# Benefits of Advanced Air Mobility for Society and Environment: A Case Study of Ohio
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we performed a cost-benefit analysis of AAM infrastructure from the perspective of the government, primarily focusing on AAM's non-monetary benefits for the society and environment. The state of Ohio was taken as our case study. Nine different types of primary benefits of AAM were identified, which mostly arise from the various use cases enabled and supported by AAM. These benefits were quantified in dollar amounts for the 2022-2032 time period. Significant cost reductions and time savings can be achieved in these use cases by AAM compared to surface transportation and other traditional approaches. The benefits were also found to substantially surpass the costs associated with AAM infrastructure. Our findings provide strong justification for investment by government in AAM infrastructure in Ohio, and, by extension, in other states and regions with similar characteristics. In this competitive world, time savings and cost reductions are important terms to make a strategic decision before investing on a project. The significant amount of savings  
Figure 8: Yearly estimated values coming from BF-8 (see Section 4.8) and BF-9 (see Section 4.9). Figure 9: Estimated yearly net positive gain considering nine benefit factors and CAPEX-OPEX cost. projected in this paper will help the decision-makers to take initiative towards AAM implementation. Among the nine benefit factors, time and inventory cost savings in cargo delivery by eVTOLs (BF-4), and cost and delivery time savings in package delivery by drones (BF-3) have the largest gain with $66.76 billion and $7.82 billion, respectively. These values suggest that the AAM implementation has the potential to produce a considerable economic impact for the logistic companies, which will allow more efficiency for handling warehouse space and lead time. Other benefit factors also present notable insights to make decision--such as increased crop yield can address national and global food shortages and lower food prices, decreased carbon footprint can reduce the issue related to global warming, reduced delivery time in response to medical emergency case like OHCA can increase the survival rate, etc. Understanding these advantages can aid in gaining community acceptance of AAM, which is crucial for its effective implementation. There are several interesting expansions to this work that make for compelling studies in the future. Firstly, the AAM cost-benefit identification, quantification and analysis approach used in this paper can be applied to other potential states of the USA to assess the impact of AAM in those places before any investment is made there. In our study, we considered one medical emergency case. Secondly, in future studies, the scope of this work can be expanded to include benefits derived other envisioned use cases of AAM--such as organ, isotope, vaccine, blood, lab specimen delivery, search and rescue people in potential danger, or vessels lost at sea, security (police) patrol and law enforcement, mapping and surveying of (inaccessible) terrains and locations, aerial streaming of live events, firefighting, meteorology measurements, etc. In addition, tunnel, pipeline, tower, highway, and other infrastructure inspections can be included in future work. Lastly, future work can investigate effects of AAM which can have potentially negative impacts on the society--such as, increase in air traffic congestion, flight delays and noise levels; impact on ground vehicle drivers due to visual distraction by AAM aircraft; and privacy invasion. Conceptualization, E.F.D. and S.A.M.S. ; Data curation, E.F.D. ; Formal analysis, E.F.D. ; Investigation, E.F.D. ; Methodology, E.F.D. ; Project administration, S.A.M.S. ; Resources, S.A.M.S. ; Supervision, S.A.M.S. ; Visualization, E.F.D. and S.A.M.S. ; Writing--review & editing, E.F.D., M.S.S. and S.A.M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Ohio Department of Transportation (Agreement No. : 36496, PID: 114242, JSN: 136337).