# Physico-Chemical and Melissopalynological Characterization of Czech Honey
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Pollen Profile of Czech Honey  
Pollen is also an integral part of honey. Pollen enters honey together with nectar from nectariferous plants and also through social contact of bees in the hive. Thus, in honey we can find pollen of both nectariferous as well as non-nectariferous plants, which are sought by bees for the creation of pollen reserves. Melissopalynological analysis is a suitable tool to determine the botanical origin of honey. For this purpose, the relative frequencies of pollen types of nectariferous species are calculated [38]. Melissopalynological analysis can also be used to determine the geographical origin of honey, especially if the honey comes from other climatic regions. It is possible to use relative frequencies of pollen types for this purpose, but qualitative melissopalynology analysis is the most common [39; 5; 3]. The results of the melissopalynological analysis are summarized in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & **BH** & **FH** & **PH** & **HD** & **LH** & **RH** & **TH** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Accaceae} \\ _Accr._ sp. (\(n=106\)) & \(0.3\pm 0.4\) & \(1.2\pm 2.8\) & \(2.9\pm 8.7\) & \(0.3\pm 0.8\) & \(<\)0.1 & \(<\)0.1 & \(1\pm 1.8\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Acetracene} \\ _Acidillet_ sp. (\(n=20\)) & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.7\pm 4.6\) & \(0.1\pm 0.3\) & \(0.1\pm 0.2\) & \(<\)0.1 & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.1\pm 0.5\) \\ _Artentismi_ sp. (\(n=163\)) & \(0.8\pm 1.3\) & \(1.8\pm 3.1\) & \(4.6\pm 7.7\) & \(2.8\pm 4\) & \(1.2\pm 1.9\) & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.4\pm 1.1\) \\ _Bellis_ sp. (\(n=47\)) & \(0\pm 0\) & \(0.1\pm 0.5\) & \(0.3\pm 0.6\) & \(0.4\pm 1.4\) & \(0.6\pm 0.9\) & \(0.3\pm 0.5\) & \(0.0\pm 0.1\) \\ _Hamiltonum_ sp. (\(n=36\)) & \(0.1\pm 0.2\) & \(0.2\pm 1\) & \(0.1\pm 0.4\) & \(0.1\pm 0.4\) & \(0.1\pm 0.2\) & \(0.5\pm 1\) & \(0.3\pm 1\) \\ _Tancavicum_ sp. (\(n=89\)) & \(0.1\pm 0.2\) & \(0.4\pm 1.6\) & \(0.2\pm 0.5\) & \(0.5\pm 1.4\) & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.1\pm 0.2\) & \(0.6\pm 0.6\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Bethaceae} \\ _Althus_ sp. (\(n=23\)) & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.1\pm 0.3\) & \(0.0\pm 0.1\) & \(0.1\pm 0.3\) & \(<\)0.1 & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.1\pm 0.2\) \\ _Corylus_ sp. (\(n=28\)) & \(0.2\pm 0.8\) & \(0.2\pm 0.8\) & \(0.8\pm 2.1\) & \(0.8\pm 5.2\) & \(<\)0.1 & \(<\)0.1 & \(<\)0.1 \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Borgianaceae} \\ _Myostis_ sp. (\(n=274\)) & \(1.9\pm 1.9\) * & \(6.9\pm 10.4\) * & \(1.9\pm 1.5\) * & \(16.1\pm 17.9\) * & \(9.4\pm 5.3\) * & \(14.7\pm 15.6\) * & \(10.7\pm 12.2\) * \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Brassicaceae} \\ _Brassica_ sp. (\(n=291\)) & \(29.5\pm 7.1\) * & \(41.6\pm 22.5\) * & \(24.1\pm 23.6\) * & \(21.7\pm 23.2\) * & \(6.8\pm 7.3\) * & \(15\pm 14.4\) * & \(10.84\pm 9.5\) * \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Hyrophylaceae} \\ _Phacenix_ sp. (\(n=184\)) & \(1.1\pm 1.5\) & \(4.3\pm 8.1\) & \(7.8\pm 10.7\) & \(5.6\pm 7.8\) & \(12.3\pm 19.2\) & \(0.3\pm 0.6\) & \(2.7\pm 3.4\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Fagac} \\ _Quercus_ sp. * (\(n=59\)) & \(0.9\pm 2.8\) & \(0.4\pm 1.8\) & \(1\pm 1.9\) & \(0.3\pm 0.7\) & \(<\)0.1 & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.3\pm 0.9\) \\ \multicolumn{6}{c}{Rammacene} \\ _Rhamicans_ sp. (\(n=35\)) & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.19\pm 1.4\) * & \(0.48\pm 0.88\) * & \(0.22\pm 0.86\) * & \(<\)0.1 & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.12\pm 0.49\) * \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Rosaceae} \\ _Pyrus/Prunus_ sp. (\(n=253\)) & \(1\pm 1\) * & \(3.9\pm 4.4\) * & \(31.7\pm 13.9\) * & \(6.4\pm 8.2\) * & \(1.6\pm 2.5\) * & \(1.5\pm 3\) * & \(3.7\pm 49\) * \\ _Rubius_ sp. (\(n=81\)) & \(<\)0.1 & \(0.5\pm 1.9\) & \(0.8\pm 1.8\) & \(0.4\pm 1.2\) & \(1.8\pm 3.8\) & \(0.5\pm 1\) & \(1\pm 2.9\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Salicaceae} \\ _Salic_ sp. (\(n=164\)) & \(3.2\pm 5.1\) & \(4.7\pm 7.3\) & \(0.5\pm 1.3\) & \(0.7\pm 1.6\) & \(0.7\pm 1.1\) & \(2.9\pm 1.9\) & \(1.4\pm 2.3\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Fabaceae} \\ _Robinist pseudochaia_ (\(n=117\)) & \(0.0\pm 0.1\) * & \(0.8\pm 1.6\) * & \(1.2\pm 1.8\)* & \(1.6\pm 3.3\) * & \(0.3\pm 0.7\) * & \(12.7\pm 0.9\) * & \(1.2\pm 2.6\) * \\ _Trifolium_ sp.