## 2 Nanomaterials in Improving Plant Growth and Yield
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Nanoparticles** & **Plant** & **Effect on Plants in a Dose-Dependent Manner** & **Reference** \\ \hline Zn, B, Si, Zeolite NPs & Potato & Improve plant growth & [19] \\ \hline ZnO NPs & Eggplant & Increase plant growth attributes & [20] \\ \hline ZnO NPs & _Triticum aestivum_ & Positive effect on seed germination & [21] \\ \hline SiO\({}_{2}\) \& TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs & Rice & Improve plant growth attributes & [22] \\ \hline Nano-size calcite product [CaCO3(40\%), SiO2(4\%), MgO (1\%), and Fe2O3(1\%)] & Grapevine & Increase plant growth attributes and photosynthetic pigment & [23] \\ \hline ZnO NPs & _Leucaena leuccephala_ & Increase in photosynthetic pigment and total soluble protein contents & [24] \\ \hline ZnO NPs & _Sesamum indicum_ & High chlorophyll’a’, chlorophyll’b’, and total chlorophyll content level & [25] \\ \hline ZnO NPs & _Zea mays_ & Increased shoot dry matter and leaf area indexes. & [26] \\ \hline ZnO NPs & _Pennisteum glaucoma_ & ZnO NPs enhanced shoot and grain yield & [27] \\ \hline TiO\({}_{2}\) \& ZnO NPs & Beetroot & Increased plant growth and shoot dry matter & [28] \\ \hline TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs & _Vigna radiata_ L. & Improvement was observed in shoot length & [29] \\ \hline TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs & Onion & Lower concentration of TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs enhanced seed germination and seedlings growth & [30] \\ \hline TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs & _Triticum aestivum_ L. & Increase in the plant’s root and shoot lengths & [31] \\ \hline TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs & _Brassica napus_ & Promoted seed germination and seedling vigor improved & [32] \\ \hline TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs & Tomato & Promote the photosynthetic rate & [33] \\ \hline SiO\({}_{2}\)NPs & _Larix ojensis_ & Increase in plant height, root length, and chlorophyll content & [34] \\ \hline SiO\({}_{2}\)NPs & _Agropyron elongatum_ L. & Improve seed germination & [35] \\ \hline Nano- SiO\({}_{2}\) & _Cicurbita pepo_ L. & Reduce the salt stress effect & [37] \\ \hline Nano Si & Tomato & Enhancement of germination rate and dry weight & [38] \\ \hline CuO NPs & Spinacia oleraea & Improved photosynthesis in treated plants & [40] \\ \hline MgO NPs & Tobacco & Promote plant growth & [44] \\ \hline MgO NPs & Tomato & Induce resistance in tomato plant & [45] \\ \hline AgNPs & Wheat & Regulate antioxidative defence system & [46] \\ \hline AgNPs & soil bacterial diversity & Regulate soil bacterial diversity & [47] \\ \hline Chitosan NPs & Apples & They reduce microbial growth & [48] \\ \hline Chitosan NPs & Robust coefee & Improved growth parameters & [49] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{FeS\({}_{2}\) NPs} & _Cicer arietinum; pinacia oleraca;_ & \multirow{2}{*}{Seed germination enhanced in tested crops} & [50] \\  & _Daucus carota, Brassica juncea_ & & \\  & _and Sesamum indicum_ & & \\ \hline Chitosan NPs & Rice & Reduces disease severity & [51] \\ \hline Chitosan NPs & Strawberry & Regulate defense response & [52] \\ \hline SiNPs & _Helianthus annuus_ & Improved germination & [53] \\ \hline SilicaNPs & _Vicia fah_ L. & Improved growth parameters & [54] \\ \hline SiO\({}_{2}\)NPs & Pea & Improved growth parameters and chlorophyll content & [55] \\ \hline SiO\({}_{2}\) \& MoNPs & Rice & Regulate seed germination & [56] \\ \hline SiO\({}_{2}\)NPs & _Indocalamus barbatus_ & Improved photosynthetic pigments & [57] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Effect of various nanomaterials on plant physiology and growth parameters.