## 5 Performance Evaluation  
The proposed Efficient Monitoring System has been thoroughly evaluated, and its efficiency has been examined using NS-2. The NS-2 is only a discrete event-driven network simulation tool for studying how dynamic communication networks exist. Regarding simulating various protocols via wired and wireless networks, NS-2 offers comprehensive support. With support for various network components, protocols, traffic patterns, and routing types, it offers a highly adaptable framework for wired and wireless simulations. The major goal of this work is to see how effective the suggested monitoring is in detecting selfish nodes inside the network and how it helps the entire network improve in performance. The Incentive and Punishment Scheme (IPS) [26] and Socially Omitting Selfishness (SOS) [28] are used as a benchmark in this work. The performance metrics considered for simulations are package delivery probability, delivery delay, energy consumption, and the number of packet drops. Table 5 shows all the performance parameters used in the simulation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Article \& Authors** & **Contributions** & **Weaknesses** & **Comparison with EMS** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [31]} & Proposed a secure credit-based approach called the earliest path singular rewarding (EPSR) scheme to encourage selfish nodes for cooperation & No incentive differentiation (fixed incentive to all nodes) & Variable incentives (depends on the degree of cooperation) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Credit-based scheme to tackle the problem of selfishness & Strict punishment (Node once punished can not join the network again) & Warm node for showing selfish behavior for the first time \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [35]} & Introduce a Secure Credit-Based Incentive Strategy (SCIS) for single-copy routing in opportunistic networks to deal with the problem of selfishness & Individual selfishness (nodes do not share their resources with all other nodes to whom it has a social relationship ) \\ \cline{1-1}  & proposed a Socially Omitting Selfishness (SOS) scheme to handle the issue of selfishness in smart and connected communities in IoT & No categorization of selfish nodes & Selfish nodes are properly categorized \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [38]} & Proposed a reputation system to deal with the issue of selfishness in VDTNs & Sometimes watchdog nodes can also be selfish & Monitoring nodes are also properly monitored by the other nodes in the network \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [26]} & Proposed an Incentive and Punishment Scheme (IPS) to deal with the problem of selfishness in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) & Whenever the number of selfish nodes increases, its performance degrades & It performs better in the case of increasing selfish nodes in the network \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of the proposed system with other schemes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Simulation Area & \(4000\times 3200\) m\({}^{2}\) \\ Node Communication & IEEE 802.11b \\ Transmission Range & 300 m \\ Number of nodes & 120 \\ Number of Relay Nodes & 05 \\ Number of Terminal Nodes & 10 \\ Comparison & Proposed System compared with IPS and SOS Schemes \\ Simulation Time & 48 h \\ Average Speed & 40 km/h \\ Malicious Activity & 0\% to 80\% \\ Terminal Nodes Buffer Capacity & 120 MB \\ Relay Node Buffer Capacity & 120 MB \\ Variation in Nodes & 20 to 100 \\ Size of Package & [50, 650] KB \\ Package TTL & 320 min \\ Interval for Package Generation & [20, 30] s \\ Traffic Source & CBR \\ Packet Protocol & TCP \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Simulation parameters. The EMS was implemented in similar system parameters as in the Section 3 test case.