esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Experimental Verification
### Experiments on Image Retrieving and Key Point Extraction
#### 5.2.2 Feature Extraction and Matching of Image  
The image features of the charging port are extracted utilizing the SIFT algorithm in OpenCV. In order to enhance the robustness of feature matching, each key point is described by 16 seed points, generating 128 data points, which is a 128-dimensional SIFT feature vector that is not affected by scale changes and geometric deformations is finally formed. Further, normalizing the lengths removes the effect of lighting changes. The parameter settings are shown in Table 2.  
After the SIFT feature vector is generated, the Euclidean distance method is used as the similarity criterion for key points. In order to exclude the key points with no matching relationship caused by background confusion or occlusion, a machine learning algorithm, K-nearest neighbor (KNN), is used to compare the nearest-neighbor distance and the next nearest neighbor distance. If the ratio is less than the set threshold, it is judged that the matching result is correct. By lowering the threshold, the number of matching points will decrease, but it will be more stable.  
Figure 7 shows the features of the charging port extracted using the SIFT algorithm. It can be seen from the figure that the SIFT algorithm can extract the feature points of the charging port very well. After the extracted features are obtained, the FLANN matcher is utilized to perform feature matching between the feature points of charging port in the image extracted by SIFT and the pre-stored features, and the feature matching result is visualized as shown in Figure 8. It can be seen from the figure that the FLANN matcher can more accurately match feature points in the template extracted by SIFT with the target feature points.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Meaning** & **Value** \\ \hline nOctaveLayers & The number of levels in each group in the pyramid & 3 \\ contrastThreshold & Threshold for filtering out bad feature points & 0.04 \\ edgeThreshold & Threshold to filter out edge effects & 10 \\ double sigma & Gaussian filter coefficient of image in layer 0 of the pyramid & 1.6 \\ K(FLANN) & Top K points with the best match that the KNN algorithm returns & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Parameters of SIFT algorithm.  
Figure 6: Feature points of filtering processed image: (**a**) before filtering; (**b**) by mean filtering; (**c**) by median filtering; (**d**) by Gaussian filtering.
# On-Demand Scheduling of Command and Responses for Low-Power Multihop Wireless Networks +
## 5 Evaluation
### Testbed Experiment  
As a final evaluation, testbed experiments are carried out to verify SCoRe's performance on real embedded devices. There are numerous reasons that may incur packet loss in real wireless environments such as multipath fading, CTI [53; 54], etc., and therefore it is essential to evaluate a wireless protocol through real experiments. For this purpose, we configured an LLN testbed in an office environment with 30 TeloSB devices [32] and one gateway, deployed in a grid formation on the ceiling of our lab as shown in Figure 7, where the root is placed at the \"Top\" position.  
The experimental results are presented in Figure 11. Because the office room is relatively small, all nodes can receive commands within 1\(\sim\)2 hops. Therefore, PRR and latency is good enough even when \(T_{R}\) is set to 1 second. However, the number of retransmissions for legacy schemes are poor because the response packets are transmitted within a short time window on a highly congested channel in an unscheduled manner. On the other hand, SCoRe's retransmission count is still close to 0.1 which means SCoRe successfully avoids inter-packet collisions by scheduling command and response jointly. Reduction in retransmission count not only implies higher reliability but also means energy savings. Overall, both the simulation and experiment results show that SCoRe adapts to the network topology while reducing network latency and improving PRR with little number of retransmissions.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Impact of Cultivar and Cut on Aroma Profile
Specifically, we observed a more robust cultivar-dependent response in Eleonora, which after harvesting, a \(-\)34.4%, \(-\)51.6%, and +75.3% variation in eucalypt, \(\beta\)-cis-ocimene, and eugenol content, respectively, was evidenced. The simultaneous decrease of the monoterpenes (eucalypt and \(\beta\)-cis-ocimene) and the increase of the phenylpropanoloid eugenol, which are synthesized via two distinct metabolic pathways (i.e., mevalonate and shikimate pathways) [72], confirm that terpene synthase is negatively correlated with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity [73]. Figure 4: Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in plants: schematic diagram of the shikimate and phenylalanine/tyrosine pathways. Dashed arrows indicate different enzymatic steps. Abbreviations: DAHPS, 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-2-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase; DIQS, 3-Dehydroquinate synthase; DHQD, 3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase; SD, Shikimate dehydrogenase; SK, Shikimate kinase; EPSPS, 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase; CS, Chorismate synthase; CM, Chorismate mutase; PDH, Prephenate dehydrogenase; PDT, Prephenate dehydratase; HPP-AT, 4-Hydroyphenyllypyruvate aminotransferase; PPY-AT, Phenylpyruvate aminotransferase; PPA-AT, Prephenate aminotransferase; ADH, Arogenate dehydrogenase; ADT, Arogenate dehydratase; TAL, Tyrosine ammonia-lyase; C4H, Cinamate 4-hydroxyylase; PAL, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C3H, p-Cumarate 3-hydroxyylase; 4 CL, 4-Hydroxcinnamoyl CoA ligase; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase; CCOMT, Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase transferase; HCT, Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; CCR, Cinnamoyl reductase; CAD, Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; CAAT, Coniferyl alcohol acetyltransferasease; EGS, Eugenol synthase.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Experiment Data and Analysis  
The color component data (R, G, B, L, a, and b), grayscale, and log-grayscale of the suspension image were obtained by the measuring device and analysis software. Figure S2a-c are the relationships between the R, G, and B values and the VC concentrations. The infrared images were similar to the gray images, and in theory, the RGB values are equal. However, the adjustment of camera parameters, including the white balance, hue, and saturation caused the observed difference between the R, G, and B values in Figure S2. The instability of the RGB to camera parameters is detrimental to the accuracy of the measurement. Thus, the RGB values were not suitable for the VC measurements.  
Figure 5 and S3 show the relationship between the L, a, and b values and VC concentrations. Figure 5 shows an approximately linear relationship between L and the VC concentration in the range of 0-5 \(\upmu\)g/mL, and a linear relationship is suitable for measurement. In addition, L is not disturbed by the camera parameters of white balance, hue, saturation, etc., because L represents lightness and is not affected by color. Therefore, the L value is a good choice for measuring the VC concentration. Figure S3a,b shows that different VC concentrations can correspond to the same a and b values in the range of 0-5 \(\upmu\)g/mL. The relationship of the VC concentration to a and b cannot be expressed by simple functions therefore, the a and b values cannot be used to measure the VC concentration.  
Figure 6a,b show the relationships between the grayscale, and log-grayscale values with VC concentrations. Figure 6a shows that the grayscale value and VC concentration have a logarithmic relationship. In Figure 6b, the logarithmic grayscale and VC concentration are shown to be linearly related. The changes of grayscale and logarithmic grayscale conform to \(I\) and \(\ln I\) in the Lambert-Beer law of Equations (8) and (9), therefore, grayscale is considered to linearly correlate to \(I\). Therefore, grayscale and log-grayscale were used to measure the VC concentration.  
Figure 5: The relationship between the L value and VC concentrations.  
In Figures 6b and 5, the log-grayscale and L show a linear and approximately linear relationship to the VC concentration, and the comparison between L and log-grayscale after normalization is shown in Figure S4. According to Equations (6) and (7), the VC concentration is linearly related to the suspended iodine particle concentration. In Equation (8), there is a negative exponential relationship between the transmitted light intensity and the concentration of the suspended iodine particles. However, Figure S4 shows that L has a similar trend with the log-grayscale, linearly relating to the VC concentration. The reason for this is that L obtained by the imaging method is different from the light intensity obtained by the photocell of the turbidimeter. When L is converted from the RGB color space to the CIE Lab color space, the operation of Equation (2)-(5) is close to a logarithmic operation thus, the exponential relationship becomes approximately linear [23].
# Strategies for Enhancing Extracellular Electron Transfer in Environmental Biotechnology: A Review
## 3 Strategies for Enhancing EET in Environmental Biotechnology
### Electrode Modifications and Design  
Numerous measures have been implemented to augment the efficacy of EET by optimizing electrode materials, operating parameters, and components of MFCs. Additionally, the introduction of metal ions, including Cu\({}^{2+}\), Cd\({}^{2+}\) and Ca\({}^{2+}\) has been explored as a potential strategy [25]. Surface functionalization of electrode materials can enhance EET by increasing surface area, facilitating electron transfer between microbes and electrodes, and enhancing electrical conductivity [70]. This can be achieved through the utilization of molecules that are redox-active or electron shuttles. The utilization of carbon nanomaterials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and their composites with non-carbon materials, has been investigated as a means of reducing charge transfer resistance. A positive correlation exists between the geometric surface area of an electrode and its potential to accommodate a microbial colony, which in turn may lead to increased power output (Figure 2a) [71]. However, materials such as felt, veils, or foam electrodes have micro and nano-size geometries, which include the presence of pores. According to existing research, it has been demonstrated that current generation output is dependent upon both the area of the electrode and on pore size [49]. The selection of the type and shape of material to use for the electrodes in MFCs varies according to the volume of the MFC. Commonly used electrode materials are made from carbon. The fabrication of microscale electrodes involves the application or deposition of a thin layer of metal or carbon conductive material to achieve a significant increase in surface area. The utilization of a carbon veil as an electrode material in larger-scale electrodes offers several advantages. Firstly, it provides an ample number of tiny pores that facilitate excellent porosity, allowing for the effective transfer of nutrients by advective transport via perfusion. Secondly, the thread continuity of the carbon veil leads to lower resistance compared to carbon felt or other carbon materials with discontinuous strands [71] (Figure 2b).  
Additionally, conductive polymers or nanomaterials can improve electrode conductivity and promote direct contact between microorganisms and electrode surfaces. It has also been established that nanostructured electrodes can also improve conductivity, allowing faster and more efficient electron transfer along the electrode surface [72]. These electrodes offer unique properties that promote specific interactions with microorganisms or biomolecules, further enhancing their affinity towards target species involved in EET processes. Nanostructured electrodes have shown promise in applications like MFCs and biosensors, where they enhance sensitivity and selectivity by providing a larger surface area for biomolecular recognition and improving electron transfer efficiency.
# Development and Application of Digital Twin-BIM Technology for Bridge Management
###### Abstract  
The concept and technology of a digital twin, which represent a replica of a real object in a virtual space called Industry 4.0, are widely used across all industries and purposes. Similarly, in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries, there is an urgent need to develop a technology called BIM, a form of digital twin based on 3D models, for the purpose of improving productivity and reducing costs. Bridge structures are required to be safe, reliable, and durable, and various research studies have been conducted on maintenance and repair strategies and their development by fusing health monitoring and digital twins. In this study, we explore the development of digital twin-BIM technology and demonstrate its various applications for an existing bridge structure where the implementation of health monitoring is planned. Moreover, we evaluate the characteristics of the structural performance of the bridge structure using digital twin-BIM technology.  
digital twin; BIM; landscape visualization; traffic simulation; FE analysis; maintenance Article
## 2 FG Composite Plates Reinforced with GPLs  
Consider a functionally graded graphene platelets (FG-GPLs)-reinforced composite plate in a coordinate system (\(0\leq x\leq a\), \(-\infty\leq y\leq\infty\), \(-h/2\leq z\leq h/2\),), which is shown in Figure 1. For the wave propogation problem, the plate is finite in the \(x\) and \(z\)-axis, infinite in the \(y\)-axis, and made from a composite material comprising an isotropic matrix with GPLs reinforcement whose mixing ratio may vary along the \(z\)-axis (functionally graded materia, FGM).  
According to the modified Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model [6], the effective Young's modulus of FG-GPLs reinforced composite can be well approximated by  
\[E=\frac{3}{8}\frac{1+\xi_{l}\eta_{l}V_{\rm G}}{1-\eta_{l}V_{\rm G}}E_{\rm M}+ \frac{5}{8}\frac{1+\xi_{w}\eta_{w}V_{\rm G}}{1-\eta_{w}V_{\rm G}}E_{\rm M} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\eta_{l}=\frac{E_{\rm G}/E_{\rm M}-1}{E_{\rm G}/E_{\rm M}+\xi_{l}^{\prime}}\), \(\eta_{w}=\frac{E_{\rm G}/E_{\rm M}-1}{E_{\rm G}/E_{\rm M}+\xi_{w}}\), \(E_{\rm G}\) and \(E_{\rm M}\) represent the [PERSON]'s moduli of GPLs and polymer matrix, respectively, and \(V_{\rm G}\) represents the GPL volume fraction. The scaled  
Figure 1: The FG-GPLs reinforced plate in a coordinate system.  
parameters \(\xi_{l}\) and \(\xi_{w}\) denote the effects of both the geometry and size of GPL nanofillers, and can be expressed as  
\[\xi_{l}=2a_{\rm G}/t_{\rm G},\ \xi_{w}=2b_{\rm G}/t_{\rm G} \tag{2}\]  
in which \(a_{\rm G},b_{\rm G},t_{\rm G}\) are the length, width and thickness of GPL nanofillers, respectively.  
However the modified Halpin-Tsai model cannot determine the mass density and Poisson's ratio of composite materials. By using the rules of mixture, the Poisson's ratio and density of the nanocomposites can be obtained as  
\[\
u=v_{\rm G}V_{\rm G}+v_{\rm M}(1-V_{\rm G}) \tag{3}\]  
\[\rho=\rho_{\rm G}V_{\rm G}+\rho_{\rm M}(1-V_{\rm G}) \tag{4}\]  
where \(v_{\rm G},\rho_{\rm G}\) and \(v_{\rm M},\rho_{\rm M}\) represent the Poisson's ratios, densities of GPLs and polymer matrix, respectively.  
In this paper, four different GPLs distribution patterns are considered, named FG-V, FG-X, FG-O and UD [11; 12], as schematically depicted in Figure 2, and can be expressed as  
\[\begin{array}{l}\rm FG-V:\ V_{\rm G}(z)=V_{\rm G}^{*}(1+2z/h)\\ \rm FG-X:\ V_{\rm G}(z)=V_{\rm G}^{*}4|z|/h\\ \rm FG-O:\ V_{\rm G}(z)=V_{\rm G}^{*}(2-4|z|/h)\\ \rm UD:\ V_{\rm G}(z)=V_{\rm G}^{*}\end{array} \tag{5}\]  
where \(z\in[-0.5h,\,0.5h]\), and \(V_{\rm G}^{*}\) is the total volume fraction of GPLs, which can be determined by the total weight fraction of GPLs \(W_{\rm G}\),  
\[V_{\rm G}^{*}=\frac{W_{\rm G}}{W_{\rm G}+(\rho_{\rm G}/\rho_{\rm M})(1-W_{\rm G })} \tag{6}\]
## 3 Results
### Experimental Results  
After the simulation test, a real-life model of the quadrotor was assembled and set up with the hardware components. A DJI F450 frame and NVIDIA Jetson TX2 computer with J120 carrier board for high-level control and Pixhawk [17] for low-level control were used in this experiment. An Intel T265 camera was used to localize the quadrotor, and an Intel D435 camera for measuring depth to objects. The overall system is shown in Figure 10. The Jetson TX2 computer consists of a dual-core Denver2 CPU and quad-core ARM A57 CPU.  
The on-board computer received data from the T265 and D435 cameras. After the on-board computer generated a trajectory, it transferred data to the Pixhawk flight controller with the MAVLink communication protocol. Then, PX4 conducted the tracking control, generating the desired rotor speeds, and sent the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)signals to the motors. In this experiment, the quadrotor flew at a distance of about 6.5 m for 30 s. The navigation environment and quadrotor flight are shown in Figure 11. The reference trajectory and sensor data are shown in Figure 12. The results of this experiment showed that the quadrotor successfully arrived at the end point without crashing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Speed (m/s)** & **Number of Points** & **Mean Computation Time** \\ \hline
2 & 5 & \(11\times 10^{-6}\) s \\
3 & 10 & \(17\times 10^{-6}\) s \\
4 & 20 & \(35\times 10^{-6}\) s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mean computation time.  
Figure 9: Replanning of global trajectory.  
Figure 11: Real test.  
Figure 12: Reference trajectory and sensor data graph of the real test.  
Figure 10: Quadrotor front view.
## 3 Iterative Learning Observer-Based Thruster Fault Reconstruction Approach
### Stability Analysis of the Learning Output-Feedback Fault-Tolerant Controller
The fault scenarios were selected as follows:  
1. The abrupt constant fault in the \(x\)-axis thruster: \[F_{x}(t)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}0&t\leq 1500\text{s}\\ 0.5&t\geq 1500\text{s}\end{array} \right.\]
2. Fault-free condition in the \(y\)-axis thruster: \[F_{y}(t)=0\]
3. The time-varying fault in the \(z\)-axis thruster: \[F_{z}(t)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}0&t\leq 200\text{s}\\ 0.25\sin(0.05t+\frac{\pi}{4})-0.2e^{-0.1t}&t\geq 2000\text{s}\end{array} \right.\]
###### Abstract  
Establishing a sprint acceleration force-velocity profile is a way to assess an athlete's sprint-specific strength and speed production capacities. It can be determined in field condition using GNSS-based (global navigation satellite system) devices. The aims of this study were to (1) assess the inter-unit and the inter-trial reliability of the force-velocity profile variables obtained with K-AI Wearable Tech devices (50 Hz), (2) assess the concurrent validity of the input variables (maximal sprint speed and acceleration time constant), and (3) assess the validity of the output variables (maximal force output, running velocity and power). Twelve subjects, including one girl, performed forty-one 30 m sprints in total, during which the running speed was measured using two GPS (global positioning system) devices placed on the upper back and a radar (Stalker(r) Pro II Sports Radar Gun). Concurrent validity, inter-device and inter-trial reliability analyses were carried out for the input and output variables. Very strong to poor correlation (0.99 to 0.38) was observed for the different variables between the GPS and radar devices, with typical errors ranging from small to large (all \(<\) 7.6%). Inter-unit reliability was excellent to moderate depending on the variable (ICC values between 0.65 and 0.99). Finally, for the inter-trial reliability, the coefficients of variation were low to very low (all \(<\) 5.6%) for the radar and the GPS. The K-AI Wearable Tech used in this study is a concurrently valid and reliable alternative to radar for assessing a sprint acceleration force-velocity profile.  
GPS; K-Sport(r); running; speed; force; sport performance 2023  
1  
L.: 1  
Universite Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Universite Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Morticite, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.V.-N.J.; [PERSON].S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.R) 1
# The Evaluation of Software Security through Quantum Computing Techniques: A Durability Perspective
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Software Durability and Quantum Security Technique
#### 2.2.4 Usability  
Software usability is a term to stay away from; however, it is utilized generally and there are recommendations that the term usability of software could be utilized in the case of all things being equal. The well-being of the basic software security and durability, in the quantum computing era, will be ensured by inducing quantum security algorithm or procedures in the software development life span [21], thus enhancing usability. For non-basic and less basic kinds of uses, the product usage measure is, notwithstanding, less obliged, which incites the nature of any product, bringing about lower durability of software, which can consequently instigate conduct in opposition to accessibility. Henceforth, the strength of these variables is significant in building more usable software. With the end goal of appraisal, traits of study security, as for usability, were at level 2.  
Additional, factors of software security, from the durability perspective, at level 3, are defined as:  
* Availability: implies that the data is available for the approved clients as and when required. Availability, with regards a computer framework, alludes to the capacity of a client to get to data or assets for a predetermined term.
* Confidentiality: refers to allowing sanctioned admittance to susceptible and secure data.
* Authentication: the factor that answers for the personality of the client's profile. It is the interaction of deciding if a client is, indeed, who the client claims to be.
* Maintainability: the possibility that secure software will maintain or repair in the available environment or situation.
* Accountability: implies that each individual client who works with the product ought to have explicit duties regarding security confirmation. These errands incorporate singular obligation, as a component of the general security plan, since programming may become powerless by a dependable individual, such as a designer.
Performance Analysis of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-Assisted Satellite Communications: Passive Beamforming and Outage Probability  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2