## 3 Materials and Methods
### Interference and Network Optimization Difficulties
#### 3.9.3 Optimization Challenges in 5G Networks
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**FeatureGeneration** & **3G** & **4G** & **5G** \\ \hline Standard & WCDMA, CDMA2000 & OFDMA, MC-CDMA & CDMA, BDMA \\ \hline Data rate & 2 Mbps & 2 Mbps-1 Gbps & 1 Gbps and higher \\ \hline Frequency & 1.8–2.5 GHz & 2–8 GHz & 3–300 GHz \\ \hline Core type network & Packet network & All IP network & IP network and 5G-NI \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Important Features in 3G, 4G, and 5G. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Technology** & **Impact in IoT** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2000} & 3G allows devices to & \multirow{6}{*}{With internet connections, electronic} \\  & connect to the internet since & & devices start transmitting data through \\  & 3G enables mobile and & & the internet, the first step to developing \\  & wireless internet & & IoT devices. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2008} & & \multirow{6}{*}{4G enables cloud} & The data transmission through IP protocol \\  & & enables an easy communication method with & electronic devices. The cloud enables a way to \\  & computing technology and & & develop more affordable solutions. \\  & transmits information with & & Furthermore, the internet connection cost \\  & the IP protocol. In addition, & & decreases because 4G delivers a cheap way to \\  & 4G increased the bandwidth & & transmit data as IP protocols manage the data \\  & of each transmission. & & more efficiently. This generation is the most \\  & & & important in an IoT context because the \\  & & industry has all the resources to connect \\  & & devices to the cloud. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2019} & \multirow{6}{*}{With 5G, an essential } & If we have more bandwidth, we can provide \\  & feature is the beam width, & better solutions, such as real-time monitoring \\ \cline{1-1}  & an important key in the IoT & systems. In our society, these solutions are \\ \cline{1-1}  & context. & vital if we want to automate processes. For \\ \cline{1-1}  & & this reason, 5G plays an essential role in the \\ \cline{1-1}  & & IoT context because the industry is trying to \\ \cline{1-1}  & & automate all its processes. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Mobile generations and IoT. transmissions. Another feature highlighted is artificial intelligence, which can analyze all the data generated by the IoT devices to take accurate decisions. With the use of AI, IoT devices can identify patterns, make predictions, and take actions based on the data gathered. This feature is essential to support IoT applications that require real-time decision making, such as smart cities and intelligent transportation systems. The third feature is real-time monitoring and management, which means the capability to monitor and manage electronic devices. This feature allows IoT devices to be monitored and managed from a central location, which can be very useful for large-scale applications, such as industrial automation or smart grid management. Swarm intelligence is another feature mentioned, which means that each IoT device can be a node and work with other nodes to create a swarm intelligence. This feature enables IoT devices to work collaboratively and efficiently, providing better performance and reliability in complex applications. Quality of service (QoS) is also listed as a significant feature that 5G can provide in IoT connections. With 5G, IoT devices can experience better connectivity, lower latency, and higher throughput, which can improve the overall QoS and performance of IoT applications. In the context of IoT connections, QoS refers to the ability of the network to provide reliable and high-performance connectivity to IoT devices. 5G is a promising technology for IoT connections, as it can provide several features that can improve the overall QoS and performance of IoT applications. 5G is designed to provide a significantly improved QoS compared to previous generations of mobile networks. This is achieved through a combination of advanced technologies and features that are built into the 5G standard.