## 1 Introduction
Some disinfecting substances are harmful to plant tissues and, therefore, they negatively affect organogenesis, or even lead to necrosis due to their phytotoxicity. As such, the type, concentration and exposition time of disinfectants are important. Sometimes, it seems almost impossible to obtain pathogen-free cultures. Bacteria seem especially difficult to eliminate [8]. Therefore, researchers and plant producers look for new methods and substances. One of the latest ideas is the use of nanomaterials, which are substances of very small size (1-100 nm) and unique properties [9]. There are different nano-substances, metals, and metal oxides, including silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (ZnO), copper (Cu), titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)), magnesium oxide (MgO), nickel (Ni), iron oxide (Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)), and silicon (Si) [10; 11]. At present, nanotechnology is present in every aspect of life--medicine, food, or the environment--and nanomaterials are available in different forms, such as powder, particles, clusters, tubes or films, and sizes. The best-known activity of nanoparticles (NPs) is its ability to eliminate different microorganisms [12]. Silver nanoparticles are the most often used nanomaterials in different sectors, especially in agriculture [13]. In the plant production sector, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were developed as plant growth stimulators [14] or components of new fertilizers [15], as well as plant protection products [16; 17] and herbicides [18]. Recently, nanoparticles have been suggested as biostimulators that might improve plant propagation [19; 20] or enhance fruit ripening [21; 22]. NPs have also been used in plant tissue culture to improve plant growth, increase yield, improve seed germination [23], enhance bioactive compounds production, and enable genetic transformations [10; 24; 25]. AgNPs have been proven to reduce microbial contaminations in various plants and may be used for surface disinfection of explants. The antimicrobial property of silver NPs seems well studied. Its effectiveness depends on size, dimension, and type of nanoparticles [25]. According to [PERSON] et al. [26], AgNPs show a high ability to eliminate microorganisms without negative effects on plant growth and development, but many researchers have studied the influence of AgNPs on explant disinfection and plant regeneration, and they indicated both positive and negative effects in the case of plants. [PERSON] et al. [27] suggested that substances used for sterilization are not neutral for the environment, humans or animals. [PERSON] et al. [25] indicated that the influence of NPs on explants excised from different plant species should be studied to determine a proper method for AgNPs' application in plant material disinfection and cultivation, especially given that plants are a basic element of the world and a source of food. Knowledge of AgNPs' influence on plants is therefore important, especially because the common use of AgNPs increases the chance that they would be released into the environment [28; 29; 30]. Silver is the second most toxic metal to aquatic organisms after mercury [31], and, therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these contradictory observations concerning growth stimulation or inhibition of AgNPs-treated plants [32]. Recently, there has been a different, green approach proposed. There are three possible means of nanoparticles synthesis: physical, chemical, and biological. The last one, concerning the biogenic synthesis of NPs, is described as nontoxic [33]. The \"green biotechnology\" methods include obtaining nanoparticles from plants' organs, algae, or even microbes. It was possible to obtain AgNPs from the Daucus carota extract [34] or wheat straw extracted lignin [35]. The \"green\" methods are promising, but there is still little information on the subject.