## 2 Related Work
### Cluster-Based Routing Protocols  
In [25], the authors proposed a \"cooperative energy-efficient optimal relay selection protocol\" for underwater wireless sensor networks. Furthermore, a source node selects a relay node and a sink node on its own, and data is then transferred to the sink node through the relay node. It helps to remove the need for coordination between the source node, relay node, and sink nodes using this technique. Moreover, for receipt or re-transmission of the data, the sink passes the acknowledgment to the source node. The selection of forwarding nodes or relays is based on two parameters: depth and location value. Pressure sensors are used to determine depth, and location is determined by the distance between nodes and the surface. The nearest node to the sink node is chosen as a relay node based on the two values. If the destination node receives a data packet successfully, it sends an acknowledgment to the source node; if the reception is unsuccessful, it requests re-transmission. Data is sent to a relay node after it is chosen, and it relays it to the destination. Therefore, this scheme contributes fewer packet drops to this method. However, the data load on a node's source, relay, and sink increases, which reduces the stability time of the node. This paper also suggests the FSO and EM energy dissipation model in [26]. To find the optimum cluster collection for Gaussian-distributed UWSNs, the authors looked at the theoretical context. The authors achieved rational results by moving the sink to three additional points, namely the tip, the corners, and the middle of the sensing region. The suggested protocol uses the least amount of energy possible. However, there is a significant end-to-end delay. Cluster-based sleep-wake scheduling is indicated in [27]. In this paper, the authors employ a strategy in which some of the nodes are presumed to be initiator nodes. These initiator nodes will then choose the CHs. As the head node, the CH node that is left with high energy is picked. When other nodes are sent to sleep mode, this header node is set to active mode. The propagation is then carried out into the node of the drain by the node of the selected head. This strategy lowers energy usage, increases the life and distribution ratio of the packets. After all, the CH total life of the network influences the network's life. In [28], the authors first performed theoretical analysis to obtain the expected value of nodes in the network. Next, they divided the network into irregular clusters. In this paper, they used the strategy of recovery balance consumption of energy among clusters. In this paper, they have achieved enhanced PDR, consuming less energy, and enhanced network lifetime. However, this scheme results in variation in the network. The suggested particle encoding and fitness functions proposed by the author are used to construct this technique in [29]. The scientists looked at a variety of metrics to improve energy efficiency, including the distance between clusters, the gap between sinks, and the residual energy for cluster nodes. Using these metrics, they were able to derive the weighting function for clusters. Scientists reached high PDR values, increased lifetime, and reduced energy consumption in this article. The authors of [30] looked at the trade-off between accuracy and energy efficiency and proposed a solution. In WSNs, the 'adaptive FEC/FWD and FEC/ARQ' clustering mechanisms are based on the channel state and the distance between nodes. We have worked to significantly strengthen our previous work [31] by collaborating with the following organizations:  
* The author recommends a complete dfiction class of invalid handling algorithms for UWSNs in three primary classifications based on their literature review: control with power, surpass region-space, and mobility assisted-based strategies.