esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Estimating the Optimal Overall Slope Angle of Open-Pit Mines with Probabilistic Analysis
## 2 Methods of Slope Stability Analysis
### Numerical Modelling Set Up
#### 2.2.1 Model Geometry and Boundary Conditions  
To examine the slope stability of an open-pit mine at different overall slope angles, a two-dimensional model was built using RS2D software, as shown in Figure 2, followed by the other ten models at different overall slope angles. The slope height for all different models/slopes was fixed at 225 m, bench height was 15 m and the width of bench berm was 1 m. Every 45 m in height, a haul road with a width of 30 m was created. As bench height was 15 m, the open pit with a height of 225 m was excavated with 15 steps. The original  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Rock Mass**} & **Unit Weight,** & **Compressive** & **Elastic** & **Poisson’s** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cohesion, Mpa**} & **Friction** \\  & **kN/m3** & **Strength, Mpa** & **Modulus, GPa** & **Ratio** & & **Angle, (°)** \\ \hline I & 26.1 & 73.4 & 44.7 & 0.17 & 0.757 & 48.96 \\ II (Ore) & 26.1 & 40.3 & 57 & 0.20 & 0.257 & 50.15 \\ III & 27.3 & 93 & 61.2 & 0.17 & 0.245 & 48.28 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mechanical properties of rock mass used in this analysis [53].  
Figure 1: Mohr–Coulomb yield surfaces before/after strength reduction [17].  
width of ore was 40 m and was represented by the green-colored part (e.g., Figure 2). However, due to model symmetry, this width was taken as 20 m. The location of the model boundaries (e.g., lateral and bottom) was determined using sensitivity analysis. The right lateral boundary was located 280 m from the top of the slope, while the bottom boundary was located 530 m below the slope toe. When boundaries are located there, they do not affect analysis results.
## 6 Conclusions  
The quality of reconstructed images in relation to dynamic range of holograms generated by WSPS-DH was investigated. Quantitative, experimental, and numerical results clarified the required bit resolution to obtain a multiwavelength holographic image and the relationship between the wavelength resolution and dynamic range of an image sensor. Experimental and numerical results indicate that 2-bit resolution per hologram at a wavelength is required to obtain a multiwavelength 3D-object intensity image at least, and a color 3D image with a smaller color shift can be reconstructed when the sensor has more than a 2-bit resolution per wavelength. More than 3 bits per wavelength is sufficient for high-quality multiwavelength 3D imaging. Wavelength resolution can be improved by increasing bit depth of an image sensor, and this finding is characteristic of WSPS-DH. WSPS-DH will perform multiwavelength 3D imaging at high speed for low-light-intensity events. Accordingly, it will contribute to multispectral 3D imaging with high light-use efficiency and high wavelength resolution by using a monochrome image sensor with high dynamic range (such as an electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EM-CCD) camera) and an array of photo multipliers.  
Conceptualization, T.T., R.O. and Y.T.; methodology, T.T.; software, T.T.; validation, T.T.; formal analysis, T.T.; investigation, T.T.; resources, T.T. and Y.T.; data curation, T.T.; writing--original draft preparation, T.T.; writing--review and editing, T.T., R.O. and Y.T.; visualization, T.T.; supervision, T.T.; project administration, T.T.  
This research was partially supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Grant number JPMJPR16P8, Japan, and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), grant number 18H01456, Japan.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 8: Numerical results presented in Section 3.2 under the assumption that \(\lambda_{2}\) is 561 nm instead of 532 nm. Reconstructed images when bit depths of holograms are (**a**) 2, (**b**) 3, (**c**) 4, (**d**) 5, (**e**) 6, and (**f**) 7 bits.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of CNTs on Membrane Structure and Membrane protein  
To evaluate the effects of inserted CNTs on membrane structure, we compared the area per lipid, bilayer thickness, and lipid tail order of the membrane with or without CNTs. As shown in Figure 5A,B, the area per lipid without CNT averaged over the last 50 ns was 0.651 nm\({}^{2}\), while they were 0.654 nm\({}^{2}\) and 0.653 nm\({}^{2}\) with embedded PCN and FCNT, respectively. Because of the undulation of the membrane, the difference among them (about 0.002 nm\({}^{2}\)) can be neglected. The corresponding thicknesses of the bilayer were 3.657 \(\pm\) 0.048 nm, 3.612 \(\pm\) 0.064 nm, and 3.644 \(\pm\) 0.056 nm, also close to each other. The main effect of CNTs on membrane structure was that the lipid tails became more ordered with the inserted CNTs, as the deuterium order parameters with CNTs were a little bigger than those of pure membrane (Figure 5C). This is because the local lipid tails around the CNTs aligned more orderly and closely.  
Then, we performed particular simulations to explore how inserted CNTs interact with existing membrane proteins. A potassium channel (K\({}^{+}\) conduction and selectivity architecture, KcsA) was selected as a model membrane protein (PDB ID: 2A9H). Initially, the protein was embedded in the phosphoethanolamine (POPE) lipid bilayer, and CNTs were positioned at the aqueous phase, as shown in Figure 6A,C, and then the CNTs were released. Interestingly, it was found that the channel of KcsA was blocked by both PCN and FCNT (Figure 6B,D). The blockage of the potassium channel may weaken the transport of Na\({}^{+}\), K\({}^{+}\), and so on, which further affects the transduction of nerve signals.  
Figure 4: Trajectories of functionalized carbon nanotubes (FCNT) located in the membrane vertically and horizontally. (**A,B**) Snapshots at t = 0 ns and 100 ns, (**C**) the tilt angle, and (**D**) the hydrogen bonds between FCNT and lipid bilayer.  
Figure 5: The effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the membrane structure compared with the pure bilayer. (**A**) Area per lipid, (**B**) the bilayer thickness, and (**C**) deuterium order parameter for a lipid chain.  
Fortunately, CNTs exhibit considerable potential as artificial ion channels and possess selectivity after inserting the cell membrane. That is, this problem may be solved by CNTs themselves. Figure 6E gives the time evolution of the RMSDs of the backbone of KcsA with or without CNTs. We observe that the three root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) curves are in line with each other except for a little difference in the last 50 ns, indicating that the secondary structure of KcsA had no distinct change exerted by inserted CNTs.
## 4 Method Validation
### Result Analysis  
Figure 14 shows the improvement process under different objects and load conditions, evidencing a remarkable ability to develop subsequent generations of designs until the optimal design. Figure 15 illustrates the GA points under uniaxial and biaxial compression.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Optimization Technique Options** & **Value** \\ \hline Number of designs per generation & 50 \\ Number of generations & 30 \\ Number of islands & 5 \\ Mutation rate & 0.01 \\ Cross-over rate & 1.0 \\ Mutation rate & 0.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Multi-island genetic algorithm settings.  
Figure 14: \(Cont.\)  
Figure 14: Improvement history with the bionic curved stiffener layout generation method. **(a)** Improvement history of the mass object under uniaxial compression. **(b)** Improvement history of the relative buckling load object under uniaxial compression. **(c)** Improvement history of the relative buckling load object under biaxial compression.  
Figure 15: Genetic algorithm (GA) points under uniaxial and biaxial compression. **(a)** GA optimized points under uniaxial compression. **(b)** GA points under biaxial compression.  
In the uniaxial compression condition, two optimized objects, mass and relative buckling load, corresponding to Equations (6) and (7), are applied to obtain the desired result. The final layout is shown in Figure 16a,b. Figure 16c shows the optimized stiffener layout under biaxial compression with a relative buckling load object corresponding to Equation (7).  
The results of both the initial straight and bionic optimized stiffeners under different situations are given in Table 3, and their detailed finite element analysis result are given in Figures 17 and 18, respectively. It is clearly seen that the bionic curved stiffeners increase the critical buckling loads greatly (the highest improvements can reach 40.15%), and the different buckling modes reflect that the bionic method in this paper may divide the global buckling area into pieces, while the local buckling damage plays a dominant role in the buckling mode. As local buckling does not indicate a completely broken situation, this stiffener layout also enlarges the damage tolerance to the solar panel.
## 1 Introduction
### Related Work  
The RoF technology is considered a unique solution to design the CN healthier against NLIs and PAPRIs. Various researchers have already worked on NLIs and PAPRIs and made some productive solutions. Some of them are discussed as follows. In [13], authors have studied a novel adaptive RoF system for next-generation cloud radio access network, which goal is to maintain power consumption and to compensate NLIs. In [14], the authors have developed 2 \(\times\) 2 multiple input multiple output based OFDM methodology for improving the RoF structure functionalities. An advanced WDM-RoF system is discussed in [15; 16], where 0.45 nm are chosen for channel transmission with keeping constant the input power. The study in [17] explores multi-mode operation in RoF technology using multi-wavelength optical comb and pulse shaping. The 4 QAM-OFDM procedure is applied before transmitting signals over WDM within a 5G carrier frequency. In [18], the authors have employed a cascaded in-pulse quadrature modulator and intensity modulator for D-band vector millimetre waves in the RoF system. [PERSON] et al. in [19] have presented a graded-index plastic optical fiber technique for OFDM based RoF system to minimize noise and distortions. In [20], authors have demonstrated that an RF transmission system in S-band using 2 \(\times\) 2 multi input multi output (MIMO)-OFDM with orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets, employing phase shift keying (PSK) modulation format. In [21], [PERSON] et al. have proposed the OFDM based WDM RoF system by applying fiber brag grating (FBG).  
However, these previously proposed solutions are limited to addressing NLIs and PAPRIs for long range transmission CNs. Moreover, these schemes require different costly carriers to transmit long distances with low BER data. In the existing models, the phase errors (PEs), NLIs and PAPRIs are not studied for RoF system, which have limited the high capacity fifth generation services. The enhancement in online services and long range range communication requirements, it is necessary to minimize the issues generated by PEs, NLIs and PAPRIs. Therefore, in this paper, based on PON, a full duplex RoF system is presented, using WDM technology to decrease the factors of NLIs and PAPRIs.
###### Abstract
The main challenges refer to the deposit modeling in a way that allows a quantitative understanding of the spatial variability of the fuel characteristics and the related uncertainties, which in turn helps to optimize mine exploitation and to reduce fluctuations in the quality of the run-of-mine ore [7]. These aspects of multi-seam coal deposits evaluation clearly indicate that the quality parameters of coal have a significant effect on the adoption of the criteria for the calculation of the exploitable blocks. However, parameters such as the LCV of the coal deposits often are not measured for all borehole  
Figure 1: Multiple-layered structure of Greek lignite deposits. samples taken during the exploration stage [8]. Therefore, their estimation must be primarily based on careful modeling by means of deterministic or probabilistic approaches [9; 10; 11]. Generally, natural heterogeneity in relation with measurement errors introduces extensive sources of uncertainty in coal characteristics modeling. In this line, various research studies have indicated the uncertainty which is related to the natural heterogeneity of coal [4; 12]. In these studies, non-parametric statistics are generally used to correlate different coal properties. However, in more recent studies, geostatistical techniques are applied for the spatial estimation of coal parameters [1; 7; 8; 13; 14]. The kriging method is the most popular for modeling the spatial variations of coal quality characteristics all over the world [15; 16; 17]. The method has been modified in many ways in order to produce more accurate results, such as cokriging and factorial cokriging [18], kriging with external drift or auxiliary variable [14], or covariance matching constrained kriging [19]. There are also a few articles that report the use of geophysical measurements as auxiliary data in order to improve coal estimation accuracy [14; 20; 21; 22]. In this line, the objective of the present study is to improve the estimation of the spatial variability of LCV by using other quality attributes as auxiliary variables. More specifically, multivariate geostatistical techniques (i.e., kriging, cokriging, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) are coupled to evaluate the quality parameters of coal, with particular reference to the LCV and with the support of other correlated quality attributes. The use of the correlated quality attributes for the estimation of LCV could be considered significant for the mining industry, since a reduction to estimation uncertainty could be achieved at no additional drilling cost.
# Voice Maps as a Tool for Understanding and Dealing with Variability in the Voice
## 3 Voice Maps in Practice
### Mapping of Group Data  
When working with voice maps, one is struck by the inter-individual variation, as in many other clinical disciplines. Still, the need is clear for making group comparisons, either pre- and post-intervention, or of two groups following different regimes. Only if one has a reasonably homogenous group of participants is it meaningful to make voice maps that represent the average of a group [18, 31, 48]. This can be done in several ways. If participants should be weighted equally, one may compile a map of all participants, where the per-cell mean of each participant counts as one observation in each cell, and the number of cycles observed for each participant is discarded. If the participants should be weighted according to the time they spent, then all cycle observations can simply be accumulated per cell across participants, and new means computed for all metrics.  
Although it might be tempting to adopt such an averaged map as being somehow normative for a group, we caution against it. A map that is accumulated from many, without any warping to align local features, will tend to smooth out the individuals' local gradients, which actually reflect the essence of the underlying physiological mechanisms.
# Non-Hertzian Elastohydrodynamic Contact Stress Calculation of High-Speed Ball Screws
## 4 Results Analysis and Discussion  
### Comparison of the Normal Contact Stress between Hertzian Solution and Non-Hertzian Solution  
In order to determine the contact stress distribution of DNBSs accurately, the contact stress distributions between the ball and raceway are calculated by the minimum excess principle and Hertzian contact theory, respectively. The calculation results by the two methods are analyzed comparatively.  
The contact stress distribution of DNBSs is calculated under the preload \(F_{prx}\) is 1500 N, and the helix angle \(\alpha\) is 21.7\({}^{\circ}\). The contact stress comparison between the Hertzian solution and non-Hertzian solution of BSs is shown in Figure 7. As shown in Figure 7, the difference contour maps between the Hertzian solution and non-Hertzian solution at contact point \(A\) and contact point \(B\) indicate the great difference between the two calculation methods. The difference of the contact stress in the edge of the contact region is the largest, and the one in the center of the contact region is the smallest. Thus, there is a big error of contact stress distribution calculated by the Hertzian contact theory, and the contact stress distribution calculated by the non-Hertzian solution is more accurate.
# Optical Beamforming Networks for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications
## 3 OBFNs with TTD Architectures
### MZI Delay Architectures  
In addition to the MRR group delay architectures, TTDs can also be composed of a Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer (MZDI) and a MZI [45; 65], and these can be called MZI delay architectures. In this architecture, MZDI is used to tune the phase or time delay of the optical carrier, in which the power coupling ratio of the upper to lower arms is varied by the MZI. With MZI delays, a TTD architecture for an OBFN receiver of \(N\) antennas has been proposed, as shown in Figure 10a [45]. The architecture includes \(N\) signal channels and one reference channel using the same laser light. \(N\) signal channels are encoded with RF signals received by antennas, while a reference channel is modulated with a local oscillator (LO) signal. After tuning the time delays, \(N\) signal channels and one reference channel are combined and injected into a BPD, producing an intermediate frequency (IF) signal with a frequency which is equal to the frequency difference between the RF and LO. The responses of amplitude and time delay of a MZDI are plotted in Figure 10b, it is clearly illustrated that these responses resemble to those of a MRR. This MZI delay architecture has a squint-free operation bandwidth of at least five percent of the RF frequency [66]. Based on this architecture, an experimental implementation has been established, as shown in Figure 11, demonstrating the receiving capabilities of I/Q signals and two beams [27]. Owing to the fact that a laser is used for the \(N+1\) channels, the architecture has a high sensitivity and low phase noise. However, the limited power of a laser will induce a weak optical signal in each channel, requiring low-loss optical devices such as low-loss phase shifters, optical splitters and couplers. One approach to relax the requirement of optical loss for optical devices is to use a power amplifier in each channel, which, however, will increase the cost and fabrication complexity.  
Figure 9: Schematic diagrams of 2D OBFN receivers based on MRRs with a 16 \(\times\) 1 binary tree structure (reprinted with permission from [47] © The Optical Society).
## 4 Results
### Technology Network Analysis  
Figure 2 depicts the network model of the key technologies, and Table 2 lists the CPC code of each key technology.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ranking** & **Patent Office** & **Frequency** & **Percentage** \\ \hline
1 & WIPO & 185 & 39.78\% \\
2 & CNIFA & 96 & 20.65\% \\
3 & EPO & 69 & 14.84\% \\
4 & USPTO & 38 & 8.17\% \\
5 & KIPO & 27 & 5.81\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) patents refer to the patent cooperation treaty patents granted by the International Bureau of the WIPO; CNIPA: China National Intellectual Property Administration, Beijing: EPO: European Patent Office, Munich; USPTO: United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria; KIPO: Korean Intellectual Property Office, Daejeon.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Patent offices that granted SEPs.  
Figure 1: Growth trend of standard essential patents (SEPs) optical networks. Note: One hundred was applied as the number of SEPs in the base year (2015). In subsequent years, the growth index was (the number of SEPs of that year/the number of SEPs in the base year) \(\times 100\). Therefore, in 2019, the growth index was nearly 600 which means that it was approximately six times the growth index of 2015, which was 100. The cumulative number of SEPs denotes the accumulated number of SEPs each year.  
Table 2 reveals that H04L, H04W, H04B, and H04J are the top five technical fields in terms of closeness centrality, eigenvector centrality, and fragmentation centrality; Appendix A displays the definition of each CPC code. This suggests that transmission of digital information (H04L), wireless communication networks (H04W), transmission (H04B), and multiplex communication (H04J) were the key technologies in optical networks during the period under study.
## 3 Experimental Protocol
### Test Instruments  
1. Temperature and Humidity Monitoring Instruments  
The photovoltaic glass curtain wall employs the kmrxt series SP-4015 RTD temperature input module, SP-1150T optoelectronic (Guangzhou KEMEI Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) isolation module, and RS-485 bi-directional data converter, with an accuracy of 0.1%.  
The micro-environment temperature and humidity measurement instruments are Elitech LogEt 5 (Jiangsu Jingchuang Electric Appliance Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, China) series high-precision temperature and humidity loggers, with temperature and humidity accuracies of \(\pm\)0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C (\(-\)20-40 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and \(\pm\)3% RH (20-80%), respectively.  
2. Equipment for Monitoring PV Power Generation Capacity  
The equipment for monitoring photovoltaic power generation capacity and output data consists of the Growatt SPF 3500 ES (Growatt New Energy Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) off-grid photovoltaic inverter and controller integrated machine. Monitoring data were collected by connecting intelligent devices through the data collector.
###### Abstract  
Aim: The aim of the study is to provide a new tool to measure the level of defensive agility objectively. Methods: The sample included 14 elite male volleyball players of the University of Nitra club (22.3 \(\pm\) 5.7 years). Measurements consisted of body height (BH); body weight (BM); body mass index (BMI), and the defensive agility test (DRAT (test-retest)) with an interval of one week between the two tests using an electronic timer (Witty photocel) and Witty SEM lights (Microgate, ITA). The validation included assessing the equality of mean values in the test and retest (t-Student), effect sizes with [PERSON]'s \(d\), _analysis_ of variance (ANOVA), intraclass correlation coefficient determinations (ICC model), and random intercept correlation (\(\Phi\)). Results: The results indicated no significant differences in both tests except for left movement (\(p\) = 0.0255). The ICC value of the test time was statistically significant (0.91); standard error of measurement (SEM = 0.02); repeatability coefficient (RC = 0.20); minimal difference (MD = 0.04). Effect sizes were trivial to small (\(d\) = \(<\)\(-\)0.05-0.17\(>\); right), medium (d = 0.35; backward) a large (d = \(-\)0.67; left). Conclusions: The DRAT test showed excellent reliability in total time (ICC = 0.91). Validation of the DRAT test's consistency, reliability, accuracy and validity can help coaches make decisions about evaluating and monitoring defensive reactive agility performance in sports games.  
validation; reactive agility test; volleyball; slide speed; team sports +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences