## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, a vibration-assisted piezoelectric detection-based crop seed drying tray was designed and optimized to address the issue of seed scaling commonly observed in conventional drying methods. The proposed system mitigates overheating through the controlled, periodic vibration of seeds and integrates the automatic weighing and real-time monitoring of seed moisture content to enhance drying efficiency and accuracy. The primary findings and novel contributions of this work are summarized as follows:  
1. A novel drying tray configuration was developed, featuring a vibration module integrated beneath the seed carrier by fixing a seed support plate within the tray cavity. This configuration enables intermittent separation between seeds and the tray surface, effectively preventing scaling and promoting uniform drying. Through experimental calibration, the optimal vibration frequency was identified as 5.2 Hz, which reduced the seed scald rate to 1.5% and achieved 97.0% accuracy in moisture change monitoring. 2. The system incorporates piezoelectric sensors and wireless transmission modules to enable the real-time monitoring of seed moisture and automated weight measurement during drying. Mechanical collisions between seeds and impurities generate stress signals that are converted into electrical charge outputs by the piezoelectric elements. These weak signals are amplified into measurable voltage waveforms via a charge amplifier, serving as a robust foundation for training classification models to distinguish seeds from impurities. 3. To address the discontinuities in signal communication caused by vibration and potential equipment failure, a shortest routing protocol (SRP) was implemented. By analyzing time-domain response signals, the system outage probability (OP) was derived alongside a refined closed-form solution under Rayleigh fading channel conditions. This formulation quantifies the likelihood of misdetection or missed detection events arising from hardware failure or abnormal operation, providing a theoretical basis for improving system robustness and reliability. 4. The proposed method is not limited to a specific crop type; it is applicable to the classification and moisture loss detection of various crop seeds. This demonstrates the method's broad adaptability and potential for widespread implementation in agricultural drying processes. 5. The cost-effectiveness of the system was achieved by employing readily available components, such as piezoelectric sensors and standard wireless communication modules. The modular architecture facilitates the scalability and ease of integration, making it suitable for both smallholder farms and large-scale agricultural operations. Compared to conventional drying methods, the system reduced seed loss by 0.4%, highlighting its economic viability and practical value. This study addresses critical limitations of traditional crop seed drying methods, including seed scald and inefficient moisture monitoring. By integrating piezoelectric sensing, vibration-assisted separation, and wireless communication technologies, the proposed system offers an adaptable, real-time, and cost-effective solution for modern agricultural applications. Future research will focus on enhancing system performance through the application of information fusion techniques, enabling the acquisition and analysis of multidimensional data. This is expected to further improve the accuracy of seed classification and moisture detection, thereby advancing the intelligence and automation of post-harvest processing systems. Conceptualization, M.D. ; methodology, M.D., H.Z. and X.L. ; validation, M.D., S.Z. and C.L. ; investigation, Z.C. ([PERSON]); data curation, M.D. and H.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.D. ; writing--review and editing, Z.C. ([PERSON]) and M.D. ; visualization, M.D. and S.Z. ; supervision, M.D. ; project administration, Z.C. ([PERSON]); funding acquisition, Z.C. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.