## 2 Synthesis of Yttrium  
Several methods have been employed for the preparation of yttrium oxide. It is noteworthy that while the schemes and approaches of synthesis are similar, the properties, such as physiochemical, depended upon the particle's potentials. Therefore, in the first section of this review, we present the advanced methods of the synthesis of Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) with its various applications (Table 1). Prolonged-time synthesis of Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) has proved attractive in recent times for many cancer-related purposes, which have evolved chiefly due to the nanoparticle's excellent and appealing physicochemical properties [31]. Various physical and chemical synthesis processes have been practiced for fabricating Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles, such as the sol-gel method, hydrothermal, green synthesis, precipitation method, citrate precipitation method, acid composition mediation method, and mycoplasma-assisted method.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \# & **Method** & **Application** & **Precursor** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1} & Synthesis of up-converting & To improve infrared light conversion & Yttrium and europium oxides with & \\  & nanoparticles acid & to visible light in optoelectronic & acetic acid are +HNO\({}_{3}\) + HCl using & [32] \\  & composition method & devices & hydrothermal microwave irradiation & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2} & Microplasma-assisted & Used in optical emission, emission & \\  & method & spectroscopic studies, plasma kinetic & Yttrium nitrate with water medium & [33] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & Hydrothermal method & Improves the efficiency of light to & \\  & & electric transformation by converting & \\  & & UV light to visible light. One half of & \\  & & Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) enhances open circuit voltage & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & Hydrothermal method & Enhance infrared light harvest and & \\  & (synthesis of nanorod) & increase photocurrent or & \\  & & dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) & & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{5} & & Ethylene tetraacetic acid (EDTA) & \\  & & complex sol-gel process particle is & Metal nitrate and EDTA & [35] \\  & & fine and requires no further grinding & \\ \cline{2-5}  & Sol-gel process & Antioxidant property used in a & Yttrium nitrate yttrium chlorate in & \\  & & biological system & methanol with P-123 poloxamer & [36] \\ \cline{2-5}  & & i. Auto catalytic-polymerization & \\  & & ii. Sol-gel method: Adjusting of & i. Hexahydrate yttrium chlorite & \\  & & electrochemical criteria & ii. Yttrium hydroxide & \\  & & iii. Cytotoxicity effect through human & iii. Yttrium chloride (YCl\({}_{3}\)+6H\({}_{2}\)O) & \\  & & neuroblastoma cell. & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{6} & i. Cathodic electrodeposition & i. Crystalline size (40–60) nm & \\  & method & ii. Thermal decomposition particle & Yttrium hydroxide & [8] \\ \cline{1-1}  & ii. Thermal decomposition & size 30 nm & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{7} & Citrate precipitate on the & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & method (Surfactant PEG 2000) using & Torispherical and uniform-sized & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Particle with a developed structure & Yttrium chlorate (YCL\({}_{3}\)) & [9] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Different methods and applications of synthesized yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)).