## 1 Introduction  
When a phase transition occurs (such as from solid to liquid or liquid to gas), phase change materials (PCMs) have the ability to absorb and release significant amounts of thermal energy. These substances are crucial for a number of applications, such as heat management, temperature control, and energy storage. The following elaborates on a few common examples of phase transition materials and their thermal behaviour, stability, physical, and chemical characteristics in relation to their applications [1; 2; 3]. First, paraffin wax (organic) has a well-defined melting point and strong thermal stability, which makes the phase shift process predictable and reproducible. It is generally stable across a broad temperature range and during numerous cycles of melting and solidification. Depending on its composition, paraffin wax commonly melts between 46 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 68 \({}^{\circ}\)C at relatively low temperatures [4]. Due to its non-toxic and non-reactive chemical properties, it can be used for a variety of purposes, including thermal energy storage, food packaging, and building insulation. The use of paraffin wax as a thermal interface medium in electronics and in passive thermal control systems for buildings is quite popular. Second, salt hydrates (inorganic) are solid substances that have high latent heat values and acute melting points, which in turn results in effective energy storage and release during phase transitions. They are typically stable when kept in a closed container, although they can deteriorate when exposed to air moisture. Salt hydrates have hygroscopic properties, which means they are prone to absorbing moisture [5]. Water absorption must be avoided because it can impair their effectiveness. In applications for air cooling and solar thermal energy storage, salt hydrates are preferred. Third, eutectic mixtures are made up of two or more organic compounds that have a certain composition that enables them to melt and solidify at consistent temperatures, resulting in a clearly defined phase shift. Eutectic mixes often display high cycle lives and are stable. These materials come in a variety of shapes, including slabs, powders, and pellets, and their melting points can be adjusted to meet the needs of certain applications [6]. Eutectic PCMs are typically non-toxic and non-corrosive, which makes them appropriate for thermal energy storage in electronics and structures such as portable cooling units and temperature-controlled packaging. Fourth, metallic PCMs (inorganic) frequently exhibit strong thermal conductivity, allowing for quick heat transfer throughout phase change operations. These materials have great thermal stability and can endure repeated cycles of melting and solidification without suffering serious damage [7]. To best suit certain applications, metallic PCMs might take the form of pure metals or metal alloys with specialised melting points. Although they can differ depending on the particular metal or alloy used, chemical qualities are typically stable and non-toxic. Aerospace applications and high-power electronics cooling frequently use metallic PCMs. Nowadays, the rising energy needs of buildings and the severity of global warming are significant problems. To address these issues, thermal energy storage (TES) building materials are being prepared by incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) into construction materials [8; 9; 10; 11]. The ability of PCMs to collect and release thermal energy suggests that they might be used to mitigate the effects of temperature fluctuations on building performance. Thus, PCMs will serve to simultaneously provide thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption in buildings [12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19]. While, in theory, every substance may be called a PCM, not all of them are practical for everyday construction.