esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Experiments and Results
### Performance Evaluation of the DMOGWO Algorithm
#### 6.4.2 Performance Comparisons for the Dynamic Problem
A lower performance score indicates better algorithmic performance. Figure 9 illustrates the performance scores of each algorithm connected by straight lines, while Figure 10 presents the average performance scores and corresponding rankings. As shown in Figure 9, DMOGWO consistently maintains the lowest performance scores across the majority of rescheduling points, whereas NSGA-II, SPEA2, MOEA/D, and MOGWO exhibit more fluctuating and generally higher scores, highlighting their instability in dynamic scheduling problems. Figure 10 further confirms this observation, in that the lowest average performance scores in both HV and IGD were achieved by DMOGWO, ranking first and significantly outperforming the other algorithms. These results are consistent with the conclusions drawn from the previous experiments. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Instance**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DMOGWO(A) vs. NSGA-II(B)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DMOGWO(A) vs. SPEA2(C)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DMOGWO(A) vs. MOEA/D(D)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DMOGWO(A) vs. MOGWO(E)**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **C(A,B)** & **C(B,A)** & **C(A,C)** & **C(C,A)** & **C(A,D)** & **C(D,A)** & **C(A,B)** & **C(E,A)** \\ \hline MK01 & 0.5935 & 0.1726 (+) & 0.5529 & 0.1225 (+) & 0.8733 & 0.0013 (+) & 0.5433 & 0.2716 (=) \\ MK02 & 0.3980 & 0.1988 (=) & 0.3878 & 0.1490 (+) & 0.7365 & 0.0741 (+) & 0.2245 & 0.2506 (=) \\ MK03 & 0.3518 & 0.2705 (=) & 0.7693 & 0.0053 (+) & 0.9975 & 0.0000 (+) & 0.8019 & 0.0615 (=) \\ MK04 & 0.2371 & 0.1816 (=) & 0.3468 & 0.0085 (+) & 0.7244 & 0.0020 (+) & 0.8439 & 0.0273 (+) \\ MK05 & 0.5026 & 0.2026 (+) & 0.6285 & 0.0110 (+) & 0.9458 & 0.0000 (+) & 0.9486 & 0.0016 (+) \\ MK06 & 0.4142 & 0.4544 (=) & 0.5509 & 0.2141 (+) & 0.9366 & 0.0132 (+) & 0.9973 & 0.0008 (+) \\ MK07 & **0.3051** & 0.1891 (=) & **0.6516** & 0.0036 (+) & **0.8308** & 0.0031 (+) & **0.7515** & 0.0037 (+) \\ MK08 & 0.3425 & 0.1452 (+) & **0.3881** & 0.0111 (+) & **0.5692** & 0.0006 (+) & **0.5635** & 0.0153 (+) \\ MK09 & 0.3675 & 0.1086 (+) & **0.4876** & 0.0028 (+) & **0.6810** & 0.0054 (+) & **0.9464** & 0.0093 (+) \\ MK10 & **0.5974** & 0.0697 (+) & **0.7001** & 0.0065 (+) & **0.7878** & 0.0003 (+) & **0.8402** & 0.0310 (+) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparison between DMOGWO and other algorithms using C metric values. Figure 9: Performance scores of four algorithms across all rescheduling points.
## 1 Introduction
This study focuses on a more theoretical and straightforward view of tribological systems, considering two widely studied lubrication regimes. The pervasive academic background of modeling friction phenomena and practical achievements served as a basis and motivation to initiate studies in the area. Table 1 summarizes the findings of the main authors related to this work. It consists of data that were used in some way in the work, both in the adjustment of the model and for comparison and discussion of the results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Authors**} & **Lubricating Regime** & **Lubricant Type** & **Viscosity (N.s/mm\({}^{2}\))** & **Solid Material** & **Roughness** & **Sliding Speed (mm/s)** & **Friction Coefficient** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[13]} & hydrodynamic contact & SAE 30–50 & 3 and 0.3 (at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & - & 1.5 of lower surface and 3 of upper surface & 8900 & 0.5 to 0.8 \\  & dry and lubricated contact & oil SAE 30 & - & - & - & 100 and 200 & 0.5 to 0.8 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[14]} & dry and lubricated contact & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & 0.00313 (at 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & Ti–6 Al–4V, AISI 1045 and 42 CrMo4 & 0.704 \(\mu\)m. & \multirow{3}{*}{1000} & Global 0.042, Solid–solid–part 0.06 \\  & mixed lubrication & & 0.00313 (at 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & Ti–6 Al–4V, AISI 1045 and 42 CrMo4 & & & \\  & & & & & & & Solid–fluid part 0.06 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[19]} & hydrodynamic micro model & Engine oil & 0.0055 (at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & AlSn6 steel & - & 300 to 500 & 0.001 and 0.0005 \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of findings of the main authors related to this work.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Dissociative Adsorption on Pipeline Steel Surfaces
#### 3.3.2 Calculation of Chemical Potential  
The chemical potential of hydrogen under specific conditions can be calculated using Equation (7) [57].  
\[\mu(T,P)=\mu_{0}(\text{T})+RTln\left(\frac{P}{P_{0}}\right) \tag{7}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Structure** & **Atomic Count** & **Surface State** & **Pre-Reaction Energy** & **Post-Reaction Energy** \\ \hline Fe & Bcc & 14 & Fe(110) & \(-\)12077.62 eV & \(-\)12110.02 eV \\ H & Hydrogen & 2 & Hydrogen & \(-\)31.31 eV & \\  & Molecule & & Molecule & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Model-related information and computational results.  
Figure 10: Sources of energy changes during hydrogen adsorption dissociation.  
where \(\mu(T,P)\) is the chemical potential at temperature \(T\) and pressure \(P\), \(\mu_{0}(T)\) The chemical potential is in the standard state, where for a pure substance at \(P\)\({}_{0}\) = 0.1 MPa, the chemical potential equals its Gibbs free energy in the standard state, R is the ideal gas constant, equal to 8.314 J/(mol K), T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, \(P\) is the actual pressure of the gas.  
Given that the maximum design pressure is \(P\) = 12 MPa and room temperature is taken as 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, or \(T\) = 298.15 K, substituting into the formula yields \(\mu\)(_T,P_) \(\approx\) 11.86 kJ/mol. The change in the chemical potential of hydrogen is approximately 0.123 eV.
## 2 Theoretical Background
### EMD-Based Methods
#### 2.2.3 CEEMD Method  
Presented by [PERSON] et al. [24], the CEEMD technique is deemed an enhanced version of the EEMD method since it provides a better spectral separation of frequencies or modesin different IMFs. In this regard, the EEMD method calculates a residue \(r_{i}(t)\) for each trial; but, the CEEMD method calculates a unique first residue, \(r_{i}(t)\), as follows:  
\[r_{1}(t)=x(t)-IMF_{1} \tag{7}\]  
where \(IMF_{1}\), a true frequency band or IMF, is estimated according to the EEMD method. Thus, an ensemble of \(r_{1}\) plus different realizations is carried out to calculate the true \(IMF_{2}\) or second frequency band. The near residue is calculated by \(r_{2}(t)=r_{1}(t)-IMF_{1}\). This process is repeated until all the true IMFs have been calculated. Although the CEEMD method is considered an improved version of EEMD and EEMD an improved version of EMD, these three methods have to be analyzed since there is no rule/concept that indicates which method is better for a specific application, mainly considering that advantages and disadvantages for each method have to be taken into account.
# Experimental Investigation into the Influence of Plasma Technology on Seed Surface Wettability
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Surface Wettability Analysis  
Changes in surface wettability are reflected in the contact angle between the seed and the droplet of liquid variations. The seed surface is not planar, and therefore only apparent contact angles can be determined [26]. For this purpose, a 2.3 \(\upmu\)L distilled water droplet was applied to the seed surface with Eppendorf(r) 3123000012 pipette (Eppendorf, Germany). The air was the surrounding phase around the drop and the seed (ambient temperature was maintained at 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C with relative humidity of 55%). Snapshots of the droplets on the surface were taken with the EOS 70D digital camera equipped with a MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro Photo lens supplied by Canon Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). The camera was set in manual mode with the following parameters: exposure time 1/20 s; aperture f/16; sensitivity ISO-1600; camera flash off, illumination only with diffuse natural light. Snapshot evaluation was carried out with Autodesk Inventor 2018 software. The water droplet shape was approximated with the circle by choosing three non-collinear points on the droplet surface. Two of them correspond to the intersections of the droplet and seedsurfaces, and the third point is selected arbitrarily from the droplet edge. Subsequently, the apparent contact angle was determined as the angle between the line passing through the intersections and the tangent of the circle in the point.  
The contact angles of all variants (including untreated control variants) were measured for five different seeds, to which drops of distilled water were applied. At the same time, five repetitions of the contact angle evaluation were performed from each snapshot. The data obtained were statistically processed. The average apparent contact angles were determined for each variant and compared with the others using \(p\)-values obtained by [PERSON]'s HSD test at the significance level of 0.05.
# Coverage Area Decision Model by Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base Stations for Ad Hoc Networks
## 3 Proposed UAVs-BS Network Coverage Model
### Information Update Phase  
In this phase, the UAVs-BS update their location information and store it in their routing table. The table contains the UAVs-BS information by using the hop count between the UAVs-BS and the ground cellular BS. The neighbour UAVs-BS information is also updated with the ground BS and other neighbor UAVs. The link quality and traffic density information are also included in these control message beacons to update the network for decision making. All factors are combined, and the weightage factor is used for the decision to decide the UAVs-BS mobility in the selected CA. The computed weight decides the serving UAVs-BS for the cellular network. The UAVs work on demand to decide their availability to cover the cellular network. The UAVs-BS uses three types of packets: request packets (REQ-P), reply packets (REP-P), and decision packets (DEC-P).  
At the initial stage, the UAVs-BS sends the REQ-P message, which includes the UAV-ID, its own location information, CU density information received from cellular network BS, link quality of the source UAV, and route information. Every control message contains a timer and reset function. When the neighbour UAVs-BS receives the REQ-P, they generate the REP-P to confirm the neighbour UAV's presence and location information. The control messages are around 12 bytes. The UAVs-BS maintain its record in the routing table. Figure 2 shows the UAVs-BS request and reply to messages exchange process.
# Research on Dynamic Searchable Encryption Method Based on Bloom Filter
## 2 Related Work  
Asymmetric encryption utilizes a pair of keys, known as the public key and private key. The public key is made publicly available and is used for encrypting data, while the private key is kept secret and is used for decrypting data. For asymmetric searchable encryption, it was first proposed by again [PERSON] et al. [13] in their article. But this scheme requires a secure communication channel to pass the trapdoor. However, establishing a secure communication channel is very difficult and expensive. Therefore, [PERSON] et al. devised a scheme that does not require a secure communication channel [14]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [15] designed a PKI-based asymmetric searchable encryption scheme. It improves on the flaw that an attacker can obtain the relationship between the trapdoor and the ciphertext, as proposed by [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. [16] propose two structures for link keyword search with public key encryption. However, this solution involves many connections between the user and the server and has a large storage overhead.  
[PERSON] et al. [17] analyze the scheme of [PERSON] et al. [18] and demonstrate that its trapdoor indistinguishability is not satisfied. A security scheme that satisfies the requirements of the test-specified server and provides stronger security guarantees for the confidentiality of keywords is also proposed. However, these two schemes do not address the encryption algorithm for files and only enhance the security of keywords, without much advantage in terms of practical application.  
A spatial keyword query satisfying forward-backward security was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [19]. The article uses Hilbert curves to simplify geometric range queries to range queries and uses prefix encoding to cover range queries. This solution allows other users to search for data, but this solution is not designed to update steps regarding data that already exist on the cloud server. Although this solution proposes a change to the bitmap when updating, the part of the update algorithm and storage file involved is not further described. [PERSON] et al. [20] proposed a blockchain-based public-key searchable encryption scheme in the paper. The scheme, BSPEFB, not only makes use of smart contracts for searching, which can ensure the correctness and immutability of the returned results, but also satisfies backward and forward security. The solution reduces the number of computationally intensive operations and has a high search efficiency. However, each trapdoor in the scheme corresponds to a separate keyword, which causes a huge inconvenience to the data owner each time the data user requests a search token while giving the data owner an idea of the range of keywords the data user is interested in. If a malicious data owner uses this for analysis, it could easily compromise the data user's privacy.
## 3 Results  
We consider the three satellites of the _Swarm_ mission and analyze two parameters: the Y-East component of the magnetic field and the electron density, \(Ne\). All these results are shown in the following four subsections. Here, we present the figures with the most interesting results, while we provide other figures in the Supplementary Materials.
## 8 Results and Discussion
### Static Scenario #2  
The duration of the trajectory is 4 min. As shown in Figure 9, after 1 min from the start of the scenario, the signal power level of PRN 29 was attenuated by 15 dB. Afterwards, every thirty seconds, another satellite's signal power level was attenuated by 15 dB until the number of attenuated satellites reached 4. Eventually, after thirty more seconds from the attenuation of the last satellite, all power levels were set back to their original values.  
Examining Figure 10, both ST and VT loops were kept locked on to the carrier frequency of the signal during the attenuation period of all attenuated PRNs. However, the estimated Doppler frequency by ST loops was noisier compared to VT. This was translated into a better positioning accuracy, as obvious from Table 5. The table shows that the position error of the vector-based receiver is 72% better than that of a scalar-based receiver.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Attenuation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Scaler Tracking**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Vector Tracking**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **10 dB** & **20 dB** & **10 dB** & **20 dB** \\ \hline Horizontal Position (m) & 4.82 & 33.06 & 2.4 & 2.51 \\ Horizontal Speed (m/s) & 1.58 & 15.46 & 0.03 & 0.05 \\ Up Velocity Component (m/s) & 1.89 & 59.38 & 0.04 & 0.21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Root mean square error (RMSE) values for scenario #1.  
Figure 9: The signal power level for scenario #2.  
The outlier in the Doppler shift estimate in VT that appears in Figure 10 occurred at the instant of attenuating the signal power level of PRN 21. Nevertheless, VT was able to rapidly diverge to provide better estimates of the Doppler frequency compared to ST.
## 3 Geospatial Tools for Capacity Building
Thus, such tools are appealing to non-experts due to their free availability, ease of use, availability of simple to complex functionalites, the ability to view historical environmental conditions and the readily appreciable value and potential of EO. Consequently, tools such as Google Earth are essential for gathering support and interest for EO among politicians and other high-level stakeholders, demonstrating its usefulness especially in Africa, where addressing a plethora of socio-economic challenges transcends the adoption of new technologies. The advent of cloud processing platforms such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) removes the need for costly high-end computing infrastructure for big data processing. GEE is a web-based, open-source platform that provides a global data repository of satellite time-series data from various sensors such as MODIS, Sentinel 1 and 2, Landsat, AVHRR, ALOS, etc. ; cloud-based computing capabilities; and access to several processing algorithms [67]. It provides an intuitive platform for writing custom processing chains, storage, processing and analysis of data, and displaying of the results. Thus, it also removes the need for expensive commercial data processing and analysis software, essential for supporting research and development activities in developing countries. To date, the GEE platform has been utilized for research purposes in thematic areas such as land cover and use mapping [68], flood mapping and assessment [69], wetland inventory mapping [70], drought assessment [71], fire severity mapping [72], crop mapping [73] and yield estimation [74]. Although it is an open-source tool, KumarandMutanga [75] show that it is still under-utilized by most researchers in developing countries due to poor connectivity, poor data-sharing networks, and lack of awareness and technical capacity, particularly in using JavaScript and Python languages. Open-source cloud computing offers immense opportunities such as rapid development and dissemination of innovative products and services for environmental monitoring in Africa that would address the information gaps, support the achievement of AU-Agenda 2063 goals and aid reporting at a national scale. Therefore, capacity building and awareness in cloud-computing platforms such as GEE is urgently needed at various African institutions. Capacity building for academics, researchers and professionals at institutions involved in capacity building such as universities, regional training centers, and research institutes would ensure the sustainability of the transferred skills and increase awareness levels, thus increasing the utilization of these tools.
# Evaluation of Non-Encapsulated and Microencapsulated Lactic Acid Bacteria
###### Abstract  
A total of 15 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the broiler chicken's gastrointestinal tract. All isolates were phenotypical and genetically identified. Among these isolates, only six were biochemical (API 50 CHL and ABIS soft) and genetically (165 rRNA sequencing) confirmed as _Lactobacillus acidophilus_, _Limosiactobacillus fermentum_, _Levilactobacillus brevis_, and _Ligilactobacillus salivarius_. Probiotic properties, including tolerance to pH (pH 2.0 and 3.0), bile salts (0.3% oxgall), hemolysis activity, and antibiotic susceptibility, were evaluated. Three isolates of the latter isolates showed high resistance at low pH values (73.74% to 98.20%) and bile salt concentrations (77.89% to 99.49%). The antibiotic test presented 100% resistance of LAB to gentamicin, Incomycin, enrofloxacin, and streptomycin lower than the 0.5 mm inhibition zone diameter. Selected strains (_L. acidophilus_ IBNA 64, _L. salivarius_ IBNA 33, and _L. salivarius_ IBNA 41) were exposed to the spray-drying process based on observable probiotic potential. A maltodextrin-glucose solution was used as a thermoprotectant. After spray drying, a reduction in strain viability was noted (10\({}^{8}\) to 10\({}^{4}\) CFU/g). In conclusion, only _L. salivarius_ (IBNA 33 and IBNA 41) could be used as a possible probiotic, and further studies are needed to ensure their safe application in the animal nutrition field with beneficial effects for improving performance and pathogen microorganism control from intestines equilibrating the microbiota composition.  
Lactobacillus; probiotic; spray drying; viability; broiler +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Adaptable and Automated Small UAV Deployments via Virtualization
## 4 Validation of the Solution
### Ad-Hoc network Routing Alternatives  
As we have mentioned, control communications in our system are enabled through virtual networks that may eventually work on top of a FANET routing protocol that allows the creation of distributed networks where device to device (D2D) communications take place. As presented in [17], there are different alternatives to deploy these FANETs either based on extensions to the current algorithms and protocols designed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) (see also [36; 37; 38; 39]) or based on more innovative solutions based on Software-Defined Network (SDN) and NFV technologies to provide a connectivity backbone (see [23; 40; 41] for instance). However, it is still unclear that those solutions are valid for the special features that SUAV networks present (in particular their fast mobility capabilities that implies quick topological changes). The aim of this subsection is to validate, through a simulation environment, the usability of this type of protocols for the scenario that is proposed in this paper. We consider for this purpose two of the most popular FANET standard protocols:  
1. The standard Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol [11] is one of the most popular Reactive Routing Protocols (RRP). In AODV, routes are determined whenever a source node needs to communicate with a destination node. Each node only maintains the routes that are in use. In scenarios with changing topology, finding a new path may take a long time, eventually leading to a delay increase or packet loss.
2. The standard Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) [12] is one of the most popular Proactive Routing Protocols (PRP). In OLSR, flying nodes store the updated list of destinations and their routes. OLSR has mechanisms to periodically refresh routing tables to maintain the latest network topology information. The main problem resides in the consumed resources to maintain an updated routing table and even more on possible unused routes. In limited bandwidth scenarios, this type of protocols may present some restrictions.