## 2 Related Works  
In IEEE 802.11 protocol [5], the technologies were extended to allow sensor grouping, minimizing their contention and enabling relay nodes to extend the communication range. IEEE 802.11 mesh networks were defined, and a hybrid routing protocol, which is a Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol, combining elements of the ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector and tree-based routing protocols, was proposed [6]. A new crowd-counting method has been proposed using wireless sensor and neural networks [7]. New analytical and simulation models were proposed for gathering medical information through wireless sensor networks [8]. [PERSON] et al. [9] proposed the improved contention-based MAC protocols of Distributed Coordination Function and Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function for the application services of the Internet of Things (IoT). [PERSON] [10] proposed a new clustering method for wireless sensor networks so that sensors can directly or indirectly communicate with each other in an energy-efficient manner. The service area of wireless sensor networks can be efficiently extended by appointing multiple appropriate pseudo-access points (APs) according to [PERSON] [11]. The new design of full duplex MAC protocol for 5G wireless LANs was proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12]. In a study conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13], an underwater wireless sensor network was demonstrated using wireless LAN technology. From the survey of the research on wireless sensor networks based on Wi-Fi networks, it is observed that most of the MAC protocols employed in wireless sensor networks are contention-based and govern communication among less than 100 sensors. Now, the research on wireless sensor networks based on non-802.11 infrastructure networks will be reviewed. [PERSON] et al. [14] compared and reviewed various techniques and protocols for optimizing cluster-based sensor networks. The new energy-efficient routing protocols for locating objects or gathering sensor information using wireless sensor networks are proposed in two recent studies [15; 16]. The hybrid algorithm, Hybrid Pigeon Inspired with Glowworm Swarm Optimization, is proposed to optimize clustering wireless sensor networks [17]. [PERSON] et al. [18] used the unmanned aerial vehicle to gather data from wireless sensors distributed on the ground. The multichannel MAC protocol that disperses the wakeup times of neighboring wireless sensors was proposed to reduce data collisions [19]. The synchronized power-saving mechanism and modified backoff algorithm were presented to reduce energy consumption and data collisions in Ultra Wide Band wireless sensor networks [20]. The S-MAC protocol was enhanced to improve the quality of service (QoS) of wireless sensor networks [21]. The contention-based MAC protocol was introduced to reduce power consumption and data collisions and mitigate the hidden terminal problem in wireless sensor networks [22]. The MAC protocol proposed by [PERSON] et al. [23] reduces energy consumption by the sender's prediction of the receiver's wakeup time. Receiver-initiated power saving and multipriority backoff mechanisms were employed to reduce energy consumption and improve the QoS of wireless sensor networks [24]. The cross-layer MAC protocol utilizes the metadata of sensors to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks [25]. [PERSON] proposed the new synchronized power-saving mechanism for wireless sensor networks [26]. The cross-layer design approach of the MAC protocol was proposed to optimize energy consumption by the synchronized Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) mechanism [27]. The receiver-initiated and cooperative MAC protocol was presented to reduce energy consumption and data collisions in wireless sensor networks [28]. In addition to the contention-based MAC protocols, in the literature, reservation-based or contention-free MAC protocols can be found for wireless sensor networks. The contention-free and low-delay MAC protocol was proposed for wireless sensor networks in underwater environments [29].