esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, the PS technique is investigated for a coherent FSO communication system. We aim to optimize the PMF of the input QAM signal over the Gamma-Gamma channel. To begin with, we first present the BMD rate \(\mathrm{R_{BMD}}\). After that, the optimal PMF was obtained by the heuristic algorithm, in order to maximize the \(\mathrm{R_{BMD}}\). Correspondingly,  
Figure 6: Average SER from Equation (10) and Monte Carlo simulations versus \(E_{s}/N_{0}\) with or without the PS.  
Figure 7: Post-FEC BER versus \(E_{s}/N_{0}\) with or without the PS.  
the achievable information rate is simulated by a Monte Carlo simulation. Compared with the uniform distribution, PS has a larger gain in the low SNR than that in the high SNR. The results show that in the low SNR regime, the PS with \(H=3.7964\) could offer the best performance, which has an approximate 0.4 dB gain, while the optimal PMF tends to be a uniform distribution in the high SNR regime. In addition, it can be seen from the results that in each case of the SNR, the desired optimal PMFs are different. In addition, we derived a closed-form expression of the PEP for a non-uniform signal under the condition of the Gamma-Gamma channel. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the average SER and post-FEC BER. An approximately 1.3 dB shaping gain was achieved by PS with \(H=3.7964\), which proves the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in a coherent FSO communication system.  
Writing--original draft preparation, R.T.; writing--review and editing, R.T.; visualization, S.M., Y.G. and X.L.; supervision, Z.W.; project administration, Z.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
The study did not report any data.  
This work is supported by the Reseach project of the scientific research equipment of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Optical Communication Laboratory of CIOMP for the use of their equipment.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Enhanced Joint and Separable Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images with High Payload
## 3 The Proposed Joint Data Hiding System
### Feasibility of the Proposed Data Hiding System  
In the proposed scheme, information bits can be embedded in both \(B_{1}\) and \(W_{1}\). Since the fluctuation calculation is based on the smoothness of natural images, the difference of the chosen pixel and its neighboring pixels is usually used to measure the fluctuation. For example, let us consider two adjacent pixels, i.e., the chosen pixel and one of its neighboring pixels. Assume that the flip operation is performed randomly on all the pixels of the encrypted image. There are a total of four cases of two adjacent pixels, as shown in Figure 4 where \(c\) and \(\overline{c}\) represent the original and the flipped chosen pixels, \(n\) and \(\overline{n}\) represent the original and the flipped neighboring pixels, respectively.  
On the basis of statistics, as shown in Figure 4a,b, the absolute difference value of \(c\) and its neighboring pixel is \(\frac{1}{2}(|c-n|+|c-\overline{n}|)\); the absolute difference value of \(\overline{c}\) and its neighboring pixel is \(\frac{1}{2}(|\overline{c}-n|+|\overline{c}-\overline{n}|)\) as depicted in Figure 4c,d. The net difference of the above two values is  
\[\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{2}(|c-n|+|c-\overline{n}|)-\frac{1}{2}(|\overline{c }-n|+|\overline{c}-\overline{n}|)\\ =\frac{1}{2}(|c-n|-|\overline{c}-\overline{n}|+|c-\overline{n}|-(|\overline{c}- n|)\\ =\frac{1}{2}(|c-n|-|\overline{c}-\overline{n}|)\\ <0\end{array} \tag{12}\]  
According to (12), Figure 4b,c are basically same, since the absolute difference values of the two adjacent pixels of Figure 4b,c are statistically the same, i.e., \(|c-n|-|\overline{c}-n|=0\). Moreover, from (13) as stated in [15], because of spatial correlation in the natural image, the absolute difference value of the original pixel is generally lower than that of a seriously interfered version, i.e., the flipped pixels. Thus, \(c\) and \(\overline{c}\) could be distinguished, regardless of whether its neighboring pixel is flipped or not. In other words, both sets could be used for data embedding; the embedding capacity is indeed enlarged.
# Creating a Remote Choir Performance Recording Based on an Ambisonic Approach
## 3 Basics of Ambisonics
The Directional Audio Coding (DirAC) algorithm uses the Spatial Impulse Response Rendering (SIRR) method. SIRR analyzes room impulse responses in frequency bands, their dispersion, and time-dependent direction of arrival. Based on the analytical data, a multichannel response suitable for reproduction with any chosen surround speaker configuration is synthesized. It should also be added that a particular example of ambisonic decoding is the use of the HRTF function to decode an ambisonic signal into a binaural format [66].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Identifying Insect-Resistant Endogenous Hormones in PaP  
Ten individual healthy PaP trees of a similar diameter, height, and age were selected and divided into two groups. One group was infested with ALB, and the other was kept as a control. Infestation was achieved by caging ALB adults (five females and two males) on each trunk and allowing oviposition to proceed for 7 days, after which time eggs began hatching and 1 st instar larvae began feeding on tree phloem. A total of 5 gof bark (3 cm \(\times\) 3 cm) was sampled using a knife from 1.5 cm above an oviposition site on each infested tree, and 5 g of bark was taken from control group trees at a similar site on each tree trunk; this represented five replicates in each group. Before sampling, the sampling sites on all trees were washed with distilled water. Removed bark samples were immediately placed in liquid nitrogen and transported back to the laboratory on dry ice and stored at \(-\)80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for later testing.  
Endogenous phytohormones were extracted from PaP samples using isopropanol-water-hydrochloric acid. The quantities of SA, JA, MeSA, and MeJA were determined on an Agilent 1290 HPLC (Agilent, USA) in series with an AB Sciex QTRAP 6500 + Mass Spectrometer (MS) (AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA) and with an internal standard substance (2-hydroxybenzoic acid (2H-BA); dihydro-asmonic acid (2 HJA); methyl dihydro-asmonate (2 HMeJA) added to correct test results during the extraction process. Data were collected mainly using HPLC and MS/MS data acquisition systems.  
Standard solutions of SA, JA, MeSA, and MeJA with gradients of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 2, 5, 20, 50, and 200 ng/mL were prepared using methanol (0.1% formic acid) as the solvent and included as internal standard solutions (2H-BA; 2 HJA; 2 HMeJA; 20 ng/mL).  
The ESI-HPLC-MS/MS method was used for quantitative analysis of the plant hormones present. HPLC conditions were a chromatographic column, a Poroshell 120 SB-C18 reverse-phase chromatographic column (2.1 mm \(\times\) 150 mm, 2.7 \(\upmu\)m); a column temperature of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C; reverse phase; and A:B = (methanol/0.1% formic acid):(water/0.1% formic acid). The elution gradient was 0-1 min, A = 20%; 1-9 min, A increased to 80%; 9-10 min, A = 80%; 10-10.1 min, and A decreased to 20%; 10.1-15 min, A = 20%, and the injection volume was 2 \(\upmu\)L.  
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) conditions were as follows: Electrospray Ionization Source (ESI) atomization temperature of 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, curtain gas (CUR) at 15 psi, spray voltage (IS) at 4500 V, atomization gas pressure (Gas 1) at 65 psi, auxiliary gas pressure (Gas 2) at 70 psi, and the monitoring mode was MRM (multiple reaction monitoring mode). In the Q-Trap6500, each ion pair was scanned based on the optimized decluster voltage (DP) and collision energy (CE).
## 4 Discussion
### Strength and Limitations  
One of the strengths of this study was the inclusion of female volleyball players with similar physical characteristics who competed at the national level. Additionally, to minimize the learning effect, each recovery interval measurement was conducted on separate days, with at least 48 h between them, and the measurements were taken in a randomized order. The use of a force plate, considered the gold standard in athletic performance assessments, also enhanced the reliability of the findings. However, there were some limitations to the study. The lack of electromyography evaluation during the performance tests hindered a more detailed analysis of muscle activation, which is a key aspect for understanding the PAPE effect. Furthermore, while the RCMJ-30 used for the PAPE protocol showed reliable results in repeated measurements, it is important to note that the effects of exercises involving different sets and intensities, on the optimal recovery interval, may vary.
# Sensor Micro and Nanoparticles for Microfluidic Application
## 2 Construction Principles of Sensor Particles
### Particle-Base Imaging of Oxygen Distribution  
Oxygen imaging using a fluorescence microscope was investigated by [PERSON] et al. [58] Oxygen measurements were carried out inside a Y-shaped microfluidic reactor by applying luminescent indicator dye doped nanoparticles. Sensor particles were prepared by staining poly(styrene-block-vinylpyrrolidone) (PSPVP) beads with oxygen-sensitive luminescent dye Ir(C\({}_{\mathrm{s}}\))\({}_{2}\)(acac) according to the report of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [59]. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured during the glucose oxidation reaction in the presence of glucose oxidase. By comparing the obtained experimental results and predictions of model simulations, good agreement was found, which showed a high measurement accuracy. The accuracy of the presented oxygen-imaging technique was 0.03, and it was evaluated by comparing a calculated standard deviation to a curve fitted to experimental data.  
Figure 11: Schematic representation of the experimental setup for monitoring an enzymatic activity in microfluidic reactors with oxygen sensing layer. Adapted from [46]. Copyright © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  
Later on, [PERSON] et al. [60] presented magnetic optical sensor particles (MOSePs) for monitoring the enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase and cellular respiration. MOSePs were produced by an optimized nanoprecipitation method. In order to prepare sensor particles, PSMA nanoparticles were doped with magnetite nanoparticles and different luminescent dyes (PtTFPP, MFY or Ir(C\({}_{\mathrm{s}}\))\({}_{2}\)(acac)). By using a magnet, the particles were collected and accumulated in one place inside a microfluidic channel in order to form sensor spots. In situ formed sensor spots featured good stability at flow rates typically applied in microfluidic systems. Among biggest advantages was an ability to easily change the location of sensor spot by moving the magnet outside a microfluidic channel. By forming sensor spots, enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase was monitored by detecting pO\({}_{2}\) along the channel, during the glucose oxidation. Respiratory cell activity was investigated by using a suspension of MOSePs containing Ir(C\({}_{\mathrm{s}}\))\({}_{2}\)(acac), when _E. coli_ were incubated inside a microfluidic chip. As a result, the pO\({}_{2}\) image showed the oxygen concentration was the lowest at places in the chip where cell aggregates were located.
# Modified Endoscopic-Assisted Approach for Removal of
## 1 Introduction  
Ectopic eruption of a tooth in a non-dentate area is a rare phenomenon. The event has been reported to occur in many different locations, and the most frequently affected teeth are maxillary canine and mandibular third molar [1]. Although the pathogenesis remains unclear, assumptions have been made about the process, such as tissue interactions during tooth development, which can be due to developmental disturbances, trauma, iatrogenic, pathology, and genetic factors [1]. In rare cases, a tooth may exist in the maxillary sinus with or without symptoms. According to a literature review of 51 ectopic teeth in the maxillary sinus by [PERSON] et al. [2], the majority of cases presented with symptoms including headache, facial pain, epistaxis, purulent rhinorrhea, swelling, and epiphorra-related nasolacimal duct obstruction with 15 cases associated with pathology, mostly being a dentigerous cyst. The treatment for an ectopic tooth with symptoms and/or pathology was surgical removal. For asymptomatic cases, the treatment of choice was observation with regular follow-up, and only one patient [3] underwent surgical removal upon the patient's request. Even though an asymptomatic ectopic tooth usually does not require surgical removal, it may develop into a cyst or tumor if left untreated [2]. Therefore, patients should be informed of the possible consequences of retaining ectopic teeth.  
In the past, the Caldwell-Luc procedure (CLP) has been used to remove teeth or foreign bodies from the maxillary sinus since this surgical approach provides good access throughthe canine fossa [4]. Recently, however, a less invasive technique using an endoscope, such as functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), has been favored by many surgeons to treat such cases [5]. The benefits of the endoscopic removal of teeth from the maxillary sinus over the CLP include less perioperative morbidity and complications and shorter operation times [5]. Despite the advantages of the endoscopic approach, postoperative complications still have been reported. This study presents various cases of an ectopic maxillary third molar, which was successfully removed using an innovative technique, modified endoscopic-assisted sinus surgery (MESS), and aims to emphasize the role of the endoscopic approach for removing ectopic teeth in the maxillary sinus.
## 4 Discussion  
Whereas the LNO surface modification led to an increase in oxygen vacancies in the LSCO films, a fully dense surface layer of LNO was not beneficial for enhancing the oxygen surface exchange kinetics of the LSCO film. As shown in Figure 3, the surface decoration of full LNO coverage was found to be detrimental to the \(k_{\text{chem}}\) values of the LSCO film, which cannot be explained by the results from optical spectroscopy. It was reported that the oxygen surface exchange kinetics of oxide thin film heterostructures becomes mainly dependent on decorated materials with increasing thickness of decorated materials [12,13]. Therefore, the decorated LNO becomes more dominant in determining the oxygen surface exchange kinetics of LNO-decorated LSCO films with increasing the LNO thickness. Furthermore, LNO has poor ORR activity at high temperatures due to the decomposition of LNO to La\({}_{n+1}\)Ni\({}_{n}\)O\({}_{3n+1}\) and NiO [53] and/or the distorted structure of LNO due to the presence of oxygen vacancies [54,55]. Hence, interfacial LNO/LSCO regions or LNO thin layers of a few nanometers in thickness on LSCO are responsible for the observed ORR kinetics, which is further supported by the \(m\) value of full LNO coverage (\(\sim\)15 nm) being larger than that of the partially covered LSCO films and comparable to a single-layer LNO film (\(m=0.36\), not shown in this paper). Consequently, the LSCO films with partial LNO coverages have the charge transfer as the rate-limiting step, whereas the rate-limiting step in the LSCO with full LNO decoration is the same as that in the undecorated LSCO film. Moreover, the activation energy for oxygen exchange in the LSCO with full LNO coverage (0.51 eV) was larger than that in the undecorated LSCO film, which suggests that the thick LNO decoration increased the activation energy barrier for the oxygen exchange of the LSCO film. Therefore, only partial LNO decorations enable the enhancement in the surface exchange kinetics on the LSCO film (Figure 5).  
Figure 4: Optical conductivity (\(\sigma_{1}\)) of the undecorated LSCO and LNO-decorated LSCO films.
## 2 Results
### p53-Mediated Ferroptosis Plays an Important Role in DSF/Cu-Induced Cell Death  
Next, qRT-PCR analysis was performed to verify whether DSF/Cu induced NPC cell death via the p53 and ferroptosis pathways. As shown in Figure S4A,B, the expressions of seven p53-related genes (p21, Bcl2, GADD45A, GADD45G, FOS, CDKN1A, PMAIP1) and seven ferroptosis-related genes (SAT1, GCLM, DPP4, HMOX1, MAP1 LC3B, GLS2, FANCD2) were changed significantly after 5 h post-incubation in DSF/Cu-treated 5-8F cells. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that both the p53 protein and its downstream targets p21 and BAX were up-regulated, and the p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-\(\upalpha\) can block the upregulation of p53, p21 and BAX after 6 h post-exposure to DSF/Cu-treated 5-8F cells (Figure 5A).  
In addition, the mRNA levels of the ferroptosis marker Ptgs2 and two related genes SAT1 and ALOX15 were detected by qRT-PCR. Ptgs2 was observed to be up-regulated in a time-dependent manner after 1-6 h post-exposure in 5-8F cells (Figure 5B). SAT1 and ALOX15 were also up-regulated after 4 h post-exposure to DSF/Cu in 5-8F cells (Figure 5C,E), and Western blot analysis also showed that SAT1 was up-regulated in 5-8F after 6 h post-exposure to DSF/Cu (Figure 5D). However, no significant change was detected in SLC7A11, ASCL4 or GPX4, which is not associated with the SAT1 pathway [24] (Figure S4C-E).  
Notably, lipid peroxidation damage on the cell membrane is an important fatal factor in ferroptosis, so we investigated the effect of DSF/Cu on lipid ROS levels in 5-8F. FACS analysis showed that the lipid ROS level increased in 5-8F after being treated with DSF/Cu for 6 h, and the lipid ROS level was partly reversed by the addition of the ROS scavenger NAC (Figure 5F).  
Furthermore, the MTT results showed that DSF/Cu-induced cell death could only be partially reversed by the ROS scavenger NAC, while the JNK inhibitor, p38 inhibitor and p53 inhibitor could not prevent the cytotoxicity (Figure 5G). Taken together, these data indicate that p53-mediated ferroptosis played an important role in DSF/Cu-induced NPC cell death.
# Optimal Pattern Synthesis of Linear Array Antennas Using the Nonlinear Chaotic Grey Wolf Algorithm
## 4 NCGWO Performance Analysis  
The overall performance of NCGWO algorithm used to be first examined on four popular benchmark functions, which are used as metrics to consider the performances of optimization algorithms in many instances. The results were compared to those of well-known metaheuristic optimization methods such as GWO, PSO, and GA [30] (Table 2). Table 3 compares the other algorithms on the benchmark functions. Figure 6 shows the 2D graphics.  
Figure 6a,b are unimodal functions, each of which contains only one optimum. Figure 6a is smooth, unimodal, strongly convex, and symmetric. Figure 6b has a very narrow ridge, the tip of the ridge is very sharp, and it runs around a parabola. Figure 6c,d are multimodal functions with many local optima but only one global optimum. Figure 6c has a large search space and many local minima, and there are millions of locally optimal solutions in this interval alone. Figure 6d is the term of the summation that produces a parabola, while the local optima are above the parabola level [31].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**F** & **Expression** & **Boundaries** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Optimal Solution** \\ **i.e.,\(f(x^{*})\)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline F1 & \(f(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{D}x_{i}^{2}\) & \(-100\leq x_{i}\leq 100\) & \(x^{*}=[0,0,\ldots,0]f(x^{*})=0\) \\ \hline F2 & \(f(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{D-1}\left[100\big{(}x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2}\big{)}+(1-x_{i} )^{2}\right]\) & \(-30\leq x_{i}\leq 30\) & \(x^{*}=[1,1,\ldots,1]f(x^{*})=0\) \\ \hline F3 & \(f(x)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{D}\big{[}x_{i}^{2}-10\cos(2\pi x_{i})+10\big{]}\) & \(-5.12\leq x_{i}\leq 5.12\) & \(x^{*}=[0,0,\ldots,0]f(x^{*})=0\) \\ \hline F4 & \(f(x)=\frac{1}{200}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{D}x_{i}^{2}-\prod\limits_{i=1}^{D}\cos \big{(}\frac{x_{i}}{\sqrt{i}}\big{)}+1\) & \(-100\leq x_{i}\leq 100\) & \(x^{*}=[0,0,\ldots,0]f(x^{*})=0\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Benchmark function and their properties.  
Figure 5: Flow chart of the nonlinear chaotic grey wolf optimization (NCGWO) algorithm.  
In this test case, each algorithm was independently executed 50 times, and the population size and maximum number of iterations were set to 100 and 1000, respectively. Table 3 shows that the NCGWO algorithm outperformed the other algorithms on test functions F1, F3, and F4, while the PSO algorithm showed a better performance on F2. However, the NCGWO algorithm consistently demonstrated superior performance across all test functions (Table 3). Therefore, we conclude that the NCGWO algorithm outperforms the GWO algorithm.
# ML-Based Maintenance and Control Process Analysis, Simulation, and Automation--A Review
## 3 Results
### Data Sources for ML-Based Predictive Maintenance Systems  
The key data sources for ML-based predictive maintenance systems include the following:  
* Real-time data from IoT sensors embedded in machines, such as vibration, temperature, pressure, and humidity, provide critical inputs for monitoring equipment health and detecting anomalies;
* Historical maintenance records (i.e., records of previous maintenance activities), including repairs, part replacements, and scheduled servicing, help in understanding failure patterns and the effectiveness of previous interventions;
* Operational data (i.e., data on how machines are used), including time in use, load, speed, and environmental conditions, help in understanding wear patterns;
* Failure records (i.e., detailed records of equipment failures), including time, location, and nature of failures, are essential for training models to predict similar events;
* Environmental data (i.e., external conditions), such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to corrosive substances, can affect machine performance and are used to adjust predictions accordingly;
* Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) data, including specifications, design tolerances, and recommended maintenance schedules, provide a basis for predicting when maintenance should be performed;
* Operational manuals and guidelines can provide information on recommended operating limits and maintenance strategies that can be used to align forecasts with best practices;
* Regular inspection reports, often including subjective assessments and photos, help to identify early signs of wear or damage that sensors do not pick up;
* User feedback (operators and technicians), often qualitative, regarding unusual sounds, vibrations, or other indicators of potential problems can be integrated into predictive models;
* External data sources, such as industry benchmarks, economic factors, or supply chain disruptions, can impact maintenance schedules and asset availability and are, therefore, included in predictive models.  
These data are used both for initially training and preparing systems for operation, as well as for further training the system during normal operations to account for wear and tear and experience from current operations, which are often not immediately noticeable to humans (e.g., an impact that extends over time).