## 2 Design Methods
### Construction of 1:5-Scaled IBS Components
#### 2.2.1 Materials Properties of the IBS Concrete
Figure 3a-d shows the tested samples for compression and splitting tensile. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Quantity** & **Cement** & **Water** & **Coarse** & **Fine** & **Glenium** \\  & **(kg)** & **(kg)** & **Aggregate** & **Aggregate** & **ACE 388** \\  & & & **(kg)** & **(kg)** & **(kg)** \\ \hline Per (m\({}^{3}\)) & 550 & 233 & 1086 & 511 & 6.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The proportions of concrete materials. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number of** & **Force (kN)** & **Strength** & **Displacement** & \\
**Sample** & **Force (kN)** & **(N/mm\({}^{2}\))** & **(mm)** & **Strain** \\ \hline
1 & 44.18 & 22.50 & 2.11 & 0.0211 \\
2 & 38.76 & 19.74 & 2.42 & 0.0242 \\
3 & 44.46 & 22.64 & 2.51 & 0.0251 \\
4 & 48.51 & 24.70 & 2.52 & 0.0252 \\
5 & 42.42 & 21.60 & 2. Tables 2 and 3 showed the compressive strength results of twelve cylinders with the size of 50 mm \(\times\) 100 mm for 7 days and 28 days of curing. It has been tested by using a concrete compression testing machine. The obtained compressive strength at 28 days was 31.38 N/mm\({}^{2}\). Hence, the obtained average of compressive strength for the concrete cylinders met the target of grade C30 mixture with superplasticizer, indicating very promising results for obtaining the desired strength at 28 days. The compressive strength was obtained to predict the concrete crush, while the tensile strength is to forecast concrete cracks during laboratory testing on the system. The obtained average of splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinders for 7 days and 28 days of curing for structural model tests are 0.582 N/mm\({}^{2}\) and 1.223 N/mm\({}^{2}\), respectively. Tables 4 and 5 show their respective results. The downscaled model utilized steel bars with diameters of 6 mm and 2 mm as the main reinforcements and the shear links for columns, beams, slabs, and footing, respectively. Based on Figure 5a,b, the column head has 24 steel reinforcement bars for making the corbels support. The diameter of the bars is 6 mm, while the length is 200 mm. There are three main reinforcements in two faces of the column and one main reinforcement bar in other faces with a length of 680 mm. A total of 23 square links were used to tie up the main column reinforcement with the spacing of 30 mm between each square link. Four aluminum pipes with diameters of 8 mm were installed at each corner of the column and tied up with the edge reinforcement for a bolt slot to connect the structures. The scaled-down footing has three different 6 mm reinforcement bars configurations in it. There are five steel bars around the footing with 40 mm spacing to each other. Three reinforcement bars were installed vertically on four faces of the footing. At the top of the footing from the sloping parts, there is one horizontal steel bar at each face of the footing. Figure 6a,b show the reinforcements detailing for the footing. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No. of Sample**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Force (kN)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Stress (Mpa)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Max**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Strain**} \\  & & & **Displacement** & & \\  & & & **(mm)** & \\ \hline
1 & 10.91 & 385.95 & 4.50 & 3.65 \\
2 & 11.06 & 391.30 & 3.71 & 3.95 \\
3 & 10.98 & 388.41 & 3.15 & 6.09 \\ Average & 10.99 & 388.55 & 3.79 & 4.56 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Results for 6 mm-diameter steel bolts. Figure 5: Column reinforcement details: (**a**) AutoCAD details; (**b**) actual column details. The structural beam has five steel reinforcement bars, two at the top in the compression zone and three at the bottom for the tension. The main reinforcements were tied up with a shear link of a 2 mm-diameter steel bar at 40 mm of spacing on the beam using cable ties, as shown in Figure 6. The steels bars with 6 mm-diameter and 5 mm-diameter were used for the slab's longitudinal and transverse steel reinforcement.