## 1 Introduction
#### Multi-Hazard Context in the Basilicata Region  
The Basilicata Region (40\({}^{\circ}\)38\({}^{\prime}\)35.077\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N 15\({}^{\circ}\)58\({}^{\prime}\)11.957\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E) is located in southern Italy (Figure 1) and covers a total area of 10,073 km\({}^{2}\), including 131 municipalities and hosting 578,036 inhabitants, 187,254 buildings, 30,043 enterprises and 2028 cultural heritages ([[https://idrogeo.isprambiente.it/app/pir/r/17](https://idrogeo.isprambiente.it/app/pir/r/17)]([https://idrogeo.isprambiente.it/app/pir/r/17](https://idrogeo.isprambiente.it/app/pir/r/17)), accessed on 19 March 2023). The region is one of the most hazard-prone areas of the Italian territory, as nearly 50% of Basilicata towns are exposed to a high risk of landslides or floods [20]. Basilicata is known for its high frequency of extreme hydrogeological events as several landslides and floods have extensively affected the region because of its geological characteristics and the dynamics of precipitation producing extensive damage to urban areas and infrastructures [21]. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22], the region has the highest density of landslides, with more than 27 landslide areas every 100 km\({}^{2}\), mostly related to predisposing conditions, such as prevailing clay materials [23], the morphological setting of the slopes, and conditions concerning extreme rainfall events or human activity. Moreover, the region has been affected by recurrent flooding events, not exceptionally intense on an absolute scale [24], which have caused significant economic damage to infrastructures, agricultural and tourist activities, and archeological heritage. Examples of significant events with a declared state of emergency that occurred in the Basilicata Region in the last ten years are listed in Table 1. These events led the scientific community to develop relevant research for landslide characterization [20; 22; 25; 26] and flood monitoring, vulnerability and risk mapping [24; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33]. In terms of national and regional hazard data, Figure 1 shows the spatial distribution of the landslide and flood hazard in the Basilicata Region, derived from Italian Institute for Environmental Research and Protection (ISPRA) 2020-2021 mosaic layers. The national mosaics of landslide and flood hazards are created by ISPRA on the basis of the data provided by the District Basin Authorities and are related to the Hydrogeological Management Plan (PAI), which aims toward soil conservation, defense, and valorization in the areas at risk due to geomorphological processes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Event** & **Time Period** & **Location** \\ \hline Flood & 7–8 October 2013 & Municipality of Bernalda, Montescaligios, Pistici, Scanzano Jonico \\ Flood & 1–3 December 2013 & Several municipalities located in \\ Landslide & 3 December 2013 & Matera and Potenza province \\  & Triggered in February 2014 and \\ Landslide & declaration of the state of & Municipality of Stigliano \\  & emergency in December 2017 & Landslide 29 January 2019 \\  & Flood & 11–12 November 2019 & Basilicata Region \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of major flood and landslide events that have occurred in the past ten years. Data were collected from Emergenza Basilicata, Protezione Civile ([[http://www.emergenza.regione.basilicata.it/emerg_alluv_2011/section.jsp?sec=100215](http://www.emergenza.regione.basilicata.it/emerg_alluv_2011/section.jsp?sec=100215)]([http://www.emergenza.regione.basilicata.it/emerg_alluv_2011/section.jsp?sec=100215](http://www.emergenza.regione.basilicata.it/emerg_alluv_2011/section.jsp?sec=100215)), accessed on 20 March 2023). In the case of flood hazards, the informative layer defines the extension of the floodable areas for each of the probability scenarios envisaged in art.