# Blockchain Enabled Transparent and Anti-Counterfeiting Supply of COVID-19 Vaccine Vials
###### Abstract  
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected almost all facets of peoples' lives, various economic areas and regions of the world. In such a situation implementation of a vaccination can be viewed as essential but its success will be dependent on availability and transparency in the distribution process that will be shared among the stakeholders. Various distributed ledgers (DLTs) such as blockchain provide an open, public, immutable system that has numerous applications due the mentioned abilities. In this paper the authors have proposed a solution based on blockchain to increase the security and transparency in the tracing of COVID-19 vaccination vials. Smart contracts have been developed to monitor the supply, distribution of vaccination vials. The proposed solution will help to generate a tamper-proof and secure environment for the distribution of COVID-19 vaccination vials. Proof of delivery is used as a consensus mechanism for the proposed solution. A feedback feature is also implemented in order to track the vials lot in case of any side effect cause to the patient. The authors have implemented and tested the proposed solution using Ethereum test network, RinkeyBy, MetaMask, one clicks DApp. The proposed solution shows promising results in terms of throughput and scalability. blockchain; COVID-19; vaccine supply; transparency; Ethereum; smart contract 202199123991112391123911239112391123911239112391123911239112391123911239112391123911239112391123911239112391123911239123911239123911239123911239123911239123912391239123  
In order to control the effect of COVID-19 the initiation and implementation of the immunity a vaccine campaign is important. From the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, many pharmaceutical companies Pfizer, Covaxin, Covisheild, etc. have deployed vaccines in market to achieve the containment of COVID-19 [6; 7]. However, many aspects are prone to affect the successful implementation of the immunization program of COVID-19 such as counterfeiting, vial security and distribution issues, patient registration data security issues, tempering with data. [8]. In order to address the technical challenges blockchain can be a solution. Almost all the immunization vaccines are developed using the same layer of protein that is present on the surface of coronavirus. The role of these vaccines is to make the immune system of human beings familiar with the virus, so that when virus will attach it will be able to reorganize [9]. The m-RNA vaccination produces the same contaminated protein of the virus in human cells. Though the downside with such immunity vaccines is that they become ineffective and useless if not stored at the recommended temperature [10]. The primary aspect of aforementioned limitation is the transparency available in end-to-end supply chain management and logistics management [11; 12]. The role of this end-to-end supply chain is to ensure and keep the track of temperature, also control in the cold chain during storage and distribution of immunization vaccines which is a universal priority. Table 1 presents the parameters of the various different immunization vaccines during storage and distribution. Distributed ledgers (DTLs) such as blockchain can enhance the transparency and efficiency of the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. Blockchain stores the data in an immutable environment and thus assures the traceability of storage and delivery conditions. A solution based on blockchain technology may cater to completely self-acting implementation of information liability and data provenance track during distribution of COVID-19 vaccine. Hence, it will provide the amalgamation with various data divisions that are managed by different nodes on an entirely decentralized distributed chain. The self-regulating smart-contracts can ensure the supply traceability in the supply chain of COVID-19 vaccines. During the distribution and storage of vaccines it is important to keep a track of temperature to remain viable.