## 7 Irrigation Suitability of Groundwater  
Several indices have been used to evaluate the quality of groundwater for irrigation, as shown in Table 3. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [57] evaluated the water quality for irrigation based on values from EC. In this study, the assessment with respect to EC showed that 35% of groundwater was suitable for irrigation, 37.5% was acceptable, 2.5% fell in the doubtful category, and 25% was unsuitable for cultivation in January 2020. In January 2021, 42.5% of the groundwater samples were considered acceptable, 22.5% doubtful, and 35% unsuitable for irrigation. The University of California and the Advisory Committee have proposed a guideline for interpreting water quality for irrigation based on the TDS concentration [58]. According to the UCCC guidelines, a TDS value below 1000 is considered excellent water quality, a TDS value from 1000 to 3000 is considered suitable, and a TDS value above 3000 is considered unsuitable water quality for irrigation. In this study, in January 2020, 60% of the samples had a TDS value below 1000 of excellent quality, 27.5% of the samples had a TDS value between 1000 and 3000 of suitable quality, and 12.5% of the samples had a TDS value above 3000 of unsuitable category. In contrast, in January 2021, 25% of the samples were classified as excellent, 65% as suitable, and 10% as unsuitable for irrigation. The total hardness of groundwater was classified by [PERSON] [55] for agricultural purposes as soft \(<\) 75, moderate 75-150, hard 150-300, and very hard \(>\)300. In the present study, 7.5% was soft, 30% moderate, 25% hard, and 37.5% very hard water were suitable for irrigation in January 2020, while 7.5% and 92.5% were hard to very hard in January 2021. Figure 3: Spatial distribution maps of the calculated DWQI for (**a**) January 2020 and (**b**) January 2021. In the saline groundwater regions, crops can be grown that can withstand the high salinity of the water. A higher Na+ concentration of irrigation water can increase the exchangeable Na+ content in irrigated soils, which changes the permeability of the soil and is not good for plants; hence, the Na+ content is used to study the irrigation suitability of groundwater. The samples fell into the categories of \"good\" to \"acceptable\" based on the relative proportions of total cations with the Na+ content, and can be used for the irrigation of all soil types. Based on the Na content, the irrigation water quality of the study area was classified as (7.5%) good 20-40, (60%) permissible 40-60, and (32.5%) doubtful 60-80 in January 2020, and 32.5% excellent, 25% good, 32.5% permissible, and 10% doubtful in January 2021. The SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) values showed 92.5% excellent (<10) and 7.5% good (10-18) water quality for irrigation in January 2020. The same was true for 97.5% excellent and 2.5% good in January 2021. The soil PI (Permeability Index) was first used by Doneen in 1964. Prolonged usage of water with a high content of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and HCO3- affects the permeability of soil. It is classified as (100-75%) good, (75-25%) moderate, and (<25%) poor. The groundwater PI was 57.5% good and 42.5% moderate in January 2020, while it was 2.5% good, 70% moderate, and 27.5% poor in January 2021. Magnesium risk (MgC) was calculated to determine water quality for irrigation based on the Mg content. A MgC value below 50 is suitable for irrigation, and a value above 50 is unsuitable, as considered by [PERSON] [62]. In this study, 100% of the samples were appropriate for irrigation in January 2020. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Indices with Sources**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Range (Class)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**No.