# Methods for Cognitive Diagnosis of Students' Abilities Based on Keystroke Features
## 5 Discussion
### Clustering Result Analysis
They had a relatively slow average typing speed, but the proportion of their modification actions was the lowest. The average time they spent typing keywords was the shortest, and the time they spent answering questions was relatively short. Moreover, their average scores were the highest. In the radar chart in Figure 3, the area of the polygon was quite large, and the values in each feature dimension were relatively balanced. This indicates that students of this type mastered, proficiently, programming syntax and knowledge; possessed clear programming ideas; and could complete programming tasks efficiently and accurately. Although they had no advantage in typing speed, their overall programming ability was relatively strong. This type of student was named \"Steady and Proficient Student\". Students in Category 2 accounted for a relatively large proportion compared to some other categories. They had a relatively slow average typing speed, and the proportion of their modification actions was moderate. The average time they spent typing keywords was relatively short. However, they spent an extremely long time answering questions, and their average scores were relatively low. This indicates that students of this type  
Figure 3: Radar chart comparing programming performance of different types of students. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Proportion** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Typing** \\ **Speed** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Modify** \\ **Frequency** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Keyword** \\ **Proficiency** \\ \end{tabular} & **Question Time** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Number of** \\ **Attempts** \\ \end{tabular} & **Score** \\ \hline Steady and Proficient & Largest & Slower & Minimum & Best & Shortest & Less & Highest \\ Syntax-Familiar but & Larger & Slowest & Moderate & Better & Extremely long & Most & Lowest \\ Problem-Struggling & & & & & & & \\ Foundation- & & & & & & & \\ Lingering & Smaller & Medium & Maximum & Worse & Longer & More & Lower \\ Swift-Typing but & & & & & & & \\ Shallow & Least & Fastest & Moderate & Worst & Shorter & Least & Higher \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Analysis of the results after matching the clustering results with the programming behavior. have a reasonable level of familiarity with programming syntax. However, when solving complex programming problems, they may lack effective problem-solving strategies and time management abilities, thus spending a substantial amount of time but struggling to achieve satisfactory outcomes. This type of student was named \"Syntax-Familiar but Problem-Struggling Student\". Students in Category 3 accounted for a relatively small proportion among all the categorized students. Their average typing speed was moderately paced, but the proportion of their code modification actions was relatively high. The average time they spent typing keywords was relatively long, and the time they spent answering questions was considerably long. Additionally, their average scores were low. This indicates that students of this type may have had a certain degree of understanding of programming knowledge, yet their grasp of it was rather weak, and their programming concepts lacked clarity. As a result, they frequently modified the code during the programming process, and they were not proficient in using keywords. They spent a substantial amount of time solving problems but achieved unsatisfactory results. This type of student was named \"Foundation-Lingering Student\". Students in Category 4 accounted for the smallest proportion. They had the fastest typing speed, but the average time they spent typing keywords was extremely long. The time they spent answering questions was relatively short, and their average scores were relatively high. This may imply that students of this type were quite proficient in programming operations, but they encountered significant difficulties in understanding and applying programming syntax and keywords.