# A Categorization of Digital Twin and Model-Based System Engineering Interactions
## 1 Introduction
* Contextualization: only the attributes of the physical object that influence its behavior and performance in a given context are included in the digital object. Figure 1: Five-dimensional DT model. Adapted from [7]. [PERSON] et al. [9] argued for the evolution of DTs to be considered active entities in their environments; to achieve this, the DTs must have autonomy, context awareness, and adaptivity. A DT should be capable of reacting and adapting to sudden changes in the environment by processing contextual information in real time and of making proactive decisions without external control. The authors provided a roadmap of the research challenges that must be overcome to achieve such digital twins, covering the following areas: context awareness, autonomy, adaptability, general issues, interoperability, modeling, human interaction, and real-time capabilities. Regarding the modeling-related research gaps, the authors argued for the incorporation of context models at the level of system behavior, the connection and collaboration of DTs sharing their contexts, and structured organization in DT networks. [PERSON] et al. [10] also addressed the need for DTs to be adaptive, autonomous, and context-aware. In their work, they provided comprehensive guidelines for the design, implementation, and management of these digital twins. The authors suggested employing a collection of software and architectural patterns to ensure that the implementation of DTs is scalable and reliable. These patterns encompass solutions for single-node services using a single container, single-node services using multiple containers, and services distributed across multiple nodes. [PERSON] et al. [11] introduced the concept of the Web of Digital Twins (WoDT), an open, distributed, and dynamic ecosystem of connected DTs. This ecosystem not only virtualizes entire processes, organizations, or infrastructures as cohesive units, but also enables seamless cross-domain interaction and interoperability through a distributed knowledge graph. The WoDT supports the dynamic creation, linking, and disposal of DTs, allowing digital representations of physical assets to be observed and interacted with in real time across various contexts. [PERSON] et al. [12] conducted a systematic literature review on DT ecosystems, highlighting the importance and advantages of stakeholder collaboration, which contributes to more efficient and coherent DT ecosystems. With the growing popularity of DTs and the resulting economic opportunities, software companies such as Microsoft, Amazon, and the Eclipse Foundation have introduced their own DT platforms: Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services, and the Eclipse ecosystem, respectively. These platforms provide developers with tools to implement and manage DTs, regardless of the specific context or application [13]. Intuitively, DTs can be classified as complex systems. The development of such systems is facilitated by the implementation of model-based system engineering (MBSE), an approach to system engineering that has gained visibility by providing an alternative to text-based specifications [14]. MBSE is defined by the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) as \"the formalized application of modeling to support system requirements, design, analysis, verification, and validation, beginning in the conceptual design phase and continuing throughout development and later life cycle phases\" [15] (p. 5). MBSE helps to better define the requirements of the system, reduces ambiguity, and allows the formal verification and validation of the modeled system [16]. MBSE facilitates collaboration among various stakeholders by promoting a shared understanding of the system, thus addressing technical challenges related to stakeholder commitment in the development of DT ecosystems [12; 17]. MBSE can be specified by its adopted method, language, and tools. The first one defines activities and techniques involved in the development, such as Arcadia. The MBSE language is characterized by its syntax and semantics.