# Accident Risk Analysis of Gas Tankers in Maritime Transport Using an Integrated Fuzzy Approach
## 2 Backgrounds
### Mechanical Failures in Gas Tanker Operations  
Mechanical failures are among the primary initiating events in gas tanker accidents, often leading to catastrophic outcomes such as gas leakage, explosion, or fire [1]. Components such as pumps, valves, pressure control systems, and loading hoses are under constant stress during operations. Fatigue, corrosion, and lack of proper maintenance are typical root causes of these failures [21]. For example, faulty pressure relief valves may fail to stabilise tank pressure during cargo handling, resulting in uncontrolled vapour release. Similarly, hose or manifold rupture during loading can immediately lead to high-volume leakage. Previous incidents, such as the 2020 LNG transfer accident in [22], have demonstrated that minor equipment failure can escalate rapidly into major-scale incidents if not mitigated by effective emergency responses.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Methodology** & **Year** & **Key Findings** & **Section** \\ \hline
[19] & Accident Analysis & 2020 & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Analysed LPG tanker accident with significant casualties, injuries, and environmental damage due to dangerous material spillage. \\ Studying LNG leakages on LNG-fuelled ships \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} 2.2 Fuel Leakages and Safety Measures \\ \end{tabular} \\
[25] & CFD Simulation & 2020 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Studying LNG leakages on LNG-fuelled ships \\ using CFD; explored the impact of natural gas leaks on fire risks. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[24] & Risk Assessment & 2022 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Investigated LNG fuel leakage in ship elevators; \\ proposed risk reduction strategies for potential hazards. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[25] & CFD Simulation & 2022 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Analysed LNG fuel spill risks in LNG-fuelled \\ ships using CFD simulations; proposed safety \\ improvements. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[26] & Safety Design Analysis & 2022 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Studied the design of vent masts on LNG ships to prevent low-temperature combustible gas leaks; \\ proposed safety measures. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[27] & Plasma Partial Oxidation & 2024 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Investigated the effectiveness of plasma partial oxidation in removing leaking LPG; explored \\ process parameter impacts. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[28] & Bibliometric Study & 2024 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Compared transport risk considerations for LNG and LPG, evaluated safety strategies for these gases in maritime transport. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[29] & Operational Safety Analysis & 2024 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Studied operational procedures for oil tankers and gas carriers; detailed safety protocols for these vessels. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[9] & Bayesian Network Analysis & 2024 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Analyed tanker accidents caused by human error, found that human error was responsible for over 80\% of accidents. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[1] & Delphi and FTA & 2025 &
\begin{tabular}{l} Assessed risks in LPG and LNG operation \\ processes in maritime transport using Delphi and Fault Tree Analysis. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._