esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# UVsq-Sat NG, a New CubeSat Pathfinder for Monitoring Earth Outgoing Energy and Greenhouse Gases
## 4 Methodology for Determining ERB and GHGs with Uvsq-Sat NG
Airglow can also be evaluated using Uvsq-Sat NG measurements over the ocean, which has a very low albedo. For all satellites measuring CO2 in Nadir mode as Uvsq-Sat NG, the goal is not to perform inversions in the presence of clouds but rather to conduct a screening to eliminate all measurements with clouds. The onboard Uvsq-Sat NG NanoCam precisely provides the information about 'the sky's condition'.
# A Novel CDMA-Based Secret Message Multiplexing Scheme by Image Data Hiding +
## 5 Conclusions  
Based on the technology of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), an innovative secret message multiplexing scheme by digital image data hiding techniques is proposed in this paper. Multiple secret messages distributed for several participants are encoded into a CDMA codeword through CDMA multiplexing and then embedded into a grayscale image. At the receiving side, each authorized recipient will be assigned a distinct spreading code as the secret key for data extraction. The cross-correlation between any two different secret keys is equal to zero. Due to this orthogonal property, only the authorized user can decode the respective hidden secret message using a specific secret key. These characteristics help the proposed scheme to possess strong data security. Experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust to cropping attacks and noise attacks, such as the Gaussian noise attack and the salt-and-pepper noise attack. In the case that several different secret messages must be embedded and transmitted simultaneously, the proposed scheme provides an efficient and feasible solution.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.-H.H. and C.-H.L.; methodology, J.-H.H. and C.-H.L.; software, K.-S.S.; validation, J.-H.H. and C.-H.L.; formal analysis, C.-H.L.; resources, J.-H.H.; data curation, K.-S.S.; writing--original draft preparation, C.-H.L.; writing--review and editing, C.-H.L.; visualization, C.-H.L.; supervision, C.-C.C.; project administration, C.-C.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Secret Images** & **50 \(\times\) 50** & **100 \(\times\) 100** & **170 \(\times\) 170** & **256 \(\times\) 256** \\ \hline
**Secret Images** & BER = 0.0071 & BER = 0.0292 & BER = 0.0793 & BER = 0.1733 \\ \hline
**Secret Images** & BER = 0.0017 & BER = 0.0081 & BER = 0.0215 & BER = 0.0499 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: The extracted secret images under cropping attacks for \(N=16\).
## 3 Methods
### Evaluation Factor Selection Method
#### 3.2.3 Collinearity Diagnosis  
In landslide susceptibility modeling, it is essential to avoid multicollinearity among the evaluation factors to ensure that no factor can be nearly represented as a linear combination of others [20]. This study uses the variance inflation factor (VIF) to assess multicollinearity between the evaluation factors.  
\[VIF=\frac{1}{1-R^{2}} \tag{9}\]  
where \(R^{2}\) represents the coefficient of determination from the regression of other independent variables with \(x_{i}\) as the dependent variable. A significance value of less than 0.05 and a VIF value of less than 10 indicate no multicollinearity between the evaluation factors.
# Limitations on the Use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement in Structural Concrete
## 4 Mechanical Behaviour of Concrete Containing RAP
### Compressive Strength  
Different studies show that RAP has a negative influence on compressive strength: a higher percentage of substitution leads to a decrease in compressive strength [4; 11; 15]. Nevertheless, the use of 25-50% RAP coarse aggregate in high strength concrete mixture ensures compressive strengths in the range of 29.6-47.6 MPa [99]. In Okafor [4], compressive tests were conducted after 7, 28 and 90 days on two different mixes of concrete containing RAP aggregate (1:2:4 and 1:3:6 by weight of cement, sand and RAP aggregate with w/c ratios of 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70) and the compressive strength was in general lower than that of a reference concrete with no RAP, but with the same proportions of constituents at all ages. However, in all the cases studied, the compressive strength was increasing with age. The reduction was less for the mix 1:3:6, being on average 4.2 MPa the difference in strength for w/c = 0.50. Furthermore, by increasing the w/c ratio (from 0.50 to 0.70), the reduction of compressive strength between the concrete mix containing RAP aggregate and the reference concrete was even lower (1.5 MPa as average difference). [PERSON] also observed that failure in the compression of RAP concretes was dominated by a breakdown in the bond between the aggregates and the attached old asphalt-mortar without any apparent crushing of the aggregate, while for the natural aggregate concretes of similar mixes, crushing of aggregate was more evident.  
[PERSON] et al. [23] confirmed the low influence of w/c ratios on compressive strengths, showing almost constant values at 0.43, 0.48 and 0.58 with 40% percentage of substitution of RAP.  
From the analysis conducted, it may be inferred that the correlation of compressive strength of concrete with mechanical properties of aggregate is not very significant. The physical properties, like the void ratio and aggregate gradation, also have a very small correlation with compressive strength of concrete. On the contrary, the specific gravity of aggregates has a higher correlation with the compressive strength of concrete [15].
# Privacy-Preserving Electricity Trading for Connected Microgrids
## 3 System and Attacker Models
### System Model  
Our system considers a community of households composing a microgrid. Some of them are prosumers (they consume but also produce energy) and some others are consumers. The following assumptions underpin the proposed design:  
* The system has to prioritize the consumption of nearby generated energy. In this way, households will, first of all, consume the energy generated by themselves. When this is not enough, they will try to acquire energy produced by other prosumers in their microgrid. Finally, they will consume energy injected from the global grid by the DSO.
* The overall consumption of dwellings can be higher than their aggregated production capability. In this way, the local community depends on a connection to the global grid.
* Privacy is a fundamental aspect. At the end of a billing period, the only information the service provider should learn about an individual household is the difference between its consumed energy and the one it produced so that it can be charged or paid accordingly.
* The considered microgrid is composed of a substation, managed by the DSO, and a group of households each equipped with a smart meter.
* The price of energy remains constant during a billing period.  
The previous assumption about price stability is made just to simplify the description of the proposal. Variable prices could easily be accommodated by allowing a dynamic adjustment of the time component of the \"power-time\" tuples traded in the system (see Section 5.3). More precisely, a decrease (increase) of electricity price could be compensated by setting a longer (shorter) time during which power is provided by the seller and consumed by the requester.
## 2 Experimental Procedure
### Electrochemical Measurements  
The electrochemical stability window was investigated by voltammetry analysis on Na metal cells, which were prepared using two-electrode Swagelok cells (diameter = 10 mm). Two glass fibre (WhatmanTM, Maidstone, UK) disk separators, soaked with a 0.1 NaClO\({}_{4}\)-0.9 IL electrolyte solution, were placed between a Na metal (American Elements, Los Angeles, CA, USA) coin and a Pt\({}^{\circ}\) (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), carbon or HC-working electrode. Before sealing, the cells were subjected to a vacuum for 30 min to allow complete loading of the working electrode and separator by the viscous IL electrolyte.  
A preliminary study on anodic stability was conducted by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) on Na\({}^{\circ}\) cells, using Pt as the working electrode to define the anodic voltage cut-off(i.e., 4.6 V), which was applied as the benchmark. The LSV was run from the open circuit voltage (OCV) towards more positive voltage values at a scan rate of 1 mV s\({}^{-1}\). Then, cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests were run using carbon-based (Super C45) working electrodes which allow much better simulation of the operative conditions in practical devices. The CV measurements were carried out by consecutively scanning the cell voltage between the OCV value and 4.6 V at a scan rate of 1 mV s\({}^{-1}\).  
The cathodic stability was investigated by CV analysis using HC as the working electrode by consecutively scanning the cell voltage between the OCV value and 0.01 V at a scan rate of 0.05 mV s\({}^{-1}\).  
Preliminary CV and cycling tests were performed in Na/HC and Na/NMO cells using selected IL electrolyte formulations (i.e., 0.1 NaTFSI-0.9 EMIFSI and 0.1 NaTFSI-0.9N114 FSI). The cells were fabricated by sandwiching a sodium metal electrode coin (10 mm diameter), a glass fibre separator and an HC (or NMO) electrode in T-shape (Na/HC cells) or 2032 coin-type (Na/NMO) containers. The cells were kept under vacuum for 30 min to allow complete loading of the IL electrolyte into the electrode and the separator. A sodium metal reference electrode was used for the Na/HC cells subjected to cycling tests (i.e., the working electrode potential was recorded with respect to the reference because of the Na\({}^{\circ}\) overvoltage) [18].  
The electrochemical tests were carried out between the 0.01-2.2 V (Na/HC) and 2.0-3.8 V (Na/NMO) voltage ranges using a Biologic (Seyssinet-Pariset, France) multi-channel battery system. CV and cycling measurements were performed at a 0.05 mV s\({}^{-1}\) scan rate and 0.1 current rate, respectively.
# Magnetic Properties of NiZn Ferrite Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning
## 1 Introduction
The presence of the same spinel crystal phase in each sample was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measured the magnetization behavior, according to the average diameter change of the nanofibers. Along with the doped and substituted elements, the particle and crystallite size of the structures were the major factors that governed the magnetic properties of the material. Utilizing this point, we found that the frequency band and efficiency of the shielding material could be finely controlled.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Natural Wolframite Characterization  
Natural wolframite was collected and enriched in Shitouwa wolframite mineral deposit (Inner Mongolia, China). After gravitational separation and flotation, the wolframite was cleaned by ethanol and distilled water three times. Then, the samples were ground into powder and sieved into 400 mesh size grain with particle size below 45 \(\upmu\)m. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of natural wolframite were obtained by using a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-4800, Tokyo, Japan) under a high voltage of 20 kV and a pressure on 120 Pa. The composition was analyzed by an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) ([PERSON], QUANTAX 400, Billerica, MA, USA) and operated at 20 keV, and the elemental analysis mapping was carried out on the same equipment.  
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out by using an X-ray diffractometer (X'pert Pro MPD, PANalytical Empyrean, Almelo, The Netherlands) equipped with Cu-K\(\alpha\) irradiation (\(\uplambda\) = 1.5406 A). The patterns were recorded from 5 to 80\({}^{\circ}\) (20) and the scanning speed was 4\({}^{\circ}\)/min, which operated at 40 kV, 40 mA. The resulting XRD data were analyzed with the Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS) database.  
Raman spectra were obtained by a Renishaw micro-Raman system (Renishaw inVia Reflex, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK), which equipped with a long working-distance 50\(\times\) objective and 532 nm laser. The laser intensity was 50% and diameter of beam spot was 1 \(\upmu\)m. The spectral resolution was 1 cm\({}^{-1}\) and all the Raman spectra were the average of ten successive scans (20 s per scan) for higher signal-to-noise ratio. The frequency stability was checked by the spectrum of silicon.  
UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra (DRS) were collected by a spectrometer (PerkinElmer UV/VIS/NIR Spectrometer, Lambda 750 S, Waltham, MA, USA). The integrating sphere was from 200 to 1000 nm and with a slit width of 2.00 nm and BaSO\({}_{4}\) (A.R., analytical reagent) was used as the reference. The concentration of soluble Mn/Fe in cathode solution were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, SPECTRO, BLUE SOP).
## 4 Discussion
Investigating the factors underlying these correlations could improve this approach. Factors such as the medical history of the patient (e.g., heart disease), biometric data (e.g., weight, age, sex), and the type of surgery may all influence the correlation between anesthetic drug concentrations (Propofol/Remifentanil) and MAP. Understanding these factors could facilitate the development of a more efficient categorization process. In our database, patients are categorized into four groups to examine the influence of BMI on the average correlations between the inputs (CeRemi and CeProp) and the output MAP. In Table 5, the number of patients found in each BMI category is shown. The figure below illustrates the distribution of average correlations between MAP and the inputs (CeRemi and CeProp) across different BMI categories. The boxplot in Figure 8 shows a significant difference (\(p\)-value = 0.0233) in the average correlation based on BMI categories. This indicates that BMI significantly affects the correlation between drug concentrations and MAP. This finding suggests that BMI can be a factor used in the development of a more efficient categorization process. * The dataset used in this paper consists of a relatively small sample size of 70 patients from a single population, recognizing the non-generalizability of our approach, which relies on a single database. Future research should expand upon these findings, exploring alternative deep learning models, e.g., feed-forward neural networks (FFNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**BMI Category** & **BMI Range** & **Number of Patients** \\ \hline Underweight & \textless{}18.5 & 3 \\ \hline Normal weight & 18.5–24.9 & 31 \\ \hline Overweight & 25–29.9 & 24 \\ \hline Obesity & \(\geq\)30 & 12 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Distribution of patients across different BMI categories.
# CCFNet: Collaborative Cross-Fusion Network for Medical Image Segmentation
## 3 Method  
CCFNet follows a U-shaped structure featuring hierarchical decoder and encoder sections, in which skip connections facilitate the linkage between the decoder and encoder. It is essential to note that CCFNet is structured with two branches, which process information differently, as shown in Figure 2. The two branches preserve global contexts and local features through the parallel fusion layer composed of the CCFM. In this CCFM, the CSF block can adaptively fuse them according to the correlation between local and global tokens, thus introducing convolution-specific inductive bias into the Transformer. The SFI block can avoid asymmetry of extracted features and introduce global representations of Transformer into the CNN branch, which has extracted local semantic features through the detail feature extractor (DFE) block. Features from both parallel branches are successively fused to form features that are fused with each other, and finally, realize the complementarity of the two features. The proposed parallel branching approach has three main benefits: Firstly, the CNN branch gradually extracts low-level, high-resolution features to obtain detailed spatial information, which can help Transformer obtain rich features and accelerate its convergence. Second, the Transformer branch can capture global information while remaining sensitive to low-level contexts without building a deep network. Finally, during feature extraction, the proposed CCFM can leverage the different characteristics of Transformer and the CNN to the full extent, continuously aggregating hierarchical representations from global and local features.
# Injection Molding of Biodegradable Deciduous Teeth Dental Post
## 1 Introduction
Polylactic Acid (PLA) is known for its low levels of cytotoxicity and environmental friendliness; thus, it is widely used in the manufacturing of biodegradable implants, such as bone plates and screws [13]. Its degradation rate is similar to the physiological resorption of deciduous tooth roots, making it suitable for dental posts [14]. Moreover, through using PLA, there is unlikely to be a post-surgery mental burden because the dental post will degrade with the eruption of the child's teeth. The use of PLA also provides an opportunity to apply the advanced healthcare methods that contributed to the integration of open technology from multidisciplinary fields [15]. PLA's appearance also means it meets the demand for esthetic post systems and medical procedures due to its colorlessness. However, pure PLA has some drawbacks, such as its high brittleness and lack of elongation ability or flexibility, attributable to the long-chain hydrophilic segments in its structure [16; 17; 18]. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a polymer that can be blended with PLA to improve rigidity, biocompatibility, and processability. It has been widely used in bone fixation, controlled drug release, and tissue engineering [19]. In oral medicine, hydroxyapatite (HA) is often mixed with PLA to neutralize the acidic by-products produced during PLA degradation, minimizing potential inflammatory symptoms [20]. As the precursor phase of HA, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) has a higher solubility than HA. It can prolong the entire degradation cycle compared to HA, making it a bioactive ceramic material with potential for bone regeneration in the future. ACP is compatible with PLAfor bone repair, supported by chemical properties similar to the mineral phase of bone [21]. ACP can also be prepared at lower temperatures compared to HA, reducing hydrophobicity and preventing inflammation inside the root canal when used as a filler in PLA/PCL combinations. In our previous study [22], ACP synthesized via a low-temperature aqueous route showed nanoscale particles with a predominantly amorphous structure, as confirmed by SEM and EDS analysis (average size \(\sim\)50-70 nm, Ca/P \(\approx\) 1.63). These characteristics are conducive to enhanced reactivity and biocompatibility, supporting its suitability for dental post formulations. These results indicate that ACP has potential as a PLA/PCL additive for future dental posts in deciduous teeth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a biodegradable dental post composed of PLA/PCL/ACP that not only mimics the mechanical behavior of primary dentition but also enables fabrication via injection molding. To this end, we systematically evaluated the composite's thermal, mechanical, rheological, and biological properties, along with its molding performance. These integrated findings aim to inform the design of pediatric dental posts and support future translational efforts in pediatric endodontics.
## 4 Experimental Results  
In this section, two field data sets were used to evaluate the proposed method. The first data set was obtained by simulating the extraction of the rectangular mining area. The second data set was collected from a coal mine in Shandong Province, China.
## 2 Software-Defined Networking
### Northbound APIs for Network Applications  
As we will highlight in Section 3, the OpenFlow protocol provides an interface that allows a control software to program switches in the network. Basically, the controller can change the forwarding behavior of a switch by altering the forwarding table. Controllers often provide a similar interface to applications, which is called the northbound interface, to expose the programmability of the network. The northbound interface is not standardized and often allows fine-grained control of the switches. Applications should not have to deal with the details of the southbound interface, e.g., the application does not need to know all details about the network topology, _etc_. For instance, a traffic engineering network applications should tell the controller the path layout of the flows, but the controller should create appropriate commands to modify the forwarding tables of the switches. Thus, network programming languages are needed to ease and automate the configuration and management of the network.  
The requirements of a language for SDN are discussed in [12]. The authors focus on three important aspects. (1) The network programming language has to provide the means for querying the network state. The language runtime environment gathers the network state and statistics, which is then provided to the application; (2) The language must be able to express network policies that define the packet forwarding behavior. It should be possible to combine policies of different network applications. Network applications possibly construct conflicting network policies, and the network language should be powerful enough to express and to resolve such conflicts; (3) The reconfiguration of the network is a difficult task, especially with various network policies. The runtime environment has to trigger the update process of the devices to guarantee that access control is preserved, forwarding loops are avoided or other invariants are met.  
Popular SDN programming languages that fulfill the presented requirements are Frenetic [13], its successor, Pyretic [14], and Procera [15]. These languages provide a declarative syntax and are based on functional reactive programming. Due to the nature of functional reactive programming, these languages provide a composable interface for network policies. Various other proposals exist, as well. The European FP7 research project, NetIDE, addresses the northbound interfaces of SDN networks [16].