## 4 Discussion
### Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of CCD between ESSI and ESDI  
The coordination mechanism between ESS and ESD primarily revolves around the harmonization of the ecosystem and social system [80]. It involves a feedback loop, where societal choices, such as land use and economic activities, impact the provision of ESs. In turn, the condition and health of the ecosystem shape the quality and quantity of services that can be supplied to meet social needs. Thus, it is rare to gain a clear spatial relationship between the biophysical supply of ESs and their demand; it is a rare achievement. This rarity primarily stems from the utilization of distinct measurement units for assessing supply and demand [78]. Furthermore, this situation underscores a current challenge within this field of study. In this study, we introduced the CCD model to address this challenge, and obtained the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the coordination relationship between ESS and ESD in various counties of the Shanxi Province. The majority of counties exhibited a state of incoordination in terms of CCD (Figure 5). Extreme incoordination was predominantly observed in Mount Taihang in the east, Mount Luliang in the west, and Mount Taiyue in the south of Shanxi Province. This can be attributed to the higher supply of the five key ESs compared to the demand in these counties (Figures 3 and 4). Most of these counties are situated in mountainous areas characterized by forest and grassland with high vegetation coverage [36]. Due to the implementation of ecological protection projects, there is minimal interference from human activities in these counties, resulting in little change in the type and quantity of land use. Furthermore, NFPP and GFGP contribute to increased vegetation coverage in these mountainous areas, enhancing the types and capacities of ESs. As a result, a high level of \"lock-in effect\" of regional ESS has been achieved [35;76], and ESS in these mountains is significantly weaker compared to the plain and basin areas. On the other hand, moderate incoordination was primarily observed in the Datong Basin, Xinding Basin, Taiyuan Basin, Linfen Basin, Yuncheng Basin, and Changzhi Basin, spanning from the north to south of the study area. This can be attributed to the extensive human activity in these basin regions and indicates the need for additional efforts to improve the coordination between ESS and ESD in these areas. The coordination relationship between ESSI and ESDI exhibited a decrease in incoordination between 2000 and 2020, as evidenced by an increase in the number of extreme incoordination counties and a decrease in reluctant coordination and moderate coordination counties. For example, the relationship between ESSI and ESDI in Taiyuan, Linfen, Yuncheng, and Changzhi cities shifted from moderate coordination in 2000 to reluctant coordination in 2020. No other counties changed to a moderate coordination, resulting in the absence of moderate coordination counties/districts in the study area in 2020. This shift can be attributed to the slower growth rate of ESS compared to ESD in these cities. The increase in population, expansion of construction land, and economic growth have led to higher ESD in these districts [81]. Despite the increase in green spaces within the cities between 2000 and 2020 due to China's ecological civilization construction projects, it falls short of meeting the substantial demand for ES in urban production and daily life [82]. Overall, the distribution of CCD in 2020 exhibited noticeable spatial differences between the basin region and the mountain region compared to 2000. The coordination relationship between ESSI and ESDI demonstrates incoordination and spatially varies across Shanxi Province. The degree of incoordination intensified in nearly half of the counties from 2000 to 2020.