esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Method of Real Echo and Synthetic Echo Discrimination  
Normally, the synthetic echo that is simulated by an active sonar decoy is synthesized by the signal that is transmitted from several monostatic hydrophones. The number of hydrophones is determined by the number of predominant echo highlights, which are characterized by the relative spacing of the hydrophones and the relative magnitude of the transmitted signal. For a real sonar decoy, the number of hydrophones is fixed, the high-frequency echo envelope modulation characteristics (such as echo envelope fluctuation intensity) cannot be simulated, and the echo envelope fluctuation intensity changes with frequencies.  
Based on these echo envelope fluctuation characteristics, a novel method was developed for the discrimination of real underwater target echoes from synthetic echoes. The procedure is as below:  
a. The active sonar transmits two different frequency pulses with frequency \(f_{1}\) and \(f_{2}\) (LFM signal is preferred), and the difference will be notable;  
b. Filter the input data by a bandpass filter to minimize the interference;  
c. Processing the envelope data for the two different frequency echoes;  
d. Extract the envelope fluctuation features for the two different frequency echoes, such as echo envelope fluctuation intensity;  
e. Compare the fluctuation features, and then discriminate between the real underwater target echo and the synthetic echo.  
Figure 14 is the proposed procedure for discriminating a real underwater target echo from a synthetic echo.
## 5 Challenges, Open Research Problems, and Future of WBANs
### Bandwidth Problems
#### 5.1.5 Application Layer Challenges  
We have already mentioned and analyzed some of the challenging problems in the previous subsections. One of the main important challenges at the application layer for WBANs is how to produce meaningful information that can be translated into knowledge. As we know, the application layer being at the top surface is expected to have a coordinating mission too. In this context, the organization of ambient sensor data, medical data and other should be held by the application layer. The organization of data is critical and must be explained in more details. Therefore, researchers need to design efficient machine learning algorithms for self-learning, autonomous systems replacing rule based and static systems to overcome the data organization problem.
# Long-Term Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with Hybrid Composite Beam
## 1 Introduction
[12] reported on the deflection and cracking behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP laminates from different degrees of strengthening schemes and two types of sustained loads up to 180 days. A total of eight RC beams were cast and tested under sustained loads for cracked and un-cracked sections. It was found that attachment of a CFRP sheet can reduce the instantaneous deflection and be effective in controlling the long-term deflection. The effectiveness of CFRP-strengthened RC beams in reducing time-dependent deflections is not to the same extent as in providing flexural strength, especially for beams subjected to sustained loads lower than the service load levels. Test results showed that the larger the CFRP reinforcement ratio was, the smaller the long-term deflection. For the same sustained loading, a maximum reduction of 35% in deflection was found in uncracked three-layer strengthened beams compared to the control specimen. For the cracked section, the corresponding reduction in deflection was 56% as compared to the unstrengthened beam. [PERSON] et al. [13] presented the long-term deflections of beams strengthened by prestressed and non-prestressed FRP sheets. The age-adjusted effective modulus method (EMM) is used to model the creep behavior in concrete and the relaxation in FRP prestressing sheets. A tension-stiffening model was also presented to evaluate the stiffness of the cracked section. The analytical values were compared to the results obtained from a finite element code and to the experimental results from some existing papers. It was found that the analytical method proposed in this work had a good agreement with finite element methods. From reviewing similar investigations, we knew that the majority of previous long-term tests on RC beams with FRP strengthening were conducted with relatively small or scaled-down member size [14; 15; 16]. In general, use of scaled-down tests in engineering is the most preferred method when test environments are difficult or involve complex conditions such as requiring a faster time to set up or cost-effective testing. However, there is a concern that a scaled-down test does not fully represent the same testing value as a full- or large-sized test. Therefore, results from large-scale tests are strongly preferred for better analysis and applications. In the present study, test specimens were considered to be the typical size of RC beams in school buildings used in South Korea. In addition, the long-term behavior of FRP-strengthened RC beams with relatively large-scale members has not been investigated. The experimental work in this study was done to provide more realistic data in the field of FRP applications on the strengthening or repair of RC structural members.
# Review of Automatic Estimation of Emotions in Speech
## 3 Acoustic Analysis of Speech
### Time Windows for Frames in Speech Analysis  
One usually determines acoustic features inside a window frame (e.g., of 25 ms duration), which is periodically shifted by 10 ms. This de facto use of 100 sets/s is common in diverse applications for speech, as it has enough detail to follow VT coarticulation movements, but is reduced enough to minimize computation. An average phone duration is approximately 80 ms; so, extracting eight times in each phone allows tracking VT motion sufficiently. These acoustic features can use Mel-spectrograms of 80 or so dimensions, a 512-point DFT, and a window such as Hamming [26].  
Such standard spectral vectors per frame typically have 13-16 MFCC numerical values, which correspond to spectra of static VT positions. To partly compensate for use of these brief analysis windows, and to also include wider-range temporal information, each spectral vector can be augmented with a set of difference (delta) parameters, which model the change between successive frames (thus a measure of VT velocity). A further set of delta-delta values can then approximate acceleration of VT motion. These three sets may be useful for ASR [47], but tripling the number of parameters is a cost that appears not sufficiently advantageous for SER.
# Hybrid Window Decoding for Joint Source Channel Anytime Coding System
## 2 Preliminaries
### Encoding Procedure of SC-RA-Based JSCAC System  
The source parity-check matrix \(H^{sc}\) and the channel parity-check matrix \(H^{cc}\) have the same structure as (3)  
\[\mathbf{H}_{[0,L-1]}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf{H}_{00}&&\\ \vdots&\ddots&\\ \mathbf{H}_{0(\gamma-1)}&\ddots&\\ &\ddots&\mathbf{H}_{(L-1)0}\\ &&\vdots\\ &&\mathbf{H}_{(L-1)(\gamma-1)}\end{bmatrix}, \tag{3}\]  
where \(L\) is the chain length, the involved sub-matrices for the encoding procedure of the \(i\)-th message block are from \(\mathbf{H}_{i0}\) to \(\mathbf{H}_{(i-\gamma+1)(\gamma-1)}\), \(\gamma=\gamma^{sc}\) or (\(\gamma^{cc}\)). The proposed JSCAC follows the concatenated source and channel encoding of block LDPC based JSCC systems.  
(1) Syndrome source encoding: Assume the causal source streaming \(\mathbf{s}_{[0,L-1]}=\{\mathbf{s}_{i}|0\leq i\leq L-1\}\) produces a \(N^{sc}\)-bit message block \(\mathbf{s}_{i}\) at a time instant \(t\) and with a chain length of \(L\). The message block \(\mathbf{s}_{i}\) is compressed with the syndrome source coding as \(\mathbf{u}_{i}=\mathbf{s}_{i}\mathbf{H}_{i0}^{\mathbf{sc}^{T}}+\mathbf{s}_{( i-1)}\mathbf{H}_{(i-1)1}^{\mathbf{sc}^{T}}+\ldots+\mathbf{s}_{(i-\gamma+1)} \mathbf{H}_{(i-\gamma+1)(\gamma-1)}^{\mathbf{sc}^{T}}\) with the block-length of \(M^{sc}\). If \(i<\gamma-1\), then \(\mathbf{u}_{i}=\mathbf{s}_{i}\mathbf{H}_{i0}^{\mathbf{sc}^{T}}+\mathbf{s}_{( i-1)}\mathbf{H}_{(i-1)1}^{\mathbf{sc}^{T}}+\ldots+\mathbf{s}_{0}\mathbf{H}_{0(i-1)} ^{\mathbf{sc}^{T}}\).  
(2) Channel encoding: The compressed source sequence \(\mathbf{u}_{[0,L-1]}=\{\mathbf{u}_{i}|0\leq i\leq L-1\}\) is encoded with the channel encoder to generate the channel codeword \(\mathbf{x}_{[0,L-1]}=\{\mathbf{x}_{i}|0\leq i\leq L-1\}\). For each block \(\mathbf{x}_{i}=[\mathbf{u}_{i},\mathbf{c}_{i}]\) with the block-length of \(N^{cc}\), the channel PNs \(\mathbf{c}_{i}\) have a fixed degree of 2, checking both the coupled INs in the early transmitted blocks and local INs, which are denoted as \(\mathbf{v}_{i}=[\mathbf{x}_{i-\gamma+1},\ldots,\mathbf{x}_{i-1},\mathbf{u}_{ i}]\) (\(\mathbf{v}_{i}=[\mathbf{x}_{0},\ldots,\mathbf{x}_{i-1},\mathbf{u}_{i}]\), if \(i<\gamma-1\)). The generation of channel PNs \(\mathbf{c}_{i}=\{c_{ij}|1\leq j\leq N^{cc}-M^{sc}\}\) is described as  
\[c_{ij}=\begin{cases}\mathbf{v}_{i}\widetilde{\mathbf{H}}^{cc^{T}}(1,:),&j=1\\ \mathbf{v}_{i}\widetilde{\mathbf{H}}^{cc^{T}}(j,:)+c_{i(j-1)},&\text{otherwise} \end{cases}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(\widetilde{\mathbf{H}}^{cc}=[\mathbf{H}_{(i-\gamma+1)(\gamma-1)}^{\mathbf{ cc}},\ldots,\mathbf{H}_{(i-1)1}^{\mathbf{cc}},\mathbf{H}_{00}^{cc}(,1:M^{sc})]\).
# Modeling and Security in Cloud Ecosystems
## 4 A Model for a Cloud Ecosystem
### Some of the Patterns in the Ecosystem  
#### 4.2.1 Cloud Access Security Broker  
Intent  
Cloud Access Security Brokers (CASBs) are security enforcement points between consumers and service providers that apply security controls to the consumer's users to access cloud services, usually SaaS services. They may also control access to internal company resources. Security controls may include authentication (credentials and passwords), authorization policy enforcement, intrusion prevention, antimalware filters, security logging/auditing, and encryption.  
Solution  
Using an intermediary system, called a CASB, which provides security controls (authentication and authorization), can monitor the use of services by users, and can perform malware detection when users access cloud applications. Additionally, other services such as performance, identity, and search can be provided. Figure 3 shows the class diagram of the CASB. Consumers (users) request services through the Broker which, in turn, gets them from one of the Service Providers. The Broker includes a set of security mechanisms such as a SecurityLogger/Auditor, an Authorizer, an Authenticator, an Encryptor, and maybe others. Consumers and CASBs can be mutually authenticated. The CASB enforces rights for the consumers when they try to access an application. Internal Resources (applications) can also be controlled by the CASB. An Identity Federation provides identifiers for consumers and SPs to support authentication. Figure 4 shows the sequence diagram for the use case \"access an application service\": a consumer requests a service to the CASB, which invokes an authentication protocol, when authenticated the consumer can access the service if authorized for it; this interaction is logged.  
Figure 2: Secure Virtual Machine Image (VMI) Repository System.  
The CASB enforces institution policies in any access as well as protecting against malware. In other words, the CASB is an extended Reference Monitor [8].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### LIDAR Sensor Working Principle  
LIDAR operates by emitting a pulse of light in the infrared (IR) or near-infrared (NIR) spectrum from a laser diode. The emitted laser beam was split into two separate paths using an optical system: one portion served as reference light, while the other was directed toward the target object. The light reflected from the object's surface followed the same optical path back to the photodetector, which captured and recorded the detection time and intensity of the returning signal, providing information about the object's position. Once emitted, the laser pulse propagated for a specific duration (\(\tau\)), triggering an internal clock within the timing circuit. The time difference (\(\Delta t\)) between the reference light and the reflected signal was then used to accurately determine the object's distance (R) from the LIDAR sensor using Equation (1) [17]. In this context, the intensity of the laser pulse (which is influenced by surface reflectivity and atmospheric conditions) was modeled using Equation (1). Meanwhile, the distance calculation, based on the time-of-flight (ToF) principle, is formulated in Equation (2) [17].  
\[\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{R})=\mathrm{P}_{0}\mathrm{\rho}\frac{\mathrm{A}_{0}}{\pi \mathrm{R}^{2}}\mathrm{\mu}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{\theta})\mathrm{e}^{ -2\gamma\mathrm{R}} \tag{1}\]  
\[\mathrm{R}=\frac{1}{2\mathrm{n}}\mathrm{c}\Delta t\] (
## 5 Results and Analysis
### Clinical Data  
As described in Section 4.1, a total of five tests and questionnaires were conducted during the biweekly video calls. The summary of the scores are presented in Table 5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Variable** & **Mean (SD) or (\%)** \\ \hline Age & Mean (SD) & 72.75 (6.91) \\  & 60–70 & 5 (62.5\%) \\  & 70–80 & 1 (12.5\%) \\  & 80–90 & 2 (25\%) \\ \hline Gender & Male & 1 (12.5\%) \\  & Female & 7 (87.5\%) \\ \hline Type of fracture & Hip & 4 (50\%) \\  & Pelvis & 2 (25\%) \\  & Femur & 1 (12.5\%) \\  & Hip Replacement & 1 (12.5\%) \\ \hline Ethnicity & Caucasian & 7 (87.5\%) \\  & African-Canadian & 1 (12.5\%) \\ \hline Relationship Status & Single & 3 (37.5\%) \\  & Married & 1 (12.5\%) \\  & Widowed & 1 (12.5\%) \\  & Separated & 1 (12.5\%) \\  & Dvorced & 2 (25\%) \\ \hline Employment Status & Unemployed & 1 (12.5\%) \\  & Employed & 3 (37.5\%) \\  & Retired & 2 (25\%) \\  & Other & 2 (25\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Demographic data (\(N=8\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Timeline** & **Variable** & **Mean (SD)** \\ \hline Week 2 & TUG (seconds) & 18.99 (9.78) \\  & 30 s chair stand & 8.63 (3.60) \\  & SIS & 25 (2.87) \\  & Oxford Hip Score & 32.88 (7.88) \\  & Oxford Knee Score & 36.63 (7.47) \\ \hline Week 4 & TUG (seconds) & 19.63 (9.96) \\  & 30 s chair stand & 10.86 (2.17) \\  & SIS & 24.13 (2.80) \\  & Oxford Hip Score & 31.86 (8.44) \\  & Oxford Knee Score & 31.71 (11.10) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Clinical data collected from 8 participants during biweekly video calls.
## 1 Introduction
This is why proper preservation of fruits and vegetables is so important. Some of the most important methods of food preservation are dehydration and drying. These techniques are commonly used not only to preserve food but also because of the reduction in weight for transportation and the smaller volume of the product, which is important for packaging [2; 8]. Processed products, on the other hand, may show changes in sensory, functional, nutritional, and physicochemical properties, especially those that are more sensitive to changes in light, pH, or heat [19]. Technological processes such as osmotic dehydration and vacuum impregnation can help produce products rich in bioactive and volatile compounds [19; 20; 21; 22]. The processes involved in the osmotic drying of fruits and vegetables are now widely studied, as evidenced by recent research papers [23; 24; 22; 25]. Osmosis involves the transport of water from the interior of the sample into a hypertonic solution, with the simultaneous transport of osmotic matter into the interior of the sample, resulting in the leaching of natural solutes [26]. Vacuum impregnation is a variation of osmotic dehydration but is carried out under reduced pressure [20]. Vegetable tissues are well suited for the application of the vacuum impregnation process because their interior is filled with pores containing fluids and air [27]. Depending on the type and composition of the impregnation solution used to VI vegetables and fruits, different results could be obtained. Literature reports provide examples of changing physicochemical properties, protecting against browning, increasing antioxidant properties, bioactive properties, and volatile compounds, and affecting texture through the use of appropriate impregnating solutions [21; 28]. In addition, the subsequent use of vacuum drying or freeze drying can favorably extend the storage time and shelf life of fruits and vegetables. This is due to the reduction in water content, which thus makes it possible to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and expand the range of ready-to-eat products offered [20]. Freeze drying is considered one of the best methods for removing water from plant materials. This technique makes it possible to obtain drought of the highest nutritional and sensory quality [29; 30; 31]. Creating healthy and practical vegetable-based products is an ongoing challenge in the food industry. The purpose of this study was to produce novel dried courgette and broccoli snacks using vacuum impregnation as a pretreatment method. In addition, organic beet juice was used as an impregnating substance aimed at improving the properties of the vegetables. Then two drying methods (vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD)) were compared and their effects on physical and chemical properties, i.e., dry weight, water activity, gelation index, shrinkage, density, color, and VOCs.
# Study on Dominant Frequency Attenuation of Blasting Vibration for Ultra-Small-Spacing Tunnel
## 2 Theory of Dominant Frequency  
There are two common approaches for defining the dominant frequency of a blast vibration: zero-cross frequency (ZCF) and Fourier dominant frequency (hereafter DF). The ZCF, also known as apparent frequency [28], is determined based on the zero-crossing of the waveform peak; its definition is shown in Figure 1a. The DF corresponds to the peak amplitude in the Fourier power spectrum, as shown in Figure 1b. The mean frequency (MF) and instantaneous frequency (IF) have also been common in recent years. The MF is obtained by calculating the weighted mean of the Fourier amplitude spectrum using Equation (1), as shown in Figure 1b. The above four dominant frequencies are extensively used in research [28; 29; 31], with the ZCF and the DF being the most common.  
\[\text{MF}=\frac{\sum f_{i}A(f_{i})}{\sum A(f_{i})} \tag{1}\]  
where \(A(f_{i})\) is the amplitude corresponding to frequency \(f_{i}\) in the Fourier amplitude spectrum.  
On the basis of the Chinese Safety Regulations for Blasting (GB6722-2014), a safety PPV criterion for traffic tunnels considering the blast vibration frequency has been proposed, and it defines the vibration frequency as that corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the particle velocity, i.e., the ZCF. However, in the regulations of other countries, such as DIN4150 of Germany and AS 2187.2 of Australia [33], the dominant frequency for a structured safety blast vibration is obtained by the Fourier transform. [PERSON] [28] believed that the ZCF can better express the attenuation law of the dominant frequency than DF and MF, whereas according to [PERSON] [29], the well-known zero-crossing method cannot be used to obtain the frequency associated with the peak vibration level. In addition, [PERSON] [4] found that the dominant frequencies determined by different methods vary significantly. Therefore, considering that there is no uniform method to describe the frequency in the current research on blast vibration waves, both ZCFs and DFs are used to describe the blast vibration frequency.
# A Study of the Thermodynamic Properties of Nd-C and Ce-C TRISO Fission Product Binary Systems
###### Abstract  
TRISO fuels are proposed for portable and modular power reactor technologies. Expansion is dependent upon improvements to safety through a thorough understanding of fission product behavior as related to functional containment design philosophies. Significant knowledge gaps exist in the thermodynamic behavior of neodymium and cerium fission products solubility in graphite, which play a role in the qualification of TRISO fuels. DSC measurements were conducted on Nd-C and Ce-C carbide fission products to expand upon calculated phase equilibria. Various crucible tests, calibrant experimentation, sample generation and sample preparation techniques, and new thermodynamic measurements have been performed. New phase equilibria were produced to improve Nd-C and Ce-C phase diagrams and further inform models of fission product behavior within TRISO fuels. The following phase transition temperatures are reported for Nd-C, with an error of \(\pm\)32.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C: 10 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--844.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 891.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 911.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 16 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--724.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 771.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 20 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--731.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 25 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--726.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 762.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 30 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--718.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 976.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 35 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--825.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 995.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 40 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--1274.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The following phase transition temperatures are reported for Ce-C with an error of \(\pm\)32.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C: 20 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--878.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 32 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--714.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 857 \({}^{\circ}\)C; 67 mol\({}^{\circ}\)C--1138.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
nuclear; TRISO; fission product; phase diagram; thermodynamic properties; DSC; crucible +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Design and Analysis of an O+E-Band Hybrid Optical Amplifier for CWDM Systems
## 5 Conclusions  
A wideband and flat-gain hybrid optical amplifier operating in the O+E-band is proposed. The amplifier employs a parallel combination of a praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier and an SOA. The main problem of separating the O- and E-band signals to input them separately into the praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier and SOA has been solved using a wideband fiber Bragg grating. Moreover, various parameters, such as the PDF length, \(\mathrm{Pr}^{3+}\) concentration, pump wavelength, and injection current of the SOA, have been precisely optimized to achieve the broadband amplification of a hybrid optical amplifier in the O+E-band with maximum flatness. The performance of the hybrid amplifier has been analyzed using the optimized parameters. A flat average gain and output power of 24 dB and 9.6 dBm, respectively, is achieved over the O+E-band. Noise figure in the range of 4-5.9 dB over a 1270-1450 nm wavelength region has been observed. The effect of up-conversion on the gain and output power of the hybrid amplifier is also investigated. The system-level performance of the hybrid amplifier has been analyzed as a  
Figure 8: Eye diagrams of channels 2, 3, 5, and 7 at (a) 5 Gbps, (b) 7.5 Gbps, (c) 10 Gbps.  
pre-amplifier for a CWDM transmission system of eight OOK-modulated optical signals with an aggregate data rate of 80 Gbps.  
Conceptualization, B.K., J.M., and A.A. ([PERSON]); methodology, M.S. and S.G.; software, J.M., B.K., and A.A. ([PERSON]); validation, A.A. ([PERSON]) and Y.L.; resources, Y.L. and T.K.; writing--original draft preparation, B.K.; writing--review and editing, S.G., M.S., and A.A. ([PERSON]); supervision, J.M. and A.A. ([PERSON]); project administration, J.M. and S.G.; funding acquisition, Y.L. and T.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is supported in part by the Professorial and Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Huizhou University (2020 JB058), and the Planning Project of Enhanced Independent Innovation Ability of Huizhou University (hzu020218).  
Not applicable  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.