esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion  
This study aims to demonstrate the suitability of Met-ADS and Met-Bio as natural AA carriers for animal nutrition application. Given that supplemental dietary AAs need to be provided in a form that prevents their degradation along the gastrointestinal system to guarantee their high bioavailability, bioactivity and absorption, two natural clays are proposed in this study as AAs carrier for feed application. The target of this study is to evaluate possible advantages in the use of clay minerals as carriers of nutrients in feed application. Accordingly, AAs release is a fundamental step that occurs in the intestine of the animal, avoiding the competition for AAs with micro-organisms in the stomach, where absorption by the host is still limited.  
The release of Met could result from an external stimulus, such as a change in environmental conditions during the transit of Met through the digestive system. Such stimulus could be the change of pH, which is considered the most important physico-chemical parameter changing in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The ability of pH to affect the release rate of methionine can be exerted on both methionine and carrier; in the case of methionine, by charging the molecule; in the case of the clay, by modifying the interlayer charge. Both these effects may favour methionine release, possibly by charges of repulsion.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Effects of Fibers on the Workability (Slump) of Concrete  
As described in the literature, the addition of fibers to concrete reduces its workability [14; 18]. It is a general practice for achieving a concrete's required workability; an appropriate superplasticizer dose is added. The same approach was followed in this study to acquire the desired workability of the concrete. Figure 4 shows the amount of superplasticizer added to obtain a targeted slump value between 90-110 mm. The water to cementitious material ratio was kept constant at 0.4. It is well established [34] that the addition of fly ash increases the workability of concrete. Therefore, the control mix containing fly ash (CF) included a lower dosage of superplasticizer (0.25%) than that added to the 100% cement mix (CM), which was 0.35% for obtaining the targeted slump of concrete. However, the fly ash concrete containing fibers required a higher dose of superplasticizer (SP) for achieving the targeted value of slump. For concrete mixes containing 0.3% volume fraction of PVA, a dosage of 0.3% SP was added. With the same volumetric fraction of CSS fibers, the dosage of SP was increased to 0.5%. In all such cases, the addition of SP dosage did reduce the compressive strength value. The compressive strength results are discussed in the next section. The analysis of the fibers' effects on concrete workability showed that CCS fibers caused a substantial reduction in concrete workability than did the PVA fibers. CCS fibers required 0.5% content of SP dose, whereas PVA fibers needed only 0.35% for achieving the desired slump of 90-110 mm.
# Electromechanical Behavior of Afyonkarahisar Clay Under Varying Stress and Moisture Conditions
## 3 Test Results and Discussions
### Uniaxial Compressive Strength of CH Clay  
The CH clay exhibits high compressive strength at low moisture content, which decreases significantly with increasing water content. At a moisture content of \(\mathrm{w}=10\%\), the measured uniaxial compressive strength is \(\mathrm{q_{u}}=1200\) kPa, which, based on the simplified empirical correlation, corresponds to an undrained shear strength of \(\mathrm{c_{u}}=600\) kPa. At \(\mathrm{w}=20\%\), the compressive strength is slightly lower, with \(\mathrm{q_{u}}=900\) kPa, while at \(\mathrm{w}=30\%\), the uniaxial compressive strength drops sharply to only \(\mathrm{q_{u}}=120\) kPa.  
Within the range of relative water content \(\mathrm{w}/\mathrm{w_{L}}=0.20\) to \(0.60\), the ratio \(\mathrm{c_{u}}/\mathrm{q_{u}}\approx 0.5\) is considered realistic. However, at higher relative water contents--closer to saturation--a significant reduction in this ratio is expected, indicating a loss of shear resistance with increasing pore water content.  
An empirical exponential relationship proposed by [PERSON] (2013) ([PERSON], 2013) is used to describe the dependency of the undrained shear strength on the unconfined compressive strength ratio on the normalized water content:  
\[c_{u}/q_{u}=A\cdot e^{-B\cdot(\mathrm{w}/w_{L})}, \tag{8}\]  
where:  
\(\mathrm{c_{u}}=\) undrained shear strength,  
\(\mathrm{q_{u}}=\) unconfined compressive strength,  
\(\mathrm{w}=\) natural water content of the soil (%),  
\(\mathrm{w_{L}}=\) liquid limit (%),  
A = empirical coefficient representing the maximum value of the \(\mathrm{c_{u}}/\mathrm{q_{u}}\) ratio at very low water content,  
B = empirical exponent controlling the rate at which the ratio decreases with increasing normalized water content (\(\mathrm{w}/\mathrm{w_{L}}\)).  
This relationship captures the exponential decay of shear strength relative to compressive strength as water content increases, and it enables better comparison between soils with different plasticities.  
The parameters \(A\) and \(B\) must be determined empirically based on tests conducted on the specific soil type under investigation. The form of the relationship used in this study is summarized in Equation (9).  
\[c_{u}/q_{u}=0.55\cdot e^{-15\cdot(\mathrm{w}/\mathrm{w_{L}})}, \tag{9}\]  
This equation effectively captures the reduction in strength for different clay types. It has been validated against experimental data and shows good agreement with observations for CH clays, where a sharp decrease in strength is evident at higher values of normalized water content (\(\mathrm{w}/\mathrm{w_{L}}\)).  
Figure 7 illustrates the decrease in the \(\mathrm{c_{u}}/\mathrm{q_{u}}\) ratio as a function of increasing relative water content (\(\mathrm{w}/\mathrm{w_{L}}\)), in accordance with Equation (9).
# Alkylimidazolic Ionic Liquids Absorption and Diffusion in Wood
## 2 Experimental Section  
### Materials  
Two wood species were used for the experiments: Norway spruce (_Picea__ab_s) and beech (_Fagus__sylvatica_). Quarter-sawn samples from the two types of wood, with dimensions of 20 mm \(\times\) 10 mm \(\times\) 10 mm (longitudinal \(\times\) radial \(\times\) tangential), were used to determine ionic liquids uptake and diffusion coefficients. The bulk average density of the wood specimens used was 358 kg/m\({}^{3}\) for spruce and 562 kg/m\({}^{3}\) for beech.  
The following water-soluble ionic liquids were used in the experiments: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCI, >95%, \(M_{w}\) = 146.62), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF\({}_{4}\), >98%, \(M_{w}\) = 197.97), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAAc, 95%, \(M_{w}\) = 170.21), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCI, 99%, \(M_{w}\) = 174.67), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF\({}_{4}\), 99%, \(M_{w}\) = 226.02), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIMAC, >95%, \(M_{w}\) = 198.26), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIMCI, 99%, \(M_{w}\) = 202.72), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (HMIMBF\({}_{4}\), 99%, \(M_{w}\) = 254.08). All ionic liquids were purchased from IoLiTec Ionic Liquids Technologies GmbH (Heilbronn, Germany).  
These 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids were chosen for their relatively low price compared to other ionic liquids, wide commercial availability, ease of synthesis and good interaction with the wood components [21; 22]. At room temperature, negligible dissolution of lignocellulosic or wood extractives occurred [23], and several useful properties were imparted to the wood as demonstrated from both the authors' previous work and other independent studies [15; 24; 25].  
To compare the different types of ILs in absorption and diffusion behavior, a concentration of 90% wt. was chosen in all instances, based on the authors' prior experimental parameters optimization. Considering that some ILs (EMIMCI and BMIMCI) were solids at room temperature, a solution (rather than a slurry) was satisfactorily obtained starting only with the specified concentration value.  
After ILs sorption equilibrium was reached, the wood samples were dried in a CaCl\({}_{2}\)-containing desiccator for 7 days and then analyzed by ATR-FTIR (Perkin-Elmer Spectrum BXII IR spectrometer) at a 4000-600 cm\({}^{-1}\) interval with a 4 cm\({}^{-1}\) resolution.
# Knowledge-Graph-Based Integrated Line Loss Evaluation Management System
## 2 Constructing a Knowledge Graph for Comprehensive Line Loss Evaluation Management
### Extraction of Relevant Data Indicators  
A comprehensive evaluation is a method of assessment that is widely employed in academic contexts. It is an objective, impartial, and logical overall evaluation of the subject under examination, with the aim of accurately positioning the subject. Holistic evaluation is comprised of five elements: the subject of evaluation, evaluation indicators, weight factors, composition models, and evaluators. In order to address the differences in data structures, this paper is based on a standardized processing procedure and method for multi-source heterogeneous data. The indicators are extracted in accordance with five principles.  
Systematicity is defined as follows: it is essential to give full consideration to the overarching strategic objectives of the network company, to ensure a clear logical correlation between the indicators, and to facilitate the effective implementation of strategies.  
The evaluation must be comprehensive. It is essential to integrate the pertinent elements of line loss management in order to facilitate comprehensive optimization.  
Structurality: in accordance with the data, the indicators should be decomposed into structures at the strategic and management levels, with each level providing support to the other.  
The objective of differentiation is as follows: in conjunction with the actual characteristics of the network company, a purposeful indicator system should be established.  
Correlation: it is recommended that key indicators be selected, related indicators be determined, and collaborative management among different network departments be promoted.  
In the data samples obtained, some data are of an unreasonable format and quality due to the presence of errors resulting from manual meter reading and the use of abnormal collection equipment. Consequently, prior to the processing of the data, certain data points are excluded on the basis of their attributes and the line loss characteristics that they reflect.
## 3 Experiment Setup and Results
### Results Discussion
It can also be seen that the traditional Volterra-DFE and the simplified Volterra-DFE have similar equalization effects, and the received optical power reaching the HD-FEC BER threshold (\(3.8\times 10^{-3}\)) is 1.5 dB lower than that of the ordinary DFE. Figure 11 shows the eye diagrams at 128 Gb/s, and it can be seen that the eyes open only when using the proposed equalizer, which means the proposed equalizer is able to recover the signal quality. When using DFE alone, the eyes cannot open, and in this case, the signals are degraded. Figure 8: BER Performance of 112 Gbit/s PAM4 after 10 km Transmission. Figure 7: BER Performance of 128 Gbit/s PAM4 after BTB Transmission. Figure 12 and 13 show the BER curves of PNLE or the proposed equalizer with different transmission rates after transmitting through 10.8 km SSMF. These two figures are shown to compare the equalization effect after changing the square operation into an absolution operation. It is clear that the proposed equalizer has a similar ability to equalize the distorted signals in an EML-based IM-DD system, which indicates the effectiveness of the simplification. Figure 11: Eye diagrams of 128 Gbit/s PAM4 measured after (**a**) DFE and (**b**) Proposed Equalizer. Figure 10: Eye diagrams of 112 Gbit/s PAM4 measured after (**a**) DFE and (**b**) Proposed Equalizer. Figure 9: BER Performance of 128 Gbit/s PAM4 after 10 km Transmission.
## 3 Results
### Comparative Performance Analysis
Moreover, in the context of concrete pouring operations, where accurate detection of pouring objects is critical for verifying regulatory compliance, this performance improvement enhances the model's practical applicability on construction sites. To enable a more detailed assessment of model performance, this study classified detection failures into two distinct types: misdetections and complete failures. In the context of concrete pouring detection, a misdetection occurs when a bounding box is incorrectly generated around a non-target object, such as a nearby structure or material. A complete failure refers to the absence of a bounding box due to ambiguous boundaries between the actively poured concrete (target object) and surrounding elements with similar visual characteristics. Ambient Detection was specifically designed to overcome these issues--namely, misdetections caused by object similarity and complete failures caused by visual ambiguity between freshly poured and already placed concrete. To verify how effectively these challenges were addressed, the study analyzed misdetections and complete failures separately. YOLOv11 was vulnerable to both types of error, showing a misdetection rate of 6.03% and a complete failure rate of 12.93%. In contrast, Ambient Detection effectively addressed these limitations through its relationship-based feature enhancement module, reducing the misdetection and complete failure rates to 1.72% and 5.17%, respectively. Rather than relying solely on the count of undetected images, this study distinguished between the total number of detection failures, misdetections, and complete failures. This approach enabled a more quantitative and detailed verification of the proposed model's error-reduction capabilities. This approach contributes to improving the generalizabilityand practical applicability of Ambient Detection across diverse construction environments and operational conditions.
# Development of the First Portuguese Radar Tracking Sensor for Space Debris
## 4 Waveform Design
### Rectangular Pulse  
Figure 5 shows a rectangular pulse of 3.3 ms repeated at 30 Hz and the zero Doppler cut. Using a rectangular pulse results in a range resolution of 500 km which is unacceptable when detecting objects at a maximum of 1000 km.  
Figure 4: Maximum simultaneous number of trackable targets during a 24 h timespan.  
ATLAS enables the design of arbitrary amplitude modulated waveforms in the digital domain with a resolution of 10 ns. This enables the design of waveforms with high autocorrelation properties that can be used to increase resolution. This signal processing technique is usually called pulse compression [40].
# Multi-Agent Systems
## 1 Introduction  
The concept of n intelligent agent is a concept that is born from the area of artificial intelligence; in fact, a commonly-accepted definition relates the discipline of artificial intelligence with the analysis and design of autonomous entities capable of exhibiting intelligent behavior. From that perspective, it is assumed that an intelligent agent must be able to perceive its environment, reason about how to achieve its objectives, act towards achieving them through the application of some principle of rationality, and interact with other intelligent agents, being artificial or human [1].  
Multi-agent systems are a particular case of a distributed system, and its particularity lies in the fact that the components of the system are autonomous and selfish, seeking to satisfy their own objectives. In addition, these systems also stand out for being open systems without a centralized design [2]. One main reason for the great interest and attention that multi-agent systems have received is that they are seen as an enabling technology for complex applications that require distributed and parallel processing of data and operate autonomously in complex and dynamic domains.  
Research in the discipline of multi-agent systems (MAS) is based on the results of distributed computing asking new questions about how agents must interact with each other in order to coordinate their activities and solve complex problems. Most current research focuses on designing appropriate coordination mechanisms for managing coalitions or teams of agents. The programming of intelligent agents poses complex challenges to engineers because in addition to the complexity of designing concurrent and distributed systems, there is the added complexity that the components must have an architecture that includes aspects such as _reactivity, proactivity_, and _sociability_. These properties are not easy to program when the environment is dynamic and complex. In order to achieve real agent programming, a multitude of proposals have been made, by many researchers, for agent architectures, communication languages, and decision-making and coordination mechanisms. In the latter case,the need arises that agents have to be able to reach _agreements_ in order to be able to operate in a multi-agent system. Here lies an important aspect of the programming complexity of intelligent agents.  
This Special Issue attempts to advance the paradigm of multi-agent systems by proposing new works in different areas of interest. In this way, works are proposed in the areas of agent-oriented software engineering, multi-agent learning, agent based simulation, and agent applications in highly topical domains such as smart cities and ambient intelligence. The following sections detail the selected contributions in each of these areas.
# End-Effectors Developed for Citrus and Other Spherical Crops
###### Abstract  
Citrus harvesting is time-intensive and labor-intensive, relying mainly on manual harvesting. The automatic harvesting of fruit and vegetable crops can not only reduce the physical labor of fruit farmers in the harsh field environment but also greatly improve the harvesting efficiency. Based on the principle of manual citrus picking, an end-effector with three-finger grasping is designed in this study. First, the structure of the end-effector was designed to achieve the function of stable grasping and effective cutting of citrus fruits, and then the working process and key parameters of the end-effector were explained in detail. Finally, a picking test was conducted without considering robot vision. The test results show that the end-effector has a picking success rate of 95.23% for citrus with a diameter of 30-100 mm and an average picking time of 4.65 s for a single fruit. This end-effector can realize the picking function for citrus of different sizes and shapes and has the advantages of high adaptability, stable gripping and no damage to the fruit.  
picking trials; end-effector; citrus; robotic harvesting +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antidiabetic Activity of the Natural Products Synthesis by Endophytic Bacteria  
Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder that occurs when the pancreas does not produce insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia. It has become a global problem for human health in recent years. Many natural drugs obtained from medicinal plants and endophytes have been used for the treatment of this disease [49,50]. The alkaloid compounds were obtained from the mangrove fungal endophyte _Aspergillus_ sp., which exhibited significant antidiabetic activity against the PTP1B enzyme [49]. The fungal strain _Penicillium__canescens_ produced bioactive secondary metabolites that showed inhibitory activity against a-glucosidase [51]. We have also measured the inhibitory effects of the crude extract of endophytic bacteria against PTP1B activity in vitro. The crude extracts of _B. haltolerans_ XJB-35, _P. punonensis_ XJB-7, _L. adearboxdata_ XJB-12, and _P. alvei_ XJB-14 demonstrated a powerful inhibitory effect on PTP1B, with an IC\({}_{50}\) of 4.93 \(\pm\) 0.29, 6.18 \(\pm\) 1.45, 8.08 \(\pm\) 0.81, and 7.62 \(\pm\) 0.46 \(\upmu\)g/mL, respectively (Table 7). _P. agglomerans_ XJB-62 did not show any inhibitory activity against PTP-1B. All results were compared with the positive control PTP1B inhibitor (1.46 \(\pm\) 0.40 \(\upmu\)g/mL). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Samples**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cell Lines**} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**IC\({}_{50}\) (\(\upmu\)g/mL)**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **HT-29** & **MCF-7** & **HeLa** \\  & **(\(\upmu\)g/mL)** & **(\(\upmu\)g/mL)** & **(\(\upmu\)g/mL)** \\ \hline _B. haynesii_ XJB-5 & 45.10 \(\pm\) 0.004 & Not active & 65.6 \(\pm\) 0.15 \\ _B. proteolytic_ XJB-16 & 32.41 \(\pm\) 2.20 & Not active & 29.38 \(\pm\) 1.27 \\ _B. haltolerans_ XJB-35 & 15.07 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 19.05 \(\pm\) 0.90 & 11.39 \(\pm\) 0.23 \\ _B. sapiens_ XJB-71 & 23.45 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 28.72 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 44.89 \(\pm\) 0.43 \\ _P. punonensis_ XJB-7 & 78.37 \(\pm\) 1.82 & 53.98 \(\pm\) 1.14 & 47.01 \(\pm\) 2.08 \\ _L. fusiformis_ XJB-17 & 33.098 \(\pm\) 1.03 & 25.98 \(\pm\) 1.66 & 27.11 \(\pm\) 0.34 \\ _S. lutetiensis_ XJ-B66 & 36.5 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 33.9 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 22.09 \(\pm\) 0.005 \\ _L. adearboxdata_ XJB-12 & 34.21 \(\pm\) 2.20 & 57.6 \(\pm\) 1.04 & 39.58 \(\pm\) 1.08 \\ _P. alvei_ XJB-14 & 38.6 \(\pm\) 1.054 & 29.99 \(\pm\) 0.89 & 25.29 \(\pm\) 0.15 \\ _P. agglomerans_ XJB-62 & 36.24 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 29.55 \(\pm\) 1.05 & 43.008 \(\pm\) 0.23 \\ DOX & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.041 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.006 & 33.11 \(\pm\) 0.005 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Cytotoxic activity of secondary metabolites of crude extracts of bacterial endophytes associated with _V. anthelminica_ (n = 3).
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Numerical Simulation Model Results and Analysis  
According to the simulation results for strata and ground subsidence above the backfill working face, before the open-cut operation began, the minimum vertical stress around the working face was about 17 MPa. As the excavation started and backfilling took place, this minimum stress value gradually increased near the roof and floor, leading to strata and ground subsidence (Figure 14). The maximum vertical stress during excavation reached about 22.33 MPa, indicating that the roof lost its support after coal cutting, leading to increased stress around the working face edges and backfill body. Yet, after the coal's extraction, the vertical stress within the backfilled areas ranged from 13.7 to 16.62 MPa, approximately the same as the original stress (Figure 15). The compacted backfill body helps stabilize the vertical stress of the surrounding rock mass, enabling it to bear most of the roof pressure, reduce overall vertical stress levels, and control the overlying strata's movement.  
Figure 13: The vertical stress variation characteristics of the main roof above the goaf area.  
The maximum stress value is about 22.33 MPa, and the average stress concentration coefficient is 1.86.  
According to the analysis of Figures 16 and 17, the maximum values of surface subsidence, horizontal movement, horizontal deformation, and inclination from the measuring line were 50.4 mm, \(-0.27\) to 0.26 mm/m, \(-3.13\) to 3.44 mm, and \(-0.07\) to 0.08 m, respectively. The maximum surface subsidence and horizontal deformation meet the fortification requirements of the buildings on the surface above the backfill working face. Therefore, the backfill body has a great effect on controlling strata and ground subsidence.  
Figure 14: Surface subsidence at different advancement distances.  
Figure 15: Vertical stress distribution at different advancement distances.