esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Results and Use Case
### SOC Coverage Gap Model Based on MITRE
Identifying these gaps is essential for understanding the limitations of the current security posture and for making informed decisions on how to enhance detection capabilities, whether through configuration changes, additional security solutions, or other management solutions or enhancing log monitoring capabilities to cover the missing techniques. Figure 7: Mapping of CISCO Firepower logs to network discovery technique on MITRE ATT&CK.
# Anti-Biofilm Agents to Overcome _Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibiotic Resistance_
## 1 Introduction
Clinical isolates show reduced susceptibility to a wide variety of antibiotic classes including beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, polymyrsins and aminoglycos. Notably, over the past years, resistances to carbapenemems, ceftazidine and the piperacillin-tazobactam combination have increased [19]. The propensity of _P. aeruginosa_ to become resistant to the whole arsenal of antibiotics is due to numerous factors [20]. First, the complex lipopolysaccharide saccharidic diderm membrane barrier of the pathogen naturally decreases permeability to antimicrobials, and the associated efflux pumps expel broad varieties of toxic molecules including antibiotics [21; 22]. _P. aeruginosa_ also easily develops resistances through mutation of intrinsic genes or acquisition of genetic material by horizontal gene transfer [23; 24]. In particular, phenotypic modifications of the pharmacological targets can spontaneously appear upon external stimuli. To date, loss of the OprD porin outer membrane channel, overexpression of efflux pumps and production of AmpC (or extended-spectrum) beta-lactamases are the most commonly reported resistance phenotypes in _P. aeruginosa_ MDR isolates [25]. This phenomenon is increased by the misusage of ATBs that triggers a selection pressure favorable to the multiplication of resistant strains. Accordingly, the WHO has alerted to the necessity to design new therapeutical strategies to fight this threatening pathogen. A new anti-virulence approach has recently emerged that aims at quenching bacterial virulence without affecting cell growth. Such anti-virulence agents (AVAs) could restore the efficacy of conventional ATBs in combination therapy. In monotherapy, they could potentiate the pathogen's eradication by the immune system. The development of anti-biofilm agents (ABAs) seems like an interesting strategy to alleviate the burden caused by _P. aeruginosa_ infections. ABAs are specific AVAs that diminish virulence by targeting the biofilm. ABAs and, more generally, AVAs differ from ATBs by their lack of effect on bacterial cell growth. In this bibliographic review, the most promising synthetic ABAs designed as anti-virulence molecules were presented. Hence, these ABAs are able to hinder the formation or the dispersion of biofilm without eradicating sessile microcolonies. They can act as (i) c-di-GMP pathway inhibitors (slowing down the production of biofilm or activating its dispersion), (ii) QS inhibitors (QSIs) (diminishing the production of matrix components and AIs as well as toxin secretion) or (iii) lectin inhibitors (impairing the biofilm structure). Some conventional ATBs or antimicrobial peptides have also been studied for their anti-biofilm properties at concentrations that do not affect bacterial growth, as has the nanovectorization biotechnological approach allowing an extracellular matrix permeabilization. We aim to highlight the critical features that enable molecular key interactions with targets to pave the way for the rational development of new ABAs against _P. aeruginosa_.
# Research on Decision-Making Methods for Autonomous Navigation in Inland Tribitary Waterways
## 2 Analysis of the Autonomous Navigation Process  
The dynamics of ship-to-ship encounters can be categorized into two phases: the conflict phase and the non-conflict phase. During the non-conflict phase, ships maintain unrestricted navigation without implementing collision avoidance maneuvers, since these actions are specifically initiated only to mitigate potential collision risks. The initiation of evasive action (A) is marked by a ship's implementation of specific navigational adjustments in response to an identified collision risk. Conversely, the termination of evasive action (B) occurs when no further maneuvers are required before the conflict is fully resolved, as shown in Figure 1. After completing collision avoidance operations, the ship enters the recovery phase, gradually returning to its recommended route and stabilizing its course. This collision avoidance maneuvering framework ensures the precise identification of critical decision points in inland river collision avoidance scenarios.  
In the case of no collision risk, the ship's autonomous navigation mainly depends on such technologies as course control, track control, and velocity control. The core of this part is to ensure that the ship can sail safely and accurately along the scheduled route. When there is a risk of collision, the ship's autonomous navigation system needs to make collision avoidance decisions and take collision avoidance actions. This involves technologies such as perception of ship navigation situations, cognitive computing, collision avoidance decision-making, and navigation control.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The INFN-CHNet MA-XRF Scanner  
The instrument was designed with a special focus on portability and lightness. The technical characteristics and analytical capabilities (detection efficiency, spatial resolution, etc.) of this equipment are thoroughly described in [27]. Briefly, the measuring head of the instrument was composed of an X-ray tube (Mortek, 40 kV maximum voltage, 0.1 mA maximum anode current) and a Silicon Drift Detector (Amptek XR100 SDD, 25 mm\({}^{2}\) effective active surface, 500 \(\upmu\)m thickness). A telemeter (Keyence IA-100) that was also installed on the measuring head, acted for the control and adjustment of the sample-instrument distance during the scan. This measuring head was mounted on three linear motor stages by Physik Instrumente, with a 200 mm travel range in the x and y directions for this version, plus a 50 mm stage along the z perpendicular direction. This was all installed on a carbon-fibre box containing motor controllers, a signal digitizer (CAEN DT5780), and other auxiliary elements. The software controlling acquisition and data analysis was developed by INFN-CHNet. The instrument has been successfully employed in several heritage science applications over the years [28; 29; 30].  
During the analysis discussed here, the operating conditions of the X-ray tube for all measurements were: 30 kV anode voltage, 0.1 mA filament current, and a Mo anode with an 800 \(\upmu\)m diameter collimator. The scanning velocity ranged from 1 to 2 mm/s and the equivalent pixel size ranged from 200 to 1000 \(\upmu\)m. Typical measuring conditions, which are those used in the maps shown in this paper, were a scanning speed of 1 mm/s and a pixel size of 1 mm. Different parameters are specified when needed in the Supplementary Materials.
## 2 Model
### 3D Simulations-The Finite Elements Method  
Piecewise linear \(C^{0}\) finite elements (tetrahedra) are used to perform the calculations according to the numerical scheme [22]. The function \(\varrho_{h}\), which approximates \(\varrho\), is calculated as  
\[\varrho_{h}(x,t)=\sum_{i=1}^{K}\varrho_{i}(t)v_{i}(x),\]  
where \(v_{i}\) are the basis functions of the finite elements space. When the following matrices are introduced: the mass matrix \(\mathcal{G}=\{g_{ij}\}_{i,j=1}^{K}\), the stiffness matrix \(\mathcal{A}_{1}=\{a_{ij}^{1}\}_{i,j=1}^{K}\), and the release matrix \(\mathcal{A}_{2}=\{a_{ij}^{2}\}_{i,j=1}^{K}\), and when the additional assumption is made that \(\mathcal{A}(t)=\mathcal{A}_{1}+\eta(t)\mathcal{A}_{2}\), and the nonlinear operator \(\mathcal{B}:\mathbb{R}^{K}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{K}\) is applied according to [22]:  
\[\mathcal{B}(\varrho_{1},\ldots,\varrho_{K})_{j}=\beta\int_{\Omega_{1}}\!\! \left(\bar{\varrho}-\sum_{i=1}^{K}\varrho_{i}v_{i}(x)\right)^{+}v_{j}(x)\,dx. \tag{4}\]  
the numerical scheme may be rewritten as  
\[\mathcal{G}\varrho_{h}^{\prime}(t)+\mathcal{A}(t)\varrho_{h}(t)=\mathcal{B}( \varrho_{h}(t)).\]  
The time step is defined as \(t_{k}=k\Delta t\) where \(\Delta t\) is at least several times smaller than \(\tau\). After the approximation of \(\varrho_{h}^{k}\) by \(\varrho_{h}(t_{k})\), the Crank-Nicholson approximative scheme can be used  
\[\mathcal{G}\frac{\varrho_{h}^{k}-\varrho_{h}^{k-1}}{\Delta t}+\frac{1}{2} \mathcal{A}(t_{k})\varrho_{h}^{k}+\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{A}(t_{k-1})\varrho_{h}^ {k-1}=\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{B}(\varrho_{h}^{k})+\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{B}(\varrho _{h}^{k-1}), \tag{5}\]  
valid for \(k=1,2,\ldots\). In the finite element basis \(\{v_{k}\}_{k=1}^{K}\), \(\varrho_{0}\) is approximated by \(\varrho_{h}^{0}\). The scheme must be solved for \(\varrho_{h}^{k}\). The problem of the nonlinearity in \(\mathcal{B}\) is dealt with by the iterative scheme:  
\[\varrho_{h}^{k(0)}=\varrho_{h}^{k-1}, \tag{6}\] \[\mathcal{G}\frac{\varrho_{h}^{k(m+1)}-\varrho_{h}^{k-1}}{\Delta t }+\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{A}(t_{k})\varrho_{h}^{k(m+1)}+\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{A}(t_{ k-1})\varrho_{h}^{k-1}=\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{B}(\varrho_{h}^{k(m)})+\frac{1}{2} \mathcal{B}(\varrho_{h}^{k-1}),\]  
in which the inner iteration step is denoted by the index \(m\). In such a way, the scheme gives a linear system of equations for each iteration. Iterating stops when \(|\varrho_{h}^{k(m+1)}-\varrho_{h}^{k(m)}|\) is sufficiently small.  
For the numerical simulations, the bouton is modeled as a bounded polyhedral domain \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{3}\). The boundary of the bouton, \(\partial\Omega\), is represented by a set of flat polygons. The proper polyhedral subset of the bouton, \(\Omega_{1}\), is the domain of vesicles supply. The release site \(\Gamma_{d}\) is modeled as a finite sum of flat polygons.
## 3 Results
### Development of HS-SPME GC-MS Method
#### 3.1.2 GC-MS Analysis  
The GC-MS conditions were developed to allow the separation of the volatile components in the shortest analysis time. Identification of the volatile flavor compounds was achieved by comparing the Kovats linear retention indices and EI mass spectra with those of reference standards (when available), by using a mass spectra database (NIST library), and by comparing the experimental data with those previously reported in the literature [5; 10; 14; 15].  
Analysis of the tea samples (24 different types) was performed, the main volatile compound identity and the relative concentrations of a representative green tea (Bancha) and roasted tea products are reported in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RI \({}^{\text{a}}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Name**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Odor Quality**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Relative Percentage Content (\%) \({}^{\text{c}}\)**} \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & **Bancha** & **Bancha Hojicha** & **Bancha 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ \hline
1 & 826 & Methylpyrazine & Roasty, sweet & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.01 \\  & 830 & Hexanal & Fruity & 0.08 & 0.10 & 0.11 \\  & 830 & Hexanal-d12 (IL-IS) & & & & \\ \hline
2 & 915 & Dimethylpyrazine & Roasty, sweet & 0.00 & 0.05 & 0.09 \\ \hline
3 & 916 & Ethlypyrazine & Roasty, sweet & 0.00 & 0.03 & 0.05 \\ \hline
4 & 965 & 1,5-ocatadien-3-one & Floral & 0.23 & 0.41 & 0.09 \\  & 982 & 2,3-ocatadione & & 0.06 & 0.12 & 0.02 \\ \hline
5 & 1005 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine & Roasty, sweet & 0.61 & 1.10 & 1.50 \\ \hline
6 & 1007 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine & Roasty, sweet & 1.01 & 1.20 & 1.74 \\  & 1021 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & Limonene & Lemon, citrus & 2.01 & 0.83 & 1.10 \\ \hline
7 & 1052 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine & Roasty, sweet & 0.00 & 3.55 & 3.92 \\ \hline
8 & 1055 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine & Roasty, sweet & 0.62 & 1.52 & 2.21 \\ \hline
9 & 1073 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Linalool oxide} & Floral, sweet & 0.85 & 1.28 & 1.07 \\ \hline
10 & 1088 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 2,4-heptadien & Fatty & 0.26 & 0.98 & 1.54 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Linear retention index (RI), odor quality and relative percentage of key odorants in representative green teas: Bancha, Bancha Hojicha and roasted Bancha green tea (180 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
The same chromatographic method was applied to analyze green tea before and after roasting (TIC chromatograms of a representative tea sample, Bancha, are shown in Figure S2).  
From the qualitative analysis, some odorants were selected for their evident variation after roasting and their quantitative analysis was performed as described below.
# The Role of Metal Ions in the Electron Transport through Azurin-Based Junctions
## 2 Methods  
### Azurin Molecular Dynamics Simulations Free Solved in Water  
To inspect structural modifications resulting from the ion-substitution, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. To this aim, three different azurin variants were considered: Cu-azurin or native azurin, Co-azurin and Ni-azurin. In all cases, the starting configuration is the one available in the the protein data bank [46; 47] (PDBID = 4 AZU), and for each variant the Cu atom was replaced by the corresponding ion. Subsequently, protons were added accordingly to the calculated ionization states [48] of its titratable groups at a pH of 4.5--corresponding to the pH used in reference experiments [10]. In all cases, the resulting structures had a zero net charge. The amino acids inter-atomic interactions were modeled using the standard ff14 SB force field [49]. As for the ion-coordination site, composed by the ion and five surrounding amino acids (GLY45, HIS46, CYS112, HIS117 and MET121), we adopted the ab-initio derived force-field parameters reported in [20].  
This force-field includes all bonded and non-bonded terms in the coordination sphere for the three metal ions here considered (these parameters are detailed in the Supplementary Materials). Being all simulations performed in an explicit water medium, these solvent atoms were described using the TIP3P force-field [50], which is consistent with the choice of both aforementioned force-field parameters.  
All MD simulations were performed using AMBER18 software suite [51] with NVIDIA GPU acceleration [52; 53; 54]. Moreover, we used periodic boundary conditions (PBC) with a rectangular box and particle mesh ewald (PME), with a real-space cutoff of 10 A, to account for long-range electrostatic interactions. Van der Waals (vdW) contacts were truncated at the real space cutoff of 10 A and coordinates were saved every 1000 steps. The temperature of the system was adjusted by means of a [PERSON] thermostat [55] with a friction coefficient of \(\gamma=1\) ps\({}^{-1}\). For the simulations performed in the NPT ensemble, a [PERSON] barostat [56] with a relaxation time of \(t_{p}~{}=~{}1\) ps was used. The SHAKE [57] algorithm was used to constrain bonds containing hydrogen atoms, thus allowing us to use an integration time-step of 2 fs. The simulation protocol is analogous to the one used in [3], which consists of the following four stages: (1) preparing the system by embedding the protein in water in such a way that the minimum solute-water distance is 1 A, thus resulting in a system with dimensions \(\sim\)70 A\(\times\)63 A\(\times\)69 A; (2) energy minimization of the structures using a combination of steepest descent and conjugate gradient methods; (3) heating up the system from 0 to 300 K with a 2 ns NPT simulation thus ensure an even temperature and density/presure (\(T=300\) K and \(P=1\) atm) on the system; and (4) performing 500 ns-long MD production runs in the NVT ensemble.
## 5 Numerical Study
Each record has two horizontal components; therefore, the system is subjected to forty-four ground motions. All of the considered earthquakes with a distance from the fault rupture of more than 10 km were recorded on site classes C or D based on the NEHRP classification, and they do not reveal any pulse in their velocity time history. Besides, the selected excitations cover different intensities in terms of their PGA. The ground motions were downloaded from the strong ground motion database of the PEER NGA-West2 (pacific earthquake engineering research) centre. The properties of the considered earthquakes, including the station name, \(M_{w}\), PGA, and PGV, have been listed in detail in Table 4. Figure 7,b depicts the pseudo-acceleration and spectral displacement of the selected earthquake ground motions for 2% and 0.5% damping ratios corresponding to the impulsive and convective masses, along with median as well as 2.5% and 97.5% percentile. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Record Pair** & **Earthquake** & **Year** & **Station** & \(M_{w}\) & **Component 1** & **Component 2** & **PGA (g)** & **PGV (cm/s)** \\ \hline
1 & Northridge & 1994 & Beverly Hills-Mulhol & 6.7 & MUL009 & MUL279 & 0.52 & 63 \\
2 & Northridge & 1994 & Canyon & 6.7 & LOS000 & LOS270 & 0.48 & 45 \\  & & & Country-WLC & 6.7 & LOS000 & LOS270 & 0.48 & 45 \\
3 & Duzce, & 1999 & Bolu & 7.1 & BOL000 & BOL090 & 0.82 & 62 \\
4 & Hector Mine & 1999 & Hector & 7.1 & HEC000 & HEC090 & 0.34 & 42 \\
5 & Imperial & 1979 & Delta & 6.5 & H-DLT262 & H-DLT352 & 0.35 & 33 \\  & & 1979 & El Centro Array \# 11 & 6.5 & H-E11140 & H-E11230 & 0.38 & 42 \\
7 & Kobe, Japan & 1995 & Nishi-Akashi & 6.9 & INIS000 & NIS090 & 0.51 & 37 \\
8 & Kobe, Japan & 1995 & Shin-Osaka & 6.9 & SHI000 & SHI090 & 0.24 & 38 \\
9 & Kocaeli, & 1999 & Duzce & 7.5 & DZC180 & DZC270 & 0.36 & 59 \\  & & 1999 & Acrelik & 7.5 & ARC000 & ARC090 & 0.22 & 40 \\
10 & Turkey & 1999 & Yermo Fire Station & 7.3 & YER270 & YER360 & 0.24 & 52 \\
11 & Landers & 1992 & Coolwater & 7.3 & CIW-LN & CIW-TR & 0.42 & 42 \\
12 & Landers & 1989 & Capitola & 6.9 & CAP000 & CAP090 & 0.53 & 35 \\
13 & Loma Prieta & 1989 & Gilroy Array \#3 & 6.9 & G03000 & G03090 & 0.56 & 45 \\
15 & Manjil, Iran & 1990 & Abbar & 7.4 & ABBAR-L & ABBAR-T & 0.51 & 65 \\
16 & Superspetition & 1987 & El Centro Imp. Co. & 6.5 & B-ICC000 & B-ICC090 & 0.36 & 46 \\  & & 1987 & Poe Road (temp) & 6.5 & B-POE270 & B-POE360 & 0.45 & 36 \\
17 & Cape & 1992 & Rio Dell Overpass & 7.0 & RIO270 & RIO360 & 0.55 & 44 \\
18 & Mendico & 1992 & Chi-Chi, & 1999 & CHY101 & 7.6 & CHY101-E & CHY101-N & 0.44 & 115 \\
19 & Taiwan & 1999 & TCU045 & 7.6 & TCU045-E & TCU045-N & 0.51 & 39 \\
20 & San & 1971 & LA-Hollywood stor & 6.6 & PEL090 & PEL180 & 0.21 & 19 \\ Fernando & 22 & Friuli, Italy & 1976 & Tolmezzo & 6.5 & A-TMZ000 & A-TMZ270 & 0.35 & 31 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Selected earthquakes for time history analysis.
# Pyramid Feature Attention Network for Speech Resampling Detection
## 2 Proposed Method
### Speech Preprocessing  
#### 2.1.1 Audio Signal to Spectrogram  
Since a one-dimensional speech signal cannot adequately represent the features of resampled speech, this paper converts it into a two-dimensional spectrogram to represent three-dimensional features [32; 33]. The x-axis represents time, and the y-axis represents frequency. The color of the coordinate points in the spectrogram represents the level of volume. For a speech signal, its changes are rapid, and the Fourier transform is suitable for analyzing stable signals. It is necessary to slice the audio of variable length into fixed-length segments, namely, framing. In order to ensure a smooth transition between frames to maintain continuity, there will be overlap. Before the Fourier transform of each frame of speech, it needs to be multiplied by a smooth window function, so that both ends of the frame can be smoothly attenuated to zero. The purpose of this is to avoid spectrum leakage and generate a higher quality spectrum [34]. Subsequently, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) is performed on each frame of the speech signal, and its transformation form is as follows:  
\[X(k,t)=\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}w_{n}x_{t}(n)e^{\frac{-2\pi\mathrm{kn}}{N}};k=0,1,2, \ldots,N-1 \tag{1}\]  
where \(x_{t}(n)\)\((t=1,2,...)\) is the signal of the \(t\)-th frame after the speech signal is divided into frames, \(w_{n}\) is the selected Hamming window function, and \(N\) is the number of frames. The transformation of each obtained frame is spliced according to the frequency axis to  
Figure 2: Structure of the proposed scheme.  
generate a linear spectrum. Finally, in order to reduce the dynamic change of the amplitude component, the linear spectrum is converted into a logarithmic spectrum:  
\[S(k,t)=\log|X(k,t)| \tag{2}\]  
The final spectrogram is calculated by the above equation. In this paper, the frame length is 50 ms and the frame shift is 25 ms in the process of converting speech signals from the time domain to the frequency domain.
## 3 Information Bottleneck Decoders for Irregular LDPC Codes Using Message Alignment  
This section contains our main contributions. After a brief review of information bottleneck decoder design for regular LDPC codes, we generalize this concept to arbitrary irregular LDPC codes. First, we derive the relevant-information-preserving message mappings, which replace the conventional arithmetic operations. Then, we present two perspectives, a graphical and an information-theoretical one, to motivate the need for an additional step in the decoder design. As a result, we propose a technique that we call _message alignment_.
# Contribution Analysis of Assembled Brake System to Reduce Squealing
## 1 Introduction
The original source of squealing was measured from the brake dynamometer test of a target vehicle, and an FE model of the assembled system, including the disk, brake pad, caliper, and knuckle, was built to find countermeasures for the squealing before experimental validation. The frequencies of the squealing were investigated using complex eigenvalue analysis, and two unstable frequencies were derived. The spectral response data were obtained for all relevant subparts of the assembled brake system using a forced response analysis of the assembled brake model, and a contribution analysis was conducted using the inner product of vectors between the part of interest and the entire system. The contribution analysis results indicate that the brake pad is a suitable subpart for design modification. A chassis dynamometer vehicle test showed that the proposed robust design strategy can effectively prevent squealing.