## 1 Introduction
### Original and Significant Contribution to New Body of Knowledge  
The key original and significant contributions to change in practice from the author's research undertaken as part of her D.Eng. project are to propose a sustainable water conservation and reuse (SWC) strategy forming the basis for a water protocol, specific to arid climate regions such as AD, and which addresses the following. The development of a calculation methodology using equations from the literature to estimate and compare energy consumption in desalinated water and onsite generated non-clinical non-potable water resources for WFs and LI reuse. This is to measure the financial viability through a benefit cost ratio analysis, and to measure the systems' GHG emissions impact with the design and development of a water: energy GHG metric with these units, kilograms of CO\({}_{2}\) equivalent per m\({}^{3}\) (kgCO\({}_{2}\)/m\({}^{3}\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Existing Standards Related to** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Address Both Energy Intensity and Water**} \\
**Water and Energy Carbon** & **Scope** & **Reduction for Onsite Non-Potable Water** \\
**Footprint Management** & & **Systems? (Yes or No)** \\ \hline International Standard & Applicable to products, processes and & \\ Organization (ISO), 14046: 2016 & organizations and based on lifecycle & No. It addresses Water Consumption \\ Environmental management Water & assessments (LCA’s) to accurately quantify & Reduction only. \\ Footprint Principles, requirements and guidelines [47] & the water used, in a verifiable and consistent manner. & No. It does address all energy systems of \\ \hline ISO 50001.2017 Energy management systems. Requirements with guidance for use [48] & ISO 50001 requires the demonstration of continual improvement through the reduction in utilization of energy. & No. It does address all energy systems of \\ \hline Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE) [46] & A metric to quantify water required for operating and cooling equipment for cloud computing industries and data centers. & No. It addresses Water Consumption \\ \hline Embedded Resource Accounting (ERA) [49] & It generalizes ecological, water, and carbon footprint methods by accounting for the net direct and indirect impacts of processes on arbitrarily defined resource stocks. & No. It is a generalized footprint methodology, which is used to derive footprints including water footprint [46]. \\ \hline Water Energy Greenhouse Gas & This establishes a series of WEG intensity metrics to enable water suppliers and consumers in Southern California to assess the GHG impact of their urban and agricultural water products. & No. The recycled water treatment and distribution and wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal are outside the scope of the WEG Guidance. The operational boundary ends at point-of delivery, or end-of-pipe. \\ \hline GHC Protocol Corporate Value & The Scope Three Standard is the method to account for emissions from 15 categories of scope three activities (All other non-scope two indirect anthropogenic GHG emissions that occur in the value chain), both upstream and downstream of their operations. Unlike scope 1 and 2, scope three is not subject to verification by a third party. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Onsite non-potable water systems for the greenhouse gas (GHG) benchmarking knowledge gap.