## 5 Conclusions  
A novel portable super-wideband monopole antenna with an octagonal structure was designed for diverse wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna was developed using an octagonal-shaped radiator with microstrip line-feeding. The radiation and bandwidth properties of the antenna were analyzed, and the results demonstrate its suitability for wideband applications. SWB antennas, unlike UWB antennas, are not limited to 3.1-10.6 GHz. Hence, the suggested SWB antenna was compared to reported antenna structures in the literature in terms of physical dimensions, electrical dimensions, impedance bandwidth, bandwidth ratio, bandwidth dimension ratio, fractional bandwidth, VSWR, reflection loss, gain, and efficiency. It is found that a compact SWB antenna is realized and exhibits a very wide bandwidth, a high BDR of 6057.27, and a high realized gain (G) of 18.01 dB with a miniaturized volume. A prototype was developed and measured \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Ref.**} & **PS, mm\({}^{2}\)** & **E.S, \(\lambda_{n}\)\({}^{2}\)** & **f\({}_{h}\), GHz** & **f\({}_{h}\), GHz** & **IBW, \%** & **BR** & **BDR** & **S\({}_{1t}\), dB** & **G, dB** & **\(\eta\), \%** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [15] & 25 \(\times\) 20 & 0.20 \(\times\) 0.16 & 2.51 & 16.48 & 13.97 & 147.13 & 6.57 & 4597.81 & \(-\)20 & 5.5 & NR \\ [PERSON] et al. [17] & 582 \(\times\) 47.7 & 0.97 \(\times\) 0.8 & 5 & 7 & 2 & 33.33 & 1.40 & 43.23 & \(-\)2.25 & NR & NR \\ [PERSON] et al. [16] & 57 \(\times\) 34 & 0.26 \(\times\) 0.16 & 1.42 & 90 & 88.58 & 193.70 & 63.38 & 4483.79 & \(-\)41 & 7.67 & 98.9 \\ [PERSON] et al. [18] & 107 \(\times\) 150 & 0.37 \(\times\) 0.33 & 0.65 & 35.61 & 34.96 & 192.83 & 54.78 & 1610.83 & NR & 6.51 & NR \\ [PERSON] et al. [19] & 40 \(\times\) 40 & 0.35 \(\times\) 0.35 & 2.59 & 31.14 & 28.55 & 169.29 & 12.02 & 1419.52 & \(-\)39 & \(-\)2 & \(-\)90 & 90.99 \\ [PERSON] et al. [20] & 28 \(\times\) 20 & 0.21 \(\times\) 0.15 & 2.34 & 20 & 17.66 & 158.10 & 8.55 & 5019.11 & \(-\)20 & 5.25 & NR \\ [PERSON] et al. [21] & 39 \(\times\) 39 & 0.3 \(\times\) 0.3 & 2.31 & 40 & 37.69 & 178.16 & 17.32 & 1975.62 & \(-\)40 & 5.81 & NR \\ [PERSON] et al. [14] & 27 \(\times\) 29.5 & 0.17 \(\times\) 0.187 & 1.91 & 43.5 & 41.59 & 188.51 & 22.77 & 5761.87 & \(-\)62 & 8.15 & 90.08 \\
**This Work** & **14 \(\times\) 16** & **0.16 \(\times\) 0.18** & **3.71** & **337.88** & **334.17** & **195.65\%** & **91.07** & **6057.27** & **-38.77** & **18.01** & **62-95** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notation: PS—physical size, ES—electrical size, f—flower resonant frequency, f—higher resonant frequency, fB—impedance bandwidth, FBW—fractional bandwidth, BR—bandwidth function ratio, S11—reflection coefficient, C—peak gain, \(\eta\)—radiation efficiency, NR—not reported.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison to the reported SWB antenna structures. Figure 12: Simulated and measured return loss of the proposed SWB monopole antenna. Figure 13: Simulated and measured VSWR of the proposed SWB monopole antenna. with the help of the agile vector network analyzer. Even though the proposed antenna operates effectively over the super-wideband frequency spectrum of 3.71-337.88 GHz with a \(|\)S\(111\)\(\leq-10\) dB, the experimental results are measured only up to 40 GHz due to the higher frequency limitation of the available VNA. The benefits of proposed makes it useful for S, C, X, Ku, K, Ka, V, and W mm wave bands, future-generation mobile networks (i.e., 5G and beyond (B5G), military and civilian applications, cognitive radios for spectrum sensing, radio astronomy for space exploration, satellite communications, and amateur radio for terrestrial and planetary communications. Conceptualization: N.S. and S.R. ; methodology, N.S. and S.R. ; software, N.S. ; validation, N.S. and S.R. ; formal analysis, N.S. and S.R. ; investigation, N.S. and S.R. ; resources, N.S. ; data curation, N.S. and S.R. ; writing--original draft preparation, N.S. ; writing--review and editing, S.R. ; visualization, N.S. and S.R.