# Prospects of Cybersecurity in Smart Cities
## 2 Literature Review  
### Information Security  
In recent years, the potential and actual impacts of security threats in cyberspace have become evident due to several incidents with direct repercussions on the security of countries and citizens [27; 28; 29]. Digital technologies and cyberspace are not only resources and space where one can do better and more efficiently what was once difficult, time-consuming, and costly to do. As argued by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30], this new reality has created the potential to significantly alter the influence of different groups or actors in the international and national, social, or business scenes. Information systems, digital communication, and the surrounding digital environment are key elements for successful decision-making processes that aim to produce informed decisions on critical and sensitive issues. Today, we are able to create, update and store more information than we have ever been able to in the past, but never has that information been as threatened as it is today. To maintain sustainable and competitive infrastructures, which are vital to the survival of nations around the world, there has been a drive to invest in mechanisms and processes that derive from the need to make every possible effort to ensure secure digital resources. Authors such as [PERSON] [31] and [PERSON] et al. [32] emphasize that the world is highly interconnected, with resources interconnected with structures and networks on a global scale. Therefore, one of the main concerns to ensure a secure protection and safeguarding of information has been the security of information systems, public and private, and their information, which is essential to support the activities of organizations. It also emerges that information security is also vital to building and maintaining customer trust. Consumers are increasingly concerned about the privacy and protection of their personal data. [PERSON] et al. [33] argue that by demonstrating a serious commitment to information security, organizations can gain customer trust and establish lasting relationships. This is also an important element in the context of smart city adoption, as recognized in this study, in which the relationships established also manifest themselves in the inclusion of new services in smart cities. Information security addresses multiple domains. Broadly we can look at information security as the protection of data and information of individuals, organizations, and governments from unauthorized access, misuse, disclosure, alteration, or destruction [34]. The importance of information security can be understood in different aspects. Information security must ensure the confidentiality of data, preventing sensitive information from falling into the wrong hands. This is especially critical when it comes to personal data, financial information, trade secrets, or government information. Based in a literature review, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] have concluded that a breach of confidentiality can lead to serious consequences such as identity theft, financial loss, or reputational damage. Information security also aims to ensure data integrity (i.e., its accuracy, completeness, and consistency over time). It is essential that information is not altered in an unauthorized or accidental way, ensuring that it remains reliable and accurate. A lack of data integrity can lead to wrong decisions, errors in processes, and loss of confidence in the information [36]. Finally, information security must ensure that data and systems are available when needed. This implies protecting information against technical failures, cyber-attacks, or natural disasters that may compromise data availability. In their work exploring the relationship between availability and other security issues, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37] have realized that a lack of availability can cause business disruptions, lost productivity, and financial losses.