## 4 Result  
### Determinants of Remanufacturing Adoption in CE  
In order to adopt remanufacturing practices, we applied a combination of literature review and the MDM method. Initially, twelve determinants were identified through the literature review of remanufacturing in the context of CE. The appropriate keywords were searched in the Scopus database to conduct the literature review. The Scopus database was chosen since it is the largest citation database, with over 24,000 journals. The remanufacturing in CE is better reflected by the keywords including \"remanufacture\", \"circulareconomy\", \"closed-loop supply chain\", and \"circular supply chain\". These keywords were combined and searched in the Scopus database using Boolean operators. Only English-language articles published after the year 2000 were included. After that, the screening procedure was performed to select the articles that two authors independently examined. After the articles were finalized, a comprehensive review was conducted, and twelve determinants of remanufacturing implementation in the CE context were identified. An expert panel was formed with twelve experts, eight from industry, three from academia, and one consultant. These industry experts are well-versed in remanufacturing and CE. Experts were chosen based on their remanufacturing and reverse logistics experience. The professionals who participated in the study have a management-level experience of over twelve years. These professionals are employed by well-established companies that have been manufacturing or remanufacturing for at least 18 years. Three academicians working in the circular economy and remanufacturing field with sufficient knowledge of CE and remanufacturing operations also took part in this study. Appendix A contains information on the experts. After that, three rounds of the MDM method were conducted by using questionnaires (please refer to Appendix B's Table A2 and Appendix C's Table A3) in with twelve experts, as explained in the methodology section. The result of the MDM method is provided in Table 2 with accept and reject decisions. As shown in Table 2, ten determinants have a mean value of more than 3.5 and a standard deviation within 1. Therefore, these ten determinants are considered significant for remanufacturing in the context of CE, and the remaining two are dropped for further analysis. The finalized determinants are explained in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Determinant** & **Mean** & **Mode** & **Standard Deviation** & **Decision** \\ \hline Management commitment & 4.083333 & 5 & 0.862007 & Accept \\ Traceability system & 3.666667 & 3 & 0.942809 & Accept \\ Collaboration & 3.916667 & 4 & 0.759203 & Accept \\ Government pressure & 3.416667 & 4 & 1.497683 & Reject \\ Collection channels & 3.833333 & 3 & 0.799305 & Accept \\ Preferential tax prices & 4.166667 & 4 & 0.552771 & Accept \\ Consumer preferences & 4.166667 & 4 & 0.552771 & Accept \\ Organizational image & 3.916667 & 4 & 0.759203 & Accept \\ Competior availability & 3.166667 & 4 & 0.799305 & Reject \\ Rematuraturing adoption framework & 4.083333 & 4 & 0.759203 & Accept \\ Market opportunities & 4.25 & 5 & 0.924211 & Accept \\ Skilled workers & 4.166667 & 4 & 0.687184 & Accept \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Result of the MDM for finalization of determinant of remanufacturing in CE. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**S. No. ** & **Determinants** & **Code** & **Description** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(1\).} & Management commitment & \multirow{3}{*}{DT1} & A comprehensive understanding of the benefits of adopting remanufacturing processes would reinforce top management’s commitment. & [PERSON] et al. [15]; \\  & & & A transparent information system is critical for the effective adoption of remanufacturing methods, and this can be built through the flow of credible and pertinent information throughout the manufacturing process, both within and outside the organization.