# Overview of Clean Automotive Thermal Propulsion Options for India to 2030
## 3 Methodology
### CO\({}_{2}\) Calculation Methodology
The graph shown in Figure 6 was plotted based on the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions that are reducing since 1971 for the transport sector. This consists of total transport emissions including domestic aerospace, domestic railway, domestic road and navigation and not by automotive CO\({}_{2}\) g/km consumption standards. It is a cumulative graph representing % CO\({}_{2}\) emission decrease until the year 2014. It was illustrated to show that the emissions due to transport have decreased. The total Indian CO\({}_{2}\) emissions have increased due to the factors such as electricity and heat production, manufacturing industries, construction and emissions in the sectors like commercial, residential and public services. The values plotted on the graph are for the diesel emissions limits for India starting from 2007 to 2020. The calculated reduction of predicted emissions was plotted until the year 2030 and are illustrated in Figure 7. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Split Cycle** \\ **Thermo** \\ \end{tabular} & **MAX Case \%** & **MIN Case \%** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **CO\({}_{2}\) Reduction** \\ **g/km MAX Case** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **CO\({}_{2}\) Reduction** \\ **g/km MIN Case** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**2028** & 15\% & 5\% & 53.06 & 72.59 \\
**2029** & 15\% & 5\% & 45.10 & 69.3 \\
**2030** & 15\% & 5\% & 38.34 & 66.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: CO\({}_{2}\) Reduction in Split Cycle Engine Technology. Figure 6: Historic CO\({}_{2}\) emissions for transportation in India. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **CCS** \\ **CCS** \\ \end{tabular} & **MAX Case \%** & **MIN Case \%** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **CO\({}_{2}\) Reduction** \\ **g/km MAX Case** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **CO\({}_{2}\) Reduction** \\ **g/km MIN Case** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**2028** & 10\% & 7\% & 53.06 & 72.59 \\
**2029** & 10\% & 7\% & 47.76 & 67.50 \\
**2030** & 10\% & 7\% & 42.98 & 62.78 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: CO\({}_{2}\) Reduction in Carbon Capture and Storage Technology. minimum scenario prevails comprehensively in which case at worst-case scenario it the Indian target will miss this target by 10%. In addition, there is no confirmation that the Indian BS VII will feature a similar standard, although it is safe to assume that it will probably be similarly strict, considering the jump in Indian emissions norms in order to mitigate the urgent urban pollution situation. In Figure 8, starting from advanced boosting till carbon capture and storage, from popular to least popular technology, were proposed for implementation in India. The most promising technologies were regenerative braking, split cycle engine, advanced combustion, and carbon capture and storage having high percentages in reducing carbon emissions from the vehicles. However, the actual percentages of  
Figure 8: Indian Automotive CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions Roadmap for 2020–2030. Figure 9: Historic CO\({}_{2}\) g/km emission levels in India. the technologies were not considered in reducing the emissions in a decade from 2020-2030 as they are not yet implemented in the Indian vehicles. In the immediate future, if implemented appropriately, the technologies would be very beneficial in curbing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from the vehicles. As suggested by [16] CCS was able to reduce 40% of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from the test vehicle in 2018 and has proposed up to 50% reductions in the near future. Regenerative braking promises up to 25-50% carbon emission reduction as suggested by [46] and [47]. An emission reduction of 31% is suggested by [36] through PCCI method of combustion technology and 7.5-24% of carbon reductions in Split Cycle Engine Technology including CryoPower and ThermoPower as suggested by [29]. However, the percentages are quite high and optimistic to be considered for a conjectured implementation from 2020 to 2030 in the context of India.