# High Dimension Granite Pavement Bio-Desalination Practical Implementation
## 3 Results
### High Dimension Bio-Desalination Visual Cleaning and Digital Imaging Analysis  
After the bio-desalination treatments, a cleaner and clearer surface was visually observed (Figure 4), and no damage of the stone surface was observed. In order to transfer these visual observations into quantifiable data, digital image analysis was used. Digital analysis showed median cleaning percentages of 18.12% when comparing before and 1 month after the bio-desalination treatment. The cleaning effect was augmented after the 12 months follow-up, reaching median cleaning percentages of 37.78% (Table 5, Figure 5).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treated** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Nitrate–Nitrite Reduction (mg/L)**} \\
**Slab** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**After 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Follow-Up 2**} \\ \hline  & **Nitrates** & **Nitrates** & **Nitrates** & **Nitrates** & **Nitrites** \\ \hline
33 & 500 & 80 & 250 & 20 & 250 & 0 \\
41 & 500 & 80 & 250 & 40 & 250 & 0 \\
45 & 500 & 80 & 250 & 20 & 50 & 0 \\
46 & 500 & 80 & 500 & 40 & 250 & 0 \\ Mean & 500 & 80 & 350 & 32 & 210 & 0 \\ values & & & & & \\ Standard & 0.0 & 0.0 & 122.3 & 9.8 & 80.0 & 0 \\ deviation & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* One month after bio-desalination treatment. 2 Twelve months after bio-desalination treatment.  
\end{table}
Table 4: High dimension bio-desalination treatment nitrate–nitrite reduction monitoring.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treated Slab** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ion Conductivity (\(\mu\)S/cm)**} \\ \hline  & **Before** & **After 1** & **Follow-Up 2** \\ \hline
33 & 659 & 387 & 350 \\
40 & 413 & 208 & 303 \\
41 & 423 & 300 & 390 \\
45 & 287 & 252 & 200 \\
46 & 282 & 216 & 350 \\ Mean values & 412.8 & 272.6 & 318.6 \\ Standard deviation & 153.0 & 73.6 & 73.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* One month after bio-desalination treatment. 2 Twelve months after bio-desalination treatment.  
\end{table}
Table 3: High dimension bio-desalination treatment Ion conductivity monitoring.  
Figure 4: Detail of a church granite pavement 25 m\({}^{2}\) treated area following the high dimension bio-desalination optimized protocol. Area before treatment (**left image**), area during treatment (**middle image**), and area after treatment (**right image**).  
Figure 5: Boxplot showing median, standard deviation, and outliers of the cleaning percentage of the five slabs selected for high dimension bio-desalination of the church monitoring. All values have been adjusted with the control median before treatment (0%) and with the clean slab selected as ideally clean (100%). For each slab, three measurements were completed: before treatment (B), 1 month after treatment (A), and 12 months after treatment follow-up (F).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Median \(\pm\) std (\%)** & **1B** & **2B** & **3B** & **4B** & **5B** & **Media** \\ \hline After & 17.80 \(\pm\) 21 & 8.73 \(\pm\) 28 & 24.08 \(\pm\) 34 & 26.30 \(\pm\) 28 & 13.72 \(\pm\) 22 & 18.12 \(\pm\) 27 \\ \hline Follow-up & 28.70 \(\pm\) 18 & 37.05 \(\pm\) 25 & 48.92 \(\pm\) 32 & 56.41 \(\pm\) 33 & 17.85 \(\pm\) 22 & 37.78 \(\pm\) 26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Cleaning percentage of the five slabs selected for high dimension bio-desalination monitoring compared with a 100% cleaned (ideally cleaned) slab.