esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Multipath Mitigation for BOC Signals Based on Prompt-Assisted-Offset Correlator
## 3 Materials and Methods
### PAOC Technique for Carrier Multipath Mitigation  
In addition to subcarrier multipath errors, the PAOC technique can also be used to mitigate carrier multipath errors. Similar to the subcarrier discrimination, there are two carrier discriminators in the PAOC technique. One carrier discriminator uses the offset correlator and is called the C-OC discriminator. The other carrier discriminator uses the prompt correlator and is called the C-P discriminator.  
The C-OC discriminator is designed as:  
\[\text{Disc}(\Delta\theta_{oc})=\arctan\left(\frac{QR_{oc}^{u}+QR_{oc}^{l}}{IR_{oc }^{u}+IR_{oc}^{l}}\right) \tag{22}\]  
The C-P discriminator is designed as:  
\[\text{Disc}(\Delta\theta_{p})=\arctan\left(\frac{QR_{p}^{u}+QR_{p}^{l}}{IR_{p} ^{u}+IR_{p}^{l}}\right) \tag{23}\]  
The outputs of C-OC and C-P discriminators are combined using the PAOC complementary filter shown in Figure 5 to obtain a high-precision carrier estimate \(\Delta\theta_{PAOC}\) without multipath errors. The PAOC complementary filter for the carrier has the same architecture as that for the subcarrier. In practice, the PAOC complementary filters for the carrier and subcarrier can be configured with different parameters if necessary.
## 2 Research Background and Related Works
### Assessing the Impact of BIM  
Measuring the impact of BIM implementation for a single project is difficult due to the many project performance variables, the unique and complex nature of each construction project, and the inconsistency of BIM use in each project, including the depth of BIM adoption and the maturity of the organizations [20; 32]. Therefore, a number of prior studies have investigated how to evaluate the influence of BIM adoption on construction projects from different perspectives. These perspectives are varied, and they include measuring the impact of BIM at the project level [33], evaluating the progress of BIM maturity and capabilities [20], and assessing the Return on Investment (ROI) of BIM adaptation [34; 35]. Furthermore, many Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been identified to facilitate the assessment of BIM impacts on a project through these lenses, including quality control (rework), on-time completion, cost, safety issues (lost man-hours), dollars/unit performed, and units per man-hour [36; 37; 38]. Many studies have also provided quantitative approaches to assess the impact of BIM, including quantifying the benefits of BIM implementation [34; 38; 39]. In most such studies, surveys have been used to identify and analyze the impact and benefits of BIM from the perception of project stakeholders. In some related qualitative studies, interview analysis and workshops were also employed to understand the detailed perceptions of project participants, and the findings usually supported and verified the results obtained from the surveys [40; 41; 42; 43]. In addition, many researchers employed case studies to assess the impact of BIM by comparing KPIs from BIM-enabled projects and non-BIM projects [34; 42; 43; 44; 45]. According to past studies, the use of BIM has positively impacted project budgets, quality assurance, on-time delivery, and collaboration and communication, as well as design optimization [39].
## 4 Experiments
### Comparison with State-of-the-Art Methods
The first and the last images are LDR input and the corresponding ground truth HDR images. The remaining images are the result images from existing methods, HDRCNN [38], ExpandNet [42], FHDR [41], DeepHDR [39], SingleHDR [36], Input, HDRUNet [23], KUNet [44], CEVR [34] and our RLUNet, respectively. In addition, the red box zooms in on the details of the overexposed region, and the green box zooms in on the details of the underexposed region. In the HDR-Real dataset, the Compression Artifact Adjustment Module (CAAM) within RLUNet effectively suppresses the generation of artifacts in the generation results of overexposed regions, as illustrated by the red box in Figure 8. In contrast, HDRCNN, SingleHDR, HDRUNet, and KUNet methods exhibit noticeable black artifacts on the recovered tree branch information in overexposed regions, and HDRUNet and KUNet also present uncomfortable artifacts on the recovery of the blue sky. Our method significantly outperforms the existing methods in suppressing overexposed region artifacts. Furthermore, in Figure 8, the results generated by the existing method in the brick and blue sky regions are compared with GT, most of them show obvious color differences, while RLUNet effectively maintains the color consistency by reconstructing the linearization mappings. Moreover, RLUNet's detail recovery, particularly in tree branches and sunlight on the map, is significantly better than that of other methods, effectively verifying the effectiveness of the joint TFM block and ROR module in RLUNet for enhancing detail texture recovery on overexposed regions.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Video Analysis  
Naturally, only a signed-in user can utilize all the functionalities. Account security is provided by Firebase, which checks the user's identity through token authentication. The selected video is prepared for analysis; however, before that, the choice of the ROI is a necessary step. This operation is depicted in Figure 8(a). Once done, the analysis is done on the server-side. Communication between the user and the core functionality provides the Django framework. It also communicates with the database to store information. Each video contains a list of analyses. Figure 8(b),c show a sample of a single analysis that consists of a count of vehicles, average confidence score, and list of detected vehicles along with their image, confidence score, and detection time.  
The analysis in the currently implemented solution includes:  
* number of detected vehicles;
* average confidence score;
* list of detected vehicles with their visual representation;
* estimation of the vehicle's direction;
* detection time.
# A Design of a Time Synchronization Protocol Based on Dynamic Route and Forwarding Certification
## 6 Conclusions  
The proposed DRFC-TSP based on dynamic routing and node forwarding certification was designed to reduce accumulation error and the impact of clock frequency skew swinging on the time synchronization precision. Meanwhile, the reference node void coping mechanism can deal with synchronization process interruption to ensure that the synchronization process is reliable. The simulation and field test show that DRFC-TSP had good time synchronization performance. As shown, \(T_{ref}\) and \(R_{cor}\) in DRFC-TSP could be modified according to the requirement of precision and energy status. Moreover, the choice of functions for \(Std\) could affect the performance. How to strike optimal trades among these parameters in different applications, which is a direction for our future research. In addition, only several topologies were tested due to limited embedded Linux platforms. Although the proposed protocol could adapt them, further experiments in the large-scale environment are required in our future work.  
D.Z. Supervision, project administration, resources, writing--review and editing, software, and validation; Y.Y.: Conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, and writing original draft; Y.B.: Validation and software. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research described in this paper was funded by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Project No. ZR2017 PF009).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# On Hybrid Nanogrids Energy Management Systems--An Insight into Embedded Systems
## 6 Conclusions and Perspectives  
In conclusion, hybrid nanogrids offer promising solutions for the efficient and sustainable power supply of embedded systems. By seamlessly combining renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and advanced energy management techniques, these systems enhance energy reliability, reduce dependence on traditional grids, and minimize environmental impact. This review article has provided a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and advances in hybrid nanogrid EMS. It has covered key components, operating principles, optimization strategies, and challenges.  
The objectives of nanogrid EMSs are shaped by various factors, including their mode of operation (centralized or decentralized), economic considerations, and the inherent unpredictability of renewable energy sources. They also take into account environmental concerns associated with conventional energy sources, the health of energy storage systems, system losses, reliability, and customer privacy. While significant progress has been made in addressing some of these objectives, there is an urgent need for further research. In particular, there is a need for robust strategies to address customer privacy issues and to establish secure and reliable communication systems. In addition, a thorough investigation of the reliability of microgrid systems, especially in islanding and remote scenarios, remains an unexplored area.  
The use of hybrid nanogrids in embedded systems brings several benefits, including improved energy efficiency, reduced operating costs, and increased resilience to power outages. By harnessing the potential of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, coupled with energy storage systems, embedded systems can operate autonomously while minimizing carbon emissions. In addition, the incorporation of advanced energy management algorithms facilitates the optimal utilization of available energy resources and efficient load management. Exploring these areas of research is essential to achieving optimal and energy-efficient operation of nanogrids.  
Conceptualization, M.B. ([PERSON]), T.E.T., M.B. ([PERSON]), V.B.D. and M.B. ([PERSON]); methodology, M.B. ([PERSON]), T.E.T., M.B. ([PERSON]), V.B.D. and M.B. ([PERSON]); formal analysis, M.B. ([PERSON]), T.E.T., M.B. ([PERSON]), V.B.D. and M.B. ([PERSON]); investigation, M.B. ([PERSON]); writing--original draft preparation, M.B. ([PERSON]); writing--review and editing, M.B. ([PERSON]), T.E.T., M.B. ([PERSON]), V.B.D. and M.B. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] were employed by the company Segula Technologies. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationship that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### No-Load Test  
In order to check the functionality of the cold storage, the study on time required to bring down the air temperature in the room (pull-down time) to the desired temperature became essential, and a no-load test was, hence, conducted. The result obtained by running the VCR system to maintain the room temperature at \(-5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C for a set temperature gradient of \(5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C (between \(0\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) is shown in Figure 11, where the room temperature reaches \(0\)\({}^{\circ}\)C (required for most non-freezing farm products) in less than 20 min from an initial temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while \(-5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C was obtained in 34 min. The compressor cycle time was also recorded, and it was found that the average compressor ON time was 5.75 min for an average cycle time of 15 min for a total duration of 60 min, without considering the initial pull-down period. During this cycling test, the total energy consumption was recorded to be 1.1 kWh, including the 34 min of pull-down time. Another important observation in this test was the inability of a simple VCR cycle to maintain the set temperature even for a short duration after the compressor went OFF. The instant rise in the cold room temperature is not in favor of perishable food storage and adversely affects their shelf-life. Hence, integrating PCM would ensure temperature maintenance with a gradual rise in inner temperature due to the thermal backup provided.
# Matching of Water Breakthroughs in a Low-Resistivity Oil Reservoir Using Permeability Anisotropy
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Vertical Permeability as a Function of Horizontal Permeability and Porosity  
Conventionally, core measurements are the primary source for horizontal permeability (Kh) data, while vertical permeability (Kv) measurements are often scarce. Therefore, correlations based on Kh or the Kh/porosity (\(\Phi\)) ratio are commonly used to estimate Kv. Generally, the equation used for Kv is given in Equation (2) [19]:  
\[\text{Kv}=(\text{Kh/Phi})^{0.5} \tag{2}\]  
However, we have found that the power coefficient of 0.5 does not match the correlation line when plotting Kv vs. (Kh/Phi)\({}^{0.5}\). The datasets of individual wells required a substantially higher slope than 0.5. To clarify the power coefficient, Kv was plotted vs. Kh/Phi for four wells in Figure 1. The highest slope of 2 was required for Well J, which is located outside of the considered area. The lowest slope of 0.7 was obtained for Well C. The analyses on Wells B and G indicate that most of the data have a slope of 1.2.  
The line which intercepts most of the data is described using the following equation:  
\[\text{Kv}=0.05\text{-}(\text{Kh/Phi})^{1.2} \tag{3}\]  
where the y-intercept is 0.05 and the power coefficient which regulates the slope of the line is 1.2.  
It could be assumed that the large data scattering is caused by the porosity. For the given datasets, porosity was measured in both horizontal (Phi_h) and vertical (Phi_v_) directions and showed significant differences. For example, although the porosities in the horizontal and vertical directions of Well G are concentrated around a 1/1 line, the majority of the data are scattered (Figure 2a). These deviations are caused by fissures, as mentioned in the core description.  
Figure 1: Kv vs. Kh/Phi obtained using core data of four wells of the Lower Haushi sandstone (LHS) reservoir. The resulting mean function is described by the equation Kv = 0.05-Kh\({}^{1.2}\).  
It can be expected that the data scattering in Figure 1 can be decreased if we use the Kv/Phi_v ratio instead of Kv; however, the effect is the opposite. The scattering of data increased dramatically on the plot of Kv/Phi_v vs. Kh/Phi_h in Figure 2b compared to Kv vs. Kh/Phi_h in Figure 1, which shows data from Well G, as an example. Consequently, the Kv/Kh ratio was further analyzed to understand its significance in modelling the displacement.
# Integrated Hydrological Analysis of Little Akaki Watershed Using SWAT-MODFLOW, Ethiopia
###### Abstract  
In Ethiopia, groundwater is the main source of freshwater to support human consumption and socio-economic development. Little Akaki watershed is located in Upper Awash basin, known for its high annual rainfall and considered as the potential groundwater recharge zone. On the contrary, urbanization and industrial expansion are increasing at an alarming rate in the area. This became a concern threatening the groundwater resources' sustainability. To address these challenges, integrated analysis of groundwater recharge and groundwater numerical simulations were made. For groundwater recharge estimation, SWAT model was used. The result indicated that recharge in the watershed mostly occurs from July to October with maximum values in August. On average, the estimated annual catchment recharge was 179 mm. For the numerical simulation and prediction of the groundwater flow system, MODFLOW 2005 was used. The model simulations indicated that the groundwater head converges towards the main river and, finally, to the outlet of the watershed. The study indicated areas of interactions between the river and groundwater. The scenario examination result reveals increasing the present pumping rate by over fifty percent (by 50%, 100%, and 200%) will surely cause visible groundwater head decline near the outlet of the watershed, and substantial river baseflow reduction. The recharge reduction scenario also indicates the huge risk of groundwater sustainability in the area.  
distributed recharge; SWAT; MODFLOW; groundwater simulation 2021
# Robust Quadratic Optimal Control for Discrete-Time Linear Systems with Non-Stochastic Noises
###### Abstract  
In this paper, the quadratic optimal control problem is investigated for the discrete-time linear systems with process and measurement noises which belong to specified ellipsoidal sets. As the noises are non-stochastic, the traditional Kalman filtering and Dynamic Bellman Equation are not applicable for the proposed control problem. To obtain the optimal control, we firstly converted the multi-step quadratic global optimal control problem to multiple one-step quadratic local approximate optimal control problems. For each one-step quadratic optimal control problem, considering that the system states are not fully available, the set-membership filtering is applied to estimate the true state feasible set. Then based on robust optimization, a robust state feedback control strategy can be obtained by solving a certain semidefinite programming (SDP) problem. The method can not only achieve the optimal control, but also estimate the system states more accurately. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.  
ellipsoidal sets; set-membership filtering; robust optimization; quadratic optimal control
## 5 Key Technologies Supporting Deliberate Attack Defense for IECPS
### System Planning of IECPS  
Incorporating the impact of deliberate attacks into the planning phase of IECPS is beneficial for enhancing the system's defense capabilities against such attacks. By utilizing cross-system integration planning technology, multi-region interaction planning technology, and flexible emergency planning technology, early-stage planning of IECPS infrastructure can be conducted, proposing defensive measures to counter various types of deliberate attacks.
# Deep Learning-Based Super-Resolution Reconstruction and Segmentation of Photoacoustic Images
## 3 Results
### Comparison of Experimental Results for Reconstruction
In contrast, among FSRCNN, VDSR, and EDSR-M, EDSR-M achieved the best results with a PSNR of 36.84 dB and an SSIM of 0.960, indicating that it was an effective super-resolution reconstruction method that could improve the quality of the reconstruction while preserving the image details. In Figure 6, a comparison of the results of multiple methods of super-resolution reconstruction on the test set is shown, and Figure 6a demonstrates the distribution of PSNR values of different reconstruction methods on the test set images. It can be seen that the box of the EDSR-M method is located at the top of the overall distribution, indicating a higher median PSNR value and higher quality reconstruction result. Figure 6b shows the distribution of SSIM values for different reconstruction methods on the test set images. Similar to PSNR, the box of the EDSR-M method is also located at the top of the overall distribution, indicating that the median of its SSIM values was higher and the distribution was more concentrated, which suggests that its reconstruction results were better in terms of structural similarity. Combining the two images, it can be seen that the EDSR-M method performed well in the task of PAI super-resolution reconstruction, and its reconstruction  
Figure 5: Results of PAI reconstruction using different methods (128 sensors). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **TR** & **Bicubic** & **SRCNN** & **FSRCNN** & **VDSR** & **EDSR-M** \\ \hline PSNR (dB) & 30.76 & 30.66 & 34.82 & 35.01 & 35.37 & 36.84 \\ SSIM & 0.916 & 0.915 & 0.899 & 0.936 & 0.945 & 0.960 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mean PSNR and SSIM for different reconstruction methods (128 sensors). results were better than other methods in terms of PSNR and SSIM, which provides a valuable reference and development direction for the field of photoacoustic image super-resolution reconstruction. Table 4 demonstrates the results of statistical difference analysis between the proposed method EDSR-M and other reconstruction methods in PSNR and SSIM. The \(p\)-values calculated by all the difference analysis methods were much smaller than the significance level \(\alpha=0.05\), indicating significant differences between the EDSR-M method and other reconstruction methods in PSNR and SSIM. Combined with the mean values in Table 3, the superior performance of the EDSR-M method relative to other methods is further verified, which is of great significance for further research and practical applications in the field of photoacoustic image reconstruction.
# UWB Localization with Battery-Powered Wireless Backbone for Drone-Based Inventory Management
## 4 Implementation and Evaluation Setup
### Proof-of-Concept Deployments  
Finally, the designed UWB system has been experimentally validated using two proof-of-concept implementations.  
* A small-scale set-up of the localization system has been used for autonomous drone navigation for inventory-taking (Figure 6a). The drone is localized using battery-powered anchor nodes and autonomously traverses a path next to warehouse racks. All assets are equipped with QR codes, which are scanned with a drone-mounted camera. A video of the demo can be found on [[https://youtu.be/NyL4-R8](https://youtu.be/NyL4-R8) QEH8]([https://youtu.be/NyL4-R8](https://youtu.be/NyL4-R8) QEH8).
* A large-scale installation of the system has been installed for tracking runners during their training in the sporting hall in Ghent (Figure 6b). The indoor training track is located beneath the main tribune, and as such is shielded from the outside by metal and reinforced concrete. No existing infrastructure (Wi-Fi, DC power, Ethernet or 4 G) is available. The designed infrastructure-light UWB localization solution was hence a good candidate to provide training insights based on location tracking. The whole 400 m circular track was covered using 20 anchor nodes, all of which could communicate with a single gateway with Ethernet uplink due to the use of long-range sub-GHz communication.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **Channel** & **Datarate** & **Preamble** & **PRF** \\ \hline \(UWB_{slow}\) & Ch1 & 110 kbps & 2048 & 16 MHz \\ \(UWB_{fast}\) & Ch5 & 6.81 Mbps & 256 & 64 MHz \\ \hline  & **Modulation** & **Datarate** & **Preamble** & **Sync** \\ \hline sub-\(GHz_{slow}\) & 2-GFSK & 50 kbps & 4 Bytes & 2 Bytes \\ sub-\(GHz_{fast}\) & 4-GFSK & 1 Mbps & 24 Bytes & 2 Bytes \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Modulation coding schemes for UWB and sub-GHz.