## 4 Conclusions  
A holistic LCA study of cellulose extraction from date palm biomass using natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) integrated with a microwave-assisted process was presented. Our findings highlight substantial insights into the environmental impacts associated with the cellulose extraction process. Notably, the normalized scores show that freshwater ecotoxicity imparts the most significant impact in both ReCiPe and ILCD assessment methods, surpassing other categories such as fossil resource scarcity. This underlines the critical need to address freshwater ecotoxicity in the development and optimization of the cellulosic extraction process. The incorporation of NaDES with microwave-assisted extraction offers favorable potential for sustainable date palm biomass applications. The process shows a  
Figure 4: Comparative weighted impact category scores by using ILCD 2011 Midpoint impact assessment method for the cellulosic extraction process.  
reduced dependency on fossil resources, aligning with the United Nations Sustainability Development Goal (No 7). However, the prominent impact on freshwater ecotoxicity calls for further fine-tuning in solvent selection and process optimization to alleviate environmental burdens associated with clean water aspirations outlined in the United Nations Sustainability Development Goal (No 6). In conclusion, this study shows the significant environmental implications of applying NaDES and microwave-assisted processes for cellulose extraction from date palm biomass. The use of rigorous LCA methodologies affords a cohesive framework for evaluating and improving the environmental sustainability of bioprocesses. Future research should focus on improving the environmental performance of this extraction method, potentially expanding its application to other waste biomass in the Gulf region. This study adds to the growing body of knowledge in sustainable material science and waste management, offering crucial insights for scientific researchers, LCA practitioners, industry stakeholders and policymakers aiming to advance environmentally friendly technologies.  
Y.M.A.: funding acquisition, visualization, writing--original draft. C.-Y.: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, software, validation, writing--review. A.A.R.: conceptualization, methodology, writing--original draft and editing and review. M.E.-H.: formal analysis, visualization, methodology, manuscript writing, editing and review, supervision and project administration. M.S.: formal analysis, methodology, manuscript writing, editing and review. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors would like to acknowledge Researcher's Supporting Project Number (RSP2024 RS11), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author (accurately indicate status).  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Cypress Sustainability Pte Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.