## 3 Results and Discussion
### Connector Selection and Integration  
The selection of appropriate connectors is paramount in ensuring optimal performance and minimizing variations in high-frequency antenna designs. As interconnection technologies advance, the focus is increasingly shifting toward extending the operational frequency ranges of antennas. A key factor in this development is understanding how the connector affects the antenna's performance, particularly at high frequencies. Hence, choosing the most suitable connector type--such as the SubMiniature version A (SMA) or SubMiniature Push-on (SMP)--becomes essential for reducing signal loss and distortion. SMA connectors are commonly used to link high-frequency circuits and antennas to receivers. Standard SMA connectors are typically rated for operation in the 18-24 GHz frequency range, depending on their construction and manufacturing quality. However, specialized versions, like 3.5 mm SMA connectors, are capable of handling frequencies as high as 26.5 GHz, with certain models even supporting frequencies as high as 30-35 GHz [20]. On the other hand, SMP connectors, which were introduced in the 1980s, have gained popularity due to their compact design and ease of connection, especially in high-density applications. SMP connectors support significantly higher frequencies, with some versions capable of operating up to 65 GHz [31]. For this study, a 2.92-mm SMP connector, rated for operation between 0 and 40 GHz, was integrated into the antenna design using Antenna Magus software to assess its effect on the overall performance. The choice of this connector was driven by its ability to meet the high-frequency demands of the dual-band design. The updated antenna model incorporating the SMP connector is shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 2: S\({}_{11}\) parameters of the proposed antenna. This evaluation underscores the critical role of connector selection in high-frequency antenna design. Even slight mismatches in the connector performance can significantly impact key parameters, such as return loss and impedance matching. By selecting a connector with appropriate frequency-handling capabilities, the overall performance of the antenna system can be greatly enhanced. Figure 4 presents a comparative analysis of the simulated S\({}_{11}\) parameters for the antenna design with and without the inclusion of an SMP connector, as assessed using the CST program. The blue curve illustrates the antenna's performance without the connector, while the red curve depicts the S\({}_{11}\) response with the integrated SMP connector. In high-frequency structures, the manufacturing and connection precision of the antenna must be extremely high. This precision should also be minimized during the design process based on simulation results. To address this, the study explicitly demonstrates the impact of the connector on antenna design. Simulation results clearly indicate that the connector must be incorporated into the design for high-frequency applications. The introduction of the connector resulted in a noticeable shift in the central frequencies and a degradation in impedance matching, as evidenced by the higher S\({}_{11}\) values in the red curve. Considering these results, it has been conclusively shown that a structure without a connector would be unsuccessful in manufacturing, and therefore, production was not pursued. The connector's impact is particularly pronounced around the 28 and 38 GHz frequency bands, where the S\({}_{11}\) parameters show reduced performance. These results sug  
Figure 4: Comparison of S\({}_{11}\) parameters for antenna design with and without a connector. Figure 3: SMP connector design in Antenna Magnus. gest that the presence of the connector causes an increase in signal reflection, leading to less efficient radiation and impedance matching. This comparison highlights the importance of meticulous connector selection and integration in high-frequency antenna design.