# Knowledge Management in Construction Health and Safety Based on Ontology Modeling
## 3 Development of Ontology Model for Construction Health and Safety
### Ontology Scope and Knowledge Sources  
As demonstrated in the literature review, the ontology scope is an important aspect that impacts ontology quality. The brand-new ontology is built to achieve standardization and formalization of construction H&S domain knowledge to help stakeholders carry out highly efficient H&S management and to keep them apprised of multidomain knowledge related to H&S management. The domains of this ontology cover construction product (building element, the foundation pit), construction process (task, activity), construction personnel (designers, supervisors, constructors) and construction safety (potential risk, risk level, risk consequence, risk mitigation and risk precursor). The knowledge sources referenced in this ontology are shown as follows:  
(1) Concerning standards and technical manuals, the most significant are domestic and international design, construction and management regulations. Thirty-four standards and technical manuals are referenced in this research, including the Construction Design and Management (CDM) regulation, the Manual Handling Operations Regulations (MHOR), the Confined Spaces Regulations and the Working at Height Regulations, etc. (summarized in Table 1). (2) The case set with related risk research reports: UK construction accident statistics were used to examine the types of reported accidents to determine the accident scope. Table 2 provides an overview of the prevalence of accidents in each category. This offers a range of reference sources for the previously mentioned projects, including construction plans, risk reports and risk identification checklists. (3) Risk identification of construction and prototype systems is discussed in terms of existing research and system platforms. This research aims to formalize a unified construction of H&S knowledge by developing a domain ontology HSM-Onto. This ontology contains domain knowledge managing construction H&S scenarios by providing domain knowledge and reasoning support. As shown in Figure 1, this ontology's context mainly comprises **project and risk contexts**. Project contexts contain construction product information, tasks and activities. They can be aligned with the underlying construction data schema to extract the information, while risk context refers to the knowledge of risk precursors or accidents related to the construction activities and management information. The related information in both project and risk categories is summarized below and was used to create the H&S ontological knowledge base. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Knowledge Source** & **Type** \\ \hline The Construction (Design and Management) Regulation & British Regulation \\ Design of concrete structures to Eurocode 2 & Design Guide \\ The Health and Safety at Work Act & British Regulation \\ The Construction Head Protection Regulations & British Regulation \\ The Personal Protective Equipment Regulation & British Regulation \\ Occupational Safety and Health Administration Regulations & United States Regulation \\ The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence & Technical Report \\ The Working at Height Regulations & British Regulation \\ The Confined Spaces Regulations & British Regulation \\ The Control of Vibration at Work Regulations & British Regulation \\ The Manual Handling Operations Regulations & British Regulation \\ The Electricity at Work Regulations & British Regulation \\ The Control of Noise at Work Regulations & British Regulation \\ The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health & British Regulation \\ Health and safety in roof work HSG33 & Guidance \\ Avoiding danger from underground services HSG47 & Guidance \\ The Safe Use of Vehicles on construction site HSG144 & Guidance \\ Construction Solutions & Online Database \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Knowledge Sources of HSM-Onto.