## 3 Open Issues  
Since our primary design goal is functionality, it is not unexpected nor rare to discover security flaws in applications that were designed to perform a particular task. However, lack of security can be detected once these applications are placed in open networks. Hence, we quickly realize the significant degradation effect in functionality because security was not a part of the initial design as mentioned earlier by [PERSON] et al. (2014). Autonomous mines (i.e., mines in general) are not an exception to this phenomenon in which manufacturers strived to develop smart machinery that can be remotely operated and controlled as well as autonomously perform the work. Nevertheless, the cybersecurity aspect of this equipment is being implemented as an afterthought. In such a context, the aim of the cyberattacks may be to sabotage or slow down the ATs due to a competitive company in the market. Through this survey, we lightened how securing communication in an industrial environment is highly dependent on general practices and guidelines, as stated in ([PERSON], 2018). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Papers** & **Used Techniques/Technologies** & **Security and Safety Challenges Addressed** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[8]} & Wi-Fi technology is essential in AHS mining and Industry 4.0 & AHS trucks require constant communication with central command and with each other & Presented new advantages for the business, such as low cost and easy deployment & Vulnerabilities such as DoS attacks on critical operations. The authors of operations. The authors of [7] explain how the current wireless standards alone are not adequate to address Industry 4.0 requirements & WSN protocols are based on the 802.15.4 standard with a low energy usage objective. & \\  & & Collect real-time data in the field and send the data to command centers to monitor persons and equipment in high-risk areas. A proximity sensor is designed to identify and avoid hazards while trucks are in autonomous mode, particularly in mining operations & WSN protocols are based on 802.15.4 standard with a low energy usage objective. & \\  & & Monitor safety of equipment and operators when applicable in mining environment & monitor persons and equipment in high-risk areas. A proximity sensor is designed to identify and avoid hazards while trucks are in autonomous mode, particularly in mining operations & security in the industrial environment, e.g., WilnessHART, while ensuring confidentiality might be a challenge due to the limited battery life of sensor nodes that affects their ability to encrypt more secure algorithms & WSN protocols are based on the 802.15.4 standard with a low energy usage objective. & WSN protocols are based on the 802. According to the literature and discussion above, more real cases should be considered for study to understand the impact of the GPS attacks on AHS in the mining industry. Aspects including the signal strength, direction of arrival, and signal clock can be considered so as to identify fake signals as well prevent GPS attacks. A successful GPS attack can deviate the ATs from the target's true positions. A catastrophic collision of two or more trucks can also occur, resulting in the loss of people and resources. On the other hand, camera attacks are discussed in several studies, such as [9; 21; 30; 31]. These papers have highlighted ideas about protection from camera attacks, without presenting practical solutions or countermeasures to camera attacks. Camera attacks are extremely dangerous since ATs may be unable to detect obstacles or recognize traffic signs in the mine resulting in ATs collisions. Thus, more investigations and solutions are still needed to observe the effect of camera attacks on the safe operations of the AHS environments. The discussion in Section 2.1 revealed that most of the cybersecurity challenges that exist recently in mining are due to the absence of standardization and oriented solutions.