esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Currently, data are often referred to as the oil of the 21 st century. This comparison is not only used to express that the resource data are just as important for the fourth industrial revolution as oil was for the technological revolution in the late 19 th century. There are also further similarities between these two valuable resources in terms of their handling. Both must first be discovered and extracted from their sources. Then, the raw materials must be cleaned, preprocessed, and stored before they can finally be delivered to consumers. Despite these undeniable similarities, however, there are significant differences between oil and data in all of these processing steps, making data a resource that is considerably more challenging to handle. For instance, data sources, as well as the data themselves, are heterogeneous, which means there is no one-size-fits-all data acquisition solution. Furthermore, data can be distorted by the source or by third parties without being noticed, which affects both quality and usability. Unlike oil, there is also no uniform refinement process for data, as data preparation should be tailored to the subsequent consumers and their intended use cases. With regard to storage, it has to be taken into account that data are not consumed when they are processed or delivered to consumers, which means that the data volume that has to be managed is constantly growing. Finally, data may be subject to special constraints in terms of distribution, which may entail individual delivery plans depending on the customer and their intended purposes. Overall, it can be concluded that innovative approaches are needed for handling the resource data that address these inherent challenges. In this paper, we therefore study and discuss the relevant characteristics of data making them such a challenging resource to handle. In order to enable appropriate data provisioning, we introduce a holistic research concept from data source to data sink that respects the processing requirements of data producers as well as the quality requirements of data consumers and, moreover, ensures a trustworthy data administration.  
data characteristics; data administration; data refinement; reliability; security; privacy +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-4500-2220][PERSON]. [PERSON]
## 1 Introduction
Without a consistent testing protocol, differences in results cannot necessarily be attributed to changes in performance, as they may simply stem from differences in the measurement systems or from the person who is conducting the test [1; 2; 20]. In short, conditions must be kept as stable as possible in test/retest conditions to prevent errors unconnected with actual performance. Measurement protocols should be as similar as possible to the actual movements that athletes perform when playing and should take into account a range of environmental and other factors [1; 20]. Adherence to such protocols should give the tests an advantage over others. Tests for measuring explosive power should be administered at the onset of the training program, halfway through, and then again at the end--to maximize the relevance and accuracy of the data received with regard to the efficacy of the training program and its contribution to the observed achievements [3; 8]. In some cases, existing tests do not provide necessary field tests for assessing specific basketball movements. To the best of our knowledge, no relevant test currently exists for actions that combine both vertical and horizontal movements, coordination, and using only one leg--all of which are specific to the game of basketball. The main aim of this study, therefore, was to develop and assess the reliability and validity of a unique new test that optimally measures lower limb explosive power (i.e., alactic anaerobic capacity) in basketball players, through a combination of specific vertical and horizontal movements that replicate actions performed during the game of basketball, similar to penetration to the basket and layups.
# Laser Applications in Metal Orthodontic Bracket Debonding: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
The reliance on operator skill and the lack of sufficient studies on CO\({}_{2}\) lasers for metallic brackets are additional concerns. Previous systematic reviews have focused on the laser debonding of ceramic brackets. The conclusions indicate that this method of debonding seems to be more suitable for ceramic rather than metallic brackets, as the former pose more serious difficulties when debonding with conventional methods because of the higher bond strength and ARI [56]. Future research should prioritize long-term in vivo studies to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy comprehensively, develop standardized laser parameters, and explore other laser systems such as CO\({}_{2}\) lasers for metallic bracket removal. Cost effectiveness, time efficiency, and associated patient comfort have to be taken into account when opting for laser methods. Traditional bracket removal requires less equipment and reduces the associated additional costs. However, comfort associated with less manual force required to remove the bracket might be considered as an advantage of lasers [57]. Moreover, integrating patient-centered outcomes and refining techniques to enhance operator precision and reduce enamel damage will be critical to optimizing laser-assisted debonding as a reliable orthodontic tool.
# Using Transfer Learning to Realize Low Resource Dungan Language Speech Synthesis
## 2 Models and Methods
### Text Analyzer of Dungan Language  
Unlike the prevalent seq2 seq speech synthesis techniques designed for major languages that solely utilize the <phoneme sequence, speech> pair for training acoustic models, our approach employs a unit sequence incorporating prosodic labels such as the  
Figure 1: The framework of Tacotron2+WaveRNN-based Dungan speech synthesis.  
tone of each syllable and the prosodic boundary of a sentence, serving as the \"phoneme sequence\". Consequently, it becomes essential to devise a comprehensive text analyzer capable of extracting a sentence's unit sequences and their prosodic labels. To this end, leveraging our in-house Chinese text analyzer, we developed a Dungan language text analyzer, as illustrated in Figure 2. The process begins with normalizing and segmenting the input Dungan sentence to determine the word boundary. A prosodic boundary analysis follows this to identify both the prosodic word and prosodic phrase boundary. In the final stage, the initials and finals of Dungan characters are derived through a transformer-based characters-to-unit conversion process.
# Performance and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of the PEMFC Flow Channel with Porous Baffles
## 3 Establishment of Numerical Model
### Numerical Simulation  
The mathematical model is established using the multi-physical field simulation software COMSOL 5.5, and the aforementioned coupled equations were iteratively solved by the finite volume method. To test grid independence, the model was divided into four different grids (4368, 14,112, 45,696, and 86,016). As shown in Figure 3, when the voltage is 0.4 V, the difference between the current density calculation results for the 45,696 and 86,016 grid cells is less than 0.1%, which has little impact on the results. The calculation model of the porous baffle PEMFC is shown in Figure 4. In order to ensure the accuracy of the calculations, the mesh density is also different due to the different thicknesses of each component. The model takes 30 min for the calculations on the 2.4 GHz workstation with 64 RAM.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Source Terms** & **Expression** & **Components** \\ \hline Mass source term (\(S_{m}\)) & \(S_{m}=-\frac{\ell_{\mathrm{D}}^{ff^{\prime}}}{2F}M_{H_{2}}-\frac{n_{d}\ell_{ \mathrm{D}}^{ff^{\prime}}}{F}M_{H_{2}O}\) & Anode CL \\  & \(S_{m}=-\frac{\ell_{\mathrm{D}}^{ff^{\prime}}}{4F}M_{O_{2}}+\frac{(1+2n_{d}) \ell_{\mathrm{D}}^{ff^{\prime}}}{F}M_{H_{2}O}\) & Cathode CL \\ \hline Species source term (\(S_{i}\)) & \(S_{H_{2}}=-\frac{\ell_{\mathrm{D}}^{ff^{\prime}}}{2F}M_{H_{2}}\) & Anode CL \\  & \(S_{O_{2}}=-\frac{\ell_{\mathrm{D}}^{ff}}{4F}M_{O_{2}}\) & Cathode CL \\ \hline The water activity source term (\(R_{v}\)) & \(R_{v}=-\frac{\ell_{\mathrm{D}}^{ff^{\prime}}}{2F}M_{H_{2}O}+\gamma\big{(}\lambda -\lambda_{eq}\big{)}\) & Cathode CL \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Source terms in governing equations.
# Digital Twins in Solar Farms: An Approach through Time Series and Deep Learning
## 1 Introduction  
The decrease in the production costs of renewable energies, as well as the influence of programs such as the 2030 Agenda, have spurred on the generation of electricity based on these sources. One of the fastest-growing sources is solar energy: in 2019 alone, it grew by 22%, which represents an increase of 131 TW/h compared to 2018 [1].  
Electricity generation through solar energy is carried out mainly through Photovoltaic Solar Farms (PVSF). These are subject to weather conditions, so their generation window is short. To achieve greater efficiency and reduce the time of affectation due to possible breakdowns, it is necessary to develop systems that, by integrating new technologies with existing systems, allow the development of more robust systems with predictive capacity.  
A fundamental part of the PVSF, and one that is most prone to breakdowns, is the Inverter component. This is the equipment in charge of transforming the energy obtained through the solar panels from direct current into alternating current available for transmission and distribution.  
Currently, thanks to technological advances such as Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT) and the development and popularization of techniques in this framework such as Digital Twins (DT), they have achieved an increase in efficiency, security, and industry sustainability.  
The objective of this research is to obtain a DT of a PSF using an autoencoder architecture, which has the aim of detecting anomalies in the system. For this purpose, we conducted a study over the time series of the PSFV through an analysis of the data, propose an autoencoder architecture for the model of the DT and define an anomaly detection system over it to validate the reliability of the proposed model.  
The rest of the paper is organized into three sections. Section 2 describes the main theoretical foundations for solving the stated problem. In Section 3, we present a discussion of related work. In Section 4, we describe aspects of the analysis and development of thework are detailed. Section 5 describes a series of experiments is carried out with different data sets and an analysis of the results obtained is carried out. Finally, conclusions and future work are presented.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Volatile Determination  
On day 26 of the adult stage, live locusts [_dsScg-Met_ (_n_ = 5) and _dsGFP_ control (_n_ = 5); _dsScg-Tai_ (_n_ = 4) and _dsGFP_ control (_n_ = 4)] were analyzed for aroma. Individual locusts were introduced into 60 mL screw neck headspace vials (Macherey-Nagel, Dueren, Germany). The vial was sealed with TPFE 3.2 mm Beige screw cap (Marcherey-Nagel). The vial was incubated at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min. Then, volatiles were extracted with a DVB-CAR-PDMS fiber (Sigma-Aldrich) at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min. Determination of volatile compounds was performed on an Agilent 7890 A gas chromatograph (GC) (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) coupled to an Agilent 5975C VL MSD Mass Selective Detector (MS) (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and equipped with a Gerstel Multipurpose Sampler 2 (Gerstel GmbH & Co.KG, Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany). After extraction, aroma compounds were thermally desorbed into the injector heated at 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C and equipped with a SPME liner (0.75 i.d., Sigma-Aldrich). Split injection was performed in splitmode of 1:100 and the fiber thermally conditioned for 5 min. Separation was done on an HP-5 MS column (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm id. \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m df) using helium as the carrier gas with a constant flow rate of 1 mL min\({}^{-1}\). The column oven temperature program was as follows: 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C (4 min), 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C (10 \({}^{\circ}\)C min\({}^{-1}\)) and hold 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C (10 min). The total GC run time was 34 min. Mass spectra in the 35 to 350 m/z range were recorded at a scanning speed of 4.17 scan cycles per second. Chromatograms and mass spectra obtained from the GC-MS were deconvoluted and analyzed using MSD Chemstation (Agilent Technologies) and the automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system (AMDIS) software v.2.1 (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland). Aroma volatile compounds were identified by matching with NIST 11 mass spectral library. Volatile composition was compared by using absolute peak areas.
# Design and Development of an Omnidirectional Three-Wheeled Industrial Mobile Robot Platform
## 5 Mechatronic Design
### Mechanical System
#### 5.1.2 Transmission System  
This system is the essential element for the transmission of motion. It is designed to reduce the speed and increase the torque at the output (wheel). This system is composed by two pulleys, each one attached to a shaft and adjusted by means of a belt. As such, it is a very quiet system, does not require lubrication, is inexpensive to build, and can be used as a mechanical fuse. There are several types of belts. In this case, it is necessary to use synchronous belts to guarantee no slippage between the belt and the pulley [27].  
Given that the presented platform is currently at the prototype stage, the use of a synchronous belt transmission is primarily chosen for its simplicity, ease of implementation, and low manufacturing costs. This decision allows for rapid development and iterative testing without compromising the overall performance objectives.  
In addition, recent studies support the effectiveness of synchronous belt systems in robotic applications. [PERSON] et al. [28] demonstrated that a synchronous belt servo system improved vibration absorption and torque transmission capabilities in skid-steer mobile robots. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [29] successfully employed belt-driven transmission mechanisms in Delta robots actuated by stepper motors, achieving high levels of precision and efficiency in trajectory tracking tasks.  
Table 3 shows the results obtained by analyzing different types of belts in a software called \"SKF Belt Drive Design Calculation Tool\" ([[https://www.skf.com/group/digital-tools/select-and-evaluate/belt-drive-design-calculations-tool](https://www.skf.com/group/digital-tools/select-and-evaluate/belt-drive-design-calculations-tool)]([https://www.skf.com/group/digital-tools/select-and-evaluate/belt-drive-design-calculations-tool](https://www.skf.com/group/digital-tools/select-and-evaluate/belt-drive-design-calculations-tool)) [accessed on 29 April 2025]).  
With respect to the central axis of the wheel, the maximum stress \(\sigma_{max}\) is 96.53 MPa, and the fatigue factor \(n_{f}\) 1.94 is determined, being acceptable for a diameter of 30 mm and a shoulder of 35 mm. The ball bearings with the following characteristics, inner diameter 30 mm and outer diameter 72 mm with a width of 19 mm, give a reliability of 0.987.
# Important Roles of Oligo- and Polysaccharides
## 2 Oligo- and Polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2
### Cyclodextrins  
Cyclic oligosaccharides comprising cyclodext are created by 6 (\(\alpha\)-CD), 7 (\(\beta\)-CD), or 8 (\(\gamma\)-CD) \(\alpha\)-1,4-d-glucopyranoside units, generating a structure with exterior hydrophilic rims and interior hydrophobic cavities of 0.5 to 1.0 nm in diameter [76]. Cyclodext can be employed for enhancing the water-solubility and bioavailability of pharmaceutical products, and also for the prevention and reduction of ocular and gastrointestinal irritations, the elimination of displeasing smells or tastes, and the prevention of interactions among drugs/drug additives in different formulations [77, 78]. These oligosaccharides have several promising advantages such as low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, elevated biocompatibility, muted immunogenicity, and ready accessibility, which make them attractive for various important fields to improve solubility and absorption, drug stability, regulate drug discharge, conceal disagreeable odors and tastes, reduce systemic and local noxiousness, and enhance the penetrability of drugs through biological blockades [79, 80, 81].  
Importantly, cyclodextrin structures can be altered and employed as antiviral agents or for the control of infections [82]. Mercaptoundecane sulfonic acid-modified cyclodext have been developed to imitate heparan sulfates, offering a vital nontoxic antiviral activity [83]. These macromolecules were broad-spectrum, biocompatible, and endowed with in vitro antiviral activity at micromolar concentrations against various pathogenic viruses (such as HSV, RSV, DENV, and Zika virus). Additionally, these materials were suitable ex vivo versus both laboratory and clinical strains of HSV-2 and RSV in vaginal tissue culture and respiratory models, respectively; prior to intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation in mice, they also had inhibitory effects [83]. It appears that they can be evaluatedfurther against SARS-CoV-2, as it has been indicated that when combined with flavonoids agents, \(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrins could offer suitable adjunctive therapy for reducing the viral load of nasopharyngeal microbiota and saliva, comprising possible SARS-CoV-2 carriage [81]. Additionally, it was revealed that these naturally derived substances could reduce the infectivity of CoVs via the interference with lipid-reliant bonds to host cells in humans [32]. Cyclodext can be employed as adjuvants for the stabilization of proteins or additional molecules implicated in the infection, encapsulating agents for virucidal drugs, vaccine adjuvants, to trap cholesterol for the destabilization of the virus capsid, as transporters for RNA treatments, and also with antiviral and suitable anticoagulant efficacy [33].
# A UML Activity Flow Graph-Based Regression Testing Approach
## 3 Identifying the Changes in Software Design and Classifying Test Cases
### Classifying Test Cases  
Graph paths are connected to test cases and design changes via the vertices connected to particular design change vertices. The test cases, \(T\), linked to a path \(P_{T}\) are also impacted by design changes. We introduce the software change difference function \(\delta_{\rho}(T)\) to describe this relationship. The set of vertices connected to a change, \(\delta_{\rho}\), in the software is denoted by \(\mathcal{V}_{\rho}\). The difference function is then defined as follows:  
\[\delta_{\rho}(T)=\begin{cases}1&\text{if }\exists\
u\ \subseteq\ \mathcal{V}_{\rho}\ \text{ in }P_{T}\\ &0\ \ \text{otherwise}\end{cases}\]The difference function, \(\delta_{\rho}\), takes the test case \(T\) as an argument. If a vertex in the test case-related path \(P_{T}\) is affected by a change \(\rho\) in the software, the function returns a 1; otherwise, it returns a 0. To identify the test cases impacted by \(\rho\), we use the difference function. By comparing the vertices impacted by the change to the paths connected to a test case, the function then identifies affected test cases. Algorithm 1 describes the difference function.
```
Input: The test case \(T\) and its path in the graph \(P_{T}\) \(l=\text{len}(P_{T})\); for\(i\gets 1,\ldots,l\)do \(v=P_{T}(i)\); // \(P_{T}(i)\) denotes the \(i^{\text{th}}\) vertex of the path \(P_{T}\) if\(v\in\mathcal{V}\)then return 1;  end if  end for return 0;
```
**Algorithm 1** The Difference Function (\(\delta_{\rho}(T)\)) for a change \(\rho\) of a test case \(T\)  
Consider we have two software, \(S_{o}\) be the original and \(S_{m}\) be modified. The modifications (or changes \(\rho\)) between these two software possibly are either \"create\" (\(\rho_{c}\)) or \"modify\" (\(\rho_{m}\)) or \"delete\" (\(\rho d\)). We have already created sets of vertices named \(N_{S}\), \(M_{S}\), and \(D_{S}\) corresponding to the changes that create, modify or delete elements of the UML model. All the changes made between \(S_{o}\) and \(S_{m}\) due to \"create\", i.e., \(\rho_{c}\), are added to the set \(N_{S}\), all \"modify\" changes, i.e., \(\rho_{m}\), are added to the set \(N_{M}\), and all the \"delete\" changes, i.e., \(\rho d\), are added to the set \(N_{D}\). It is easy to see that all these vertices represent a change \(\rho\), and it will either affect the test path \(P_{T}\) or will not affect the test path. Those changes which will affect the test path will be included in the set \(PC_{S}\) and those changes which do not affect the path will be included in the set \(NC_{S}\).  
Once this classification of the vertices has been made, we can now classify the test cases into three mutually exclusive sets: _Reusable_ (\(U_{I}\)), _Retestable_ (\(R_{t}\)), or _Ossolete_ (\(O_{t}\)).
## 4 Discussion  
CaNa/AC was successfully tested in the manufacture of biodiesel by transesterifying jatropha oil with methanol, and the kinetics parameters were determined by a differential. The reaction kinetics fitting results corresponded to a pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the rate constants at 323, 328, 333, and 338 K were 0.012, 0.0076, 0.0053, and 0.0033 min\({}^{-1}\), respectively, while the apparent activation energy was 75.6 kJ\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\). As CaNa/AC showed high catalytic activity and economic properties, it could be deemed as a potential catalyst for biodiesel production.  
In comparison to other catalyst preparation procedures (Table 4), the present strategy does not necessitate high-temperature roasting. CaNa/AC has an activity equivalent to other heterogeneous catalysts and can catalyze transesterification to yield biodiesel under extremely milder circumstances. In addition, alkaline bentonite catalysts were relatively cheap, and the preparation process was facile only using AC, calcium hydroxide, and sodium (or potassium) hydroxide without calcination. Hence, alkaline bentonite catalysts possess great prospects and cost-effectiveness for practical applications in biodiesel synthesis. Additionally, the further applications of this spent clay catalyst are currently underway in our laboratory such as reducing the free fatty acid content in raw oil due to its residual basicity, and then the waste clay derived from this deacidification could be used in road construction as a filler in the production of asphalts. This work will help to promote the practical application of this type of clay catalyst.  
Figure 7: The reusability of Na/AC and CaNa/AC in the transesterification.
## 2 OBS Networks
### Functional Mechanisms of OBS Nodes
#### 2.2.5 Scheduling of Resources  
Reservation of resources in the core concerns the capability to ensure undisturbed switching and transmission of bursts from input ports to output ports. This process relies on the information carried on each CP about the corresponding burst, which can include, for instance, the offset and the size. Based on this information, core nodes schedule the resources inside the local optical switching fabrics such that bursts can cut through them. The resource scheduling schemes proposed for OBS networks can be classified based on the duration of the reservation, _i.e._, taking into account the moment when the reservation of a channel started and the moment when that reservation is released (see Figure 4): immediate reservation, delayed reservation, explicit release, and implicit release. These four mechanisms determine the occupancy of resources inside the switching fabrics for a certain burst. It should be noted that the adopted scheduling scheme is closely related with signaling and also depends on the burst assembly process used by the edge nodes, since the information that the CP can provide depends on the assembly algorithm from which it was generated.