## 6 Conclusions  
1. The granitoids of Dazesan pluton consist of medium- to coarse-grained porphyritic-like homogeneous monzogranites, with large amounts of megacrysts of K-feldspar. These rocks possess acid composition, with SiO\({}_{2}\) ranging between 68.25 wt.% and 71.56 wt.% and high K\({}_{2}\)O (3.44-5.50 wt.%) and total alkalis (K\({}_{2}\)O + Na\({}_{2}\)O = 7.299.00 wt.%), with very high Sr (451-638 ppm) and Ba (1157-2842 ppm), showing the typical signatures of high Ba-Sr granitoids.
2. These granitoids share the same geochemical compositions as those of late Early Cretaceous granitoids. The zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of 119.6 \(\pm\) 1.3 to 120 \(\pm\) 1 Ma for the granitoids obtained in this study likely represent the lower limit of emplacement ages for the late Early Cretaceous granitoids in the Jiaodong Peninsula.
3. The microgranular dark enclaves with higher MgO contents of 3.05-4.39 wt.% at lower SiO\({}_{2}\) concentrations of 54.25-56.84 wt.% form a linear trend on the oxide against SiO\({}_{2}\) plots with their host granitoids and have the zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of 119 \(\pm\) 2 Ma, identical to those of the host granitoids. Combined with the major-element compositional variation, the relative concentrations of trace and REE elements as well as the similar Sr-Nd isotopic compositions between silicic rocks and their dark enclaves support the liquid immiscibility for their origin.
4. Partial melting of the ancient continental lower crust in the Jiaodong Peninsula (mainly the Neoarchean-Palaeoproterozoicoic basement rocks in the Jiaobei terrane) containing a subduction-related material, resulting from the addition of the enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle-derived melts, generated the crust-derived acid melts, which assimilated the lithospheric mantle-derived basic melts and formed the homogeneous magma chamber at the crust base, then split into two immiscible liquids, with one granitic liquid producing Dazeshan granitoids and the other intermediate one forming the dark enclave during its ascent.
5. Identification of a lithospheric mantle-derived material in the Dazeshan granitoids suggests a catastrophic lithospheric thinning at c. 120 Ma, in accordance with an abrupt change in direction of Palaeo-Pacific plate subducting, indicating regional tectonic transition from E-W extension to NW-SE extension.  
Conceptualization, Z.W.; Data curation, Z.W.; Formal analysis, R.Z. ([PERSON]), T.Y. and Y.W.; Funding acquisition, Z.W.; Investigation, Z.W., R.Z. ([PERSON]), T.Y., Y.W. and M.W.; Methodology, Z.W.; Project administration, Z.W.; Resources, Z.W. and R.Z. ([PERSON]); Software, X.W., R.Z. ([PERSON]), M.L., Y.L. and J.Q.; Supervision, Z.W.; Validation, Z.W.; Visualization, Z.W.; Writing--original draft, Z.W.; Writing--review and editing, Z.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022 YFC2903602) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41772061).  
Not applicable.  
The datasets presented in this study can be obtained upon request to the corresponding author.  
Constructive comments from the editors, and the revisions from three anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript of this paper. We thank the team members at China University of Geosciences (Beijing) for their field support and comments.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.