esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
In this comprehensive analysis of volatile compounds, ester contents, terpene contents, and the application of various treatments against _B. cinerea_ in harvested apples, several significant findings have emerged. The concentrations of various terpen were notably influenced by the different treatments, with treatments like Fun+Thy+Cin+Eug consistently resulting in the highest terpene levels, particularly for compounds like \(\alpha\)- \(\beta\)-Pinene, pinene, and geraniol. Ester contents in the apples displayed a similar trend, with treatments like Fun+Thy+Cin+Eug leading to higher concentrations of esters, such as ethyl butyrate and ethyl octanoate. Moreover, the analysis of volatile compounds unveiled that treatment combinations exerted substantial effects on the levels of compounds, namely various acids, hexanal, and 3-methylbutanal, and with considerable variations observed. The heatmap and PCA plot visualizations provided insights into the differences and similarities among EO treatment conditions, highlighting the distinct profiles associated with specific treatment combinations. In conclusion, this study underscores the remarkable impact of different treatment combinations, particularly Fun+Thy+Cin+Eug, on the modulation of ester, terpene, and VOC contents in harvested apples. These findings not only contribute to a better understanding of the intricate chemical changes occurring in apples in response to pathogen treatments but also offer valuable insights for the development of strategies to enhance apple preservation and quality.  
S.K. and O.K. conceived and designed the experiments; O.K. performed the experiments; M.S., O.K. and [PERSON] analyzed the data. O.K. wrote and proofread the final paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The current research has received no funding from agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors assert that they do not have any competing interests related to this research.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Key Volatile Flavor Compounds
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline
**Number** & **Compounds** & **OT \({}^{\text{a}}\)** & **SH-0** & **SH-1** & **SH-2** & **Identification** & **Odor Descriptions \({}^{\text{b}}\)** \\ \hline
1 & 1-Penten-3-ol & 0.4 & 1.48 & 1.13 & 1.16 & MS, RI & butter, fish, green \\
2 & 3-Methyl-1-butanol & 220 & 0.01 & 2.74 & 3.60 & MS, RI & whiskey, malt, burmt \\
3 & 2-Methyl-1-butanol & 16 & ND & 5.99 & 10.18 & MS, RI & malt, wine, onion \\
4 & 1-Octen-3-ol & 1.5 & 0.35 & 12.96 & 18.72 & MS, RI & mushroom, cheese, sweet \\
5 & 2-Methyl-propanal & 1.5 & 11.83 & 6.24 & 8.26 & MS, RI & fruit, caramel \\
6 & (E)-2-Butenal & 0.3 & ND & 1.00 & 1.34 & MS, RI & pungent \\
7 & 3-Methyl-butanal & 1.2 & 84.34 & 69.54 & 95.34 & MS, RI & apple, fruit \\
8 & 2-Methyl-butanal & 4.4 & 11.43 & 5.50 & 8.16 & MS, RI & coffee, bread, banana \\
9 & Benzaldehyde & 3 & 7.47 & 10.01 & 16.01 & MS, RI & almond, caramel \\
10 & Benzeacetaldehyde & 4 & 0.56 & 1.03 & 1.66 & MS, RI & fruit \\
11 & Ethly acetate & 5 & ND & 6.10 & 6.19 & MS, RI & pineapple, fruit \\
12 & Isoamyl acetate & 2 & ND & 1.88 & 1.65 & MS, RI & banana \\
13 & 2,3-Butanedione & 1 & 1.36 & 0.94 & 5.33 & MS, RI & cream \\
14 & Acetoin & 14 & 0.44 & 0.54 & 2.71 & MS, RI & cream \\
15 & \(\beta\)-damascenone & 0.002 & 100 & 100 & 100 & MS, RI & apple. rose, honey \\
16 & Dimethyl disulfide & 1.1 & 1.16 & 0.31 & 2.15 & MS, RI & onion, cabbage \\
17 & MethIONAL & 1.4 & 1.19 & 2.26 & 4.00 & MS, RI & cooked potato \\
18 & Dimethyl trisulfide & 0.1 & 3.26 & 9.40 & 20.80 & MS, RI & sulfur, fish, cabbage \\
19 & 2-Furamethanol & 6 & 2.27 & 2.48 & 4.30 & MS, RI & almond \\
20 & Hexanal-D & 4.5 & 9.17 & 5.33 & 3.83 & IMS, RI & grass, tallow, fat \\
21 & Hexanal-M & 4.5 & 9.32 & 1.56 & 1.25 & IMS, RI & grass, tallow, fat \\
22 & 3-Methylthiopropanal-M & 1.4 & 27.67 & 22.09 & 21.76 & IMS, RI & meat, onion, fruit \\
23 & 3-Methylthiopropanal-D & 1.4 & 7.44 & 11.31 & 14.37 & IMS, RI & meat, onion, fruit \\
24 & Nonanal & 1 & 21.99 & 15.12 & 8.85 & IMS, RI & fat, citrus, green \\
25 & 2-Pentanone & 10 & 3.59 & 15.69 & 17.63 & IMS, RI & fruit, pungent \\ \hline \end{tabular} Not detected in sample. \({}^{\text{a}}\) OT: odor threshold value as reported in the literature reference. \({}^{\text{b}}\) Odor descriptions were cited from www.flavornet.org and www.femflavor.org (accessed on 12 December 2023).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Relative odor activity values (ROAV) and odor characteristics of volatile compounds of soybean protein hydrolysates. Figure 5: \(Cont.\)
## 2 State of the Art
### PSS under the Framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0)  
The investigation of the academic literature has provided evidence of the potential benefits associated with the digitization and digitalization of manufacturing systems, following the Industry 4.0 paradigm, and the shift to what is also known as intelligent manufacturing. This extends to the integration of IoT devices, including smart sensors, which are in turn integrated with processing units, and capable of performing data processing tasks with high computational speeds [22]. Moreover, engineers are more capable of developing a complete solution towards the PSS business models [23]. The authors in references [24; 25] have investigated the potential of the pillar Industry 4.0 digital technologies and techniques such Cloud technologies, as well as Predictive Analytics (PA), in order to fully utilize the vast amount of data produced on a daily basis on the shopfloor level (Big Data). Big Data, however, require further processing by suitable algorithms in order to be transformed to information and by extension (based on the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches) to become useful knowledge. Afterwards, such knowledge will be useful for the development of novel Product Service offerings. [PERSON] et al., in their research work [26], concentrate on Additive Manufacturing (AM), emphasizing the advantages of such technologies. More specifically, with AM, small batch products can be produced, up to one-off production, thus promoting the mass customization and personalization paradigms. As a result, individual customer requirements can be met more easily. Consequently, customized and adaptive PSS can become more feasible for manufacturers. However, since the complexity of modern manufacturing systems as well as the complexity of the products has increased, the authors in [9] have proposed a framework for the collaborative design of highly customized PSSsin order to compensate for the complexity mentioned before and facilitate manufacturers to establish better communication channels with their customers. In addition to that, a common issue that needs further attention from engineers is the setup of the suitable technological infrastructure required for the support the servitization transformation [25].  
Taking into consideration the above-mentioned points, the ongoing advances in cutting-edge digital technologies under the framework of Industry 4.0, and the research work of the authors in [27], the key technologies and techniques of the design and development of the next generation of technology-driven PSSs are summarized in Table 1. Furthermore, based on the context of each technological field, the resulting PSSs are presented. For example, the integration of sensing systems and the utilization of the IIoT will enable engineers to develop smarter products, and BDA will enable the analysis of data from the usage of the PSS as a system, i.e., the usage of the tangible product, as well as the utilization of the associated service(s), etc.
# Correlation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing
## 3 Results
### Hardness Mapping  
Hardness mapping can be used to illustrate the homogeneity/heterogeneity of the microstructure, which in turn correlates to the ultimate tensile strength. Figure 8 shows the hardness maps from four locations along the build height, with approximately 700-760 indents at a spacing of 500 \(\upmu\)m. Starting from the bottom of the build, the solid red region in Figure 8d contains the base material, AISI 1018 steel, (saturated red color because the hardness value is greater than 200 Vickers (HVN)) and the beginning of the build. (Note that Figure 8a-d all have the same color scale in order to provide consistency in all images; however this forces the base material region to saturate on the color scale.) The rest of Figure 8d shows that hardness values decrease along the vertical position. The two individual and parallel weld beads can be observed with a line of softer regions between the beads. Figure 8c shows the bottom or a build height of 25 mm to 100 mm from the interface. Here, there is high homogeneity of the hardness, except for two discontinuities (purple), with an average hardness of approximately 150 HVN. The map labelled \"Middle\" in Figure 8b represents the majority of the build and also represents the region of quasi-steady state heat flow. There is hardness homogeneity in this region, but the average hardness drops from 150 HVN to approximately 140 HVN. The \"Top\" region in Figure 8a shows the last few layers of the build. At the bottom of Figure 8a, the 140 HVN region, which is consistent with the majority of the build, can be observed as it transitions to approximately 175 HVN near the last layers. There is also the presence of discontinuities marked by the exceptionally low hardness points in these last layers. This change in hardness from the interface region to the top of the build can be rationalized with the characterization of the microstructure.  
Figure 7: Fractography of samples fractured at \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C from the top of the build (**a**) and the bottom of the build (**b**). High magnification images (**c**) and (**d**) from the top and bottom of the build respectively. White arrows indicate regions of cleavage, and the black arrows indicate regions of ductile failure.
# Use of Phase Change Materials for Food Applications--State of the Art in 2022
## 2 Food Applications of PCM
### Food Storage and Transport
#### 2.2.2 Cooling in Supermarkets  
Supermarkets need cooling in different ways: space cooling to avoid that food stored in shelfs is exposed to high temperatures in summer, and cooling to lower temperatures in fridges and display coolers. Ref. [37] analyze the performance of an ice storage integrated into the air-conditioning system of the hypermarket in Ankara, Turkey, thermodynamically and economically. According to their analysis, the ice storage stores 47% of the 8332 kWh daily total cooling load, which coincides with the duration of the peak tariff for electricity. Therefore, the ice storage allows to turn off the chillers during peak tariff hours. Basedon the analysis of the data collected over the four years of operation, they found that the ice storage reduces the energy cost for air conditioning by about half, and has paid back its initial cost within the first 3 years of operation. Integration of an ice storage in an air-conditioning system should be an application which is state-of-the-art, however it is not clear how widespread its use is. According [38], there was only limited application in supermarkets at that time, assuming that one reason is the in supermarkets often required lower temperature. Therefore, different integration approaches were suggested [38]: one approach is to integrate the ice storage at the condenser, another is to integrate the ice storage to subcool the condensed refrigerant. A third suggestion is the use of storage materials with phase change temperature significantly below 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C. No information was found as to how far these technologies have been adapted in supermarkets by now.
# Blockchain Applications in Education: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Discussion
### Research Question 1: What Is the Current State of the Usage Scenarios for Blockchain in Education?
#### 4.1.4 Blockchain-Powered Competency and Education  
Grades and certificates are not the only option to demonstrate the knowledge of a learner, as learning outcomes can be converted into competence values, which, in turn, should be trustfully processed, tamper-proof stored and easily verifiable.  
In this category, four blockchain-based initiatives (14%) were identified. For example, [PERSON] et al. [28], [PERSON] et al. [30] and [PERSON] et al. [45] model solutions to register competences. In the first proposal, they are taken from an official quality agency in Spain (ANECA), while the second one focuses mainly on professional competencies of the general population. The third work addresses the creation of e-portfolios to assess cooperative education.
# Vectored-Bloom Filter for IP Address Lookup: Algorithm and Hardware Architectures
## 4 Hardware Architecture  
The construction procedures of the VBF and the hash table are implemented at the behavior level using C language, since they are not necessarily performed in real-time. The IP address lookupprocedure described in Algorithms 2 and 3 is implemented using Verilog on a single FPGA. In this section, we describe the hardware architecture of the VBF which is implemented on the FPGA.
## 3 Results
### In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering  
DLS, also known as photon-correlation spectroscopy (PCS) or quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy (QELSS), is based on the temporal analysis of the intensity fluctuations of the scattered light caused by the Brownian motion of particles (protein molecules, aggregates, polymer particles, etc.) in solution. The velocity of the Brownian motion is defined by a property known as the translational diffusion coefficient (\(D\)). \(D\) is related to the average hydrodynamic radius of the particles (\(R_{H}\)) through the Stokes-Einstein equation [37]:  
\[D=\frac{k_{B}T}{6\pi\eta R_{H}}\]  
where \(k_{B}\) is the Boltzmann constant, \(T\) is the temperature, and \(\eta\) is the viscosity of the medium. The radius obtained by this technique is the radius of a sphere that has the same diffusion coefficient as the particle. If several particles are present in the solution, they can be easily distinguished if they are at least one order of magnitude different in size. This is particularly useful for samples, which show a tendency to aggregate over time, such as biological samples, which are sensitive to slight changes of temperature, pH of the solvent, radiation damage, etc. Since SANS measurements offering structural information on the nanometer scale often require integration times of hours, monitoring the sample composition on the minute timescale with DLS provides an additional insight into the aggregation state of the sample. This is why in situ DLS has been developed and used at many SANS beamlines so far [11; 12; 13; 14].  
A DLS measurement requires a highly monochromatic light beam, for example, produced by a laser illuminating an area of particles within a solution. The refractive index jump between those particles and the surrounding solution causes the light to be scattered. The particle size (and magnitude of Brownian motion) will affect the rate at which the intensity of this scattered light fluctuates. A single photon counting detector converts the scattered photons into standardized electric pulses. Those are fed into a digital autocorrelator which sorts the photons into time bins with respect to the time (\(t\)) when a first photon arrived at the detector and time (\(t+\delta t\)), when the next photon arrived on the detector. Thereby it constructs a correlation function (gII(\(t\))). For larger particles, the scattered light changes slowly and the correlation persists for a long time. In contrast, if the particles are small and move rapidly then the correlation function decays more quickly.
###### Abstract  
The lunar south pole has gained significant attention due to its unique scientific value and potential for supporting future human exploration. Its potential water ice reservoirs and favourable conditions for long-term habitation make it a strategic target for upcoming space missions. This has led to a continuous increase in missions towards the Moon thanks mainly to the boost provided by NASA's Artemis programme. This study focuses on designing a satellite constellation to provide communication coverage for the lunar south pole. Among the various cisunar orbits analysed, the halo orbit families near Earth-Moon Lagrangian points L1 and L2 emerged as the most suitable ones for ensuring continuous communication while minimising the number of satellites required. These orbits, first described by [PERSON] in 1966, allow spacecraft to maintain constant communication with Earth due to their unique geometric properties. The candidate orbits were initially implemented in MATLAB using the Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3 BP) to analyse their main features such as stability, periodicity, and coverage time percentage. In order to develop a more detailed and realistic scenario, the obtained initial conditions were refined using a full ephemeris model, incorporating a ground station located near the Connecting Ridge Extension to evaluate communication performance depending on the minimum elevation angle of the antenna. Different multi-body constellations were propagated; however, the constellation consisting of three satellites around L2 and a single satellite around L1 turned out to be the one that best matches the coverage requirements.  
lunar south pole; constellation design; CR3 BP; high-fidelity model Article
# Cross-Layer and Energy-Aware AODV Routing Protocol for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks
## 5 Performance Evaluations  
### Simulation Setup  
In this experimental study, the NS-2 tool was used to find the performance of the proposed method and compare it with the existing methods in FANETs. Moreover, the energy-aware FANET was implemented using C++ and TCL scripts. To analyze the simulation results, the AWK programming language was used. To design the mobility model, the accidental waypoint mobility method was used frequently for the FANET networks. Two significant points inversely affect the FANET's performance such as mobility and density of nodes; hence, it can be evaluated. In our work, one point was fixed, and the other was dynamic. The simulation parameters are shown in Table 1.  
A simulation was conducted for the proposed CLEA-AODV protocol, and the results were compared with the earlier methodologies such as AODV, SOC-CSO, and EENFC-MRP. The performance of the protocol was evaluated in terms of parameters such as PSR, TH, E2E delay, and PDR. The values were calculated in two scenarios: time and number of UAVs. The parameter settings of the proposed CLEA-AODV protocol are shown in Table 1.
###### Abstract  
The security analysis of the Ekert 1991 (E91), Bennett 1992 (B92), six-state protocol, Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 (SARG04) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, and their variants have been studied in the presence of collective-rotation noise channels. However, besides the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) being the first proposed, extensively studied, and essential protocol, its security proof under collective-rotation noise is still missing. Thus, we aim to close this gap in the literature. Consequently, we investigate how collective-rotation noise channels affect the security of the BB84 protocol. Mainly, we study scenarios where the eavesdropper, [PERSON], conducts an intercept-resend attack on the transmitted photons sent via a quantum communication channel shared by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. Notably, we distinguish the impact of collective-rotation noise and that of the eavesdropper. To achieve this, we provide rigorous, yet straightforward numerical calculations. First, we derive a model for the collective-rotation noise for the BB84 protocol and parametrize the mutual information shared between [PERSON] and [PERSON]. This is followed by deriving the quantum bit error rate (QBER) for two intercept-resend attack scenarios. In particular, we demonstrate that, for small rotation angles, one can extract a secure secret key under a collective-rotation noise channel when there is no eavesdropping. We observe that noise induced by rotation of 0.35 radians of the prepared quantum state results in a QBER of 11%, which corresponds to the lower bound on the tolerable error rate for the BB84 QKD protocol against general attacks. Moreover, a rotational angle of 0.53 radians yields a 25% QBER, which corresponds to the error rate bound due to the intercept-resend attack. Finally, we conclude that the BB84 protocol is robust against intercept-resend attacks on collective-rotation noise channels when the rotation angle is varied arbitrarily within particular bounds.  
Keywords:BB84 protocol; security; collective-rotation noise; quantum-key distribution +
Footnote †: journal: _Photonics_
###### Abstract  
To meet the diverse industrial and market demands, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has classified the fifth-generation (5G) into ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). Researchers conducted studies to achieve the implementation of the mentioned distributions efficiently, within the available spectrum. This paper aims to highlight the importance of URLLC in accordance with the approaching era of technology and industry requirements. While highlighting a few implementation issues of URLLC, concerns for the Internet of things (IoT) devices that depend on the low latency and reliable communications of URLLC are also addressed. In this paper, the recent progress of 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) standardization and the implementation of URLLC are included. Finally, the research areas that are open for further investigation in URLLC implementation are highlighted, and efficient implementation of URLLC is discussed.  
5G; URLLC; 3 GPP; 5G NR; LTE; IoT +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Letters