# Integrated People and Freight Transportation:
## 2 Terminologies of Integrated People and Freight Transportation (IPFT)  
Urban transportation systems for people and goods are increasingly influenced by emerging on-demand mobility solutions that rely on shared and increasingly crowdsourced resources [11]. Different words and terminology are used regarding IPFT. It is observed that words such as goods or cargo instead of freight; public, last-mile, or commute instead of passenger; transit, mobility, or logistics instead of transport; and mix, collaborative, combined, or shared instead of integrating can be used. When commonly used terminologies are examined, concepts such as integrated people and freight transportation [3, 7, 8, 12], collaborative urban transportation [13, 14], synergy in passenger and freight mobility [15, 16], cargo hitching, freight on transit (FoT), urban co-modality, sharing economy, crowd-shipping (CS), occasional drivers (OD), crowdsourced delivery among friends, share a ride (SaR) are observed. The terminology structure is shown in Figure 2. When examined structurally, it is seen that it is directly related to basic terminologies such as sharing economy and co-modality and many sub-terminologies (cargo hitching, FoT, urban co-modality, CS, OD, crowdsourced delivery among friends, SaR). The definition of some mentioned terminologies can be given as follows:  
**Cargo hitching** is a concept in which passenger and freight transportation integration plays a key role in efficient and reliable delivery services [17]. Cargo hitching, wherein the IPFT plays a pivotal role, is crucial to ensuring efficient and dependable delivery services [17]. [PERSON] et al. [18] defined it as taking advantage of spare capacity in passenger transportation modes. [PERSON] et al. [19] state in their study that the cargo hitching project was initiated five years ago by a consortium consisting of several government agencies, private companies, and Dutch universities with the financing of the national government (Dinalog) and was implemented in an area close to the city called Nijmegen. **Freight on Transit (FoT)** refers to an operational strategy in which public vehicles or/and infrastructure are utilized for the transportation of freight [20, 21]. It is stated that this may mean transporting goods with passengers on buses, connecting cargo trailers to public transport, operating freight vehicles between public transport trips on metro lines,  
Figure 2: Terminology Structure for IPFT. etc. [22]. [PERSON] et al. [23] emphasize in their study that they aim to use the remaining capacity in public transport vehicles to transport freight within the city, and this system is known as FoT. **Urban Co-Modality** concept is a sub-branch of Co-Modality. Co-modality means using alternative modes to increase the sustainability and efficiency of transportation systems [24]. From a broader perspective, co-modality means the utilization of different modes, uni and in combination, to achieve the optimum mobility outcome in terms of transport sustainability, supply efficiency, and travel effort. The utilization of various means of transport should consistently yield the optimal combination of ecological, economic, and social considerations. From the co-modality perspective, the optimal relation between two regions does not necessarily entail the finest service offered by any single mode (such as a direct connection), but rather the best service achievable between the two regions [25]. In some studies, co-modality transportation aims to integrate people and freight flows in a single system by sharing public transportation between people and freight [26]. However, the concepts of co-modality in city logistics or urban co-modality often include definitions based on passenger and freight integration. [PERSON] et al. [27] defined co-modality in city logistics as integrated freight transportation with public transit. They stated that it is widely applied in medium- and long-distance transportation by offering an integrated transportation solution for people and goods.