## 4 Conclusions  
In a closely controlled experiment, the underwater application of audible sound to beer fermentations elicited limited changes to the number of yeast cells in suspension, wort gravity, or the composition and abundance of VOCs. These results contrast with those generally reported that typically observe significantly enhanced yeast growth and metabolite production. Therefore, further investigation is required to determine whether the different sound delivery parameters employed in the current study underlie why differences mediated by audible sound were not observed. **Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online, Table S1. Viable yeast numbers in suspension (\(\times 10^{6}\) cells/mL) during fermentation for five treatment conditions; Table S2. Wort gravity (\({}^{\circ}\)P) during fermentation over time for five treatment conditions; Supplementary Data S1. Bespoke MATLAB\({}^{\circledR}\) scripts for sound generation; Audio S1. Sound generated by Bespoke MATLAB\({}^{\circledR}\) scripts (Supplementary Data S1) and saved as WAV file (a. 200-800 Hz; b. 800-2000 Hz); Supplementary Data S2. Bespoke MATLAB\({}^{\circledR}\) scripts for calculating the mean level of sound intensity delivered before commencing fermentation; Figure S1. The mean intensity levels measured for baseline (background noise 94.55 dB @ 1 uPa (a); 124.03 dB @ 20 uPa at 124 Hz (b); 140.01 dB @ 20 uPa at 800-2000 Hz (c). **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.T.E., A.G.J., P.S., P.A., A.H. and A.R.D.G. ; methodology, P.A., A.H., G.T.E., P.S., P.B., A.R.D.G. and A.G.J. ; software, P.A., A.H. and P.S. ; validation, G.T.E., P.S., P.B., A.R.D.G. and A.G.J. ; formal analysis, P.A., G.T.E., P.S. ; investigation, P.A. ; data curation, P.A., G.T.E., P.S., P.B. and A.G.J. ; writing--original draft preparation, P.A. ; writing--review and editing, G.T.E., P.S., P.B., A.H., A.R.D.G. and A.G.J. ; visualization, P.A., A.H., G.T.E., P.S., P.B. and A.G.J. ; supervision, G.T.E., P.S., P.B. and A.G.J. ; project administration, G.T.E. and A.G.J. ; funding acquisition, G.T.E. and A.G.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation, and Employment, grant number UOAX1713. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable. **Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for their technical support. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsor had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. **Sample Availability:** Not applicable. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{A23} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Unknown terpene} & \multirow{2}{*}{21.18} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.51 \(\pm\) 0.16 *  } & \multirow{2}{*}{1.46 \(\pm\) 0.15 *  } & \multirow{2}{*}{1.68 \(\pm\) 0.18 *  } & \multirow{2}{*}{1.74 \(\pm\) 0.21 *  } & \multirow{2}{*}{1.63 \(\pm\) 0.26 *  } & \multirow{2}{*}{0.181} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-7}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{alcohol} & & & & & & & \\ \hline A24 & Ethyl 9-deconate & 21.23 & 1.71 \(\pm\) 0.96 *  & 1.12 \(\pm\) 0.25 *  & 1.41 \(\pm\) 0.85 *  & 1.79 \(\pm\) 1.02 *  & 2.19 \(\pm\) 1.32 *  & 0.565 \\ \hline A25 & Citronellol & 22.76 & 6.21 \(\pm\) 0.56 *  & 5.51 \(\pm\) 0.54 *  & 6.37 \(\pm\) 0.30 *  & 6.21 \(\pm\) 0.82 *  & 6.19 \(\pm\) 1.16 *  & 0.49 \\ \hline A26 & \begin{tabular}{c} 3,5-dimethyl- \\ benzaldehyde \\ \end{tabular}