## 2 Introduction of Efficient Pavement Inspection Methods
### Benefits of Applying Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles  
* Improved Work Efficiency Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles offer significant advantages in improving work efficiency. Traditional manual visual inspections require two inspectors and two  
Figure 6: Pavement crack rate inspection example.  
Figure 7: Rutting depth measurement example. (**a**) Center elevation higher than sides; (**b**) Center elevation lower than sides.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Damage Type**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Crack Area**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\geq\)2 cracks (\(\malzenge\))} & 0.25 m\({}^{2}\) (grid area) \(\times\) 4 (grids) = 1 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{2-3}  & 0.15 m\({}^{2}\) (grid area) \(\times\) 1 (grids) = 0.15 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1 crack (\(\malzenge\))} & 0.15 m\({}^{2}\) (60\% grid area) \(\times\) 14 (grids) = 2.1 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \cline{2-3}  & 0.09 m\({}^{2}\) (60\% grid area) \(\times\) 1 (grid) = 0.09 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Repair Area 0–25\%} & 0 m\({}^{2}\) (0\% grid area) \(\times\) 3 (grids) = 0 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Repair Area 25–75\%} & 0.125 m\({}^{2}\) (50\% grid area) \(\times\) 3 (grids) = 0.375 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Repair Area \(\geq\) 75\%} & 0.25 m\({}^{2}\) (grid area) \(\times\) 2 (grids) = 0.5 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Crack Rate = 4.215 (crack area)/21.45 (total area) \(\times\) 100 = 19.65\%} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Pavement crack rate calculation example.  
traffic control personnel to conduct walking inspections. Including data processing and analysis time, an average of 1 km can be inspected per day. In contrast, using an Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicle requires only one driver, and inspections can be performed at normal driving speeds. The backend system can automatically recognize and complete 4 km of inspection per day on average, improving the inspection efficiency by four times compared to traditional methods. Additionally, in terms of work safety, walking inspections require inspectors to walk on busy roads, increasing the risk of accidents. In contrast, Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles can perform inspections safely under better protective measures, reducing the risk of inspectors being exposed to hazardous environments.
* Reliability of Inspection Results The application of Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles also demonstrates higher reliability in the inspection results. Equipped with advanced technology, Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles enhance the spatial and detection accuracy, and automated processing reduces human error. Compared to manual inspections, which rely on the experience and observational skills of personnel, Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles provide more consistent and accurate data.
* Economic Benefits In terms of economic benefits, although the equipment cost and initial investment for Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles are higher, their inspection speed and reduced manpower requirements lower the long-term operating costs. Analyzing the economic benefits based on the inspection testing fees commissioned by maintenance units, the cost per kilometer of inspection is compared in Table 10. Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles can reduce inspection costs by 1.7 times compared to manual inspections. Analyzing the long-term operational benefits, Automated Pavement Inspection Vehicles indeed offer economic advantages and high competitive value.