## 2 Application of Membranes in Contamination Situations
### Contamination of the Soil Environment
The disadvantage of these methods is that detection sensitivity is extremely dependent on site conditions, liner cross-section, and materials in place, in addition to operator skill and methodology. Based on the evaluation of many commercial geomembranes with the strain hardening modulus, a relationship was found between these moduli and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Membrane** & **Pollution** & **Conditions** & **Ref.** \\ \hline HDPE & \begin{tabular}{c} BTEX: benzene, toluene, \\ ethylbenzene, xylenes \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} a landfill site in the Canadian Arctic; temperature: 2, 7, \\ 14 °C; geomembranes below the 2 m thick soil; \\ lowering the temperature of the geomembrane \\ reduces the amount of pollution transport increase \\ \end{tabular} & [55] \\ HDPE & \begin{tabular}{c} The municipal landfill \\ leachate \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 2.0 mm of nominal thickness of geomembrane; the \\ nature of the leachate determines the strength and \\ efficiency of the membrane \\ \end{tabular} & [59] \\ HDPE & \begin{tabular}{c} fluid retention of leaching in \\ sanitary landfills \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} influence of different purge gases at different heating \\ rates (5, 10, 15 and 20 °C/min); deformation of \\ geomembranes under the influence of temperature, \\ environmental chemistry, pressure and heat prevailing \\ on geomembranes, deposition of residues in \\ geomembranes \\ \end{tabular} & [60] \\ HDPE & Landfill & \begin{tabular}{c} 1.5 mm thick; vertical pressure of 250 kPa; \\ temperature 85 °C; coarse gravel determines cracks \\ and dents (stress crack) \\ \end{tabular} & [61] \\ HDPE & \begin{tabular}{c} Municipal solid waste \\ leachates \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} temperature: 22, 40, 55, 70, 85 and 95°C; salts and VFA \\ have a significant influence on the mechanical \\ properties of the geomembrane (especially resistance \\ stress cracking) \\ \end{tabular} & [62] \\ LDPE/GCL & \begin{tabular}{c} Insulation tailings \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} peat bog—up to 5.5 m thick; glacial till—thickness \\ from 0.5 to 3.1 m beneath the perimeter dam wall; \\ bedrock—comprising Wauisortian limestone (30–80 m \\ thick) \\ \end{tabular} & [63] \\ \hline PVDF/TiO\({}_{2}\) & \begin{tabular}{c} Boron removal from landfill \\ leachates \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} achieving a homogeneous TiO\({}_{2}\) surface under defined \\ loading is critical to achieving good boron rejection \\ results \\ \end{tabular} & [64] \\ BPM/ED & Cr(III)/Cr(VI) &
\begin{tabular}{c} Effectiveness depends on: cell voltage, soil pH, current \\ efficiency, and specific energy consumption; the \\ optimal current density 2.0 mA/cm\({}^{2}\); \\ \end{tabular} & [65] \\ HDPE—highdensity polyethylene; VFA—volatile fatty acid; LDPE—linear low density polyethylene; GCL—geosynthetic clay liner; BPM—bipolar membrane—the alkaline stable poly(terphenyl) anion exchange membrane; ED—electrodialysis. & [65] \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Examples of the use of membrane techniques to soil reclamation. the notched constant tensile load NCTL [68]. This compound provides the basis for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of geomembranes using ASTM D5397 [69].