esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Composition and Basic Physical Properties of the Phobos Surface: A Comprehensive Review
## 6 Characteristics and Physical Properties of Phobos Regolith
### Physical Properties of Regolith
#### 6.2.3 Porosity
Basing the analysis on grain density instead of volumetric density, a total porosity ranging from 31.73% to 50.21% was obtained (Table 2, Figure 23). These values align well with the porosity of C-type asteroids (40-60%). The presence of significant porosity/macro porosity is confirmed by the existence of the Stickney crater on Phobos' surface [1; 25]. The formation of such large craters on a small body (roughly the diameter of the body) requires substantial porosity to prevent the body from being destroyed during the impact process [81]. The high macro porosity of Phobos indicates that its interior does not correspond to a monolithic rock but rather to a gravitationally loosely consolidated assemblage of materials [81].
## 3 Summary of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the CO2 Emission Prediction Model
### Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN)  
TCNs are a type of CNN architecture specifically designed for processing time-series data, similar to LSTM [44; 45]. Unlike recurrent networks, TCNs process sequential data in parallel, allowing for faster training. They also address the vanishing gradient problem through residual connections and the use of standard backpropagation algorithms, enhancing model stability and efficiency [46; 47]. The structure of TCN is illustrated in Figure 5.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup
Figures 8 and 9 show the waveforms of the readings of strain gauges T1, T2, and T3 of the unloaded belt at speeds of 159 rpm (Figure 8) and 540 rpm (Figure 9) as a function of time. The joining area of the tape is clearly visible on the waveforms. Figure 8 shows the rotation times of the drum and tape. The measurement results, obtained using an analog-to-digital converter, are presented in ADU (analog-to-digital units) as a result of analog-to-digital conversion. Figure 10: Indications of strain gauges T1,T2,T3 for the conveyor belt without load at a speed of 159 rpm with three longitudinal belt damages: DL1, DL2, DL3. Figure 9: Indications of strain gauges T1,T2,T3 for the conveyor belt without load at a speed of 540 rpm. Figure 11: Indications of strain gauges T1,T2,T3 for the conveyor belt without load at a speed of 159 rpm with four longitudinal belt damages: DL1, DL2, DL3, DL4 and three transverse damages DT1, DT2, DT3. Based on the conducted research, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
* As the rotational speed of the drum increases, the damages generate an increase in the value of the readings, and the nature of the tension distribution on the individual strain gauges changes. * Damages DL2, DL3, DL4, DT1 cause visible increases in strain gauge readings, most clearly visible by strain gauge T2. * Damage DL1 generated a different tension distribution on the strain gauges than DL2, DL3, DL4, DT1, with strain gauge T2 being significantly more loaded. * Two transverse cuts in the edge of the belt from the side of strain gauge T1, damages DT2 and DT3, caused an increase in the amplitude of the value and a decrease in the belt tension. The signal waveform for the damaged belt in relation to the belt without edge damage is anomalous. Under dynamic test conditions, the belt began to converge, immobilizing the conveyor and thus preventing further measurement and reading of results. An immediate stop of the conveyor would be advisable. The strain gauge readings indicate a decrease in belt pressure, which is especially visible for strain gauge T1, which is closest to damages DT2 and DT3. The above qualitative analysis of the signals allows us to hypothesize that conveyor belt damages cause anomalies in the signals recorded by the strain gauges. Further activities aim to automatically detect these anomalies in order to locate the damage.
## 3 JTAG Exploitations
### Exploitation Using JTAGulator Tool  
According to [PERSON] et al. (2010), it is one of the important tasks to find open pinouts first that are kept by manufacturers on PCB board for future debugging and improvement because PCB manufacturers usually hide JTAG interface points from user to provide basic security rather than exposing it directly. Here, the authors explained the JTAGulator, an open source hardware tool developed by developer [PERSON] (2010). The authors explored the open pins that are indirectly available on PCB to normal user through brute force attack. Once the hacker gets to know the pinout from PCB board through manual inspection, then the attacker can easily get access to the firmware or bootloader. JTAGulator board assists all users in identifying OCD (On Chip Debug) interfaces from test points or components pads which are available on PCB boards. The JTAGulator tool can be connected to a PC via USB interface as well as gives interactive CLI for the user. Figure 1 shows JTAGulator image which has USB interface for PC connection.  
Here, Android-based HTC Dream cellphone and a Luminary Micro LM3S8962 ARM Evaluation Board are used in the experiment for exploitation. Users can set off target device operating voltage levels, which facilitate connecting any device to JTAGulator. the authors configured it to 3.3 V for HTC dream mobile. JTAGulator is able to perform both boundary scan and IDCODE scan. the IDCODE scans are used for identifying JTAG slaves. In the experiment, JTAGulator continuously injected signals at various pins and recorded responses. The authors used these responses to identify pins on PCB boards through CLI interface. Based on pin information, the authors used J-Link debugger tool from \"segger\" to get access through JTAG interface. This method could be the starting point for any illegitimate user to get JTAG access into IOT node with open source registered toolsets.
# DIKWP-TRIZ: A Revolution on Traditional TRIZ Towards Invention for Artificial Consciousness
## 4 Mapping and Coverage Analysis of TRIZ Rules in DIKWP
### Mapping the 40 TRIZ Principles to the DIKWP Model
#### 4.1.21. Purpose (P) \(\rightarrow\) Data (D)  
The cognitive subject transforms Purpose content into specific Data collection requirements and Data formats through goal-oriented analysis. This process of converting Purpose into Data involves translating the semantic content of expected objectives into concrete Data formats and collection plans. By aligning the intended goals with precise Data specifications, this transformation ensures that Data collection efforts are systematically guided to support the achievement of targeted outcomes.
* **Principle 10: Preliminary Action** Future Data collection plans and requirements can be proactively generated based on the content of purposes to ensure that the Data will meet the analytical needs of anticipated goals. In market analysis, for example, new Data collection strategies can be developed in advance based on market expansion purposes, such as gathering Information on emerging market trends and competitor activities. This approach ensures that Data acquisition is strategically aligned with the expected objectives, facilitating more effective analysis and informed decision making [111].
* **Principle 19: Periodic Action** The cognitive subject collects specific data based on periodic similar purposes for analysis or decision making in other aspects. In the context of the Internet of Things, sensors in the system collect status data of monitored devices every once in a while, which is used for the working status of each device [112].
* **Principle 21: Skipping** When facing problems caused by slow efficiency, in order to achieve rapid response, it is often necessary to preset corresponding strategies based on known experience. For example, in personalized recommendation systems, the system can directly recommend content of interest to users based on their preferences, without the need to collect a large amount of user behavior data for analysis first [113].
* **Principle 23: Feedback** Based on the feedback mechanisms of the intended goals, supplementary and optimized Data can be generated to create datasets that more accurately align with the objectives. In user experience optimization, for instance, new Data collection requirements can be derived from user feedback to capture additional user behavior Information. This helps refine product design according to the intent of product improvements, ensuring that the Data collected support targeted enhancements and deliver a better user experience [114].
## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we propose a tunable dual broadband THz metamaterial absorber. Two VO\({}_{2}\) ellipses that intersect perpendicularly with a circular hole dug out of the center are used as the top structure, the middle layer is SiO\({}_{2}\), and the top layer is gold. Based on interference theory and impedance matching theory, we obtained a tunable absorber with which two bandwidths of 90% absorption reach as wide as 2.32 THz from 1.87 to 4.19 THz and 2.03 THz from 8.70 to 10.73 THz under normal incidence. By changing the conductivity of the VO\({}_{2}\), dynamic absorption control from 2% to 94% can be achieved. Moreover, due to the symmetry of the structure, the absorptance is insensitive to the polarization angle. We envision that our high-performance, tunable, dual broadband absorber may have potential in a vast range of applications in imaging, modulation and stealth technology.  
Conceptualization, X.-F.J.; formal analysis, X.-F.J.; visualization, X.-F.J.; writing, original draft preparation, X.-F.J.; writing, review and editing, X.-F.J., T.L. and Z.-H.Z.; supervision, G.-F.S. and Y.X. All of the authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Plan (No.2016 YFB0402402). The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. XDB43010000. National Key Research and Development Plan (No.2016 YFB0400601). National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2015 CB351902). National Science and Technology Major Project (2018 ZX01005101-010). National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61835011). National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U1431231). Key Research Projects of the Frontier Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. QYZDY-SSW-JSC004). Beijing Science and Technology Projects (Grant No. Z151100001615042).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 6: When \(\sigma\) is \(2\times 10^{5}\) S/m, the absorption spectrum changes with the major axis of the ellipse (**a**), the minor axis of the ellipse (**b**), the radius of the inner circle (**c**) and the thickness of SiO\({}_{2}\) (**d**).
# Designed Circularly Polarized Two-Port Microstrip MIMO Antenna for WLAN Applications
## 1 Introduction
It is shown that the designs in [35; 36; 37; 42; 44; 46] have small sizes, but low isolations, low gains, and narrow bandwidths, while our proposed antenna has the lowest profile and smallest lateral dimensions to achieve good performance. The designs in references [33; 38; 40; 45] suffer from bigger sizes, low isolations, low gains, narrow bandwidths, and the axial ratios are compared to the proposed designs. Furthermore, the designs in [41; 47] are complicated structures, larger sizes, and have lower isolations, gains, and narrow bandwidths. The suggested MIMO antenna is well-suited for various wireless applications due to its low profile, high peak gain, low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), high diversity gain, good isolation, large bandwidth, and axial ratio. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the theory and design while Section 3 presents the MIMO antenna CP results. Moreover, the parametric study is presented in Section 4 whereas the result and discussion of MIMO-CP are presented in Section 5. Section 6 presents the MIMO antenna system parameter and, finally, the paper is concluded in Section 7.
# Modeling of Fatigue-Strength Development
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
The cold-emulsion asphalt mix used in this study was composed of a blend of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and virgin aggregates bound with a slow-setting cationic bitumen emulsion. Reclaimed asphalt pavement was obtained as slabs from a road undergoing rehabilitation in Nairobi, Kenya. The slabs were processed into four aggregate fractions of nominal sizes 0/6 mm, 6/10 mm, 10/14 mm, and 14/20 mm. The virgin aggregates of nominal size 0/6 mm were obtained from Katani Quarries, located in Machakos County of Kenya. X-ray fluorescent analysis conducted on both virgin and reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates revealed a siliceous mineralogy with SiO\({}_{2}\) constituting 65.497% of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates and 62.503% of the virgin aggregates, respectively. Siliceous rocks have a net negative surface charge, which is compatible with positively charged cationic bitumen emulsions [55; 56]. The cationic bitumen emulsion, K\({}_{3\text{-}65}\), complying with BS EN 13808 [57], was obtained from COLAS East Africa Ltd., situated in Nairobi, Kenya. Residual bitumen was recovered from the reclaimed asphalt pavement using the Rotary Evaporator Method, conducted in accordance with BS EN 12697-3 [58]. Base bitumen was recovered from the cationic bitumen emulsion by Evaporation Method, following procedures set out in BS EN 13074-2 [59]. Bitumen recovered from both reclaimed asphalt pavement and the cationic bitumen emulsion were subjected to Needle Penetration and Softening Point (Ring and Ball) tests following procedures set out in BS EN 1426 [60] and BS EN 1427 [61], respectively. Properties of bitumen recovered from bitumen emulsion and the reclaimed asphalt pavement are presented in Table 1.  
This study adopted the Asphalt Institute procedure, detailed in MS 19 [62], to design a cold-emulsion asphalt mix of gradation 0/20 mm, suitable for surfacing of low to medium traffic volume roads [4; 7]. Individual aggregate fractions were graded following procedures set out in BS 812: Part 103 [63] and iteratively blended to fit within Transport and Road Research Laboratories (TRRL) gradation envelope recommended by the Asphalt Institute for cold-emulsion asphalts [62]. The final design mix was composed of 45% 0/6 mm virgin aggregates, 15% 0/6 mm reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates, 10% 6/10 mm reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates, 15% 10/14 mm reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates, and 15% 14/20 mm reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates, as percentages by mass of the total dry aggregates. Figure 1 depicts the gradation of the design aggregates blend.  
The design pre-mix water and bitumen emulsion constituted 4% and 6.2% by mass of the dry aggregates, respectively. Besides contributing to the workability of the cold-emulsion asphalt mix, pre-mix water aid in activating surface charges in the aggregates, and thus serves to accelerate breaking of the bitumen emulsion.
## 5 Experimental Results and Evaluation
### Security and Privacy Analysis
#### 5.4.2 Collusion Tamper Attack  
An adversary can compromise multiple nodes that collude to tamper with the PC data to influence the accuracy of 3D object detection and tracking. The collusion tamper attack could be easily achieved, especially for a small network. Our SAUSA anchors the meta-data of the original PC data to the Ethereum Blockchain. Once transactions encapsulating the meta-data are finalized on the immutable public distributed ledger, it is difficult for an adversary to attempt to revert the transactions or the status of smart contracts by controlling the majority (51%) of the nodes within a public Ethereum network. As the meta-data recorded on the Blockchain can be used as audit proofs for verifying the integrity of data on local private servers, the possibility of collusion tampering is reduced.
## 5 Results and ANN Model Validation
### Architecture and Validation of the ANN Model  
#### 5.3.1 ANN Model Performance  
To determine the optimal number of layers and nodes, nodes and hidden layers were respectively incremented seven and one at a round until we obtained the best performance with the network structure. As shown in Figure 19a, overfitting was detected at 63 nodes when the loss (RMSE) is the smallest and then rises afterwards. In the same manner, the optimal number of hidden layers was determined as seven, where it showed the best learning performance (Figure 19b). Consequently, it was concluded that the final optimized  
Figure 17: (**a**) Injection rates for the injection periods of 10, 20, and 30 years, (**b**) the pore pressure in aquifer A (top layer) at fault EF1 for the injection periods of 10, 20, and 30 years. The injection stops at 22 years when the 30 years injection period is chosen due to the CO\({}_{2}\) breakthrough.  
Figure 18: (**a**) RTI and (**b**) STI for the injection periods of 10 (solid), 20 (dashed), and 30 years (dotted curve).  
architecture of the ANN model contained 63 nodes with seven hidden layers, as shown in Figure 20.  
Figure 21 shows the \(R^{2}\) and RMSE trends during the training and testing of the constructed ANN model. Blue and red dots represent the \(R^{2}\) and RMSE at each epoch, respectively. As shown in Figure 21, using the \(R^{2}\) in the training and testing of the model, we obtained performances of 0.8523 and 0.8442, respectively, at epoch 209 when the model was stopped early. In addition, the RMSE in the training and testing of the model converged on 0.1803 and 0.1834, respectively, at the 209 th iteration.  
Figure 19: Optimization of (**a**) the number of nodes in each layer and (**b**) the number of hidden layers.  
Figure 20: The optimized architecture of the ANN model.
# Practical Application of Mesh Opportunistic Networks
## 4 Results
### Focus Group  
During the informed discussion held just after the session ended, participants focused on issues in two areas: the technical questions of use and immediacy; and the ethical or professional issues. Regarding communications through an opportunistic network, the general opinion was surprise at not knowing about these devices, which can be used free of charge. There was general agreement on their great practical utility in the coordination of event coverage. Among the problems, the initial complicated configuration of the devices was highlighted, as well as the problems in sending images, in sharp contrast to other chat like Apps usually used on phones. Professional journalists were of the opinion that they would use it without hesitation for sports coverage in stadiums, outdoor sports events or urban demonstrations at which a team of reporters is required. Its usefulness to coordinate live programs in noisy environments was also highlighted.  
In terms of the ethical issues, the participants noted a lack of supervision and control with these devices, which could permit illegal use, and they lamented that a similar communications system was not implemented by default in mobile phones in the mountains,for example. It was concluded that mobile phone operators would not be interested in a system that is independent of data plans and the possibility of billing.  
It should be noted that the day after this experimental session, video recordings continued and one of the participants' movements coincided with the visit of the Queen of Spain to the Almagro International Festival of Classical Theater. As expected, this produced an intermittent failure of all telephone systems due to the customary use of frequency inhibitors in these circumstances (see Figure 3). The group covering this information indicated that the OppNet device continued to work normally, and the mesh communications remained intact. Although this event did not occur in the experimental session, we believe it is relevant and worthy of mention.
###### Abstract  
This study investigated experimentally and numerically the influence of ultrasound pre-treatment on the drying kinetics of sliced carrot samples. Drying experiments were performed under different conditions, including scenarios with and without ultrasound pre-treatment at drying temperatures of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. A diffusion-based-drying model was developed to study the impact of ultrasound pre-treatment on drying kinetics. The effective moisture diffusivity of carrots was expressed as a function of moisture content and temperature. Given the complexity of the dehydration process in carrot slices, which depends on the spatiotemporal variations in moisture content and temperature, and is challenging to monitor experimentally, the effective moisture diffusivity is computed by minimizing the discrepancy between numerical predictions and experimental moisture-content changes over time. This study revealed that ultrasound pre-treatment significantly enhanced the moisture diffusivity of the samples, increasing it by 43% to 90% at drying temperatures of 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. To apply this analysis of ultrasound pre-treatment in large-scale dryers where thousands of slices may be involved, the proposed diffusion model was simplified to a characteristic drying-curve model. Afterwards, this characteristic drying-curve model was incorporated into a belt-dryer model. The results indicated a 12% reduction in the length of the belt dryer when ultrasound pre-treatment was applied. Additionally, the color of carrot samples was preserved better with ultrasound pre-treatment. On the basis of these results, the application of ultrasound pre-treatment in the hot-air drying of carrot slices was favored, both in terms of improved drying kinetics and quality aspects.  
**Key words:** ultrasound pre-treatment; drying kinetics; product quality; effective moisture diffusivity; drying models; scale up
# Spatialization and Analysis of China's GDP Based on NPP/VIIRS Data from 2013 to 2023
## 2 Study Area and Data
### Data and Preprocessing
#### 2.2.2 Processing of NPP/VIIRS Data  
The NPP/VIIRS imagery data downloaded directly have not been denoised, and they contain background noise and the effects of transient light sources such as fires, gas flares, and volcanoes. These effects can increase the intensity of nighttime light, causing abnormally high DN values and reducing the reliability of GDP. Therefore, it is necessary to preprocess the downloaded NPP/VIIRS data to achieve the purpose of eliminating noise. There are many methods to remove the influence of outliers, including the noise mask method [28], the optimal threshold method, the noise threshold method, etc. Because the noise mask method has the advantages of a simple operation and high overall result accuracy, this method is used for noise processing in this paper. For negative DN values in the original NPP/VIIRS image, 0 is assigned; for high outliers, the highest pixel value of  
Figure 1: Map of the study area.  
Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, three cities with developed economies and large urban scales in China, is used as the threshold, and the data above the threshold are eliminated, and then the neighborhood operation is performed and smoothing is performed to make it present a reasonable value.