# Space-Ground Remote Sensor Network for Monitoring Suspended Sediments in the Yellow River Basin
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1 CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantal Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L)  
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1 CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantal Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L)  
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5 soil erosion, raising the riverbed in the middle and lower reaches and forming suspended rivers [4], posing significant potential risks. The severity of water and sediment disasters in the Yellow River basin not only affects the livelihoods of local residents but also impacts the country's economy and social development as a whole [5]. Utilizing mathematical models, artificial intelligence, and other methods and technologies to conduct water and sediment early warning can predict possible water and sediment disasters in the near future, issue timely warning information to relevant departments, and provide data support for evacuations and other safety measures for the people [6]; water and sediment early warning is of vital significance in safeguarding the lives, properties, and national ecological security of the people in the Yellow River basin and even at the Yellow River estuary. China has a good foundation and experience in monitoring, early warning, and the management of water and sediment in the Yellow River [1; 7]. Against the backdrop of climate change and increasing human impacts, the monitoring and early warning of water and sediment in the Yellow River require more accurate and detailed data sources to improve forecasting accuracy and enhance the scientific management. In the current era of well-developed information and Earth observation technologies, utilizing digital technology to govern the Yellow River is an inevitable trend [8; 9]. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a major cross-basin water transfer project in China, aimed at addressing the disparity in water resources between the relatively water-rich southern regions and water-scarce northern regions [10]. The Western Route of the project is primarily tasked with mediating water resources in the western regions and achieving the cross-basin allocation of water resources [11]. It originates from Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan Province, upstream of the Yangtze River, and ultimately transfers water resources to Gansu Province and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in the Yellow River basin. The Yellow River Guixian Water Conservancy Hub Project in the middle reaches of the Yellow River has been listed as one of the key water conservancy projects in the pre-construction stage by the State Council and one of the key water conservancy projects promoted by the Ministry of Water Resources. In 2021, the Yellow River basin experienced the highest September rainfall since 1961, leading to a historically rare autumn flood in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River [12; 13], with the water level at Xiaolangdi reservoir reaching its highest level since construction at 273.5 m; the sediments and nutrients from the Yellow River basin were expected to bring huge impacts on the marine ecosystem and aquaculture [14; 15; 16; 17]. The main components of water and sediment monitoring in the Yellow River, similar to other rivers, include hydrological, sedimentological, meteorological, and geomorphological aspects [5; 18]. Hydroological observation involves the real-time monitoring of river water levels, flow rates, and other hydrological elements by setting up hydrological stations, installing instruments like water level gauges and flow meters in the river, and collecting data regularly to grasp the hydrological conditions of the river in a timely manner.