# The Emerging Roles of RNA Modifications in Glioblastoma
## 3 RNA Modifications in GBM
### RNA m\({}^{6}\)A Modification in GBM
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Gene Symbol** & **Gene Description** & **Role in RNA Modification** & **Expression** & **Biological Function** & **Mechanism** & **Reference** \\ \hline YTHDF3 & YTH No-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 3 & m\({}^{6}\)A reader & Elevated & - & - & [88] \\ \hline YTHDC1 & YTH domain-containing 1 & m\({}^{6}\)A reader & - & Maintains stemness of GSCs & - & [57] \\ \hline YTHDC2 & YTH domain-containing 2 & m\({}^{6}\)A reader & Elevated in LGGs & - & - & [88] \\  & & decreased in GBM & - & & \\ \hline KF2 BP1/IMP1 & Insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 & m\({}^{6}\)A reader & Elevated & Promotes cell proliferation and invasion & Stabilizes the mRNA transcripts of its target genes, including M\({}_{\text{3-MF}}\), MIG7, PTEN and CDH & [66,67]. \\ \hline KF2 BP2/IMP2 & Insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 & m\({}^{6}\)A reader & Elevated & & \begin{tabular}{c} Estimates KF2-mediated PIX/AKT \\ signaling binds to let? MREs and prevents \\ NLN2-independent PIX/target gene \\ silencing, including HMGA1, HMGA2, \\ CNC2D and RRZ binds to several \\ mRNAs such as COZZ, NDUS?, NDUF3 \\ and NDUF3S interacts with HIFIA-AS2 to \\ maintain HMGA1 expression \\ \hline KF2 BP3/IMP3 & Insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 & m\({}^{6}\)A reader & Elevated & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Promotes cell proliferation, \\ anchorage-independent \\ growth, invasion, EMT and \\ chemoresistance \\ \end{tabular} & Activates PIX/MAPK via promoting IGF2 & translation; enhances translation of p65 \\ \hline eF3b & Eukaryotic translation & m\({}^{6}\)A reader & Decreased &
\begin{tabular}{c} Inhibits cell proliferation and \\ induces GJCuI cell cycle arrest \\ and apoptosis \\ \end{tabular} & - & [72] \\ \hline eF3b & Eukaryotic translation & m\({}^{6}\)A reader & Dublicated & - & - & [73] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  
\begin{table} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Gene Symbol** & **Gene Description** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Role in RNA** \\ **Modification** \\ \end{tabular} & **Expression** & **Biological Function** & **Mechanism** & **Reference** \\ \hline ADAR3/ADAR2 & Adenosine deaminase RNA & 1 writer & Decreased & - & - & [88] \\  & specific 3 & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{DKC1} & \multirow{2}{*}{Dyszheim pseudouridine} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\Downarrow\) writer} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Promotes cell growth by} \\  & & & stimulating old cycle & Uregules N-cadherin, HE1A, and \\  & synthase 1 & & progression and activates & MMP-2 expression & [91] \\  & & & migration & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  _Modification abbreviations:_ A-to-1, adenosine-to-incosine; C-to-U, cytidine to underline, m\({}^{1}\)A, N\({}^{*}\)-methyladenosine; m\({}^{1}\)C, 5-methylcytosine; m\({}^{1}\)A, N\({}^{*}\)-methyladenosine; m\({}^{1}\)A, N\({}^{*}\), 2\({}^{1}\)O-dimethyladenosine; hm\({}^{1}\)C, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; I, inosine; \(\Downarrow\), pseudouridine. Ohrs.