## 3 Results and Discussion
### Pistacia treebinth L. Fruit Oil Quality Parameters and Aroma Composition
Terpenes have a wide range of applications in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. Terpenoids, such as limonene, myrcene, \(\alpha\)-pinene, and linalool, have been designated as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA [46]. For instance, limonene has a lemon fragrance and is used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, chewing gum, ice cream, candy, baked goods, etc. [47]. Limonene also has functions such as preservation, bacteriasis, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor activity, as well as acting as an expectorant, anti-asthmatic, and chologogue [48]. On the other hand, both \(\alpha\)-pinene and \(\beta\)-pinene have many commercial applications. They are commonly used as flavor compounds to produce herbal or earthy flavors in food [49]. \(\alpha\)-Pinene has been used to treat respiratory tract infections for centuries. Furthermore, it plays a crucial role in the fragrance and flavor industry [50]. Myrcene is another popular food additive used as a flavoring agent with a high production volume of 58,076 kg for Europe and 1188 kg for the USA. \(\beta\)-Myrcene is used in the food and beverages industries as well as in products such as cosmetics, soaps, and detergents. \(\beta\)-Myrcene is an important starting material for the manufacturing of some other scents and flavors [51]. Terpenes are displayed as the major class of aroma compounds in terephthal fruit oil. The total amount of terpenes in fruit oil was 184 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\), corresponding to 96.7% of total aroma. Similarly, the aroma composition of oils obtained from different parts of terephthal plants like shoots, flowers, and fruits was reported to consist of mostly monoterpenic hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterenes, and sesquiterpenes [52; 53]. The major volatiles detected were the same as those previously identified as the leading compounds in the terephthal seeds by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [7]. In the current study, major volatiles of terephthal oil were d-limonene (15.6%), occimee (11%), \(\alpha\)-terpinene (10%), p-cymene (9%), (Z)-\(\beta\)-ocimene (4.6%), and \(\alpha\)-pinene (4.5%). [PERSON] et al. (2003) found that ripe fruit oil of Turkish terephthal contained limonene (32.0%), \(\beta\)-pinene (23%), myrcene (11%), \(\alpha\)-pinene (5%), and terpinolene (7%). Also, [PERSON] et al. [54] determined the major compounds of the essential oil of Tunisian treebind seeds as \(\beta\)-pinene (38.3%), terpinene (12.8%), \(\alpha\)-pinene (15.7%), p-cymene (15.6%), and limonene (0.2%). These differences may be a result of oil extraction, plant genetics, geographical location, climate, and environmental factors [45; 54]. Other than terpen, acetic acid and bornyl acetate were detected as minor volatiles, which was also reported in the terephthal seeds and oils in the literature [7; 45; 55]. Bornyl acetate, especially, was reported to be one of the major volatiles of terephthal oil samples collected from Izmir and Antalya, while it was not determined in the samples from the other cities of Turkey [45]. Again, this difference can be due to the factors mentioned above.