# Evaluation of Subway Emergency Evacuation Based on Combined Theoretical and Simulation Methods
## 1 Introduction
Their investigation encompassed the analysis of occupant evacuation behavior, evacuation duration, channel flow dynamics, and the strategic use of escalators as evacuation pathways. With reference to mathematical modeling, [PERSON] et al. introduced an innovative multi-scale radial basis function (MSRBF) network designed to predict the irregular fluctuations in subway passenger flow [11]. The researchers developed a simplified MSRBF model through the application of the matching pursuit orthogonal least squares method. Additionally, they leveraged network knowledge to enhance the forecasting capabilities of the model. [PERSON] et al. conducted an investigation into the impact of platform screen doors (PSDs) on emergency evacuation processes [12]. Their study focused on analyzing passenger flow characteristics in densely populated subway stations in Hong Kong and provided estimations of evacuation times for train vehicles under varying passenger loads. These estimations were derived from empirical equations based on data collected during the investigation. The findings of this research hold considerable importance for the development of effective emergency evacuation strategies in crowded subway environments. Researchers, including [PERSON] [13], [PERSON] [14], and [PERSON] [15], undertook an extensive fire experiment to investigate smoke dynamics and control measures within the Shuangdao underground subway station. They developed four distinct emergency scenarios for both the station hall and the platform. To assess the efficacy of the fire emergency exhaust system, a network of thermocouples was strategically positioned throughout the public areas of the station. [PERSON] et al. employed PyroSi to model a subway fire scenario, examining the impacts of temperature, smoke concentration, and visibility on evacuation effectiveness [16]. Utilizing the measured parameters, they implemented Pathfinder 2019 to simulate the evacuation process, conducting an in-depth analysis of congestion points, bottlenecks, and evacuation nodes within the platform. Additionally, they proposed multiple fire prevention strategies and recommendations for enhancing evacuation routes. Regarding virtual reality, [PERSON] et al. utilized the secondary development capabilities of modeling software, including AnyLogic, 3 DMax, and Building EXODUS, alongside the VR scene construction techniques provided by the VRP editor [17]. This approach enabled the creation of a virtual reality scene model characterized by immersive panoramic navigation, accurate reproduction of passenger transfer scenarios, and simulated transfer functionalities. [PERSON] et al. conducted a review on the utilization of virtual reality technology in evacuation experiments, as well as the dual impact of group behavior in high-rise buildings [18]. They emphasized the necessity for further investigation into the effects of individual characteristics, such as mobility issues and fatigue, as the height of high-rise structures increases. In terms of algorithm optimization, [PERSON] et al. conducted an investigation into the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of evacuation processes and developed a model grounded in social force theory, specifically addressing the multi-hazard coupling scenarios resulting from node failures in densely populated subway stations [19]. Utilizing field measurement data from the Nanjing Xindian subway station, the researchers incorporated a series of critical node failures into the model to propose strategies for mitigating the negative impacts associated with such events. The limitations and findings for the above related works are summarized in Table 1.  
Contemporary studies on emergency evacuation in subway systems have not sufficiently considered the spatial configuration and passenger flow dynamics inherent to subway stations. This gap hinders the effective formulation of emergency response and evacuation strategies.