# Smart Facility Management System Based on Open BIM and Augmented Reality Technology
## 3 Smart FM and Information Exchange Systems
### Defining the COBie System  
The information exchange system for implementing an AR-based smart FM process proposed in this paper uses COBie as a benchmark. As a substitute to the vast amount of documentation related to FM at the end of each construction, COBie is a spreadsheet-based information exchange data format jointly developed by public authorities, led by the US Army Corps of Engineers, who are responsible for the contracting of major US facilities. Among the BIM information generated at each phase of a construction project, including planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance, COBie includes the definition and formatting of information necessary during the FM phase. As shown in Table 1, the COBie datasheets consist of a total of 18 data sheets, and the relevant details are included in expandable templates. First, the data sheets that can be used during the entire construction project phases include information on contract-related matters, drawings, coordinate systems and construction-related issues for each project participant. During the early design phase, information on facility details, floors, space, material etc. are included, while during the detailed design phase, additional information related to the connection and assembly of different systems, system configuration, schedule and cost are added. During the operation and maintenance (O&M) phase, information on replacement and repair, required resources and supported work are included. In addition, COBie is configured to allow continuous expansion of the required attribute data. The COBie system definitions required for detailed scenario-specific maintenance tasks proposed above do not require all of these datasheets, and it is important to lighten the data load and take advantage of the inter-connectivity of the attribute data to utilize only the minimum amount of data essential for AR visualization. Therefore, mapping of the required information necessary for the aforementioned scenario-specific FM tasks and COBie datasheets was conducted based on a literature review as well as through interviews and surveys of actual on-site FM workers, as shown in Figure 6. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Phase** & **Sheet** & **Contents** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{All} & Contact & People and companies \\ \cline{2-3}  & Document & All applicable document references \\ \cline{2-3}  & Attribute & Properties of referenced item \\ \cline{2-3}  & Coordinate & Spatial locations in box, line or point format \\ \cline{2-3}  & Issue & Other issues remaining at handover \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Early Design} & Facility & Information on facilities and standards \\ \cline{2-3}  & Floor & Vertical levels and exterior areas \\ \cline{2-3}  & Space & Spaces \\ \cline{2-3}  & Zone & Sets of spaces sharing a specific attribute \\ \cline{2-3}  & Type & Types of equipment, products and materials \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Detailed Design} & Component & Individually named or schedule items \\ \cline{2-3}  & System & Sets of components providing a service \\ \cline{2-3}  & Assembly & Constituents for types, components and others \\ \cline{2-3}  & Connection & Logical connections between components \\ \cline{2-3}  & Impact & Economic, environmental and social impacts at various stages in the life cycle \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{O\&M} & Spare & On-site and replacement parts \\ \cline{2-3}  & Resource & Required materials, tools and training \\ \cline{2-3}  & Job & PM, safety and other job plans \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: COBie datasheets and contents for each construction phase. The mapping of task categories within an FM work requiring AR technology with the COBie datasheets showed that only five datasheets (i.e., Document, Issue, Space, Type and Job) included all the attribute data required for on-site FM work.