esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Practical Application of Mesh Opportunistic Networks
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Analysis
#### 3.6.4 Video Uploads Made by Participants  
The participants' videos and news uploads to the intelligent folder in the digital services cloud created by RTVE were made using a \"Stream File Transfer Protocol\" (SFTP). The videos were automatically transferred as \"assets\" (video clips) to the Video Stream Networks (VSN) cloud server for transcoding to a standardized video format for broadcasting, and with automatic detection of entities using artificial intelligence (AI) for analysis and metadata extraction. This allowed the material to be indexed for both editing or broadcasting, and for the registration of documentary collections.
###### Abstract  
The excavation depth of a deep and large foundation pit of a composite support system is 25.5 m, the minimum clear distance from the main structure of the station is 10.6 m and the closest distance to the entrance and exit structure is only 3.6 m. Relying on this project, numerical simulation, field monitoring and other methods are used to study the deformation law of the self-supporting system, the ground settlement and the subway station under construction. Then, the influence of different support parameters on the deformation of the subway station and track is analyzed, and the internal relationship between the deformation value of the station and track and the support parameters is further discussed. The main work and achievements are as follows: (1) Through field measurement and analysis, the deformation history of the station and track in the excavation is studied. The obtained results show that the interbracing + pile-anchor composite support structure has better control over the deformation of adjacent stations and tracks. Comparing the simulated value of station and track deformation with the measured data, it is concluded that the simulated and measured deformation trends remain consistent, and the maximum deformation value corresponds to the middle position of the foundation pit. This confirms the rationality and reliability of the composite support system model. (2) The analysis of the influence of different support parameters on the maximum deformation value of the subway station and track shows that the deformation of the station and track is less affected by the pile diameter of the retaining pile and the size of the interbracing section. It is greatly affected by the embedding depth of the retaining pile and the number of support channels. It is suggested that the optimal parameters should be a pile diameter of 1.0 m, embedding depth of 8 m, four interbracings and an interbracing section of 1.0 m \(\times\) 1.0 m.  
composite support; deep and large foundation pit; neighboring subway station; field monitoring; numerical simulation; deformation control
# Channel Estimation and Iterative Decoding for Underwater Acoustic OTFS Communication Systems
## 4 Underwater Acoustic OTFS System Design
### Dual-Domain Joint Channel Estimation  
Here, we propose a dual-domain joint channel estimation method, as illustrated in Figure 3. This method first estimates the path delay in the DD domain, then estimates the complete channel impulse response (CIR) in the DT domain based on the path delay estimation results.
# Relevance of Surface Electromyography Assessment and Sleep Impairment in Scoliosis: A Pilot Study
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation
#### 2.2.3 Functional Evaluation  
1. The Baecke Questionnaire was employed to assess the physical activity level of the participants. For this questionnaire, we included only the first section, ruling out the sections where specific sports were in question due to the fact that most of the adolescents and juveniles were advised to avoid intense sports activity [16].
2. Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents (ESS-CHAD)--for the sleep deficiencies and the impact of AIS on the overall quality of life. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a concise and straightforward questionnaire used to subjectively measure sleepiness in everyday life situations. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a widely used subjective measure for evaluating the level of sleepiness. It consists of 8 situations in which individuals rate their tendency to doze off or fall asleep during specific activities. The ratings range from 0 to 3, where 0 indicates no chance of dozing and 3 represents a high risk of dozing off. The total ESS score provides an overall assessment of an individual's daytime sleepiness level in ordinary life situations. The scale is commonly employed in the medical field to assess sleep-related issues and determine the need for further evaluation or intervention [17].  
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale was applied under the ePROVIDETM license agreement with the identifier Epworth Sleepiness Scale 82955.  
Figure 1: [PERSON]’s test.  
3. Patients had to complete the Scoliosis Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ) for the evaluation of the impact on the mental and physical health of those with idiopathic scoliosis. The Scoliosis Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ) was established as a valid and reliable measurement tool for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) [18]. The SAQ was derived from the Walter Reed Visual Assessment Scale [19] and is designed to evaluate a patient's perception of various aspects related to spinal deformity. It serves as a tool to assess how individuals perceive their own scoliosis and its impact on their lives. The SAQ consists of two domains: the appearance domain (Items 1-11) and the expectations domain (Items 12-32). The scoring for each item was between 1 and 5, except for item 31, where the response was strictly subjective and quantified in percentage.
# Routing Schemes in FANETs: A Survey
## 1 Introduction
### Significance of Our Work  
Apart from being a comprehensive survey that covers a diverse range of foci as shown in Table 1, this paper provides some distinguishing aspects. Firstly, it provides motivation for the topic, answering questions such as: \"How do FANETs differ from other kinds of ad hoc networks?\", \"What are the roles of FANETs?\", \"What are the requirements of routing in FANETs?\", \"What are the mobility models in FANETs?\", and \"What are the roles of artificial intelligence in FANETs?\". Secondly, a comprehensive taxonomy for routing in FANETs is provided, and it is used to capture various aspects of the state-of-the-art routing schemes in FANETs. Finally, some significant open issues in this topic are first presented for the first time in the literature. Hence, this paper has laid a strong foundation for future investigations in routing in FANETs.
# A Systematic Literature Review of LoRaWAN: Sensors and Applications
A formal literature study has been carried out through the analysis of scientific articles indexed in international scientific databases such as IEEE Xplore, Springer Link, SCOPUS, and ACM Digital Library. This paper seeks to identify and describe the most relevant applications of LoRaWAN in different sectors, such as agriculture, health, and environmental monitoring, among others. In addition, the challenges and solutions found in each area by previous works will be analyzed, as well as their used technologies. This literature review will provide a valuable reference to understand the potential and opportunities offered by LoRaWAN technology, as well as to identify its trends. Additionally, this work will help to identify the current limitations and how to improve them in the future. The following article aims to answer several questions which will help the reader understand the state of the art of LoRaWAN, i.e., What are the primary applications within the realm of LoRaWAN? Which brands of boards and modules are most employed? What advances are currently underway in the field of LoRaWAN technology?
# Extremality of Disordered Phase of \(\lambda\)-Model on Cayley Trees
## 2 Preliminaries  
Let \(\Gamma_{+}^{k}=(V,L)\) be a semi-infinite Cayley tree of order \(k\geq 1\), with the root \(x^{0}\) (with each vertex having exactly \(k+1\) edges, except for the root \(x^{0}\), which has \(k\) edges). Here, \(V\) is the set of vertices and \(L\) is the set of edges. The vertices \(x\) and \(y\) are called _nearest neighbors_ and they are denoted by \(l=\langle x,y\rangle\) if there exists an edge connecting them. A collection of the pairs \(\langle x,x_{1}\rangle,\ldots,\langle x_{d-1},y\rangle\) is called a _path_ from point \(x\) to point \(y\). The distance \(d(x,y),x,y\in V\), on the Cayley tree, is the length of the shortest path from \(x\) to \(y\).  
\[W_{n}=\Big{\{}x\in V\mid d(x,x^{0})=n\Big{\}},\ \ V_{n}=\bigcup_{m=1}^{n}W_{m},\ \ L_{n}=\{l=<x,y>\in L\mid x,y\in V_{n}\}.\]  
The set of direct successors of \(x\) is defined by  
\[S(x)=\{y\in W_{n+1}:d(x,y)=1\},x\in W_{n}.\]  
Observe that any vertex \(x\
eq x^{0}\) has \(k\) direct successors and \(x^{0}\) has \(k+1\).  
In this paper, we consider the models where the spin takes values in the set \(\Phi=\{1,2,\ldots,q\}\) and is assigned to the vertices of the tree. A configuration \(\sigma\) on \(V\) is then defined as a function \(x\in V\to\sigma(x)\in\Phi\); the set of all configurations coincides with \(\Omega=\Phi^{\Gamma^{k}}\). The Hamiltonian of the \(\lambda\)-model has the following form  
\[H(\sigma)=\sum_{<x,y>\in L}\lambda(\sigma(x),\sigma(y)) \tag{1}\]  
where the sum is taken over all pairs of nearest-neighbor vertices \(\langle x,y\rangle\), \(\sigma\in\Omega\). From a physical point of view, the interactions between particles do not depend on their locations; therefore, from now on we will assume that \(\mathfrak{h}\) is a symmetric function, i.e., \(\lambda(u,v)=\lambda(v,u)\) for all \(u,v\in\mathbb{R}\).  
We note that the \(\lambda\)-model of this type can be considered as a generalization of the Potts model. The Potts model corresponds to the choice \(\lambda(x,y)=-J\delta xy\), where \(x,y,J\in\mathbb{R}\).
# 5G New Radio Open Radio Access Network Implementation in Brazil: Review and Cost Assessment
## 2 Background
### Open RAN Architecture
#### 2.2.3 Flexibility and Scalability  
The c-RAN and v-RAN architectures, with their centralized processing and virtualization capabilities, provide greater flexibility in resource management and the ability to scale the network based on changing demands.  
The Open RAN architecture, while offering the potential for more diverse and innovative solutions, may also introduce additional complexity in the integration and coordination of the various components, which can impact the overall flexibility and scalability of the network.  
In contrast, the d-RAN architecture may be less flexible as it relies on dedicated hardware at each cell site, limiting the ability to dynamically adjust resources.  
In conclusion, each RAN architecture has its own strengths and trade-offs in terms of CAPEX and OPEX efficiency, latency and reliability, and flexibility and scalability.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Thermogravimetric Analysis
The best effects were observed after the deposition of five tri-layers via the layer-by-layer method on the surface of the polyamide matrix without reinforcement. Further deposition contributed to a decrease in the value of the OSE index. In the case of the reinforced polymer matrix, the adsorption of tri-layers contributed to the unification of the average effect of thermal stabilization to the value of 1.4%. Thermogravimetric analysis results revealed that the application of the LbL method for the deposition of five triple layers effectively enhances the thermal stability of polyamide materials up to 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
## 4 Governing Equations of Motion MF-Tank System
For simplicity and better comparison of the results, the performance index of vertical displacement of the surface of the liquid (PI \(d_{v}\)), the displacement of impulsive mass (PI \(x_{i}\)), overturning moment on the foundation (PI \(M\)), and structural base shear (PI \(F_{s}\)) are defined as the ratio of seismic responses of the liquid storage tank mounted on the MF (\(d_{v}{}^{MF}\), \(x_{i}{}^{MF}\), \(M^{MF}\) and \(F_{s}{}^{MF}\)) to the corresponding responses of the tank in fixed base condition (\(d_{v}{}^{F}\), \(x_{i}{}^{F}\), \(M^{F}\) and \(F_{s}{}^{F}\)), according to Equations (34)-(37). Therefore, a PI of less than one indicates that the MF is an efficient solution to improve the dynamic behaviour of liquid storage tanks. However, the performance index of more than one shows that the response is amplified due to the implementation of MF. Therefore, the MF has an adverse effect. \[\text{PI}\,d_{v}=\frac{d_{v}^{MF}}{d_{v}^{F}} \tag{34}\]  
\[\text{PI}\,x_{i}=\frac{x_{i}^{MF}}{x_{i}^{F}} \tag{35}\]  
\[\text{PI}\,M=\frac{M^{MF}}{M^{F}} \tag{36}\]  
\[\text{PI}\,F_{s}=\frac{F_{s}^{MF}}{F_{s}^{F}} \tag{37}\]  
In addition to the time history of responses, it is interesting to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed MetaFoundation in the frequency domain through the transmission ratio (\(TR\)) of displacement above the MF against different frequencies (\(f\)). The transmission ratio is expressed as  
\[TR(f)=20\log_{10}(\frac{u_{t}(f)}{u_{0}(f)}) \tag{38}\]  
In Equation (38), the amplitude of the input displacement at the bottom of the MF is shown by \(u_{0}\) (\(f\)), and the amplitude of the displacement measured at the top of the MF is shown by \(u_{t}\) (\(f\)), respectively. In detail, in order to obtain the displacement transmission ratio, a harmonic displacement at various frequencies is imposed at the bottom of the foundation with amplitude \(u_{0}\), and the displacement response \(u_{t}\) on the top of the foundation is observed.
## 3 Results  
Hydroxyapatite (HA), with the stoichiometric chemical formula Ca\({}_{10}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{6}\)(OH)\({}_{2}\), closely resembles the inorganic component of bone, making it a key focus in bone graft research. It is renowned for its high chemical stability and low solubility, being one of the most stable calcium phosphate-based bioceramics, with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 [13; 14]. These characteristics contribute to its superior biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, which are essential for bone regeneration.  
Natural hydroxyapatite is characterized by its inherent impurities, which influence its morphology and texture, particularly at the microstructural level. In contrast, synthetic HA offers greater purity and enables precise control over key parameters such as the Ca/P ratio, porosity, and hardness [15]. Synthetic HA is commonly fabricated in particulate, granular, or porous block forms. Its porous nature promotes bioactivity by facilitating osteoblast adhesion and migration, leading to the formation of a strong biological bond with surrounding bone [4; 16].  
The biodegradation of HA occurs through interactions with biofluids and adsorption of biomolecules. Its resorption is primarily mediated by osteoclasts, although macrophages may occasionally contribute [9; 13]. This osteocl activity is advantageous, as it recruits osteoblasts and facilitates the replacement of graft material with natural bone tissue [17]. However, HA's slow degradation limits its application in load-bearing bone repairs [9]. Additionally, HA's intrinsic mechanical weaknesses, such as low tensile and compressive strength, hinder its performance in mechanically demanding environments.  
To address these limitations, researchers have developed HA composites by incorporating reinforcing agents like collagen, polyacrylamide, and graphene oxide to enhance mechanical properties. However, these modifications often compromise bioactivity compared to pure HA. Hybrid biomimetic composites that integrate biopolymers with HA have shown promise in balancing mechanical performance and bioactivity [18].  
Nanostructured HA (nano-HA) has garnered significant attention due to its ability to mimic natural bone more effectively. Its higher surface-to-volume ratio improves biomechanical properties and enhances the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteogenic progenitor cells [16]. Moreover, the coating of other scaffolding materials with nano-HA expands the range of their potential applications. For instance, the coating of neurotoxic carbon nanotubes with nano-HA enables their use in the regeneration ofdamaged nerve fibers by facilitating the directing of axon growth, particularly when the nano-HA is doped with Li\({}^{+}\) and Eu\({}^{3+}\) ions [19].
# Active Learning Based on Crowdsourced Data
## 4 The Proposed Model Improvement Process
### The Batch Size  
In the previous section, we showed that we can limit the number of epochs by increasing the batch size. When crowdsourcing is involved, however, the bigger the batch size, the longer it takes to distribute and verify the samples. In this section, we show how the batch size influences the network quality and thus establishes the correct value of the batch size.  
The network was trained for 15 iterations, 10 epochs each, using the batch sizes of 10, 100, 500, and 1000 images that were added to the training set with each iteration. As expected, with the increasing batch size, the Average Precision (AP) also increased, and the 1000-batch network achieved the best results. The 500-batch network had its AP worsen by only 6%, and the difference narrowed with each iteration. The 100-batch network, however, was much worse, with AP only at 75% of the 1000-batch network. This time, the difference in AP did not diminish with further iterations.  
When we compare the networks with respect to the ratio of achieved AP to the number of images used, the best results can be achieved for the 100-batch network. This, however, requires training for the whole 15 iterations. The 1000-batch network achieves a similar result, worse only by 6% right after the second iteration.  
We also tested the networks with respect to the \"understanding\" of the images, i.e., the number of the informative samples available to the number of images in the training set. As can be seen in Figure 4, the networks trained using smaller batch sizes reach a similar level of data \"understanding\" as other networks but require a smaller number of samples. For example for a training set of size 1000 the 1000-batch network \"understood\" around 50% of the images, whereas the 100-batch network correctly recognized objects on 64% of the images.  
Figure 4: Known to all samples ratio for given batch size.  
Figure 3: AP to the number of iterations for network trained with batch size of 500 and 1000.
# An Accurate Probabilistic Model for TVWS Identification
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Discussing the Results  
In this project, 33 UHF-TV channels (Channel 19 to channel 51), each having a bandwidth of 6 MHz, were sensed. Channel 37 is assigned to radio astronomy and it is not used for TV broadcast, so that results were obtained for the remaining 32 TV channels. According to the information collected and applying the proposed model, six channels were found to have enough energy above \(T\) and the PU presence was confirmed. In Figure 17, the geographical points are plotted in which their occupation is represented.  
Figure 16: Dotted lines are the \(P_{famax}\), \(P_{fa}\) calculated with the adaptive \(T\), and \(T\) obtained by using a \(M\) of 5, 7, and 10 dB respectively. It is observed that the adaptive \(T\) proposed increases at best 9.63% of \(P_{d}\) than the values used by other authors.  
Figure 15: ROC curves obtained from P1–P10, in (**a**) are present all the curves, and in (**b**) are shown the same plot but zooming in to observe the curves with a \(P_{fa}\) closer to the one defined by the adaptive \(T\) of 3%.
## 4 Solvents for CO\({}_{2}\) Capture
### Chemical Solvents
#### 4.2.1 Single Amine Solvents
Sterically hindered amines, such as 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) or 2-piperdiethanol (PE), are branched molecules where the primary or secondary amino group is linked to a tertiary carbon atom. Due to this, the stability of the resulting product from the direct CO\({}_{2}\)-amine reaction (i.e., carbamate formation) is significantly lower than in the case of linear amines. In turn, this means that significant savings in the energy for breaking the bond during the regeneration step is possible [53]. Furthermore, the overall reaction between a sterically hindered amine and CO\({}_{2}\) requires one mole of amine per mole of CO\({}_{2}\), in contrast to linear primary and secondary amine solvents where there is a requirement for two moles of amine per mole of captured CO\({}_{2}\). This means that higher loadings can be achieved or equivalently less solvent has to be used for the same capture performance. Steric hindrance effects and high atom substitution have been observed to increase the oxidative stability of amines [54], making sterically hindered solvents a better choice when oxidative environments are present. However, oxidative stability has not been yet successfully correlated with thermal stability. Moreover, this class of amines should be treated with care as due to their thermodynamics, they tend to form solid precipitates at process conditions [55]. An extensive number of simulation and optimization studies has been performed to assess the behavior and performance of different amine solvents for CO\({}_{2}\) capture. Although most of the studies refer to chemical absorption in packed columns, the idea of CO\({}_{2}\) capture and regeneration is similar for membrane systems as well. [PERSON] et al. [56] performed a techno-economic study comparing the use of DGA and a mixture of DEA-MDEA, concluding that the DGA yielded better economic results and absorption capacity for a biogas upgrade plant in the given plant. [PERSON] et al. [49] compared the behavior of MEA, DEA, AMP, and MPA in terms of energetic demand and process economics, showing that for both indices, the ranking AMP \(>\) MPA \(>\) DEA \(>\) MEA holds. The superiority of AMP was presented, which exhibited a decrease in the required energy by 55% compared to MEA. [PERSON] et al. [57] attempted to identify the thermodynamically \"optimum\" solvent by assessing the performance of several commercial and non-commercial solvents. [PERSON] et al. [58] also compared the performance of aqueous MEA, DEA, TEA, and AMP solutions. [PERSON] et al. [59] compared the performance of PZ and its mixtures with MDEA with that of MEA showing energy savings in the order of 35% when PZ or PZ or MDEA was used. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [60] went one step further, linking the thermodynamics and VLE behavior of MEA, DEA, and MPA with process dynamics.
# SPEKS: Forward Private SGX-Based Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search
## 1 Introduction
The contributions of this work are as follows:  
* We propose a forward secure public key encryption with keyword search using Intel SGX, the first SGX-based PEKS scheme that achieves forward privacy in multi-user settings. * The communication cost is significantly reduced as a single query is sufficient to search over multiple encrypted data, while prior works require numerous queries in proportional to the number of encrypted data. * We define a security model of SGX-based forward private PEKS, and formally prove the security of our scheme. * We implement our scheme using SGX, and evaluate the performance of our scheme and the previous schemes. According to the experiment with implementations, our scheme is significantly more efficient then the previous schemes without security degradation.