## 2 Literature Review
### Smart Government
#### 2.1.2 Countermeasures
Adopting this multi-level smart governance architecture also addresses one of the most challenging difficulties in any IoT-based solution: naming (devices or IoT settings). Because of the handle system and its global infrastructure, each infrastructure installed following the concept functions as an independent node in a well-structured network that functions as a domain name system (DNS). In this approach, any IoT material and smart-governance-related element may be accessible from anywhere, including external ecosystems, such as other companies, municipal authorities, and smart cities. Remote e-voting is unquestionably the apex of e-governance in a prosperous smart city. Remote e-voting is convenient and gives voters simple access. On the other hand, it makes it simpler for election officials to tally ballots and compile reports. Nonetheless, there has been increased criticism of the security and integrity of remote e-voting systems. Concerns have also been expressed concerning the systems' ability to guard against cyber threats. A functional remote e-voting system must fulfil a set of regulatory requirements. This study [27] examined the design criteria for remote e-voting systems as mentioned in the existing literature. The authors investigated whether the current public infrastructure can support an efficient remote e-voting system that fulfils the design criteria. They discovered that the present technological infrastructure is insufficient to enable efficient remote e-voting systems since the technologies that must be installed to meet design criteria are vulnerable to various cyber assaults. Decentralized e-voting systems make transparency and dependability difficult to ensure. Additionally suspicious are the following: protecting the votes' privacy, secrecy, and integrity. Blockchain technology has ushered in a new digital age. Blockchain's immutability and decentralized design make it ideal for e-voting. It ensures election authenticity, integrity, transparency, secrecy, and non-repudiation. This article assessed blockchain's potential for electronic voting. The authors solved all constraints in the current e-voting system. They created a small-scale e-voting system as a smart contract using solidity language, which includes hosting the election, certifying voters, and counting votes. The study [24] also demonstrated how zero-knowledge proof might aid in developing safe, privacy-preserving E-voting systems. However, implementing blockchain technology in voting systems causes severe delays in transaction execution. The software solution is only available to a small group of professionals, which does not inspire trust among voters. This study [28] suggests a novel strategy based on freely accessible verification of all means and procedures that may generate doubt about the accuracy of the vote count or the secrecy of their results. Specifically, the authors presented an e-voting system in which an audit of all the hardware and software of a server that conducts operations linked to potential misuse is performed to assure confidence. The mechanism guards against illegal influence on votes via bribery or other forms of pressure. It also monitors all employee operations to control the server's functioning from its inception until the election's conclusion. Simultaneously, the number of auditors is not restricted, and the verification method is streamlined by using extra software and hardware. Auditors' responsibilities include copying and comparing files. All e-voting system solutions, including audits, are easy to grasp and inexpensive.