## 1 Introduction
Given the current interest in finding alternative antimicrobial compounds to antibiotics, more and more research groups are exploring the antimicrobial potential of natural plant extracts. There are many reports in the literature on the antimicrobial properties of plant extracts (stems, roots, leaves, and flowers) [15]. The research group of [PERSON] et al. [16] showed the antagonistic activity of pseudo-fruit extracts of three rose cultivars against the following strains: _S. epidermidis_ A5, _S. xylosus_ M5, _S. haemolyticus_ M6, _S. capitis_ KR6, and _S. warneri_ KR2A, which were isolated from the food environment. The main advantage of plant extracts is the fact that they have a high content of phenolic compounds that can induce metabolic changes within the bacterial cell. First of all, polyphenols are capable of inducing cracks in the cell walls of bacteria (especially gram-positive species). The weakened cell wall is a pathway for intracellular components (such as proteins, enzymes, and ATP) to leak, resulting in abnormal replication processes. Moreover, the weakened bacterial cell is unable to efficiently synthesize the compounds necessary for the proper growth of biomass (impaired synthesis of enzymes, polysaccharides, and lipids). It has been observed that bacteria weakened by polyphenols are unable to grow and function properly. They often lose the ability to form biofilm and adhere to biotic surfaces [17]. _Rosa rugosa_ belongs to the family Rosaceae Juss. and the genus _Rosa L_. The species is native to eastern Asia, China, Japan, Korea, and southeastern Siberia (Kamtschatka). _Rugose rose_ has become a widely cultivated species all around the world, especially for production of flowers, fruit, and other parts of plants. Pseudo-fruits are valuable in processing for the preparation of jams, juices, sauces, syrups, wines, and jellies. Moreover, they are widely used to make infusion [18; 19]. Chile is the main producer of rose hip material in the world market. Every year, nearly 8000 kg of _Rosa mosqueta_ are exported from Chile. The United States is also one of the most important exporters of rose hips in the world. In the European market, the large producers of rose hips (200-1000 tons) are Sweden, Turkey, Hungary, and Germany. The commercial planting of wild rose in Poland consists of 1200 ha of _Rosa rugosa_ with a yield of approximately 3000 tons per year [20]. Rose pseudo-fruits are known as a potential source of natural antioxidants and other bioactive substances, including polyphenols, carotenoids, polysaccharides, essential oils, polyunsaturated fatty acids (in seeds), vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, D, E, and K, and mineral nutrients [21]. The extracts obtained from _Rosa_ spp. show not only high antioxidant activity but also antiallergic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties [21; 22]. Taking into account the valuable properties of rose extracts, pomace can be a good material for obtaining extracts rich in polyphenols. Rose extracts, which are characterized by high levels of polyphenols in their compositions, can also be a valuable source of substances with antimicrobial potential. _Rosa_ spp. fruit extracts may have a different composition of polyphenols. [PERSON] [23] identified in rose hip extracts inter alia the presence of anthocyanin, catechin, several glucosides of quercetin, glycosides of taxiofilin and eriodictyl phloridizin, and several conjugates of methyl gallate. However, in the extracts of _Rosa canina_, [PERSON] et al. [24] identified compounds such as flavonoids, cinnamic acids, flavonoids, procyanidin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, and catechin. The common feature of most phenolic compounds is the ability to inhibit the multiplication of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms and to slow down the oxidative processes in the food matrix. The bioactive compounds found in plants exhibit antioxidant properties, which lead to them being willingly used in the sector of natural preservation of food and cosmetics [25; 26].