## 2 Materials and Methods
### Major Ingredients
#### 2.1.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)  
Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag is a non-metallic powder that consists of some Silicates Aluminates of Calcium and other useful bases [22]. Molten slag is cooled by quenching in water which enables the formation of glassy sand-like material. The basic chemical composition for GGBFS is same as that of cement linkers. Performance of the slag mainly depends upon the basic chemical composition and fineness. In a similar manner, the Slag is replaced by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Performance of SCC with the GGBFS is analyzed by testing the basic fresh properties of concrete; in addition, its useful mechanical behavior and durability will be affected by incorporating GGBFS as beneficial replacement of the Portland cement. The effects caused by the replacement of slag depend solely upon the percentage of slag used and the fineness of material. There are different manners by which the replacement of slag with Portland cement affects the basic properties of SCC. Slag affects the important most property of concrete which is workability, by the tests performed and analysis of results it is concluded that higher performance extent is achieved using relatively higher contents of slag (GGBFS) [23]. The degree of fineness of slag does not increase workability for the concrete [24]. The replacement of GGBFS does not significantly affect the bleeding issues for concrete. The risk factor and important issue of the \"Autogenously Increasing Temperature\" for SCC and major associated \"Thermal stresses\" and \"Cracking\" are also considered upon addition of slag elements in SCC [11; 25; 26]. Setting period for GGBFS concrete mainly depends on the reactivity of the slag used and its employed percentage present in the mix. The use of slag, however, causes a lower gain of initial strength at seven days, while significantly higher strengths at 28 days of sample cured in water. In summers or warm weather sites, the final strength attained can be higher as compared to the ordinary Portland cement [27]. The replacement of the GGBFS in SCC increases its broad resistance against the chloride-ion attack, mainly at some later period of concrete life [28]. This helps to improve chloride binding in concrete. This turns out to be highly beneficial for the key protection of the important element of structures which is the prevention of steel from internal corrosion and deterioration. The resistance against the freeze and thaw cycle for concrete structures in cold climatic areas is not affected by using the GGBFS in a mix of SCC [29]. The following cycle is a direct function related to the evident air-void spacing factor for the concrete, which is mainly obtained by using the additional elements in concrete properly such as the air-entraining admixtures. Sulfate attack resistant concrete with GGBFS entails the replacement of more than 25% by mass of cement used. The replacement of slag in proper fine percentages more than about 20% can be utilized to tackle the expansion due to the alkali-silica reactions in concrete with GGBFS. Carbonation extent in the GGBFS concrete may rise even more than simple concrete if it is not properly treated and cured for the full required period [30]. Durability and the extent of resistance to damage and permeability effects in marine saline environments are far more increased and concrete because of its key useful chloride ion attack resistant nature [31].