esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Adaptive Global Fast Sliding Mode Control for Steer-by-Wire System Road Vehicles
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have developed an AGFSMC scheme for SbW system road vehicles with unknown steering parameters. It has been demonstrated that the cooperative ASMO and KF intelligently cope with tire-road variations and simultaneously provide the best set of estimated vehicle states and cornering stiffness coefficients. Thereafter, the estimated dynamics-based AGFSMC is designed to adapt to the unknown SbW system parameters and eliminate the effect of tire-road disturbance forces. The proposed global fast terminal sliding surface guarantees the precise tracking of front wheels and ensures the asymptotic convergence of tracking error. Finally, the comparative study results are analyzed as follows:  
* The adaptive features of cooperative ASMO and KF showed strong robustness against varying driving conditions in all three maneuvering tests, and estimated the sufficient dynamics to stabilize the impact of tire-road frictional torque and self-aligning torque. * The proposed AGFSMC is proven to attain a smaller peak tracking error and faster convergence of steady-state error to smaller bounds in comparison with ASMC and ATSMC over all three maneuvers. * The discontinuous projection mapping along with designed dead zones, also effectively managed to restrict the estimation drift problem. Figure 19: Control performance of adaptive terminal sliding mode control in test 3: (**a**) Tracking performance; (**b**) Tracking error; (**c**) Control input torque; (**d**) Estimated parameters. Thus, the comparative study validates the remarkable steering performance of the proposed AGFSMC scheme, carried out over three different driving maneuvers. For our forthcoming work, we will investigate the dynamic behavior of nonlinear self-aligning torque and Coulomb frictional torque in extreme maneuvering conditions. In addition, we are also investigating the adaptive second-order sliding mode control for SbW system road vehicles to improve the estimation accuracy of dynamic tire-road disturbance forces under varying driving conditions. This research was partially supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan by the award letter No. HRDI-UESTPs/Batch-II/South Korea/2012. [PERSON] proposed the idea, implemented it by simulations and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON] contributed to comparative study analysis. [PERSON] and [PERSON] made suggestions in the manuscript correction and improvements. [PERSON] supervised the study and manuscript writing process. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Open Challenges, Future Prospects and Research Directions
### Coded Modulation  
Future work in CM will aim to further integrate coding and modulation techniques. Additionally, efforts will focus on developing adaptive CM schemes.  
Integration of Coding and Modulation Techniques: Coding and modulation techniques will be combined to optimize SE and enhance resilience against interference. This integration is crucial for FSO systems, where SE is paramount due to the limited available bandwidth. By combining coding and modulation, these systems can transmit more information over the same bandwidth while enhancing resistance to errors caused by atmospheric disturbances.  
Adaptive Coded Modulation Schemes: Future research will likely focus on developing adaptive CM schemes that can adjust to changing channel conditions in real-time. These schemes will use feedback from the Rx to adapt the modulation order and coding rate, optimizing the trade-off between the error resilience and data rate based on current channel conditions. This adaptability will be essential for maintaining high performance in the variable and unpredictable FSO environment.
# Experimental Observations of Heat-Assisted Boycott Effect in Trapezoidal Enclosures
###### Abstract  
The present study examined the influence of controlled heat injection on the sedimentation of fine particles in a trapezoidal container, aiming to explore the combined effects of the Boycott effect and convection induced by heating. The experimental design incorporates varying initial particle concentrations (1500 ppm and 3000 ppm) and heat injection levels (0 W, 4.5 W, and 9 W imposed power) to analyze sedimentation dynamics, focusing on concentration distribution patterns and clear water production. The findings reveal complex interactions between heat injection and particle concentration. At 1500 ppm, heat injection shows minimal impact on sedimentation due to particle resuspension. However, at 3000 ppm, particularly with a 9 W heat injection, the sedimentation performance improves significantly during the early stages of the process, achieving an average sedimentation rate approximately 40% higher than without heat injection and an average clear water generation rate nearly four times greater. These clear water generation rates were determined considering water with particle concentrations below 20% of the initial concentration (300 ppm for 1500 ppm and 600 ppm for 3000 ppm). A further analysis of the column and row data reveals stratification patterns influenced by heat injection, characterized by distinct horizontal and vertical layers. Additionally, the results suggest that wall temperature distributions are largely unaffected by the initial particle concentration, while clear water production and sedimentation efficiency are highly dependent on heat levels and initial particle density. These results highlight the potential of heat-enhanced sedimentation to improve separation processes in industrial systems. Specifically, they provide valuable insights for optimizing the design and efficiency of lamella settlers, commonly used in water treatment and other particulate separation applications. Future studies will explore the combined use of coagulants and flocculants and the application of these findings to real mixtures, such as mine water or wastewater, to further validate and expand their industrial applicability.  
Boycott effect; water recovery; concentration field; heat and fluid flow; inclined plate clarifier; lamella settler +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 9 Spin-Orbit Torque in Magnetic Semimetals  
Further breaking inversion symmetry in magnetic materials, one can have another linear response effect to control the magnetization orientation by electrical current [115, 116]. Utilizing the inverse spin-galvanic effect in a non-centrosymmetric magnetic system, the non-equilibrium spin polarization will interact via exchange-coupling with the magnetization and acts as an effective field. This effective field originates from the spin-orbit coupling and can generate torques on the magnetic moments, which allows the control of the magnetic states by an electric field. Therefore, it is called spin-orbit torque (SOT).  
Most SOT studies have focused on ferromagnetic systems where the inversion symmetry is broken by either the bulk crystal unit cell [117, 118] or due to heterostructures [119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124]. As AFMs are much less sensitive to external magnetic fields and their dynamics of the magnetic moments are much faster than those in FMs, spintronics in AFMs have attracted intensive attention [125, 126, 127]. Because the manipulation of the magnetic order through the traditional approach of using an external field requires too large fields, the electrical manipulation of AFMs via SOT is much more desirable. Recently, a SOT phenomenon has been theoretically proposed [128] and experimentally observed in bulk collinear antiferromagnetic Dirac semimetal CuMnAs [129, 130]. In CuMnAs, the inversion symmetry is broken by magnetic order, but the band spin degeneracy is protected by joint inversion and time-reversal symmetry. In such an AFM, an electric current can generate a staggered torque for each sub-lattice, which is an effective way to manipulate the magnetic order [131].  
CuMnAs can exist in both orthorhombic and tetragonal crystal structures in experiments [129, 130, 131], and both can host the antiferromagnetic Dirac semimetal phase. Taking the orthorhombic phase as an example, four Mn sites form two spin sub-lattices, which are connected by the combined \(\hat{P}\hat{T}\) symmetry, as presented in Figure 8a,c. When the spin polarization is along \([001]\) direction, the crystal has a screw rotation symmetry \(S_{z}=\{C_{2z}|(0.5,0,0.5)\}\), in which the bands with opposite \(S_{z}\) eigenvalues guarantee the linear band crossing in the inverted band structure (see Figure 8b). The spin orientation can be tuned by an applied electrical current via the SOT, as presented in Figure 8c. As the spin polarization moves away from \([001]\)-axis, the screw rotation symmetry is broken, and the Dirac point obtains a  
Figure 7: SNE in TIs and topological semimetals. (**a**) Energy dispersion of a Tl. (**b,c**) Energy dependent SHC and SNC for a Tl, respectively. (**d**) Energy dispersion for a topological semimetal with tilted band structure. (**e,f**) Energy dependent SHC and SNC for a topological semimetal, respectively.  
non-zero mass (see Figure 8d). Therefore, the SOT provides an effective method to tune the topological band structures in magnetic topological states.
# Effective Scheme for Inductive Wireless Power Coil Design Using Scan-and-Zoom Optimization
## 2 Conventional FEA-Based Coil Design Method in IPT System  
As mentioned before, the FEA program tool can analyze various coil shapes. In addition, it is possible to easily obtain inductance, coupling coefficient, or other parameter values when the coil is combined with a ferrite plate or other shielding material. However, the conventional FEA-based method has two major limitations.  
One of the limitations is that the conventional method involves too many FEA simulations and thus it takes a lot of time to complete the design. Since the coil design involves multiple design parameters such as the inner and outer radii, or thickness of the wire, the performance should be evaluated for all combinations of the parameters.  
Another limitation is that it utilizes a single-turn coil model. In reference [10], the FEA-based coil design method mainly analyzes the single-turn coil model to calculate the self-permeance and mutual permeance of the coil. If the number of turns \(N_{Tx}\) and  
Figure 1: Basic IPT configuration with the input-matching network (IMN) and the output-matching network (OMN).  
for the transmitter and the receiver are given, the circuit parameter value can be obtained through (1)-(5).  
\[L_{Tx}=N_{Tx}^{2}L_{Tx0} \tag{1}\]  
\[L_{Rx}=N_{Rx}^{2}L_{Rx0} \tag{2}\]  
\[R_{Tx}=N_{Rx}^{2}R_{Tx0} \tag{3}\]  
\[R_{Rx}=N_{Rx}^{2}R_{Rx0} \tag{4}\]  
\[M=N_{Tx}N_{Rx}M_{0} \tag{5}\]  
where \(L_{Tx0}\) and \(L_{Rx0}\) are the single-turn inductance, \(R_{Tx0}\) and \(R_{Rx0}\) are the single-turn resistances, \(M_{0}\) is the single-turn mutual inductance, and \(L_{Tx}\), \(L_{Rx}\), \(R_{Tx}\), \(R_{Rx}\), and \(M\) is the circuit parameter considering the number of turns. If the skin effect and proximity effect are not considered, the resistance can be calculated as [14].  
In a brute-force sweep method as shown in Figure 2a, every combination in the design parameter space is scanned one by one. However, it requires a lot of time for the FEA calculations. Another way of doing so is to sequentially sweep the parameter as shown in Figure 2b. In this method, one parameter is swept to evaluate the performance and choose the optimal parameter value while other parameters are fixed. Then, the next parameter is swept to repeat this process. However, such a sequential search does not always guarantee the optimal coil design of the coil because a multi-dimensional problem is difficult to tackle with multiple single-dimensional solutions.  
Figure 2: The conventional IPT coil design flowchart: (**a**) Brute-force sweep method (**b**) Sequential sweep.  
In summary, the conventional single-turn-based FEA is neither accurate nor time-efficient, which motivates a novel coil design method using an optimization algorithm that will be suggested in the next section.
# _Laasonia inermis_ as an Active Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid
## 4 Conclusions  
The following conclusions were drawn from the thorough investigation of _Lawsonia internis_ as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel under acidic conditions:  
1. The extract of the _Lawsonia internis_ noticeably inhibited the corrosion of the mild steel in the HCl acidic environment, the effect of which increased with the increase in the concentration of the plant extract, thus presenting _Lawsonia internis_ as an effective corrosion inhibitor;
2. The Langmuir adsorption isothermal analysis reveals that the adsorption of _Lawsonia internis_'s phytochemicals on the mild steel's surface follows a combination of physisorption and weak chemisorption mechanisms. This indicates that the inhibitor molecules form a protective layer on the metal's surface, thereby reducing the corrosion rate;
3. The potentiodynamic polarisation measurements demonstrate that the _Lawsonia internis_ extract alters both the cathodic and anodic reactions and shifts the corrosion potential to more positive values, leading to improved corrosion resistance of the mild steel;  
Figure 7: Chromatogram for _Lawsonia internis_.  
4. This study highlights the importance for optimising the concentration of the _Lawsonia inermis_ extract for the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency. Concentrations ranging from 2000 mg/L to 3000 mg/L demonstrate excellent inhibition efficiencies, suggesting the effectiveness of the extract at higher concentrations;
5. In addition, the organic compounds identified in _Lawsonia inermis_ played a role by forming cross-links to create a thin film layer over the steel's surface, which inhibited the oxidation of the metal and reduced corrosion.  
Conceptualisation, G.O. and E.O.; methodology, P.O.; software, S.O.; validation, G.O., P.O. and C.E.E.; formal analysis, G.O.; investigation, G.O.; resources, S.O.; data curation, C.E.E.; writing--original draft preparation, E.O.; writing--review and editing, K.A.; visualisation, P.O.; supervision, E.O.; project administration, B.E.; funding acquisition, C.E.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Optimization of Signal Detection Using Deep CNN in Ultra-Massive MIMO
## 3 Result and Discussion
### Computational Time  
Figure 8 shows that the computation time was different in the computational comparison between ELMx and CNN-SD, according to the computational complexity for the  
Figure 6: The performance of BER in ultra-massive MIMO systems.  
Figure 7: The performance of the CNN-SD model.  
number of nodes from 2048 nodes. The result for ELMx, such as ELM RELM and ORELM, revealed that the computational time was higher than CNN-SD because the data management in CNN-SD had a batch size that could help reduce the use of computer resources. This is because training on a large dataset can reduce communication time between processors. It can significantly help reduce the use of computer resources and the management of data in RAM. This is important when training models that are data-intensive or that have complex structures.
###### Abstract  
Multiple higher-order Stokes of rotational stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in compressed hydrogen covered the wavelength range from \(\sim\)1.1 \(\upmu\)m to \(\sim\)1.4 \(\upmu\)m using \(\sim\)1.2 ps pump pulses from a Yb:YAG laser. In this study, the influence of polarization, energy, and the focusing conditions of the pump pulse, as well as gas pressure, on the conversion efficiency and modification of the spectral envelope of rotational and vibrational SRS was investigated. The use of a supercontinuum seed, as well as circular polarization of pump pulses at high hydrogen pressure, made it possible to significantly reduce the threshold for rotational SRS and suppress vibrational Stokes modes. The cascade excitation of rotational SRS, corresponding to a shift of 587 cm\({}^{-1}\), ensured a spectrum spanning four Stokes orders with a conversion efficiency of 52% and an output energy exceeding 3 mJ. The synthesized spectrum corresponded to \(\sim\)14 fs transform-limited pulses.  
supercontinuum; frequency conversion; SWIR; mid-IR; stimulated Raman scattering; stimulated rotational Raman scattering; hydrogen; pulse compression Article
# BSM-Data Reuse Model Based on In-Vehicular Computing
## 4 BSM Reuse Model: Our Proposal
### Basic Concepts
#### 4.2.2 Data Maintain and Processing  
When it comes to the maintaining and processing stage, a series of actions would be performed on raw BSMs to model, clean, compress, aggregate, organize, store, and extract data in an appropriate output form for subsequent use.
## 4 Vibration Testing of Thick Composite Cantilever Plate  
To verify the accuracy of the proposed method for the free vibration of thick composite cantilever plates, a rectangular composite plate comprising 332 layers of carbon/epoxy laminae was subjected to free vibration testing. A schematic description of the vibration test apparatus is shown in Figure 2. A detailed description of the fabrication, vibration testing, and material characterization of the plate is given in [73]. In the vibration test, one short side of the plate was clamped by a rigid fixture so that the plate could behave like a cantilever plate. The dimensions of the cantilever were \(a\) = 139.96 mm, \(b\) = 85.16 mm, and \(h\) = 27.16 mm with \(a/h\) = 5.15. During the vibration test, a hammer was used to strike the plate at different locations while a small accelerometer of 0.6 g was placed at a specific location. The vibration signals measured by the accelerometer were used to determine the frequency response spectra for the plate. The above testing procedure was repeated for several locations of the accelerometer. A typical frequency response spectrum is shown in Figure 3. The measured frequency response spectra were then used to extract the average values of the first six natural frequencies. The average values of the first six natural frequencies (\(f_{i}\), \(i\) = 1,..., 6) determined from all the measured frequency response spectra are given as follows: \(f_{1}\) = 302 Hz,\(f_{2}\) = 517 Hz,\(f_{3}\) = 858 Hz,\(f_{4}\) = 929 Hz,\(f_{5}\) = 1013 Hz, and \(f_{6}\) = 1144 Hz.  
Figure 2: Vibration test apparatus.  
It is noted that the coefficients of variation of the first six natural frequencies are less than 7%.  
Furthermore, the material properties of the composite lamina obtained from tests are given as \(E_{1}=124.73\) GPa, \(E_{2}=5.43\) GPa, \(\
u_{12}=0.30\), \(G_{12}=4.10\) GPa, \(G_{23}=0.67\) GPa, \(G_{13}=4.10\) GPa, and \(\rho=1570.47\) kg/m\({}^{3}\).
## 4 Residual Error Optimization Strategy Based on Root-Mean-Square and Peak-to-Valley Maps
### Variable Pitch Spiral Path Planning Method
Assume that the boundary can be expressed in polar coordinates as \(r_{b}=Boundary\left(\theta_{b}\right),0\leq\theta_{b}\leq 2\pi\), then the radial coordinates of all the path points beyond the constraint boundary are set as the radial coordinates of the corresponding boundary points,  
Figure 7: (**a**) The generation flowchart of the optimized path with variable pitch; (**b**) control strategy for edge-warping effect. and the angular coordinates remain unchanged. Then, Equation (10) can be used to calculate the constrained path. \[r_{b}=Boundary\left(\text{mod}\left(\theta,2\pi\right)\right);r=r_{b},r\geq r_{b} \tag{10}\]  
We need to extend the target surface and calculate the slope distribution surface corresponding to the extended surface. Then, according to Equation (11), the path points are transformed from the polar coordinate system to the Cartesian coordinate system and are projected onto the calculated slope distribution surface and the extended form error surface, respectively. The \(z\) coordinate of each projection point obtained by projecting on the slope distribution surface and the form error surface respectively correspond to the slope \(k_{slope}\) and the form error \(z_{h}\). According to Equation (12), we can calculate the change of path spacing after one iterative optimization. \[\left\{ \begin{array}{l}x=x_{0}+r\cos\theta;y=y_{0}+r\sin\theta\\ z_{h}=\Gamma(error\_ext,x,y);k_{slope}=\Gamma(targets\_{i}pesurf\_ext,x,y) \end{array} \right. \tag{11}\]  
in which \(\Gamma(error\_ext,x,y)\) and \(\Gamma(targets\_{i}pesurf\_ext,x,y)\) represent projection operations on the extended form error surface \(error\_ext\) and the slope distribution surface \(targets\_{i}pesurf\_ext\) corresponding to the extended target surface, respectively. \[p=\left\{ \begin{array}{l}p_{rms}\left(z_{h}\right)\Big{/}\sqrt{k^{2}_{ slope}+1},\text{RMS}-\text{based optimization}\\ p_{pp}\left(z_{h}\right)\Big{/}\sqrt{k^{2}_{slope}+1},\text{PV}-\text{based optimization}\end{array} \right. \tag{12}\]  
Finally, an unconstrained variable pitch spiral path after one iterative optimization is obtained according to Equation (13). Then, using Equation (10) to calculate the variable pitch spiral path with boundary constraints and eliminate the repeated path with the edge at the end of the path, a variable pitch spiral path with boundary constraints after one iteration optimization is obtained. After the iterative optimization is converged, the final variable pitch path is derived by resampling \(\Delta\theta\) making point-to-point distance constant along the path. \[\left\{ \begin{array}{l}N=\text{INT}\left(2\pi/\Delta\theta\right)\\ \theta_{k}=k\Delta\theta;r_{k}=r_{0}+\frac{p_{1}\theta_{k}}{2\pi},0\leq k\leq N \\ \theta_{k}=\theta_{k-N}+2\pi;r_{k}=r_{k-N}+p_{k-N},k>N\end{array} \right. \tag{13}\]
## 4 Let's Wrap Up
### Discussion
The use of an **AC** approach in electrical resistivity measurement makes it possible to focus on the material microstructure, thus excluding electrode polarization as a possible interfering input. The measurement of electrical impedance of concrete should be performed according to the EIS method, thus spanning multiple frequencies. This is of utmost importance, since the material electrical properties (both the electrical resistivity and the dielectric permittivity) are frequency-dependent [69] and the analysis in different ranges allows to investigate several different aspects of materials (e.g., the composite resistance of specimens with conductive fibers is visible at a higher frequency, since at low frequency the superficial passive layer makes them non-conductive [22]). The results of an electrical resistivity measurement are strictly linked to the frequency and the shape of the electric signal used for the measurement. Frequencies greater than 1 kHz should be employed to avoid the effect of material polarization (i.e., the orientation of dipoles according to the electromagnetic field originated from the measurement itself) [80; 224]. [PERSON] et al. [77] monitored the electrical impedance of cement pastes in the frequency range of 1-100 kHz, with a sampling time of 10 min in 48 h test period. They highlighted that electrode polarization at the lowest frequency (1 kHz) masks the bulk response from the paste, which instead vanishes with increasing frequency. Moreover, in order to examine composite materials, e.g., concrete with the addition of carbon fibers, higher frequency values, which mirror the interaction between the conductive addition and the cement-based material, should be considered. To avoid measurement errors, attention should be paid to several aspects, including the specimen geometry, the possible non-homogeneity of the material, the environmental conditions (particularly temperature and relative humidity) and their changes, the interface between electrodes and material (a good electric contact should be maintained), the presence of reinforcing steel rebars or other conductive materials close to the measurement electrodes, the different resistivity of bulk and surface layers, the local variations in concrete, and the electronic noise.