###### Abstract
Small amounts of alloying elements, mainly Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo, and P, were added to carbon steel to improve corrosion resistance and explore corrosion mechanisms under short-term (2-3 years) atmospheric exposure [37; 38; 39; 40; 41] and the protection mechanisms of its corrosion products in short- and long-term atmospheric exposures [30; 36; 37; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49]. The abovementioned research on corrosion behaviors has achieved fruitful results. However, most of them focus on the corrosion behavior of steel under different corrosion environments for a short-term period of no more than 3 years. The medium- and long-term research information is considerably less abundant. The longer the atmospheric exposure time, the more reliable the atmospheric corrosion parameters obtained. After 13 years of exposure in five Spanish atmospheres of different types (rural, urban, industrial, and marine), [PERSON] et al. [4] assessed the structure and morphology of corrosion product layers formed on mild steel (0.44% C, 0.40% Mn, 0.018% S, <0.22% P, <0.05% Si, <0.1% Cr, <0.1% Ni, <0.1% Mo, and <0.05% Cu, Bal. Fe (wt%)), and found that: (1) in all cases, the corrosion rate decreased with exposure time, stabilizing after the first 4-6 years of exposure; (2) the great compaction of the rust layers were formed in the rural and urban atmospheres; (3) hematite and ferrihydrite phases were formed in the industrial and marine atmospheres, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [25; 26] studied the corrosion dynamics of carbon steel (0.20% C, 0.60% Mn, 0.009% S, 0.015% P, 0.30% Si, 98.876% Fe (wt%)) and low alloy steel after 16 years of exposure in the typical environment of China and revealed that the development of atmospheric corrosion of steel followed the power function law and the corrosion in marine atmospheric environments was accelerated corrosion; the most harmful pollution is SO\({}_{2}\) and Cl\({}^{-}\). [PERSON] et al. [30] studied the rust layer characteristics of carbon steel (0.18% C, 0.73% Mn, 0.017% S, 0.007% P, <0.01% Si, <0.01% Ni, 0.02% Cr, 0.015% Cu, <0.005% Al, Bal. Fe (wt%)) and weathering steels after 16 years of exposure in the marine, rural, and industrial atmospheres of Pennsylvania and found that \(\gamma\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), which resulted in the high corrosion rate, formed on the carbon steel exposed at the marine site. While these studies have analyzed the corrosion of steel in the industrial atmospheric environment, the degree of industrial air pollution in these cases is relatively light. As a result, further research is needed to understand the long-term corrosion behavior of steel in severe acid rain corrosion environments, which may differ significantly from the conditions studied in these previous works. In addition, corrosion in atmospheric environments is a more complex process than bulk solution corrosion. It involves many chemical, electrochemical, and physical reactions among the interfaces of the gas, liquid, and solid phases. Aside from the structure of the material, atmospheric corrosion is also influenced by a combination of factors, including temperature, relative humidity, the type and concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere, and dustfall [13; 14; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54]. A large variation in the corrosion evolution law of steel in different geographical areas is produced by regional, seasonal, and meteorological factors, human life,and its production processes. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively investigate the corrosion evolution law of steel under various typical service environments. In China, there are around 16 such stations across the country that have typical climatic characteristics. The corrosion behavior of steel has been investigated at these stations [25; 26; 27; 36; 55]. Apart from the test stations, data on steel corrosion has also been collected by testing various materials in different regions [12; 18; 34; 35]. Shanxi is China's base for coal energy resources and heavy chemicals.