## 3 Results
### Influence of Al on Hatching and Survival  
Eggs in the control hatched between days one and four, and eggs exposed to Al started hatching on day two, with hatching concluded after day 3. Increasingly lower percentages of _L. clariae_ eggs hatched as Al concentration increased from 30 to 120 \(\mu\)g/L. Only 5% of the 38 eggs exposed to 5 \(\mu\)g/L Al did not hatch, followed by 7% of 43 eggs not hatching exposed to 30 \(\mu\)g/L, increasing to 10% that did not hatch in both the control (30 eggs) and 60 \(\mu\)g/L (42 eggs) concentrations. At the highest concentration of Al (120 \(\mu\)g/L), the percentage of unhatched eggs more than doubled, with a total of 26% of 38 eggs.  
A rapid increase in mortalities was observed in NI between day five and day eight. The highest was observed in 120 \(\mu\)g/L (29%) and 5 \(\mu\)g/L (29%) and the lowest in the control (17%) and 60 \(\mu\)g/L (17%). Significant differences were noted between the control and 5 \(\mu\)g/L, and 30 and 120 \(\mu\)g/L, respectively (Welch \(F\) (4, df2 54.711) = 24.490, \(p\) < 0.01). Significant differences were also found between 5 and 60 \(\mu\)g/L (_p_ < 0.01), 30 and 60 \(\mu\)g/L (_p_ < 0.01), and 60 and 120 \(\mu\)g/L (_p_ < 0.01).  
For NIII, 13% each died in the control and 5 ug/L exposures, 21% in 30 ug/L, 7% in 60 ug/L, and 5% in 120 ug/L (Figure 2). Specifically, significant differences (Welch \(F\) (4, df2 52.538) = 8.808, \(p\) < 0.01) for NIII mortalities were found between the 30 ug/L treatment and all other concentrations (_p_ < 0.01).  
A general increase in mortalities occurred in all the exposure concentrations when the transition was made from nauplius stages, leaving only a few individuals to develop into copepoid stages II and III. Twenty percent of juveniles perished as copepoid I in the control, 8% in 5 ug/L, 35% in 30 ug/L, 17% in 60 ug/L, and 29% in 120 ug/L (Figure 2). Significant differences for CI were found at a 0.5% level between the various exposure concentrations (Welch \(F\) (4, df2 49.831 = 7.766, \(p\) < 0.01). Significant differences for CI were found between 5 and 30 ug/L (_p_ < 0.01).  
Seventeen percent of juveniles died as copepoid II in the control, compared to 26% in 5 ug/L, 5% in 30 ug/L, 27% in 60 ug/L, and 3% in 120 ug/L (Figure 2). Significant differences for CII mortalities were found between the various exposure concentrations (Welch \(F\) (4, df2 49.786 = 4.083, \(p\) < 0.01), i.e., between 30 and 60 ug/L (_p_ < 0.01), and 60 and 120 ug/L (_p_ < 0.01).  
A meagre percentage of individuals survived to CIII. Final mortalities were recorded at 3% in the control, 8% in 5 ug/L, 7% in 60 ug/L, and 0% in 30 and 120 ug/L (Figure 2). The percentage of juveniles that survived to CIII was low or 0% in some concentrations; therefore, the Welch robust test of equality of means could not be performed. Differences between the concentrations for CIII were not significant.  
Figure 2: Percentage survival versus percentage dead juveniles in various stages of _Lamproglena clariae_ development (black bar: unhatched eggs; green bar: alive juveniles; dark purple bar: dead nauplius I; medium purple bar: dead nauplius II; light purple bar: dead nauplius III; dark brown bar: dead copepoid I; orange bar: dead copepoid II; pink bar: dead copepoid III) during exposure in the control (**A**), 5 ug/L aluminium (**B**), 30 ug/L aluminium (**C**), 60 ug/L aluminium (**D**), 120 ug/L aluminium (**E**).