## 2 Background and Related Works  
### Internet of Things  
In several applications, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies emphasize notable progress in tackling power consumption concerns. The operation and sustainability of IoT devices, which play a crucial role in many settings, such as home automation and disaster monitoring, rely significantly on effective power management [17]. IoT's strategy for reducing power consumption revolves around enhancing hardware and software settings. This involves utilizing energy-efficient microcontrollers, sensors, and communication modules such as ZigBee and Bluetooth Low Energy in low-power embedded systems [18]. These gadgets are frequently operated by rechargeable batteries that may be recharged using solar cells, highlighting the significance of sustainable energy sources in IoT applications. Regarding software, the main objective is to decrease power usage by implementing efficient data processing and transmission protocols that reduce unnecessary repetition, reducing the energy needed for activities. They also utilize advanced power management strategies, such as dynamically adjusting power based on the device's operational condition and employing energy-efficient data transfer protocols [19]. These techniques help prolong the battery life of IoT devices, guaranteeing extended operation without the need for regular recharging [20]. Furthermore, implementing communication protocols that effectively manage the energy consumption of IoT systems is essential, especially when the devices need to operate independently in remote or disaster-prone locations.  
The Internet of Things has two key components: smart objects and endpoints. The smart object is an embedded device comprised of a microcontroller, memory, storage, transceiver module (for connecting to the Internet), sensor, and actuator module (depending on the application). All modules are communicated via bus in the PCB that connects the power source. The power source is a battery or power adapter that trades between lifetime and comfortability [21]. The home appliance's endpoint may be mobile phones, tablets, PCs, or embedded devices that connect directly to the smart object via the wireless network. Energy is not a limitation in this scenario. Thus, the data are transmitted via high bandwidth and reliability, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. The various application protocols (Web Socket, MQTT, CoAP, etc.) are transmitted over a TCP/IP network [22]. The IoT system monitors environmental values, such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, etc. [3]. Users access the system directly via the application and endpoint. On the other hand, the endpoints may be data storage such as RDBMS, NoSQL, and cloud services in large-scale applications [23]. The Internet of Things in the big data pipeline is a clear-cut demonstration. The IoT collects environmental data and forwards it to data storage via the Internet. The communication protocols are LTE, NB-IoT, LoraWAN, Sigfox, IEEE802.15.4, Z-Wave, etc. The bandwidth and reliability depend on the communication protocol. In addition, the communication protocol directly affects power consumption, which affects the lifetime of sensing devices.  
We summarize that the IoT device for weather stations and disaster monitoring is standalone. It collects data and forwards them to the cloud or database server via LoRa Network or GSM [24]. Moreover, the device sends data in the experimental phase via WiFi or ESP-01 module. Most power sources are batteries that recharge solar cells. However, real-time management is challenging for IoT systems [25]. The sensor nodes collect data from the sensor field and forward them to the base station for preprocessing. Then, the summarized data are sent to a cloud server. This scheme is too time-consuming. Thus, real-time management must be aware, especially of a crisis or natural disaster [26]. The important factors are the sensor node and the base station. They must be live during the crisis to collect real-time sensor field data.