esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Research Frontiers in the Field of Agricultural Resources and the Environment
### Recognition Method Based on Content Mining  
The recognition method based on content mining uses models to extract topics, and researchers identify frontiers by analyzing such topics. The topic model, represented by the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm, extracts more valuable potential topic distribution through full-text semantic analysis, which makes up for the shortcomings of the citation analysis method and the vocabulary analysis method, to a great extent [16]. In recent years, with the deepening of research, the LDA model has been gradually updated and improved. PhraseLDA, CitationLDA, FW-LDA, and other models have been proposed to extract different text content. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] first used the LDA model to detect interdisciplinary topics from the text of interdisciplinary projects. Then, based on the topic's supporting documents, project funding time and funding amount, they selected the emerging interdisciplinary topics using topic novelty and topic intensity indicators. [PERSON] et al. [18] analyzed hot topics concerning technology and content evolution in patents related to carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology using the LDA model. [PERSON] et al. [19] used the LDA model to identify research topics and built mapping relationships on topics to both help fund projects and identify cross-domain categories; also, the evolution of research topics was analyzed. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] analyzed the subjects' interdisciplinary characteristics and constructed a measurement index system, and then identified interdisciplinary subjects with the help of the PhraseLDA model. [PERSON] et al. [21] believed that the LDA algorithm could not work effectively in regard to short text topic recognition and put forward the Citation LDA++ model. Research has shown that this model can improve the performance of the LDA algorithm by inferring topics from research papers based on the title, abstract, and citation information, and citation information can improve the performance of the LDA algorithm in regard to research paper-based topic recognition when the full text of the paper cannot be obtained. [PERSON] et al. [22] improved the results of LDA probability topic extraction by defining the topic identifiers and introducing negative sampling models. They proposed the FW-LDA method and conducted adjacent time slice topic keyword evolution analysis in the hydrogen production field, verifying the effectiveness of the FW-LDA method. With the development of machine learning technology, scholars have developed more targeted topic mining methods, such as the dynamic topic model, related topic model, author topic model, supervised topic model, and Bayesian nonparametric model, etc. [23]. The current research on text mining based on topic models has produced many achievements for reference, and the research on topic recognition needs to explore and apply new cutting-edge and practical models in depth to improve the effect of topic recognition.
# Protecting Data at Risk of Unintentional Electromagnetic Emanation: TEMPEST Profiling
## 3 Sources of Electromagnetic Leakage
### Printers  
Printers convert the data symbolic form processed by the computer into a graphic form. Printers are, like other electronic devices, sources of electromagnetic emissions [5]. In addition to control signals that do not convey sensitive data, useful signals correlate with the information in process [5; 6; 7]. The author of [46] discusses the increased current loop emissions in combination with large cable loops and gives an example of a dramatic increase in emissions when a computer is connected to a printer and both main cables are connected to the same wall outlet. The radiation from the laser printer is compromised, and the magnetic field near the laser printer can be measured and used to reconstruct the printed image [63]. Few companies make printers with EM leakage protection. The Eurotempest offers a TZ551 pull printing system for customers with high-security requirements for their IT infrastructure [64]. The TZ551 printer is based on the standard HP 500 series network printer and is equipped with TEMPEST and encryption capabilities. The pull printer feature provides additional security by first sending the data to the pull server for printing. The TZ551 includes a formally assessed authentication architecture designed to meet secret security levels. The OSPL (Eindhoven/The Netherlands) Tempest offers a wide range of printers with different security levels determined by the SDIP-27 standard. The OSPL Tempest printers have a high-speed USB interface, a 1.8 m shielded cable (DB9), and TEMPEST-filtered AC input [65]. C2 offers a diverse range of Hewlett-Packard office laser B/W and color printers designed for desktop or small workgroup use, meeting the requirements of SDIP-27 Levels A, B, and C [66]. Siltec offers a wider range of printers using Epson and Hewlett-Packard technology, suitable for A4, A3, and A0 paper formats [67]. These printers come in Level A, B, and C versions. A detailed description of these printers is given in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Manufacturer** & **Printer** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{C2} & Modulus T A4-BW & HP-based A4 printer. \\  & & Fulfills Level A, B, and C requirements. \\ \cline{2-3}  & Modulus T A4-Color & HP-based A4 color printer. \\  & & Fulfills Level A, B, and C requirements. \\ \cline{2-3}  & Modulus T A4-BW-N & Epson-based A4 TEMPEST network printer. \\  & & Fulfills Level A, B, and C requirements. \\ \cline{2-3}  & Modulus T A4-Color-N & Epson-based A4 TEMPEST color network printer. \\  & & Fulfills Level A, B, and C requirements. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Eurotempest} & TZ551 DN & Based on HP Laser Jet 500 color series of printers. \\  & & TEMPEST and encryption capabilities. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Manufactures of TEMPEST printers.  
These manufacturers also offer multifunctional TEMPEST printers that have print, scan, copy, and fax performance and fulfill Level A, B, and C security requirements.
## 5 Experimental Results
### Calibration of the Gyro Bias Process  
With the calibration method mentioned above, we could use the one-axis RINS to conduct the calibration process. A typical IMU was built and fixed on a rotational turntable. In order to measure the gyro drift of one individual sensor, the turntable rotation is set to coincide with one gyro along the z-axis. Since our rotational table is placed horizontally, the rotating angle directs to the up direction in the navigation frame. According to the previous analysis, the primary source of navigation error comes from the gyro drift on the z-axis in a RINS, so we compare the navigation output azimuth attitude angle with the rotational turntable and calibrate the gyro drifts.  
The calibration process is described in Figure 8, after the IMU is launched and the turntable rotates. The original gyro and accelerometer data are acquired at a rate of 100 Hz. Meanwhile, the rotational turntable would rotate along the up-axis with a constant speed, whereby 60 s is one rotational cycle, and the rotation direction changes every 60 s to eliminate the symmetrical noise from an inertial sensor. The whole process lasts around 6 h.  
In the calibration process, the rotational turntable is set on a stationary platform. The turntable rotates during the initial alignment; the first 30 min of raw data are used to deduce the initial attitude of the IMU. Then, we continue to update its motion and attitude state. The resolved attitude could be compared with the turntable output directly.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Site Description  
This research was carried out in the \"Experimental Irrigation Area\" (AER) on the campus of the National Agrarian University La Molina (UNALM), La Molina District, Lima Province, Lima Region (12\({}^{\circ}\)04\({}^{\prime}\)41\({}^{\prime\prime}\) S, 76\({}^{\circ}\)56\({}^{\prime}\)45\({}^{\prime\prime}\) W, altitude: 246 m) (Figure 1). During the study, the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures were 32.3, 15.6, and 23.24 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The maximum precipitation was 2.6 mm with an average relative humidity of 77%. The meteorological data were recorded using the automatic station VANTAGE Pro2 Davis, Hayward, CA, USA, located at the AER (Figure 2). In addition, the physicochemical characteristics of the soil are detailed in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Value** \\ \hline Texture & Loam \\ \(\sigma\left(\text{dS m}^{-1}\right)\) & 0.37 \\ pH & 7.96 \\ C.I.C (mEq 100 g\({}^{-1}\)) & 10.40 \\ S.O.M. (\%) & 3.65 \\ Apparent density \(\left(\text{g cm}^{-3}\right)\) & 1.318 \\ Real density \(\left(\text{g cm}^{-3}\right)\) & 2.74 \\ Porosity \(\left(\%\right)\) & 51.89 \\ Field capacity \(\left(\text{cm}^{3}\text{ cm}^{-3}\right)\) & 19.91 \\ Wilting point \(\left(\text{cm}^{3}\text{ cm}^{-3}\right)\) & 13.91 \\ CaCO\({}_{3}\left(\%\right)\) & 4.02 \\ P \(\left(\text{ppm}\right)\) & 72.4 \\ K\({}^{*}\) (ppm) & 208 \\ Total N \(\left(\%\right)\) & 0.21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(\sigma\) = electric conductivity, pH = hydrogen potential, C.I.C = cation exchange capacity, S.O.M. = soil organic matter, CaCO\({}_{3}\) = calcium carbonate, P = phosphorus, K\({}^{*}\) = potassium ion, Total N = total nitrogen.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Physicochemical characteristics of the soil in the study area.
# AI-Driven Waste Management in Innovating Space Exploration
## 4 Smart Waste Management Technologies for Space
### Strategies for Waste Management  
Integrating waste management with life support systems in spacecraft is essential for enhancing efficiency, minimising resource usage, and ensuring crew safety. Systems need to be designed that complement life support cycles, recycling waste by-products like water and carbon dioxide. Purified water from waste can be used for drinking, while carbon dioxide can be converted back into oxygen. Scalable modular units should be utilized to adapt to mission needs and crew size, allowing flexibility and easier upgrades without overhauling the entire system [72; 73]. This modularity supports the incorporation of new technologies and simplifies maintenance. Energy management should be integrated to boost overall efficiency, using syngas from pyrolysis as an energy source for heating and lighting. Automated systems need to be implemented to monitor operations, maintaining optimal conditions by dynamically adjusting variables like temperature and gas levels. Systems need to be developed to convert waste into reusable resources, such as compost from organic waste or drinkable water from urine. Robust safety measures must be ensured to prevent contamination and foster collaboration among engineers, biologists, and chemists to create comprehensive solutions for sustaining human life in space (Table 3).
# Advancing Crop Yield Predictions: AQUACROP Model Application in Poland's JECAM Fields
## 3 Results  
### Winter Wheat Yield Predictions  
Figure 4 presents a comparison between simulated and observed yields for winter wheat crops from 2018 to 2023. The simulation results for winter wheat in 2020 show relatively lower sensitivity, with an RMSE of 1.45 t\(\cdot\)ha\({}^{-1}\) (see Table 2). These results significantly deviate from actual values, indicating reduced reliability compared to other years. Conversely, in 2023, with an RMSE of 0.1 t\(\cdot\)ha\({}^{-1}\), the simulation closely approximates measured values, providing more dependable outputs.  
Figure 4: In-situ LAI and NDVI data based on observed and projected yields for the winter wheat crop type from 2018 to 2023.  
Table 2 presents the statistical analysis of in-situ yield values and simulation results obtained from the in-situ LAI and NDVI data for winter wheat. The research indicates that the ground-based LAI results yield higher error values compared to those based on satellite-derived NDVI, a trend observed for four out of six studied years. This suggests that a predictive model relying on ground-based LAI data may exhibit a relatively limited accuracy compared to a model utilizing satellite-derived NDVI.
## 8 Discussion  
The results of the noise levels from the crowd, as shown in Table 4, vary widely, passing from 76 dB to a maximum of 95 dB. For modern _stadia_, the noise levels from the crowd during sport matches can vary from 80 to 95 dB (without PA system in operation) recorded even with a smaller number of spectators than the _stadia_ selected for this research study, although the finish material is very similar in terms of absorption coefficients (plastic seats on concrete for modern _stadia_ against stone steps for ancient _stadia_) [26]. As such, it can be said that the number of spectators reported by the history (N1) is considered the most plausible result since the noise level is found to be very similar to the noise levels measured in modern _stadia_[26; 27].  
Another aspect that can be noticed is that the noise levels found in the Circus Maximum is comparable to what was found in the other two smaller _stadia_, although the number of spectators in the first is 9 times larger; this means that the other factors of Equation (1) are also important for the determination of the result, as it is referring to the reverberation time, room volume, Lombard slope, and so on.  
Considering that the _stadia_ in ancient times were placed close to other public building such as thermal baths and squares, a development of this study can be applied to the break-out noise to the surrounding buildings. This would be a problem only for daytime, since the spectacles used to run between 0900 and 1500 approximately [28], without any impact on sleep disturbance for night-time.  
In summary, predictions on noise from the crowd can be predicted for any place by using Equation (1); the important thing is understanding the number of people gathering together, as well as the absorption coefficient given to the clothing worn, the reverberation time of the room, and the relative room volume. The other important parameter is the number of people talking in a group and the Lombard slope coefficient. Regarding this latest variable, it has been studied that children are more likely to increase their voices more than adults if the background or masking noise becomes louder [29].  
It should be clear that this research study is based on different assumptions, mainly related to material properties that can be one of the major factors in determining the acoustic response of the ancient _stadia_. The geometry of the models is obtained from the archaeological discoveries, but a little percentage of uncertainty can be represented by the digital reconstruction, although it could negligibly engrave the results since small details would be less effective on a large volume of buildings. A further uncertainty is represented by the repeatability of the acoustic simulations, which is not extensively explored by scholars for the precision of reliable results, and this concept has been identified as \"error propagation\" [30].
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characterization of nZVISLP  
#### 3.1.1 FT-IR  
The FT-IR spectra of synthesized nZVISLP and MB-loaded nZVISLP are presented in Figure 2. Figure 2 reveals many absorption peaks, suggesting the complex structure of the nanomaterial. The broad peak at 3431.3 cm\({}^{-1}\) was due to the stretching vibration of the bond for the existence of -OH functional groups on the nZVISLP surface. The sharp adsorption peaks at 2855.6 and 2917.7 cm\({}^{-1}\) were attributed to the symmetrical vibration of -CH\({}_{2}\) and asymmetrical vibration of -CH\({}_{3}\), respectively. The symmetric and asymmetric bending vibrations of -CH\({}_{3}\) and -CH\({}_{2}\) were further confirmed by the presence of peaks at 1417.2 and 1337 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The influential band at 1642.7 cm\({}^{-1}\) was due to the vibration of -C=O from a carboxylic acid. The peak observed at 1548.9 cm\({}^{-1}\) was due to the existence of aromatic rings. The sharp tiny peaks observed at 1012.5 cm\({}^{-1}\) were attributed to the bending vibration of -OH and stretching vibration of -C-O-C- in the lignin structure of the material. As presented in Figure 2, for the MB-loaded nZVISLP, the peak of the stretching vibration of -OH groups at 3431.3 cm\({}^{-1}\) shifted to 3419 cm\({}^{-1}\), whereas the peak representing the -C=O stretching vibration of carboxylic acid with intermolecular hydrogen bonds also shifted from 1642.7 to 1646 cm\({}^{-1}\). The symmetric and asymmetric vibration peaks of -CH\({}_{2}\) and -CH\({}_{3}\) also shifted to higher wavelengths after MB loading. These results indicate that the active sites including -OH and -C=O groups existing on the surface of the material may lead to the potential removal of a cationic dye, such as MB [29], along with iron particles.  
Figure 2: Infrared spectra of nZVISLP before and after adsorption of methylene blue (MB).
# Electromagnetic and Thermal Phenomena Modeling of Electrical Discharges in Liquids
## 2 Discharge Models in Liquids
### Direct Impact Ionization
#### 2.1.3 Electric Field Dependent Ionic Dissociation  
Formally, the ionic dissociation process is similar, in terms of the description, to the above mentioned ionization under the influence of the electric field [16]. To describe this process, one has to assume \"active area\" filled with a mixture of neutral particles, positive and negative ions. Under the influence of the external electric field, the neutral particles are dissociated, which leads to an increase in the number of ions (Figure 3) [35; 36]. This fact reduces the breakdown voltage and provides the development of the discharge. It should be mentioned, however, that the mobility of positive and negative ions is negligible compared to the rate of electrical discharge development. For this reason, utility of this process to describe the development of the discharge is limited [16; 35].
# Towards Flexible Integration of 5G and IIoT Technologies in Industry 4.0: A Practical Use Case
## 5 Use Case
### Broading Process Slice  
The broaching process use case makes use of a slice of the infrastructure by deploying an NS with two VNFs. Each of these VNFs contains a VM based on a Windows 10 Operating System and together have been allocated a total of around 500 GB of disk space, 48 GB of RAM, and 9 virtual CPUs. This NS has been deployed entirely in the infrastructure within the CFAA data center to guarantee minimum latency with the broaching tool. The broaching process slice is isolated from the rest of the network through the use of VLAN segmentation, as explained above. In addition, a management interface is provided to the VMs for Internet access and so that authorized users can access them remotely.  
As for the purposes of each VM, one of them is used to support an Open Platform Communications United Architecture (OPC UA) client. Using the OPC UA protocol, it collects parameters of the broaching process exposed by the OPC UA server in the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) of the broaching tool to aid with the monitorization of the process. Meanwhile, the second VM contains Promind software. Promind is fed large amounts of data collected by a data logger installed in the broaching tool, and by the IIoT devices deployed in a separate network slice, in order to predict the behavior of the broaching process and detect possible faults in real-time using ML algorithms.  
In addition, a second NS containing a single VNF, contains the client responsible for collecting environmental data from the IIoT devices. For this data collection to be carried out securely, the client first authenticates to the Hidra server and obtains the necessary service tickets in order to be entitled to obtain the corresponding data from the deployed CDSs. As already mentioned, the Hidra server and the WSN belong to a different slice, which is covered later in Section 5.3.  
The topology of this slice encompassing the two NSs and the involved broaching tool components is shown in Figure 8.
## 4 Finite Element Setup
### Three-Dimensional Modeling Approach  
The 3D models accurately captures the longitudinal behavior of the cables under investigation. 2D geometries are initially exported as IGES (.iges) files and subsequently imported into the 3D simulation, ensuring consistent geometrical parameters. Table 3 shows the total number of elements for each 3D model with the following key characteristics:  
* **Geometry:** The 2D geometry is extruded along the z-axis in untwisted configurations, ensuring the 3D models retain the same cross-sectional identities for accurate comparison;
* **Element Type:** SOLID237 tetrahedral elements enabled accurate coupled-field 3D electromagnetic analysis;
* **Material Allocation:** Similar to the 2D models, Table 1 properties are assigned to the 3D elements;  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model Configuration** & **Material** & **Elements** & **Nodes** \\ \hline
1-Segment (2D) & Conductor & 1,010,400 & 506,701 \\  & Air & 104,146 & 50,609 \\
3-Segment (2D) & Conductor & 1,029,600 & 517,743 \\  & Air & 286,028 & 140,108 \\
5-Segment (2D) & Conductor & 1,020,000 & 513,305 \\  & Air & 406,606 & 200,035 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Total number of elements and nodes for 2D models.  
* **Degrees of Freedom:** Voltage and magnetic vector potential (AZ) were coupled for continuity, with AZ grounded at external nodes. Voltage was set to zero at one end of the cable's nodes to direct current flow;
* **Boundary Conditions:** Current excitation force is applied to the coupled nodes at the other end of the cable;
* **Mesh Density:** Fine and uniform meshes resolved current distribution in conductors, while adaptive meshing (h-method) optimized accuracy and efficiency in air regions.
## 1 Introduction
implemented the STFT processor as a single SDF FFT processor and reused the FFT calculation results to reduce hardware area and latency [19]. However, this STFT processor can only use a rectangular window and supports a 50% overlap only. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an STFT processor that provides a 0/25/50/75% variable overlap ratio to minimize data loss depending on the type of window used and 16/64/256/1024-point variable window lengths to support various time-frequency resolutions. In particular, because the proposed STFT processor is based on a radix-4 MDC (R4 MDC) architecture, it has lower complexity than architectures using several SDF FFT processors. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the STFT algorithm and general hardware architectures. Section 3 presents the hardware architecture of the proposed STFT processor. Section 4 presents the design and implementation results of the proposed STFT processor. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.