## 3 Results
### Assessment of Risk Factors
#### 3.3.1 Obese Patients  
Obese patients showed CIMT values close to 0.50 mm, with high percentages for formula nutrition, abnormal birth weight, pregnancy-related risks, pathological family history and sedentary lifestyle (Table 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Obese Group** & **Group Number** & **\% of Entire Group** & **Mean** \\  & & & **CIMT (mm)** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} \textless{}12 years \\ \textgreater{}16 years \\ \textgreater{}  
Postnatal nutrition. 65% of our obese patients received formula nutrition as nurslings. The CIMT mean of formula-fed children did not differ from the CIMT mean of the entire obese group, and it was almost equal to the CIMT mean of the breastfed group. The differences between the two subgroups were statistically insignificant (\(p\) = 0.989). Birth weight. Half of our obese patients had abnormal birth weight (BW), either higher (>3500 g) or lower (<2500 g) than normal. In children with low BW, CIMT mean (\(\overline{X}\) = 0.546 mm) was higher than the mean of the entire obese sample, whereas in children with high BW, the CIMT mean was closer to the mean of the obese sample. No statistical significance was detected when comparing subgroups (\(p\) = 0.62). Obese children with normal BW had a slightly lower CIMT mean than those with abnormal BW. Biological mother's health during pregnancy. Up to 70% of the obese patients were born to mothers who presented different pathologies during their pregnancy (Figure 2). Obese children who were born to unhealthy mothers had statistically significantly higher CIMT values than the entire obese sample and obese children who were born to healthy mothers (\(p\) = 0.047). Over 20 kg weight gain during pregnancy was the most encountered risk factor (30% of cases), followed closely by the presence of autoimmune thyroiditis (25%). No mother admitted to smoking during pregnancy in this group. Family history. Family history was an important context for the obese group: 75% of obese children had at least one significant cardiometabolic risk factor within their close family history (Figure 3). Obesity was present in 40% of the cases, followed by \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Risk Factor**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\% of Total**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Mean** \\ **Obee Children** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **\(p\)-Value** \\ **CIMT (mm)** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Postnatal food} & Formula & 65\% & 0.53 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.99} \\  & Breastmilk & 35\% & 0.53 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Birth weight} & \textless{}2500 g & 25\% & 0.54 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.62} \\  & \textgreater{}3500 g & 25\% & 0.53 & \\  & normal & 50\% & 0.52 & \\ \hline Biological mother’s health & Risk factors present & 70\% & 0.55 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.047} \\  & No risk factors & 30\% & 0.48 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Family history} & Risk factors present & 75\% & 0.54 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.11} \\  & No risk factors & 25\% & 0.48 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Smoking} & Smoker & 15\% & 0.61 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.015} \\  & Non-smoker & 85\% & 0.51 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{High blood pressure} & Yes & 20\% & 0.58 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.1} \\  & No & 80\% & 0.51 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Lifestyle} & Sedentary & 65\% & 0.55 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.89} \\  & Normal & 35\% & 0.49 & \\ \hline CIMT median for entire & & & & \\ obese group (mm) & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mean CIMT in the presence of different risk factors in obese children. Figure 2: Mother’s health during pregnancy, in obese children. autoimmune thyroiditis and type 2 diabetes. CIMT reached statistically significant higher values in children with positive family history than in those without (\(p=0.049\)). * High blood pressure. High blood pressure was detected in 20% of the obese patients.