esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Hybrid Real-Time Scheduler in the MIROS
### Motivation of the Hybrid Scheduler in MIROS  
To address the challenge of running the multithreaded OS on the memory-constrained WSN nodes, the thread-stack optimization technique _stack-size analysis_[10] is developed. With this technique, the worst-case thread-stack usage can be computed at the compile time, and then each stack can be allocated to a minimal but system-safe size during the run-time. By doing this, the data memory consumed by the multithreaded OS can be reduced.  
_The stack-size analysis_ approach can reduce the size of each thread stack in the multithreaded OS. In addition to this approach, another method to decrease the data memory usage of the multithreaded system is to decrease the total number of the thread stacks. Currently, this approach has been used in MIROS, and it is achieved by the MIROS hybrid scheduler.
# Advanced AI and Machine Learning Techniques for Time Series Analysis and Pattern Recognition
## 4 Emerging Trends and Future Directions  
### Explainable AI for Time Series  
As AI/ML models become increasingly complex, the need for explainability has grown in importance, especially in critical domains like healthcare and finance. Recent research has focused on developing techniques such as SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) specifically adapted for time series data, allowing practitioners to understand which temporal patterns most influence model predictions.
## 1 Introduction
However, the present study also sought to compare the antimicrobial effect of both materials when in contact with different common oral pathogens. One of the many molecular mechanisms that prevent microbial expansion when in contact with nanosized biomaterials is microbial cell membrane disruption [40], metal ion release [41] that binds to microbial proteins and nucleic acids, interfering with their function, or the production of reactive oxygen species that can affect microbial cellular components [42]. This scientific work investigated the differences resulting from the structural variety of the materials. The research investigated the level of adherence of microorganisms' strains to selected apatite materials and determined the potential clinical effect of the aforementionedstudies. Tests were conducted to ascertain the impact of the materials under investigation on fibroblast cell lines, which play a role in the reconstruction of bone material [43]. It is also noteworthy that recent studies have confirmed the antagonistic effect of _L. rhamns_ and _C. albicans_[44], or _S. mutans_ and _C. albicans_ species [45] at molecular level, even in the absence of any biomaterial addition. The objective of the studies presented in this scientific work is to confirm the utility of selected nano-sized apatite materials for future in vivo alveolar ridge surgical augmentation and its structure regeneration. Given their structural similarity to natural bone minerals [46], nHAp and nFAp biomaterials exhibit promising characteristics as candidates for effective bone regeneration. While nHAp has a history of extensive use in the treatment of bone defects, its fluoridated counterpart has been rarely tested in the in vivo application [47]. Both of these apatites can promote cell proliferation and provide support for newly structured bone tissue [48]. Their nanosized structure allows for enhanced interaction and support for bone stem cells due to an increased surface area [49]. Furthermore, the enhanced chemical stability and augmented resistance to acidic degradation of nFAp [50] may confer additional benefits for its prospective in vivo utilisation in surgical augmentation procedures. Finally, the objective of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of selected apatites on microbial strains, a summary of their physico-chemical properties and cytotoxicity evaluation. The intention is to provide a holistic summary of nHAp and nFAp materials for their use in future in vivo surgical augmentation procedures.
# Feasibility of Utilizing Biodegradable Plastic Film to Cover Corn Silage under Farm Conditions
## Results  
### Forage Characteristics at Ensiling  
Table 1 lists the main characteristics of the whole corn forage prior to ensiling.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Item** & **Value** \\ \hline DM, \% & 40.9 \(\pm\) 2.1 \\ pH & 5.89 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ Water activity, a\({}_{\text{w}}\) & 0.981 \(\pm\) 0.002 \\ Buffering capacity, mEq/kg DM & 87.1 \(\pm\) 9.1 \\ Nitrate content (mg/kg DM) & \(<\) 100 \\ NH\({}_{3}\)-N, \% TN & 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.24 \\ NDF, \% DM & 37.9 \(\pm\) 1.3 \\ ADF, \% DM & 21.4 \(\pm\) 1.2 \\ Lignin, \% DM & 2.6 \(\pm\) 0.16 \\ CP, \% DM & 6.8 \(\pm\) 0.85 \\ Ether Extract, \% DM & 2.7 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ Ash, \% DM & 3.9 \(\pm\) 0.46 \\ Starch, \% DM & 36.6 \(\pm\) 2.6 \\ Lactic acid bacteria, log\({}_{10}\) cfu/g & 5.97 \(\pm\) 0.32 \\ Yeasts, log\({}_{10}\) cfu/g & 8.04 \(\pm\) 0.22 \\ Molds, log\({}_{10}\) cfu/g & 6.67 \(\pm\) 0.43 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: \(\overline{\text{ADF}}=\text{acid}\) detergent fiber; cfu = colony-forming units; CP = crude protein; DM = dry matter; NDF = neutral detergent fiber; NH\({}_{3}\)-N = ammonia nitrogen; TN = total nitrogen.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Chemical and microbial characteristics of the chopped corn prior to ensiling.  
The DM content, CP, starch and fiber contents were typical of whole corn forage harvested at a more than 70% kernel milk line and represent the typical values for whole corn silage in the Po plain. No nitrates were present at ensiling. Soluble carbohydrates were around 60 g/kg of the DM, and the buffering capacity was below 100 mEq/kg DM. The microbial counts of the yeasts and molds were higher than 8.0 and 6.0 log cfu/g, respectively, whereas the epiphytic LAB was around 6.0 log cfu/g.
## 6 Conclusions  
This study established a comprehensive analytical framework for APD-based deep space optical uplink systems under combined channel impairments, including atmospheric and coronal turbulence-induced scintillation, pointing errors, AOA fluctuations, link attenuation, and background noise. A closed-form analytical channel model integrating these effects was derived and validated through Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrating strong alignment with the empirical results. The Webb and Gaussian models were used to characterize the APD output statistics. The Webb model exhibited higher accuracy in capturing nonlinear gain dynamics and SER trends. Gaussian approximation introduced significant deviations in the SER estimation unless the APD gain exceeded a critical threshold, which decreased under intensified channel fading. This highlighted the need for adaptive model selection based on real-time gain monitoring and channel conditions. Key system parameters, such as APD gain, angle of FOV, and o optimal APD gain significantly influenced the achievement of optimal SER performance, balancing signal amplification and  
Figure 7: Photons number of received background noise versus angle of FOV under various PPM slot rate, where \(d_{r}=0.1\) m and \(B_{o}=12.5\times 10^{9}\) Hz.  
noise saturation.FOV design required a trade-off: small FOV angles reduced background noise but increased AOA-induced signal loss, while large FOV angles improved alignment robustness at the cost of noise intrusion. These findings enabled hardware optimization under SWaP-C constraints. Our work provided critical guidelines for designing robust APD-based deep space optical uplink communication systems.  
Conceptualization, W.G.; methodology, W.G.; software, W.G.; validation, W.G. and X.W.; formal analysis, W.G.and X.W.; investigation, W.G.; resources, W.G. and X.W.; data curation, X.W. and L.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, W.G.; writing--review and editing, X.W.; visualization, W.G., X.W. and L.Y.; supervision, X.W. and L.Y.; project administration, L.Y.; funding acquisition, L.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62371439, 62301533, and U24A20214; in part by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS under Grant 2022161; and in part by the Prospective Foundation of Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant T40347110Y.  
Not applicable.  
Data underlying the results are all presented in this paper.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} APD & Avalanche photodiode \\ SER & Symbol error rate \\ FOV & Field of view \\ AOA & Angle-of-arrival \\ SWaP-C & Size, weight, power, and cost \\ PPM & Pulse position modulation \\ OOK & On-off keying \\ PDF & Probability density function \\ CDF & Cumulative distribution function \\ SNR & Signal-to-noise ratio \\ SSNR & Signal-to-shot noise ratio \\ \end{tabular}
# Analysis of the Vibration Characteristics of Ballastless Track on Bridges Using an Energy Method
###### Abstract  
Although the high-speed railway (HSR) system has been widely agreed to be a sustainable and convenient means of transportation, the vibration induced has already been deemed an urgent environmental problem. For the sake of investigating the vibration characteristics of the ballastless track on bridges in the HSR system from the point of view of energy, a numerical model of the vehicle-track-bridge coupled system is developed herein and the energy method based on power flow theory is employed. In addition, a corresponding evaluation method of the power flow theory is developed to evaluate the vibration characteristics of the track-bridge system. The conclusions indicate that (1) the vibration energy gradually attenuates from top to bottom of the track-bridge system in its transfer process. Moreover, the attenuation effects are mainly the result of the elasticity and damping effects of the fasteners and the slab mat layer. (2) With increasing slab mat layer stiffness, the vibration energy of the rail slightly decreases; on the contrary, that of the slab track and the bridge obviously increases. (3) With increasing fastener stiffness, the vibration energy of the entire track-bridge system increases. (4) With increasing running speed, the vibration energy of the entire track-bridge system rises obviously. The results reveal that the reasonable stiffness levels of the fasteners and the slab mat layer are 40 to 60 kN/mm and 40 to 60 MPa/m, respectively, under the investigated condition in this work. This work also presents a novel way to study the vibration characteristics of the ballastless track on bridges of HSRs in terms of energy.  
ballastless track on bridges; energy method; high-speed railway; power flow theory; vehicle-track-bridge coupled system; vibration characteristics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results
### The Relative Expression Level of _VvOMTs in Berry Skins after DCIP Incorporation_  
The relative expression levels of VvOMTs were monitored in two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) to evaluate the impact of DCIP incorporation on IBMP biosynthesis.  
The relative expression level of _VvOMT1_ in grape berry skins after DCIP incorporation showed a different trend during the experiment period for the two different years. In 2020, the relative expression level of _VvOMT1_ after DCIP incorporation was obviously increased at 121 and 128 DAA over the Control and Mock (Figure 5a). However, no significant difference was observed after DCIP treatment during the whole period in 2021 over the Control and Mock (Figure 5b).  
For relative expression levels of _VvOMT2_ and _VvOMT4_ in grape berry skins after DCIP treatment, both showed no significant difference from the Control and Mock treatments during the experiment period in both years (Figure 5c,d).  
The relative expression level of _VvOMT3_ in grape berry skins after DCIP incorporation showed a different change during the experiment period over the 2 years, but overall, it showed an increased trend compared with the Control and Mock. In 2020, the expression of _VvOMT3_ after DCIP incorporation was significantly increased at 67 DAA over the Control and Mock, but then significantly decreased down to the Control and Mock treatments level at 72 DAA. As the grape developed, the relative expression level of _VvOMT3_ after DCIP incorporation was significantly higher than the Control and Mock treatments from 104 to 128 DAA, which reflects the significant elevation of IBMP concentration at 121 DAA (Figure 5e). In 2021, the relative expression level of _VvOMT3_ after DCIP incorporation was significantly higher than the Control and Mock treatments from 69 to 85 DAA (Figure 5f), which was 16-49 days earlier than the significant increase in IBMP concentration. These results suggest that the relative expression level of _VvOMT3_ in grape peel is more closely linked with IBMP biosynthesis.  
Figure 4: IBMP concentration after incorporation of 2,5-dicarbonyl-3-isobutyl-piperazine (DCIP) in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes during experimental period: (**a**) IBMP content calculated in ng-kg\({}^{-1}\) and (**b**) calculated in pg-berry\({}^{-1}\) in the 2020 season; (**c**) IBMP content calculated in ng-kg\({}^{-1}\) and (**d**) calculated in pg-berry\({}^{-1}\) in the 2021 season. The symbol * and ** indicate significant differences at \(p\leq 0.05\) and \(p\leq 0.01\) between control and DCIP treatment, respectively.
# An Anomaly Detection Framework for Twitter Data
## 3 Social Media Data Analysis and Anomaly Detection
### Anomaly Detection  
Anomaly detection is a technique to identify some rare events or disasters based on suspicious observations, and identifies unusual tweets based on similarity scores to detect different types of disasters. The first step is to build a query set using the top words generated using the topic modelling described in the previous step. This query set is used to find the similarity score of each tweet. Then, the query set is created using the top word.  
\"Happy family listen music and voice looking good watch movies good food enjoy with fun successful and strong relation feel good I want help to new hope I know my friend I think the game is always for people first time see world dream still it takes time to save life people do not want or make today you will look good or better answer rightly agree success start wish night god beautiful family member movie student support strong great nice think already look birth everyday luck good news day-night always everyone play games it would be better feel India understand help feel free day time know people like listen love wish you a very happy birthday today thank you so much thanks to everyone for help friend good morning with good news congratulations for your success it's really good reason for a person very true\".  
The second step is finding the threshold value for anomaly tweets using the quartile formula. Each of the most dominant tweets is compared with the query set to find the similarity score of each tweet and the average cosine similarity of the most dominant tweets. The average cosine similarity is used as a threshold value.  
The third step is to detect anomalies using the base bidirectional encoder representations from the transformers (BERT) model. The sentence-BERT model is used with its encoder to encode the query set and tweets and calculate the cosine similarity of each tweet with the query set with the help of the cosine formula.  
\[cosine(text_{1},\text{ }text_{2})=\frac{Product(text_{1},text_{2})}{vector\ norm(text_{1})* vector\ norm(text_{2})} \tag{1}\]  
Steps to follow the BERT anomaly detection:  
* Use a different set of tweets related to any disaster, analyze each tweet and assign, as usual, or anomaly tweet by human annotation.
* Compare each tweet of a new set of tweets with the query set and find the cosine similarity score for each tweet. The similarity score of each tweet is compared with the threshold value, and tweets are categorized as normal and anomalous tweets.
* Compare the actual type of tweet with predicted values and find the accuracy score with the help of a confusion matrix.
# Framing Algorithm-Driven Development of Sets of Objectives Using Elementary Interactions
## 2 Theoretical Background  
### Participatory MCDA  
Stakeholder involvement and participation are affirmed in the MCDA literature [2; 6; 10; 29; 30]; it allows incorporation of stakeholders' knowledge and values and enhances bringing structure to the planning, creating discussion frameworks, and learning among stakeholders [4].  
A variety of participatory methods is discussed [11; 31; 32; 33]. These methods range from workshops, stakeholder group meetings, interviews, written surveys, brainstorming and writing, morphologic analysis, literature research, and a panel of experts [3; 4; 11; 34; 35; 36]. The application of such methods is time- and staff resource-consuming [11; 37; 38]. By applyingparticipatory approaches in presence meetings, (e.g., workshops, sessions, panels), there may occur strategic, tactical, social, and psychological issues in the decision modeling process faced by individuals [39]. Negative effects such as the dominance of stakeholders [40], strategic answers by stakeholders [41], and the groupthink phenomenon [42] have been observed.  
There are structured communication techniques, such as the Delphi method [40], which aim to reduce negative group effects by employing repeated questionnaires and aggregating facilitators for achieving consensus. [PERSON] et al. [43] have proposed and evaluated a combination of the Delphi method and additional methods, such as decision conferencing to open the design of MCDA tools to a large number of participants.  
The approach proposed in this article aims at reducing negative group effects. However, it accentuates asynchronous activities, algorithm-based aggregation of answers, and the inclusion of all stakeholder-groups, while not requiring personal meetings.
# Aerial Remote Sensing of Aquatic Microplastic Pollution:
###### Abstract  
Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants in aquatic systems. Due to their small size, they can be ingested by aquatic biota, and numerous negative effects have been documented. Determining the risks to aquatic organisms is reliant on characterizing the environmental presence and concentrations of MPs, and developing efficient ways to do so over wide scales by means of aerial remote sensing would be beneficial. We conducted a systematic literature review to assess the state of the science of aerial remote sensing of aquatic MPs and propose further research steps to advance the field. Based on 28 key references, we outline three main approaches that currently remain largely experimental rather than operational: remote sensing of aquatic MPs based on (1) their spectral characteristics, (2) their reduction of water surface roughness, and (3) indirect proxies, notably other suspended water constituents. The first two approaches have the most potential for wide-scale monitoring, and the spectral detection of aquatic MPs is seemingly the most direct approach, with the fewest potential confounding factors. Whereas efforts to date have focused on inherently challenging detection in coarse-resolution satellite imagery, we suggest that better progress could be made by experimenting with image acquisition at much lower altitudes and finer spatial and spectral resolutions, which can be conveniently achieved using drones equipped with high-precision hyperspectral sensors. Beyond developing drone-based aquatic MP monitoring capabilities, such experiments could help with upscaling to satellite-based monitoring for global coverage.  
debris; earth observation; freshwater; image analysis; litter; methods; oceans; plastic pollutants; waste +
Footnote †: journal: Microplastics
# The Recent Advancement in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Tracking Antenna: A Review
###### Abstract  
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) antenna tracking system is an electromechanical component designed to track and steer the signal beams from the ground control station (GCS) to the airborne platform for optimum signal alignment. In a tracking system, an antenna continuously tracks a moving target and records their position. A UAV tracking antenna system is susceptible to signal loss if omnidirectional antenna is deployed as the preferred design. Therefore, to achieve longer UAV distance communication, there is a need for directional high gain antenna. From design principle, directional antennas are known to focus their signal energy in a particular direction viewed from their radiation pattern which is concentrated in a particular azimuth direction. Unfortunately, a directional antenna is limited by angle, thus, it must always be directed to the target. The other limitation of a UAV mechanical beam steering system is that the system is expensive to maintain and with low reliability. To solve this problem, we are proposing the use of MIMO technology as a readily available technology for UAV beyond line of sight technology. Although UAV antenna tracking is domiciled in the mechanical beam steering arrangement, this study shows that this native technology could be usurped by MIMO beam forming.  
U  
A UAV tracking antenna system; azimuth angle; elevation angle; range; MIMO technology; beam steering; antenna array +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Limitations of Study  
There were several limitations of this study: Firstly, the dataset size of 2500 comments, while comprehensive, is relatively small for training deep learning models, potentially limiting their generalizability. Secondly, the focus on the Chittagonian dialect of Bangla narrows the applicability of findings to Bangla and related languages. This means that the  
Figure 13: Model accuracy using Word2 vec and fastText.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Word2 vec**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Vulgar**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Non Vulgar**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{_ACC_} \\ \cline{2-7}  & _PRE_ & _REC_ & _F1_ & _PRE_ & _REC_ & _F1_ & \\ \hline SimpleRNN & 0.784 & 0.983 & 0.863 & 0.972 & 0.704 & 0.812 & 0.842 \\ \hline Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) & 0.612 & 0.811 & 0.703 & 0.682 & 0.451 & 0.544 & 0.631 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**FastText**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Vulgar**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Non Vulgar**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{_ACC_} \\ \cline{2-7}  & _PRE_ & _REC_ & _F1_ & _PRE_ & _REC_ & _F1_ & \\ \hline SimpleRNN & 0.943 & 0.872 & 0.901 & 0.872 & 0.941 & 0.903 & 0.902 \\ \hline Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) & 0.632 & 0.893 & 0.744 & 0.792 & 0.452 & 0.573 & 0.681 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Performance of models using Word2 Vec and FastText.  
results also need to be confirmed in other widely spoken languages and different language families. Additionally, the initial reliance on a lexicon-based approach for vulgar language detection may not effectively capture nuanced or context-specific variations. Resource constraints in deep learning models, like SimpleRNN, can also impact their competitive performance compared to traditional methods.