# Electromagnetic Radiation Shielding Using Carbon Nanotube and Nanoparticle Composites
## 4 CNT-Based Materials for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
combined 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin Ni (Ni-TAPP) with CNTs through non-covalent \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) interactions to form a composite with high EMW absorption. This is a simple, scalable self-assembly approach. The composite showed high EMW absorption even with a low Ni-TAPP content. This material outperformed other CNT-based composites for absorbing EMWs. [PERSON] et al. [63] combined PANI with MXene to enhance EM shielding. MXenes are two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides with the general formula Mn + 1 XnTx, where M represents the transition metal, X denotes carbon and/or nitrogen, and Tx signifies surface functional groups. MXenes have applications in various domains, including supercapacitor electrodes, secondary batteries, electromagnetic (EM) shielding, microwave absorption, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. An important member of the MXene family, Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx, has been the focus of significant research due to its high electrical conductivity and favorable mechanical properties. It is considered a prime candidate for efficient EM shielding and supercapacitor electrodes, owing to its remarkable EM SE and volumetric capacitance. However, realizing the full potential of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx poses challenges, leading researchers to explore composite materials as a potential solution. Carbon-based materials, such as CNTs, polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PANI), are recognized for their excellent electrical and mechanical properties, making them ideal for EM shielding and energy storage applications. PANI is notable for its tunable conductivity and environmental stability. Incorporating carbon-based materials into Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx optimizes its conductive networks, improves EM shielding, and reduces the problem of restacking of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx nanosheets, thereby enhancing the charge-storage capacity in Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx-based electrodes. The study by [PERSON] et al. focused on fabricating a Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx-CNT/PANI composite (T@CP) and analyzing its EM-shielding and electrochemical properties. The integrated effects of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx and CNT/PANI contribute to the superior EM-shielding performance and higher specific capacitance of the T@CP electrode compared to Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx alone. The synthesis process of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx involves controlled reactions, starting with Ti\({}_{3}\)AlC\({}_{2}\) powder subjected to a reaction environment comprising hydrochloric acid (HCl) and lithium fluoride (LiF). This leads to the exfoliation of aluminum (Al) atoms, forming Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\), followed by reactions with water or hydrofluoric acid (HF) to yield compounds with hydroxyl (-OH) or fluorine (-F) functional groups. Fabricating the Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx-CNT/PANI composite (T@CP) involves dispersing MWCNTs in an HCl solution, followed by sequential additions of ammonium persulfate and liquid aniline to form a CNT/PANI (C-P) composite. This composite is then combined with a Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx solution to facilitate electrostatic self-assembly, resulting in the ternary composite T@CP. Various characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), provide an understanding of the structural and functional properties of the synthesized materials. The EM-shielding properties were evaluated using a vector network analyzer, while the electrochemical properties were assessed using a three-electrode system. These characterization methods reveal the superior performance of T@CP compared to its individual components. T@CP has enhanced the EM-shielding effectiveness and electrochemical stability, making it a candidate material for many practical applications. The study by [PERSON] et al. offers a unique approach to developing advanced materials for EM shielding and energy storage.