## 4 Discussion
### Sex Ratio of Copepods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & **Sex Ratios** & **Period** & **Location** & **References** \\ \hline Family & & & & \\ Oithonidae & & & & \\ _Oithonana nana_ & 0.27 & August–December/1947 & Plymouth Area, English & Digby [97] \\ _Oithona similis_ & 0.18 & January–October/1933 & Loch Striven, Scotland & Marshall [96] \\ _O. similis_ & 0.18 & January–December/1947 & Plymouth Area, English & Digby [97] \\ _O. similis_ & 0.06 & August/1950–August/1951 & Scoresby Sound, East & Digby [101] \\ Family Oncaeidae & & & \\ _Oncaa borealis_ & 0.45 & August/1950–August/1951 & Scoresby Sound, East & Digby [101] \\ _O. borealis_ & 0.32 & June/1933–May/1934 & Oslo Fjord, Norway & Wiborg [103] \\ _Oncaa_ & 0.75 & September/1971– & St Vincents, Barbados & Moore and Sander [105] \\ _mediterranean_ & & & \\ Family & & & \\ Paracalanidae & & & \\ _Paracalamus parvus_ & 0.15 & September/1986–June/1988 & Golfe du Lion, Mediterranean & Kouwenberg [47] \\ _P. parvus_ & 0.1 & September/1986–June/1988 & Golfe du Lion, Mediterranean & Kouwenberg [47] \\ _P. parvus_ & 0.15 & July–October/1933 & Loch Striven, Scotland & Marshall [96] \\ _P. parvus_ & 0.18 & August/1970-October/1971 & Kiel Bay, Baltic & Schnack [94] \\ _P. parvus_ & 0.1 & January–December/1947 & Plymouth Area, English & Digby [97] \\ _Paracalamus_ sp. & 0.45 & November/1986– & Fukuyama Harbor, Inland Sea & Liang and Uye [108] \\ Family Pseudodi-aptomidae & & & & \\ _Pseudodiaptomus_ & & & & \\ _binghami_ & 0.22 & June–September of & Mandovi Estuary, India & [PERSON] [109] \\ _P. binghami_ & 0.22 & June–September of & Zuari Estuary, India & [PERSON] [109] \\ _P. binghami_ & 0.2 & June–September of & Cumbarjua Canal, India & [PERSON] [109] \\ _Pseudodiaptomus martius_ & 0.64 & November/1986– & Fukuyama Harbor, Inland Sea & Liang and Uye [110] \\ Family Temoridae & & & & \\ _Tonora longicornis_ & 1.08 & March–October/1933 & Loch Striven, Scotland & Marshall [96] \\ _T. longicornis_ & 0.75 & February–October/1947 & Plymouth Area, English & Digby [97] \\ _T. longicornis_ & 1.04 & January/1970-October/1971 & Kiel Bay, Baltic & Schnack [94] \\ _T. longicornis_ & 1.63 & March–September/1993 & Southampton Water, UK & [PERSON] et al. [95] \\ _T. tempora stylifera_ & 1.27 & September/1986–June/1988 & Golfe du Lion, Mediterranean & Kouwenberg [47] \\ _T. stylifera_ & 0.85 & September/1986–June/1988 & Golfe du Lion, Mediterranean & Moraitou-Apostolopoulou \\ _T. stylifera_ & 0.75 & 3 seasons & North Aegean Sea & [104] \\ _T. stylifera_ & 0.75 & February/1965– & Norith Aegean Sea & Moraitou-Apostolopoulou \\ _T. stylifera_ & 0.32 & September/1971– & St Vincents, Barbados & Moore and Sander [105] \\ _Temora turbinata_ & 1.13 & June/2018 & Kueishan Island & Present study \\ _T. turbinata_ & 0.62 & September/2018 & Kueishan Island & Present study \\ _T. turbinata_ & 0.85 & March/2019 & Kueishan Island & Present study \\ _T. turbinata_ & 1.39 & June/2019 & Kueishan Island & Present study \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._This suggests that the male to female ratio skews in pelagic copepods were primarily caused by differential predation mortality of the sexes in the adult stage [112]. Lack of food can cause female-skewed sex ratios and if females have low physical fitness, this would result in a decrease of population size [113]. In contrast, the low survival rate of males in an environment lacking food leads to a change in sex ratios [114]. A female-biased sex ratio due to the higher mortality of males to females was found during cyanobacteria blooms in an open sea area near to Storfjarden, Baltic Sea [115]. Moreover, a harmful dinoflagellate bloom was reported to decrease the abundance of male copepods [116; 117]. Male life span is shortened [38]. Further investigations should be carried out to clearly understand the interaction of sex ratio with the dynamics of populations.