## 4 Conclusions  
This study demonstrates that in vitro roasted taheebo samples from _Handraanthus impetiginos species_ showed more antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lung cancer activity than only the extract of taheebo in RAW 264.7, Hacet, and A549 cell lines through the NF-kB and p53 signaling pathways. The genus _Handraanthus impetiginos_ (Bigoniaceae) is widely used for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and anti-oxidants in traditional medicine in Brazil and other South American countries. In the present study, roasted taheebo exhibited more phenolic and flavonoid content and stronger antioxidant activity than unroasted taheebo. Moreover, roasted taheebo extract significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes in H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)-induced HaCaT cells. We also found that roasted taheebo is not toxic to RAW 246.7 cells, in which it inhibited pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, TNF-\(\alpha\), iNOS, IL-6, IL-8, and NF-kB and inhibited NO synthesis and intercellular ROS production. Intriguingly, our anticancer studies show that roasted taheebo has considerable toxicity to A549 lung cancer cells, in which its upregulation of ROS levels impedes cell migration and induces apoptosis. The expression of the p53, Bax, cyto-c, caspase 3, and caspase 9 genes was upregulated by roasted taheebo extracts, and Bcl-2 gene expression was downregulated via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Our findings encourage future research to identify potential therapeutic medicinal compounds from the Bignoniaceae family for the development of herb-based anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer medicines. Conceptualization, D.C.Y., K.J.H., L.J.S., E.J.R. and S.-K.J. ; methodology, J.N., E.J.R., M.N.M., J.H.L., A.K.V. and M.A., software, J.N., E.J.R., A.K.V. and M.A., validation, E.J.R., D.C.Y. and S.-K.J., formal analysis, J.N., E.J.R., M.A.-A. and J.C.A. ; resources, D.C.Y., K.J.H., L.J.S. and S.-K.J. ; data curation, E.J.R., J.N.M., A.K.V. and M.A. ; investigation, D.C.Y., J.C.A., E.J.R. and S.-K.J. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.N., M.N.M. and E.J.R. ; writing--review and editing, J.N., M.N.M., E.J.R., M.A.-A. and S.-K.J. ; supervision, D.C.Y., E.J.R. and S.-K.J. ; project administration, D.C.Y., K.J.H., L.J.S., E.J.R. and S.-K.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Figure 9: Effects of TA and roasted TA on pro-inflammatory mediators (**A**) COX-2, (**B**) TNF-\(\alpha\), (**C**) iNOS, (**D**) IL-6, (**E**) IL-8, and (**F**) NF-kB in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The mRNA expression was determined by qPCR analysis. Data presented as \(\pm\) SEM, **+-**p \(<\) 0.001 vs. normal. All treatments were performed three times. Funding: The work is supported by the NK TAHEBO company, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Kyung Hee University, South Korea. Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to we didn't do any in vivo or human experiments. **Informed Consent Statement:** Patient consent was waived due to the following reasons: The human lung cancer cell was collected from Korean Cell Line Bank ([[https://cellbank.snu.ac.kr/main/index.html](https://cellbank.snu.ac.kr/main/index.html)]([https://cellbank.snu.ac.kr/main/index.html](https://cellbank.snu.ac.kr/main/index.html)), accessed on 1 October 2023) and was previously used for various research related to lung cancer at Kyung Hee University at Han-bang Bio Lab. **Data Availability Statement:** The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. **Conflicts of Interest:** Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the NK TAHEBO Company. Author [PERSON] was employed by the Hanbangbio Inc.