## 4 Discussion  
The combination of vibration and photonic treatment effectively mitigates drug stratification and surface adhesion. Our approach is energy-efficient and easily integrable into existing devices. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{conventional syringe pump} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{proposed syringe pump - with homogenization system} \\ \hline \({}^{*}\)hours (b) & Insulin & Gentamicin & Furesample & Insulin & Gentamicin & Furesample \\ \hline
2 & -0.22\%/0.13\%/0.33\% & -0.22\%/0.33\% & -0.89\%/0  
Our findings validate that dual-axis vibration + photonic intervention significantly enhances homogeneity across diverse drug types. The energy consumption is minimal, ensuring integration feasibility into existing pump platforms. However, drug-specific tuning (frequency, exposure time) is essential. The effectiveness of the system depends on viscosity, molecular weight, and drug-light interaction profiles. The system also indirectly supports dose reproducibility, reducing reliance on manual mixing or pump recalibration. Current investigations reveal that standard syringe pumps, particularly those used for insulin delivery, exhibit a significant degree of molecular adhesion to the polypropylene walls of the syringe. Analytical sampling indicates a concentration increase of up to 12% along the upper syringe walls and up to 16% along the lower walls, relative to the intended concentration. Additionally, measurements taken at the luer cone after 12 h show a notable concentration decrease of 27.2% compared to the initially prepared solution. These discrepancies become pronounced between 6 and 8 h following syringe placement in the pump, indicating substantial concentration variability over time. A similar distribution pattern is observed with furosemide, though its behavior differs in that it does not adhere to the syringe walls. Instead, the drug exhibits gravitational sedimentation, accumulating at the bottom of the syringe. This results in a localized concentration increase of approximately 38.3% at the syringe base and a decrease of 26.1% at the luer cone--the site corresponding to the concentration actually delivered to the simulated patient. In the case of the proposed system, which integrates a dual-axis vibration generator along with a dual-wavelength photonic module (470 nm during the pre-fill phase and 700 nm during administration), a significant improvement in drug solution homogeneity is observed. In the case of insulin, concentration discrepancies are reduced from \(-27\%\) to \(-4\%\), while for furosemide, deviations decrease from \(-26.1\%\) to just \(0.5\%\). These findings highlight a substantial advancement in the precision of drug delivery, ensuring not only accurate volumetric administration but also improved consistency in the concentration of infusible compounds. Similar findings on drug heterogeneity over time. The heterogeneity of intravenously administered drug solutions can contribute to hemodynamic instability in patients, manifesting as fluctuations in glucose levels, alterations in heart rate, and inconsistent delivery of critical medications such as antibiotics in cases of sepsis. Chemotherapeutic agents, in particular, are known to exhibit significant physicochemical instability, leading to increased heterogeneity over time. This instability may result in adverse reactions at specific intervals following administration, including allergic responses, cutaneous necrosis, and other complications. In several publications, several high-risk agents are particularly prone to sedimentation and concentration variability, thus posing a risk to patient safety. These include, but are not limited to, antineoplastic agents such as Vinca alkaloids, cytarabine, bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil [4; 5; 7]. Therefore, ensuring homogeneity throughout the infusion period is essential to minimize adverse events and ensure therapeutic efficacy.