## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
To systematically evaluate the hydrodynamic response to storm surges, temporal data selection was defined based on the nearest point of storm tracks to EC sites. The temporal framework is structured as follows: (1) the storm surge event window spans 4 days centered at time T (\(\Gamma\pm 2\) days), corresponding to the nearest trajectory passage to the monitoring site; (2) both pre-surge (14 days prior to \(\Gamma-2\) days) and post-surge (14 days after T + 2 days) phases are designated to capture antecedent and residual effects. Data within these intervals were extracted to quantify storm-induced variations and validate predictive models.  
Key statistical measures--mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum --were obtained for all variables, including air temperature, soil temperature, PPFD, relative  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**International** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Name**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Time**} & **Wind Speed** & **Min_Distance** & **Duration** \\
**Number** & & **(yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm)** & **(m/s)** & **(km)** & **(Hour)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2004} & \multirow{4}{*}{Hagupit} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{PYR site} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(57.68\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(108\)} \\  & & & & & \\
2106 & In-Fa & 2021-07-25 14:00 & 38 & \(311.86\) & 234 \\
2114 & Chanthu & 2021-09-13 01:00 & 50 & 242.23 & 261 \\
2212 & Uifa & 2022-09-14 14:00 & 48 & 249.03 & 202 \\ \multicolumn{5}{c}{HK site} \\
1604 & Nida & 2016-08-02 06:00 & 33 & \(11.5\) & 84 \\
1622 & Haima & 2016-10-21 13:00 & 42 & \(114.89\) & 162 \\
1702 & Merbok & 2017-06-12 22:00 & 25 & \(44.07\) & 45 \\
1713 & Hato & 2017-08-23 10:00 & 48 & \(77.85\) & 111 \\
1714 & Pakhar & 2017-08-27 08:00 & 33 & \(99.08\) & 78 \\
1822 & Mangkhut & 2018-09-16 14:00 & 48 & \(123.52\) & 237 \\
1823 & Barijat & 2018-09-12 17:00 & 23 & \(166.12\) & 78 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Characteristics of storm surges that landed near the Pingyang (PYR) and Hong Kong SAR (HK) sites during 2020–2022 and 2016–2018. The time, wind speed, minimum distance (min_distance), and duration denote the observational data captured at the EC site positioned nearest to the trajectory of the storm surge event.  
Figure 2: Storm surge tracks. Red stars denote EC sites (**(a)** PYR site; **(b)** HK site), and curves represent storm surge paths. Labels indicate the international cyclone numbers and names (This figure is generated by Python 3.8 using the Basemap module).  
humidity, wind speed, VPD, NEE, GPP, Reco, and CH4 flux. Violin plots were employed to analyze variations in data distribution before, during, and after storm surges. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess relationships between environmental variables (e.g., PPFD, VPD, TS, TA, WS, and RH) and carbon fluxes (NEE, GPP, Reco, and CH4 flux) and displayed in a heat map. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were first performed to assess overall differences among storm phases (before, during, and after). For significant results (\(p<0.05\)), post-hoc Dunn tests with Bonferroni correction were conducted for pairwise comparisons. All statistical analyses were executed using Python (version 3.8).