# Secure NIfTI Image Authentication Scheme for Modern Healthcare System
## 4 Proposed Watermarking Method
### Watermark Extraction Process
[24], it is 0.94945, 0.9662, and 0.9916, respectively, indicating that the proposed scheme improved the quality of the watermarking scheme. In summary, the proposed scheme improved the visual quality of watermarked images compared to other existing watermarking schemes. Figure 9: NC of the proposed scheme vs. the existing schemes [PERSON] et al. [1], [PERSON] et al. [2], [PERSON] et al. [17]. Figure 11: SSIM of the proposed system vs. the existing schemes [PERSON] et al. [21], [PERSON] et al. [1], [PERSON] et al. [24]. Figure 10: PSNR of the proposed system vs. the existing schemes [PERSON] et al. [1], [PERSON] et al. [2], [PERSON] et al. [17], [PERSON] et al. [21], [PERSON] et al. [24], [PERSON] et al. [25], [PERSON] et al. [26]. Table 3 shows a comparison of the average value of PSNR, NC, and SSIM in the proposed work and with the existing methods. It shows that the proposed scheme has more significant results than the other models. ### Robustness Analysis

The above findings show that our technique provided substantial results on various slices of distinct NIfTI images. Our technique's resilience is verified against various image processing threats. We compromised with the watermarked slice by adding several types of noise, such as salt-and-pepper noise, Poisson noise, compression, Gaussian noise, speckle noise, motion blur, etc. Watermarks are extracted after attacks, and the NC values of extracted watermarks are shown in Table 4 against unintentional attacks. The retrieved watermarks' quality was reduced but still adequate under specific attacks. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Name of Attack** & **Extracted Watermark** & **NC of Extracted Watermark** \\ \hline Salt and pepper noise (0.001) & NCKU & 0.9491 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Salt and pepper noise (0.003)} & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} 0.9234 \\ \end{tabular}  } \\  & & \\ Salt and pepper noise (0.005) & NCKU & 0.9491 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Salt and pepper noise (0.003)} & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} 0.9234 \\ \end{tabular}  } \\  & & \\ Salt and pepper noise (0.005) & NCKU & 0.9491 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Salt and pepper noise (0.003)} & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} 0.9234 \\ \end{tabular}  } \\  & & \\ Salt and pepper noise (0.005) & NCKU & 0.9491 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Salt and pepper noise (0.003)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{c} 0.9234 \\ \end{tabular}  } \\  & & \\ Salt and pepper noise (0.005) & NCKU & 0.9491 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Salt and pepper noise (0.005)} & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} 0.9234 \\ \end{tabular}  } \\  & & \\ Salt and pepper noise (0.005) & NCKU & 0. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Name of Attack** & **Extracted Watermark** & **NC of Extracted Watermark** \\ \hline Gaussian low-pass filter (4 \(\times\) 4) & 0.9534 \\ Median (4 \(\times\) 4) & 0.9479 \\ Histogram equalization & 0.9152 \\ Average filter (4 \(\times\) 4) & 0.9425 \\ Gaussian noise (0.002) & 0.9482 \\ NCKU & 0.9564 \\ CSIE & 0.9347 \\ NCKU & 0.8456 \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._

## 6 Conclusions

In this paper, a unique watermarking approach for NIfTI images is described. This method uses the LWT, SLT, BSVD, and Arnold Cat map. The method was evaluated by employing several NIfTI slices (630 \(\times\) 630) with a grayscale watermark (128 \(\times\) 128). Before the watermark was added to the original slice, the ACM was used purposefully to encode it, which was then included in the slice. Thus, nothing can be deduced, even if an unauthorized individual recovers the watermark. It eliminates a typical risk related to using a public watermarking system. The modified watermark is then inserted into the singular value matrix. The results of our approach beat similar watermarking approaches in terms of invisibility and robustness. To watermark the NIfTI images, we choose an arbitrary slice from the NIfTI image containing less medical information from the numerous slices. The suggested approach may insert a watermark in several slices of an NIfTI image.