## 3 Procedure, Data and Methodology
### Construction of Lexical Situation Type System
#### 3.1.2 Manual Annotation of Co-Occurrence Information  
The classification of verb situation types is based on the co-occurrence features of verbs with different aspectual markers. To ensure the scientific rigor of the situation type classification system, we need to establish objective annotation criteria and manually judge and annotate the relevant features. We use [PERSON]'s principles for classifying verb situation types [12] as a basis for determining whether verbs have the ability to co-occur with aspectual markers. [PERSON] [12; 19] focused on the event structure exhibited by verbs across temporal stages, classifying Chinese verbs from the perspective of process structure, which essentially aligns with the mainstream concept of situation types. [PERSON] [12] believes that verbs, as declarative components, have the signified that involves an internal process unfolding over time. This internal process consists of three elements: inception, finish and duration. The presence and intensity of these three elements determine the differences in verb situation types. Based on this, [PERSON] classified Chinese verb situation types into five major categories and ten subcategories, viewing the subclasses as a complete gradual system with three prototypical categories: Va, Vc4 and Ve, representing state, activity and transition, respectively [12]. Later, [PERSON] [19] revised his perspective, proposing that the subclasses of verb situation types exist in a certain hierarchical relationship. He introduced a three-tiered situation type hierarchy consisting of statue verbs, action verbs and change verbs, as shown below in Figure 2.  
The reason for adopting [PERSON]'s annotation method [12] is that his work in annotating [PERSON]'s dictionary is comprehensive and meticulous. He annotated nearly all the verbs in the dictionary, totaling 1328 verbs and 2117 senses. Moreover, [PERSON]'s classification of situation types is primarily based on the grammatical features of verbs--specifically,  
Figure 2: [PERSON]’s verb situation type hierarchy system [19]. whether they can co-occur with various aspectual markers--rather than on their intrinsic semantics. This approach ensures both scientific rigor and practical operability, aligning with our principles. We have summarized the specific criteria as follows in Table 1.  
As shown in the table above, classifying the situation type of a verb requires referencing two criteria in sequence: first, what aspectual markers the verb can co-occur with; and second, what meaning the verb conveys when co-occurring with these aspectual markers. For example, in the case of the aspectual marker \"LE\", we first need to determine whether the verb can co-occur with \"LE\". If they can co-occur, there are two possible scenarios: first, if the co-occurrence indicates the beginning of an action, the verb has both the inception and duration; second, if the co-occurrence indicates the completion of an action, the verb has the finish. For instance:  
(1) haiaixiu1 le  
feel_shy LE  
start to feel shy  
[+inception, +duration]  
(2) shi2 xian4 le  
achieve LE  
have achieved  
[+finish]  
(3) zhi2 xing2 le  
execute LE  
start to execute/have executed  
[+inception, +duration, +finish]  
Furthermore, if a verb can co-occur with the progressive markers \"ZHE\" or \"ZAI/ZHENGZAI\", then the verb possesses a duration; if a verb can co-occur with the experiential marker \"GUO\", then the verb has the finish. It is important to note that if a verb cannot co-occur with any of these five aspectual markers but can indicate an ongoing action, then the verb still has a duration. Therefore, it is evident that the elements of inception, duration and finish are crucial in determining the situation type of a verb. Based on the presence and density of these three elements, verbs can be classified into ten distinct subcategories. There are several points that require special clarification:  
(1) Many aspectual markers in Chinese have homographs.