# A Robust Routing Protocol in Cognitive Unmanned Aerial Vehicular Networks
## 2 Related Works
These improvements are largely attributed to ICRA's unique utility computation method [16]. The Secure and Reliable Inter-cluster Protocol (SecRIP) aims to improve both Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics by incorporating innovative approaches like chaotic algae and dragonfly methods for managing clusters and facilitating inter-cluster communication. SecRIP operates in two main stages: cluster formation and cluster head selection. Initially, nodes are grouped into clusters using the chaotic algae method, which enhances overall network efficiency and reduces data transmission delays. Following this, the dragonfly method is employed to select cluster heads, enabling efficient message exchange within and between clusters. While SecRIP demonstrates notable strengths in terms of reliability, energy efficiency, mobility support, minimal end-to-end delays, and high throughput, it does introduce higher latency due to its clustering technique based on the Algae strategy. Additionally, the consideration of network density and dynamic topology may contribute to this increased latency [17]. The CORF protocol [18] a total of two parts in this process: route creation and collision avoidance. The transmitting UAV calculates the path and chooses a relay node based on transmission probability in the first stage. [PERSON]'s Method may determine the shortest path. To avoid collisions with other UAVs, the UAV follows a predefined course in the second stage. For data transfer, the protocol employs Public Information (PI) packets and Acknowledgement (ACK) packets for confirmation. It relies on directional data and transfer probability to select relay nodes, often utilizing the Ground Station (GS). Wi-Fi is used for navigation in the Course Aware Opportunistic Routing protocol [18], which excels in low latency and high mobility. Although it performs well in dynamic topology scenarios, it falls short in several areas, including energy efficiency, quality of service, dependability, throughput, and network. The Delay and Link Stability Aware (DLSA) routing protocol, detailed [19], is all about ensuring strong and reliable connections. It goes through several stages, starting with initialization, then verification, and finally system segmentation. Here is how it works: DLSA sets up Red-Black priority trees for both aerial and ground networks, with a Cognitive link layer. When it comes to choosing nodes, DLSA gives priority to those that are most crucial for maintaining a stable connection. If a selected node meets certain durability thresholds, data is transmitted directly through it. However, if it does not meet the criteria, DLSA kicks off a route discovery process to find nodes with high durability. Once the right nodes are identified, DLSA picks the channel with the highest durability for cooperative data transmission. This ensures that communication between ground and aerial networks operate smoothly and successfully. The Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm, inspired by the social structure of gray wolves, is used to improve routing in mobile networks using the GW-COOP (Gray Wolf Algorithm utilizing Cooperative Diversity Technique) routing protocol [20]. It implements collaborative diversity, in which two relays provide dependability assistance for each link. An objective function is used to assess the locations and fitness of nodes, with priority given to the source, \(R_{1}\), and \(R_{2}\). Critical data is sent immediately, although ordinary data can be sent directly or via relay via \(R_{1}\) or \(R_{2}\). Enhanced Signal Noise Ratio Combining (ESNRC) is utilized at the destination to choose the best signal among incoming messages based on signal-to-noise ratios. This protocol improves the efficiency and reliability of routing. The proposed routing protocol overcomes existing limitations by considering factors like residual energy, reliability, and weighted graph values.