## 3 Mine Overview and Monitoring Data  
A large open-pit copper-cobalt mine overseas has experienced slope failures of varying magnitudes across multiple locations in its mining area as excavation progressed to deeper levels. To ensure operational safety, the S-SAR system was deployed in August 2024 to monitor the deformation of slope. Continuous deformation was observed following the initiation of radar monitoring, culminating in a large-scale collapse at 1:00 AM on August 27, affecting seven benches and covering an area exceeding 10,000 square meters. Due to the timely and accurate warnings provided by the S-SAR system, the incident resulted in zero casualties and no property damage. The monitoring data collected by the S-SAR system (August 8 to August 27) and the characteristics of the landslide are presented in Figure 3. The landslide area is primarily composed of silty clay, argillaceous siltstone, argillaceous sandstone, conglomerate, and dolomite with serpentinization. The rock and soil strata are predominantly characterized by an adverse dip structure, with the rock mass quality classified as Grade V, exhibiting well-developed discontinuities/joints. Due to the lack of rainfall in the mining area during the monitoring period of the study, the impact of rainfall on the landslide process is not considered. To facilitate systematic investigation and analysis, 120 monitoring points were randomly selected within the landslide-affected zone. The monitoring points are arranged in a relatively uniform pattern spanning the landslide body. Given the impracticality of visually representing all monitoring locations in Figure 3a, only three representative points utilized for single-point prediction are explicitly annotated. The displacement and velocity distribution curves derived from the 120 monitoring points are presented in Figure 4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Technical Parameters and Units** & **Numerical Value** \\ \hline Usage frequency (GHz) & 17–18 \\ Monitoring accuracy (mm) & 0.1 \\ Distance resolution (m) & 0.15–0.3 \\ Azimuthal resolution (mrad) & 4–10 \\ Collection frequency (min) & 1–10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: S-SAR Technical Parameters. Figure 3: (**a**) Slope displacement monitoring cloud map, the area surrounded by blue lines is the landslide area, and the blue dots are the three points used for single point prediction study (**b**) Photo of landslide. The temporal axis in Figure 4 originates from the commencement of radar monitoring (t = 0 h). The monitoring dataset terminates at 03:00 AM on August 26 (t = 435 h), while the catastrophic slope failure occurred at 01:00 AM on August 27 (t = 457 h). Post-436 h measurements exhibited pronounced signal instability, characterized by recurrent instances of range-overload artifacts that compromised data fidelity. Consequently, measurements beyond this temporal threshold were excluded from subsequent analysis. As evidenced in Figure 3(b), pronounced velocity anomalies (demarcated by the red rectangular region in Figure 3(b)) emerged during the slope failure progression. Aligning with the methodology proposed by [PERSON] et al. [7], landslide prediction using the INV necessitates iterative adjustments to the initial data point for curve refitting. Accordingly, this study designates t = 380 h as the acceleration threshold for inverse velocity calculations, circumventing the need for explicit acceleration point identification. The hourly velocity data recorded by the slope radar constitute cumulative displacements derived from multiple sub-acquisition intervals. However, deformation exceeding the SAR system's single-measurement range capacity is recorded as null values (0), introducing anomalous zero-velocity artifacts into the dataset (Figure 3(b)). These null values were systematically excluded. Furthermore, negative velocity values--attributed to computational artifacts or localized deformation anomalies inconsistent with the macroscopic failure kinematics--were also removed to preserve analytical integrity.