esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Evaluating the Impact of Drone Signaling in Crosswalk Scenario
## 2 Related Work
This impact depends on the trip purpose and is the highest for work-related trips. Researchers in Reference [36; 37] have provided tips for drivers on how to efficiently minimize fuel consumption and emission levels, including hard braking, sudden acceleration or deceleration, and idling (these items are the main principles of ecodriving). Authors in Reference [38] demonstrated that energy feedback has an influence on ecodriving, and they developed an interactive energy feedback interface and tested it on multiple types of vehicles. An approach to optimize throughput and maximize comfort, while minimizing travel delay and fuel consumption assuming vehicle to infrastructure communication, is proposed in Reference [39]. Some other works focused on behavior at the vicinity of intersections. Authors in Reference [40] developed algorithms and modeled and tested ecodriving at the approach of a roadway intersection. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [41] presented an intersection traffic management system for automated vehicles arriving to the intersection without colliding with each other, while, at the same time, reducing the intersection delay, as well as the environmental impacts (fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of CO\({}_{2}\)). Regarding the fuel consumption model, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] (2017) [42] showed that it depends on the grade and on the instantaneous power, as a function of the driver acceleration and resistance forces on the vehicle. Authors in Reference [43] recently proved that the optimization of the road infrastructure is also a part of the solution to reduce road vehicles consumption, and they developed a road speed sectioning technique for this purpose. In this work, we were interested in the intersection between the different research areas mentioned above (drones for traffic monitoring, drones communications in smart cities, road safety, and minimization of the energy consumption). More specifically, we aimed at studying to which extent the presence of a drone that communicates with vehicles and infrastructure may improve both road safety and energy efficiency, in a specific use case that is likely to occur often in a smart city context and involves a VRU. For this, we considered a crosswalk involving a car and a pedestrian. We placed a UAV at the top of the scene which is expected to control the situation, collect information, and send instructions to the car driver and/or the infrastructure in case of harmful situation to avoid car-pedestrian collision. Hence, we emphasize the benefit from using an UAV to reduce both accidents rate and braking distance, as well as to improve energy efficiency in the global system and occasional visibility reduction. It will be taken into account two situations: when the car is arriving through straight line and when the car approaches the crosswalk through a curved trajectory.
# Bone Conduction Auditory Navigation Device for Blind People
## 4 Design of the Warning Sound
### Phase 1
#### 4.1.2 Determination of Sound Reproduction Volume  
The volume of sound reproduction by the bone-conduction device was separately fixed for each of the subjects as follows. In this adjustment, the subjects wore both the headphones and the bone-conduction device to compare the bone-conducted and air-conducted sounds. The output volume of the bone-conducted sound reproduction was determined so that the subjective loudness of the pure tone of 1 kHz reproduced by the bone-conduction device was equivalent to that reproduced by the headphones. For this adjustment, the following procedure was performed. A subject first listened to the reference air-borne sound of the abovementioned pure tone of 1 kHz through the headphones. After that, the subject listened to the same sound through the bone-conduction device and controlled the output volume of the bone-conduction device by freely turning the volume controller of the audio interface. Note that the pure tone of 1 kHz was reproduced at 66 dB SPL. The reproduction level of 66 dB was selected because the warning sound should be clearly heard with a sufficient S/N. For this reason, the reproduction level of the sound was fixed as 66 dB, which is 10 dB higher than the background level of 56 dB in \(L_{\text{eq}}\). The adjusted individual output volume into the channels for bone-conducted sound reproduction actuators was fixed throughout the experiment. Note that the output volume of each subject was not so different and was in the range of a few decibels.
# An Investigation of Alternatives to Transform Protein Sequence Databases to a Columnar Index Schema
## 3 Data Preparation for Real-Time Protein Identification
### Data Transformation  
Our proposed schema improves the performance of getting the suitable candidates for each spectrum up to a few milliseconds, which leads however to increased storage because of the precalculation of all masses. As mentioned, we have to consider more than one protein sequence database. Hence, an efficient technique is needed that allows uploading new databases and transforming their data into our schema [13]. In Figure 6, we show the four steps to transform the data from the FASTA format into our schema. The first step is to deduplicate the protein sequences and merge the descriptions of the entries with a similar protein sequence (Step 1 in Figure 6). The next step is the protein digestion, which splits the protein sequence into smaller peptides. Equal peptide sequences can be extracted from different proteins, which leads to a many-to-many relationship between proteins and peptides. Due to the high number of those relationships, the protein digestion is conducted with a list of the protein IDs in the table (Step 2 in Figure 6). The next step is the deduplication of the peptides during which only the unique peptides are left within the relation to the proteins that they came from (Step 2 in Figure 6). For each of those peptides, the mass needs to be calculated with all the possible modifications and charges. Afterwards, all the data are stored in the DBMS.  
For the task of data transformation, we evaluate different approaches, which include a map structure in-memory and on-disk and the radix tree structure. In the following, we explain the steps in detail, because their understanding is necessary to follow our evaluation.
# A Systematic Review of the Role of BIM in Building Sustainability Assessment Methods
###### Abstract  
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is creating new opportunities for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry. One of them is the integration of the Building Sustainability Assessment (BSA) during the design process. Currently, an approach for using BIM to foster and optimise the application of BSA methods has not been clearly established yet, creating a knowledge gap on the application of BIM for sustainability assessment purposes. Thus, this paper analyses the current role of BIM to evaluate three BSA methods--LEED, BREAM and SBTool. The current BIM applicability is assessed by performing a systematic review, where the criteria being assessed and the applied BIM software are identified. A comparison is made to determine which BSA method can currently take more advantage from BIM and to identify the number of assessed criteria from each one. Furthermore, the attractiveness of a BIM-based assessment for SBTool is analysed, facing the actual BIM scenario for LEED and BREAM. Despite the restrictions, BIM use is increasing for sustainability purposes. Most of the analysed studies and identified software are still focused on the use of LEED for assessing sustainability during the design phase. However, BIM software capabilities can also support the assessment of the other BSA methods so that process replicability can happen. Among the most addressed criteria, the energy and material-related categories are the most eminent. Autodesk Revit is the most-used software. A BIM-based assessment for SBTool will have enough attractiveness. It can assess, at least, the same percentage of criteria as the other schemes, creating new opportunities to enhance building sustainability.  
building sustainability assessment (BSA); building information modelling (BIM); sustainability +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Combined Improved CEEMDAN and Wavelet Transform Sea Wave Interference Suppression
## 3 Proposed Algorithm
### Preprocess  
The proposed algorithm consists of three parts in total. Preprocessing is the first part. The FMCW radar first needs to be used for the acquisition of data, which contain scene information within the radar range. Then, pulse compression is performed on the data, and the range bins containing the WSAW signals are selected for the scattering intensity  
Figure 1: Ocean surface simulation (superposed WSAWs). Wind speed: 3 m/s.  
of the range bin after frequency mixing and filtering. Finally, the phase signal is extracted to obtain the water surface vibration signals. Preprocessing also includes knowing the underwater speaker frequencies for correlation processing.
# Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Cryptography Performance Analysis at MAC Layer
## 4 Implemented Attacks and Relative Mitigations
### Energy Drain Attack
#### 4.1.1 Energy Drain Attack Targeting a Specific Sensor  
As previously stated, the attack aims to drain the energy of a specific sensor node which is part of the WSN unless its energy supplies are entirely consumed and, in this way, cause a denial of service. In our scenario, the attacker sensor node which can gain access to the WSN floods the target sensor node with a huge amount of packets. In order to make it possible, the \"send_interval\" parameter of the attacker node must be smaller than the one of the legacy sensors. Of course, this parameter can be set inside the environment we used to simulate the scenario, which will be described in the next sections. Reducing the value of this parameter, for the attacker sensor node, this sensor node will be able to send packets with a higher frequency and will easily overwhelm legacy sensors of the WSN. Particularly, if the \"send_interval\" parameter for the sensor node is set to \(1\,\mathrm{s}\), for the attacker we choose a reduced value of \(0.1\,\mathrm{s}\) to make the attacker able to send a packet each \(100\,\mathrm{ms}\). Of course, the attacker sensor node itself, performing this kind of attack, would rapidly drain its energy supply. Thus, we consider, without loss of generality, an ideal energy model for the attacker where simply: the resources of the attacker sensor are infinite. This is not so far from the reality, since normally, the attacker must have more capacity, both in terms of power and energy, than the attacked devices.
## 1 Introduction  
Optical pulse compression using self-phase modulation (SPM) and subsequent dispersion compensation is a widely used technique for ultrashort pulse generation, first demonstrated with an optical fiber in 1987 [1]. However, the energy generated in that case was several nJ. Then, the advent of gas-filled hollow fibers enabled us to generate few-cycle optical pulses with energies in excess of 100 \(\mu\)J [2]. This development has led to the generation of attosecond x-ray pulses by high-order harmonic conversion of few-cycle optical pulses [3]. One of the main features of the hollow fiber compression technique is that a broadband spectrum together with a monotonic spectral phase suitable for dispersion compensation can readily be obtained by SPM. For this reason, monocycle to few-cycle pulses can be generated without any serious technical difficulties. Other features are the excellent beam quality and the focusability, which arise because of SPM taking place inside the hollow fiber during propagation. On the other hand, the drawback is energy scaling. As the energy incident on a -hollow fiber increases, the coupling to the fiber mode is degraded by the poor beam quality due to self-focusing and multi-photon ionization, both of which take place near the entrance to the fiber. In order to avoid this problem, we have developed a pressure-gradient hollow fiber technique that can generate TW-class few-cycle pulses [4]. Further increases in energy require suppression of multi-photon ionization during propagation inside the fiber. The use of chirped pulses in spectral broadening by SPM was proposed as a solution to this problem and some experimental results indicated that this was possible as long as the pulse intensity was suppressed below the ionization threshold [5; 6; 7]. In order to realize this, the key technology is dispersion compensation over a wide range of the spectrum corresponding to a few optical cycles in the time domain. For this opportunity, we need to understand the relationship between the initial chirp imposed on the incident pulse and the dispersion after spectral broadening by SPM.  
In this article, we present analytical expressions derived for spectral broadening by chirped pulse SPM and investigate the chirp of the output pulse. In particular, we argue that the influence of nonlinear chirp on the third-order dispersion, which must be compensated for in order to generate ultrashort pulses in the few optical cycle regime.
###### Abstract  
In thermal power plants equipped with air-cooled condensers (ACCs), axial cooling fans operate under the influence of ambient flow fields. Under inlet cross-flow conditions, the resultant asymmetric flow field is known to introduce additional harmonic forces to the fan blades. This effect has previously only been studied numerically or by using blade-mounted strain gauges. For this study, laser scanning vibrometry (LSV) was used to assess fan blade vibration under inlet cross-flow conditions in an adapted fan test rig inside a wind tunnel test section. Two co-rotating laser beams scanned a low-pressure axial fan, resulting in spectral, phase-resolved surface vibration patterns of the fan blades. Two distinct operating points with flow coefficients of 0.17 and 0.28 were examined, with and without inlet cross-flow influence. While almost identical fan vibration patterns were found for both reference operating points, the overall blade vibration increased by 100% at the low fan flow rate as a result of cross-flow, and by 20% at the high fan flow rate. While numerically predicted natural frequency modes could be confirmed from experimental data as minor peaks in the vibration amplitude spectrum, they were not excited significantly by cross-flow. Instead, primarily higher rotation-rate harmonics were amplified; that is, a synchronous blade-tip flapping was strongly excited at the blade-pass frequency.  
Keywords:axial fan; inlet cross-flow; blade vibration; laser scanning vibrometry; tracking laser Doppler vibrometry; wind tunnel +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Tensile Strength Results  
Activation of fly ash impacted the 2-day tensile strength results (Figure 6a). With an increase in fly ash in the binder mass ratio, the specimens with the addition of untreated fly ash showed a decrease in the tensile strength results. Sieving fly ash through the 125 \(\upmu\)m or 63 \(\upmu\)m sieve enabled utilizing up to 25% b.m. of fly ash without a statistically significant detrimental effect on early tensile strength. The mean result of control specimens after 2 days of curing was 4.8 MPa. With the curing time, the effect of fly ash activation on tensile strength results decreased. The change in the amount of fly ash predominantly explained the variance in the tensile strength of the modified cement mortar after 90 days of curing (Figure 6b). The mean result of control specimens after 90 days of curing was 8.3 MPa.  
With the increase in the curing time of the specimens, the impact of the activation method decreased. Sieving had a more profound influence on early hydration. The changes in the specific surface and content of lime in sieved fly ash followed the changes in the mechanical properties of mortars. Sieving enabled an increase in the utilization rate of fly ash to 25% of binder mass without statistically significant detrimental effects on early and late tensile strength.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
In WSNs, one of the most prominent topics of investigation is the localization problem. Localization in 3D WSNs has gained significant attention from researchers due to the expanding range of real-time applications for sensor networks. This is particularly relevant in static scenarios within a two-dimensional environment, where both range-based and range-free localization techniques are commonly employed to locate target nodes. This study focuses on a single anchor node approach, detailed in [11], specifically applied to three-dimensional WSNs. The main objective of the approach is to design the most effective umbrella projection using one anchor node and its virtual nodes to determine the locations of mobile TNs in a 3D environment. To achieve this objective, metaheuristic methods are utilized.  
In this study, the iaABC algorithm is proposed for localization in a 3D WSN. This method is an improved model of adaptive ABC with an effective exploitation strategy to determine the search direction. In the adaptive version, the algorithm's control parameters are updated to enhance exploitation, while in the improved model, the search direction is influenced by previous experiences. The statistical performance of iaABC was initially tested on the CEC 2022 test suits by comparing it with state-of-the-art algorithms. The results proved that the algorithm can successfully scan the solution space of the problem and has strong robustness. The method was later used to find TNs, and it was proven to achieve better results than other algorithms.  
In particular, analyzing the data in Figure 15, it becomes clear that the standard ABC algorithm is very fast in generating solutions for numerical optimization problems. ABC is the second fastest algorithm after the SSA. Overall, it is thought that aABC is a version of standard ABC that increases the exploitation success but slows down the speed of producing solutions. Additionally, iaABC produces better solutions than both standard ABC and aABC, but it is slower in execution. Therefore, it can be concluded that iaABC may be the preferred option for 3D WSNs where time constraints are not critical.  
In the next study, the method is planned to be applied in a real-world environment. Identifying the locations of robots and the density of diseased plants in a wide and rugged land where plant spraying robots operate is an important study topic in terms of agriculture. With the proposed method, a more efficient result is planned for plant irrigation, spraying, and monitoring.  
Conceptualization, D.E. and H.A.; Methodology, D.E. and H.A.; Software, D.E. and H.A.; Writing--original draft, D.E. and H.A.; Writing--review & editing, D.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results
### Analysis of Effect of Updating Input Parameters  
The improvement in the prognosis is triggered by two effects. Firstly, the integration of the current project status into the simulation reduces the uncertainties of the further prognosis, and secondly, the adjustment of the input data enhances the simulation results. Figure 13 visualizes these effects by comparing the simulation results of a simulation with the pure integration of the current construction progress with the results of a simulation with additionally adjusted input data. The actual construction progress is represented by the black line; the thin gray line displays the further future (at that point in time unknown) project progress. The dashed lines show the maximum and minimum predicted project durations.  
In Figure 13a, it can be seen that the integration of the actual construction progress into the simulation causes a shift in the prediction to the actual construction date without any change in the gradient. In Figure 13b, the effect of the update of the input parameters is visualized, and a change in the gradient of the prediction can be noticed. This adjustment of the input data thus leads to an approximation of the prediction to the actual data, and an additional improvement in the prediction can be achieved.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Update Step** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Project** \\ **Duration [d]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Duration of** \\ **Advance [d]** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Duration of** \\ **Ringbuild [d]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Actual project data & 157.0 & 43.6 & 24.2 \\ \hline Planning phase & 123.4 & 34.2 & 28.6 \\ \hline Update 1 (200 m) & 147.7 & 48.5 & 27.5 \\ \hline Update 2 (500 m) & 150.0 & 47.4 & 26.0 \\ \hline Update 3 (1000 m) & 154.7 & 46.89 & 25.97 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Results of the illustrative study [34].  
Figure 13: (a) Integration of actual construction status into simulation (”shifted prediction”) and (b) simulation run with additionally adjusted input data (“updated prediction”) [34].  
For further analysis, the predicted remaining project durations of simulation runs with integrated construction status (original shifted prediction) are compared to simulation runs with additionally updated input parameters and to the actual remaining project duration. Figure 14 displays the mean values of these simulation runs as well as the actual value of the remaining project duration at the respective project progress. Additionally, it shows the deviation in the simulation results from the actual data. As can be seen, the deviation in the remaining project duration already reaches 7% at the first update step at 10% of the project progress. Compared to the simulation run using only the actual construction progress, a significant improvement can be seen. The deviation in the simulation run with updated input parameters decreases from update to update and reaches 1% at a project progress of 75%.