esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Development Method for an Integrated Piezoelectric Transducer (PZT)-Based SHM  
A significant problem of an integrated PZT-based SHM system is that the different functions need different sampling circuits. Impact monitoring requires several PZT sensors to be sampled simultaneously to locate the place the impact occurs and to evaluate its amplitude. Conversely, the EMI method tends to use one sensor at a time to avoid disturbance from other sensors. This means that the number of PZT sensors should be different for different functions and that there should be different sampling circuits for different usages. Relays serve as channel selectors, but they are bulky and are often used in strong current environments [22]. Note that the multi-channel SHM system works in weak current. Therefore, with the development of microelectronics technology, the MUX has gradually replaced the relay's position in SHM systems [25]. Therefore, a so-called \"scheduling module\" part, which is formed by several MUXs, is utilized to schedule the commands to the PZT sensors and transfer their signals to different preprocessing units according to the needs. This is the core idea of integrating these two functions mentioned in one PCB. Meanwhile, the corresponding software is required for the controlling and data processing.  
Based on this concept, the architecture of the designed SHM system is shown in Figure 1. The system contains three layers: sensor, hardware, and software. Piezoelectric transducers are employed in the sensor layer; the hardware layer includes several parts, such as charge amplifiers,ADC, and an impedance converter; and the software layer, also called an integrated interface, plays an important role in integrating these two functions and making the system energy efficient. For instance, the software will normally run the impact monitoring until the impact occurs, and after the impact, the software stops so that the EMI method can run. This procedure would save a lot of energy because it cuts off the running time of EMI method, which is an active sensing and energy consuming method. All the results will show in the guided user interface (GUI) on a computer.  
The designed system is a multi-channel and multi-function SHM system that can perform impact detection and damage quantification based on the EMI method; these two functions use the same set of PZT sensors. This design not only reduces the number of PZT sensors, but also shrinks the size of the SHM system to make it lightweight and energy efficient, and thus capable of being applied to aerospace structure engineering.
## 4 Discussion
Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) is one of them and it represents a technique that compares the vibration bands of the residual unpolymerized methacrylate C=C stretching mode at 1640 cm\({}^{-1}\) to the aromatic C=C stretching mode at 1610 cm\({}^{-1}\) in order to evaluate the degree of conversion. FTIR spectroscopy is based on the absorption of radiation in the infrared frequency range in accordance with the molecular vibrations of the functional groups contained in the polymer chain [43]. In the present study, FTIR was used to observe the polymerization characteristics of a composite resin when is used in two different ways. In both situations, similar spectra curves can be observed, which indicates a similar mechanism is prevailing, based exclusively upon the relative amounts of resin and filler and is, probably, explained by a restricted mobility of the reactants. The horizontal layering technique, in which each successive layer is in contact with the pulpal wall or the previously placed layer and all axial walls, produces high values of C factor. Thus, this technique shows the highest shrinkage stress during polymerization [29]. When the oblique layering technique is used, successive layers of triangular shape are placed, so the C factor and the distortion of the cavity walls are reduced [44]. Due to the shape of the layers, they cover less of the wall surfaces than in horizontal layering. This leads to less stress at the tooth/restoration interface [32]. This may explain the difference in the degree of dye penetration observed in the two groups. The present study shows that the specimens in the first group perform better than the teeth in the second group. In this study, each composite layer was light-cured exclusively from the occlusal aspect. The light from the light-curing lamp initially acts on the outer layer of the resin. This leads to the traction of the pulpal wall, thus increasing the level of stress in this area [33]. Our results are consistent with the results of previous studies, like [PERSON] et al. [45], [PERSON] et al. [46] and [PERSON] et al. [47], who established the margins along the occlusal cavities can be less exposed to microleakage due to the thickness of the enamel in that region. Polymerization shrinkage does not cause important problems when restorations are located only in enamel, because enamel is a solid substrate for bonding [48]. Bonding to the dentin has more deficiencies due to the tubular structure and intrinsic wetness [49].
## 2 System Architecture and Methods
### Implementation Details
#### 2.3.3 Vision-Based Object Detection Module  
The object detection module, crucial for the system, finds and classifies objects within the robot's QR code-defined workspace (Figure 1). These QR codes serve to avoid false detections outside the designated area. The detector's responsibility is to identify simple geometric shapes, such as cylinders, cubes, and stars, in four distinct colors: yellow, white, blue, and red. These particular shapes and colors are familiar to children within the targeted age group of the study. Additionally, their inclusion intentionally supports educational objectives, including teaching children to categorize objects based on various attributes.  
From a technical perspective, an object detector scans an image to find a list of pre-trained objects. It returns each detected object's label and its bounding box coordinates, defined by four points: (x1, y1) for the upper left and (x2, y2) for the bottom right corners. Two main types of learning-based object detection methods exist: one-stage and two-stage. One-stage methods, including YOLO [8] and SSD [21], tend to be faster but less accurate than two-stage methods such as Cascade R-CNN [22] and Mask R-CNN [23], as mentioned in [24]. In this work, after an empirical evaluation described in Section 3.2, we decided to use YOLOv8N, an advanced version of the popular one-stage method in the YOLO family of models (e.g., [8; 25; 26]). YOLOv8N achieves a good balance between runtime speed and accuracy.  
To ensure the robot can accurately grasp objects detected by this module, the locations of these objects must be expressed in terms of the robot's coordinate system, a process achieved through hand-to-eye calibration [27]. This involves attaching a QR code to the robot's end effector and moving it through known positions within the camera's view to compute a transformation matrix that aligns the camera's coordinate system with the robot's, significantly simplified by the ZED Mini camera's point cloud capability. This matrix converts detected object locations into robot coordinates, facilitating precise positioning of the robot's end effector for object manipulation.
# Towards the Internet of Smart Trains:
## 4 Long Term Evolution (LTE): One Step Ahead of Broadband Communication Systems
### Current Status of Standardization
Nevertheless, while OFDMA is suitable for allocating efficiently a subset of subcarriers per user in the DL, the situation is different in the UL, because user signals must arrive at the Evolved NodeB (eNodeB) synchronously, both in terms of symbol timing and carrier frequency. For a practical deployment, a close-to-perfect carrier synchronization is necessary, which is affordable in a stationary network, but becomes a very difficult task in a network that includes mobile nodes. * Suitability for doubly dispersive channels: the waveforms used in FBMC can be optimized for doubly dispersive channels like the ones present in high-speed train communications, hence allowing for a compromise between time and frequency channel response. However, there are some drawbacks. It must be noticed that channel estimation is more challenging in most FBMC schemes with respect to OFDM. Moreover, whereas OFDM offers full flexibility regarding MIMO structures, FBMC can only be used in certain MIMO schemes. Only schemes such as Filtered MultiTone (FMT) offer the same flexibility as OFDM, but FMT suffers from the same bandwidth loss as OFDM. Alternatives to FBMC such as Generalized FDM (GFDM) and Filtered OFDM (fOFDM) are also being considered as candidates for 5G systems. For inter-car communications, IEEE 802.11p is planned to be deployed in smart cars in the near future. Therefore, IEEE 802.11p can be an option for inter-train communications if high data rates are not required. Other solutions based on UWB technology or mmWave solutions in the range of 60 GHz carrier frequencies are expected. Furthermore, spectrum allocation is always a challenge. Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands at 2.4 and 5 GHz are always available but they imply potential problems, in terms of security. Additionally, there is some discussion on the possibility of using the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) band at 5.9 GHz for urban rail systems [58]. Facing the problem from the business perspective, partnerships with mobile operators to deploy mobile networks and also to provide some non-safety services to operators and stakeholders is possible but implies some regulatory challenges that should be addressed.
# _Applied sciences_
## 4 Experimental Evaluation
### Intuitive Evaluation  
To evaluate the generalizability of the results, this paper uses UR-Net model to train the test samples again for the semantic segmentation of earth red and ultramarine blue pixels in painted images, as shown in Figure 18. The segmentation results show that the semantic segmentation model trained by UR-Net can achieve high-precision color segmentation and color consistency for both earth red and ultramarine blue pixels and for both faded color paintings and copied drawings.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Dataset** & **PA** & **Recall** & **Precision** & **F1-Score** & **IoU** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{K-means} & Earth red & 0.9851 & 0.9052 & 0.9846 & 0.9433 & 0.8926 \\  & Ultramarine blue & 0.9527 & 0.6739 & 0.9926 & 0.8028 & 0.6705 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ResNet} & Earth red & 0.9215 & 0.9694 & 0.6416 & 0.7722 & 0.6289 \\  & Ultramarine blue & 0.9582 & 0.8656 & 0.8453 & 0.8553 & 0.7472 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{U-Net} & Earth red & 0.9868 & 0.9707 & 0.9358 & 0.9529 & 0.9101 \\  & Ultramarine blue & 0.9865 & 0.9803 & 0.9358 & 0.9538 & 0.9118 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{UR-Net} & Earth red & 0.9906 & 0.9819 & 0.9510 & 0.9662 & 0.9346 \\  & Ultramarine blue & 0.9890 & 0.9670 & 0.9561 & 0.9615 & 0.9259 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Results of the accuracy evaluation.
## 4 Simulation Results and Security Evaluation  
### Experimental Setup  
The reliability and validation of this proposed scheme was conducted on MATLAB R2016a with Processor Intel(R) Pentium(R) and with CPU N4200 @1.10 GHz of system type 64-bit OS, \(\times\)64 based processor, 4.0 GB Random Access Memory, and 300 hard disks with the Windows 10 professional operating system. The standard gray-level images with sizes of \(256\times 256\) were used in this study, as shown in Figure 6.  
The encryption and decryption process shown in Figure 7 managed to achieve the objectives of the study by developing the cryptography mechanism to protect the images.
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations of the Study  
Despite its strengths, our study has several limitations. In addition to the small sample size, our sample was heavily biased by female participants. The use of a passive control group could also be considered a limitation, but due to the limited training staff, adding an active control group was not feasible. The testing of CCT efficiency for the older workforce was also limited because we focused exclusively on case managers, without including other job roles at ZPIZ in terms of complexity and educational level. It should be noted that ZPIZ indicated that the case manager was the most frequent job requiring a master's degree level for education. Furthermore, our study lacks additional long-term post-CCT evaluations of cognitive and emotional outcome measures. For instance, [PERSON] et al. (2017) reported improved quality of life, psychological well-being, and decreased stress levels six months after the CCT, albeit in the active control group. Additionally, in our study, we evaluated cognitive functioning based on group testing, which not only limited the selection of neuropsychological tests for cognitive evaluation but also posed challenges for the standardized administration and supervision of cognitive testing. The administration of online cognitive tests would have been a better approach, but at the time of the CCT, we did not have such tests available (e.g., the Slovenian version of computerized batteries like NIH Toolbox or CogState). Future research may explore how these listed shortcomings might affect specific cognitive domains and vice versa. The lack of findings in other areas was unexpected and may warrant expanding our training battery in the future. Future studies could consider a multimodal approach that incorporates other important cognitive dimensions as well as aspects of mobility and emotional well-being.
# Study on the Influence of Collision Scene on the Energy Dissipation Process for Train Collision
## 4 Analysis of Train Collision Response
### Acceleration  
The train's maximum average acceleration under different collision scenarios is performed in Figure 11. The maximum average acceleration difference is indicated in Table 7, which is calculated by Scenarios 2, 3, and 4 and relative to Scenario 1. It can be demonstrated that the maximum average acceleration of each scenario possesses a little difference between 120 ms and 30 ms. The maximum average acceleration of scenario 1 is slightly larger than that of scenario 2, but the difference is less than 1%, which can be considered as no significant difference. When using the train longitudinal collision dynamics model to design parameters of the train multi-level energy absorption system, the collision scenario has less influence from the perspective of acceleration.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Marshaling**} & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Collision** \\ **Scenario** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Initial Kinetic Energy/kJ**} & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Dissipated** \\ **Kinetic** **Kinetic** **Kinetic** **Kinetic** **Energy/kJ** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Residual** \\ **Kinetic** **Kinetic** **Energy/kJ** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Absorption** \\ **Rate/\%** \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & & & & **Energy** & **Energy** & **Energy** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{8} & 1 & 20,560.00 & 0 & 20,560.00 & 10,285.90 & 10,274.10 & 50.03 \\  & 2 & 27,984.44 & 571.11 & 28,555.55 & 10,228.18 & 18,327.37 & 35.82 \\  & 3 & 9915.12 & 1919.57 & 11,834.69 & 10,271.26 & 1558.91 & 86.79 \\  & 4 & 5140.00 & 5140.00 & 10,280.00 & 10,269.95 & 3.11 & 99.90 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{16} & 1 & 46,190.35 & 0 & 46,190.35 & 22,958.80 & 23,231.55 & 49.70 \\  & 2 & 62,870.20 & 1283.07 & 64,153.27 & 22,965.12 & 41,188.15 & 35.80 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 3 & 22,275.44 & 4312.52 & 26,587.96 & 22,961.18 & 3626.78 & 86.36 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 4 & 11,547.59 & 11,547.59 & 23,095.18 & 22,969.09 & 126.09 & 99.45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Train collision energy for different scenarios.  
Figure 10: Energy absorption at interfaces 1–15 for the train (16 units) in different collision scenarios.
## 2 Status and Literature Review
### Necessity for Automatic Generation of 2D Drawings  
Contrary to the prediction that 2D drawings would disappear with the introduction of BIM, the demand for 2D drawings by construction actors continues. [PERSON] and coworkers surveyed 242 architects working in small- and medium-sized architect offices. They observed that 17 (7%) of all respondents used BIM. Furthermore, according to the respondents, the problems faced with the use of BIM technology were difficulty in applying it (absence of orders for BIM) (32.6%), lack of manpower (26%), reduced work efficiency (21%), and increased office operating costs (9.4%) [6]. According to a domestic BIM introduction status survey conducted in 2018 in which BIM users and nonusers at Yonsei University's Construction IT Laboratory were surveyed, 86% of the respondents answered \"double work occurs\" and 72% stated \"work increase because of insufficient understanding of BIM by licensed personnel.\" Among nonusers, 84% of the respondents found it easy to generate various design drawings; in other words, the option \"ease of generation of various drawings\" had the highest impact [7]. Thus, in the early stages of BIM introduction, despite the BIM software facilitating 3D visualization and 2D drawings, duplication of work resulting from the simultaneous production of additional 2D drawings for licensing or separate design work continues to hinder the widespread use of BIM. A representative reason for the duplication of work is the difference in technology skill levels between the numerous construction actors. In other words, although many actors participate in the design-permit-construction-maintenance stage, design actors in different fields have no choice but to use existing methods, owing to the shortcomings of BIM technologies. For this reason, despite BIM orders increasing and the BIM model design being underway, 2D drawings are required for projects and the duplication of work for practitioners continues. To overcome this problem, 2D drawings should be automatically generated based on BIM data for each design subject. This can prevent the duplication of work in the construction of the BIM model and generation of drawings, which are
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods  
As stated above, this paper investigated the performance of an ANN in burned area size prediction to assess future evolution of fires under climate change conditions. Figure 3 summarizes the proposed methodology. The first step was to establish a fire size threshold to assess the broken up burned surfaces and classify them according their burned area. Daily rainfall (P), average temperature (T), relative humidity (H), and wind speed (V) were evaluated daily for all the wildfires during the 2000-2014 period using the Kriging method. Likewise, FWI and AI were assessed for all the fire record datasets. The fire size threshold to differentiate homogeneous classes was established as 30,000 m\({}^{2}\) using a cluster analysis with the previous variables and the coordinates of the wildfire (X, Y Z), the month of the year (M), and the type of vegetation. The goals of the second step were, for the two RCPs in the 2071-2100 period: (1) to determine the day and location of a wildfire in the future depending on the FWI and AI indices obtained, (2) to classify the detected wildfires according to the threshold of 30,000 m\({}^{2}\) and (3) to predict the size or burned surface for wildfires larger than 30,000 m\({}^{2}\). The latter two stages were performed with ANN.  
Figure 2: Evolution of burned area in ha (bar chart) and Forest Weather Index (FWI) and Angström Index (AI) average on fire days (line chart) in the 2000–2014 period (left and right, respectively).
# Distributed Visual Crowdsensing Framework for Area Coverage in Resource Constrained Environments
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Results
#### 4.2.1 Utility of the Photos  
In the centralized system, which is considered as the ideal case, the photos are all transferred to a single point for processing, namely the server. This allows the selection of photos with the highest utility value. The presumption, in this case, is that all nodes are capable of contacting the server, and ideally, the nodes are in contact with the server regularly. In addition, the nodes are all assumed to have the ability to deliver the metadata of the photos to the server. Then, the metadata is processed by the server, requesting only the valuable photos. This ideal situation was used as a reference for best-case analysis when comparing the utility area of the two distributed systems (i.e., the proposed scheme and Pols scheme) with the centralized system, which has the maximum total utility.  
The utility of the final selected photos of the proposed scheme and the Pols scheme can be viewed in Figure 7. As can be observed, a longer time duration increases the number of new images generated by nodes. As there is an increasing number of sharing photos between nodes with a longer time duration, it is possible to discover photos that cover more points within the target area. The increase in time duration has thus improved the utility of the photos in both systems. As opposed to the Pols scheme, the proposed scheme demonstrates superior performance with the total utility of higher value in both cases. For example, after 20 h in case 1, the total utility of the photos is \(1.1\times 10^{6}\) using the Pols scheme, while in case 2, the total utility of the photos is \(1.27\times 10^{6}\). For both case 1 and case 2 in the proposed scheme, the utility of the photos value is approximately \(1.6\times 10^{6}\).  
The proposed scheme and Pols scheme were compared, in terms of efficiency, to the centralized system. As can be viewed in Figure 8, the proposed scheme attained 81% of the centralized case after 25 h, while the Pols scheme attained 60% in case 2 and 52.5% in case 1 after 25 h.  
Figure 9 presents the improvement percentage in the photos utility of the proposed scheme compared to the Pols scheme for case 1 and case 2. The results demonstrate that the use of the proposed scheme for case 1 led to 55% improvement after 25 h as opposed to the use of the Pols scheme. For case 2, 37% improvement was achieved with the use of our proposed scheme as opposed to the Pols scheme after 25 h.  
Figure 7: Utility of the photos.