## 5 Discussion  
Numerous studies [35; 36; 37] have indicated that the occurrence of rock engineering disasters (such as spalling, falling roofs, collapses, large deformations of surrounding rock, rockburst, and water inrush) is mostly due to insufficient attention given to the influence of structural planes in the rock mass. In practice, generally, rock engineering is not suitable for being built in rock masses with completely continuous structural planes but is usually built in rock masses with discontinuous structural planes. Discontinuous structural planes usually crisscross in rock masses, forming non-continuous bodies with complex structural characteristics. The influence of the structural plane on the mechanical response behavior of engineering rock masses is multifaceted. The morphology, size, spatial distribution, and combination characteristics of structural planes are key factors determining the mechanical and engineering properties of rock masses and also controlling the stability and failure mode of engineering rock masses. Specifically, structural planes can cause additional deformations of the surrounding rock, such as the closure and sliding of the structural planes. The existence of structural planes can seriously deteriorate the integrity and bearing capacity of the rock mass, and the existing structural planes are the source of new cracks, making the surrounding rock more prone to deformation and damage in engineering. Furthermore, structural planes can also alter the stress distribution pattern in engineering rock masses (such as changes in the magnitude and direction of the circumferential stress) [3; 38; 39], resulting in an abnormal stress distribution in local areas and thus causing different failure modes of the surrounding rock. In particular, the failure mode is directly related to the occurrence of structural planes. In addition, the mechanical properties of rock masses exhibit remarkable anisotropic characteristics, and the interaction between structural planes and between structural planes and engineering structures (such as tunnels) increases the complexity and unpredictability of the mechanical response and disaster behavior of engineering rock masses. The stability analysis of rock masses often relies on a thorough understanding of the characteristics of structural planes. In practical engineering, the structural planes of rock masses may have complex geometric features (such as different shapes, orientations, dip angles, and distribution densities), which have a decisive impact on the strength, deformation, and failure modes of the rock mass. By using automated methods to identify and analyze these structural planes, the spatial distribution information of the planescan be accurately obtained, providing reliable data for rock mass stability assessment. Moreover, the characteristics of rock mass structural planes directly influence the design and construction of rock engineering projects (such as underground tunnels, mining, and underground storage facilities). Engineering design needs to comprehensively consider the geometric characteristics, mechanical properties, and distribution of structural planes within the rock mass. Thus, accurately mastering this information is crucial for optimizing design and improving construction safety. Additionally, during underground engineering and mining operations, the structural planes of rock masses are often the source of disasters such as rock bursts, spalling, and collapses. Changes in the distribution and characteristics of structural planes directly affect the failure behavior of the rock mass under external loading. Therefore, the automatic recognition technology of structural planes provides new ideas and methods for disaster warning and risk management in rock engineering. More accurate data on structural planes could enhance the scientific and effective prevention of disasters, ensuring the safety of the project.