## 2 Methodology and Modeling
### Building Plan  
The building plans were designed to reflect the average residential construction characteristics typical of each location (Brazil, Portugal, and Turkey). This approach ensured that the simulated models were representative of the architectural styles, material availability, and construction norms prevalent in each region. By aligning the plans with regional building averages, the study aimed to provide realistic assessments of passive design interventions in settings that closely mirrored real-world residential conditions.  
For Portugal, the floor plan presented in [PERSON] et al. [28] was used to guide the design of the residence in the software. The resulting layout is shown in Figure 1, with the resulting area being 58 m\({}^{2}\), with a glazed area of 25 m\({}^{2}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Country** & **Location** & **Lat./Long.** & **Alt.** & \begin{tabular}{c} **ASHRAE** \\ **Climate Zone** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **K-G Climate** \\ **Type** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Description** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Brazil & Teresina & \(5.1^{\circ}\,\mathrm{S}/42.8^{\circ}\,\mathrm{W}\) & 75 m & 0A & Aw & Tropical, savannah \\ Portugal & Evora & \(38.6^{\circ}\,\mathrm{N}/7.9^{\circ}\,\mathrm{W}\) & 261 m & 3A & Csa & Mediterranean climate \\ Turkey & Sanluurfa & \(37.2^{\circ}\,\mathrm{N}/38.8^{\circ}\,\mathrm{E}\) & 546 m & 3A & Csa & Mediterranean climate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Locations used in simulations and their climate classifications: ASHRAE climate zone and Koppen–Geiger (K-G) climate classification.  
For Brazil, the floor plan outlined in Labaki and Kowaltowski Labaki and Kowaltowski (2018) was followed. The house areas that Brazilians can finance, as detailed in Fipe Labaki and Kowaltowski (2018), served as a guide for the design. Consequently, an area of 58 m\({}^{2}\) was used, which was the Brazilian average in 2018 and is intermediate between the current national average (66 m\({}^{2}\)) and the average for Piaui (44.3 m\({}^{2}\)). The resulting glazed area was 18 m\({}^{2}\) and the final layout is shown in Figure 2.  
For Turkey, the house layout was adapted from the [PERSON] house (2018), modifying the anteroom to be exterior, which is more typical in hot regions. [PERSON] (2018) also indicates that Turkish houses generally have a single storey or two storeys.  
According to [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] _et al._ (2018), the average area of Turkish houses from 1991 to the present, particularly those with multi-purpose living rooms, is 101.32 m\({}^{2}\). Additionally, [PERSON] (2018) notes that kitchens are located on the ground floor, have direct access to the courtyard, are partly open, and are large enough to accommodate several people working and cooking inside.  
Using these parameters as a guide, the final house floor plan for the Turkish home in the simulation is presented in Figure 3, where the covered area (excluding the anteroom) is 67 m\({}^{2}\) with 15 m\({}^{2}\) of glazed area. It is not visible in the figure, but to represent the east and west walls that demarcate the anteroom, which is the uncovered part of the house, vertical fins were created on the glazing that borders this space, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 1: House plan for Evora, Portugal.  
Figure 2: House plan for Tenesina, Brazil.  
The summarized values are presented in Table 3, which also includes the resulting window-to-wall ratio (WTWR) for each location.