# A Systematic Review on Virtual Reality Technology for Ancient Ceramic Restoration
## 3 Results
### Paper Selection
#### 3.1.2 Usability of Ceramic Restoration with VR Technology  
The literature above indicates that the visualization of ancient ceramics depends on computer technologies to decrease the cost. Research on virtual ceramic restoration has mainly focused on the 3D establishment of ceramic models but not 3D printing objects for display [41]. One of the main objectives of relic restoration is to understand profound historical facts through these wares and to explore the people's lives, behavior, and cultural traditions [42] from the archaeological perspective. The virtual archaeology of ceramic pigments and THE reconstruction of their decorations contributed to more knowledge of the specific culture, origin, and trading information [43]. Consequently, some scholars have focused on the usability of ceramic restoration with VR technology. For example, according to the different restoration accuracies and demands, [PERSON] and [PERSON] divided the 3D data of the virtual model into four grands as follows [41]. * Level-0, original statistics of 3D scanning for back-ups but not applied directly. * Level-1, 3D model scanned in situ with high 3D accuracy for general display. * Level-2, nondestructive and high-precision 3D models with optimized virtual reality data are mainly used for teaching and research. * Level-3, thumbnail model of 3D data storage and managed by museum database. The 3D model with high-precision 3D data of Level-3 [41] not only provides a better stereoscopic visual experience for visitors but is also available to 3D printing, which can promote the data preservation of cultural relics. [PERSON] et al. restored a gold foil-decorated Black Ding bowl collected by the Chifeng Museum through a virtual conservation approach. By an innovative combination of digital acquisition, virtual anastomosis, virtual reconstruction, and 3D printing of a transparent reversible prosthesis [14], they achieved this artefact's physical and aesthetic restoration while conforming to the cultural restoration principles. During the restoration of the Double-Ear Clashing Color Vase with the Lotus pattern, [PERSON] and [PERSON] improved the 3D accuracy of the model and the registration quality of the texture color model with better reconstruction efficiency. [PERSON] restored the Warring States Period Deer Shape Golden Porcelain and Double-Ear Dragon Vase with VR technology. This virtual restoration process followed the reversible principle, the minimum intervention principle, and the retaining of primary data principle. The double-dragon ear model was printed with a 3D printer, and the broken ends of the vase were spliced together. This ceramic relic could be displayed after polishing, spray painting, coloring, and glazing [44]. Similarly, [PERSON] identified a method to reduce the corrugation of FDM-printed ceramic surfaces. Her method enables the researchers to use ABS polymer to print because it is not only easily accessible at a low price but also helps to remove the corrugation within the shortest time and with the least solvent [45]. Regarding the application path of 3D printing, the 3D model of restorative ceramics could be expanded to cultural creative products in daily life and holographic museum displays [28]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] restored the artefacts excavated at the site of Cetamura del Chianti in Italy to provide more insights into the actual size and volume of the excavated artefacts [46]. They also tried to promote these 3D printing models to other fields. However, the data on restored ceramics is minimal compared to the vast broken heritage sites. [PERSON], etc., proposed a new approach combining 3D scanning, automatic recognition features, and identification of 3D characteristics with a database designed for the classification, documentation, reconstruction, storage, and management of ancient ceramic fragment information [47]. This approach has been applied to cultural relics from ninety-seven Roman archaeological potsherds and is available over the internet. [PERSON]. [44] and [PERSON] et al.