## 3 Case Studies
### Air Transportation Between World Regions and Communication Space
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline Africa Eastern and Southern & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Africa Western and Central & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Arab World & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0.02 & 0.023 & 0.023 & 0 \\ Central Europe and the Baltics & 0.48 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.48 & 0.483 & 0.483 & 0.5 \\ Europe and Central Asia & 0 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ European Union & 0.48 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.48 & 0.483 & 0.483 & 0.5 \\ Latin America and Caribbean & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0.023 & 0.023 & 0 \\ Middle East and North Africa & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0.02 & 0.023 & 0.023 & 0 \\ North America & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ South Asia & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Sub-Saharan Africa & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ World & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.48 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Transfer entropy values for 2001–2010. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** & **11** & **12** & **13** \\ \hline Africa Eastern and Southern & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Africa Western and Central & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Arab World & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Central Europe and the Baltics & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ East Asia and Pacific & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Europe and Central Asia & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ European Union & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Latin America and Caribbean & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Middle East and North Africa & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ North America & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ South Asia & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Sub-Saharan Africa & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ World & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Transfer entropy values for 2011–2021. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline Africa Eastern and Southern & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Africa Western and Central & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Arab World & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Central Europe and the Baltics & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ East Asia and Pacific & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Europe and Central Asia & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Latin America and Caribbean & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Middle East and North Africa & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 \\ North America & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ South Asia & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Sub-Saharan Africa & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ World & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0.02 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Transfer entropy values for 2005–2016. Figure 16: TE graph for 2011–2021. Figure 17: TE graph for 1970–2021. Figure 15: TE graph for 2001–2010. Let us further consider the results of the analysis of changes in the directions of air passenger flows over time, as an illustration of the dynamics of the communication space. The analysis of the changes in the communication space based on air transport between regions of the world shows the dynamic features of changes in the properties of this space, which corresponds to the concepts of complex nonequilibrium dynamic systems, or the process of self-organization.