## 5 Conclusion and Look into the Future  
Molecular imprinting is an attractive technology used to create selective recognition sites within a polymer network. MIPs/SIPs as tailor-made biomimetic materials have the obvious priority over other recognition elements. The major advantages are their robustness, long-term stability, and cost-effectiveness, which cannot be obtained by fragile biomolecules. In this review, applications of MIPs and SIPs based electrochemical biosensors are focused on, especially in the detection of infectious diseases. Recognition mechanisms, preparation methods, and application performance of MIPs/SIPs were discussed. Although tremendous progress has been achieved, there still exist several challenges. The most important one is that the sensitivity (Table 1) and selectivity need further improvement since MIPs/SIPs do not always possess properties comparable to antibodies. In this case, more functional monomers are worth exploring to promote chemical recognition. Another strategy is using nanopatterned electrodes as the transducer. The design and application of nanopatterned electrodes could promote MIPs/SIPs to generate more effective cavities with excellent spatial matching effect. Moreover, in the era of artificial intelligence, using machine learning to design MIPs/SIPs and improve the recognizing ability of MIPs/SIPs based electrochemical biosensors is very promising. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Analyytes** & **Preparation Methods of MIP/SISPs** & **Device/Indicator** & **Label/Label Free** & **Method** & **LOD** & **LR** & **Ref.** \\ \hline N-acyl-homoserine-laccones (AHLs) & MMIPs FoOH46 & MCGV & \(\mathrm{Fe(CN_{3})^{-1/4}}\) & Label free & DPV & \(10^{-10}\) M & \(25\times 10^{-9}\)-\(10^{-7}\) M & [21] \\  & SGO-MP & & \(\mathrm{Fe(CN_{3})^{-1/4}}\) & Label free & EPS & 0.60 mM & NR & [65] \\ \hline Bacterial surface proteins & 3-aminophened electropolymerization & \(\mathrm{FF(CN_{3})^{-1/4}}\) & Label free & \(\mathrm{SWV}\) & 0.69 m/c & 0.01-100 g g ml-1 & [61] \\ \hline Bacterial flagellar filaments & Phenod electropolymerization & \(\mathrm{FF(Fe(CN_{3})^{-1/4}}\) & Label free & \(\mathrm{SWV}\) & 0.69 m/c & 0.01-100 g g ml-1 & [61] \\ \hline Staphylococcus epidermidis & 3-APRA electrophysiological & \(\mathrm{GE(Fe(CN_{3})^{-1/4}}\) & Label free & \(\mathrm{HS}\) & NR & \(10^{-10}\) CPU mL-1 & [28] \\ \hline _E. coli_ & \(\mathrm{CIN57417}\) & FDA-SIFPs & N-CODs & Label & ECL & 8 CPU mL-1 & \(10^{-10}\) CPU mL-1 & [66] \\ \hline _E. coli_ & UV-polymerization & NR & Label free & Capaciton & 70 CPU mL-1 & \(10\times 10^{-10}\)-\(10\) CPU mL-1 & [77] \\ \hline _Racillus aureus_ spores & Typrice electropolymerization & \(\mathrm{CF(Fe(CN_{3})^{-1/4}}\) & Label free & CV & \(10^{2}\) CPU mL-1 & \(10^{2}\)-\(10^{2}\) CPU mL-1 & [67] \\ \hline _Zha virus_ & Propolymer-CO composites under UV light & \(\mathrm{SFCGF(Fe(CN_{3})^{-1/4}}\) & Label free & CV/HS & \(-10^{-3}\) PFU & \(10^{3}\)-\(10^{2}\) PPU mL-1 & [2] \\ \hline HIV-1 gene & \(\mathrm{phenylenediamine}\) & ITO electrode/ENCs & Label & ECL & 0.3 M & 3.0 M-0.3 mM & [7] \\ \hline HIV-24 & \(\mathrm{polymerization}\) using AAM as functional & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Analytical performance of MIPs/SISPs based electrochemical biosensors for infectious diseases. Until now, few studies explored the recognition mechanism of MIPs/SIPs and larger bioparticles (viruses and bacteria). Research on the exact mechanisms behind target recognition should be emphasized because that can lead to an in-depth understanding, which will eventually help in designing MIPs/SIPs and electrochemical biosensors with even higher selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation, grant number CBET-1805514. The authors declare no conflict of interest.