esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Design of a Device Based on an LED Matrix for Water Sterilization
## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, this work has described the antibacterial effect of different encapsulated LEDs suitable for immersion in water. This property was studied using different conditions, such as exposure times, bacterial concentrations, water volumes, and stirring, concluding that LED 2 was the best candidate due to its efficiency and low cost. The design of a flexible matrix integrated with LED 2 proved to be an effective alternative for eliminating both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms from contaminated water in short periods of time. Additionally, stirring conditions significantly enhanced the antimicrobial effect of UV radiation, underscoring the importance of this parameter in optimizing LED sterilization protocols. These results highlight the sterilizing effectiveness of a low-cost polymer-encapsulated design, flexible for easy adaptation to any container, and based on an array of LEDs that enable uniform UV light emission and straightforward adjustment to the required size and geometry.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14135635/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14135635/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14135635/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14135635/s1)). Figure S1: Example of a tank with the device centered, illuminating UV in both directions.  
Conceptualization, S.G.-F., A.L.M. and L.M.Q.; methodology, S.G.-F. and N.B.-A.; software, S.G.-F.; validation, S.G.-F. and N.B.-A.; formal analysis, S.G.-F. and A.L.M.; investigation, S.G.-F. and N.B.-A.; resources, A.L.M. and N.F.; data curation, S.G.-F. and N.B.-A.; writing--original draft preparation, S.G.-F. and N.B.-A.; writing--review and editing, L.M.Q.; visualization, L.M.Q.; supervision, L.M.Q.; project administration, S.M. and L.M.Q.; funding acquisition, S.M., N.F. and A.L.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Instituto de Desarrollo Economico del Principado de Asturias (IDEPA), grant IDE720207000322. [PERSON] was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities, grant FPU20/06016.  
Not applicable.  
All the data presented in this study are contained within the article.  
The Instituto Universitario Fernandez-Vega is supported in part by the Fundacion de Investigacion Oftalmologica through the Fundacion Cristina Masaveu Peterson, Spain.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# A Low-Cost Contactless Overhead Micrometer Surface Scanner
## 1 Introduction
### Proprioceptive Image Registration  
Another way to register images in mosaics is employed by scanners, which use mechanisms to drive the sensor at locations where the acquired images would precisely match. The utilized sensors are most often line cameras with intense illumination and are less-often photographic cameras. A market survey of pertinent solutions can be found in Appendix A.  
Contact-based, flatbed scanners provide up to 1000 ppi at a significantly high cost. Large-format scanners provide resolutions of up to 1200 ppi and are almost contactless. However, the scanned material should be less than a thickness threshold, i.e., 3 cm, to pass through the scanning slit and also exhibit high cost. Film scanners exhibit higher resolution, but require contact, material transparency, and are limited to the frame size of photographic film.  
Large-format scanners are contactless and designed for sensitive documents but are also used for scanning textiles and other similar materials. They reach up to \(A0\) scanning size. The precision required for this mechanical task elevates the cost of the scanning hardware.  
Book scanners are contactless and exhibit resolution in the range of 600-1200 ppi. Their cost ranges from low to very high, though in many cases, the elevated cost is due to the mechanics for the automation of page-turning. It ought to be noted though that V-shaped--as opposed to flatbed--book scanners are unsuitable in the case of deformable materials such as fabrics or sand.  
Recently, the need for realistic textures gave rise to flatbed, contactless surface scanners, called \"material scanners\". They use camera photography and exhibit resolutions of up to 1000 ppi. Their effective scanning surface is in the order of 30\(\times\) 40 cm\({}^{2}\). Lower-cost material scanners utilize the sensor of the mobile phone [14], the result however exhibits lower resolution and definition compared to the aforementioned solutions.
# A MILP Model for a Byzantine Fault Tolerant Blockchain Consensus
## 3 Formulation for the dBFT Consensus
### Model Constraints and Blockchain Operational Requirements
#### 3.4.5 Objective Function and Auxiliary Variables Calculation  
To check if a block was relayed, we define the two sets of constraints presented in Equations (25) and (26).  
\[BlockRelayed_{v}\leq\sum_{t>1\in\mathcal{T}}\sum_{i\in\mathcal{R}}BlockRelay^{- }_{t,i,\
u}\qquad\qquad\forall v\in\mathcal{V} \tag{25}\]  
\[BlockRelayed_{v}\cdot N\geq\sum_{t>1\in\mathcal{T}}\sum_{i\in\mathcal{R}}BlockRelay ^{-}_{t,i,\
u}\qquad\qquad\forall v\in\mathcal{V} \tag{26}\]  
Equations (27)-(29) present the computation of the three objective functions considered to be optimized by the model. These three equations compose the objective function (as in Equation (30)) with respective weights \(\omega_{1}\), \(\omega_{2}\) and \(\omega_{3}\).  
\[B^{\prime}=\sum_{v\in\mathcal{V}}BlockRelayed_{v} \tag{27}\]  
\[V^{\prime}=\sum_{i\in\mathcal{R}}\sum_{v\in\mathcal{V}}IsPrimary_{i,v} \tag{28}\]  
\[\begin{split} C^{\prime}=\sum_{t\in\mathcal{T}}\sum_{i\in \mathcal{R}}\sum_{v\in\mathcal{V}}(PrepReq^{-}_{t,i,v}+PrepResp^{-}_{t,i,v}+ Commit^{-}_{t,i,v}+ChView^{-}_{t,i,v})\\ +\sum_{t\in\mathcal{T}}\sum_{i\in\mathcal{R}}\sum_{j\in\mathcal{ R}}\sum_{v\in\mathcal{V}}(PrepResp^{+}_{t,i,j,v}+PrepResp^{+}_{t,i,j,v}+Commit^{+}_{t,i,j,v}+ChView^{+}_{t,i,j,v}) \end{split} \tag{29}\]  
\[Maximize/Minimize\qquad\omega_{1}B^{\prime}+\omega_{2}V^{\prime}+\omega_{3}C ^{\prime} \tag{30}\]  
In the next section, we discuss several experiments using the structure of the presented model, including variations of weights and optimization directions (according to Byzantine attack goals).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### 2D Modelling
#### 2.3.1 Extraction of 2D Map Information  
The first step in the reconstruction process is the modelling of the elements in the map. To do this, a series of 2D layers were digitized with the positional and geographic distribution of the city's elements and its environment: blocks, streets, vegetable gardens and plots, lagoon, meadows, etc. Another 2D layer was also created with the spatial distribution of social strata: a red central zone, a yellow intermediate zone, and the rest corresponding to the peripheral zone. The 2D layers related to the terrain are shown in Figure 6.  
Given the lack of remains of houses from that time in the city, to model the over 1000 houses in the city the facades from the [PERSON] plan were used as a base. As a simplification, it was assumed that each facade could be constructed using a combination of 3 slots, numbered from \(1\) to \(3\) as seen in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: 2D layers related to the terrain over [PERSON]’s map.  
To study the statistical distribution of the slots, a sample of the doors and windows of the houses in [PERSON]'s plan was identified, as shown in Figure 8a, indicating the number of floors, the doors, and windows, as well as the beginning and end of the facade. In this way, it is possible to assign a _fcode_ to each house facade as a concatenation of the numbers of the corresponding slots, as shown in Figure 8b.  
The _fcode_ shows the arrangement of the elements on the facade, but to obtain the geometry of the house it is necessary to define the size of the facade and the slots. In principle, an alternative could be to estimate their sizes from the houses on the map. However, this is not possible because similar houses vary in size along the map. To obtain an estimate of the size of the slots, the houses in the historical catalogue of the city from the 16 th century, referenced in Section 2.2.3, have been used. Their lengths and number of slots have been examined, obtaining an average of 3.3 slots and 3.5 m per slot. In the same way, examining the data from the catalogue has resulted in an average of 2.1 floors and 3.5 m per floor. We also assume that the beginning and end of the facade correspond to a wall whose length has been fixed at 0.6 m [25].  
Finally, for each facade _fcode_ another code, named _htype_, is generated indicating the subset of the house types (terrera, granero, sobradada, comercial, armera) that are compatible with a particular code.
# AWMC: Abnormal-Weather Monitoring and Curation Service Based on Dynamic Graph Embedding
## 3 Method  
This section describes the anomaly detection method for the AWMC system. The system uses an anomaly detection method based on the dynamic graph embedding proposed by [PERSON] [8]. The method can be divided into four steps. The first step is to find spurious relationships between multiple time series and build dynamic graphs. The second step calculates the graph entropy. The third step is to propose a dynamic graph embedding model on the basis of graph entropy to build the embedding space. Lastly, existing anomaly detection methods are applied to the embedding space to detect anomalies. The details of each step are as follows.
# A Scalable Parallel Architecture Based on Many-Core Processors for Generating HTTP Traffic
## 6 Evaluation
### Load Balancing  
The main goal of load-balancing schemes is to improve resource utilization efficiently and provide a high concurrency performance system. We start a traffic generation process and bind it to the tile 3 allowing the CPU usage to remain at about 80%. When the system is stable, we add another traffic generation process binding on tile 4, and then capture the two data of the respective CPU utilization every 0.001 s. In order to describe the change of the CPU utilization more clearly, the full data set is split across 1500, using every 100 data points, to calculate the average rate of the segment at a time. We have established the test scenarios which include DMR and Polling.  
As can be seen from Figure 13(a),b, when we add a new traffic generation process, the DMR algorithm achieves load synchronization for two processes in one cycle, while the Polling algorithm takes two cycles. This is mainly because the DMR can dynamically feedback the real-time access to each process of the real load situation, but Polling can only be completed with the request. In addition, the Polling has a greater variability than the DMR, which is mainly caused by the lifecycle of each request object. When a process is assigned to a larger lifecycle of the request message, it will take up more CPU resources, resulting in greater volatility. The DMR, however, can reduce the volatility by dynamic feedback function. Through the above two aspects of the comparative analysis, we can see that the proposed DMR has better performance.
# Toward Integrated Satellite Operations and Network Management: A Review and Novel Framework
## 6 Conclusions
This paper's contributions extend beyond technical integration; they establish a robust foundation for unified network management in NTN environments, paving the way for a cohesive operational ecosystem between satellite and terrestrial networks. By providing a scalable, modular solution that addresses the complexities of resource distribution, coordination across heterogeneous systems, and responsiveness to real-time network demands, the CMS framework contributes to the evolution of global connectivity. This work not only supports the immediate operational needs of satellite and terrestrial networks but also sets the stage for a seamless transition to next-generation networks, where dynamic and integrated management will be essential. Conceptualization, A.S., J.A.F., A.C. and J.A.R.-d.-A. ; methodology, A.S., J.A.F., A.C. and J.A.R.-d.-A. ; software, A.S. and F.C. ; validation, A.S.; formal analysis, A.S.; investigation, A.S.; resources, A.S.; data curation, A.S.; writing--original draft preparation, A.S. and F.C. ; writing--review and editing, D.C., J.A.F., A.C. and J.A.R.-d.-A. ; visualization, A.S.; supervision, J.A.F., A.C. and J.A.R.-d.-A. ; project administration, J.A.R.-d.-A. ; funding acquisition, D.C., A.C. and J.A.R.-d.-A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work has been funded by the Government of Catalonia in the scope of the NewSpace Strategy for Catalonia. Additionally, this work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation and the European Union-NextGeneration EU, in the framework of the Recovery Plan, Transformation and Resilience (PRTR) (Call UNICO I+D 5G 2021, ref. number TSI-063000-2021-1-6 GSatNet-GS). Also funded with ETHER by the EU's Horizon Europe program with GA N*101096526. This research was also funded in part by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 through project PID2023-146378 NB-I00, and by Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya with the grant number 2021 SGR 0030. This paper is also part of the Grant 6G-DIFERENITE (CER-20231018) funded by CDTI and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR within the call \"Ayudas Cervera para Centros Tecnologicos 2023. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Retrofitting a Building's Envelope: Sustainability Performance of ETICS with ICB or EPS
## 5 Results
### Comparative 3E Performance of ETICS with ICB and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)  
In this section, in order to compare the energy renovation of the \"Hexa\" building facades with ETICS using EPS or ICB, the same two reference solutions presented before (W1 and W8) were considered. Then, six previously studied solutions using ETICS with ICB (W4, W6, W7, W11, W13, W14) and six new using ETICS with EPS (WE4, WE6, WE7, WE11, WE13, WE14) were compared (Table 5).  
Figure 5: NPV/m\({}^{2}\) of external wall of the economic (A1–A5, B2–B4, C2–C4, and D stages) and energy (B6 stage) costs of ETICS with ICB.  
Figure 6: Difference between the NPV/m\({}^{2}\) of external wall of the economic (A1–A5, B2–B4, C2–C4, and D stages) and energy (B6 substage) costs of each external wall alternative and the NPV/m\({}^{2}\) of W1, considering different consumption patterns for the use stage (guaranteeing 10%, 35%, or 50% of the energy needs) of ETICS with ICB.  
The study parameters used for the comparison of the 3E performance of all these solutions are the same as the ones described in SS4.  
The comparison presented in this section is made between improved solutions with the same thickness of insulation in both construction systems and solutions with the same U-value, even though the difference between U-values of solutions with the same thickness of EPS or ICB is lower than 10%.  
The comparison of the energy performance considered the main thermal insulating characteristics of ETICS with EPS or with ICB as insulating material, including the improvements in the energy performance of the building's envelope after its installation for retrofitting and the corresponding energy savings. Because of ongoing changes in building occupancy and in the comfort demands that led to a higher consumption of energy by heating and cooling equipment, it was considered:  
* The default scenario--10% of the energy needs, according with national regulation.
* Higher values--30% and 50%, which simulate future expectable scenarios for dwellings or multi-familiar residential buildings [40]. In fact, both values were used in previous studies [34; 41] because telecommuting is each day more frequent, and elderly people also stay at home most of the day, which means that energy needs for residential buildings can be estimated based on the use of heating or cooling equipment for much more than the 10% of daytime prescribed in the national regulation.
# Learning-Free Text Line Segmentation for Historical Handwritten Documents
## 2 Related Work
### Top-Down Approaches  
Top-down approaches are mainly based on projection profile, Hough transform, smearing, or seam carving. Projection profile sums pixel values among the horizontal axis for each \(y\) axis value of a binary image to determine locations of text lines.  
Projection profile is commonly used for simple document images [18] but can also be adapted for gray scale images [19] and slightly skewed lines [20].  
Hough transform calculates parameters of linear structures produced by the text components in the document image. [PERSON] et al. [21] used Hough transform to find the global orientation of a document image and apply projection profile along this orientation. Hough transform can also be applied to the centroids of connected components and directly align them as text lines [22]. Hough transform is robust for dealing with skewed straight lines but entails high computational cost.  
Smearing fills the white space between the consecutive black pixels along the same direction if their distance is within a predefined threshold [23]. Smearing is sensitive to overlapping text strokes, therefore, [PERSON] et al. [24] smeared background pixels running through the overlapping strokes to build line separators. Later on, [PERSON] et al. [25] adapted smearing to skewed lines by applying it in a strip-wise fashion. The main difficulty of smearing is determining the optimum threshold and is dealt in [26] by using steerable directional filters.  
Seam carving computes the path of minimum energy cost from one end of the image to another. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] employed medial seams for text line extraction of binary document images using signed distance transform as the energy map. Subsequently, they improved the method for gray scale documents using geodesic distance transform as energy map [16].  
Figure 1: Examples of challenges in a recent historical handwritten text line detection dataset, cBAD.
###### Abstract  
The Yellow River Delta wetland boasts a diverse range of vegetation species and harbors an ecosystem that is both sensitive and fragile, so it is of great practical significance to accurately extract the vegetation information and analyze the spatial and temporal changes of this region. Based on the hyperspectral image data of Zhuhai-1, this study selected the characteristic bands through the continuum removal method. It combined these spectral attributes with index-based characteristics, utilizing the random forest algorithm to classify prevalent vegetation types while subjecting the outcomes to thorough analysis. It was shown that (1) when integrating spectral features, red edge indices, water indices, and vegetation indices to classify five distinct vegetation types in the Yellow River Delta during 2020 and 2022, the random forest classification algorithm showed higher classification accuracy, and the study achieved commendable overall classification accuracy rates and Kappa coefficients of 85.92% and 0.84, and 86.25% and 0.84, respectively. (2) In 2020 and 2022, the distribution of vegetation in the Yellow River Delta exhibited the following order: _Suuela glauc > Piragmites > Spartina alterniflora > Tamariski > Typha orientalis Presl_. With the exception of _Spartina alterniflora_, all categories of vegetation witnessed an increase in their distribution areas. _Phragmites_ experienced the most significant growth, with an area expansion of 9.42%. (3) The ecological restoration and management measures taken in the Yellow River Delta have proven notably effective. The proportion of _Spartina alterniflora_ within the vegetation decreased by 3.45%, the native vegetation showed a resurgence, the distribution pattern of vegetation communities moved toward stability, and the total area of vegetation in the study area exhibited an upward trajectory.  
the Yellow River Delta; Zhuhai-1 hyperspectral data; random forest; principal component analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A 920-MHz Dual-Mode Receiver with Energy Harvesting for UHF RFID Tag and IoT +
## 3 Proposed Energy Harvesting Topology  
### Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting  
The low-power photovoltaic and thermoelectric energy-harvesting topology is proposed to eliminate the external battery. The fully integrated DC-DC boost converter is based on a 3-stage  
Figure 2: Proposed self-powered RFID tag architecture.  
differential charge pump scheme as shown in Figure 3, which can deliver a high \(V_{OUT}\) to power-up other circuits. The charge pump is driven by a ring-oscillator-based clock generator when \(V_{IN}\) is in the range of 0.2 V to 0.3 V.  
Due to the threshold voltage of MOSFETs is larger than \(V_{IN}\), the bootstrapped inverter is adopted in the oscillator as the delay cell. The swing of the output clock signal is tripled (\(-V_{IN}\) to \(2V_{IN}\)) and the output drivability is enhanced at low supply voltage. Then, the output voltage can be boosted to over 1 V by the 3-stage charge pump.  
For the switched capacitor charge pump, the clock is used to control the MOSFET switch \(M_{P}\) and \(M_{N}\) to charge and discharge the capacitor \(C_{C}\) in each cycle. The voltage is increased by \(3V_{IN}\) for each boost stage due to the bootstrapped clock. For the proposed 3-stage boost charge pump, the output voltage \(V_{OUT}\) is derived in  
\[V_{OUT}=10V_{IN}-3(V_{MOS}+3V_{L}) \tag{1}\]  
\[V_{L}=\frac{I_{clk}}{2f_{OSC}C_{B}}+\frac{I_{OUT}}{2f_{OSC}C_{C}} \tag{2}\]  
where the \(V_{L}\) is the voltage drop on the bootstrap capacitor \(C_{B}\) and charge pump capacitor \(C_{C}\) due to the current of delay cell \(I_{clk}\) and the output current \(I_{OUT}\). \(f_{OSC}\) is the frequency of clock signal, \(V_{MOS}\) is the total voltage drop on the transistors. The PCE is defined by the ratio of the output DC power \(P_{OUT}\) to the total input power \(P_{IN}\), which is derived in  
\[PCE=\frac{P_{OUT}}{P_{IN}}=\frac{V_{OUT}^{2}}{V_{IN}I_{IN}R_{L}} \tag{3}\]  
and the high PCE can be achieved by selecting a larger \(f_{OSC}C_{C}\) product to reduce the voltage drop \(V_{L}\) across the capacitor. In this design, \(C_{C}=20\) pF and \(f_{OSC}=2.5\) MHz are selected considering chip area and PCE. The \(V_{L}\) and \(V_{MOS}\) are 20 mV and 100 mV by simulation. When \(V_{IN}\) is 0.2 V and the load is in the range from 0.5 M\(\Omega\) to 1.7 M\(\Omega\), the total PCE can reach more than 40%.