## 4 Results and Discussion
### Developed Countries vs. Developing Countries
Key Performance Indicator (KPI), Multi-FSMS, Workers Training, Sustainability Programs, Food & Materials Waste, Reduction Programs, Lot Identification Traceability, Crisis Management, Food Defense TACCP Plan and Food Fraud VACCP Plan implementations also increased after FSMS implementation for all companies participating in the sample (\(p<0.001\)). These results agree well with the study of [PERSON] et al. [73], who reported that essential elements like a company's characteristics (preliminary measures, machinery, and validation processes) and workforce attributes (staff availability, dedication, education, and willingness) are key factors when establishing an efficient HACCP system. As per the results, these underlying factors also greatly influence the system's objectives concerning the recognition, evaluation, and management of food-related safety risks. Attitudes towards food security in the region of the company's activities were more positive after the implementation of FSMS in developing countries (53.1% to 78.1%, \(p<0.001\)). Prerequisites implementations (GMP, GHP, GPP, SSOP, Site design, Equipment design) have increased by over 80% after FSMS implementation in all companies (\(p<0.001\)), while internal audits implementations (annual, quarterly, monthly) have significantly increased to over 90% of the companies (\(p<0.001\)). HACCP management system contents (control measures, control points, operational prerequisite, programs oPRPs, critical control points, processed based microbiological criteria and testing practices, monitor, verify, validate, record keeping, responsible person in charge PIC and deviations, corrective actions) have  
Figure 6: (**a**) Attitudes (FSMS element details) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (**b**). Attitudes (Prerequisites) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. (**c**) Attitudes (HACCP) towards the constraints and benefits of implementing FSMS standards before and after implementation in developed and developing countries. Only attitudes with significant changes are presented. all significantly increased after FSMS implementation (\(p<0.001\)). Our results agreed with those reported by [PERSON] et al. (2018), who indicated that the rate of defects in chaga products showed a noticeable decrease, and there was a significant reduction in the instances of process flow irregularities needing rectification (\(p<0.05\)). These changes suggested an enhancement of safety and quality standards. With continued implementation over an extended duration, the advantages of the food safety management system would become even more pronounced, leading to substantial enhancements across a broader range of monitored aspects. Findings also agree with the study of [PERSON] et al. (2018), who indicated that once the prerequisite programs (PRPs) of Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) are implemented, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system can be employed to control food safety risks. Moreover, the study by [PERSON] et al. (2018) indicated the implementation of a food safety system in a dairy processing plant located in the State of Sao Paulo. After the implementation of the food safety system, a significant reduction in the yeast and mold count was observed (\(p<0.05\)). Relative to constraints, there was a decrease in companies reporting that FSMS implementation is an expensive and complicated task, i.e., there are economic, technological, and legislation constraints (\(p<0.001\)), while there was an increase in companies reporting the non-familiarity of FSMS to customers and consumers (\(p<0.001\)). In developing countries, the \"lack of clarity\" constraints decreased after FSMS implementation (\(p=0.007\)).