esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of the Types of Ridge Vents and Wind Direction  
Maintaining active composoting in a compost bedded pack barn is a real challenge during the winter months. It becomes difficult to start or restart a compost bedded pack barn in winter with low bacterial activity as the heat losses can easily outweigh the heat generated. Due to this, to select the best condition of ventilation in the winter weather, the CFD models were evaluated in the function of five types of ridge vents (CLR, OPR, ORC, ELR and OVR) and four wind directions (north, south, east and west) to promote greater percentage heated surfaces of the floor.  
The analyses of variance for the five types of ridge vents and the four wind directions as a function of the percentage of heated floor area are shown in Table 5. No statistically significant differences were found (\(p>0.05\)) between the types of ridge vents (\(p\)-value = 0.716) and the wind direction (\(p\)-value = 0.874).  
Heating area percentage is an indicator of the efficiency of the composting process. This is achieved by an adequate selection of ridge opening and wind direction that maintains ideal microbiological conditions in terms of aeration and temperature with a range of 45-60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The mean values of percentage of the heated floor area in the five types of ridge vents and the four wind directions are shown in Table 6. Statistically significant evidence was found to state that the means of the heating area percentage between simulations differed (Tukey test; \(p\)-value \(<0.05\)). The highest percentage of heated floor of the surface area inside the CFD models were observed in treatments ORC and west to  
Figure 13: Profile of mean horizontal wind speed in the center of the CBP barn: (**A**) closed ridge—CLR, (**B**) open ridge—OPR, (**C**) elevated ridge—ELR, (**D**) overshot ridge—OVR and (**E**) open ridge with chimney—ORC.  
east wind direction. The type of ridge vent and wind direction that promoted greater cooling surface of the floor were the treatments ELR and the south to north wind direction. These results showed that the best ridge vent and wind direction in the winter weather were observed in the open ridge with chimney (ORC) and west to east, respectively.  
This work provided the designer with practical knowledge on the behavior of natural ventilation due to wind direction and thermal buoyancy forces acting in the CBP under different ridge vent openings. By applying CFD simulation and experimental investigation, a methodology was prepared to determine the behavior of airflow caused by thermal buoyancy and wind direction. The innovation of the methodology can be described by the fact that some equations were formed to estimate air velocity and air temperature and determine which ridge vent opening was most efficient.
# Review of Automatic Estimation of Emotions in Speech
## 2 Emotions
### Emotional Effects on Intonation  
Research has shown clear links between emotion and intonation in verbal communication [8; 31]. Statistical measures of F0, energy (intensity), and speaking rate have been widely observed for emotion recognition [32; 33]. In particular, speech of high arousal (e.g., anger and happiness) occurs with an increase in average F0, wider F0 range, and decrease in spectral tilt (this last one not dealing with intonation). Tests with synthetic speech have shown the relevance of intonation for perceptual cues to emotion in speech [34].  
Nonetheless, effects of intonation are often neglected in many diverse speech systems (including SER), as intonation varies widely and ranges over greater time periods than phonemes [35]. Most speech analysis instead uses spectral information about very brief segments via time windows of analysis lasting 10-30 ms [36]; these presume local stationarity inside each window, and can so accommodate the general dynamic nature of non-stationary speech. Analysis that is performed every 10 ms (100 Hz frame rate) is typical for many applications for speech, and extending such durations to hundreds of ms, which is needed to exploit intonation patterns, has eluded many speech algorithms.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties  
The antibacterial effects of BC, BCC0.5, and BCC1.0 against _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_ were studied (Figure 6, rows a and b). Because curcumin may be unable to diffuse through the film into the agar media, BC, BCC0.5, and BCC1.0 did not show a clear zone of inhibition [40]. However, inhibition of bacterial growth under these samples was observed with optical microscopy.  
The antifungal effects of BCC against _A. niger_ were also evaluated (Figure 6, rows c and d). BCC0.5 and BCC1.0 inhibited the growth of _A. niger_, whereas significant growth (more than 60% of area) was observed on BC film. Growth of _A. niger_ was reduced to less than 10% on BCC0.5 and BCC1.0 films. The fungal cells appeared unchanged throughout the 7 days, and occupied the same areas on day 7 as they did when the suspensions were applied to the films. This result demonstrates that the antifungal property of BC film is improved by the absorption of curcumin into it.  
Figure 5: Release profiles of curcumin from BCC0.5 (gray) and BCC1.0 (black) into buffer solutions (acetate buffer at pH 5.5 (a,\(\blacktriangle\)); PBS at pH 7.4 (\(\blacklozenge\),\(\blacklozenge\))) supplemented with Tween80/methanol: (**a**) concentration of released curcumin and (**b**) percentage of release based on actual amount of curcumin loaded in BCC films.  
Curcumin has been previously reported to have antimicrobial effects against common foodborne pathogens such as _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_[41]. The antimicrobial effects of curcumin against Methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_ have also been demonstrated; as a required concentration of antibiotics was reduced when curcumin was also present [42]. The polymers in BC films have been reported to be susceptible to colonization by bacteria, leading to the formation of a bacterial biofilm [43]. Therefore, BC alone does not have antimicrobial activity, but the incorporation of curcumin into the BC films could prevent bacterial adhesion.
## 3 Computational Methods
### Network Parameters  
The multi-scale U-Net architecture is parametrised by a scale, convolution kernel size, and a number of channels in the first convolution block. In our experiments, we used a scale equal to 5, kernels of 3 \(\times\) 3 \(\times\) 3 for all convolution and transposed convolution layers, and 8 channels for the initial convolution block. Every second convolution block in the encoder doubles the number of channels. The network architecture is detailed in Figure 6. When using Deep Supervision additional outputs were added, specified at the right of the Figure.  
Our first proposed U-Net extension, EXT 1, concatenates the output of the basic U-Net with the input volume, thus creating a 2-channel input. Such conglomerate is then passed to the U-Net, as specified in Figure 6. The second proposed U-Net extension, EXT 2, introduces additional decoders to the network. These are identical to the decoders in the original U-Net. The extension layers are specified in Figure 7, and are connected to the original U-Net layers (see also Figure 6). If Deep Supervision is employed, then additional outputs must be introduced to the CNNs. These additional outputs are specified at the right of Figures 6 and 7.  
Figure 5: Example of the second proposed U-Net extension, EXT 2—U-Net with a series of additional decoders. The first stage detects follicles, while the additional decoders in the second stage identify the ovary. Deep Supervision outputs are shown in a grey box.  
Figure 6: Basic U-Net architecture with five scales, as used in our experiments. In front of each scale on the left are depicted the spatial dimensions of the feature maps at that scale. Next to each individual operation block on the arrow is marked the number of output channels for that block.
# Benefit Analysis of Grid-Connected Floating Photovoltaic System on the Hydropower Reservoir
## 2 Environmental, Technical, Financial Specifications of the Plant
### Specifications
#### 2.2.2 Inverter  
The inverter is one of the most important devices in the PV system with the function of converting direct current DC into AC current from the high-frequency switching semi  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Technology** & **p-Si** & **m-Si** & **HIT** & **a-Si** & **CdTe** & **CIGS/CIS** \\ \hline Efficiency & 13–17\% & 16–21\% & 18–20\% & 6–9\% & 8–16\% & 8–14\% \\ Temperature & \(-\)0.45\%/\({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-\)0.45\%/\({}^{\circ}\)C & 0.29\%/\({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-\)0.21\%/\({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-\)0.25\%/\({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-\)0.35\%/\({}^{\circ}\)C \\ coefficient & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The average efficiency of current PV panel technologies.  
Figure 3: Market share of PV panel technologies in the world in 2016.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**PV Type** & **Capacity** & **Efficiency** & **Number of** & **PV Energy** & **Total Area of** \\  & **(Wp)** & **(\%)** & **Panels** & **(MWh/Year)** & **Panels (ha)** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{72 cell-poly} & 305 & 15.72 & 155,740 & 69,609 & 30.22 \\  & 310 & 15.98 & 153,220 & 69,552 & 29.73 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 315 & 16.23 & 150,800 & 69,381 & 29.26 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 320 & 16.49 & 148,440 & 69,340 & 28.80 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 325 & 16.75 & 146,160 & 69,500 & 28.36 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 330 & 17.01 & 143,940 & 69,519 & 27.93 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 335 & 17.26 & 141,800 & 69,569 & 27.51 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Calculation results of different silicon panels.  
conductor components (FET, MOSFET, IGBT, etc.). There are many major manufacturers in the world, such as Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China), Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd. (Sydney, Australia), SMA Solar Technology AG (Niestetal, Germany), and Growatt New Energy Technology Co., Ltd (Shenzhen, China). According to the technical documents of most inverter manufacturers around the world, inverters have the ability to adjust the power factor in the range of 0.9 (early phase to late phase), ensuring the system connection requirements, as in Circular 39/TT-BCT. The parameter of some inverters are shown in Table 4:  
Due to the manufacturing characteristics, the inverter is coupled from many smaller units with a capacity of 500 kW or 600 kW to ensure the installation area on the reservoir surface, together with 0.6/22 kV transformer equipment and 22 kV electrical cabinet. The plant recommends the capacity of each inverter be 2500 kW, connected to an 01 transformer and 22 kV distribution cabinet system with a circuit breaker to protect against short circuit failure occuring on the transformer circuit.
## 4 Conclusions  
The following conclusions can be drawn from this study.  
* Pastes bearing 30% (20% U\({}_{\text{C\&DW}}\) + 10%BA) SCMs exhibit 10% lower flexural strength than OPC and those with 45% (20%U\({}_{\text{C\&DW}}\) + 20%BA + 5%SF) supplementary cementitious materials 11% lower strength than the 56-d water-soaked pastes.
* As the pozzolanic reaction between SCMs and portlandite does not suffice to offset the dilution induced by a lower proportion of cement, the new pastes exhibit a larger mean pore size and greater porosity than OPC.
* Including U\({}_{\text{C\&DW}}\) + BA or U\({}_{\text{C\&DW}}\) + BA + SF yields cements able to resist the chemical attacks analysed, with a 56-d corrosion index >0.7 in all cases.
* Resistance to aggressive media attack is not enhanced by raising the percentage of SCM added, for the cements bearing the binary blend U\({}_{\text{C\&DW}}\) + BA proved to be more resistant than those to which silica future was added.
* Paste M1 bearing 30% SCMs had a higher 56-d corrosion index, at 1.06, for the 0.5 M NaCl solution than both OPC (CI = 1.04) and M2 (CI = 1.02).
* OPC paste resists seawater and 0.3 M Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) better than M1, which in turn had a higher corrosion index than M2 irrespective of the medium. The addition of U\({}_{\text{C\&DW}}\) + BA or U\({}_{\text{C\&DW}}\) + BA + SF prompts no significant change in cement paste morphology or in the compounds generated during the chemical attack.  
Conceptualisation, I.F.S.d.B., M.I.S.d.R., G.M., S.B., and C.M.; methodology, I.F.S.d.B., and G.M.; formal analysis, I.F.S.d.B., and G.M.; investigation, S.B., I.F.S.d.B., and G.M.; writing--original draft preparation, I.F.S.d.B., and G.M.; writing--review and editing, I.F.S.d.B., G.M., M.I.S.d.R., and C.M.; supervision, I.F.S.d.B., M.I.S.d.R. and C.M.; project administration, I.F.S.d.B. and G.M.; funding acquisition, M.I.S.d.R., and C.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation under project PID2019-107238 RB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. It benefited as well from funding furnished by the Consejeria de Economia, Ciencia y Agenda Digital from Junta de Extremadura under grant GR 18122 awarded to the MATERIALS research group.  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable.  
The cement supplied by the Lafarge Group plant Villaluenga de la Sagra, Toledo, Spain, is gratefully acknowledged.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Development Workflow for Manifolds and Fluid Components Based on Laser Powder Bed Fusion
## 3 Case Study
### Results and Solution Assessment
#### 3.4.2 Economic Assessment (Step 13 of Development Methodology)  
The economic evaluation is conducted based on four stages. Firstly, as the part is specifically designed for fabrication by LPBF, its suitability for the process is clearly given. Further, the design consolidates 37 sealing stoppers. Secondly, the AM costs are significantly higher in comparison to the conventional manifold body. Therefore, a mere substitution with the AM part is not economic. The AM design is to be classified as an additional product for the acquisition of projects with special requirements (e.g., size or lightweight). Quotes of an external supplier show that external AM production costs are more than five times higher than current serial costs. However, increasing industrialization and adoption of AM are expected to decrease the AM production costs in the near future. Thirdly, the added value and its impact on the lifecycle of the part and the complete organization are assessed. The design-based reduction in the size of the assembly may serve customer projects with highly limited space requirements. Further, the lightweight design reduces the part's energy consumption during operation in an often-accelerated rail vehicle and therefore decreases its operational costs and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. Finally, the experience gained in the design, manufacturing, and industrialization of AM products  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **AM Design** & **Conventional Design** \\ \hline Manifold size & 245 mm \(\times\) 148 mm \(\times\) 55 mm & 300 mm \(\times\) 148 mm \(\times\) 80 mm \\ Weight & 2.06 kg & 8.55 kg \\ Sealing stopper & 0 & 37 \\ Additional oil reservoir & 930.7 cm\({}^{3}\) & - \\ Material volume & 771.54 cm\({}^{3}\) & 3166.67 cm\({}^{3}\) \\ Necessary support structure in & 0.39\% & - \\ [\%] of total build job material & 0.39\% & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison of product characteristics.  
Figure 7: (**a**) The unfinished 2-manifold build job with tensile- and density-test-specimen; (**b**) finished manifold.  
is universally applicable through the company and a valuable contribution to the AM strategy of Knorr-Bremse. On this basis, the roadmap depicted in Table 7 is presented.  
As the market does not demand a direct substitution of the existing manifold, the added value for customers and the company may be prioritized over the higher manufacturing costs when considering further steps to a serial application of an AM manifold. Overall, the design and manufacturing project is perceived as a success by Knorr-Bremse even if economic break-even is not reached yet. The gain in experience in design, software, printing, and post-processing is seen as highly valuable and can be transferred to other parts. With decreasing AM costs in the future, the economic assessment is expected to change.
# Detecting and Localizing Dents on Vehicle Bodies Using Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network
## 3 Performance Evaluation
### Results  
The overall classification accuracies of the proposed R-CNN model were 100% for the learning patches and 98.5% for the testing patches. No significant bias between the two groups of patches was observed in the classification accuracy. Figure 6 shows examples of normal and abnormal patches identified by the R-CNN model. In addition, Figure 7 shows an example of learning accuracies by iterations.  
The overall classification accuracy of the proposed R-CNN model (98.5%) was superior to a plain R-CNN model (88.7%) for the testing patches. We implemented a plain R-CNN model, which employed a generic set of hyper-parameters (kernel number: 10, kernel size: 3, pooling size: 2, stride: 2, and number of fully connected nodes: 50). Since our R-CNN model used the best combination of  
Figure 6: Normal and abnormal patches identified by the proposed R-CNN model, (**a**) Normal patches (**b**) Abnormal patches.  
Figure 7: An example of learning accuracies by iteration.  
hyper-parameters that were decided by the adaptive genetic algorithm, our model showed a lot better accuracy than a plain R-CNN model.  
The sensitivity (the percentage of patches with dents that were correctly identified) and specificity (the percentage of normal patches that were correctly identified) for the testing patches were 97.9% and 99.2%, respectively. 2.1% of the abnormal patches were misclassified into the normal from the R-CNN model; however, the almost misclassified abnormal patches was not even distinguishable by human vision either. In addition, 0.8% of the normal patches were also misclassified into abnormal from the R-CNN model.  
A mean absolute error (MAE) was 13.7 pixels (SD = 10.7 pixels). The MAE in this study was calculated using an average Euclidean distance between the locations of the actual and predicted dents. The actual locations of dents on the images were manually identified by our research team. As shown in Figure 8, the locations of the predicted dents were all close to those of the actual dents.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Visual Panel  
The developed method helped predict the time of shelf life prolongation of mushrooms stored in active packaging in comparison to conventional packaging (blank). The method estimates if the active packaging works properly and how efficient it is. To achieve this goal, both blank and active samples from different time frames need to be acquired and compared. Figure 3a,b show the comparison of the following samples: (a) is an eight-day  
Figure 2: Average values (n = 10) of L* of the samples studied the initial day (yellow dotted bars) and after 8 days (blue bars). Error bars represent the standard deviation.  
mushroom sample protected with green tea combined with \(\alpha\)-tocopherol, and (b) is an eight-day blank sample.  
It is an example of a pair of samples shown to panellists for visual evaluation. These samples were not successfully distinguished by any of the panellists, as they were too similar to differentiate visually. This confirms that visual analysis is not sensitive enough to evaluate the influence of active packaging on mushrooms.  
The results of the sensory analysis are shown in Table 3.  
Figure 3: Comparison of different mushroom samples, all of them collected after 8 days: (**a**) image of a sample protected with green tea + \(\alpha\)-tocopherol; (**b**) image of a blank sample; (**c**) scan of a sample protected with green tea + \(\alpha\)-tocopherol; (**d**) scan of a blank sample after 8 days; (**e**) segmentation of a sample protected with green tea + \(\alpha\)-tocopherol; (**f**) segmentation of a blank sample. Images (**a**,**b**) were captured with a Nikon Coolpix 4300 digital camera positioned at a height of 15 cm and a 45\({}^{\circ}\) angle, upper lighting (6500 K diffuse fluorescent light), with the following settings: manual mode; no flash; macro close-up (focus mode); fine image quality; 1600 image size; ISO auto (sensitivity). Images (**c**–**f**) were captured with the Epson Stylus DX3800 scanner.  
According to the opinion of the panellists, samples A1 had a better visual aspect than the blank samples. The samples from packaging A2 almost met the requirements of signification limit (with \(\alpha\) = 0.05, the limit is \(\geq\)27). However, it was impossible to distinguish between samples B and A2. In contrast, during the last evaluation, the testers chose samples B, so it can be concluded that antioxidant A3 did not positively influence mushrooms. In general, the results obtained left doubts, especially for samples A1 and A2, because the number of votes received was not significant enough to confirm whether active agents indeed extend the shelf life of mushrooms.
## Results and Discussion
### TMA Analysis
#### 2.5.2 Method Application for TMA Quantification in GrA  
TMA is a volatile amine, commonly associated with the typical \"fishy\" smell during fish degradation. It can be produced by the bacterial reduction of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) in marine fish species [30]. A small production of volatile nitrogen components could indicate limited growth of bacteria that produce TMA, such as _Shewanella putrefaciens_[21]. In Europe, the limit established for TMA, according to Directive 91/493/EEC, is 12 mg/100 \(g\)[31]. HS-SPME developed for the analysis of volatile compounds, has demonstrated the unique capability of performing extraction and concentration in one single step and compatibility with GC-MS [26]. The results obtained from the application of HS-SPME/GC-Ms are presented in Figure 5a,b.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Validation Parameters 1**} \\ \hline Concentration range (\(\mu\)g/mL) & 0.1–15 \\ \hline Regression equation & y = \(-\)0.0108x\({}^{2}\) + 1.080x + 0.1102 \\ \hline R\({}^{2}\) & 0.9994 \\ \hline Linearity test (F\({}_{\text{theo}}\)/F\({}_{\text{exp}}\)) & 2.51 2 \\ \hline LOD (\(\mu\)g/ml) & 0.6 \\ \hline LOQ (\(\mu\)g/ml) & 1.9 \\ \hline Matrix effect (\%) & 106 \\ \hline Recovery (\%) & 93.3 LL 3; 98.0 ML 4; 99.0 HL 5 \\ \hline Intermediate precision (\% RSD) & 8.4 LL; 7.1 ML; 9.7 HL \\ \hline Repeatability (\% RSD) & 8.2 LL; 6.0 ML; 9.6 HL \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Summary of trimethylamine (TMA) method validation parameters.  
The obtained data indicated a gradual slow increase of TMA content during the first 7 days (5.6-9.0 mg/100 mg) (Figure 5c). Between 12 and 15 days, the TMA content increased much faster, since the values went from 11.1 to 20.7 mg/100 mg during this period. This is in accordance with the microbiological results obtained in this work. Using the fitted model for TMA data, the 12 mg/100 mg criteria could be reached between 12 and 13 days.  
Since the fish deterioration process involves several simultaneous changes, Table 4 summarizes the results for sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological evaluation, corresponding to the criteria used to predict and estimate GrA shelf life.