## 1 Introduction  
Geotechnical design begins with a thorough understanding of the soil properties and characteristic profiles of the project site, as these parameters are critical for ensuring the stability and safety of engineering structures [1]. These soil properties are identified through a combination of on-site testing and laboratory analyses conducted in soil mechanics laboratories [2, 3, 4]. Based on the derived results, the foundation model and its dimensions are rigorously designed to ensure alignment with the soil's mechanical properties and load-bearing capacity, thereby optimizing structural stability and performance under anticipated loading conditions [5]. The foundation, as the interface between the structure and the ground, bears the responsibility of transferring all structural loads, including the weight of the structure itself, to the underlying soil [6]. For safe and effective performance, the ground must possess adequate capacity to sustain these loads without failure [7]. Additionally, the resulting settlements must remain within permissible limits to prevent structural damage [8]. When loads are applied, the soil layers experience compression, settlement, and stress distribution [9]. The soil's resistance to these forces is governed by its bearing capacity and shear strength parameters [10]. If the shear stresses induced by foundation loads exceed the soil's shear strength, a bearing capacity failure occurs [11]. Thus, understanding and evaluating the soil's pressure and shear strength properties are fundamental to ensuring the stability and safety of the foundation and the entire structure it supports [12; 13]. The shear strength of soil represents the maximum shear stress that a soil mass can withstand before failure. In cohesionless soils, shear strength primarily depends on the internal friction angle or interparticle locking, as cohesion is negligible (c = 0) and does not influence the bearing capacity calculations [14]. Under applied loads, soil layers undergo both instantaneous deformation and time-dependent consolidation, resulting in progressive settlement and structural adjustments [15]. While soil grains, composed of hard minerals, exhibit minimal compressibility, the compressibility of water in saturated soils is also negligible [16]. Consequently, settlements in water-saturated soils are predominantly driven by the dissipation of pore water under applied loads. For robust foundation design, it is critical to accurately quantify and model the settlement response of the supporting soil layers [17]. In cohesionless soils, the extraction of undisturbed samples is practically infeasible; hence, their geotechnical properties are predominantly assessed through in situ testing methodologies [18]. The stratigraphic profile of the soil is characterized through site-specific borehole investigations, during which both disturbed and undisturbed samples are retrieved for comprehensive laboratory analyses [19]. The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely utilized and cost-effective field test in many regions. [PERSON] proposed equations for estimating safe bearing capacities based on SPT results, corresponding to a maximum settlement of 25 mm (2.5 cm) [20; 21]. Parameters derived from SPT analysis are used to calculate an experimental-numerical framework for assessing the load-bearing capacities in scientific research [22; 23]. Some researchers established methodologies for estimating bearing capacity based on SPT data for sandy soil foundations [24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. The engineering classification of soil enables engineers to generally estimate the type of soil and the range of its mechanical properties [29; 30; 31]. Groups of various soil types with comparable mechanical characteristics and load behaviour can be created by classifying them based on predetermined rules [32]. These classifications also facilitate the development of empirical relationships for quick and practical settlement estimations during preliminary design phases [33; 34].