## 3 Results  
### Beginning of the Experiment  
Soil pH was greatest in BIOC (8.4) as compared to other treatments (Table 3). Remaining treatments were comparable to each other (7.8). Soil EC was the greatest in COMP (1209 s cm\({}^{-1}\)) and twice as great as EC in UNAM (537 s cm\({}^{-1}\)). Soil INN in soil amended with BIOC was the lowest (15.2 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) compared to other treatments (183.4 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) (Table 4) and soil PMN was very low to negligible. The BIOC treatment also had the least DON (12.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) while DON in INF was the greatest (101.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)). Soil DOC demonstrated an opposite pattern with the greatest concentrations observed in BIOC (398.9 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) and least in INF (163.0 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)). The COMP treatment had the greatest AP (0.6 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) compared to UNAM (0.3 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) while AP concentrations in the other treatments fell in between. Soil available and total Fe concentrations averaged 8.6 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and 21,177 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively, across all treatments. Available and total Pb concentrations averaged 104.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and 772 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Soil Lable** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**BIOC**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**COMP**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**INF**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**UNAM**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**F-Stat**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\)-Value**} \\
**Properties** & & & & & & \\ \hline DOC (mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) & & & & & & \\ Begin & 398.85 (58.12) a & 270.69 (14.38) ab & 163.03 (13.5) b & 212.50 (11.91) b & 7.06 & \(\leq\)0.05 \\ End Lab Inc & 298.97 (23.06) ab & 389.10 (17.38) a * & 243.16 (30.09) b & 188.20 (27.27) b & 7.89 & \(\leq\)0.01 \\ End Radish & 48.40 (12.10) c * & 132.68 (11.83) b * & 198.24 (16.28) a & 112.20 (0.62) b * & 17.76 & \(\leq\)0.001 \\ End Lettuce & 126.05 (13.99) b * & 213.44 (18.12) a & 111.81 (6.02) b * & 147.80 (14.43) ab * & 6.86 & \(\leq\)0.01 \\ DON (mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) & & & & & \\ Begin & 12.45 (0.25) c & 75.48 (10.88) ab & 101.50 (15.57) a & 28.33 (3.23) bc & 12.21 & \(\leq\)0.01 \\ End Lab Inc & 19.83 (0.11) ab * & 92.08 (0.51) a & 58.38 (1.47) ab & 11.80 (0.35) b * & 10.39 & \(\leq\)0.05 \\ End Radish & 3.41 (0.17) b * & 9.13 (1.36) a * & 9.21 (2.34) a * & 8.70 (2.31) a * & 12.31 & \(\leq\)0.001 \\ End Lettuce & 19.91 (3.73) b & 42.06 (6.78) ab * & 64.04 (14.53) a & 18.44 (2.13) b & 4.65 & \(\leq\)0.05 \\ PMN (mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) & & & & & & \\ Begin & 1.64 (0.96) & 5.69 (13.6) & \(\leq\)d.l. & 4.23 (0.61) & 5.52 & \(\leq\)0.05 \\ End Lab Inc & 0.36 (0.08) b & 3.45 (0.36) a & 1.45 (0.41) ab & 3.13 (1.03) ab & 4.54 & \(\leq\)0.05 \\ End Radish & 3.02 (0.27) c & 10.63 (1.55) a & 8.64 (1.55) ab & 5.49 (0.88) b & 7.03 & \(\leq\)0.01 \\ End Lettuce & -cd.l. & 6.89 (0.83) a & 2.74 (0.45) b & 1.18 (0.20) b * & 61.10 & \(\leq\)0.01 \\ INN (mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) & & & & & & \\ Begin & 15.2 (1.22) b & 195.16 (17.54) a & 217.12 (25.10) a & 137.76 (21.14) a & 15.75 & \(\leq\)0.01 \\ End Lab Inc & 65.73 (5.36) c * & 207.11 (9.01) a & 150.51 (31.3) b & 22.07 (0.59) a * & 153.70 & \(\leq\)0.001 \\ End Radish & 1.77 (0.18) * & 6.68 (1.70) a & 6.20 (1.71) * & 6.79 (1.62) * & 1.91 & ns \\ End Lettuce & 16.70 (2.48) & 16.04 (1.25) * & 14.33 (0.66) * & 14.28 (2.06) * & 0.30 & ns \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Soil physicochemical properties: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), inorganic carbon (IC), total organic C (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C to N ratio (C:N) in soils amended with biochar (BIOC), compost (COMP), inorganic fertilizer (INF), and from unamended control (UNAM). Values represent mean averages with standard errors in parentheses.