## 3 Related Work
The authors created a system that integrates a hierarchical consensus algorithm, blockchain-based model distribution, and model learning\". When a user group is geographically proximate, the proposed work [27] looked at the privacy risk created by attackers who utilize data mining algorithms to trespass on a user's privacy. The authors suggested using the black-box module to create a smart contract. This module allows frequently executing power trading activities on demand to maintain privacy in design objectives. Proposed research work [28] investigated the weaknesses in two existing private information systems and proposed an \"Ethereum--base\" location privacy preservation solution. Instead of using a third-party anonymizing server, the proposed approach follows the k-anonymity security principle. Conflux consensus protocol encodes two alternative key generation algorithms to defend against the active liveness assault [29]. The conservative approach ensures progress toward consensus, whereas the optimal approach ensures speedy confirmation. Conflux is a decentralized, scalable, high-bandwidth blockchain with rapid verification. It combines these two strategies into a single integrated consensus process using a ground-breaking adaptive weight mechanism. To tackle the double-spending attack, proposed research [30] developed the MSP (Multistage Secured Pool) framework, which allows the pool to authenticate transactions. The proposed structure contains four steps to counter this attack: (1) recognition, (2) verification, (3) transmission, and (4) dissemination, all steps in the process. [PERSON] et al. [31] also propose ways to prevent double spending assaults after establishing the attack restriction. To examine the 51 percent offensive, proposed research [32] focused on crypto-coins with low hashing power, identifying the weakness in the consensus process that permits this attack. The authors have defined the hash rate difficulty and present five security approaches for avoiding a 51 percent attack. Recent work to mitigate the 51 percent assault includes defensive mining and implementing a \"Perm point\" finality arbitration system to reduce chain reconfiguration [33]. Proposed research [34] advised leveraging public-key encryption in distributed ledger technology to identify entities to mitigate a vital security attack. This strategy maintains the integrity of the blockchain network. The topic of group key management is discussed to safeguard group communication and network confidentiality. An overview of security mistakes, transaction implementation, and a secure operation methodology policy is given in [35]. One scheme is deployed to improve the influence of threats/error and also improve the networks solidity processing, which is a homomorphic cryptosystem, ring signature, and numerous other security features. The vulnerability of self-mining has offered a strategy to mitigate this attack [36]. To resist the assault, the creators use an accurate removal method to design a truth state notation for units, the self-removal fork, and assign self-authorization height to each contract. A thorough analysis of self-mining assaults and associated countermeasure strategies is conducted in [37]. The \"DA\" insider attack on the RPL IoT network was handled in proposed research. The authors developed a technique to prevent this assault by conducting trials with the Contiki tool, a low-power built a tool for resource-restricted systems [38]. Because of its distributed nature, blockchain is a good fit for the Internet of Things [39, 40]. It is projected to play a crucial role in the administration, control, and security of the most critical apparatus. It will offer new security solutions for numerous aspects of the Internet of Things, including the security of the network environment, hardware management, and data confidentiality, among others. Blockchain-based node authentication is currently a popular topic in the study.