esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (\(f\)PAR) is an important parameter reflecting the level of photosynthesis and growth status of vegetation, and is widely used in energy cycling, carbon cycling, and vegetation productivity estimation. In agricultural production, \(f\)PAR is often combined with the light use efficiency model to estimate crop yield. Therefore, accurate estimation of PAR is of great importance for improving the accuracy of crop yield estimation and ensuring national food security. Existing studies based on vegetation indices have not considered the effects of genetic variety, light, and water stress on \(f\)PAR estimation. This study uses ground-based reflectance data to simulate 21 common Sentinel-2 vegetation indices and compare their estimation ability for winter wheat \(f\)PAR. The stability of the vegetation index with the highest correlation in inverting \(f\)PAR under different cultivars, light, and water stress was tested, and then the model was validated at the satellite scale. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed. The results showed that the index model based on modified NDVI (MNDVI) had the highest correlation not only throughout the critical phenological period of winter wheat (R\({}^{2}\) of 0.6649) but also under different varieties, observation dates, and water stress (R\({}^{2}\) of 0.918, 0.881, and 0.830, respectively). It even performed the highest R\({}^{2}\) of 0.8312 at the satellite scale. Moreover, through comparison, we found that considering water stress and variety differences can improve the estimation accuracy of \(f\)PAR. The study showed that using MNDVI for \(f\)PAR estimation is not only feasible but also has high accuracy and stability, providing a reference for rapid and accurate estimation of \(f\)PAR by Sentinel-2 and further exploring the potential of Sentinel-2 data for high-resolution \(f\)PAR mapping.  
f 2024 16 362[[https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020362](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020362)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020362](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020362))
## 4 Experimental Results
### Optic Disc (OD) Localization Module Results  
The OD localization module utilizing RetinaNet demonstrated robust performance in detecting the OD, as evidenced by the metrics in Table 5. Figure 8a-d provides examples of the OD localization results from the Messidor dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Mean IoU** & **Dice Coefficient** \\ \hline ConvUneXt-Original & 69.5 & 0.64 \\ ConvUneXt-CE & 70.4 & 0.34 \\ ConvUneXt-CIELAB & 70.5 & 0.42 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Metrics results for HaEx segmentation of three models.  
Figure 8: OD localization Module results. ODs are localized correctly by the square boxes.  
Figure 7: Results of HaEx enhancement.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **mAP** & **Accuracy** & **Recall** & **Precision** \\ \hline [PERSON] [40] & - & 0.9861 & - & - \\ [PERSON] [41] & 0.996 & 1.0 & 0.996 & 0.996 \\ Our Method & 1.0 & 1.0 & 1.0 & 1.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Metrics results for OD localization using IoU threshold of 0.5.
## 3 Design Approach Details
### Barn Door Star Tracker  
Taking longer exposures of celestial objects produces blurry images due to the rotation of the earth. The stars start to move out of the frame, resulting in motion blur or \"start trails\", as shown in Figure 19. To avoid this, it is necessary to build a device that rotates against the motion of the earth and tracks the celestial object in order to keep it at one point in a frame. This will result in much sharper and more detailed images.  
Figure 19: (**a**) Tracked (**b**) untracked Pleiades Cluster (motion blur).  
A synchronous electro-mechanical star tracker [14] was made for this purpose. The idea behind this is that if we point a rod toward the Polaris star and rotate it against the motion of the earth at 360 degrees per 24 h of angular speed, any camera firmly mounted on this rod, pointing to any star, will start tracking that star. The Polaris is a star situated right above the North Pole. Therefore, it remains at a relatively single point in the night sky while all the other stars make concentric circles around it, with Polaris as their center of rotation.  
The axis of rotation or \"tube\" in Figure 20 points towards Polaris. When the gear turns clockwise, it pushes the camera away, resulting in a rotation, and here, the DSLR/mirrorless camera on the mount should track the star, and it is pointed out.  
In this setup, a 2.2 rpm high-torque DC motor was used with a gear system to adjust the rotation of the axis at an angular speed of one degree per 4 min. The motor works with a variable voltage of 3 V-12 V with a potentiometer module and the image of a 20-teeth gear to slow down the RPMs, as shown in Figure 21.
# Recent Progress in Multiplexed Single-Photon Sources
## 2 Heralded Single-Photon Sources
Transition edge sensors in the near-infrared regime have been reported to yield detector efficiencies as high as 98% [118; 119] along with near-perfect photon-number discrimination in the case of low numbers of arriving photons. An additional benefit of transition edge sensors is that they have a negligibly small dark count rate [112; 113; 114; 117; 121].
# A Miniaturized RHCP Slot Antenna for Wideband Applications Including Sub-6 GHz 5G
## 4 Circular Polarization Generation Mechanism  
The current distribution of the proposed antenna is illustrated in Figure 6 at 2.2 GHz to verify the presence of CP. To achieve CP, two orthogonal resonant modes with equal amplitudes and phase differences equal to \(90^{\circ}\) should be presented. These orthogonal paths can be provided by inserting a number of horizontal and vertical strips into the tuning stub and the ground plane. These strips can control the length of the horizontal and vertical current paths to concur with the conditions of the CP mentioned above.  
In Figure 5(a)-d can be observed the different time instants (\(\omega t=0^{\circ}\), \(90^{\circ}\), \(180^{\circ}\), and \(270^{\circ}\)), respectively. For wide-slot antennas, the antenna radiation comes from the slot engraved in the ground plane, so the current around the slot determines the polarization of the antenna at different time instants. At \(\omega t=0^{\circ}\), the current vectors are demonstrated along the positive \(y\)-axis direction along the radiating slot, while at \(\omega t=90^{\circ}\), the current vectors are demonstrated in the negative \(x\)-axis direction. At \(\omega t=180^{\circ}\) and \(270^{\circ}\), the current distribution is in the opposite direction of phases at \(\omega t=0^{\circ}\), and \(90^{\circ}\), respectively. The rotation of the current in an anti-clockwise direction is clearly seen, which means that it is a right-hand circular polarization antenna with respect to the positive \(z\)-axis. By mirroring the presented antenna with respect to the \(y\)-axis, left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) can be generated.  
Figure 5: Simulation results of the (a) reflection coefficient and (b) AR without and with the parasitic patch.
# Evaluating the Effects of Deep Excavation on Nearby Structures Through Numerical Simulation
## 4 Scenarios Simulation Under Adjacent Building Conditions
### Results and Discussion
#### 4.5.2 Addressing Research Questions  
1. Impact of Excavation on Neighboring Structures: The results demonstrate that distance, load, and depth significantly influence deformation and settlement, providing guidance for assessing and mitigating these impacts.
2. Validation of Simulation Techniques: The comparison with field monitoring data validates the reliability of numerical modeling techniques, supporting the use of PLAXIS 3D in engineering analyses.
3. Enhancing Safety Protocols: The findings provide evidence for improving safety protocols during deep excavation projects, helping engineers develop safer construction practices.  
This study offers practical engineering applications for safety and efficiency in deep excavation projects. It successfully addresses key research questions concerning the impact on neighboring structures, the reliability of simulation techniques, and the improvement of safety protocols, thereby contributing valuable knowledge to the field.
## 2 Proposed Scheme
### On Content Owner Side
#### 2.1.2 Multi-Group Partition  
As the coordinates of the adjacent vertices are very similar, after obtaining the integer coordinates of all vertices, the vertices can be classified into two sets: embeddable set and reference set. The reference vertices are used for predicting coordinates of embeddable vertices, which have not made any changes. In the conventional schemes, several reference vertices are used for predicting one embeddable vertex, so the redundancy in these reference vertices is not efficiently vacated. In this paper, the vertices are first classified into groups. Based on the index of each vertex, all \(\alpha\) vertices are gathered into one group to form vertex group \(G=\left\{g^{k}\middle|0<k\leq n_{V}/\alpha\right\}\). Then, for each group, the first vertex \(\mathrm{v}g^{k}_{1}\) is chosen as reference vertex, and the rest vertices \(\mathrm{v}g^{k}_{2}\) to \(\mathrm{v}g^{k}_{\alpha}\) are embeddable. When setting the \(\alpha\) equal to 2, it can be regarded as classifying vertices by odd-even indexes. In this paper, we mainly discuss the value of \(\alpha\) equal to 2, 3, and 4, because with the value of \(\alpha\) growing, the prediction accuracy by our proposed CPP will undoubtedly be decreasing, so that it is not conductive for redundancy vacating.
## 7 Discussion and Conclusions
The 500 mm data generally showed lower bearing capacity, which resulted in Gates and the Gates (Coef) formulas showing higher accuracy compared to the 600 mm diameter data. Consequently, for piles with a diameter of 500 mm or less, the Gates (Coef), Gates (PHC), or Gates (PHC Coef) formulas are recommended. For PHC piles with diameters greater than 500 mm, the Gates (PHC) or Gates (PHC Coef) formulas are recommended. In this study, 258 dynamic load test data points were used, with an additional 60 data points employed for verification. The results indicated that the improved Gates formula, Gates (PHC), with applied coefficients, demonstrated accuracy close to that of the [PERSON] formula. The data and conditions used in the research (drop hammer, PHC pile, 600 mm diameter) were limited, and the research proceeded without specific site ground conditions. Further research, with more data covering various site conditions, would likely enhance the practical applicability of the proposed formula and coefficients. Conceptualization, G.K. and S.S.; methodology, G.K.; validation, G.K., C.C. and J.K.; formal analysis, G.K.; investigation, G.K. and S.S.; resources, C.C. and J.K.; data curation, G.K.; writing--original draft preparation, G.K.; writing--review and editing, S.S. and M.C. ; visualization, G.K.; supervision, M.C. ; project administration, M.C. ; funding acquisition, J.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Research for this paper was carried out under the KICT Research Program (project no. 20240133-001, Geotechnical research for disaster management and new growth in the future geotechnical industry) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT. The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Satellite Network Security Routing Technology Based on Deep Learning and Trust Management
## 4 Experimental Simulation and Analysis
### Analysis of Results
#### 4.2.1 Average End-to-End Delay
When the number of malicious nodes reaches five, the ACO algorithm's self-regulation capability through pheromones is no longer competitive against the other three algorithms that possess security trust models. As depicted in Figure 6, it is evident that when the number of malicious nodes exceeds five, the curve of the ACO algorithm experiences a steep rise, indicating its inability to withstand malicious attacks. As the number of malicious nodes in the satellite network increases, the ACO algorithm does not consider the security of routing. As can be seen from the following figure, the performance of the satellite network decreases sharply due to the attack behavior of malicious nodes, and the delay of data packets reaching the destination node increases  
Figure 6: The impact of a malicious attack on delay. significantly. This is because malicious nodes launch with attacks, black hole attacks, forwarding attacks, and other attacks so that packets are maliciously intercepted and then transferred to the destination node, or malicious packet discarding causes the source node to retransmit packets, which will bring huge delay consumption. In contrast, because the other three algorithms adopt the security trust model to harden the routing process, they can cope with these malicious attacks better after malicious nodes launch attacks, so that the delay consumption is still within the acceptable range. Among them, TAODV and SLT, as the trust model adopted is the traditional mathematical model, have a large missing rate of malicious nodes. Therefore, as the number of malicious nodes increases, its effect is no longer as pronounced as in the TVAE used by neural networks. Therefore, TVAE has the lowest average end-to-end delay when dealing with malicious node attacks. Further observing the curve, it can be found that with the increase of malicious nodes, the growth rate of the SLT algorithm and TVAE does not change much, while the effect of TAODV is slightly worse. This is because the SLT algorithm consumes a certain amount of time in the calculation of trust value, but the benchmark algorithm of the SLT algorithm is OPSPF. It adopts a predictive way to calculate the routing table in advance, so it saves the calculation time of routing, and its speed is also very fast.
## 7 Security Analysis
### Attack Analysis
#### 7.2.3 Man-in-the-Middle Attack  
In a Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack, an outsider attacker intercepts the communications between two parties and relays and possibly alters the messages. Our protocol, unlike other protocols for supply chain tracking, uses NFC. This highly reduces the possibility of an MITM attack as the attacker should be in the 10 cm distance between the tag and the reader. Furthermore, a very unlikely successful MITM could modify the hash sent to the tag or the signature sent back by the SE. This attack would be detected in the part verification function.
###### Abstract  
In order to study vibro-acoustic characteristics between composite laminated rotationally stiffened plate and acoustic cavities in the coupled system, first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and modified Fourier series are used to construct a unified analysis model. The involved coupled systems primarily encompass three types: the coupled system between composite laminated rotationally stiffened plate and cylindrical-cylindrical cavities, spherical-cylindrical cavities, and conical-cylindrical cavities. First, the first-order shear deformation theory and the modified Fourier series are applied to construct the allowable displacement function of the composite laminated rotationally stiffened plate and the allowable sound pressure function of the acoustic cavities. Second, the energy functionals for the structural domain and the acoustic field domain are established, respectively. According to the continuity condition of the particle vibration velocity at the coupling boundary between the composite, laminated cylindrical shell and the enclosed cavity, the coupling potential energy between the stiffened plate and two acoustic cavities is introduced to obtain the energy functional of the coupled system. Third, the Rayleigh-Ritz method is utilized to solve the energy functional and, when combined with artificial virtual spring technology, the suggested theory may be used to study the vibro-acoustic characteristics of a coupled system with arbitrary elastic boundary conditions. Finally, based on validating the fast convergence and correctness of the model, this paper will analyze the impact of crucial parameters on vibro-acoustic characteristics. Furthermore, by incorporating internal point forces and point-sound source stimulation, a steady-state response analysis of the coupled system will be conducted. This research can give a theoretical foundation for the vibration and noise reduction of a vibro-acoustic coupling system.  
vibro-acoustic characteristics; unified analysis model; composite stiffened plate-cavity coupling system; modified Fourier series +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Spatiotemporal Analysis of Web News Archives for Crime Prediction
## 3 Methodology
### Geo-Spatial Data Mapping
#### 3.2.1 Visualization of Crime Data Using Arcgis  
ArcGIS is a tool which is widely used to visualize spatial datasets. In this research, the shapefile of Pakistan is loaded along with the extracted dataset in the ArcGIS to show crime records based on latitude and longitude. Figure 2a is the representation of the dataset on ArcGIS and it indicates that Punjab has been highly susceptible to crimes since the last decade. Moreover, Figure 2b is built using ArcMap software and shows the distribution of crimes based on its categories. Through such types of geographical representation, the areas or locations which may be susceptible to crime in the future can be easily identified.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Attribute** & **Data Type** & **Description** & **Examples** \\ \hline Title & String & Title of the news & Lahore: 3 killed in blast \\ Description & String & Description of the news & A wounded man receives treatment... \\ Date & Date & Date of the event & 3 October 2019 \\ Location & String & Location of the mishap & Madina town, Faisalabad \\ Crime Type & String & Type of the crime & Murder \\ Number of people affected & Integer & Count of people affected in mishap & 3 Killed \\ Lat & Float & Latitude & 34.33464 \\ Long & Float & Longitude & 72.46536 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Attributes of data.
## 2 Description of the Method
### Development of the Warning System
#### 2.2.2 Monitoring  
The monitoring procedure retrieves the trained SOM network, the labels of the clusters, and the sequences acquired at the geographical points to be monitored. The SOM associates each sequence under test with one of the learned clusters, and, if the switched-on cluster is labeled as \"warn\", an alarm is generated.
# Research Advances and Application Prospect of Low-Temperature Plasma in Tumor Immunotherapy
## 2 Current Status of Cancer Immunotherapy  
As a major public health hazard, cancer is a devastating disease. A variety of therapies such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy have been developed. However, the side effects of these therapies are often unavoidable and debilitating. Tumor immunotherapy has recently gained attention. Significant advances have been made in tumor immunotherapy, which has the advantages of few side-effects and solid curative effects. Immunotherapy can activate the immune response to eradicate tumor cells. It can generate systemic, specific, and long-term anticancer immunity. Vaccines, cytokines, antibodies, and immune cells are used in tumor immunotherapy to enhance the specificity and memory of the immune system against tumor cells, so as to achieve durable treatment with minimal toxicity [4]. Tumor vaccines can activate and expand tumor-specific T cells [5]. Identified key players in the anti-tumor immune response are dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells. As DCs can activate T cells, DC vaccines have become one of the promising methods for tumor immunotherapy. NK cells can kill tumor cells without damaging normal tissues. The expansion and adoptive transfer of allogeneic NK cells have beenused in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and has achieved therapeutic results [6]. In adoptive T cell therapies, patients' T cells are obtained and cultured in vitro, which then reenter the patients' body to produce an immune-mediated anti-tumor response [7]. At present, many antibodies against cellular immune checkpoints (such as PD-1/PD-L1) have been developed to promote the activation of T cells and to control tumors. This treatment strategy has been proven to be particularly effective for tumors with high numbers of mutations [8]. With deepening understanding on the immune system and continuous improvement in technology, immunotherapy will play an increasingly important role in tumor treatment.
## 3 Datasets and Methods
### GNSS Data  
A field campaign was carried out on 26 October 2016 to determine the extent of the difference between plant species present in the study site using a differential Global Navigation Satellite Systems (DGNSS) technique. Two GNSS stations, composed of Leica GR25 receivers and AR10 antennae, were installed, one on the shore, as a base station, and a second one, mobile, carried in a backpack. The maximum distance between the two stations never exceeded 300 m during the field campaign. The GNSS station operated at multi-frequencies (L1, L2, L5) on multi-constellation signals. They were acquiring GNSS (GPS and GLONASS) data at a sampling rate of 1 Hz.  
The RTK open-source program package (version 2.4.2) [45,46] was used to process the GNSS raw data. This freeware is available at: [[http://www.rtklib.com/](http://www.rtklib.com/)]([http://www.rtklib.com/](http://www.rtklib.com/)). The satellite coordinate product provided the GNSS orbit and clock offset data used in this study, which were made available by the International GNSS Service (IGS) at [[ftp://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gps/products/](ftp://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gps/products/)]([ftp://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gps/products/](ftp://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gps/products/)). We also used the Antenna Exchange Format (ANTEX) file (igs08_wwww.atx), made available by the International GNSS Service (IGS--[[https://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/igscb/station/general/igs08.atx](https://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/igscb/station/general/igs08.atx)]([https://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/igscb/station/general/igs08.atx](https://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/igscb/station/general/igs08.atx))), which provides a precise and consistent set of phase center offset (PCO) and variation (PCV) values for both satellites and receivers' antennae, taking into account these corrections. As the two stations were continuously acquiring data at both the L1 and L2 frequency bands, GNSS data were processed in ionosphere-free mode, with tropospheric corrections from the Saastamoinen model, and solid Earth and pole tides, followed by ocean tide loading, were applied [47].