## 4 Results
### Characterization of Risks Arising from Industry 4.0
#### 4.3.9 Technological Risks  
The Risk of Lack of Integration between Systems and Equipment, also known as Interoperability, occurs due to the lack of integration of systems or equipment due to their conditions. These conditions, besides causing low reliability in data and information, also cause lower efficiency in communication transmission, making information transfer difficult [3; 7; 23; 58; 62; 65; 75; 76; 82; 84; 89; 112]. The Risk of Lack of Cybersecurity and Data Protection is characterized by the absence of security systems and programs for computers, networks, and software, which can result in a lack of protection of information and data in the company, facilitating access by malicious individuals [2; 12; 19; 22; 29; 30; 31; 35; 42; 58; 69; 71; 72; 77; 84; 85; 110; 112; 117; 122; 127]. The Risk of Data Insecurity and Vulnerability occurs when data generated by digital technologies are exposed to vulnerability due to the lack of data protection software. In this situation, important information can be altered or even deleted [2; 22; 23; 64; 69; 122; 128]. The Risk of Cyberattacks is considered by many authors to be the main risk arising from the advent of Industry 4.0. This type of attack occurs due to the invasion of computers and systems, often by hackers. Through this invasion, valuable data and information can be leaked or even modified, all due to system vulnerabilities [2; 11; 19; 24; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 39; 41; 45; 51; 52; 59; 61; 69; 70; 75; 76; 77; 82; 84; 97; 111; 125; 127; 128; 129; 130]. The Risk of Low Quality of Existing Data, according to [3; 65; 73; 92; 112; 131], refers to data that have low reliability in the information due to improper collection or even misinterpretation of information. Low-quality data can lead to erroneous decisions, inefficient systems, and unreliable information. The Risk of Inefficient Data occurs when there is an overload of data. These data are generated in systems or devices that, due to having a very high volume of information, partially or totally compromise the performance of the systems [7; 35; 63; 65; 85; 91; 132]. The Risk of High Automation, according to [15; 34; 57; 122], refers to the integration of various automated systems and components that facilitate the development and execution of activities and tasks that for years have been carried out through manual labor but which over the years have been replaced by automated components, thus enabling the optimization of production processes. Meanwhile, the Risk of Artificial Intelligence Errors, according to [35; 39; 114], arises from inconsistencies and failures presented by artificial intelligence that may not have been properly prepared to provide consistent and reliable information. The Risk of Lack of Technological Infrastructure occurs when the internet network cannot support the large amount of information and data generated constantly, resulting inpoor system and technological equipment performance [7; 45; 64; 71; 73; 89; 112; 133]. The Risk of Hyperconnectivity arises from the large volume of data generated, which can result in failures, from the simplest to the most complex, potentially spreading and compromising the entire system [7; 35; 52; 63; 77; 115; 125]. The Risk of Signal Interference, as noted by [45; 64; 85; 89; 128; 133], results from equipment overload, directly impacting signal transmission and potentially causing low efficiency and reliability in information transfer. The Risk of Privacy Invasion occurs when information and data are used by third parties without the proper consent of users, clients, or even company employees [51; 52; 61; 77; 78; 89; 130; 134]. Finally, the Risk of Data Leakage stands out, which involves the disclosure of private and confidential data, whether intentional or unintentional, without prior authorization and consent [2; 3; 129; 78; 85; 91; 12; 59]. In the context of Industry 4.0, technological risks are a concern not only for industries but also for national security [136; 137].