# Forest Fire Detection Using New Routing Protocol  
[PERSON]  
1 Faculty of Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),  
Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Center for Software Technology and Management, University Kebangsan Malaysia (UKM Bangi),  
Bangi 43600, Malaysia 2  
[PERSON]  
3 College of Technical Engineering, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad 14132, Iraq 3  
[PERSON]  
4 Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia 4  
[PERSON]  
1 Faculty of Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),  
[PERSON], M.  
MANET have been developed and proposed for the purpose of enhancing the network's performance with respect to reducing packet loss, to reducing the average time delay for transmitting packets, or to prolonging the lifetime of the MANET's network [8]. MANET has many applications in different domains of our daily life such as meeting rooms, personal area networks, commercial applications, battlefield communication, education, and healthcare [9; 10; 11]. Furthermore, MANET has a significant role in many applications of emergency and disasters such as flood detection [12], forest fire detection [13], volcanic eruptions [14], and earthquakes [15]. Figure 1 shows the MANET architecture, its applications, and the main types of routing protocols. Forest fires are considered one of the largest risks threatening human life and forest resources. It is known that forest fires spread over significant distances and continue for weeks or several months, which bring many environmental risks and often cause air pollution to neighboring countries [16]. However, the forests are generally located in remote and unmanaged areas. In addition, the forests are mostly filled with dry wood, trees, and leaves that are considered fuel sources for the fire. Forest fires may be ignited due to climatic changes or human activities [17]. Moreover, the forest fire is observed only when it has already spread through a large area, making the process of stopping these fires very difficult [18]. Thus, these fires result in devastating losses and large damages to both the environment and atmosphere. Additionally, forest fires lead to long-term negative effects, for instance, forest fires have an effect on global warming, weather patterns, and rare species extinction of fauna and flora. Consequently, forest monitoring is imperative in order to avoid forest fire consequences [19]. Nevertheless, the network of forest fire detection  
Figure 1: The MANET routing protocols and its applications. consumes a significant amount of power because this network performs continuous long-time monitoring of the forest. The mobile sensor network is used for forest fire detection due to its many advantages: the network's sensors can sense fire heat, this network can be installed at any time and place, it can present access to information of the sensors' position, it is a self-configuring network, the sensor nodes may work as routers, it is cheaper than wired sensor networks, it exhibits scalability and flexibility, and this mobile sensor network is considered robust because its administration is decentralized [20; 21]. However, the routing protocols in the area of forest fire networks are still too inefficient with respect to sending data and energy consumption, which limits the lifetime of the network for forest monitoring. Therefore, this paper presents a developed routing protocol called a LARR-Based Reliable Routing Protocol (LARRR). The presented LARRR protocol considers the route length between nodes, the temperature sensing, and the node's buffer for improving the network performance of forest fire monitoring. Additionally, the performance of LARRR protocols is evaluated by using different evaluation measurements. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the related works of forest fire techniques. Section 3 presents the conventional method used in the detection of forest fires.