## 4 Results and Discussion
### Descriptive Statistics  
Findings from the preliminary survey of 194 participants showed that males represented 75% of the sample, while females represented 25% of the sample. The initial survey data also revealed that 117 of the participants were students aged between 16 and 18 years old, while the remaining 77 participants represented riders who were working adults with ages ranging from 19 to 59 years old. The data show that most of the participants did not have more than three years of riding experience, which is in accordance with the age majority of the data sample. However, in Malaysia, the years of experience may not be in line with the number years for which a rider has possessed a license, because it is commonly known that underage teenagers have access to motorcycles even before obtaining an official license from the authorities. In line with what is commonly seen in Malaysia, the most popular motorcycle engine displacement was within the range of 100-250 cc, which was used by 62% of the participants, followed by motorcycles with engines of less than 100 cc, accounting for 32% of the participants. Of the 194 participants, the most frequently committed risky behavior was exceeding the speed limit, with 36 participants, followed by frequently changing lanes to overtake vehicles, with 30 participants, as illustrated in Figure 2.  
From the perspective of the participants, the positive outcome from performing the risky behavior was mainly time-saving, accounting for 54.11% of the participants. Subsequently, having a smoother ride and maintaining speed came in as the second most popular, at 19.48% of the participants. At the other end of the spectrum, compromising the safety of riders topped the chart on the perspective of negative outcome, at 19.75%, closely followed by being issued traffic summons at 18.18%. The results show that the civic-mindedness of riders in Malaysia is respectably high, because 15.05% of the riders did mind if their riding behavior offended other road users. As anticipated, most of the participants chose their parents as the primary source of positive influence decreasing their commitment to risky behaviors, amounting to 33.78% of the participants. At the other end of the scale, the main participants' negative influence was generated by other road users, at 50.96%, closely followed by friends, at 46.63%. As for factors that induce risky behavior, road conditions (crowded, chaotic) were the main reason inducing participants to engage in risky behavior, which was chosen by 13.37% of the participants. Tiredness and mood were the second and third factors inducing risky behaviors, and were recorded at 12.5% and 11.05%, respectively. It is a bit of a mixed bag in terms of factors hindering risky behavior. Without a clear indication of what are the main factors that hinder risky behaviors are, the findings still show that law enforcement/police is still the top factor, with a percentage of 20.33%. The element with the second most votes was seeing news reports of traffic accidents, which amounted to 15.66%. The results reveal that 125 participants did not frequently perform round trips, whereas 50 participants regularly performed a single round trip. In terms of trip purposes, 45.19% of the participants stated that traveling to classes was their main travel purpose, followed by leisure at 25.19%. A total of 162 participants performed short-distance trips, while 28 participants performed medium-distance trips, with only the remaining 4 performing long-distance trips daily. For the second survey, the data shows that all respondents were aged between 17 and 63 years old. In total, 71.1% of respondents were male, and 28.9% were female. Most of the respondents were from the age group of 21-25 years old. For females, 83.1% of female respondents were from this age group, whereas 73.1% of male respondents were within the age group of 21 to 25 years old. The mean and standard deviation of the age of the respondents was 23.54 years old and 4.02 years old, respectively.