esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Secure Remote Storage of Logs with Search Capabilities
## 3 Related Work
[83] also supports the Boolean queries with the \"AND\" and \"OR\" operators; however, their work is fully focused on SQL commands, hence being only searchable within the SQL clauses. The solution designed by [PERSON] et al. [89] only allows searches to be performed over the metadata appended to each log record and only to answer the \"who/when/where/what\" questions. None of the presented solutions supports all the Boolean operators nor support fine-grained operations, like field search and nested queries. Field search can be used to search for a value on a specific part of the log record. For instance, if one wants all log entries from November, fielded search enables the non-occurrence of false positives by not matching log entries that contains the keyword \"November\" in any other part of the log, except its date. Nested queries can be used, for example, to retrieve log records from the month of November but originating from a specific set of IP addresses. Moreover, none of the solutions proposed in the related work offer all the desired security properties alongside an advanced searching capability.
## 3 Biochar Adsorbents
### Biochar Usage in Faecal Sludge Management
#### 3.2.3 Microbial Transport  
The detection of _E. coli_ and faecal coliforms (>1 CFU/100 mL) in soil and water resources above the guideline threshold [37; 38; 39] have a high risk on human health [16]. Presence of these bacteria indicates recent pollution from a faecal source such as pit latrine sanitations [13]. Bacteria can be infiltrated through the soil towards groundwater or move through overflow across the surface [16]. This threat to public health has urged investigation into microbial migration in soils, for which biochar amendments may be a solution [14; 15].  
When amended with soil, biochar can raise soil pH, which is essential for the mitigation of micro-organic pathogens such as _E. coli_ and faecal coliform bacteria [22]. An increase in the organic matter, pH, conductivity, and dissolved organic C in a sandy soil using poultry manure biochar resulted in decreased soil _E. coli_ and faecal coliforms migration [13]. Individually, these soil properties have been related to bacterial transport through soil [112; 113; 114]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14] also demonstrated that biochar application rate, pyrolysis temperature, and _E. coli_ surface properties largely contribute to the likely soil migrations. The higher temperature biochar (700 \({}^{\circ}\)C) exhibited a larger decrease in pathogen transport, possibly owing to the reduced negative surface charge of high-temperature biochars. The  
Figure 3: Mobility of heavy metals in faecal sludge (FS) and their derived biochars (BC); sludge sourced from Narsapur (N-FS) and Warangal (W-FS) Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants [111]. Reprinted from the reference with the permission, © 2019 [PERSON] et al., CC-BY-4.0.  
improved surface area of high-temperature biochars provides a higher adhesion of _E. coli_ cells [15]. Biochar can also assist in dehydrating excreta because of its high water holding capacity, reducing malodour by adsorption [23] and thereby helping to keep insects such as flies away.  
Biomass type used for biochar pyrolysis also plays a role in the transportation of soil _E. coli_, and faecal coliforms [16]. Comparison between poultry litter and pine chip biochars indicated that the internal pore structure of the woody biochar retained or adsorbed more bacteria [15]. Additionally, soils with higher clay contents have fewer detachments because of the electrostatic attraction force of the negatively charged microbes and the positive clay functional groups [15]. The influence of biochar on microbial movement through soil relies on biomass material, temperature, and soil texture [16]. Results from literature on the effect of biochar use in faecal sludge and contaminant reduction are presented in Table 5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Type of Biochar**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Concentration before**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Concentration after**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Literance**} \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Networks} & NMC-N (mg/s) & Slider and yellow pine chamber & 28 & 3.0
## 3 System Model
### Simulations Results
#### 4.3.4 Energy Variation versus Simulation Time  
Energy variation represented by \(\Delta\) Energy is given in Figure 8. In the first simulation at 1000 s, the \(\Delta\) energy for ATEAR, MRRP, and Enhanced ATEAR was 0.161 j, 0.023 j, and 0.175 j, respectively. Similarly, at 5000 s, this change in energy was 0.443 j, 1.677 j, and 0.456 j for ATEAR, Enhanced ATEAR. With the increase in simulation time, more energy consumption occurred, so the value of change in energy was also increased, but it can be seen that ATEAR balanced the energy consumption showing less \(\Delta\) energy value. Enhanced ATEAR harvest the energy, so it had the best result among these three protocols.  
Figure 8: Energy Variation versus simulation time.  
Figure 7: Temperature variation versus simulation time.
## 2 Methodology: Computation of the Altimetry Performance  
### Basic Instrument Performance  
The estimation of the altimetry performance in terms of the delay lag \(\tau_{p}\) of the waveform can be estimated using the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) (Equation (1)), which is expressed here in the time-domain and discrete form [3]:  
\[\sigma_{\tau_{p}}^{2}\geq\frac  
where \(R(l)\!\triangleq\!N_{i}/N_{i,eff}(l)\), where \(N_{i}\) is the number of incoherent averages, and \(N_{i,eff}(l)\) is the effective number of incoherent averages.  
If \(R(l)=1\), no speckle, just white thermal noise, the variance of the optimum achievable delay precision is given [7]:  
\[\sigma_{\tau_{p}}^{2}\geq\frac{1}{SNR(B)}\cdot\frac{1}{\left(2\pi\beta(B)\right) ^{2}} \tag{4}\]  
which depends on the \(SNR\) and \(\beta\) [Hz], the so-called rms or Gabor bandwidth:  
\[\beta^{2}=\frac{\int f^{2}|S(f)|^{2}df}{\int|S(f)|^{2}df} \tag{5}\]  
being \(|S(f)|^{2}\) the spectrum of the signal, including the effect of the frequency responses of the transmitter and receiver. In Equation (4), it has been made explicit that both the SNR and the Gabor bandwidth depend on the receivers' bandwidth (B). Note that if \(R=1\), Equations (3) and (4) are formally identical. This is an interesting result because usually one tends to think that the larger the (Gabor) bandwidth, the better the achievable ranging (delay) precision, but this is ONLY true at a given SNR. On the contrary, for any Gabor bandwidth, the same ranging (delay) precision can be achieved, provided that the SNR is high enough. Another important issue is hidden in Equations (3) and (4): the Cramer-Rao bound provides the absolute minimum variance that can be achieved, but this is only true if the estimator--in this case the delay estimator--is an unbiased one, and in Section 2 the presence of this bias will be demonstrated. Table 1 (from [6], adapted from [8]) summarizes the main parameters of the GPS and Galileo signals, and the optimum bandwidths and achievable precision heights at nadir for a SNR =20 dB, to make it independent of the antenna gain and transmitted power. Table 1 (from [6]) shows the achievable altimetry performance assuming the dual-frequency correction for the ionospheric delay. As it can be appreciated, the \(\sigma_{\text{h}}<30\) cm\({}_{\text{rms}}\) requirements are only met at E1/E5 at nadir and at the swath edge for the typical and maximum transmitted powers, and at L1/L5 only at nadir and for the highest transmitted power. These results are revised in the later part of this paper, including an analysis of the electromagnetic bias, and other error sources missing in previous studies. GEROS-ISS payload is very similar to the one in the PARIS in Orbit Demonstration [9], with which it shares many commonalities, although it will only implement the interferometric technique both for reflectometry and radio occultations. During the GEROS-ISS Phase A studies led by Astrium Defence and Space Spain (formerly EADS-CASA Espacio), the antenna size has proposed to be increased up to ~24 dB directivity @ L1/E1, and ~22 dB at L5/E5.
# A Novel Generative Model for Face Privacy Protection in Video Surveillance with Utility Maintenance
## 1 Introduction
This approach ensures that the resulting image retains some service-related quality, and because the model's input does not contain private information, it also ensures that privacy is protected. The following are the major contributions of this work:  
* We present a new framework for facial privacy protection, called QM-VAE, which de-identifies the image first and then reconstructs its utility. We integrate vector quantization into the structure of the generative model, so that the model can generate high-quality face images. QM-VAE takes multiple groups of de-identified images as the input, which can make use of the advantages of existing technology to speed up the training and achieve the goal of maintaining service quality. * We establish a service-oriented loss function by adding service quality loss to guide the generation of de-identified face images with utility maintenance. The proposed framework treats the service quality evaluator as a black box and can adjust the generated image automatically according to the different evaluation results, with wide applicability. * We take facial expression service as an example and illustrate the viability of our model on the CelebA dataset. We find the most appropriate method configuration by adjusting the parameters. Experimental results show that our solution results in de-identified face images with significantly improved utility. Compared with the traditional methods of de-identification and AMT-GAN, the QM-VAE model has obvious advantages in maintaining specific service quality and increases the utility retention rate by at least 6.7%. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review the previous research on face de-identification. In Section 3, we present the preliminary work of our research and utility evaluation methods that we integrate. In Section 4, we present the detailed information of our proposed model, QM-VAE, which combines a generative module incorporating vector quantization with loss of service quality. In Section 5, we conduct a quantitative evaluation experiment to verify the performance of our proposed method, and the results are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness. We discuss the results and present several recommendations for further research in Section 6 and show a simple conclusion of our research in Section 7.
# Contact Lenses as Drug Delivery System for Glaucoma: A Review
## 2 Drug Delivery Systems with Contact Lenses
### Molecular Imprinting  
Molecular imprinting creates a high-affinity binding between contact lenses and drugs by using a drug template during the polymerization reaction. Polymers show imprinted cavities with the most appropriate size and chemical group, where drugs can be reloaded by soaking (Figure 1c). This method also uses functional monomers, mainly acrylic/vinyl derivatives, whose arrangement depends on the molecular conformation of drugs [108]. The addition of high-affinity monomers can make drugs bind easily to contact lenses, but there is a risk that their release might be uncontrolled. For this reason, it is necessary to control the affinity ratio between functional monomers and drugs to obtain a constant and controlled release over time [109].  
In 2002, two studies of [PERSON] and [PERSON] imprinted soft contact lenses for the first time by using methacrylic acid (MAA) and MMA as functional monomers to load timolol into hydrogels of diethylacrylamide (DEA) and HEMA [110; 111]. Both studies found that the in vitro release of timolol lasted for more than 12 h [112] and 24 h [111]. Since then, many ophthalmic drugs have been evaluated by this method, such as antibiotics [113], antihistamines [114], nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory [115], corticosteroids [116], or humectants for dry eye treatment [57], showing an in vitro release for a maximum of 2 weeks [113]. Most of the studies found in the scientific literature are in vitro.
## 3 Methodology  
A fundamental diagram model derived from M/M/1 threshold queueing theory with two service conditions (i.e., congested and non-congested) is used for capturing the unique traffic characteristics of roadway connecting to transportation hub. This model takes human-vehicle interaction as a process of serving vehicles, where the service rate is controlled by the condition of queuing system. If the queue is in a non-congested condition, the service rate is high. Otherwise, if queuing system converts to congested condition, the service is performed with a low service rate [28; 29].  
Before modeling, the variables and parameters involved in this model are defined in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Queueing Type** & **The Derived Fundamental Diagram** & **Notes** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [23] & M/M/1 & \(v=v_{f}\cdot(1-\rho)\) & \(\rho=\frac{\lambda}{\rho}=\frac{k}{k_{f}}\) \\ [PERSON] [24] & M/G/1 & \(v=\frac{2v_{f}\cdot(1-\rho)}{2\rho+\rho(\rho-1)}\) & \(\beta=\sigma v_{f}\cdot k_{j}\) \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] & M/G/c/c & \(V_{n}=\frac{\rho}{2}\left(C+1-n\right)\) & \(C=k_{j}\cdot L\cdot N\) \\  & M/G/c/c & \(v=\frac{V_{n}=v_{f}\cdot exp\left[-\left(\frac{n-1}{\beta}\right)^{n}\right]}{2 \gamma(1-\rho)}\) & note1 \\ [PERSON] et al. [23] & G/G/1 & \(v=\frac{2v_{f}\cdot(1-\rho)}{2\gamma(1-\rho)+\rho\left(\alpha^{2}+\alpha^{2} \right)exp\left(-\frac{2v_{f}\cdot\left(1-\sigma^{2}\right)^{2}}{3v\left( \alpha^{2}+\alpha^{2}\right)}\right)}\) & \({c_{a}}^{2}\leq 1\) \\  & G/G/1 & \(v=\frac{2v_{f}\cdot(1-\rho)}{2\gamma(1-\rho)+\rho\left(\alpha^{2}+\alpha^{2} \right)exp\left(-\frac{1-\rho\left(\alpha^{2}-1\right)^{2}}{(1+\rho)\left( \alpha^{2}+\alpha^{2}\right)}\right)}\) & \({c_{a}}^{2}>1\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [26] & G/G/zK & \(v=\frac{2v_{f}\cdot(1-\rho)}{2\gamma(1-\rho)+\rho\left(\alpha^{2}+\alpha^{2} \right)\left(\sqrt{(2+1)-1}\right)}\) & note2 \\  & G/G/zW & \(v=\frac{2v_{f}}{2\gamma+\phi\left(\alpha^{2}+\alpha^{2}\right)^{2}\psi_{M/M/z}}\) & note3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(\gamma\), \(\beta\) are parameters. \({}^{2}\)\(z\) is the number of servers. \({}^{3}\)\(\phi\) is a correction factor defined in Whitt [27] and \(W_{qM/M/z}\) is a formula for the waiting time in an \(M/M/z\) queue proposed by [PERSON] et al. [23].  
\end{table}
Table 2: Typical queueing-based fundamental diagrams.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Resolution** & **Notation** & **Type** & **Description** \\ \hline
1 & & \(q\) & Traffic flow (veh/min) \\
2 & & \(q_{b}\) & Traffic flow by batches (batches/min) \\
3 & & \(k\) & Traffic density (veh/m) \\
4 & & \(k_{b}\) & Traffic density by batches (batches/m) \\
5 & & \(v\) & Traffic speed (m/min) \\
6 & & \(k_{j}\) & Maximum traffic density (veh/m) \\
7 & & \(k_{bj}\) & Maximum traffic density by batches (batches/m) \\
8 & & \(v_{f}\) & Maximum traffic speed (m/min) \\
9 & & \(q_{max}\) & The maximum of traffic flow (veh/min) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Overview of used variables and parameters in the model.
###### Abstract  
The good sealing caprocks are significant for the integrity of underground gas storage (UGS) in depleted natural gas reservoirs. The screening of parameters, weight assignment, and evaluation method are important for evaluating the sealing performance of caprocks. Many factors can affect the sealing performance of caprocks, including caprock thickness, lithology, brittleness, porosity and permeability, breakthrough pressure, etc. In this paper, the dominant factors in the sealing performance of caprocks in UGSs are systematically analyzed, and the weights of these factors are analyzed by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM) is applied in the sealing evaluation of caprocks in three typical underground gas reservoirs (i.e., Zhujiadun, Xu-2, and Xing-9) in China. The sandstone reservoir in the Zhujiadun gas field is only about 20 m, and the thickness of the overlying mudstone is about 600 m. The caprock of the Xu-2 gas reservoir in Zhongba gas field is well distributed and developed, and the breakthrough pressure is relatively large. The caprock of Xing-9 gas field is mudstone with a thickness of over 400 m. The results show that the breakthrough pressure and permeability are the key parameters affecting the sealing ability of caprocks, with weights of 0.4291 and 0.2157, respectively. Among these three examples of gas fields, the sealing performance of caprocks in Zhujiadun gas storage is the best. The evaluation procedure and methods proposed in this paper are valuable for the evaluation of the tightness of caprocks in depleted gas reservoirs.  
sealing; underground gas storage; caprock; fuzzy comprehensive evaluation; depleted gas reservoir 10 July 2023  
1
## 2 Problem Definition
### Problem Modeling
#### 2.2.4 Objective Function  
The mission planning problem for satellites is mathematically modeled using the Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach, which has been employed in previous research [15; 16; 18; 19]. The decision variable is formulated as a binary variable, as shown in Equation (2), where it takes a value of 1 if a target is imaged and 0 otherwise. Specifically, \(x_{ijk}\) represents the variable indicating whether target \(i\) is observed by satellite \(j\) during the \(k\)th VTW.  
\[x_{ijk}\in\{0,1\} \tag{2}\]  
The objective function of the imaging mission scheduling model, as defined in Equation (3), aims to maximize the number of imaged targets, prioritizing targets with higher profits \((p_{i})\). Therefore, the focus is on maximizing the total profit of the imaging sequence by strategically selecting targets rather than simply capturing a large quantity of images.  
\[\text{maximize}\sum_{i\in I}\sum_{j\in I}\sum_{k\in V_{ij}}p_{i}x_{ijk} \tag{3}\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chestnut Veners  
The results of roughness measurements carried out on veneers of the ring-porous hardwood species of chestnut wood (V1-V8) (Figure 7, Table 2), reveal that in six of the eight veneers studied, the roughness around the defect area was found to be lower than the respective mean roughness parameter values of typical wood structure surfaces, with only three of them corresponding to statistically significant differences. Only in the case of V6, the area around the dead knot was found to be of higher roughness than typical wood structure surfaces, but without marking a statistically significant difference. Investigating the roughness in different depths and areas around the dead knot, going from veneer V1 to veneer V10, it is evident that the roughness level records a gradual, though statistically significant, increase. The tests of Between-Subjects effects demonstrated that the factor of \"veneers\", referring to this progress of the different depths from V1 to V8, affected the Ra variance by 29.9%. In addition, 15.2% of Ra variance is attributed to the factor of \"Structure\", referring to the typical and non-typical structure of wood (around the knot), while the interaction between the factors \"Veneers\" and \"Structure\" affects the Ra variance by 47.5%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dependent Variable: Ra** & & & & \\ \hline
**Veneers** & **Structure** & **Mean** & **Std. Deviation** & **N** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{V1} & Typical & 8.4445 & 0.97158 & 11 \\  & Knot & 5.6367 & 0.84131 & 12 \\  & Total & 6.9796 & 1.68515 & 23 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{V5} & Typical & 9.5570 & 1.02813 & 11 \\  & Knot & 6.0482 & 0.84163 & 11 \\  & Total & 7.8026 & 2.01623 & 22 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{V10} & Typical & 9.4528 & 0.97849 & 11 \\  & Knot & 4.5440 & 0.38021 & 10 \\  & Total & 7.1153 & 2.61815 & 21 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Total} & Typical & 9.1514 & 1.08814 & 33 \\  & Knot & 5.4427 & 0.94755 & 33 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Total & 7.2971 & 2.12520 & 66 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of dependent variable Ra measured on oak veneers of typical and non-typical structure around the knot. Figure 7: Surface roughness parameters Ra, Rz and Ry (\(\upmu\)m) of chestnut wood veneers (V1–V8) on typical wood structure areas and areas around dead knot. In the case of ash veneers obtained from the area near the trunk base, bearing discoloration and eccentric annual rings (spiral grain), statistically significant differences were not recorded between the roughness of typical and non-typical structure areas on the surface of veneers (Figure 9, Table 4). The factor of \"veneers\", referring to this progress of the different depths from V1 to V10, statistically significantly affected the Ra variance by 41.4%. In addition, 15.9% of Ra variance is attributed to the factor of \"Structure\", referring to the typical and non-typical structure of wood around and on the irregularities of annual rings, while the interaction between the factors \"Veneers\" and \"Structure\" affects the Ra variance by 28.3%.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this paper, we consider the spectrum scarcity issue in the scenario of LEO-based mobile satellite systems and investigate the joint optimization of sensing time and hard counting fusion schemes to maximize the spectral efficiency subject to sufficient protection to PU. We formulate the wideband compressed detection model based on the allocation of L/S band for mobile satellite services promulgated by ITU-RR. It is proven that spectral efficiency is the unimodal function of sensing time, and there indeed exists one optimal sensing time that maximizes the spectral efficiency. In order to make full use of the reporting slot, we propose the novel wideband cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) framework considering the particular characteristics of LEO systems in which each SU reporting duration has been utilized for its following SUs' sensing. On this basis, we derive the optimal reporting scheduling strategy of hard counting fusion rules with the consideration of different sensing SNR at SU in the novel CSS framework. Furthermore, the novel ST-CSS scheme is also presented for time-varying sensing environment to synchronously achieve time and space diversity gain. Analytical and simulation results provided the explicit impacts of target detection probability, number of cooperating SU, reporting time and the counting fusion rules on the spectral efficiency. The proposed scheme with optimal sensing settings achieved higher spectral efficiency compared to general CSS scheme and it is indeed needed in the scenario of spectrum scarce applications for LEO-based MSSs.  
The methods in this paper can be used in improving cognitive satellite systems in the aspect of spectral efficiency. However, some practical conditions, such as the imperfect reporting link, should be considered to make our work stronger. In addition, the tradeoff between spectral efficiency and latency will be another future work for the sake of PU's random arrival and departure within one frame length in the LEO-based mobile satellite systems with high traffic.  
Figure 12: SU spectral efficiency and energy efficiency versus the number of cooperating SU for the novel ST-CSS scheme.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61571464, 61601511 and 91338201.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON], and [PERSON] conceived of the main proposal concerning the system model of the CSS for mobile satellite services. [PERSON] proposed the novel CSS framework to maximize the spectral efficiency inspired by the general CSS frame structure, and theoretical derivation and proof were given by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the computer simulations. [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data. [PERSON] wrote the manuscript. [PERSON] read and approved the final manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.