## 2 Materials and Methods
### Wind Erosion
Thus, achieving LDN would necessitate the global adoption of conservation-effective measures that reduce risks of both aeolian and alluvial processes of soil erosion [56]. Soil restoration strategies must be directed towards increasing the input of biomass-C into the soil. Increase in NPP, and the attendant increase in the input of biomass-C into soil, would restore SOC stock [57]. Dust emission caused by wind erosion may be aggravated by the projected climate change. Thus, [PERSON] et al. [58] recommended multidisciplinary and multijurisdictional approaches and perspectives to understand the complex processes of dust emission and identify strategies of its mitigation. Gaseous Emissions from Eroded Sediments and the Fate of Carbon Transported and Deposited over the Landscape  
Soil C stock is an important component of the global C cycle. The historic C loss from soil may have emitted as much as 537 Pg C or 27% of the amount present before the onset of agriculture about 10 millennia ago [59]. Erosion and redistribution disturb a large quantity of soil C in managed and natural landscapes. The fate of soil C impacted by erosion may differ among the sites of erosion, redistribution, and deposition (Figure 2). Some examples of gaseous emissions from eroded and depositional sites are shown in (Table 5) [60, 61]. Assuming an average flux of 300 mg CO\({}_{2}\) eq/m\({}^{2}\)-h based on literature review, [PERSON] et al. [62] estimated the global annual net soil emissions at \(\geq\)350 Pg CO\({}_{2}\) e, as compared with the 2018 anthropogenic emission of 42.1 Pg CO\({}_{2}\) e [21]. However, the large emissions from soil C transported by aeolian and alluvial processes are not considered in the global C budget \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Country** & **Experiment** & **Enrichment Ratio** & **Reference** \\ \hline Australia & Field experiments & 1.7–7.1 & [47] \\ Australia & Field sites & 2.1–41.9 sand-rich soil & [52] \\ Canada & Field sites & 1.05 & [53] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The enrichment ratio of carbon in sediments derived from wind erosion. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Country/Region** & **Study Duration (yr)** & **SOC Erosion** & **Erosion Types** & **References** \\ \hline Australia & — & 3.6 Mg C/ha & wind & [22] \\ China & 1–3 & 34–39 Tg C/yr. & wind & [30] \\ China & 10 (1990s) & 75 Tg C over 10 yr. & wind & [49] \\ China & 56 (1954–2010) & 92.8 kg C/ha yr. & wind & [17] \\ China (NW China) & 34 (1980–2013) & 27.5 Tg C & wind & [44] \\ Global & 100 & 0.3–1.0 Pg C/yr. & wind & [50] \\ Hungary & 10 min & 2.25–2.50 g C/m\({}^{2}\) & wind & [51] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Examples of regional, national, or global terrestrial SOC erosion by wind. (GCB), which creates a lot of uncertainty. Nonetheless, understanding, managing, and reducing the erosion-induced gaseous flux of CO\({}_{2}\), CH\({}_{4}\), and N\({}_{2}\)O (Figure 2) is an important researchable priority to reduce uncertainty in the GCB. It is also critical to identify hot spots (vulnerability, resilience, and action), and plans of targeted interventions for managing the flux [63]. Several pedological processes impacted by erosion also affect NPP through alterations in availability and uptake of water, nutrients, and photosynthesis. Credible assessment of C dynamics in agricultural and other landscapes is important to addressing global issues [19]. In a Mediterranean Seyhan river basin, [PERSON] [29] estimated SOC erosion of 0.163 Mg C/ha yr. (total SOC loss of 349, 850 Mg C/yr. over a total watershed area of 21,485 km\({}^{2}\)). Based on the assessment of nine river basins in China, [PERSON] et al. [30] found that total SOC erosion was 68.4 and 77.3 Tg C/yr. for 1995-1996 and 2010-2012, respectively. Of this, 57% and 47% were redistributed over land, 25% and 44% was deposited in channels, and 18% and 8% were delivered into the sea, respectively. However, how much and which gases were emitted were not determined.