# A Comprehensive Study on the Expansion of Electric Vehicles in Europe
## 4 Result and Discussion
### EV Charging Stations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Component**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**LCOE**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Renewable**} & **PV/Wind** & **Net Purchases** & **Emission** \\  & & **(\$/kWh)** & & **Fraction (\%)** & **(kWh/Year)** & **(kWh/Year)** & **(k/S/Year)** \\ \hline Norway & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.164 & 20 & 101,254 & 412,158 & 260,484 \\ Norway * & Wind turbine (10 kW), 10 Battery, Converter (80 kW) & 0.197 & 1 & 1262 & 525,158 & 331,900 \\ \hline Iceland & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.165 & 14 & 71,768 & 445,280 & 281,417 \\ \hline Iceland & Wind turbine (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.093 & 43 & 250,653 & 271,584 & 171,641 \\ \hline Sweden & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.226 & 20 & 104,481 & 408,299 & 258,045 \\ \hline Sweden & Wind turbine (100 kW), 5 Battery, Converter (80 kW) & 0.250 & 11 & 56,753 & 465,976 & 294,497 \\ \hline The Netherlands & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.231 & 20 & 103,380 & 409,913 & 259,065 \\ \hline The Netherlands & Wind turbine (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.191 & 29 & 162,766 & 358,020 & 226,269 \\ \hline Finland & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.209 & 19 & 100,069 & 413,630 & 261,414 \\ \hline Finland & Wind turbine (100 kW), 5 Battery, Converter (80 kW) & 0.218 & 14 & 76,155 & 445,832 & 281,766 \\ \hline Denmark & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.386 & 20 & 105,365 & 407,318 & 257,425 \\ Denmark & Wind turbine (100 kW), 5 Battery, Converter (80 kW) & 0.422 & 13 & 67,431 & 454,520 & 287,257 \\ \hline Switzerland & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.242 & 24 & 122,280 & 388,704 & 245,661 \\ \hline Switzerland & Wind turbine (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.255 & 18 & 95,934 & 424,954 & 268,571 \\ \hline Portugal & PV (100 kW), 10 Batteries, Converter (70 kW) & 0.194 & 32 & 162,976 & 344,761 & 217,889 \\ \hline Portugal & Wind turbine (100 kW), 5 Battery, Converter (80 kW) & 0.247 & 12 & 63,852 & 458,717 & 289,909 \\ \hline Germany & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.332 & 18 & 95,144 & 418,479 & 264,479 \\ \hline Germany & Wind turbine (100 kW), 5 Battery, Converter (80 kW) & 0.347 & 14 & 73,389 & 448,270 & 283,306 \\ \hline Luxembourg & PV (100 kW), Converter (80 kW) & 0.211 & 20 & 101,857 & 411,329 & 259,960 \\ \hline Luxembourg & Wind turbine (100 kW), 5 Battery, Converter (80 kW) & 0.236 & 10 & 50,665 & 472,302 & 298,495 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} * This is not the top economic scenario.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Simulation results for renewable-based on-grid scenarios for 10 European countries. According to the results of Table 5, the highest percentage of renewable electricity production, at 43%, is related to Iceland and the wind turbine-grid scenario, which produces 250,653 kWh of wind power annually. The lowest rate of 1% (1262 kWh of annual electricity) corresponds to Norway and the wind turbine-grid scenario. High wind speeds in Iceland and low wind speeds in Norway are the reasons for this. Also, the lowest and highest annual CO2 emissions are about 172 tons (wind turbine-grid scenario in Iceland) and 332 tons (wind turbine-grid scenario in Norway), respectively.