## 4 Analysis and Results
### Lane Changes in Junction Control  
The overall rate of lane change in signalized roundabouts was observed to be 31%, whereas it was 14% in non-signalized roundabouts. Chi-square test analysis of the data indicated a significant association between the factors of junction control and lane change behavior, as indicated by a \(p\)-value of 0.004 and a chi-square value of 8.287. These results are summarized in Table 2. The significant association between these factors can be attributed to the influence of traffic signals on driver behavior. One contributing factor to the high rate of lane changes observed in signalized roundabouts is the congestion experienced within these intersections. The heavy traffic flow and long waiting times at signalized roundabouts often make it challenging for drivers to change lanes before entering the roundabout. This congestion reduces the available space and time for drivers to safely change lanes before entering the roundabout. As a result, drivers may find themselves in lanes that do not align with their intended exit, forcing them to make abrupt or unsafe lane changes within the roundabout itself. This behavior not only disrupts the flow of traffic but also increases the risk of collisions, particularly in multi-lane roundabouts, where lane discipline is critical for safe navigation. The presence of traffic signals, while intended to improve safety and order, can inadvertently create challenges for drivers attempting to position themselves correctly before entering the roundabout. As a result, some drivers resort to changing lanes within the roundabout itself, contributing to the observed lane change behavior. In contrast, non-signalized roundabouts exhibit a smoother flow of traffic due to the absence of control measures and minimal waiting times. In contrast, non-signalized roundabouts tend to have a smoother flow of traffic because there are no traffic signals controlling the movement of vehicles. Without the need to stop or wait for a light to change, drivers experience shorter delays, which helps reduce congestion and keep traffic moving more efficiently. This lack of control measures also provides drivers with greater flexibility, as they have more chances to adjust their position or make lane changes before entering the roundabout. This makes it easier for drivers to merge into the flow of traffic, leading to a more seamless experience when navigating through the roundabout. The relatively smooth flow in non-signalized roundabouts allows drivers to make lane changes prior to entry, which typically reduces the need for abrupt or unsafe maneuvers within the roundabout. This assessment is based on observed driving behavior and the absence of forced stops or sudden lane shifts, which are more common in signalized roundabouts. The evaluation of maneuver smoothness can be attributed to the observed patterns of vehicle movement and driver adaptability in response to the available gaps in traffic. It is important to note that while the absence of traffic control in non-signalized roundabouts may contribute to smoother lane changes, it is crucial to promote safe and responsible driving practices. Encouraging drivers to adhere to designated lanes and avoid unnecessary lane changes is essential for maintaining the efficiency and safety of roundabout operations, regardless of their signalization status. The Cramer's V value for lane changes is 0.203, indicating a weak to moderate relationship between junction control type and lane change behavior. This suggests that while traffic signals do impact drivers' decisions to change lanes, other factors like traffic volume and road design may also play a role. The moderate effect size reinforces the idea that signalized roundabouts, due to congestion and delays in decision-making, create conditions where lane changes become more frequent.