esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Ground Subsidence Analysis in Tianjin (China) Based on Sentinel-1A Data Using MT-InSAR Methods
## 4 Discussion
### Suggestions on Controlling Tianjin Suburbs Ground Subsidence  
As previously described, recently, subsidence in the suburbs has been increasing. In order to control the ground subsidence, the following measures have to be taken:  
(1) To improve the regional ground subsidence monitoring network dynamically.  
Although the Tianjin ground subsidence monitoring network is gradually improving in recent years (including 2100 benchmarks and 5900 km leveling route), the monitoring density in the suburbs is far from enough. In some newly discovered subsidence areas, there are no settlement monitoring facilities installed [49]. Level of monitoring density should be increased in high-rise buildings, public transportation and emerging industrial parks, where the ground subsidence situation is serious, and the monitoring system for layerwise marking should be established in time.  
(2) To optimize the monitoring methods and improve the level of survey.  
We suggest investigating the applicability of different monitoring methods in depth, choosing the appropriate monitoring means for different monitoring targets and exploring multi-technology integration methods, especially combining InSAR with traditional techniques to improve the monitoring accuracy and efficiency. A feasible \"from surface to point\" method is to first obtain the long-term sequence of ground subsidence development trends and spatial distribution characteristics based on InSAR technology at a large spatial scale in Tianjin, and then establish a monitoring network in key subsidence areas using traditional means, such as ground leveling, and GPS to achieve an accurate real-time measurement.  
(3) To strengthen the supervision of laws and regulations, and increase publicity and education.  
Though the local government has issued a number of management policies to control ground subsidence, it is still difficult to fully carry out, especially in the suburbs. Our site investigation found that the local residents know very little about the causes of ground subsidence and lack water-saving awareness. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control groundwater exploitation, through the implementation of groundwater extraction permit systems and artificial recharge systems. Subsidence control rules should be imposed on local firms and residents, such as Management Measures for Controlling Land Subsidence in Tianjin. In addition, it is essential to establish an exhibition platform to disseminate scientific knowledge on the prevention of ground subsidence prevention to the public and enhance the awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation.
# Modified Generalized Feistel Network Block Cipher for the Internet of Things
## 4 Statistical and Cryptographic Analyses  
This section outlines the statistical and cryptographic analytical approach that was used to analyze all 24 rounds of the proposed MGFN lightweight block cipher. This examination is essential for evaluating the strength of the lightweight block cipher algorithms and can also be used to investigate other cryptographic primitives.  
According to [54], a good encryption procedure must develop a perplexing relationship between its plaintext, key, and ciphertext (referred to as confusion) and disseminate the modifications made to the plaintext across the ciphertext (known as diffusion). Confusion is often attained by substitution operations, whereas diffusion is attained via permutations [52]. By adding confusion and diffusion, a cryptographic algorithm can introduce enough randomness that no ciphertext pattern is discernible.  
In order to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed MGFN lightweight block cipher, we applied two crucial security analysis criteria for block ciphers. Firstly, we performed an avalanche effect test to evaluate the confusion and diffusion properties of the cipher. Secondly, we performed a randomness analysis to assess the randomness features of the cipher output. The outcomes of these tests provide vital information on the robustness and strength of the proposed MGFN lightweight block cipher.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
The study area, HRB, is located at the northeast of the Tibetan plateau. Its geographical coordinates are between 97.1\({}^{\circ}\)E-102.0\({}^{\circ}\)E and 37.7\({}^{\circ}\)N-42.7\({}^{\circ}\)N, and it covers an area of approximately 143,000 km\({}^{2}\). HRB's elevation ranges from 2000-5000 m and it covers highly heterogeneous landscapes including cold and arid landscapes at the upper stream, the artificial oasis-riparian ecosystem-wetland-desert compound in the middle stream, and the natural oasis and desert at the lower stream. Therefore, the complicated landscapes would be a good test site for verifying the proposed method and this was the first reason behind selecting HRB as the study area (Figure 1).  
HRB is a typical inland river basin in China, and it has served as an experimental site for integrated watershed studies, land surface measurements, and hydrological observations for a very long time [30]. Many major research plans have been carried out here, for example, the \"Integrated research on the eco-hydroological process of the Heihe River Basin\" launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [31]. Under the support of these projects, many ground experiments and much scientific research has been carried out to collect a large number of ground measurements, remote sensing data, and land surface parameters including high-quality land cover datasets. Therefore, HRB has been well investigated and it is subsequently conducive to this study.  
Figure 1: The location of HRB (**left**) and the visualization of geographical characteristics including color composite from remote sensing image (**middle**) and DEM (**right**).
## 1 Introduction
The thickness of the zinc electrodes is no particular problem: they can be overdimensioned without any serious consequence to ionic or electrical resistance. The generated voltage over each pseudo-membrane is, in principle, the same as over a conventional ion exchange membrane. This can be seen as follows: a zinc rod in a solution of \(H\) mol/L ZnCl\({}_{2}\) gets a potential \(E_{H}\) with respect to the solution:  
\[E_{H}=E^{0}-\frac{RT}{nF}ln\frac{1}{H}\quad[V] \tag{1}\]  
where \(R\) is the gas constant (8.3143 J/mol/K), \(T\) is the temperature, \(n\) is the number of involved charges, and \(F\) is the Faraday constant (96,485 C/mol). Here, we have assumed an activity coefficient equal to 1. Thus the potential of the solution with respect to the zinc rod is \(-E_{H}\). Now we take a vessel divided by a zinc plate into two parts, both containing ZnCl\({}_{2}\), one with concentration \(H\) (high) and the other with \(L\) (low). Then the voltage difference between the two solutions is:  
\[\Delta E=-E_{H}-(-E_{L})=E_{L}-E_{H}=E^{0}-\frac{RT}{nF}ln\frac{1}{L}-\left[E^ {0}-\frac{RT}{nF}\ ln\frac{1}{H}\right]=\frac{RT}{nF}ln\frac{L}{H}\quad[V] \tag{2}\]  
This result is the same equation as for the Donnan potential over a normal CEM. The same holds for the Ag/AgCl pseudo-membrane. Therefore, we can conclude that these new pseudo-membranes act as classical ion exchange membranes. They are very ion-specific, and co-ion transport is impossible, resulting in a permselectivity of 100%. Water transport through the Zn and Ag/AgCl pseudo-membranes is also unthinkable. Moreover, these inorganic structures are very resistant to high temperatures. We will introduce the terms pseudo CEM (pCEM) and pseudo AEM (pAEM), or, generally, pseudo ion exchange membrane (pIEM). The combination of a pCEM with a normal AEM or a pAEM with a normal CEM seems not to be problematic. However, with two pseudo-membranes, there is the threat of redox reactions between them. In the system described above, these reactions are:  
\[2\ \mathrm{AgCl}\to 2\ \mathrm{Ag}^{+}+2\ \mathrm{Cl}^{-}\]  
\[\mathrm{Zn}+2\ \mathrm{Ag}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}+2\ \mathrm{Ag}\]  
resulting in:  
\[2\ \mathrm{AgCl}+\mathrm{Zn}\to 2\ \mathrm{Ag}+\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}+2\ \mathrm{Cl}^{-}\]The reaction rate is dependent on the concentration of the dissolved Ag(I). In the first instance, we considered only the free Ag\({}^{+}\) ion with a very low concentration due to the small solubility product of AgCl (L\({}_{\text{AgCl}}\) = 1.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\)) and expected a rather low disintegration of the system. However, it turned out that much silver(I) is dissolved as chloro-complexes, limiting the lifespan of the system to a few hours. This complication is discussed in Section 2.3.1. In this paper, we present experiments with the Ag/AgCl and Zn pseudo-membranes and outline a new path for the application of pseudo-membranes.
## 3 Numerical Simulation of AE Signals
### Sensor Simulation
#### 3.3.1 Perfect Virtual Point-Contact Sensor  
Simulated sensors were placed on the top surface, centered with respect to the width of the specimen at various locations from the epicenter of the source to the end of the sample. The first type of sensor corresponded to a pseudo-sensor, a wideband point contact sensor with no resonances, called perfect virtual point-contact sensor. A signal detected by this sensor corresponded to the out-of-plane velocity (\(v_{2}\)) calculated on a single node. It was considered as \"perfect\" because it retained the entire signal that propagated over the surface of the material. The waveforms (out-of-plane velocity \(v_{2}\)) were calculated on several nodes from the epicenter of the source to the boundaries of the gauge length on the top surface (Figure 2a). The out-of-plane displacements or velocities at the upper surface were spatially (\(\Delta\)x = 0.2 mm) and temporally (\(\Delta\)t = 0.2 \(\upmu\)s) sampled. All numerical signals were filtered with a four-order Butterworth bandpass filter with the bandwidth between 20 and 1200 kHz. For the signal time windowing, the thresholds used in the parametric study were floating thresholds defined by percentage of maximum amplitude. The retained values were equal to 0.1% for the beginning of the signal and 10% for the end of the signal. A 2D-Fast Fourier Transform (2D-FFT) applied to the waveforms emphasized the excited modes.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Variation of the \"Weak\" FIV Signals
#### 4.2.2 Change of the Extracted \"Weak\" FIV  
The characteristics of the FIV components in the vibration and sound pressure signals were studied using the RMS. Figure 8 shows the RMS change in the extracted \"weak\"  
Figure 6: Time-frequency characteristics of the extracted signals: (**a**) waveform of the vibration signals (**b**), spectrum of the vibration signals, (**c**) waveform of the sound pressure signals, and (**d**) spectrum of the sound pressure signals.  
Figure 7: The change of friction coefficient in the wear experiment.  
FIV. The RMS change of the \"weak\" FIV signals had two distinct stages in the complete wear process, consistent with that of the friction coefficient. The first five minutes could be considered as the first stage, when the RMS of the extracted \"weak\" FIV signals evolved from high to low. With the reduction of the \"weak\" FIV, the energy radiated in the form of sound energy. Consequently, the RMS of the extracted \"weak\" FIS signals displayed the same trend in the first stage. A powerful \"weak\" FIV usually indicated severe wear; a feeble one indicated mild wear [16; 17; 18; 19]. Therefore, the RMS changes in the FIV and FIS signals both indicated that the wear behavior between the friction pair gradually shifted from severe to mild in the first stage, which was consistent with the results of the friction coefficient analysis. Approximately 5 min later, the friction pair entered the stable wear stage and the RMS of the extracted \"weak\" FIV and FIS developed in the second stage. One feature was that the two RMS values fluctuated smoothly around 0.019 m/s\({}^{2}\) and 0.00352 Pa, respectively, which were obviously less than their initial values, implying that the \"weak\" FIV and FIS became feeble and steady. Therefore, the friction pairs developed into a stable wear stage and their wear behavior was mild and stable in the second stage.  
The RMS variation of the extracted \"weak\" FIV signals was consistent with the friction coefficient change and could characterize the wear stage transition of the friction pairs. Therefore, the \"weak\" FIV components submerged in the original signals could be detected by the CCA between the vibration and sound pressure signals. Moreover, compared with the traditional method, which was based on the change in the friction coefficient and cross-correlation coefficient, the present implementation was efficient without presumptions and repeated tentative calculations.  
Figure 8: The RMS change of the extracted components: (**a**) FIV signal and (**b**) FIS signal.
## 3 Information Bottleneck Decoders for Irregular LDPC Codes Using Message Alignment
### Information-Bottleneck Channel Quantizer for Arbitrary Discrete Memoryless Channels  
In every digital communication system, the received, possibly continuous channel output \(y\) is fed into an analog-to-digital converter to obtain discrete-valued receive samples (cf. Figure 4a). In theoretical considerations, the effect of the quantizer is often ignored. This assumption is only valid  
Figure 3: Example for a factor graph (**left**) and an information bottleneck Graph (**right**) of \(p(t|\mathbf{y})\), where \(\mathbf{y}=[y_{1},\dots,y_{M}]^{\mathrm{T}}\). The information bottleneck graph compactly describes that \(t\) shall keep relevant information on \(x\) while compressing all variables in vector \(\mathbf{y}\).  
if the resolution of the quantizer is very high. When transmitting at very high speed, the quantizer marks the first bottleneck in the receiver chain: coarse quantization of only a few bits is required for high-throughput implementations. In the context of information-bottleneck signal processing, the quantizer is the first unit in the receiver which can be optimized using the information bottleneck method. Figure 4b depicts the respective information bottleneck graph. As mentioned in the previous section, the information bottleneck method requires the joint distribution \(p(x,y)\) of the relevant random variable \(X\) and the observed random variable \(Y\). In general, an assumed channel model implies the transition probabilities described by \(p(y|x)\). The transition model \(p(y|x)\) multiplied by the prior distribution \(p(x)\) of the channel input yields the joint distribution \(p(x,y)\). In the case of a channel output quantizer, an information bottleneck algorithm which delivers a _deterministic_ mapping \(p(t|y)\) is a natural choice. If designed using the information bottleneck, the quantization regions of an information-bottleneck channel quantizer are only described by a cluster index \(t\), instead of a cluster representative which has to be represented with high resolution. These cluster indices, which are typically integers, are forwarded to subsequent units (e.g., for the channel decoder that is introduced in the next subsection). Information-bottleneck channel quantizers can also be generalized to support higher-order modulation schemes which require a de-mapper before the channel decoder [18].
## 5 Analysis of the VIV Model Test Data of Flexible Riser with Staggered Buoyancy Elements
### Sensitivity in the Prediction for Different Buoyancy Element Configurations  
It is also of interest to see how robust the prediction can be when the same set of parameters is used to predict VIV responses for other buoyancy configurations. The optimal excitation parameter set presented in Tables 9 and 10 are applied to predict the responses of all five configurations.  
Figure 15 presents the predicted response frequencies for with five different configurations using the derived optimal set of excitation parameters based on the 2/2 configuration and the measured frequencies. The prediction is reasonable in general. However, it can also be observed that the predicted response frequencies of the five configurations are almost the same at the same flow speed; while, model test results indicate the frequencies will be different dependent on the specific configuration.  
The ratio of the predicted and measured maximum curvature for five buoyancy element configurations is presented in Figure 16. The predictions for the 2/2 and 3/2 configurations show a good agreement with the measured data, e.g., the difference in curvature is less than 20%. The curvature of the 1/1 configuration is in general over-predicted up to 50%. The increasing in spacing between two buoyancy elements (L\({}_{\text{C}}\)/L\({}_{\text{B}}\)) >3/2 seems to lead to under-prediction. The curvature of the 3/1 and 5/2 configurations are, in general, under-predicted by up to 50%.  
Figure 14: The predicted RMS curvature as a function of flow speed for the 2/2 configuration. (The measured values are adapted from [PERSON] et al. [16]).  
Figure 15: Excited response frequencies for five configurations at flow speeds between 0.5 m/s–1.2 m/s. (**Left**): prediction using the derived excitation coefficients from VIVANA; (**Right**): measured response frequencies from Shell Test.  
This comparison indicates the sensitivity of VIV response related to the geometry difference. One set of excitation parameters may not be valid for a different buoyancy element configuration. It will be of interest to derive the optimal parameter sets for the other configurations once more detailed test results become available.
## 1 Introduction
### Scope and Aims  
This paper argues that a 5 th revolutionary wave in the industrial sector, Industry 5.0, is imminent and develops in tandem with a growing consciousness of the value of a human-machine symbiosis in industry. The emergence of Industry 5.0 as the Age of Augmentation is discussed in Section 2 where ethical questions are presented regarding the impact of technology on human workers in the field of future industrial systems engineering. The second aim of this study is to ascertain whether the industrial community is truly attentive to the human-centric evolution of the Industry 4.0 paradigm towards an Industry 5.0 and whether human values and ethical issues represent an actual concern for the workers at different levels and in different kind of organizations. A survey has been administered to industry leaders from different companies already leading the 4 th industrial revolution to different extents and the results are discussed in Section 3. What makes this paper comparatively unique in its approach is that it then proposes a Value Sensitive Design (VSD) methodology as an overarching framework for a human-centered design of the Factories of the Future, with technologies shaping and embodying human values. Guidelines and recommendations are provided in Section 4 that are based on the results of the survey, including a list of values--that may serve as starting point for future studies--to uphold during techno-social change and human-machine symbiosis towards the Industry 5.0. Three use cases are finally proposed in Section 5 and discussed. The use cases build upon technological solutions and prototypes for the Operator 4.0 and describe prospective scenarios that industrial workers will deal with in the Factories of the Future. Insights describe how a design for values aids in the investigation and mitigation of ethical issues concealed behind the implementation of specific technological solutions and, hence, support the migration to a symbiotic Industry 5.0. Finally, Section 6 draws the conclusions by summarizing the contribution of the study, illustrates the limitations and suggests directions for future research.
# Comparison of Hysteresis Based PWM Schemes \(\Delta\Sigma\)-PWM and Direct Torque Control
## 3 Hysteresis Based Pulse Width Modulation Schemes
### Design of Control Parameters  
Both control methods contain non-linear hysteresis based elements. Since there are no analytical methods for designing parameters in the literature, an empirical approach is utilized [29]. Due to the variable switching frequency of \(\Delta\Sigma\)-PWM and DTC, a maximum switching frequency of \(40\,\mathrm{kHz}\) is considered [6]. For keeping a reserve to this boundary, the parameters are tuned to realize a maximum switching frequency of \(30\,\mathrm{kHz}\) at the nominal point of the PMSM. As it is shown in Table 2, this point is defined as \(800\,\mathrm{rpm}\) and \(1.4\,\mathrm{Nm}\). To adjust the inner control loop of \(\Delta\Sigma\)-PWM according to these criteria, \(N_{1}\) and \(N_{2}\) must be specified. For the design of DTC one parameter for the flux and two parameters for the torque controller have to be set. The parameters for the outer cascades of \(\Delta\Sigma\)-PWM and DTC are also designed by an empirical approach. All parameters of the studied PMSM are summarized in Table 2 and the control parameters are given in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Change in Flux** & **Change in Torque** & **S1** & **S2** & **S3** & **S4** & **S5** & **S6** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Increase (1)} & Increase (1) & 011 & 010 & 110 & 100 & 101 & 001 \\  & Slow Decrease (0) & 111 & 000 & 111 & 000 & 111 & 000 \\  & Decrease (\(-1\)) & 101 & 001 & 011 & 010 & 110 & 100 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Decrease (\(-1\))} & Increase (1) & 010 & 110 & 100 & 101 & 001 & 011 \\  & Slow Decrease (0) & 000 & 111 & 000 & 111 & 000 & 111 \\  & Decrease (\(-1\)) & 100 & 101 & 001 & 011 & 010 & 110 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Switching table for DTC, according to [12].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Value** & **Variable** & **Value** \\ \hline Rated speed (\(n_{0}\)) & 800 rpm & Rated torque (\(T_{0}\)) & 1.4 Nm \\ \hline Rated phase voltage (\(u_{0}\)) & 20 V & Rated phase current (\(i_{0}\)) & 4 A \\ \hline Number of pole pairs (\(p\)) & 4 & Stator winding resistance (\(R_{s}\)) & 188.79 m\(\Omega\) \\ \hline \(d\) axis inductance (\(L_{d}\)) & 0.926 mH & \(q\) axis inductance (\(L_{q}\)) & 1.4 mH \\ \hline Flux linkage (\(\Psi_{0}\)) & 86 mWb & Nominal inertia (\(\parallel\)) & 3.96 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) kg m/s\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Nominal parameters of the PMSM Model.