[PERSON] [17] performed a sequence of indoor freeze-thaw cycle experiments on saturated yellow sandstone, systematically evaluating the material's porosity and longitudinal wave velocity. By analyzing the changes in the ratio of energy dissipated before the cyclic process to that released after the cyclic process, he developed a freeze-thaw damage model. The validity of this model was rigorously evaluated against five established damage models, employing metrics such as uniaxial compressive strength and peak strain. [PERSON] [18] examined the degradation of shear strength parameters in sandstone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, exploring their correlation with freeze-thaw damage variables. The findings revealed that the freeze-thaw cycling process resulted in an increase in both the fractal dimension and the basic friction angle of the sandstone surface, with the observed reduction in shear strength primarily attributed to a loss of cohesion. [PERSON] [19] designed a series of tests, including sandstone soaking, capillarity, and cyclic saturation tests, to investigate the micro-morphological characteristics of sandstone samples under varying freeze-thaw conditions by measuring porosity, moisture content, and longitudinal wave velocity. The results indicated that the degradation rates of the samples differed under various freeze-thaw conditions, with moisture content significantly influencing wave velocity measurements while having a smaller effect on surface hardness. [PERSON] [20] exploredthe impacts of freeze-thaw cycles and confining pressure on the macro- and micro-scale damage of tunnel rocks in cold regions. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that the porosity of slate reaches a critical threshold under freeze-thaw conditions, beyond which spalling occurs, resulting in localized macro damage. Furthermore, the interaction between freeze-thaw erosion and confining pressure leads to a gradual transition in the failure mode of slate from brittle to ductile, elucidating the damage propagation patterns of freeze-thaw-affected slate under load conditions and highlighting the mitigating effect of confining pressure on freeze-thaw damage in slate. [PERSON] [21] conducted an investigation into the physical and mechanical properties, as well as the failure modes, of sandstone subjected to varying freeze-thaw cycles, utilizing both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. The findings indicated that with an increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, there was a corresponding decline in longitudinal wave velocity, tensile strength, and uniaxial compressive strength, with the rate of decrease in these properties gradually diminishing over time. [PERSON] [22] conducted an investigation into the degradation mechanisms of anhydrous gypsum rock subjected to freeze-thaw weathering. The study revealed that the correlation between uniaxial compressive strength, cohesion, and elastic modulus, in relation to the number of freeze-thaw cycles, can be accurately represented by a decreasing exponential function. In contrast, the internal friction angle exhibited minimal variation throughout the process. [PERSON] [23] conducted a study examining the effects of freeze-thaw cycle frequency and freezing temperature on the fracture toughness of sandstone. The findings indicate that the fracture toughness exhibits a nonlinear decrease with an increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, as well as a nonlinear reduction with rising freezing temperatures. [PERSON] [24] conducted an investigation into the weathering properties of rocks located in northern latitudes subjected to freeze-thaw conditions. The findings indicated that as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased, there was a corresponding decline in uniaxial compressive strength, Shore hardness, and P-wave velocity, while water absorption exhibited an increase. [PERSON] [25] conducted an assessment of the impact of freeze-thaw cycles on the weathering processes of volcanic tuff utilizing non-destructive testing methods and \(\upmu\)CT visualization techniques.