## 3 Results
### Effectiveness of Shadow Zones in UGSs  
#### 3.3.1 Cooling Effects of Shadow Zones in UGSs for Each Level of SD Based on the Same TP  
Considering the SD based on the same TP, when meteorological conditions were less affected by solar radiation, the cooling effects of shadow zones in UGSs were as follows. At 9:00, the cooling effect was smallest (0.206 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.4-0.6 and largest (\(-\)1.104 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2. At 11:00, the cooling effect was smallest (0.448 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.4-0.6 and largest (2.939 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0. At 13:00, the cooling effect was smallest (\(-\)0.002 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2 and largest (\(-\)2.214 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0. At 15:00, the cooling effect was smallest (0.136 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.4-0.6 and largest at \(-\)1.825 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0. At 17:00, the cooling effect was smallest (\(-\)0.099 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.2-0.4 and largest (\(-\)0.888 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2. Therefore, the cooling effect was \(<\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C at all levels of SD, excluding the SVF range of 0.8-1.0 at 11:00, 13:00, and 15:00, indicating that the cooling effect was insignificant in shadow zones in UGSs other than shadow zones with the lowest level of SD. This finding suggests that shadow zone effects differ from the effects of UGSs and GBAM, where the extent of cooling increased in parallel with the SVF (Table 6). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Time** & **SVF** & **0.0–0.2** & **0.2–0.4** & **0.4–0.6** & **0.6–0.8** & **0.8–1.0** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Less affected by solar radiation} & 9:00 & \(-\)1.104 & \(-\)0.865 & 0.206 & \(-\)0.042 & \(-\)0.467 \\ \cline{2-7}  & 11:00 & \(-\)0.937 & \(-\)0.326 & 0.448 & \(-\)0.174 & \(-\)2.939 \\ \cline{2-7}  & 13:00 & \(-\)0.002 & \(-\)0.890 & \(-\)0.313 & \(-\)0.482 & \(-\)2.214 \\ \cline{2-7}  & 15:00 & \(-\)0.698 & \(-\)0.389 & 0.136 & \(-\)0.112 & \(-\)1.825 \\ \cline{2-7}  & 17:00 & \(-\)0.888 & \(-\)0.099 & \(-\)0.593 & \(-\)0.822 & \(-\)0.591 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \(\mathrm{T_{min}}\)–\(\mathrm{T_{max}}\) & \(-\)1.102 & \(-\)0.791 & \(-\)1.041 & \(-\)0.780 & \(-\)2.472 \\ \cline{2-7}  & A.M. & \(-\)1.021 & \(-\)0.596 & 0.327 & \(-\)0.108 & \(-\)1.703 \\ \cline{2-7}  & P.M. & \(-\)0.793 & \(-\)0.244 & \(-\)0.229 & \(-\)0.467 & \(-\)1.208 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \(\mathrm{T_{AM}}\)–\(\mathrm{T_{PM}}\) & \(-\)0.228 & \(-\)0.352 & 0.556 & 0.359 & \(-\)0.495 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Affected by solar radiation} & 9:00 & \(-\)2.941 & \(-\)3.250 & \(-\)2.973 & \(-\)2.535 & \(-\)5.319 \\ \cline{2-7}  & 11:00 & \(-\)3.934 & \(-\)3.260 & \(-\)1.852 & \(-\)1.868 & \(-\)4.479 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & 13:00 & \(-\)0.913 & \(-\)1.966 & \(-\)1.628 & \(-\)1.756 & \(-\)3.751 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & 15:00 & 0.807 & \(-\)0.602 & 0.506 & \(-\)0.638 & \(-\)1.520 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & 17:00 & \(-\)0.425 & \(-\)0.056 & 0.528 & 0.530 & 0.306 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & \(\mathrm{T_{min}}\)–\(\mathrm{T_{max}}\) & \(-\)4.741 & \(-\)3.204 & \(-\)3.501 & \(-\)3.065 & \(-\)5.625 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & A.M. & \(-\)3.438 & \(-\)3.255 & \(-\)2.413 & \(-\)2.202 & \(-\)4.899 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & P.M. & 0.191 & \(-\)0.329 & 0.517 & \(-\)0.054 & \(-\)0.607 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & \(\mathrm{T_{AM}}\)–\(\mathrm{T_{PM}}\) & \(-\)3.629 & \(-\)2.926 & \(-\)2.930 & \(-\)2.148 & \(-\)4.292 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Cooling effect (\({}^{\circ}\)C) of shadow zones in urban green spaces (UGSs) in each spatial density (SD) condition. From the same perspective, when meteorological conditions were affected by solar radiation, the effects of shadow zones in UGSs were as follows. At 9:00, the cooling effect was smallest (\(-\)2.535 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.6-0.8 and largest (\(-\)5.319 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0.