## 3 Results
### AR Moderates the Increase in Computer Self-Efficacy
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & Coefficient & t & \(p\) & 95\% CI low & 95\% CI up \\ \hline Constant & 2960.5230 & 19.9312 & 0.0000 & 2665.0344 & 3256.0117 \\ \hline CSEpre (B) & 4.9286 & 6.4690 & 0.0000 & 3.4130 & 6.4442 \\ \hline AR (A) & \(-420.6977\) & \(-1.8820\) & 0.0634 & \(-865.3969\) & 24.0015 \\ \hline INT\_1 (A \(\times\) B) & \(-2.6400\) & \(-2.0893\) & 0.0398 & \(-5.1537\) & \(-0.1263\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**(b)** Conditional effects of the focal predictor (CSEpre)} \\ \hline AR & Effect & SE & t & \(p\) & 95\% CI low & 95\% CI up \\ \hline
0 (nonAR) & 4.9286 & 0.7619 & 6.4690 & 0.0000 & 3.4130 & \\ \hline
1 (AR) & 2.2886 & 1.0081 & 2.2703 & 0.0258 & 0.2833 & 4.2940 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: (**a**) Overview of second model’s variables and effects. (**b**) Details of moderating effects of AR of second model. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & Coefficient & t & \(p\) & 95\% CI low & 95\% CI up \\ \hline Constant & 2836.5179 & 26.3046 & 0.0000 & 2623.6787 & 3049.3571 \\ \hline CSEpre (B) & 5.5256 & 10.6970 & 0.0000 & 4.5060 & 6.5452 \\ \hline AR (A) & 227.5977 & \(-1.4540\) & 0.1478 & \(-536.5620\) & 81.3665 \\ \hline INT\_1 (A \(\times\) B) & \(-2.0411\) & \(-2.5529\) & 0.0115 & \(-3.6192\) & \(-0.4630\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**(b)** Conditional effects of the focal predictor (CSEpre)} \\ \hline AR & Effect & SE & t & \(p\) & 95\% CI low & 95\% CI up \\ \hline
0 (nonAR) & 5.5256 & 0.5166 & 10.6970 & 0.0000 & 4.5060 & 6.5452 \\ \hline
1 (AR) & 3.4845 & 0.6103 & 5.7096 & 0.0000 & 2.2799 & 4.6890 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: (**a**) Overview of first model’s variables and effects. (**b**) Details of moderating effects of AR for first model. Figure 2: A line graph for the first model with a moderating effect, showing a stronger moderating effect for the non-AR interventions amongst all groups. The lines illustrate the CSE pre–post relationship of the intervention groups with/without AR. The third model used Kpost as the outcome variable, Kpre as the predictor, and GAME as the moderator. This analysis was applied only to the AR groups: A and C (N = 98). It revealed that 34.3% of the variability in Kpost was predicted by Kpre and GAME (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.3426, F(3,94) = 16.3283, \(p\) < 0.0000). Table 7 (part a) displays the unstandardized regression coefficients. The interaction effect was statistically significant (\(p\) = 0.0388), indicating that the condition GAME (either applying or substituting game-based learning in the intervention design) moderated the effect of Kpre on Kpost. Figure 4 illustrates this moderating effect. The graph shows that GAME did not affect the direction of the relationship but had an effect on its potency. The relationship between Kpre and Kpost was stronger for participants in the non-GAME intervention, and weaker for participants of the GAME intervention. Table 7 (part b) presents the conditional effects of the focal predictor (Kpre) at the two values of the moderator (GAME: on/off). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & Coefficient & t & \(p\) & 95\% CI low & 95\% CI up \\ \hline Constant & 39,796.0411 & 18.1322 & 0.0000 & 35,438.2607 & 44,153.8215 \\ \hline Kpre (B) & 42.4989 & 5.9272 & 0.0000 & 28.2623 & 56.7355 \\ \hline GAME (A) & 1370.1023 & 0.4691 & 0.6401 & \(-\)4428.6622 & 7168.8669 \\ \hline INT\_1 (A \(\times\) B) & \(-\)20.6698 & \(-\)2.0951 & 0.0388 & \(-\)40.2583 & \(-\)1.0813 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{**(b)** Conditional effects of the focal predictor (Kpre)} \\ \hline GAME & Effect & SE & t & \(p\) & 95\% CI low & 95\% CI up \\ \hline
0 (non-GAME) & 42.4989 & 7.1702 & 5.9272 & 0.0000 & 28.2623 & 56.7355 \\ \hline
1 (GAME) & 21.8291 & 6.7764 & 3.2214 & 0.0018 & 8.3745 & 35.2838 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: (**a**) Overview of third model’s variables and effects. (**b**) Details of moderating effects of GAME of third model.