esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Seismic Performance of the SSSI System
### Spectral Analysis
In this scenario, the entire external protection system functions akin to a nearly tuned mass damper for the foundation platform, effectively reducing the intensity of motion at the base of the frame structure. This action, thereby, justifies the reduced values of the performance indices at Point \(B\). Similar to Point \(B\), Point \(C\) is located on the locus of relative minimum values (indicated by the dotted thick line) of the performance indices. For this combination of parameters, the displacements \(u_{e}\) and \(u_{M}\) remain in phase, yet the amplitude of these two displacements is comparable. The external protection system demonstrates to be effective as, in this scenario, the motion of the two foundation platforms is out-of-phase with each other. This alignment ensures effective reduction of seismic effects at the base of the frame structure. The results obtained at Points \(B\) and \(C\), both situated on the locus of relative minimum values of the performance indices, provide insights into the functionality of the SSSI (structure-soil-structure interaction) system. The comparison of results highlights that optimal performance is achieved when the amplitude of \(u_{M}\) is significantly smaller than that of the foundation platform \(u_{e}\), suggesting the requirement for increased stiffness \(k_{M}\). Furthermore, analysis of the performance maps for the San Jose earthquake in Figure 7, where Points \(B\) and \(C\) are located, indicates that optimal performance can be approachedasymptotically by increasing the stiffness parameter \(\eta\) indefinitely. This suggests that lower performance indices are achievable by employing a rigid connection between the vibrating mass and its foundation platform. Furthermore, optimal performance of the SSSI system necessitates a specific value of the virtual mass parameter \(\gamma\), which corresponds to the vertical asymptote on the locus of relative minimum values. However, achieving optimal performance typically requires a considerably high virtual mass. Given the values of the performance indexes at points \(B\) and \(C\) (Point \(B\), \(\alpha_{1}=0.83\), \(\alpha_{2}=0.82\); Point \(C\), \(\alpha_{1}=0.86\), \(\alpha_{2}=0.84\)) and looking at the time histories of Point \(C\), it can be argued that satisfactory outcomes can be achieved with a smaller virtual mass, provided that the vibrating mass \(M_{r}\) is allowed to move freely relative to the foundation platform.
## 5 Scanning the Coverage Area with Directional BS Antennas (LOS Channels)
### Random Scanning Algorithm  
In the random scan process, an arbitrary location \((\theta_{l},R)\) (both \(R\) and \(\theta_{l}\) are chosen randomly based on Gaussian distribution) inside the coverage region. The \(8\times 8\) BS antenna will re-focus its main beam to these random locations for each time slot. The results of the random beam positions and the resulting coverage (assuming a LOS channel) area within the \(60^{\circ}\) segment of the circle after 25 slots are shown in Figure 6,b, respectively. We observe that random scanning does not guarantee a complete coverage, and there are regions with SNR levels less than \(-13\) dB.
## 1 Introduction
Recognizing its beneficial effects, biochar production from various organic \"wastes\" and byproducts of agricultural and industrial origin has become a promising research area, and there are now a wide variety of related products and applications. Biochar is the umbrella term for products of biological origin, but we can also distinguish \"pyrochar\" and \"hydrochar\" products, depending on the production methodology and raw materials used, with industrial waste materials occasionally involved as well. Most examples of pyrochar and hydrochar, although also called \"biochar\", are not of biological origin (Figure 1). Due to its phytronutrient composition, soil is suggested as the main application for biologically based biochar products, which are known to have significant amounts of humic and fulvic acids attached to their porous structure surfaces [17]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Site**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Soil**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Fertile** \\ **Layer (cm)** \\ \end{tabular} } & **Age (year)** & **Clay (\%)** & **pH** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Carbon** \\ **(mg g\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Nitrogen** \\ **(mg g\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **C:N** \\ **Ratio** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Hathahara} & Terra Preta & 43–69 & 600–1000 & 27.0 & 6.4 & 22.0 & 1.0 & 22 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Control & 0–10 & 600–1000 & 35.9 & 4.6 & 21.8 & 1.6 & 14 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Lago \\ Grande \\ \end{tabular} } & Terra Preta & 0–16 & 900–1100 & 22.6 & 5.9 & 31.5 & 1.8 & 18 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Control & 0–8 & 900–1100 & 26.7 & 4.2 & 17.5 & 1.3 & 13 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Acutuba} & Terra Preta & 48–83 & 2000–3000 & 10.4 & 5.6 & 15.7 & 1.0 & 16 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Control & 0–30 & 2000–3000 & 8.5 & 4.7 & 15.4 & 0.8 & 19 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Dona Stella} & Terra Preta & 190–210 & 6700–8700 & 0.3 & 5.0 & 16.5 & 1.1 & 15 \\ \cline{2-8}  & Control & 0–12 & 6700–8700 & 0.3 & 3.9 & 10.2 & 0.4 & 26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Main physicochemical properties of the Columbian “Terra Preta” and similar non-biochar-affected control soils [18; 19]. The question arises as to whether the effects of biochar are beneficial in all cases for the soil-plant-microbial relationship; are there any time and quantity limits to biochar application? Furthermore, what are the most influential soil-environmental factors for its application? Do the effects appear directly through the physicochemical properties of the soils or indirectly in the soil-plant microbial system? The purpose of this summary is to review the general aspects (benefits and some drawbacks) of biochar application that might support its proper use in variable soil-environmental conditions, particularly to support the better growth of plants.
## 4 Discussion  
### Soil Water Content as Affected by Different Treatments  
SWC refers to stored water in unsaturated soil layers [36]. It is a relation among the atmosphere and the biosphere; it also effects the relationship of the soil hydrological processes over space as well as time [37]. It plays a vital role in the worldwide water cycle by regulating the distribution of evaporation and infiltration [38]. Accurate quantification of SWC distribution under tillage practices and N fertilizer methods is important in understanding an inherent soil's capacity to supply micro and macro soil nutrients as well the modification degree of soil nutrient, providing that capacity with tillage and N fertilization approaches. It will offer crops ideal N fertilizer recommendations for understanding production sustainability.  
SWC directly affects the health and growth of plants and plays a critical role in sustainable agriculture [39]. Our results showed that the SWC of the NT, NTN, NTM, and NTNM no-tilled treatments were higher than CT, CTN, CTM, and CTNM tilled treatments in the top four soil layers. The SWC in the vertical soil profile showed a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth, which was consistent with the previous results of [40]. This is because no-till cultivation reduces the disturbance to the soil layers, reduces the soil porosity, and reduces the evaporation of SWC, all of which play important roles in water storage and SWC conservation [41; 42]. At the same time, NT, NTN, NTM, and NTNM can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, increase water infiltration after rainfall or irrigation, and inhibit SWC evaporation, which then improves the SWC [43]. Additionally, our data showed that NT, NTN, NTM, and NTNM increased plant biomass (Table 5), indicating that the plants grow vigorously, and plants with good growth form a canopy that can block some sunlight, thus reducing the evaporation of SWC and ensuring a high SWC.
###### Abstract
The novelty of this work is in the integration and characterization of a passive component block with advanced substrate technologies such as laminated glass,  
Figure 2: A power detection and control circuity in a power amplifier FEM with passive components highlighted. and in evaluating its system-level performance when co-packaged with other active and passive components. It serves as an intermediary step towards prototype demonstration of the integration of these filters and diplexers into an RF front-end. The system performance analysis includes power variation at the antenna port when the source power is varied and the extraction of the EVM signature of the integrated passive component block using different modulation schemes. Moreover, we present a technique based on the EVM signature of filters to discriminate them. We compare two measured filter responses obtained from the characterization of the integrated passive component block, essentially linking various component parameters to a single system-level performance metric. This paper is organized as follows: Section 1 introduces the motivation and applications of this research. Section 2 discusses material stackup and design techniques for integrated passive components. The fabrication process details are provided in Section 3. Section 4 covers the characterization results and compares the simulated and measured results of the diplexers, couplers and integrated passive component blocks. In Section 5, the system performance analysis and EVM signature extraction of integrated passive component blocks are linked to various parameters. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 6.
An Energy Efficient Local Popularity Based Cooperative Caching for Mobile Information Centric Networks  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering & Applied Sciences,  
Swat 19201, Pakistan 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Sarhad University of Science Information Technology,  
Peshawar 25000, Pakistan 2  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering & Applied Sciences,  
Swat 19201, Pakistan 1  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering & Applied Sciences,  
Swat 19201, Pakistan 1  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering & Applied Sciences,  
Swat 19201, Pakistan 1  
[PERSON]  
3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus,  
Abtob  
to offload the traffic overhead of the network. It follows the content-based addressing technique, where the contents are placed close to the end-users to satisfy the request from its neighbouring user by minimizing the need for a source. In this way, the traffic overhead can be minimized on the core network with low latency and benefit service providers by reducing the wastage of bandwidth [5; 6]. ICN is a futuristic approach that meets the future internet requirement and cellular network [7]. It provides an efficient energy consumption in advance wireless communication technology such as 5G [8]. Multiple schemes such as [9], and [10] have worked to optimize the overall performance of the ICN network by considering various parameters such as low latency, energy efficiency, high cache hit ratio, packet delivery, mitigating the content granularity, etc. Table 1 shows the abbreviations of some important keywords.  
The focus of this paper is to minimize energy consumption, lower latency, and improve the cache hit rate. In order to do so, this paper proposed a decentralized cooperative caching scheme for mobile ICN.  
The main contributions of this work are:  
1. We establish a cooperating caching model for wireless ICN to minimize energy consumption, considering some significant constraints, such as limited storage capacity, content popularity, access to content, and placement of contents.
2. The proposed scheme can support device-to-device (D2D) communication and minimizes transportation and energy costs.
3. The proposed system improves the overall performance of the network in terms of efficient bandwidth utilization, low latency, and low energy consumption.  
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides the related work. In Section 3, we explain the methodology. In Section 4, we present the Network and Energy consumption models. In Section 5, we present the results and discussion. Finally, in Section 6, we draw our conclusions and present the future directions.
# Agent-Based Model for Automaticity Management of Traffic Flows across the Network
## 5 Simulated Scenarios and Results  
The proposed model analyses the behavior of a network when a congestion situation emerges. In particular, this model aims to enable the implementation of SEHA ( Social Election with Hidden Authorities Algorithm) algorithm to automatically manage the traffic flows across the network. The model validates the TELKA architecture, which was illustrated in Figure 2.  
Figure 3 presents the user interface in Netlogo of the model, and also shows the nodes' parameters as number, degree, centrality, queues threshold of congestion, and topology of the network. The environment where the agents coexist is a network in which the interconnection of the nodes and links are generated by scale-free distribution [16; 17; 18].  
The experiment has the initialization values listed in Table 1, the hierarchy \(h\), which corresponds to the values of centrality of each node, are calculated using the Equation (1), and the values of the preferences \(\omega\) of each node are listed. Link costs are listed in Table A1 in Appendix A.  
Figure 3: Netlogo interface of the model.  
In Figure 4, the color of each node represents its preferences (see Table A2 in Appendix A). The sizes of the nodes are proportional to their degree \(k\). Finally, the dots inside of each node represents the flows waiting to be transmitted to their destination nodes.  
In Netlogo, the next process to activate after the setup of the world is called \(Go\), and this is illustrated in Figure 5. The flow diagram represents the actions that are executed within a tick.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Node**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**h**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Preferences**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Node**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**h**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Preferences**} \\ \cline{5-9}  & & \(\mathbf{\omega_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{\omega_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{\omega_{3}}\) & & & \(\mathbf{\omega_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{\omega_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{\omega_{3}}\) \\ \hline
0 & 0.34 & Voice & Video & Data & 12 & 0.15 & Data & Voice & Video \\
1 & 1.00 & Voice & Video & Data & 13 & 0.079 & Video & Data & Voice \\
2 & 0.604 & Data & Voice & Video & 14 & 0.069 & Voice & Data & Video \\
3 & 0.533 & Data & Video & Voice & 15 & 0.272 & Video & Data & Voice \\
4 & 0.181
## 1 Introduction
### Organization of the Paper  
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews previous work investigating ways to increase the sensitivity of GNSS receivers using a combination of CI and NCI, employing PDI techniques. Additionally, it discusses previous work investigating ways to implement these techniques in receivers based on FPGAs. Section 3 describes the design of the proposed receiver. The design description mainly focuses on the newly introduced features that enable the receiver to process severely attenuated signals and obtain navigation solutions. Section 4 reports the performance test results. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusion and directions for future work.
# Highly Efficient GaN Doherty Power Amplifier for N78 Sub-6 GHz Band 5G Applications
## 4 Implementation and Simulation Results of the N78 Band Sub-6 GHz DPA
### The Performance of the Harmonic Suppression Network
Table 3 offers a performance summary of the DPA designed in this study, comparing it with other studies focusing on Doherty amplifier design within the 6 GHz frequency band for 5G applications. Wherever feasible, we have used the same device for comparison, with the assessments relying on simulation results. Our proposed DPA, as discussed earlier, achieved notable PAE levels and demonstrated a broad bandwidth. This performance aligns with existing technologies in this frequency range, affirming the suitability of our straightforward and efficient broadband approach for 5G applications in the N78 band. Figure 26: Steady-state time-domain output voltage and current waveform for proposed DPA. Figure 25: Spectrum in dBm for four harmonics for (**a**) output power, (**b**) output voltage, and (**c**) output current.
## 1 Introduction
However, continuous integration inevitably accumulates error without opportunities for correction.Therefore, the objectives of this paper are as follows:  
* Pure Integration-Free and PLL-Based Estimation: Eliminates numerical drift and error accumulation typical in conventional indirect FOC. * Hybrid Control Strategy: Effectively addresses transient performance without sacrificing steady-state accuracy. * Experimentally Validated Efficiency: Demonstrates significant real-world energy savings and efficiency improvements. * Moderate Complexity and Cost: Offers practical implementation advantages suitable for industry-standard DSP platforms.
## 6 Conclusions  
A novel fault diagnosis method for rotating bearing based on semi-supervised clustering and support vector data description with adaptive parameter optimization and improved decision strategy is presented in this study. Due to the non-stationarity of the original signals, signals collected from different types of faults were firstly split by VMD into sets of IMFs, before which process, the decomposing mode number \(K\) was determined by central frequency observation method. Next, the FuzzyEn values of all IMFs were calculated to construct the feature vectors of different types of faults. Subsequently, all training samples were labeled by using SSFCM under the supervision of partly labeled samples. Finally, SVDD with adaptive parameter optimization and improved decision strategy, i.e., ASCA-ID-SVDD, was proposed to diagnose different fault samples. In an engineering application, the contrastive experiments were implemented between the proposed SSFCM-ASCA-ID-SVDD method and other relevant methods. In the sequel, nine types of faults with different locations and sizes were successfully diagnosed, and the results show that the proposed method exhibited the best performance in both NMI and ACC evaluations. Particularly, when training samples with the ratio of 0.5 that are randomly selected as the labeled samples, the NMI value of the proposed method is 0.0335, 0.2913, 0.0377, 0.0568, and 0.0152 higher than that of SSFCM-ASCA-SVM, FCM-ASCA-ID-SVDD, CK-means-ASCA-ID-SVDD, SSFCM-ASCA-RD-SVDD, and SSFCM-SCA-ID-SVDD respectively. Likewise, the ACC value of the proposed method is 0.0263, 0.1228, 0.0263, 0.0409, and 0.0099 higher than that of other methods respectively. Moreover, the boxplots of different methods illustrate the precision and stability of the proposed method. In summary, the proposed method shows better superiority to other methods and achieves preferable diagnostic performance.  
[PERSON] was responsible for experiments and paper writing, [PERSON] conceived the research and designed methodology, [PERSON] helped analyze results, [PERSON] and [PERSON] provided recommendations for this research, [PERSON] participated in the discussion.  
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (51741907, 51709122), Hubei Provincial Major Project for Technical Innovation (2017 AAA132), the Open Fund of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Operation and Control of Cascaded Hydropower Station (2017 KJX06), Research Fund for Excellent Dissertation of China Three Gorges University (2019 SSPY070).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Recent Advances in Bio-Based Wood Protective Systems: A Comprehensive Review
## 5 Bio-Based Pigments and Dyes
### Natural Pigments
Consequently, the wood underwent a process of carbonization, effectively capturing the carbon that would typically be emitted during wood combustion. This unique characteristic led to the pigment being categorized as carbon-negative. The thermal energy and biogas generated during the manufacturing process were harnessed to power certain sections of the facility and produce the exclusive pigment itself. Additionally, the pigment was made available in the form of a water-based dispersion, entirely composed of bio-based components. In conclusion, this study showcases the potential of utilizing a bio-renewable waterborne solution derived from wood waste and initially intended for the denim industry as a functional pigment within eco-friendly wood paint. This pigment has the ability to alter the coating's visual characteristics while maintaining its protective capabilities. This research highlights how naturally sourced products and pigments, including those originating from industrial by-products and previously employed in different sectors, like textiles, can be successfully repurposed for practical use in wood coatings. Likewise, organosolv lignin derived from biorefinery operations was repurposed into colloidal lignin micro-nanospheres (LMNS) and employed as a versatile natural filler for waterborne wood coatings [116]. The creation of LMNS involved a straightforward self-assembly technique, resulting in micro-nanospheres with an average size of around 260 nm. Beyond enhancing the coating's mechanical attributes and long-lasting qualities,  
Figure 4: Appearance of the coatings containing spirulina-based pigment and carnauba wax filler [41]. Modified from Progress in Organic Coatings, 182, [PERSON], [PERSON], Synergistic contribution of bio-based additives in wood paint: The combined effect of pigment deriving from spirulina and multifunctional filler based on carnauba wax, 107713, Copyright (2023), with permission from Elsevier. the inclusion of LMNS also amplified the wood's colour and texture. This underscores the substantial aesthetic value brought forth by this bio-based substance. These recent studies have showcased the potential of utilizing natural resources or repurposing industrial waste materials as aesthetic elements for wood coatings, introducing fresh and functional hues to wood in line with the contemporary aesthetic preferences that have become customary. Throughout this process, a commitment to environmental preservation is maintained, leading to a decrease in the economic repercussions associated with the creation and use of innovative pigments. Additionally, there is a potential for elevating materials that were once regarded as mere waste.