# Coproduction as an Approach to Technology-Mediated Citizen Participation in Emergency Management
## 4 Scenarios for Technology-Mediated Citizen Participation in EM
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt}|p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Capability Component** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Description**} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Structure} & Units/Roles involved; \\  & Citizens working as sensors, trusted sensors, or nodes; \\  & Organization: operators in the control room and workers in the field. \\  & Technologies \\  & Citizens: Smartphones, portable and wearable devices; \\  & Organization: desktop computers, big displays, MDE platforms. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Content} & Receive useful data from citizens about events, particularly multimedia items, \\  & to inform decision-making and provide a more efficient response; \\  & Promote transparency and generate trust in citizens; \\  & Empower citizens to engage them in a coproduction process. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Process} & Integrate data in the control room information system, so that operators can have a holistic view of the situation combining different sources of information; \\  & Provide tools to quickly and easily send useful information to the emergency managers. Usefulness is defined by the organization goals and protocols (use of semantic resources related to the domain of application to help in categorizing information); \\ \cline{1-1}  & Design applications for universal usability; \\ \cline{1-1}  & Retrieve automatically relevant data (such as the geographical position... ) to minimize user interaction; \\ \cline{1-1}  & Provide ways to give feedback to participants so they know their information is being processed or whether more details are needed; \\ \cline{1-1}  & Authenticate users when needed and comply with privacy regulations. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Scenario 1: Citizens as sensors, trusted sensors, and nodes. networks profiles whilst interacting with them in non critical situations. In this way they will be able to decide which ones are trusted sensors (such as other EMAs or members of VOST services) or even nodes who can provide accurate evaluations. In this way, when the crisis happens they have already categorized some citizens whose position can be added to their visual representation of the incident to facilitate the interaction with valid information sources (trusted sensors) as well as with those who can provide accurate evaluations of the situation (nodes). These interfaces should support bidirectional communication, that is, also pull strategies [23], so that operators can provide feedback on citizens generated content. Multi-display environments (MDE) can be required to cope with the varied necessities and resources of the different EMAs and professionals taking part in the EM process. Whilst desktop computers, large displays, and tabletops might be available in control rooms and can help to make sense in collaborative discussions, part of this information might also be useful for EM field workers who will use smaller displays and need different interaction options. Design has to focus on the device and on the context where the device is used to provide the right information, in the right way, in the right moment, in the right place and to the right person [45]. In order to better support the role of citizens as reactive or proactive agents, these roles might require ad hoc applications specifically designed to interact with EMAs like My112, and a\Android and IoS applications that supports communication among citizens and Madrid 112 or the mobile apps created for the Valencia Police described in [32]. Since citizens can use a variety of portable devices to send and receive information it is required to design the applications in order to guarantee universal usability as described by [PERSON] [46]. To facilitate their engagement in coproduction activities, the tasks citizens are expected to do should be simplified as much as possible [14], for which a minimalist interface has to be designed [47] and, whenever possible, automatic retrieval of information has to be supported.