## 1 Introduction  
Reinforced concrete remains a dominant material in the Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector due to its versatility and enduring performance [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Its ability to combine the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel reinforcement allows for the creation of robust and adaptable structures. However, as building designs evolve towards larger spans, traditional solid slab systems necessitate thicker slabs. This translates to heavier structures requiring increased beam and column dimensions, leading to a number of drawbacks [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. In practical terms, the slab constitutes a crucial structural element within a building, often requiring the largest quantity of concrete. Primarily tasked with supporting vertical loads, the slab's design focuses solely on this aspect [11, 12, 13]. Furthermore, as the building span extends, the thickness of the slab increases, necessitating corresponding adjustments in beam and column dimensions. Solid slab systems, an early innovation aimed at expediting construction and reducing costs by eliminating intermediate beams, remain one of the earliest methods introduced for such purposes [11, 14, 1]. Nevertheless, the substantial weight associated with this system renders it unsuitable for application in long spans and high-rise structures [10, 15, 16, 17, 18]. Additionally, its increased weight contributes to heightened seismic loads, rendering its utilization in regions prone to high seismic activity economically unfeasible [4, 19, 20]. Alongside the structural shortcomings, it is reported that the manufacturing processes of cement and rebars, which are the main components of concrete, entail substantial energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [15; 16; 21; 22]. In order to overcome the addressed difficulties, various structural systems have been developed in recent years. As a solution to this issue, there's a growing adoption of systems aimed at reducing slab weight, such as voided slabs. These slabs involve removing non-structural concrete from the centre of the slab cross-section and replacing it with lightweight materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), expanded polystyrene (EPS), and so forth. Void slabs are typically categorized into one-way void slabs, utilizing lightweight hollow pipes, and biaxial void slabs employing hollow bodies, depending on the method of constructing the voids [23; 24; 25; 26]. Two-way voided slabs have garnered significant attention as a promising technological advancement aligning with contemporary objectives such as sustainable development, circular economy promotion, and carbon dioxide emission reduction [22; 26; 27]. Several reports suggest that the adoption of void slabs, which involve a reduced amount of concrete and incorporation of recycled materials for void formers, can align with the objectives outlined in building environmental assessment methodologies such as BREEAM and LEED [21; 22; 27; 28]. Moreover, void slab structures are expected as potential solutions to societal issues like inter-floor noise in densely populated high-rise residential settings such as apartments and high-rise buildings [17; 29; 30; 31]. Although void slabs offer benefits such as reduced self-weight, environmental friendliness, and potential solutions to societal issues, they are susceptible to greater vulnerability to shear forces compared to solid slabs [5]. The reduction in shear force resistance in void slabs is attributed to the removal of abdominal concrete, which does not compromise bending resistance but introduces cross-sectional defects that diminish shear force resistance [2; 6; 8; 9; 11; 14]. Moreover, shear failure, induced by shear force, poses challenges in failure prediction and user safety due to its inherently brittle nature, contrasting with the gradual failure characteristic of flexural failure [32].