# Sample-Based Gradient Edge and Angular Prediction for VVC Lossless Intra-Coding
## 4 Results and Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Class** & **Sequence** & **Resolution** & **Frames** & **Frame-Rate/fps** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{C} & BasketballDrill & \(832\times 480\) & \(500\) & \(50\) \\  & BQMall & \(832\times 480\) & \(600\) & \(60\) \\  & PartyScene & \(832\times 480\) & \(500\) & \(50\) \\  & RaceHorses & \(832\times 480\) & \(300\) & \(30\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{D} & BasketballPass & \(416\times 240\) & \(500\) & \(50\) \\  & BlowingBubbles & \(416\times 240\) & \(500\) & \(50\) \\  & BQSquare & \(416\times 240\) & \(600\) & \(60\) \\  & RaceHorses & \(416\times 240\) & \(300\) & \(30\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{E} & FourPeople & \(1280\times 720\) & \(600\) & \(60\) \\  & Johnny & \(1280\times 720\) & \(600\) & \(60\) \\  & KristenAndSara & \(1280\times 720\) & \(600\) & \(60\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F} & BasketballDrillText & \(832\times 480\) & \(500\) & \(50\) \\  & ChinaSpeed & \(1024\times 768\) & \(500\) & \(30\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & SlideEditing & \(1280\times 720\) & \(300\) & \(30\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & SlideShow & \(1280\times 720\) & \(500\) & \(20\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Class** & **Sequence** & **BDPCM** & **SAP** & **SAP1** & **SAP\(-\)E** & **LIP\(-\)RMED** & **SGAP** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{A1} & Tango2 & \(-1.12\) & \(-1.49\) & \(-1.50\) & \(-3.40\) & \(-2.80\) & \(-3.54\) \\  & FoodMarket4 & \(-3.71\) & \(-4.76\) & \(-4.78\) & \(-8.76\) & \(-7.72\) & \(-9.37\) \\  & Campfire & \(-0.44\) & \(-0.43\) & \(-0.43\) & \(-0.54\) & \(-0.95\) & \(-0.78\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{A2} & CatRobot & \(-0.73\) & \(-1.28\) & \(-1.28\) & \(-2.14\) & \(-1.52\) & \(-2.47\) \\  & DaylightRoad2 & \(-0.94\) & \(-1.24\) & \(-1.24\) & \(-2.24\) & \(-1.63\) & \(-2.53\) \\  & ParkRunning3 & \(-4.03\) & \(-6.01\) & \(-6.03\) & \(-9.91\) & \(-9.36\) & \(-11.59\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{B} & MarketPlace & \(-2.95\) & \(-4.06\) & \(-4.07\) & \(-6.98\) & \(-5.64\) & \(-7.58\) \\  & RitualDance & \(-3.70\) & \(-5.55\) & \(-5.56\) & \(-7.55\) & \(-5.96\) & \(-8.72\) \\  & Cactus & \(-1.17\) & \(-1.68\) & \(-1.68\) & \(-2.43\) & \(-1.98\) & \(-2.74\) \\  & BasketballDrive & \(-1.51\) & \(-1.71\) & \(-1.72\) & \(-2.15\) & \(-2.00\) & \(-2.75\) \\  & BQTerrace & \(-1.70\) & \(-1.71\) & \(-1.71\) & \(-2.34\) & \(-2.56\) & \(-2.85\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{C} & BasketballDrill & \(-1.11\) & \(-3.86\) & \(-3.86\) & \(-4.18\) & \(-2.27\) & \(-5.05\) \\  & BQMall & \(-3.09\) & \(-3.71\) & \(-3.72\) & \(-4.73\) & \(-3.53\) & \(-5.36\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & PartyScene & \(-2.60\) & \(-3.40\) & \(-3.40\) & \(-4.36\) & \(-2.77\) & \(-4.70\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & RaceHorses & \(-3.10\) & \(-4.36\) & \(-4.37\) & \(-7.43\) & \(-5.65\) & \(-7.93\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Experimental results of bit-rate differences (%) of optimization coding schemes compared to basic VVC coding. The average encoding and decoding time of several coding schemes compared to basic VVC coding are shown in Table 3. The allocation proportion of the average encoding and decoding time for each sequence is the same. Since SAP, SAP1, SAP-E and SGAP use the introduced prediction modes to replace the conventional prediction modes in the intra-prediction step without increasing additional testing costs, their coding times are close to that of the basic VVC coding. BDPCM and LIP-RMED add additional tests for the introduced prediction modes while retaining the original tests for the conventional prediction mode. Therefore, compared to the basic VVC coding, their encoding time is significantly increased. On the decoder side, sample-based intra-prediction increases the accuracy of prediction, reduces the energy of prediction residuals, and accelerates the speed of entropy decoding. Compared to the basic VVC coding, the decoding time of the experimental coding schemes is decreased in varying degrees.