## 2 Related Work
By simulating the results, [PERSON] concluded that his algorithm performed better, in terms of less delay in end-to-end data delivery, a longer network lifetime by occupying fewer nodes during data transmission and energy saving because RRDLA requires a fewer data transmissions. Thus, it is necessary to take into account learning automaton and multiconstrained QoS routing to generate routing configuration protocols for WSNs. According to the above, advances in software for WSN can be classified into nine categories: (i) energy efficiency, including a reclassification in terms of lifetime, coverage control, and node clustering; (ii) routing; (iii) mobility to locate nodes; (iv) reliability of data transmission outside the network; (v) guaranteed level of service quality; (vi) network management in terms of configuration, provisioning, and maintenance; (vii) location of each one of nodes for several applications of the WSNs; (viii) wireless power; and (ix) security of each of devices on the network. Due to the expansion of working frequency band, demand for the development of wide-band and ultra-wide-band, radio engineering systems have expanded to increase rate of information transmission, immunity to noise, and information capacity of all kinds of radio engineering systems. Radio engineering fractal geometry of a transceiver device or any electronic acoustic, optoelectronic and radio information system appear to be appropriate for solving challenging problems in electronics of traditional radio [16]. For instance, because the Peano fractal curve has infinite dimension, this curve tends to occupy all the two-dimensional space that contains it, which is why [PERSON] et al. [17] proposed a Peano fractal antenna for Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Partial Discharge (PD) online monitoring of transformer with small size and multiband. They established a rough formula for calculating the first resonant frequency of their Peano fractal antenna. The simulations and experimental results obtained were compared with those generated by the Hilbert fractal antenna, yielding the following: (i) external dimension of the Peano fractal antenna was smaller than Hilbert fractal antenna when their performances were similar; (ii) Peano fractal antenna could receive electromagnetic waves from the front of the antenna; and (iii) PD signals measured by the Peano UHF fractal antenna were slightly wider than the signals detected by the Hilbert antenna, implying that Peano fractal antenna was slightly more suitable for pattern recognition when analyzing waveforms of detected UHF PD signals. Likewise, [PERSON] [16] explained the design of broadband or multiband fractal antennas and other basic electrodynamic structures for innovative information and communication technologies, based on the fact that the study of the interaction of pre-fractal geometries with electromagnetic fields had allowed discovering extremely complex electrodynamic structure properties. This researcher's findings on the behavior of small pre-fractal antennas have led to useful design criteria for optimal small-wire antennas, and this knowledge can be applied to the use of pre-fractal geometries in other modern electrodynamic devices. In addition, [PERSON] demonstrated the advantages of using multilayer fractals in resonators, filters, and other radio and electrodynamic structures. Therefore, it can be said that the introduction of fractals can contribute significantly to the future of radio electronics, since all previous and contemporary radio electronics are exclusively based on the theory of integer functions. Similarly, this suggests the advantage of space-filling fractal topologies in a very efficient way, i.e., these topologies allow optimizing the transmission of data in WNSs within smaller spaces and, therefore, make energy consumption more efficient within an IIoT network.