## 3 Results and Discussion
### Essential Oil Composition
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**KEM**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DEF**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**SIR**} \\ \hline
**RI** & **Compound** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Max** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Max** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Max** \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Oil yield** (\% \(v/w\))**} & 1.29 & _0.27_ & & 1.6 & _0.24_ & & 1.66 & _0.42_ & \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Monoterpene Hydrocarbons**} \\ \hline
922 & Tricyclene & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.2_ & 0.2 & _<0.05_ & _0.2_ & 0.2 & _0.1_ & _0.2_ \\
931 & \(\alpha\)-Thujene & \textless{}0.05 & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & \textless{}0.05 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
938 & \(\alpha\)-Pinene & 36.8 & _6.2_ & _44.8_ & 37.2 & _2.6_ & _42.2_ & 36.8 & _5.0_ & _43.9_ \\
950 & Camphene & 1.6 & _0.8_ & _3.1_ & 1.7 & _0.8_ & _3.5_ & 1.8 & _0.9_ & _3.1_ \\
978 & \(\beta\)-Pinene & 7.0 & _2.4_ & _10.3_ & 8.7 & _1.6_ & _10.6_ & 9.0 & _2.0_ & 11.9 \\
993 & Myrrene * & 1.2 a & _0.2_ & _1.6_ & 1.4 ab & _0.1_ & _1.6_ & 1.4 b & _0.2_ & _1.6_ \\
1003 & \(\alpha\)-Phellandrene & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.2_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.2_ & 0.2 & _0.1_ & _0.2_ \\
1009 & \(\delta\)-3-Carene * & 1.2 ab & _0.6_ & _2.7_ & 0.5 a & _0.5_ & _1.6_ & 1.2 b & _0.4_ & _1.8_ \\
1018 & \(\alpha\)-Terpinene & \textless{}0.05 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & \textless{}0.05 & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
1027 & p-Cymene & 0.1 & _0.05_ & _0.2_ & 0.1 & _0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _0.1_ & _0.2_ \\
1032 & \(\beta\)-Phellandrene ** & 27.5 & _5.4_ & _37.8_ & 29.8 & _3.0_ & _33.5_ & 30.0 & _4.8_ & _37.2_ \\
1062 & \(\gamma\)-Terpinene & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
1089 & Terpinolene & 0.5 & _0.3_ & 1.2 & 0.4 & _0.2_ & _0.9_ & 0.6 & _0.3_ & _1.0_ \\ Sum & 76.3 & & & 80.3 & & & & 81.3 & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Oxidised Monoterpenes**} \\ \hline
1097 & \(\alpha\)-Pinene-epoxide & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
1123 & _trans_-Pinene-hydrate & & & & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
1129 & \(\alpha\)-Campholenal & & & & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
1141 & _trans_-Pinocraved & \textless{}0.0 & _0.1_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _0.1_ & _0.2_ \\
1147 & Camphor & & & & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
1148 & _trans_-Verbenol & \textless{}0.05 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & _0.2_ \\
1165 & Pinocarvone & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
1168 & Borneol & \textless{}0.05 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & _0.1_ & _0.1_ & _0.2_ \\
1176 & Isopinocamphone & & & & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ & _<0.05_ \\
1180 & Terpinen-4-ol & \textless{}0.05 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ \\
1188 & Cryptone & 0.4 & _0.4_ & _1.1_ & 0.5 & _0.2_ & _0.9_ & 0.3 & _0.5_ & _1.7_ \\
1192 & \(\alpha\)-Terpineol & 0.2 & _0.1_ & _0.3_ & 0.2 & _0.1_ & _0.3_ & 0.2 & _0.1_ & _0.3_ \\
1197 & Myrtrenal & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & _0.1_ & _0.1_ & _0.2_ \\
1211 & Verbenone & \textless{}0.05 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & <0.05_ & _0.1_ & _0.2_ \\
1238 & Thymol-methylether & 0.5 & _0.2_ & _0.9_ & 0.6 & _0.2_ & _0.8_ & _0.8_ & _0.3_ & _1.2_ \\
1244 & Cuminic aldehyde & 0.1 & _0.1_ & _0.2_ & 0.1 & _<0.05_ & _0.2_ & _<0.05_ & _0.1_ & _0.3_ \\
1288 & Bornyl acetate & 0.5 & _0.3_ & _1.2_ & 0.6 & _0.4_ & _1.6_ & 0.7 & _0.5_ & _1.6_ \\  & Sum & 1.9 & & & 2.6 & & & 2.6 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Composition of the essential oil (%) from _Pinus cembra_. The main compounds, \(\alpha\)-pinene, \(\beta\)-phellandrene, \(\beta\)-pinene, and germacrene D were found in all samples. This is in good agreement with the published literature, where these compounds were reported to occur in varying proportions. \(\alpha\)-Pinene ranged from 21.1% in trees from a Scotch arboretum [19] to 69.1% in samples from Romania [8].