## 2 Occurrence of Patulin in Apple Juice and OTA in Coffee, Beer and Win
### Occurrence of OTa to coffee  
Coffee (_Coffee arabica_ L.) is one of the most important commodities in the world's economy. It is the second most valuable traded commodity after oil, with a traded value of $5.6 billion in 2000/2001. The total world coffee consumption is estimated to be over 6 million tonnes per annum, with Europe being the largest market, followed by the U.S., and Japan in third position. Producing countries consumed 28 million ton legs in the 2003/2004-crop year, which is approximately 27% of world output as estimated by the International Coffee Organization (ICO). Recent projections for the 2005/2006 global production are in the region of 110 million bags. As far as coffee is concerned, three _A Aspergillus_, _A. ochraceus_, _A. carbonarius_ and _A. niger_ - have been reported to be responsible for OTA accumulation [88, 89, 90, 91]. However, _A. ochraceus_ is believed to be the major source of OTA in green coffee [92]. In a preliminary study of Vietnamese coffee beans, _A. niger_ was the sole toxigenic species isolated and 87% of isolates produced OTA [93]. In studies of Brazilian coffee beans, over 75% of _A. ochraceus_ and _A. carbonarius_ isolates produced OTA, whereas only 3% of _A. niger_ isolates were toxigenic [94]. Within the section Circumdati (yellow Aspergillus), two new ochraceustic species, _A. westerndijkiae_ and _A. steynii_, segregated from _A. ochraceus_, have been described [95]. Several studies have shown a high occurrence of _A. ochraceus_ isolates in green coffee [94, 96] and a high percentage (75-90%) of isolates with a capacity to produce OTA has been detected [94]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Patulin level**} \\  & **(range ng/kg or litre)** & **Reference** \\ \hline Argentina & 17-221 & [71] \\ \hline Australia & 5-646 & [66, 67] \\ \hline Austria & 0-50 & [82] \\ Belgium & 0.67-38.8 & [83, 84] \\ \hline Brazil & 1.01-120 & [72, 75, 76] \\ \hline Denmark & \textless{}3.2-121.8 & [85] \\ Egypt & 500-1,000 & [74] \\ Greece & 0.9-11.8 & [86] \\ Holland & \textgreater{}25 & [59] \\ India & 21-845 & [81] \\ Iran & 10.5-285 & [68, 69] \\ Italy & 0-150 & [3, 43, 78, 79, 80, 88] \\ Japan & 1.0-45 & [77] \\ Portugal & 0-100 & [87] \\ Spain & 0-100 & [40, 55, 56, 57] \\ South Africa & 5-45 & [41] \\ Saudi Arabia & 0.057-0.164 & [70] \\ Turkey & 5-732.8 & [64, 65] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Patulin levels reported in apple juice in different countries around the world. Recently, it was suggested that _A. niger_ and closely related species such as _A. carbonarius_ could be OTA producers in coffee [90,93,97]. The first report on the occurrence of OTA in coffee appeared in 1974 [98]. Since then, several reports have confirmed the presence of OTA in green coffee beans [99, 100, 101, 102], roasted coffee [103,104] and instant coffee [105,106]. OTA has also been detected in the final coffee brew prepared under normal methods [107]. OTA is the main mycotoxin reported in coffee [108] with the contamination levels ranging from 0.1 to 80 ng/g in green coffee [100]. Extensive sampling of green coffee from all origins and both types of coffees (arabica and robusta) has shown that OTA contamination may be more frequent in some areas, but no producing country is entirely free from contamination [109]. In Brazil, the presence of OTA in coffee beans has been vigorously evaluated with contamination levels varying significantly [94,110, 111, 112, 113]. OTA has been identified in coffee from various countries around the World, such as Australia [114], France [115,116], India [17], Netherlands [117], Saudi Arabia [118], Switzerland [119,120], and USA [121].