## 2 Materials and Methods
### In Situ Measurement Setup  
The radiated EME measurements were conducted on the university building in Borlange, Sweden. The decision to focus the study on the frequency range 150 kHz to 30 MHz was driven by the factor that most interference reports concerned this frequency range [7]. Through this, we ensured that we see higher emissions and therewith have the possibility to study the impact of the different system components and installation details on the radiated emissions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Abbreviation** & **Description** \\ \hline Photovoltaic module & & \\ \hline LR-60 HiH 370W & MO & \begin{tabular}{c} 14 monofacial monocrystalline half-cell glass–backsheet \\ modules with an aluminum frame \\ \end{tabular} \\ SOLID PRO 320W M.60 & BI & \begin{tabular}{c} 14 bifacial monocrystalline full-cell glass–glass modules \\ without an aluminum frame \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Solar inverter concept & & \\ \hline Symo 3.0-3-S & F & String inverter \\ Planticore 5.5 & K & String inverter \\ SB 5000 TL-21 & S & String inverter \\ SE-5k-N4 & & Inverter with \\ P505 & SE & \begin{tabular}{c} 14 module-level power optimizers \\ String inverter with \\ 1 module-level power optimizer \\ \end{tabular} \\ Symo 3.0-3-3-S & TF & \
\begin{tabular}{c} String inverter with \\ 1 module-level power optimizer \\ String inverter with \\ 1 module-level power optimizer \\ \end{tabular} \\ Planticore 5.5 & TK &
\begin{tabular}{c} String inverter with \\ 1 module-level power optimizer \\ \end{tabular} \\ TS4-A-O & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{_Loop area_} \\ \hline Small-loop area & SLS & Max. 5 cm distance between DC+ and DC\(-\) \\ Large-loop area & LL & 1.8 m distance between DC+ and DC\(-\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{_String cables_} \\ \hline Zero distance & R & Zero distance: max 1 cm from cable center to center \\
10 cm distance & R10 & 10 cm distance \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{_Earthing_} \\ \hline With & W & With functional equipotential earthing \\ No & N & Without functional equipotential earthing \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The used components (blue) and installation details (_blue italic_); their abbreviations, used in the notation scheme to describe PV system combinations; and detailed description of each component and installation detail. For the measurements, we used a Full-Time Domain Electromagnetic Interference measurement system similar to the one described in [24]. In this measurement approach, an oscilloscope is used to digitalize and store the connected sensor signals in time domain. The stored time domain data are transferred to a personal computer with the software TEMPS 5.0, developed by Azpurua, Pous, and [PERSON] [24]. \"The software performs the signal processing task which delivers frequency domain measurement results that are in accordance with CISPR 16-1-1\", as described in [24]. The choice of oscilloscope and its specifications (bandwidth, maximum sampling rate, analog-to-digital converter resolution) have a significant impact on the methods limitations and are therefore conveyed to the TEMPS software. A measurement accuracy of \(\pm\)1.5 dB is stated in [24] for the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz with another oscilloscope. We followed the selection criterion for the oscilloscope as described in [24]. However, we decided to use the more conservative accuracy level of \(\pm\)3 dB for the data analysis described in Section 2.4. For our measurements, we used the four-channel oscilloscope, PicoScope 5444D MSO (Pico Technology, Saint Neots, UK) with the specification [25], to which the active loop antenna and the pyranometer were connected. The loop antenna EMCO 6502 (ETS Lindgren, Cedar Park, TX, USA) measures the radiated electromagnetic emissions from the PV system at a height of 1 m aboveground, while the pyranometer CM 11 (Kipp & Zonen, Delft, The Netherlands) measures the irradiation from the sun at the same angle as the PV modules. The in situ measurement setup was kept the same throughout the study.