## 4 Results
### RQ3: Challenges in University Campus Wawfinding Using Mobile Navigation Apps  
The last research question investigated the challenges faced by participants during indoor-outdoor university campus wayfinding task using mobile navigation apps. As the participants were divided into control and experiment groups, two navigation apps were used. The control group used Google Maps (an outdoor-only navigation app), and the experiment group used MazeMap (an indoor-outdoor navigation app). The qualitative data was collected through observation notes from the wayfinding task and short post-task interview responses from participants of both groups regarding their experience and challenges in university campus wayfinding. According to [50], qualitative data analysis is important to deepen the understanding of research participants. Therefore, the procedure described by [PERSON] et al. [49] was followed for analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. The results highlight the issues in indoor-outdoor campus wayfinding using the two navigation apps: Google Maps and MazeMap. It also provides insight into challenges related to the specific technology that they used and how these navigation applications can be further improved to facilitate university campus wayfinding that combine indoor and outdoor navigation. The analysis followed the grounded theory approach described by [51; 52] and resulted in a data structure with three levels, as shown in Figure 2:  
1. First column--the first level highlighted the challenges from participant's feedback, i.e., raw data. 2. Second column--the second level identified the themes for these challenges. 3. Third column--the third level aggregated the created themes into categories. For simplicity of representation, in the first column in Figure 2, the participants' feedback is encoded using the colors orange, blue, and black. The \"blue\" color represents the feedback from participants using Google Maps, the \"orange\" color for feedback from participants using MazeMap, and the \"black\" color infers that the same feedback is from both groups. Moreover, the frequency of occurrence of challenges for each theme is reflected in the second column with numbers in round brackets using blue color for Google Maps and orange for Maze Map, and cumulatively the parameters of all themes are presented in the categories respectively in column three of Figure 2.  
Figure 2: Challenges in indoor-outdoor campus wayfinding using mobile navigation apps (Google Maps and Maze Map). Our analysis resulted in five categories that characterize challenges in indoor-outdoor university campus wayfinding using mobile navigation apps. The categories include campus landscape-related issues, navigation app-related issues, wayfinding issues, technical issues, and mental and physical effort. According to the qualitative analysis (presented in Figure 2), the category \"campus landscape related issues\" was based on five themes related to challenges linked to the university campus landscape. The themes include building search, entry/exit points, floor layout, assess information and room search. It was difficult for some participants to find the right building. Moreover, participants found it challenging to find the entry and exit points to get into or out of the building. Similarly, finding room numbers and understanding the floor map by navigating corridors was troublesome for some participants. Lastly, lack of access to some places made it difficult to navigate to the desired location as certain corridors and rooms were not accessible by everyone and required card access to open doors. As shown in Figure 2, participants in both groups (Google Maps and MazeMap) reported equal challenges in this category. However, participants using Google Maps faced more difficulty in building and room searches as compared to participants using MazeMap. This is evident from the fact that in addition to outdoor navigation MazeMap also provides indoor navigation, which is lacking in Google Maps.