# Emerging Technologies for Degradation of Dichlorvos: A Review
## 4 Microbial Degradation of DDVP
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Strain or** \\ **Community** \\ \end{tabular} & **Sample Sources** & **Detected Metabolites** & **Comments** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1} & _Cunningham elegans_ & & & _Cuminghamella elegans_ strain was \\  & _Cunningham elegans_ & & _O,O_-dimethyl phosphonic ester, & the most dominant fungal strain in \\  & _Fusarium solani_ & Surroundings of & desmethyl dichlorvos, also known & pesticide-polluted soil samples with \\  & sewage disposing & as 2,2-dichlorovinyl & 37 appearances in 50 samples (74\% \\  & _Talaromycesastro roseus_ & & \begin{tabular}{c} O-methylphosphate, and \\ _O,O,O_-trimethyl phosphoric ester, \\ also known as dichlorvos \\ (2,2-dichlorovinyl-O,O,-dimethyl) \\ phosphate) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 37 appearances in 50 samples (74\% \\ _Indicroscopy_, _Talaromycesastro roseus_ \\ had 33 appearances (66\% incidence), \\ _Apergillus oryzae_ had 32 \\ appearances (64\% incidence), \\ _Fusarium solani_ and _Penicillium_ sp. \\ both had 26 appearances (52\% incidence). \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{6} & _Culrobactrum intermedium_ DV-B31 & \begin{tabular}{c} Farmal annually \\ sprayed with \\ organophosphorus \\ pesticides \\ \end{tabular} & No data & 96.38\% dichlorvos was degraded by \\  & _Pseudomonas_ & Agricultural field & DV-B31 in 8 days \\  & _aeruginosa_ & inPunjab, India & No data & 90\% of dichlorvos was degraded in \\  & _Bacillus_ & \begin{tabular}{c} InPunjab, India \\ _Amypliquefaciens_YP6 \\ \end{tabular} & No data & \begin{tabular}{c} around 20 days \\ _Bacillus_ \\ \end{tabular} & [58] \\  & _Bacillus_ & \begin{tabular}{c} Phosphate mine in \\ Guizhou Province, \\ China \\ \end{tabular} & No data & 53\% of dichlorvos was degraded in \\  & _Tichoderma atroviride_ & \begin{tabular}{c} No data \\ Trichorethylene and \\ degraded in 120 h \\ \end{tabular} & [62] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{10} & _Tichoderma atroviride_ & No data & Dichloroethane and & 300 ug/mL dichlorvos was \\  & T23 & & \begin{tabular}{c} field in \\ neighborhood in 120 h \\ \end{tabular} & [60] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{10} & _Tichoderma atroviride_ & Vegetable field in & \begin{tabular}{c} Dichlorvos was completely \\ removed when treated with mycelia \\ of AMT-28 for 7 d \\ \end{tabular} & [64] \\  & mutant AMT-28 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Vegetable field in \\ Shenyang, China \\ \end{tabular} & No data &
\begin{tabular}{c} Dichloro was completely \\ removed when treated with mycelia \\ of AMT-28 for 7 d \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Microbial degradation of dichlorvos. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the biodegradation pathway of DDPV. A study of _Trichoderma atrovivide_ strain T23 presented two possible ways of degrading DDVP [60]. According to the results of this study, the first pathway is related to the breakage of the P-O bond. DDVP was converted to dimethyl phosphate (DMP) and dichloroacetaldehyde, and these intermediates can be rapidly tautomerized to dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and dichloroethane (DCE). Some of the DCE is then transformed into trichloroethane (TCE) and the rest is dechlorinated into ethanol. Potentially, through the esterification of DCAA to ethyl dichloroacetate (EDCA), DMP is eventually converted into phosphate ions by strain T23. Moreover, the stochiometric amount of metabolites is lower than the consumption of DDVP, which leads to the second possible pathway. The second pathway involves the de-chlorination of DDVP to the isomers, (\(Z\))-2-chlorovinyl dimethylphosphate and (\(E\))-2-chlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, while these isomers hardly undergo further de-chlorination to phosphoric acid trimethyl ester. Thus, they are unlikely the main by-products and are not easy to detect using normal techniques. [PERSON] et al. [64] noted that _Trichoderma atroviride_ mutant AMT-28 is one of the most effective fungal bacteria and can completely remove DDVP pollution in 7 days.