esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Ion Mass Spectrometry
The negative ions were registered at a potential almost equal to the cathode potential [30], and a consistency was observed with the existing experimental results obtained for negative ions even at low power ratings of the discharge [40; 41; 47; 48; 49; 50]. The experiment was carried out after venting the vacuum chamber, as well as calibration of the reference input voltage for the secondary electron multiplier together with the obtained mass spectra. After that, an experiment was conducted at a rated power of 100 W. The ion currents' contributions for positively and negatively charged oxygen ions are depicted in Figure 6. Note that the data have an error of ~0.001 a. u., corresponding to the noise level of the secondary electron multiplier. It was found that negative atomic oxygen ions have a sharp positive correlation, and negative molecular oxygen ions have a sharp negative correlation with an increase in the flow rate of reactive oxygen gas (Figure 6). Here, too, it was observed that the negative oxygen ions had a nonlinear dependence after a threshold of 1.2 sccm of oxygen flow. As discussed above, the target becomes fully poisoned at the transition threshold of greater than 1.8 sccm reactive oxygen gas flow. After this transition, there is a presence of oxygen in the volume. This presence can be explicitly shown by the presence of negative ions beyond the threshold. The electron sticking rate corresponds to the efficient formation of negative ions. The mechanism of the formation of the negative ions is described by the following equations [40]:  
(i) e + O\({}_{2}\) \(\rightarrow\) O\({}^{-}\) + O, [Dissociative mechanism]  
(ii) e + O\({}_{2}\) + M \(\rightarrow\) O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\) + M, [Three-body collision]  
where M is a metallic atom. These negative ions emanate from the target metal surface during sputtering and exhibit a particular characteristic. The intensities of both types of negative ions are high at the region in the near vicinity beyond the transition point as can be seen in Figure 6, and in the region further past the transition, in the oxide formation zone, we notice an increase in both sorts of ions. The rightmost measured points, however, show an abrupt decline in negative ion fractions, with O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\) flux reaching the detection limit. The reason for such trend shapes remains unclear. The generation and behavior of negative oxygen ions when using a pure aluminum target are in accord with those in other experiments with an Al target [41] and resemble the results obtained for other oxide targets, specifically, Zn:Al [40], W [46], Zn [48,49], In [48,49], Sn [49], Mg [49], Ti [49], and ZnO:Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)[47]. The negative ions are generated at the racetrack where the ionization rate and density are maximized, and the corresponding intensities thus obtained for negative ions O\({}^{-}\), O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\) are high.
# A Complete and High-Resolution Estimate of Sardinia's Rootrop Photovoltaic Potential
## 1 Introduction
The scientific contribution is related to the extremely effective algorithm used for time integration of solar irradiance reaching a surface, accounting for the shading effects of other buildings, which can be applied to the roof surfaces of buildings in the entire region with a spatial resolution of 1 m. Our procedure allows for us to combine a very high level of detail within the extent of the area under consideration. The proposed methodology, in terms of the employed types of techniques, the level of detail, and the extent of the examined area, can be directly compared with the work of [PERSON] et al. [19]. However, in our case, we propose a more detailed analysis of the effects of shading and calculation of the average annual irradiance. In fact, due to the efficiency of our procedure, we were able to integrate over time the solar irradiance incident on each surface pixel modulated by shading effects with a temporal resolution of one hour, whereas in the cited work, the calculation was conducted on an hourly basis and with a monthly averaged irradiation. By employing open data and open-source software, our procedure was able to estimate the technical potential for the entire region of Sardinia on a modest workstation and in a reasonable time (less than a week), thus demonstrating, contrary to common understanding [37], that it is possible to obtain a timely estimation of photovoltaic potential with a LiDAR-based approach, even for large areas, by employing limited computational resources. Section 2 describes the data used in the study; Section 3 explains the methodologies used to process the data to obtain the physical, geographic, technological, and economic potential; Section 4 illustrates the results obtained on a regional level; Section 5 discusses the results; Section 6 draws conclusions and addresses possible future developments.
## Preparation and Characterization of Electrospun
###### Abstract  
Pectin was first dissolved in distilled water and blended with low contents of polyethylene oxide 2000 (PEO\({}_{2000}\)) as the carrier polymer to produce electrospun fibers. The electrospinning of the water solution of pectin at 9.5 wt% containing 0.5 wt% PEO\({}_{2000}\) was selected as it successfully resulted in continuous and non-defected ultrathin fibers with the highest pectin content. However, annealing of the resultant pectin-based fibers, tested at different conditions, developed films with low mechanical integrity, high porosity, and also dark color due to their poor thermal stability. Then, to improve the film-forming process of the electrospun mats, two plasticizers, namely glycerol and polyethylene glycol 900 (PEG\({}_{900}\)), were added to the selected pectin solution in the 2-3 wt% range. The optimal annealing conditions were found at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a pressure of 12 kN load for 1 min when applied to the electrospun pectin mats containing 5 wt% PEO\({}_{2000}\) and 30 wt% glycerol and washed previously with dichloromethane. This process led to completely homogenous films with low porosity and high transparency due to a phenomenon of fibers coalescence. Finally, the selected electrospun pectin-based film was applied as an interlayer between two external layers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-_co_-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) by the electrospinning coating technology and the whole structure was annealed to produce a fully bio-based and biodegradable multilayer film with enhanced barrier performance to water vapor and limonene.  
pectin; electrospinning; annealing; barrier interlayers; food packaging Article
## 3 Data and Processes  
### Study Site  
As shown in Figure 1, the 231 administrative districts of the Republic of Korea were selected as the study site for the comparative analysis of flood vulnerability indicator outcomes across the four conventional aggregation frameworks for the assessment components by the IPCC [1]. The study site located between 33-43 \({}^{\circ}\)N and 124-131 \({}^{\circ}\)E lies in the temperate zone at the East Asian monsoon, and the three sides of the mountainous terrain are in contact with the coast, which is likely vulnerable to severe flood damage by climate change. The average annual precipitation was 1253.9 mm in the last decade between 2008 and 2017 [49], and most of the rainfall is concentrated in the rainy season from June to September along with a recent increase in the frequency of local heavy storms and typhoons. As there are recently distinct signs of transition to a subtropical climate by global warming in the Korean Peninsula, many extraordinary and extreme climate-related records have been reported, such as torrential heavy rainfall of 301.5 mm (the annual maximum daily rainfall is 157.3 mm) around the Seoul Special City in July 2011, by far the heaviest daily rainfall ever recorded in the meteorological history [49; 50]. The population and infrastructure densities are so high in the Seoul Special City the national capital and the six metropolitan cities, including Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Gwangju that 49.6% of the total population resides in the Seoul metropolitan area and 81.5% of the total population lives in urban areas and cities, according to the 2017 Population and Housing Census of the Statistics Geographic Information Service [51].
## Materials and Methods
### Phantom Optical Characterization
For this purpose, we collected TOF data at nine different SDS values measured on phantom 1. For the TOF measurements, we used a MICRORB-10035 SiPM by ON Semiconductor, mounted on a printed circuit board (MICRORB-SMA). We connected the fast output pin of the RB10035 to a time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) module (SPC-130, Becker & Hickl). A 760 nm pulsed laser by PicoQuant with \(<\)90 ps pulse full width at half maximum (FWHM) was used as the light source. [PERSON] et al. [28] showed that for a point source and point detector separated by a distance \(d\) in a semi-infinite homogeneous diffusing medium (where \(d\gg 1\mu_{s}\)' and \(\mu_{s}\gg\mu_{a}\)), the average flight time of photons \(<\)\(t\)\(>\) is given as  
\[<t>\ =\ \frac{d^{2}}{2\big{(}\gamma^{2}+d\gamma\sqrt{c\ \mu_{a}}\big{)}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(c\) is the velocity of light in the medium and \(\gamma\) is given as:  
\[\gamma^{2}=\ \frac{c}{3\ (\mu_{a}+\ \mu_{s}^{\prime})} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 4 reports the \(<\)\(t\)\(>\) vs. \(d\) data measured on phantom 1 (black connected points). In the same graph, we also report theoretical \(<\)\(t\)\(>\) vs. \(d\) curves evaluated by Equations (3) and (4) for \(\mu_{a}\) values varying from 0.01 cm\({}^{-1}\) to 10 cm\({}^{-1}\) at a step of 0.01 cm\({}^{-1}\), and by imposing that \(\sqrt{\mu_{a}\mu_{s}^{\prime}}\) = 0.53 cm\({}^{-1}\), as required by the data of Figure 3 (colored continuous lines). The best fit of the model to the data occurs for \(\mu_{a}\approx 0.1\) cm\({}^{-1}\) and \(\mu_{s}\)' \(\approx 2.8\) cm\({}^{-1}\). Therefore, compared to the parameter values of human head tissues, the EPE phantom has a similar \(\mu_{a}\) and an \(\mu_{s}\)' about one quarter lower.
## 5 Conclusions
Thus, future research should focus on validating the proposed framework across diverse sectors (e.g., construction, agriculture, urban waste) and geographical regions, incorporating socio-economic, institutional, and regulatory variables. Beyond theoretical validation, future work should also explore real-world applications in public policy planning, corporate waste strategies, and intermunicipal cooperation. Pilot implementations can assess the framework's capacity to guide strategic decisions, prioritize interventions, and support compliance within RSCSW governance. Frameworks such as those suggested by [PERSON] et al. [15] can serve as foundational references for sectoral adaptation. Furthermore, the integration of emerging technologies, including blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and digital twins, holds great potential to improve the transparency and efficiency of RSCSW processes. As highlighted by [PERSON] et al. [19], advancements like big data and blockchain can significantly enhance traceability and governance, further strengthening these systems. The development of fiscal incentives to support the adoption of AI and MCDA within RSCSW represents another crucial area of focus, as emphasized by [PERSON] et al. [14]. Policymakers must prioritize harmonizing international regulations to mitigate fragmentation and foster cohesive governance frameworks, a need also identified by [PERSON] et al. [12]. Additionally, the practical applications of these methodologies can be explored through detailed case studies, which would illustrate their impact on decision-making processes in waste management. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15094758/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15094758/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15094758/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15094758/s1)), Table S1: CASP; PRISMA 2020 Checklist [39]. Conceptualization, J.J.d.S.F. ; methods, J.J.d.S.F., P.D.G. and A.d.P. ; formal analysis, J.J.d.S.F., P.D.G. and A.d.P. ; investigation J.J.d.S.F. ; resources, J.J.d.S.F. ; data curation, P.D.G. and A.d.P. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.J.d.S.F., P.D.G. and A.d.P. ; writing--review and editing, J.J.d.S.F., P.D.G. and A.d.P. ; supervision, P.D.G. and A.d.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded in part by the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), C-MAST (Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies), under the project UIDB/00151/2020 ([[https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00151/2020](https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00151/2020)]([https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00151/2020](https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00151/2020)); [[https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00151/2020](https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00151/2020)]([https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00151/2020](https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00151/2020)), accessed on 25 October 2024); NECE-UBI under project UIDB/04630/2020. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Methods  
In DTN, the major task of routing is to decide the replicated nodes. Therefore, DTN routing methods are very important because they give influence to communication performance. After analyzing the drawbacks of PROPHET, we try to improve the routing performance by providing two scheduling mechanisms [27]. We propose an improved version of the PROPHET routing protocol based on scheduling, called Scheduling-PROPHET, which can perform better in buffering and transmission. The details will be described in the following sub-sections. In this section, we mainly describe our assumptions and the protocol in detail.  
In a realistic IoT application, DTNs are typically characterized by the unguaranteed connectivity and the low frequency of encounters between a pair of nodes. Scheduling-PROPHET uses several scheduling mechanisms to improve the protocol in transmitting and managing messages. Figure 1 briefly illustrates the procedure of the proposed routing protocol.
###### Abstract  
In the field of air navigation, there is a constant pursuit for new navigation solutions for precise GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning of aircraft. This study aims to present the results of research on the development of a new method for improving the performance of PPP (Precise Point Positioning) positioning in the GPS (Global Positioning System) and GLONASS (Globalnaja Navigacionnaja Sputnikovaya Sistema) systems for air navigation. The research method is based on a linear combination of individual position solutions from the GPS and GLONASS systems. The paper shows a computational scheme based on the linear combination for geocentric XYZ coordinates of an aircraft. The algorithm of the new research method uses the weighted mean method to determine the resultant aircraft position. The research method was tested on GPS and GLONASS kinematic data from an airborne experiment carried out with a Seneca Piper PA34-200T aircraft at the Miclea airport. A dual-frequency dual-system GPS/GLONASS receiver was placed on-board the plane, which made it possible to record GNSS observations, which were then used to calculate the aircraft's position in CSRS-PPP software. The calculated XYZ position coordinates from the CSRS-PPP software were then used in the weighted mean model's developed optimization algorithm. The measurement weights are a function of the number of GPS and GLONASS satellites and the inverse of the mean error square. The obtained coordinates of aircraft from the research model were verified with the RTK-OTF solution. As a result of the research, the presented solution's accuracy is better by 11-87% for the model with a weighting scheme as a function of the inverse of the mean error square. Moreover, using the XYZ position from the RTKLIB program, the research method's accuracy increases from 45% to 82% for the model with a weighting scheme as a function of the inverse of the square of mean error. The developed method demonstrates high efficiency for improving the performance of GPS and GLONASS solutions for the PPP measurement technology in air navigation.  
GNSS; GPS; GLONASS; PPP method; accuracy; RTK-OTF +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters B  
1
Footnote 1: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
## 1 Introduction
Currently, very few investigations have reported on their possible utilization as HTFs at medium-high temperature despite the fact that they might represent a very innovative alternative to other heat transfer media for CSP (Concentrating Solar Plants) applications, especially considering parabolic trough configurations, where the operating temperature ranges typically from around 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C up to 400-500 \({}^{\circ}\)C [5]. Actually, polymeric siloxanes are costly and present high viscosity values, but they can be considered as an alternative to the currently used aromatic oils, given a higher thermal resistance (shown in this work) and a lower volatility. A key point for the evaluation of these materials as proper HTFs is the investigation of their chemical stability over the requested working temperature; in this regard, [PERSON] et al. [21] evaluated the employment of a commercial PDMS as an alternative to aromatic thermal oils in parabolic CSP, concluding that, thanks to a greater thermal resistance, its utilization can lead to a reduction in the plant's levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) of up to 5%. Other data are present regarding the degradation process of polysiloxanes species present in hydrocarbon mixtures [22; 23]. Concerning the thermal behavior of single siloxanes, several studies were published about hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) and octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM) being used as working fluids for organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) [24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. As a possible alternative to PDMS, the purpose of this work is to study the thermal stability characteristics of a methyl phenyl silicone oil, Bluesil FLD 550 HT, considering its thermal degradation behavior under an inert gas of up to 450 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Moreover, it also investigated the effect of the thermal aging process on the fluid thermophysical features. The obtained results were compared to the ones of different aromatic oils, namely, a terphenyl-based thermal oil commercially known as Therminol 66 [29] and a mixture of C13-C20 substitute benzene, Therminol SP [30].
## 3 A Proposed Approach
### Planning Space Representation
#### 3.2.2 Static Obstacle Representation  
There are numerous static obstacles in offshore and inland waters, including shorelines, islands, buoys, etc., which reduce the collision-free area and threaten the navigation safety of ships. Therefore, it is of great essence to model the risk of static obstacles. Considering the same distribution of risk surrounding static obstacles, when applying the FM method to static obstacle representation, the speed function \(W(\mathbf{p})\) is generally set to a constant value (e.g., \(W(\mathbf{p})\) equals 1). Furthermore, different safety distance thresholds can be configured according to different application scenarios. As shown in Figure 2a, it is the binary map, which includes static obstacles such as coastlines and several islands. Figure 2b is an example of the static obstacle representation called \(M_{s}\) whose distance threshold \(d\) is 100 m. The dark color denotes a high level of risk, and the light represents a low level of risk. Once the distance threshold is determined, the representation of static obstacles at time \(t\) is constant, i.e., \(M_{s}(t)=M_{s}\).
# Preparation of Nanoparticle-Loaded Microbubbles via an Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Process
###### Abstract  
Microbubbles have been widely used in many research fields due to their outstanding physicochemical properties and unique structural characteristics, especially as ultrasonic contrast agents and drug delivery carriers. However, the stability of conventional microbubbles is generally poor, which limits the development of their applications. Loading nanoparticle to microbubbles has great potential in enhancing the stability of microbubbles. This paper reports for the first time the feasibility of one-step preparation of nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles by coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as the model material of the bubble shell layer to study the effect of the loading of nanoparticles on the stability of microbubbles. The results show that the concentration of nanoparticles has a significant impact on the stability of microbubbles, and loading an appropriate amount of nanoparticles is helpful in improving the stability of microbubbles. The results also show that nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles with a size distribution in the range of 120-200 \(\upmu\)m can be prepared under optimal conditions.  
microbubbles; electrohydrodynamic; coaxial spraying; nanoparticle loading; stability Article
# Near-Optimal Weather Routing by Using Improved A* Algorithm
## 3 Improved A* Algorithm  
### 16-Way Search  
Ships usually follow a great circle of a spherical Earth to minimize distance and save time and money. The Great Circle Route (GCR) is the shortest course between two points on the surface of a sphere. The GCR appears as curved lines on a map, so that it is difficult to search for curved paths with slope angles using 8-way search, defined at intervals of 45\({}^{\circ}\), in the original A* algorithm. Hence, in this study, 16-way search was utilized to navigate the optimal route in more directions. Figure 2 shows a schematic of the 8-way and 16-way search methods, where the gray-shaded central square indicates a current node, and the surrounding blue-shaded squares represent the candidate nodes that can be chosen as the subsequent moving node. The 8-way search method can explore the surrounding nodes located in eight directions with a 45\({}^{\circ}\) equidistant from the current node. The 16-way search method explores a total of 16 surrounding nodes, including 8-way search nodes, and 8 additional nodes extended left/right and up/down, respectively, from four vertex nodes as shown in Figure 2. This 16-way search method is expected to render the shape of the optimal route more realistic and smoother by allowing movements to neighbor nodes with various directions, as well as by minimizing the total cost to find the optimal route.  
Figure 2: Configurations of (**a**) 8-way search method; (**b**) 16-way search method.  
In this study, the ETA calculated using Speed Over Ground (SOG) values was used as the heuristic function, where the SOG was modeled via machine learning. However, because the machine-learning model requires a large computational time, the process of calculating the ETA for every iteration within the algorithm can be extremely inefficient. Therefore, the heuristic costs for ETA were calculated in advance to enable the algorithm to calculate the cost quickly.  
Before the ETA is used as the heuristic function, the Course Over Ground (COG) must be defined because the ETA is calculated from the COG. The COGs are defined for the directions in which the ships are heading, so that 16 COG values are obtained for the 16-way search directions used in this study. Thus, the COG values are first defined for eight directions with an equal interval of 45\({}^{\circ}\) within the range of [0\({}^{\circ}\), 360\({}^{\circ}\)]. Then, the remaining eight COG values are further defined for an angle of \(\pm\)arctan(0.5)-26.6\({}^{\circ}\) around each direction. Finally, the total COG values are defined for 16 directions.