## 3 Results
### Clinically Relevant Model Outputs  
The effects of HD, TH, and simultaneous HD with TH (HD&TH) on clinically relevant measurables (outputs) are illustrated in Figure 4. Whereas each bar represents the normalized mean relative to the displayed mean values, the black bar similarly represents the normalized standard deviation. TH led to a reduction in cardiac output (17% under TH, 14% under HD&TH), while HD augmented it by a small amount (3% increase) (Figure 4A). While TH was found to augment heart rate, it was predominantly increased due to HD due to the underlying HD induced increase of intrinsic heart rate (Figure 4B, 20% increase under HD). The diastolic and systolic pressures remained largely unaffected by TH, HD, or HD&TH (Figure 4C,D). While shear stress (Figure 4E,F) was reduced by TH (15% in the aorta, 6% in the kidney), HD augmented the same (5% in both the aorta and kidney). Under HD&TH conditions, shear was reduced in the aorta by 10% and in the right kidney by 3%. Blood flow distributions in the four model populations (baseline, TH, HD, HD&TH) are illustrated in Figure S5, while baroreflex control is shown in Figure S3. Figure 3: Representative profiles from the baseline simulated pressure (**top row**), blood flow (**middle row**), and wall shear stress (**bottom row**). Left column shows data for aorta and right column shows data for right kidney. In all panels, black lines show unperturbed simulation, while gray lines show instances from the population simulations obtained by perturbing parameters. See Section 2.2 for the method used to generate populations. Whereas all outputs shown in Figure 4 are derived quantities based on the model's pressure and flow variables, their spread (represented by the standard deviations) was observed to be affected due to the underlying non-linear dynamical relationships. Overall, the spread of cardiac output and shear under TH and HD reduced, while the spread of heart rate increased. The increase in uncertainty in heart rate was observed to be predominantly due to HD (20% increase of standard deviation, Figure 4B, red bar). All data in Sections 3.3 and 3.4 (Figures 5 and 6) are normalized to the respective baseline values of Figure 4 (gray bars). Figure 4: Model generated clinical measurables (model outputs) in the four populations (B, TH, HD, HD&TH). In all panels, B (gray bars) represents baseline model outputs, TH (blue bars) represents model outputs under therapeutic hypothermia, HD (red bars) represents hemodialysis, and HD&TH (green bars) represents simulation application of hemodialysis and therapeutic hypothermia. Panel (**A**) shows cardiac output, (**B**) shows heart rate, (**C**) shows diastolic cardiac pressure, (**D**) shows systolic cardiac pressure, (**E**) shows WSS in the aorta, and (**F**) shows wall shear stress in the right kidney. The black line in each bar represents the standard deviation. The mean values and standard deviations for baseline are provided in all panels. The mean values (\(\mu\)) and standard deviations (\(\sigma\)) relative to the respective baseline values are provided for TH, HD, and TH&HD cases in all panels. Figure 5: Effects of atrial fibrillation on clinical measurables. In all panels, data for atrial fibrillation [37] under baseline (B, gray bars), therapeutic hypothermia (TH, blue bars), dialysis (HD, red bars), and dialysis under TH (HD&TH, green bars) conditions are shown. Panel (**A**) shows cardiac output, (**B**) shows heart rate, (**C**) shows diastolic cardiac pressure, (**D**) shows systolic cardiac pressure, (**E**) shows WSS in the aorta, and (**F**) shows wall shear stress in the right kidney. Mean values and standard deviations relative to the non-atrial fibrillation baseline case (Figure 3, gray bars and corresponding values) are provided in all panels. The diastolic and systolic blood pressures were reduced by 8% in the baseline-exercise case (Figure 6C,D, gray bars). Both TH and HD conditions promoted higher diastolic but not systolic pressures (Figure 6C,D).