## 4 Therapeutic Effects of Honey
### Antioxidant Effects
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Geographical Origin** & **Honey Type** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Analytical** \\ **Method/Unit** \\ \end{tabular} & **Values/Unit** & **Reference** \\ \hline China & _Amorpha fruitcosa_ L. honey & DPPH (IC\({}_{50}\)) & 100.41 \(\pm\) 15.35 mg/mL & [59] \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Romania} & Thyme & & 67.3\% & \multirow{10}{*}{[21]} \\  & Mint & & 74.03\% & \multirow{10}{*}{[134]} \\  & Raspberry & DPPH assay & 79.05\% & \\  & Sunflower & & 68.03\% & \\  & Polyflower & & 70.7\% & \\  & Heather & & & \\  & Honeydew & \begin{tabular}{c} DPPH assay \\ FRAP assay \\ DPPH assay (IC\({}_{50}\)) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 4.39 mmol Tolrox/g \\ 10.92 \(\mu\)mol Fe\({}^{2+}\)/g \\ 3.93 \(\pm\) 0.6\% \\ \end{tabular} & [135] \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Iran} & Saffron & & 82.4 \(\pm\) 7.4\% & \multirow{10}{*}{[29]} \\  & Sunflower & DPPH assay & 1247.5 \(\pm\) 13.5 \(\mu\)M & \\  & Sunflower & FRAP assay & 45.7 \(\pm\) 2.16\% & \\  & & & 309.7 \(\pm\) 24.1 \(\mu\)M & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Serbia} & Acacia honey & & 26.72 \(\pm\) 0.99 mg Trolox/kg honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[136]} \\  & Polyforal honey & & 8.36 \(\pm\) 0.42 mg Trolox/kg honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[137]} \\  & Polyforal honey & & 37.02 \(\pm\) 0.86 mg Trolox/kg honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[137]} \\  & Forest honey & & 11.97 \(\pm\) 0.35 mg Trolox/kg honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[29]} \\  & Forest honey & & 594.77 \(\pm\) 38.30 mg Trolox/kg honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[138]} \\  & \multirow{2}{*}{_Eucalyptus_ spp.} & & 260.77 \(\pm\) 0.45 mg Trolox/kg honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[88]} \\  & & & 3.41–18.48 \(\mu\)mol ET/g honey & \\  & \multirow{2}{*}{Brazil} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Eucalyptus_ spp.} & 25.4–105.3 mg/mL honey & \multirow{2}{*}{[138]} \\  & & DPPH assay (EC\({}_{50}\)) & 0.4–2.11 \(\mu\)mol ET/g honey & \\  & Polyforal & FRAP assay & 2.8–10.10.68 \(\mu\)mol ET/g honey & \\  & & & 37.6-139.07 mg/mL honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[138]} \\  & & & 0.5–1.76 \(\mu\)mol ET/g honey & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Turkey} & & (a) 470.0 \(\pm\) 7.43 and 34.37 \(\pm\) & \multirow{10}{*}{[98]} \\  & 23 monofoloral & (b) DPPH assay & 0.44 mg/100 g GAE & \\  & honey samples & (c) FRAP assay & (b) 29.07 \(\pm\) 1.42 mg/mL & \\  & & (d) \(\beta\)-Karoten assay & (c) 0.0022–0.0091 mg/100 g honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[138]} \\  & & & (d) 32.09 and 94.87\% OE & \\  & Acacia & & 152.40 \(\pm\) 62.004 mg/mL & \\  & Acacia & & 0.64 \(\pm\) 0.34 \(\mu\)mol FeSO\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{2}\)O/g & \\  & & & 123.56 \(\pm\) 25.12 mg/mL & \\  & Astragalus & DPPH assay (EC\({}_{50}\)) & 0.66 \(\pm\) 0.74 mol FeSO\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{2}\)O/g & \\  & Heather & FRAP assay & 27.84 \(\pm\) 13.20 mg/mL & \\  & Heather & & 1.42 \(\pm\) 0.28 \(\mu\)mol FeSO\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{2}\)O/g & \\  & & & 78.06 \(\pm\) 28.65 mg/mL & \\  & Rhododendron & & 0.67 \(\pm\) 0.22 \(\mu\)mol FeSO\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{2}\)O/g & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Italy (Sicily)} & Dill & & 114.2–238.4 \(\mu\)mol ET/100 g & \multirow{10}{*}{[138]} \\  & Dill & DPPH assay & 159.3–173.6 mg AAE/100 g & \\  & \multirow{2}{*}{_Eucalyptus_ globes_} & & 180.6–194.3 \(\mu\)mol ET/100 g & \multirow{10}{*}{[138]} \\  & & & 62.8–75.2 mg AAE/100 g & \\  & Ferula & & 114.2–150.4 \(\mu\)mol ET/100 g & \\  & & & 93.7–110.2 mg AAE/100 g & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{India} & _Sesamun indicum_ & DPPH assay (EC\({}_{50}\)) & 39.5 \(\pm\) 0.4 mg/mL honey & \multirow{10}{*}{[139]} \\  & FRAP assay & 2.75 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)\(\pm\) 4.8 \(\mu\)mol Fe(II)/L & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c} DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazzil (DPPH) radical assay; FRAP, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power; ORAC, Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity; \(\beta\)-Karoten assay, croton or \(\beta\)-carotene bleaching; ABTS, Radical cation (2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazazoline-6-sulphonic acid)). \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Antioxidant effect of honey. (Table 1).