# Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of \(\beta\)-Asarone from Sweet Flag (_Acorus calamus_) [PERSON]
## 3 Results and Discussions
### The Kinetics of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of \(A\). calamus
It is also notable to mention that \(\beta\)-asarone has good solubility in ethanol at 50 mg/mL [38]. A higher solid-to-solvent ratio effect than 1:50 was not explored in this study. Figure 5: The extraction progress plot of \(\beta\)-asarone at solid-to-solvent ratio 1:100 with sonication power of 70 (\(\square\)), 50 (\(\times\)), 30% (\(\Delta\)), and in the absence of sonication, with the presence of temperature (\(\Circinus\)) and without (\(\Diamond\)). The lines were plotted with the calculated value according to Equation (1) for sonication power of 70 (dashed line), 50 (dotted line), 30% (straight line), and in the absence of sonication with the presence of temperature (dash-dot line) and without (long dashed line). The extract yields (Yt) of the 1:50 conventional experiments are higher than that of 1:100 conventional is due to a larger amount of _A. calamus_ being used in the 1:50 experiment (1.0 g) than the 1:100 experiment (0.5 g). It is also interesting to note that the kw of both \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Solid-to-Solvent Ratio (g:mL)**} & **Sonication Power \({}^{\text{e}}\) (\%)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Extract Yield**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**c\({}_{\text{W}}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**10\({}^{\text{3}}\) k\({}_{\text{W}}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**c\({}_{\text{d}}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**10\({}^{\text{3}}\) k\({}_{\text{d}}\)**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-7}  & 30 & 5.869 \(\pm\) 0.024 & 2.860 \(\pm\) 0.128 & 633 \(\pm\) 28 & 3.071 \(\pm\) 0.110 & 120 \(\pm\) 6 \\ \cline{2-7}  & 50 & 5.867 \(\pm\) 0.029 & 3.222 \(\pm\) 0.132 & 816 \(\pm\) 36 & 2.657 \(\pm\) 0.116 & 142 \(\pm\) 9 \\ \cline{2-7}
1:100 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 70 & 5.532 \(\pm\) 0.029 & 3.099 \(\pm\) 0.125 & 852 \(\pm\) 39 & 2.439 \(\pm\) 0.111 & 146 \(\pm\) 10 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \({}^{\text{d}}\) 0\({}_{\text{T}}\) & 3.948 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 1.833 \(\pm\) 0.086 & 569 \(\pm\) 25 & 2.179 \(\pm\) 0.073 & 112 \(\pm\) 6 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \({}^{\text{e}}\) 0 & 2.352 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 2.049 \(\pm\) 0.109 & 273 \(\pm\) 49 & n.a. & n.a. \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{1:50 \({}^{\text{b}}\)} & 30 & 5.617 \(\pm\) 0.030 & 3.176 \(\pm\) 0.128 & 870 \(\pm\) 40 & 2.444 \(\pm\) 0.114 & 148 \(\pm\) 10 \\ \cline{2-7}  & 50 & 5.511 \(\pm\) 0.033 & 3.378 \(\pm\) 0.135 & 1055 \(\pm\) 52 & 2.120 \(\pm\) 0.122 & 168 \(\pm\) 14 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}
1:50 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 70 & 6.089 \(\pm\) 0.031 & 3.338 \(\pm\) 0.136 & 813 \(\pm\) 136 & 2.765 \(\pm\) 0.120 & 141 \(\pm\) 9 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & \({}^{\text{d}}\) 0\({}_{\text{T}}\) & 5.039 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 2.182 \(\pm\) 0.111 & 485 \(\pm\) 21 & 2.992 \(\pm\) 0.092 & 100 \(\pm\) 5 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & \({}^{\text{e}}\) 0 & 3.491 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 3.245 \(\pm\) 0.207 & 148 \(\pm\) 27 & n.a. & n.a. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The extract yield, Yt of the extraction in the presence and absence of ultrasound. The values of c\({}_{\text{w}}\), k\({}_{\text{w}}\), c\({}_{\text{d}}\) and k\({}_{\text{d}}\). Figure 6: The extraction progress plot of \(\beta\)-asarone at solid-to-solvent ratio 1:50 with sonication power of 70 (\(\square\)), 50 (\(\times\)), 30% (\(\Delta\)), and with the presence of temperature (\(\Circ\)) and without (\(\Diamond\)). The lines were plotted with the calculated value according to Equation (1) for sonication power of 70 (dashed line), 50 (dotted line), 30% (straight line), and in the absence of sonication with the presence of temperature (dash-dot line) and without (long dashed line). heated and non-heated 1:50 and 1:100 experiments are very low, while the k\({}_{\rm d}\) value for non-heated conventional extraction was too low for determination. This shows that in non-heated conventional extraction, the extraction process was in the washing stages in which \(\beta\)-asarone was extracted slowly from the plant surface. As expected, heated non-conventional extraction increases the extract yields (Yt) when compared to the non-heated experiments, i.e., \(\sim\)1.7-fold for 1:100 and \(\sim\)1.4-fold for 1:50 experiments.