## 3 Methodology
### Alarmy Usage Data
#### 3.1.1 Alarmy App  
In this work, we analyzed _Alarmy_, a wake-up task-based mobile alarm app. We deployed Alarmy to the public via Google Play and the App Store. After a few years, the app became the most downloaded alarm clock app in 97 countries, and the number of its daily active users (DAU) is about three million.  
Alarmy provides alarms with wake-up tasks, and the user is forced to perform a set task to turn off an alarm. This section explains how Alarmy users set and dismiss alarms with wake-up tasks. The whole alarm usage process in Alarmy is as shown in Figure 1.  
Alarmy consists of four tab menus: (1) Alarm, (2) History, (3) Today's Panel, and (4) Settings. First, the Alarm tab shows a list of alarms by displaying the set time and the task type for each. The user can add a new alarm by touching the button at the bottom of the screen. When touching one of the alarms in the list, the user can see and modify detailed settings. Additionally, this tab enables the user to set a timer called Quick Alarm. Secondly, the History tab visualizes the user's previous alarm usage information such as alarm set time and the task type over time. Thirdly, the Today's Panel tab contains the day's weather, horoscope, and news. Finally, the Settings tab enables users to set details for the Alarmy app use, such as changing app theme, language, and so on.  
To set the alarm, the user must specify detailed information. First, they must set when the alarm goes off. Further, the alarms can recur once the user has selected days of the week for recurrence (e.g., weekday or weekend). Next, the user can choose ringtone volume, type (e.g., sound or vibration), and sound (e.g., noisy sound or music in the device). Finally, the user must select one of five tasks for the alarm: (1) touching a button (conventional method), (2) taking a picture of a particular place,  
Figure 1: Setting and dismissing an alarm in the Alarmy app.  
(3) shaking the device, (4) solving math problems of addition and multiplication, and (5) scanning a QR code.  
These tasks certainly aggravate users by enforcing cognitive and physical efforts. Even so, our usage logs show that many users still conduct such tasks because they want to get up at the right time. In this paper, we refer to mobile alarm app tasks for waking people up _wake-up tasks_. We labeled each wake-up task as such: (1) touching a button (_normal_task_), (2) taking a picture (_picture_task_), (3) shaking the device (_shake_task_), and (4) solving math problems (_math_task_). In this study, we excluded the scanning a QR code method because the number of users selecting the scanning a QR code method is very low, and the procedure for this task is quite similar to that for the _picture_task_.  
Touching a button is the conventional method for alarm dismissal, and its task load is relatively low. However, other wake-up tasks require relatively high physical or cognitive efforts, in which users must specify the detailed tasks in advance, called _hard tasks_. For example, the user can specify the difficulty of the math problems or the number of shakes. For the tasks of taking a picture and scanning a QR code, the user must register an image as a reference when setting the alarm.  
Once an alarm goes off, the user must decide whether to delay the alarm (_snooze_) or perform the wake-up task. If the user decides to snooze, the alarm temporarily turns off, but it re-rings after the time the user previously specified. Otherwise, the user must perform a specific task to dismiss the alarm.