###### Abstract
Various \"biologic principles\" have been proposed as essential factors for achieving predictable horizontal or vertical bone augmentation. Ensuring the stability of the graft, achieving primary wound closure without tension on the flaps, and preserving the grafted area are crucial for the infiltration and proliferation of osteogenic cells [17; 18; 19]. The primary function of bone grafting substances is to act as scaffolds, creating space for the immigration of osteogenic cells and facilitating the transport of nutrients and growth factors, both integral to the reparative process. Consideration of factors influencing bio-absorbability and the maintenance of bone volume should involve replacing the implanted material at the site with newly formed bone tissue through bone remodeling. During the bone formation phase, the rate of bio-absorption is associated with space-making capability and biocompatibility, predominantly mediated by passive chemical dissolution of the bone substitute [20; 21]. The surrounding bone walls of the defect play an essential role in the bone regeneration of the atrophic alveolar ridge. As such, the morphology of the bone defects can affect the choice of the bone grafting material and the technique. Extensive atrophy of the alveolar ridge with fewer surrounding osseous walls is more demanding and requires substances and techniques that provide more space maintenance, graft balance, and biological activity. It is obvious that the understanding of the morphology of the atrophic alveolar ridge before surgery is verified to be pivotal for selection, making on flap design and perhaps at the biomaterials for use. In recent years, there has been a trend for new therapeutic options and strategies due to the progressive scientific advances in scaffolds, biomaterials, cell therapy, and growth factors. It is a fact these tissue engineering strategies today involve the customization of the scaffolds to the bone defects and also the enrichment with living cells or growth factors, aiming at mimicking the cascades of wound healing events and the clinical outcomes of conventional autogenous grafts. In the last decade, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been introduced in oral and implant dentistry as a helpful and non-invasive device, supplying notably unique 3D imaging of hard tissues. [PERSON] et al. [22] first presented it to dentists and maximillofacial surgeons in 1998. In contrast to the traditional computed tomography (CT) generation, CBCT delivers high-resolution 3D images, ranging from 0.4 mm to as low as 0.076 mm, and at the same time, CBCT has a reduced effective radiation dose and reduced cost [23]. Studies comparing the application of 3D volumetric images to 2D images for detecting artificial bone defects revealed that CBCT achieves a sensitivity of 80-100% in detecting and classifying bone defects, whereas intraoral radiographs offer a sensitivity of 63-67%. In contrast to periapical and panoramic pictures, CBCT shows a lack of distortion and overlapping, presenting a consistency to the actual size [24]. Because of these advantages, the usage of CBCT has increased, especially within the preoperative assessment and planning of surgical approaches in complex cases in dentomaxillofacial surgery, implantology, orthodontics, and endodontics. [25]  
In recent years, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, facilitated by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) datasets, has played a pivotal role in the production of personalized dental materials like polymethyl methacrylate or allogenic bone blocks [26; 27; 28]. The bone block graft material is tailored based on the digital data obtained from CBCT, ensuring a precise fit within the morphology of the alveolar defect. This customization significantly reduces the space between the block graft and the host bone, enhancing space maintenance and graft stability, and ultimately promoting a more effective and predictable regenerative outcome [29; 30; 31; 32].