## 5 Conclusions  
The results of this study, conducted on female C57 BL/6] mice, offer compelling evidence that the allergic asthma induced by OVA sensitization and topical re-exposure in the nasal cavity can be effectively inhibited in a dose-dependent manner through the oral administration of IAP extract at concentrations ranging from 400 to 100 mg/kg. These beneficial effects are attributed to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of IAP extract, which are facilitated by the regulation of key gene expressions including PI3K/Akt/PTEN, p38 MAPK, and NF-kB. Importantly, the inhibitory impact observed in the groups administered with IAP extract at 400 mg/kg was comparable to that of the group treated with DEXA at 0.75 mg/kg. This highlights the potential of IAP extract, particularly in a higher dose, as a promising candidate for the development of a more effective natural therapeutic agent or health-functional food ingredient aimed at enhancing respiratory function. It should be emphasized, however, that while these findings are promising, further research and clinical validation are necessary to establish the safety, efficacy, and potential applications of IAP extract in addressing allergic asthma and respiratory health. This study lays a robust foundation for future endeavors in this area, signaling the potential for the development of innovative approaches to respiratory wellness utilizing natural compounds.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13169342/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13169342/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13169342/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13169342/s1)), Figure S1: HPLC analysis of standard arbutin (A) and arbutin in IAP extract (B); Table S1: Oligonucleotides for quantitative RT-PCR analysis; Table S2: Body weight gains in intact or OVA-induced allergic asthma mice; Table S3: Lung weights and gross inspections in intact or OVA-induced allergic asthma mice.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, K.-Y.K., S.-K.K. and J.-S.C.; methodology, K.-Y.K., S.S., E.-J.H., S.-K.K. and J.-S.C.; software, S.-K.K.; validation, K.M.I.B., J.W.K., S.-K.K. and J.-S.C.; formal analysis, M.R.K., J.-H.L., M.-U.K., J.W.K., S.S., E.-J.H. and S.-K.K.; investigation, M.R.K., K.M.I.B., J.W.K., S.-K.K. and J.-S.C.; resources, S.-K.K.; data curation, M.R.K., K.M.I.B., J.-H.L., M.-U.K., J.W.K., K.-Y.K., S.S. and E.-J.H.; writing--original draft preparation, M.R.K., K.M.I.B., S.-K.K. and J.-S.C.; writing--review and editing, K.M.I.B., S.-K.K. and J.-S.C.; visualization, K.M.I.B., J.W.K., K.-Y.K., S.S. and E.-J.H.; supervision, S.-K.K. and J.-S.C.; project administration, K.-Y.K. and S.-K.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, and Forestry (IPET) through the High Value-Added Food Technology Development Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA; 122027-2).  
This study was conducted following the national regulations of the usage and welfare of laboratory animals and was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Daegu Haany University (approval no. DHU2022-120; approved on 20 December 2022).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.