# Impacts of E-Micromobility on the Sustainability of Urban Transportation--A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Impacts on Energy Consumption  
Two thirds of the world's population will live in cities by 2050, and inevitably, urban settlements will face several further problems [33]. Due to the fact that the world's resources are being depleted, cities are becoming less livable every day, e.g., global warming has reached a very serious level. To change this situation, it is reasonable to focus on cities, and the first place should be the transport sector, which is responsible for 24 percent of global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, 29 percent of global energy demand, and 65 percent of the world's total oil consumption [34]. The development of e-micromobility might change overall energy consumption in the mobility sector. [PERSON] et al. (2020) indicated that if trips of 5-8 km that are currently made using conventional motorized vehicles were replaced with the use of e-micromobility vehicles, energy demand would drop by 50 percent in Pittsburg [35]. Since that study was based on Pittsburg, if we consider this in the wider context of the USA and China, which are the largest CO\({}_{2}\) producers in the world, e-micromobility could be a game-changer. In this section, the energy consumption of e-micromobility vehicles and their environmental impacts are reviewed. The question of whether electric vehicles are energy efficient is still the subject of many studies, and there are many dependent variables in relation to this topic. Hence, it does not seem to be possible to reach a definitive conclusion for now. Nevertheless, in this section, the related studies are examined to gain a general estimation. Although there is not yet a very extensive body of literature on this subject, we have compiled and compared studies in terms of energy consumption per mile/km, as well as impacts on global warming in respect to environmental impacts, i.e., the amount of CO\({}_{2}\) emitted per passenger-km will be compared among various modes of transport and studies. As shown in Figure 10, [PERSON] et al. (2020) estimated e-scooters' energy consumption to be 0.012 kWh/km, [PERSON] et al. (2020) reported it to be 0.04 kWh/km, and Agora Verkehrswende (2019) reported it to be 0.01 kWh/km [29; 34; 36]. Plainly, the numbers by themselves do not mean anything; it is necessary to associate them with other comparable variables to reach a conclusion. Some comparative studies have indicated that electric scooters can travel 128 km with 1 kW/h of energy, whereas a gasoline-powered car can travel less than 1.6 km and a more energy efficient Tesla can travel 6.4 km with the same amount of energy [37]. Furthermore, approximately the same numbers are given in the study by Agora as follows--with the same amount of energy, an e-scooter can travel a 50-times greater distance than a conventional car [29]. Based on the Bird e-scooter, with 1 kW/h of energy, e-scooters can travel approximately 100 km, whereas an electric car can travel 6 km [29]. According to [PERSON] et al. (2020), who made an assumption based on data from rental companies in Poland, an e-scooter can travel 100 km with 4 kWh energy [36]. According to Wired (2018), e-micromobility vehicles are 20 times more efficient than electric vehicles and 102 times more efficient than conventional fossil fuel vehicles; furthermore, e-scooters cover their cost in just 4 months and are seen as the most cost-effective vehicles for short distances compared to other transportation modes [31]. Hence, it shows that when e-scooters substitute either conventional cars or electric cars, it leads to a reduction in energy consumption for transportation. Meanwhile, studies have shown that the environmental impact of the amount of energy used while charging e-scooters has a considerably lower impact than their production phase and their collection each night for recharging [30]. A simulation of the demand for electricity in Poland from e-scooters was performed by [PERSON] et al. (2020).