esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results  
Table 2 presents the results of fine-tuning the pre-trained UNETR and Swin-UNETR on the old and new medical center datasets. We conduct our evaluations using a five-fold cross-validation with a total of 290 experiments. The results of all the folds for all the centers can be found in the Supplementary material. We use Dice score [24] to evaluate the performance of segmentation in our experiments. We can observe that:  
Figure 4: Illustrations of the different fine-tuning methods, including partial and full fine-tuning (conventional) as well as shallow and deep prompt-based (proposed).  
All the different fine-tuning techniques yield better performance for the new centers than direct inference on the pre-trained models.
2. Shallow prompt-based fine-tuning achieves a higher or comparable Dice score on the new-center data, with nearly the same number of learnable parameters as partial fine-tuning (see Table 3). However, shallow prompts outperform partial and full fine-tuning techniques on the old-center data for all seven centers.
3. Deep prompt-based fine-tuning achieves the same Dice score as full fine-tuning on the new-center data but with significantly fewer learnable parameters. In addition, deep prompt-based fine-tuning outperforms the full fine-tuning on old-center data for all seven centers. Thus, even if the storage of model weights is not a concern, prompt-based fine-tuning is still a promising approach for fine-tuning models as it retains more knowledge related to old centers.
4. The prompt-based fine-tuning of Swin-UNETR exhibits a similar pattern to that of UNETR. However, the loss in performance on old-center data for the conventional fine-tuning methods is less prominent for some centers compared to that of UNETR. This can be explained by the inductive biases in Swin-UNETR, which employs MSA within local shifted windows and merges patch embeddings at deeper layers. Swin-UNETR requires further optimization with regard to prompt position to further improve its performance.
# A Novel UWB Pulse Expander Using an Integrated Microstrip Splitter, Delay Lines, and a Combiner
## 3 Experimental Validation
### Splitter with Added Microstrip Delay Lines  
The next step was to experimentally test the fabricated pulse splitter with added microstrip delay lines without a combiner, as shown in Figure 20. This experiment aimed to validate pulse delays and ensure matching between the delay lines and the pulse splitter.  
Figure 19: Measured (**a**) waveform and (**b**) spectral density of the output pulse (duration 240 ps) of the pulse splitter and combiners.  
Figure 20: Fabricated pulse splitter with added microstrip delay lines.  
The input pulse was generated by the AWG, which was connected through a 20 dB attenuator, as mentioned before, to port 1 of the device, as shown in Figure 20. Outputs of each delay line were connected to the corresponding inputs of the DSO as follows--shortest (bottom) delay line to Channel 1, middle delay line to Channel 2, and longest (top) delay line to Channel 3. Output waveforms captured on the DSO can be seen in Figure 21.
# Comparing the Measured and Thermodynamically Predicted AFm Phases in a Hydrating Cement
## 5 Analysis Output
### Phase Assemblages
While it is not explicitly stated what defines 'excess calcite', modern commercial CEM I cement can contain up to 5% calcite, in accordance with BS EN 197 [16]. [PERSON] et al. [21] demonstrated the difference in solid phase assemblage in thermodynamic models using the cemdata07 [24] and cemdata18 database. Using the cemdata07 database, their work predicted approximately 25% of the overall volume of hydrated paste was taken up by monosulfate and hemicarbonate. As calcite proportions in the cement increased to 4%, monosulfate and hemicarbonate were converted to monocarbonate. Using cemdata18, however, very minor (<5%) proportions of monosulfate and hemicarbonate were predicted for similar calcite levels. Additionally, the volume of monocarbonate was less, as it replaced the other AFm phases. To provide some predictions of monosulfate, monocarbonate and hemicarbonate formation from the thermodynamic point of view, Figures 13-15 presents the carbonate and sulfate ratios for (a) 0 wt.%, (b) 2 wt.% and (c) 5 wt.% calcite contents for the CEM I cement described in Table 1 with w/c ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. Figure 9: Calculated saturation indices for hemicarbonate and monocarbonate for the three w/c ratios. Figure 11: _Cont_. Figure 10: Calculated phase assemblages of a hydrated mixture for varying carbonate (CO\({}_{2}\)/Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)) and sulfate (SO\({}_{3}\)/Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)) ratios after [PERSON] et al. [8], showing the cement under analysis here (in red). Figure 11: Change in sulfate and carbonate ratios during 1250 days of hydration. Figure 12: Dissolution of gypsum over time showing some precipitation from Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), K\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) and SO\({}_{3}\). Figure 14: _Cont._  
Figure 7:0 Thermodynamic predictions of carbonate and sulfate ratios for (**a**) 0%, (**b**) 2% and (**c**) 5% calcite for the w/c = 0.4 cement. The results show that three distinct zones are created where only AFt (ettringite), gypsum and calcite (zone I), AFt, monocarbonate (Mc) and calcite (zone II) and AFt, monosulfate, hemicarbonate (Hc) and calcite (zone III) are present. As may be seen, hemicarbonate and monosulfate are thermodynamically predicted to form at c.2 days only in zone III for the 0 wt.% calcite in all cases, where beyond this, only monocarbonate is in equilibrium. There is little difference between the ratios for the 2 wt.% and 5 wt.% calcite  
Figure 7:1 Thermodynamic predictions of carbonate and sulfate ratios for (**a**) 0%, (**b**) 2% and (**c**) 5% calcite for the w/c = 0.5 cement. Figure 7:2 Thermodynamic predictions of carbonate and sulfate ratios for (**a**) 0%, (**b**) 2% and (**c**) 5% calcite for the w/c = 0.6 cement. contents. Typical corresponding phase assemblages for each calcite content is shown in Figure 7:3
# Ion Exchange MIEX(r) GOLD Resin as a Promising Sorbent for the Removal of PFAS Compounds
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Interference of Tannic Acid, Humic Acid, Sulfates, and Nitrates in PFAS Removal  
Tannic acid (TA) and humic acid (HA) were selected to check the interference of natural organic matter (NOM) in the removal of six PFAS compounds (PFBA, PFBS, PFHxA, PFhXS, PFOA, and PFOS) by the MIEX(r) GOLD resin. In this regard, all experimental conditions were kept consistent as the PFAS removal (see Section 2.3) except for the presence of 1 ppm (0.5 ppm TA + 0.5 ppm HA) or 10 ppm (5 ppm HA + 5 ppm TA) NOM.  
Interference of inorganic matter was checked following the same protocol where each PFAS concentration (PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS) was kept at 1 ppm and the total concentration of inorganic matter was 25 ppm (5 ppm nitrate + 20 ppm sulfate).  
Interference evaluation was also conducted with combined organic and inorganic matter at extremely high concentrations (50 ppm HA + 50 ppm TA + 250 ppm sulfate + 250 ppm nitrate). Each interference test was performed for each PFAS compound separately. All experiments were performed in duplicate and a collected sample aliquot was analyzed by using MS.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the sublingual films were manufactured, containing GFD, using CMC as a film forming agent and glycerol as a plasticizer. The prepared films were transparent and easily removable from the Petri dishes. In terms of the physicochemical properties (the elongation at break, tensile strength, disintegration time) the FRG--15 sample (the film formulation containing 0.4 g of GFD, 0.3 g of glycerol and 2 g of 2% CMC) was chosen as an optimal formulation. According to FTIR data, no interaction was observed between CMC and GFD. Moreover, the in vitro release profile, FRG incorporation into CMC sublingual film dramatically improved dispersion/dissolution traits of flavonoid glycosides compared to the freeze-dried control extract GFD. Furthermore, FRG--15 was remarkably stable over the 6-month storage period even under conditions of substantial humidity. These findings indicate that a CMC film containing the freeze-dried _G. biloba_ extract can improve the dispersibility and dissolution rate of flavonoid glycosides, thus implying a potentially promising alternative technology for the mucosal application of such therapeutics.  
Conceptualization, L.I. and J.B.; methodology, L.R.; software, L.R., J.B.; validation, L.J., M.M., L.I.; formal analysis, L.I.; investigation L.R. and J.B.; resources, J.B.; data curation, L.R.; writing--original draft preparation, L.R., J.B.; writing--review and editing, J.B., L.I.; visualization, M.M.; supervision, L.I.; project administration. L.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The financial support is provided by Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences.  
Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Results**} \\ \hline
**Samples** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**The Percentage Content of Flavonoid Glycos, (\%)**} \\ \hline  & **Initial** & **3 Months** & **6 Months** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Accelerated Conditions**\({}^{1}\)} \\ FRG—15 & 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Long-Term Conditions**\({}^{2}\)} \\ FRG—15 & 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) temperature: 40 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and relative humidity: 75 \(\pm\) 5%; \({}^{2}\) temperature: 25 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and relative humidity: 60 \(\pm\) 5%.  
\end{table}
Table 4: The FRG—15 formulation’s (the film formulation contained 0.4 g of GFD, 0.3 g of glycerol and 2 g of 2% CMC) active compound stability studies were performed during 6 months storage under accelerated and long-term conditions, (\(n\) = 3).
# Multi-Source Image Fusion Based on BEMD and Region Sharpness Guidance Region Overlapping Algorithm
## 2 The Related Work
Although many methods can fuse the image features information from two source images into one fused image, the quality of the final fusion image fluctuates greatly due to the change of imaging focus, illumination, and inappropriate fusion strategy; considering this, an improved image fusion scheme is proposed to make up for the technical defects of the recent research and overcome the above shortcomings. The experimental results indicate that this method is superior to the traditional fusion method in both qualitative evaluation and quantitative evaluation. The contributions of the article can be summarized as follows:  
* A region overlapping multi-source image fusion method based on BEMD block sharpness guidance is proposed for image fusion. First, the input image pairs are decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (BIMFs) and residuals, i.e., multiple two-dimensional image layers, respectively, using BEMD. Gaussian filtering is applied to the obtained image layer, the filtered image features are more obvious, and the noise caused in the interpolation process is also smoothed. * A new fusion method is designed to improve the quality of the final fusion image, the filtered image is divided into different regions, and the improved Sobel weighted operator is used to calculate the image sharpness value of each region, which is an important reference for region selection. * For the final region selection, we adopt the method of region stitching and region overlapping, which can reduce the influence of artifacts on the final fusion image. First, the area with a higher sharpness value is selected. Based on the articulation comparison strategy, gbimf and residual are fused by subregion splicing and region overlapping. The overlay layer is weighted to build the final fusion image. The remainder of this article is scheduled as follows. In Section 3, the basic knowledge about BEMD is given. Section 4 discusses the proposed method in detail. Section 5 conducts qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the proposed method and other state-of-the-art methods. Concluding remarks are given in Section 6.
# Experimental Study on the Current Pretreatment-Assisted Free Bulging of 304 Stainless Steel Sheets
## 4 Conclusions  
The current study shows that the combination of pulsed current and the micro-bulging process can better enhance the forming ability of stainless steel sheets. According to the experimental results, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
1. After the initial stainless steel sheet is rolled, the grains in the thickness direction are destroyed and present a fibrous distribution, resulting in severe work hardening. After being treated with pulse currents of different intensities, the fibrous distribution in the thickness direction of the sheet is alleviated, and its microstructure is more uniform, which is more conducive to the plastic deformation of the sheet and improves the forming performance.
2. As the current intensity increases, the bulging depth of the 304 stainless steel sheet shows a gradually increasing trend, and the thinning rate and wall thickness uniformity are also improved. Compared with the rolled sheet, the bulging depth increases from the original 464 \(\upmu\)m to 503 \(\upmu\)m when the current is 25 A, and the thinning rate dropped from the most serious 48.52% to 19.4%.
3. As the size of the mold increases, the aspect ratio (W/H) of the single-channel bulging part also increases. When the mold micro-groove width W is 2 mm, this ratio reaches 0.4. At this time, the plate deformation is obvious, and the filling effect is good. The larger the rounded corners of the convex and concave molds, the smaller the flow stress at the rounded corners during the forming process, and the more uniform the wall thickness distribution of the bulging parts.
4. Compared with TC4 titanium alloy, the 304 stainless steel sheet has higher resistivity under the same experimental conditions, and its electroplastic effect is significant when the current is 25 A. Moreover, it has a high bulging depth and low yield strength, and springback and deformation cannot easily occur, which is more conducive to plastic deformation.
# EEG Channel Selection for Stroke Patient Rehabilitation Using BAT Optimizer
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Results Discussion
Hence, they demonstrate a significant improvement in the average accuracy relative to the classification result on the basis of the individual feature domains, as can seen in Figure 5, which explains the comparison between the convergence rate and channel distribution for the BAT and PSO algorithms. Second, we examined the influence of classification accuracy on the motor/imaging EEG dataset using the adopted sum of ranks of metaheuristic algorithms. Thus, the feature that improved the rank accuracy of the selected channels can be identified. The BAT algorithm significantly improved the accuracy rank, especially in the HFD and Hjac features, with an accuracy rank of 99 and 97.7, respectively, compared with the PSO, GWO, FFA, and CS algorithms according to the sum-of-ranks results with respect to the time domain. Furthermore, features such as HjComp, HjMo, Kurt, and Skw showed an influential impact on the classification accuracy results relative to the sum of the rank of the BAT algorithm except for the Hur feature, which had a high effect on the PSO algorithm. However, in the statistical test phase, the BAT algorithm had low summation-of-rank results among the other metaheuristic algorithms. Further, the BAT algorithm showed a meaningful impact on the classification accuracy results for the sum of ranks relative to the seven features of the entropy domain except for the ConvFuzEn feature, which had a remarkable effect on the PSO algorithm with a difference of 0.1 compared with BAT concerning the sum-of-rank results in the statistical analysis. However, in the statistical test phase, the BAT algorithm had a low summation-of-rank results among the other metaheuristic algorithms. Moreover, the BAT and PSO algorithms had low summation-of-rank results among the other metaheuristic algorithms in the frequency domain features. The meanF feature showed a salient ameliorating effect on the accuracy with the PSO algorithm relative to the accuracy rank of 96.7 compared with the medF feature, which had an 83.4 accuracy rank with the BAT algorithm.
## 3 Results
### ROC, Specificity, and Sensitivity of the In-House Double Recognition iELISA Based on HEV/RBD and N  
Double Recognition iELISA used HEV/RBD and N protein as coating antigens for double recognition of anti-RBD Ab and anti-N Ab in human serum. All human serums (\(n=84\)) were tested by double recognition iELISA, which was characterized by a sensitivity of 85.42% (95% CI: 72.24-93.93) and specificity of 94.44% (95% CI: 81.34-99.32) at cut-off = 0.154 (Figure 9).
# Condition-Based Monitoring and Maintenance: State of the Art Review
## 2 Literature Review
### Early Warning  
Early warning system is used to send warnings for the problem at the beginning or at more serious stages. Such a system can have an enormous impact where higher safety is involved, e.g., nuclear power plants. Some examples include: (i) Zhang et al. [116], who developed an early warning system using \"asymptotical local\" approach and applied it to a CBM system. It was based on characterizing a system through an identified model and then monitoring its changes. This approach demonstrated its effectiveness for detecting small changes, and also its robustness with respect to the bias of nominal model identification. However, sometimes it would not be possible to have knowledge about the system parameter to detecting changes; thus, a nominal model could be employed instead. (ii) A robust condition monitoring for early detection was developed of broken rotor bars in induction motors [117]. (iii) A statistical approach was used in process control as part of early defect identification [118,119]. (iv) Early warning systems using failure modes analysis was used for dam safety monitoring [120, 121, 122], etc.
# An Algorithm for Rescheduling of Trains under Planned Track Closures
## 1 Introduction and Contributions  
### Introduction  
Scheduling of trains resulting in customer-friendly timetables is a crucial management task in railway transportation. The determination of a schedule of trains is a complex and a challenging thing in itself, even if solved in the presence of full, crisp, and stable information, e.g., References [1, 2, 3, 4]. Unfortunately, such information is unavailable in real-world conditions when different disruptions can occur. Despite a variety of reasons for the disruptions, all of them result in derogation from timetables and delayed arrivals at destinations for railway customers. The outages can be unplanned, e.g., due to infrastructure and facility breakdowns, the acts of [PERSON] or planned, e.g., connected with the preventive maintenance of infrastructure. Considerations in the paper are focused on the latter case when planned closures of tracks (also named possessions) are taken into account. From now on, a closure is understood as a period when a part of a rail network, i.e., a defined collection of rail tracks, is not available for trains. A case with a given set of closures is only investigated in the paper. Each closure affects an ongoing timetable. A collection of closures can bring about the modification of trains' arrival and departure times at stations (and other points on of the railway network--further called stations--where merging/division of tracks can take place or where trains can overtake one another or stop) or even the cancellation of some trains. The change of an ongoing timetable for trains is called the train rescheduling, which is obligatory due to the necessity to manage a given set of closures. Depending on a size of the set of closures, as well as durations of closures and their time and place relationships, the acceptance of all closures may not be possible. So, the proper closure planning is necessary as it allows for a trade-off between the possibly highest number of accepted closures and the as small as possible deterioration of the original timetable fortrains. Such planning and the rescheduling of trains are two important tasks faced by railway transportation operators.
## 4 The Influence of Error Sources on the Surface Shape Measurement Accuracy
### The Influence of the Feed Offset on the Surface Shape Measurement Error
Excessive feed offset error leads to an increase in measurement error RMS and a decrease in measurement accuracy, which will seriously interfere with the deformation distribution of the reconstructed antenna surface structure.
# An Energy-Efficient Evolutionary Clustering Technique for Disaster Management in IoT Networks
## 3 Proposed Method
### Routing Phase  
In the routing phase, when the clustering phase is done optimally and a total number of k CHs are determined, the algorithm enters the routing phase to transmit the collected data. The routing phase in the proposed method is multi-hop routing, so it is necessary to specify the RNs in the sink path. The CMs send the information to their CH based on the Time Division Medium Access (TDMA) schedule, and the CHs pass the route to the sink based on the RNs [27]. To achieve this, only PSO is implemented, and the fitness function starts to construct the routing tree [39]. The transfer route leads to the formation of a routing tree [27; 39]. If the tree is optimized more, this will have an important effect on the proper and quick transfer of the information.
## Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
The northernmost area of the Indian subcontinent, comprising Jammu, Kashmir, and its surrounding regions, is distinguished by its significant geographical and cultural attributes [1]. This region spans from 33\({}^{\circ}\)17\({}^{\prime}\) to 37\({}^{\circ}\)20\({}^{\prime}\) north latitude and 73\({}^{\circ}\)25\({}^{\prime}\) to 80\({}^{\circ}\)30\({}^{\prime}\) east longitude, as illustrated in Figure 2. As a result, the area has a diverse range of  
Figure 1: The figure shows cloud computing for climate modeling on the Google Earth Engine platform.  
landscapes, including the subtropical expanses of Jammu, the temperate climate of the Kashmir Valley, and the harsh, cold desert of Ladakh [17]. This heterogeneity in terrain and the rich cultural fabric of the region makes it a subject of interest for researchers from various disciplines. The region's uniqueness lies in its physical characteristics and the intricate cultural and historical narratives that have formed its identity over the centuries.  
In order to assess the effects of future climate scenarios on food security in this region, a detailed methodology was developed. This framework integrated data from CMIP6 climate models, which provide projections of future climate conditions, and Landsat satellite imagery, which offers high-resolution visualizations of land use patterns and temporal changes. In addition, the land use datasets obtained from the European Space Agency (ESA) provide valuable insights into the interactions between humans and nature that are shaping the landscape of the region. The integration of these diverse data sources, as shown in Figure 3, provided a basis for a holistic investigation into the potential effects of climate variability and land use changes on the agricultural productivity and food security prospects of the region.  
Figure 2: Jammu, Kashmir, and its adjoining regions as visualized using a false-color composite image from the Landsat satellite.