## 4 Results
### RQ1: What Was the Significance of People Factors in the Digital Twin Projects?
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Statement** & **Strongly Disagree** & **Disagree** & **Neutral** & **Agree** & **Strongly Agree** \\ \hline
1. Human and non-human factors are of equal importance in determining the success of digital twin projects. & P1 & P0 & & P2 \\ \hline
2. Digital twin projects rely on a network of different actors from different functions acting together towards a common goal. & & & & P0 & P1 P2 \\ \hline
3. Digital twin projects require a strong sponsor and champion to enroll an appropriate network to move the project forward. & & & & & P1 P2 P0 \\ \hline
4. It is important for the digital twin project sponsor to clearly outline the project benefits and justify the costs. & & & & & P2 & P1 P0 \\ \hline
5. The project sponsor played a key role in enrolling the support and participation of other team members. & & & & P2 & P1 P0 \\ \hline
6. Team members played out their different roles effectively to successfully deliver digital twin project(s). & & & & & P2 P0 & P1 \\ \hline
7. Integration of digital twins with other systems was a significant issue that has not been fully resolved. & & & & & P2 & P1 P0 \\ \hline
8. IT strategy has played a key role in the selection and implementation of digital twin projects. & P2 & & & P0 & P1 \\ \hline
9. Our company has the necessary skills and competencies to successfully implement digital twin projects. & & & & & & \\ \hline
10. Digital twin projects have delivered significant benefits for our company. & & & & & P2 & P1 \\ \hline
11. Digital twin projects have changed our processes and ways of working significantly. & & & & & & \\ \hline
12. Digital twin projects have ushered in a significant change in the culture of our company. & & & & & P1 \\ \hline
13. Digital twin projects have improved the quality of information in the functional areas where implemented. & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Questionnaire statements: interviewee responses. RQ3: What Have Beent the Impacts of Digital Twin Projects in Terms of Process Change and Benefits Delivery? The three respondents gave somewhat differing perspectives on process change resulting from the DT projects and associated benefits delivery. Project 0 was more of an infrastructure project to facilitate the launch of other DT projects. It started as a pilot \"small scope to test the data for calibration and simulation\", and [PERSON] conceded that the purpose of the project was \"not clear to everyone at the beginning--it was a Development and Innovation (R&D) project\". However, [PERSON] noted that the DT now provided the platform \"for simulation of reals assets--life cycle prediction, and estimation of rest of life and product reliability\". [PERSON] strongly agreed that clear benefits had been delivered and cited the example of how the DT simulation data have been made available for evaluation and discussion with customers. Prior to this, it was \"a massive effort for our quality department to analyse the existing data\", using the process monitoring tools at their disposal, which were \"missing information from other strategic systems like MES [manufacturing execution system] and SAP\". More specifically, [PERSON] highlighted \"quality savings\" from the use of Power BI, the data analytics tool, for analyzing the DT simulated data. As regards process change and ways of working, [PERSON] noted that \"in many departments and areas, based on the digital twin, decisions are taken differently\", and that \"cross-divisional solutions are now commonplace\". Project 2 objectives included \"improvement of productivity and quality by faster planning of complex products\" and \"enabling a high transparency of planning status\" by \"visualization of process steps, layouts and key figures\" and \"enabling a traceability of changes\".