esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# JFET Integration Using a Foundry SOI Photonics Platform
## 1 Introduction  
Conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has been the most important technology for the fabrication of microelectronic circuits for decades. The hybrid (non-monolithic) integration method has been employed during its development. However, monolithic microelectronics integrated with silicon photonics offers advantages in terms of improved signal-to-noise ratio, reduced parasitic capacitance, better reliability, and lower transmission cross-talk. Unfortunately, at the time of project fabrication, there is no public access to commercial foundries for the monolithic integration of full CMOS microelectronics and photonic components, even though several companies including Intel, Luxtera, and IBM have such technologies available for their internal use. For example, IBM developed a silicon photonic transmitter for next-generation short-reach optical interconnects. This is the first demonstration of a fully monolithically integrated silicon photonic four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) transmitter, operating at 56 Gb/s with error-free transmission [1]. Most recently, 45-nm and 32-nm SOI CMOS circuits were fabricated on a \"zero-change\" silicon photonics platform by the IBM/Global Foundries, demonstrating monolithic silicon photonic platforms in the state-of-the-art CMOS SOI processes [2]. In order to achieve electronic transistors integrated with photonic devices, we have therefore investigated the realization of junction field effect transistors (JFETs) in a foundry SOI photonics technology, which is offered by A*Star's Institute of Microelectronics (IME) (Singapore). Although the silicon MOSFET is a workhorse device of modern electronic design, JFETs have their unique advantages: very low current noise, high input impedance, insensitivity to temperature, and immunity to radiation. Hence, JFETs are widely used as input amplifiers in oscilloscopes, electronic voltmeters, and other measuring and testing equipment [3]. They are also an excellent choice for monolithic integration with photodetectors on an SOI platform. For example, \(n\)-channel JFETs were integrated with silicon PIN detectors for biomedical applications reported in [4; 5; 6]. In addition, the epitaxial growth of JFETs was also developed for monolithicphotoreceiver integration [7; 8]. In this work, we have focused on designing and demonstrating the monolithic integration of electronic transistors (JFETs) with photonic components. We have also concentrated on devices suitable for sensor integration, in part because many important applications of SOI-based photonic sensing are under development, but also because the speed requirements of sensors are usually much more relaxed than those needed in telecommunications. However, with the availability of more advanced lithography than was available for this project, the techniques and devices developed in this work could be extended to telecommunications or data communication applications.
# Soft Periodic Convolutional Recurrent Network for Spatiotemporal Climate Forecast
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we adopted the Periodic-CRN model to use the periodicity component for climate forecasting, and proposed a Soft Periodic-CRN (SP-CRN) with three types of periodic representation dictionaries (PRD)--nearby-time (PRD-1), periodic-depth (PRD-2), and periodic-depth differencing (PRD-3) representation--to overcome the phase shift and non-stationarity of periodic patterns. The experiments were conducted to perform periodicity on ZH300 and SST of the ERA-Interim dataset. The results showed the superiority of periodicity on SP-CRN (GRU) and SP-CRN (LSTM) over their base models (ConvGRU and ConvLSTM) in every length of sequential input. Furthermore, our PRD proposals showed that the effectiveness of SP-CRN in PRD-3 over PRD-2 and PRD-1, respectively,  
Figure 12: Attention weight on SP-CRN-2 (0,6,0) for SST prediction from the average of five runs. The attention weight of depth-1 to depth-6 was the value of prediction month on prior one to six periodic cycle. The scale is from 0.1 to 0.3.  
for ZH300 and SST predictions. Considering only the periodic-depth of two in PRD-3, drastically improved prediction accuracy. Moreover, the mixed proposal of SP-CRN-1+3 (1,0,2) slightly improved ZH300 prediction accuracy from their base models. The results of ZH300 and SST also showed that prediction accuracy improved when the PRD-2 considered the prior periodic cycle of four years. This may have indicated that our PRD-2 proposal could capture the four-year periodic cycle of ENSO. Lastly, in the attention weight analysis, the importance of one-month ahead of one prior periodic cycle had the most impact on the prediction.  
The findings of this research may lead to future work in using periodicity in a spatiotemporal climate forecasting model. Our proposed method can be applied to multiple resolutions of periodicity as the original Periodic-CRN. Furthermore, we will investigate more in attention weight of the periodicity.  
Conceptualization, K.-I.F. and T.T.; methodology, E.P. and K.-I.F.; software, E.P.; validation, E.P. and K.-I.F.; formal analysis, E.P.; investigation, E.P.; resources, E.P.; data curation, E.P.; writing--original draft preparation, E.P.; writing--review and editing, K.-I.F., T.M. and T.T.; visualization, E.P.; supervision, K.-I.F., T.M., and M.N.; project administration, K.-I.F.; funding acquisition, K.-I.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the Network Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices and by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19K22876.  
Not applicable.
# A Watermark-Based In-Situ Access Control Model for Image Big Data
## 3 Problem Formulation
### Attack Models  
#### 3.2.1 Transferring Attack  
Existing access control models invite the transferring attack. In a transferring attack, if accessor \"A\" can access image \"P\", then accessor \"A\" can transfer image \"P\" to others, such as accessor \"B\". Thus, accessor \"B\" can easily gain the access privileges of accessor \"A\".  
To tackle this attack, we propose the use of a watermark-based access control model where access policies are embedded with objects and move the access control unit from servers to clients.  
Besides, transferring attacks cannot be accountable. That is, it is impossible to trace back to original leaking accessors if many accessors can access the same objects. In other words, the provenance of leakage is lost. To provide provenance, we can also rely on watermarks that can reveal the identification of originators or leakers.  
**Proposition 1**.: _For persistent access control, access control policies need to be associated with accessible objects, and the objects can only be accessed upon parsing policies at clients. Additionally, the objects need to return back to unaccessible status after the allotted time of authorized access._  
Proof.: If objects do not retain unaccessible status after being accessed, others can also access those objects when they are transferred to others.  
If access control policies are not associated with accessible objects, clients will not be able to enforce access policies.  
**Proposition 2**.: _For the provenance of distributed data, data must carry the identification information of originators._  
Proof.: If data do not carry any of the originators' identification information, the provenance of who distributes data cannot be determined.
# Streetlight Control System Based on Wireless Communication over DALI Protocol
## 3 System Architecture  
Figure 1 shows the general structure of the tele-management lighting system described in this work. It is a three-level hierarchical model that is widely used in lighting-control systems based on wireless communication. To complete the system, an information and failure location application was developed for mobile devices. This app can be easily used by maintenance technicians.  
At the lowest level, directly controlling the luminaire, we can find the wireless nodes, which communicate in a wireless way using IEEE 802.15.4. At the intermediate level, managing the wireless networks of a lighting sector, we can find an industrial computer with 802.15.4 communication that also acts as the network's coordinator. This computer contains an application that enables the comfortable and user-friendly management of a given sector's lighting network. This local computer can also act as a gateway towards central control of the lighting network. The communication with the central control is executed through another communication network that allows for greater distances, such as 3G/GPRS, WIFI or WIMAX. Lastly, the upper level contains the central control, which groups several sectors of the lighting network.  
The local monitoring of a lighting sector is essential, as the central control may be very far away or have obstacles exceeding the physical capacities of the wireless protocol. On the other hand, the local computer for each lighting sector can work in isolation, since it can work as a server database. This characteristic ensures easy deployment and scalability of the telemanagement system. New sectors of the lighting network that are added to the central control can be debugged. Then, a more detailed description of each part will be given.
## 4 Experiment
### Authentic Transmission
#### 4.1.1 Encryption Mechanism  
_Step-1:_ Various steps have been taken to demonstrate the implementation of the encryption process in which; first, plain text has been taken, and different techniques have been implemented on this plain text. A plain text is shown in Figure 10.  
_Step-2:_ The plain text has been converted to its equivalent ASCII using the ASCII table, as shown in Figure 11. The ASCII table is shown in Figure 6.  
_Step-3:_ After converting plain text to its equivalent ASCII, it has been converted to bytes (B), as shown in Figure 12.  
_Step-4:_ After converting values to bytes, each byte value has been split into 4-bits, as shown in Figure 13. The reason for splitting bytes is to increase the number of cipher text.  
Figure 11: ASCII of each character.  
Figure 8: File Encryption.  
Figure 12: Bytes of each ASCII value.  
Figure 10: Plain Text.  
Figure 9: Transmitted Data.  
_Step-5:_ After splitting byte values into 4-bits, each bit has been converted to decimal values, as shown in Figure 14.  
_Step-6:_ After converting binary to decimal '': \(X=(C^{*}C)+K_{len}\)'' formula has been used, on each decimal value, this formula has been implemented, and different results have been obtained, as shown in Figure 15. \(K_{len}\) means the length of the Key received from the receiver. In this paper, ''_Alli''_ is taken as a key from the receiver whose length is 3, so \(K_{len}=3\).  
_Step-7:_ After getting the different results in step 6, each decimal value has been converted to its equivalent ASCII value, as shown in Figure 16.  
_Step-8:_ Ciphertext has been obtained after converting decimal values to its equivalent ASCII, as shown in Figure 17.  
The encryption mechanism to encrypt the plain text has been used to encrypt the entire text, and complete ciphertext has been obtained, as shown in Figure 8.  
Figure 16: Equivalent ASCII value of decimals.  
Figure 14: The decimal value of each binary.  
Figure 13: Splitting of bytes.  
Figure 15: Results of decimal values.
# Effect of Local Cyclic Loading on Direct Shear Strength Characteristics of Shear-Zone Soil
## 4 Results  
### Monotonic Direct Shear Test Characteristics  
The evolutions of the horizontal shear stress and the vertical deformation as functions of the shear displacement of the shear-zone soil are shown in Figure 6. The shear stress-shear displacement curves, plotted in Figure 6a, show a strain-hardening characteristic with different normal stress. For the shear-zone soil, an increase in the normal stress enhanced the initial stiffness of the stress-displacement curve. As there was no peak strength in the stress-deformation curves, the shear stress at 7.50 mm shear displacement (10 percent relative lateral displacement) was taken as a failure. At the same time, the shear-zone soil exhibited a shear-contraction property as an increase in shear displacement under different normal stress (Figure 6b). In addition, an increase in the normal pressure enhanced the vertical deformation at the end of each stress level.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Test (No.)** & **Test Type** & **Normal Stress (kPa)** & **Cyclic Period (s)** & **Number of Cycles** \\ \hline A-0 & MDS & 100 & 0 & 0 \\ A-1-1 & CDS & 100 & 90 & 10 \\ A-1-2 & CDS & 100 & 90 & 20 \\ A-1-3 & CDS & 100 & 90 & 100 \\ A-1-4 & CDS & 100 & 90 & 1000 \\ A-2-1 & CDS & 100 & 60 & 10 \\ A-2-2 & CDS & 100 & 60 & 20 \\ A-2-3 & CDS & 100 & 60 & 100 \\ A-2-4 & CDS & 100 & 60 & 1000 \\ A-3-1 & CDS & 100 & 10 & 10 \\ A-3-2 & CDS & 100 & 10 & 20 \\ A-3-3 & CDS & 100 & 10 & 100 \\ A-3-4 & CDS & 100 & 10 & 1000 \\ B-0 & MDS & 200 & 0 & 0 \\ B-1 & CDS & 200 & 90 & 100 \\ B-2 & CDS & 200 & 60 & 100 \\ B-3 & CDS & 200 & 10 & 100 \\ C-0 & MDS & 400 & 0 & 0 \\ C-1 & CDS & 400 & 90 & 100 \\ C-2 & CDS & 400 & 60 & 100 \\ C-3 & CDS & 400 & 10 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: MDS-Monotonic direct shear test. CDS-Cyclic direct shear test.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Test conditions for all direct shear tests.  
Figure 5: Schematic diagram of monotonic loading and cyclic loading.  
Figure 7 presents the shear stress and normal stress relationships for three values of normal stress, as well as the corresponding linear best fit. Following the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the shear strength parameters of shear-zone soil showed an adhesion \(c=52.87\) kPa and a friction angle \(\varphi=20.13^{\circ}\) under monotonic loading.
# Linear Plasma Device for the Study of Plasma-Surface Interactions
## 2 Materials and Methods
The probe method of diagnostics is based on active probing of the plasma under study with a current of low intensity. During diagnostics, a probe is placed in the plasma and discrete step voltage pulses are applied to it. Then, registering the volt-ampere characteristics, the plasma space potential is measured [16]. The environment in the interaction chamber is monitored using an XT-100 quadrupole mass spectrometer produced by \"Extorr Inc\" (Columbia, New Kensington, USA). The key parameters of the plasma in the KAZ-PSI installation are provided in Table 1.  
Currently, several linear plasma generators are being used to simulate the peripheral plasma of tokamaks and nuclear fusion reactors. However, widely recognized and frequently cited results have primarily been obtained from the following installations: PSI-2 [17], STEP [18], PICSES-B [19], PREFACE [20], VEHICLE-1 [21], NAGDIS-II [22], Pilot-PSI [23], Magnum-PSI [24; 25], and PSIEC [26]. Table 2 provides the technical specifications of these linear plasma generators, and the key characteristics of the KAZ-PSI installation are compared with the characteristics of existing linear plasma devices. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Characteristics**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Significance**} \\ \hline Operating mode & Stationary \\ Working gas & He, Ar, H\({}_{2}\) \\ Magnetic field, Tl & Up to 0.3 \\ Working gas pressure, Torr & 5\(\cdot 10^{-5}\) \\ Residual gas pressure, Torr & 5\(\cdot 10^{-8}\) \\ Injected electron beam power, kW & Up to 5 \\ Generated plasma density, m\({}^{-3}\) & Up to 10\({}^{18}\) \\ Electron temperature, eV & Up to 20 \\ Negative displacement at the cathode relative to the grounded anode, kV & 0–2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Main plasma parameters in the KAZ-PSI installation. Figure 2: Schematic representation of the KAZ-PSI linear plasma installation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l l l l l} \hline
**PSI Parameters** & **PSIICE [26]** & **PSI-2 [5]** & **STEP [6]** & **PISCES-B [7]** & **PREZACE [8]** & **VEHICE-1 [9]** & **NACDIS-II** & **Plot-PSI [11]** & **Magnum-PSI** & **KAZ-PSI** \\ \hline Ion source & hot cathode & hot cathode & hot cathode & redles are & microwave & microwave & cusp arc & cascaded arc & cascaded arc & hot cathode \\ \hline Plasma species & H, D, He, Ar, N & H, D, He, Ar & H, D, He, Ar & N & H  
From the analysis of Table 2, it can be concluded that our developed KAZ-PSI installation is competitive with many of its foreign counterparts in terms of various characteristics. Moreover, it fully meets the requirements for a simulation modeling the interaction between plasma and materials in a nuclear fusion reactor.
## 4 Experiments
### Music Identification Experiment
#### 4.2.3 Setup  
We used mono signals down-sampled at 16 kHz and calculated spectrograms with 1024 window size and 75% overlap size. The output spectrogram of the separation system was converted and saved as a waveform, which was used as the input for music identification. For music identification, we used the open-source landmark-based identification program [35] and we experimented with the default values set in the program. Wave-U-Net experiments were conducted using the open source program [36].
## 4 Experimental Analysis of Link Quality  
In order to address the challenge of unreliable communication in WSANs, it is necessary to understand first how unreliable practical WSANs really are. That is, the packet loss behavior of the network should be studied. This is done in this work through conducting experiments on a real WSAN system and collecting quantitative data to capture the channel characteristics. This section reports our experimental measurements that characterize the link quality in terms of packet loss rate of a practical WSAN, since in this context the packet loss rate is a critical factor affecting the performance of the control applications. Instead of an exhaustive study of link quality with respect to a lot of factors, e.g., platform, environment, deployment, time, etc., which has been done e.g. in [27-30], we focus on a simple yet sufficiently illustrative characterization of the link quality that help make decisions concerning WSA design for mobile control applications.
## 2 Related Work
### Trust-Based Routing
In this study, we were able to solve this problem by considering the QoS factors in addition to the \(PFR\). Recently, the work in [19] presented a QoS-aware trust-based routing protocol, named \"SQEER\" (secured quality of service-aware energy efficient routing). In SQEER, multiple routing metrics such as the path-trust value and residual energy are utilized to figure out which path can meet the required level of trustworthiness and QoS of energy-hungry sensor networks. However, it has limitations in ensuring reliability for mission-critical data transmission. Although it calculates trust values for multiple paths, only one path is used for data transmission, and no consideration is given to other data of high importance. Compared with the existing works, our trust-based multipath QoS routing protocol is novel in two ways. First, it fulfills the performance requirements by taking into account tactical factors to transmit mission-critical data. Second, a path selection process is proposed to satisfy the performance of reliability and QoS required in the tactical environment.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Impact of VLC and CV Integration on Traffic Rerouting  
The integration of Vehicle-to-Everything communication (VLC) and connected vehicle (CV) systems within traffic management demonstrates significant potential to improve traffic flow and safety, particularly through rerouting mechanisms. In the rerouting scenarios, these systems show notable benefits in reducing congestion and enhancing road safety, underscoring their value in advanced traffic management strategies.  
The rerouting scenarios dynamically adjust traffic light phases to reduce congestion while maintaining pedestrian safety. Adaptive prioritization of green times ensures that pedestrian waiting zones remain within manageable limits, optimizing both vehicle throughput and pedestrian flow. The rerouting scenarios, in particular, further tailor signal adjustments to localized traffic demands, providing a more targeted approach to congestion management.  
To evaluate the impact of the reward function across scenarios, we have conducted experiments in the past [22; 24] with varying traffic densities for one and two arterial intersections. Results have shown that in high-traffic conditions, prioritizing vehicles (\(\omega>1\), high \(p_{\mathit{cell}}\)) improved vehicle throughput but slightly increased pedestrian wait times. In low-traffic conditions, using balanced weights (\(\omega=1\), equal \(p_{\mathit{vch}}\) and \(p_{\mathit{pcal}}\)) optimized the overall system performance.  
By integrating VLC and CV technologies with rerouting systems, traffic management becomes more responsive, more efficient, and safer for all road users. These technologies en able real-time communication between intersections, allowing traffic signals to synchronize and adjust dynamically based on live data. This reduces stop-and-go driving, minimizes congestion, and facilitates smoother traffic flow across the network.  
Real-time data sharing between intersections allows rerouting systems to anticipate vehicle queues and proactively adjust signal phases to minimize waiting times. This capability benefits vehicles and pedestrians by reducing delays and ensuring safer, more timely pedestrian crossings while avoiding conflicts with vehicular traffic.  
Rerouting plays a crucial role in congestion management by redirecting vehicles away from heavily congested areas and preventing critical intersections from becoming overwhelmed. Additionally, these systems can address unexpected issues, such as malfunctioning signals or sudden congestion spikes, preventing minor problems from escalating into major traffic disruptions.  
During blockages or heavy congestion, rerouting enhances network efficiency by dynamically assigning priority to alternative routes, redistributing traffic loads, and reducing bottlenecks at key intersections. This adaptive control ensures real-time adjustments to traffic flows, optimizing both arterial and local road conditions.