# Electricity Losses in Focus: Detection and Reduction Strategies--State of the Art
## 3 Methods for Identifying Power Losses
### Technical Energy Losses
#### 3.1.1 Energy Losses Caused by Physical Network Characteristics
A multitude of methodologies for calculating and estimating technical losses in electrical transmission and distribution networks have been documented in the extant literature. Another approach has been proposed by researchers [PERSON] et al. in [16], where they determined the technical type of electrical losses in a medium voltage electrical network by analyzing concrete and detailed all consumption data from the outgoing feeder of the distributors. The proposed methodology is characterized by its simplified nature, relying on consumption data to achieve satisfactory outcomes. In a subsequent study, [PERSON] and his colleagues proposed a methodology for calculating electrical losses on the low-voltage side [17]. The researchers proposed a deterministic method based on different factors in low-voltage electrical networks, analyzing mainly the independent variables that could negatively influence the increase in the number of losses. The efficacy of the proposed approach is evident in its ability to accurately estimate technical energy losses, particularly in low-voltage networks. The investigation in [18] focused on a method for calculating losses in power lines in view of the predominance of technical power losses in transmission and distribution lines. Their hypothesis was based on the classical theoretical method of determination, which limits the possibility of automatic implementation of the method itself. To address this limitation, the authors integrated an automatic methodology for power line loss calculation into their paper, with the aim of enhancing the efficiency of distribution system operations. The analysis of behaviors in terms of recording significant amounts of technical electricity losses is conducted in distribution lines. In [19], the authors [PERSON]. [PERSON] colleagues conducted a study of 6-10 kV power grids with isolated neutral. The authors designed a device to be installed on the branches of overhead power lines, capable of measuring the current and temperature of the conductor. This device facilitates the determination of electrical losses through the lines. The correct integration of this device makes it possible to accurately determine the amounts of losses on different sections of the power line. The efficacy of this measurement technique can be further increased by taking into account the following factors: conductor temperature, non-sinusoidal current, line length, and wire corrosion. The findings of the present study demonstrate that the losses of electric energy in the lines can be by a factor of 1.58 times higher than those determined by traditional calculation methods for a sinusoidal current and considering a conductor temperature in the range of from \(-40\) to \(+70\)\({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The second component that exhibits a high degree of loss is the transformer in PT and TS. In [20], [PERSON] and the other authors addressed the importance of precise determination of energy losses to enhance the efficiency of economic indicators. In scientific research, the existing calculation formulas for calculating technical losses in terms of the number of hours in which they are recorded in accordance with the load curve graphs were analyzed in detail. In the present study, the losses occurring on a 1000 KVA transformer over 24 h were analyzed. Another approach to transformer losses has been performed by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] in [21], where issues related to inter-winding faults, oil leakage, temperature, and various other faults were analyzed. Consequently, the authors proposed methodologies for the monitoring and identification of losses in power transformers, predicated on the criteria. The present case study involves an electrical substation transformer with a capacity of 500 KVA.