## 3 Results
### Findings
#### 3.2.3 Factors Influencing Learners' Attitude toward VR-Based Simulations  
The correlation analysis (Table 8) indicated that several factors significantly influence learners' intention to adopt VR-based training simulations in forensic molecular biology courses. Notably, demographic factors did not show significant correlations with the key outcomes, implying that perceptions of VR learning effectiveness are relatively independent of these variables. However, content relevance emerged as a critical factor, showing strong correlations with visual quality (\(r\) = 0.31, \(p\) < 0.05, \(R^{2}\) = 0.116), comprehension (\(r\) = 0.46, \(p\) < 0.01, \(R^{2}\) = 0.199), overall impression of learning in a 3D virtual environment (\(r\) = 0.56, \(p\) < 0.01, \(R^{2}\) = 0.292), overall immersive learning experience (\(r\) = 0.50, \(p\) < 0.01, \(R^{2}\) = 0.244), and future use (\(r\) = 0.30, \(p\) < 0.05, \(R^{2}\) = 0.079). This underscores the importance of relevant content in shaping learners' overall perceptions and intentions regarding VR training. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **U** & **Z** & \(p\) \\ \hline Q1. Content Relevance & 158.5 & \(-\)2.48 & 0.01 * \\ Q2. Visual Quality & 211.5 & \(-\)1.26 & 0.2 \\ Q3. Animation Quality & 262 & \(-\)0.05 & 0.96 \\ Q4. Material Quality & 198 & \(-\)1.64 & 0.1 \\ Q5. Text Quality & 234.5 & \(-\)0.74 & 0.46 \\ Q6. Topic Comprehension & 189.5 & \(-\)1.69 & 0.09 \\ Q7. Transversal Skill Development & 225 & \(-\)0.98 & 0.32 \\ Q8. Overall Impression & 165 & \(-\)2.33 & 0.02* \\ Q9. Interest Level & 243.5 & \(-\)0.5 & 0.62 \\ Q10. Teacher Necessity & 244 & \(-\)0.5 & 0.61 \\ Q11. Future Use & 252.5 & \(-\)0.28 & 0.77 \\ Q12. Recommendation & 236.5 & \(-\)0.71 & 0.47 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p\) < 0.05.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Comparison of perceived quality and learning effectiveness. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline Age & 1 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ Experience with Games & \(-\)0.21 & 1 & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ Experience with 3D Environments & \(-\)0.18 & 0.16 & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ Content Rankism & 0.02 & 0.55 \({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.11 & 1 & & & & & & & & & \\ Visual Quality & \(-\)0.08 & 0.31 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.07 & 0.31 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1 & & & & & & & \\ Animation Realism & \(-\)0.05 & 0.12 & \(-\)0.07 & 0.36 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.30 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1 & & & & & & \\ Learning Material Quality & 0.06 & 0.26 & 0.22 & 0.33 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.47 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.39 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1 & & & & & \\ Text Clarity & 0 & 0.15 & \(-\)0.2 & 0.33 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.33 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.44 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.26 & 1 & & & & \\ Comprehension & \(-\)0.13 & 0.33 \({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.09 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.46 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.30 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.21 & 0.30 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.13 & 1 & & & \\ Transversal Still Dev. & 0.13 & 0.25 \(-\)0.15 & 0.32 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.27 & 0.37 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.2 & 0.23 & 0.41 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1 & & & \\ Impression & 0.05 & 0.30 \(-\)0.17 & 0.56 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.53 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.31 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.44 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.2 & 0.45 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.49 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1 & & \\ Impressive Learning Experience & \(-\)0.04 & 0.27 \(-\)0.13 & 0.50 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.18 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.06 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.29 \({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.03 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.56 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.22 & 0.51 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1 & \\ Teacher Pres. & 0.31\({}^{\ast}\) & 0 & \(-\)0.05 & 0.17 & 0.38 \({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.02 & 0.39 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.16 & 0.07 & 0.27 & 0.28 & 0.11 & 1 & \\ Future Use & 0.21 & 0.19 \(-\)0.04 & 0.30 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.18 & 0.14 & 0.27 \({}^{\ast}\) & \(-\)0.03 & 0.44 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.33 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.36 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.41 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.30 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1 \\ Recommend & \(-\)0.05 & 0.22 & \(-\)0.09 & 0.17 & 0.27 & 0.17 & 0.42 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.17 & 0.47 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.45 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.39 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.26 & 0.15 & 0.43 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1 \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{\({}^{\ast}\)_p_ \(<\)0.05, \({}^{\ast}\)_p_ \(<\)0.01.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}