes a total of nine LEDs. Proportional to the power level divided by the squared tangent of the half FOV, the intensity \(I_{2}\) of each LED of the single hexagonal array is set as follows:  
\[I_{2}=\frac{1}{9}\frac{\tan^{2}\phi_{\frac{1}{2}}}{\tan^{2}\phi^{\prime}_{ \frac{1}{2}}}I_{0} \tag{25}\]  
The initial values of the design parameters for the single hexagonal array are listed in Table 2. Using Equations (2) and (3), and the values given in Table 2, the irradiance  
Figure 8: Single hexagonal-shaped array geometry and orientation vectors.  
Figure 7: Single hexagonal-shaped array geometry.  
distribution on the plane \(y=1\) m is plotted using MATLAB. The result is presented in Figure 6c.
## 1 Introduction  
The large-scale, multi-center spatial layout of urban clusters and metropolitan areas requires multi-level, integrated rail transportation systems. In China, the rail transportation systems within metropolitan areas are generally divided into four levels: mainline, intercity, suburban railway, and urban rail transit. Mainline railway and intercity railway are operated by the state railway administration departments, connecting the main cities, serving passengers who travel long distances, and operating at higher speeds. The suburban railway is operated by the local city, connecting urban centers and surrounding satellite towns, serving the demand of intra-city travel. Generally speaking, the operation of state railway systems and suburban railway systems are independent of each other, so passengers have to transfer at the hub station, which results in a long transfer time. If the cross-line operation is realized, it will not only meet the passenger demand for direct access but also save passengers travel time. However, the cross-line operation is more complicated so it brings a great challenge to the operating organization. Nowadays, urban clusters and metropolitan areas are developing greatly in China, and cross-line operation between the state railway and suburban railway in these areas has become a research hotspot.  
For the cross-line operation, the core question is to determine the cross-line operation section and the train stop plan in the section. Passenger flow distribution is the key technology to solve the question [1]. The cross-line operation increases the passengers'choice of the travel path. Due to great differences in travel time, comfort level, and fare cost of different paths, passengers' path choice behavior has become diversified.  
In this paper, a stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) passenger flow assignment model based on path-sized logit (PSL) model considering different train capacities, congestion levels, and fare policies is proposed to solve the passenger assignment problem under cross-line and skip-stop operation mode. Regardless of the level of operators, the proposed method can also be applied on lines with the same operators whenever there are different trains providing different services.  
The remaining part of the paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 reviews the recent literature. Section 3 gives the problem description and establishes the schedule-based network. In Section 4, a stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) assignment model based on the PSL model under cross-line and skip-stop operation mode is established. Furthermore, an improved method of successive averages (MSA) is designed to solve the PSL-SUE model in Section 5. A numerical example validates the proposed model and solution approach in Section 6. Finally, the conclusions are presented in the last section.
###### Abstract  
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) with advanced guidance, navigation, and control capabilities have attracted great attention in recent years. Sailing safely and efficiently are critical requirements for autonomous control of MASS. The MASS utilizes the information collected by the radar, camera, and Autonomous Identification System (AIS) with which it is equipped. This paper investigates the problem of optimal motion planning for MASS, so it can accomplish its sailing task early and safely when it sails together with other conventional ships. We develop velocity obstacle models for both dynamic and static obstacles to represent the potential conflict-free region with other objects. A greedy interval-based motion-planning algorithm is proposed based on the Velocity Obstacle (VO) model, and we show that the greedy approach may fail to avoid collisions in the successive intervals. A way-blocking metric is proposed to evaluate the risk of collision to improve the greedy algorithm. Then, by assuming constant velocities of the surrounding ships, a novel Dynamic Programming (DP) method is proposed to generate the optimal multiple interval motion plan for MASS. These proposed algorithms are verified by extensive simulations, which show that the DP algorithm provides the lowest collision rate overall and better sailing efficiency than the greedy approaches.  
motion plan; speed optimization; unmanned surface vehicle; velocity obstacle; conventional ships; dynamic programming; maritime autonomous surface ships +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
###### Abstract  
This study aims to introduce a new compressed sensing averaging (CSA) technique for the reduction of blurring and/or ringing artifacts, depending on the k-space sampling ratio. A full k-space dataset and three randomly undersampled datasets were obtained for CSA images in a brain phantom and a healthy subject. An additional simulation was performed to assess the effect of the undersampling ratio on the images and the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The image sharpness, spatial resolution, and contrast between tissues were analyzed and compared with other CSA techniques. Compared to CSA with multiple acquisition (CSAM) at 25%, 35%, and 45% undersampling, the reduction rates of the k-space lines of CSA with keyhole (CSAK) were 10%, 15%, and 22%, respectively, and the acquisition time was reduced by 16%, 23%, and 32%, respectively. In the simulation performed with a full sampling k-space dataset, the SNR decreased to 10.41, 9.80, and 8.86 in the white matter and 9.69, 9.35, and 8.46 in the gray matter, respectively. In addition, the ringing artifacts became substantially more predominant as the number of sampling lines decreased. The 50% modulation transfer functions were 0.38, 0.43, and 0.54 line pairs per millimeter for CSAM, CSAK with high-frequency sharing (CSAKS), and CSAK with high-frequency copying (CSAKC), respectively. In this study, we demonstrated that the smaller the sampling line, the more severe the ringing artifact, and that the CSAKC technique proposed to overcome the artifacts that occur when using CSA techniques did not generate artifacts, while it increased spatiotemporal resolution.  
compressed sensing MRI; CSA averaging; keyhole technique; fast magnetic resonance imaging +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
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