## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Potential  
As a result of their positive impact on human health, natural antioxidants, particularly polyphenols, are becoming increasingly popular. Thus, plant polyphenols may be able to counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress, which has been linked to a wide range of diseases, including cancer, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Compound**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{_Arabis carduchorum_ Extracts} \\  & & **Hexane** & **EA** & **DCM** & **MeOH** & **H\({}_{2}\)O** & **Infusion** \\ \hline
1 & Shikimic acid & 0.560 & 0.725 & 0.482 & 2.560 & 0.503 & 8.699 \\
2 & Gallic acid & n.d. a & n.d. & n.d. & 0.056 & 0.098 & 0.175 \\
3 & Loganic acid & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\
4 & 3-Caffeoylquinic acid & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & 9.107 & 0.990 & 0.350 \\
5 & Swertiamarin & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & 2.634 \\
6 & (+)-Catechin & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\
7 & Delphinidn-3,5-diglucoside & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\
8 & Sweroside & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\
9 & 5-Caffeoylquinic acid & 0.618 & 0.493 & 0.431 & 35.619 & 1.398 & 0.780 \\
10 & Vanillic acid & n.d. & 3.307 & 8.189 & 5.354 & 35.906 & 3.307 \\
11 & Caffe acid & n.d. & 0.874 & 0.271 & 1.043 & n.d. & 2.971 \\
12 & (-)-Epicatechin & n.d. & n.d. & 0.188 & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\
13 & Syringic acid & n.d. & 1.465 & 4.777 & 4.013 & 17.771 & 6.369 \\
14 & \(p\)-Cumaric acid & 1.017 & 25.452 & 5.065 & 58.868 & 89.978 & 20.011 \\
15 & Ferulic acid & 0.961 & 8.576 & 30.840 & 33.242 & 87.204 & 27.376 \\
16 & 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid & n.d. & n.d. & 2.606 & 0.485 & n.d. \\
17 & Naringin & n.d. & 0.522 & 0.043 & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\
18 & Rutin & 1.210 & 2.017 & 0.506 & 96.110 & 0.082 & 1.607 \\
19 & Hyperoside & 0.269 & 1.636 & 0.183 & 23.712 & 0.733 & 4.176 \\
20 & Resveratrol & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\
21 & Amarogentin & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\
22 & Kaemperd-3-glucose & 0.048 & 0.055 & 0.021 & 0.219 & n.d. & 0.014 \\
23 & Quercitirin & 0.682 & 7.233 & 0.195 & 49.633 & 1.310 & 44.799 \\
24 & Querectin & 0.078 & 0.699 & n.d. & 4.019 & 6.039 & 2.757 \\
25 & Isogentisin & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\  & Total content & **5.441** & **53.054** & **51.190** & **326.162** & **242.496** & **126.024** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* n.d.: not detectable. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for all compounds ranged from 3.5 to 12.1%.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Content (\(\mu\)g g\({}^{-1}\) of dried weight extract) of bioactive compounds in _A. carduchorum_ extracts. illness [28,29]. In the current investigation, several assays were used to assess the in vitro antioxidant potentials of the different extracts. For instance, the total antioxidant capacity of the extracts revealed by the phosphomolybdenum assay was in the range from 0.90-1.85 mmol TE/g (Table 3). However, no significant correlation was observed between the total antioxidant capacity and the TPC and TFC. Furthermore, all the studied extracts showed radical scavenging potential in DPPH and ABTS assays (4.36-32.13 mg TE/g and 12.58-67.73 mg TE/g, respectively) (Table 3). While methanolic extract showed the strongest scavenging activity in the DPPH assay, infusion extract was the most potent in the ABTS assay. However, in both scavenging assays, the less polar solvent extracts showed the lowest scavenging activity compared to the polar extracts. Similarly, all extracts were found to possess reducing activity, revealed in CUPRAC and FRAP assays (40.80-73.45 mg TE/g and 17.56-39.40 mg TE/g, respectively) (Table 3). Interestingly, the same pattern could be observed for the extracts' reducing activities, whereby the less polar extracts demonstrated lower reducing potential than the polar ones.