# Transformative Transparent Hybrid Deep Learning Framework for Accurate Cataract Detection
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 3.2.2 The Model
Overall, this hybrid model excels in differentiating between image classes, showcasing strong metrics and generalization capability. It effectively combines pre-trained networks, adaptive learning strategies, and interpretability tools, positioning itself as a robust solution for various image analysis tasks. Future work could explore applications in other domains, refine similarity metrics, or introduce additional interpretability techniques to enhance its utility and robustness. Conceptualization, J.O. and D.O. ; methodology, J.O., D.O. and I.C.O. ; software, J.O., B.M.E. and M.O. ; validation, D.O., I.C.O. and M.O. ; formal analysis, J.O., D.O. and B.M.E. ; investigation, I.C.O., B.M.E. and M.O. ; resources, J.O., D.O. and B.M.E. ; data curation, J.O. and D.O. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.O., D.O. and M.O. ; writing--review and editing, J.O., D.O. and I.C.O. ; visualization, J.O. and D.O. ; supervision, I.C.O. and B.M.E. ; project administration, J.O., D.O. and M.O. ; funding acquisition, B.M.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. And the APC was funded by [PERSON]. Not applicable. [[https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/handamp6/cataract-image-dataset](https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/handamp6/cataract-image-dataset)]([https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/handamp6/cataract-image-dataset](https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/handamp6/cataract-image-dataset)) (accessed on 10 September 2024). The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Figure 12: Visual representation of the importance scores. ## References

* (1) Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: A meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. _Eye_**2024**, _38_, 2156. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
* (2) World Health Organization (WHO). Eye Care, Vision Impairment and Blindness. Available online: [[https://www.who.int](https://www.who.int)]([https://www.who.int](https://www.who.int)) (accessed on 4 October 2024). * (3) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Associations of vision impairment and eye diseases with frailty in community-dwelling older adults: A nationwide longitudinal study in China. _Br. J. Ophthalmol._**2024**, _108_, 310-316. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
* (4) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Oxidative Stress and Cataract Formation: Evaluating the Efficacy of Antioxidant Therapies. _Biomolecules_**2024**, _14_, 1055. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
* (5) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Current advancements in therapeutic approaches in orthopedic surgery: A review of recent trends. _Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol._**2024**, _12_, 1328997. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
* (6) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Revolutionizing Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnostics and Therapy through Artificial Intelligence: A Smart Vision Initiative. In _Transformative Approaches to Patient Literacy and Healthcare Innovation_; IGI Global: Hershey, PA, USA, 2024; pp. 136-155. * (7) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] (Eds.) _Clinical Atlas of Anterior Segment OCT: Optical Coherence Tomography_; Elsevier Health Sciences: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2024. * (8) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery Towards Intelligent Manufacturing: Review and Prospect. _Innu. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Mech. Eng._**2024**, 1-34. [CrossRef]
* (9) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Enhancing Intelligent Medical Imaging to Revolutionize Healthcare. In _Smart Medical Imaging for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning_; Chapman and Hall/CRC: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2025; pp. 3-20. * (10) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Study of Different Regression Methods, Models and Application in Deep Learning Paradigm. In _Deep Learning Concepts in Operations Research_; Auerbach Publications: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2024; pp. 130-152.