# Building Realistic Mobility Models for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks  
[PERSON]  
School of Computing, Creative Technologies, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds LS6 3 QS, UK; [PERSON]S] (A.P. ); [PERSON]ESS] (C.P.) [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
School of Computing, Creative Technologies, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds LS6 3 QS, UK; [PERSON]S] (A.P. ); [PERSON]ESS] (C.P.) * Correspondence: [PERSON]L_ADDRESS]  
using a cable, in order to access networking facilities; so, again, wireless radio technology is developed, largely in the form of wireless Ethernet (IEEE, 2013, [5]). This allows a computer--which is taken to refer to a broad range of devices, from small handheld smart phones to desktop personal computers (PCs) and increasingly, to consumer devices, such as smart IVs--to connect to a local area network without being tethered by a network cable. The advent of mobile phones and in particular, their development into smart phones has resulted in another networking paradigm, whereby the device connects wirelessly to a telecommunications network, these days through 3G, increasingly 4G (ITU, 2010, [6]), and emerging 5G technologies, which will be deployed between 2020 and 2030 ([PERSON], 2013, [7]). The convergence of mobile phone and computer technology now means that there is a blurring of devices, such that clear distinctions between phones, tablet devices, netbooks, laptop computers, games consoles, televisions (TVs), etc. are no longer possible. All these devices are computers and can communicate via networks, predominantly using one of the previously mentioned wireless technologies. These wireless technologies allow a significant amount of device mobility and portability. Movement within the range of a wireless access point or a specific mobile telephone mast is trivial, and roving between access points or masts is straightforward, at least from a user's point of view. Thus, the concept of mobile computing emerges. One thing that links all of these devices and networks, both in terms of data communications and operational paradigm, is the reliance on an existing wireless infrastructure to which they can connect. This last hop link is known as the \"last segment of end to end performance from a server to an end user device, which includes any Wi-Fi network at home, business, or public Wi-Fi hotspot, etc.\" (Badu Networks, 2016, [8]). It provides a significant degree of flexibility over a cable, but it is dependent on there being a pre-installed local area network (for wireless Ethernet) or telecommunications network (for 3G, 4G, and 5G). This reliance on pre-configured networks is satisfactory in many cases and has resulted in existing network infrastructures. However, the deployment and management of network infrastructures could be complex, costly, and time consuming (Computerworld, 2011, [9]). Such solutions could be vulnerable to failure caused by natural disasters, accidental, or deliberate interference. Therefore, there do arise circumstances where traditional pre-installed networking systems are not available. Examples are disaster zones, where the networking infrastructure has been destroyed, and battlefields, where there is insufficient time to deploy an infrastructure. In such cases, a networking solution is required that does not rely on anything pre-installed at all, and this leads to the concept of mobile ad hoc networks ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 1996, [10]). A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an emerging type of wireless networking where mobile nodes associate on an extemporaneous or ad hoc basis (Cisco, nd, [11]). It comprises a collection of mobile computers that communicate with each other via a self-organising, self-forming, self-healing communication network, without reliance on fixed infrastructures or centralised control or resources ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 1996, [10]). Within a MANET, each computer or node has the potential to act as a data source, a data sink, and/or a router.