## 2 Phytotoxic Effects of Volatile Terpenes from the Lamiaceae Family
### Advantages of Water Emulsions of Nepeta Essential Oils  
The potential of EOs for weed control in organic farming is promising, but their effectiveness is limited due to rapid evaporation and photolysis. To improve their performance, researchers are developing innovative formulations, such as microencapsulation and the inclusion of natural protectants. These strategies aim to reduce the amount of EO neededand prolong the effect by minimizing volatilization and degradation [120]. The studies discussed in this section demonstrate the potential practical applications of water-based EO emulsions from _Nepeta_ species containing volatile monoterpenoid compounds that effectively inhibit the seed germination and growth of weed species. The preparation of a water emulsion with EOs offers many advantages for experimental research and agricultural applications. Since EOs are hydrophobic, their emulsion in water requires the use of stabilizing agents such as emulsifiers in low concentrations. They improve the solubility and uptake of hydrophobic compounds and thus increase their bioavailability. Water emulsions can provide slow or sustained release of EOs. In addition, these formulations require less EO per treatment, making them more cost-effective. Emulsions are easier to apply via spray systems and ensure even distribution across large areas. They also degrade more easily in the environment, supporting eco-friendly practices. [PERSON] et al. [41] emphasized the potential of _N. tranjensis_ EO as a natural herbicide for the control of invasive and allergenic weeds, with _Stellaria media_ (L.) Vill. being the most sensitive. [PERSON] et al. [121] investigated the inhibitory effect of _N. meyeri_ water extracts (_Nm_WEs) from different parts of plants on the seed germination and seedling development of the parasitic plant _Cuscuta campestris_ [PERSON], which causes significant damage to agricultural crops. _Nm_WEs reduced seed germination and root and shoot growth, as well as the dry weight of _C. campestris_ seedlings. Additionally, an inhibitory effect of _Nm_WEs was observed on the activity of key enzymes, such as alpha-amylase, protease, and \(\beta\)-1,3-glucanase in germinating _C. campestris_ seeds. [PERSON] et al. [122] showed that _Nepeta nuda_ L. subsp. _nuda_ water extracts (_Nnm_WEs) caused degeneration in _Triticum aestivum_ L. and _Cucumis sativus_ L. seedling growth, with roots being more affected than shoots. [PERSON] et al. [39] demonstrated that foliar application of _N_r_EO water emulsions triggered an initial stress response in _A. thaliana_ that affected metabolism and gene expression. This is consistent with the findings of [PERSON] et al. [123], who reported that the effectiveness of bioherbicides is limited, as many weed species recover over time. Figure 3 summarises the physiological responses of target plants to treatment with nepetalactone or phloretin as referenced by the authors of this review. The practical use of EO-based formulations requires further research on long-term efficacy, toxicity to non-target organisms, optimal concentrations, environmental impact, synergistic effects, and potential resistance development in weeds. Exploring the Potential of Nepeta tranjensis Essential Oil as a Selective Biotherapic and Crop Protector in Combination with a Broad-Spectrum Synthetic Herbicide--Phosphintchricin  
It is well-documented that EOs have gained attention in various fields, especially in the agricultural, environmental, and health sectors, due to their potential benefits as natural alternatives or supplements to synthetic pesticides [124; 125; 9; 126; 4]. While EOs can be effective on their own, their combined use with synthetic formulations for crop protection represents an approach to improving sustainability in agriculture. This not only reduces the ecological footprint but also minimizes health risks during handling.