# Machine Vision--Moving from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0
## 4 Results
### Data Characteristics and Synthesis of Results  
The findings pertaining to the research queries are analyzed below, accompanied by relevant diagrams. These visual aids serve to facilitate a comprehensive analysis and a more intricate portrayal of the responses to the research queries, along with comparisons between the two industrial revolutions. The following analysis concerns eighty-seven papers related to Industry 4.0 and seven papers related to Industry 5.0. Details of the referenced papers for both industrial revolutions are included in Tables 1 and 2 at the end of this section. Regarding the first research question (RQ1) about the sectors where machine vision contributed during Industry 4.0, the results are included in Figure 8. Most machine vision applications in Industry 4.0 concern Industries/Factories, with a great percentage referring to the manufacturing and automotive industries. Next come Robots, using machine vision for the execution of specific tasks. The agricultural sector and education follow. While the above-mentioned sectors are the most popular, there are several more sectors that took advantage of machine vision enhancements and contributed to Industry 4.0: Construction Sector, Metrology, Infrastructure Projects, Telecommunications, Stores, Printing Companies, Transportation, Sports, Mechatronics, Architecture, as well as entertainment. Regarding the second research question (RQ2) about the reasons for using machine vision in Industry 4.0, the results are summarized in Figure 9. According to the figure, we observe that, in the largest percentage of applications, 9%, corresponding to 25 reference works, machine vision is mainly used for quality control, while with 24% and 21 reference papers, it is used for monitoring some object/product. Moreover, it can be used for detection purposes (21%), e.g., defect or anomaly detection in a product. Then follows the recognition task with 10%, e.g., the identification of a certain variety of products, for product separation, etc. Other applications refer to product counting for inventory purposes, as well as for specific tasks of classification and evaluation. Figure 7: Distribution of final selected papers per publisher referring to machine vision in (**a**) Industry 4.0; (**b**) Industry 5.0. Regarding the last research question (RQ3), referring to the contribution of machine vision in Industry 5.0, results are presented in Figure 10. At this point, it should be clarified that the search was carried out in the form of \"Specific Sector\" and \"Industry 5.0\" (e.g., ABS(\"MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY\" AND \"INDUSTRY 5.0\")), as well as a general query (e.g., ABS(\"MACHINE VISION\" AND \"INDUSTRY 5.0\") and ABS(\"COMPUTER VISION\" AND \"INDUSTRY 5.0\")). Searches were performed for 17 different sectors, for which the use of machine vision in Industry 4.0 had already been reported, and a total of 150 results were obtained. Out of these results, only seven mentioned/proposed the use of machine vision in Industry 5.0, two in the Manufacturing sector (29%), two in the Health sector (29%), two in Industries/Factories sectors (29%), and one in the Agricultural sector (13%). Figure 8: Application sectors of machine vision in Industry 4.0. Regarding the reasons for using machine vision in Industry 5.0, seven different uses were reported, grouped into four main categories, as can be observed in Figure 11:  
* Camera observation and image processing using machine learning by cooperative robots (cobots). * Advanced training, instant fault diagnosis, and improved safety using Extended Reality (XR). * Detecting objects and training robots to recognize them. * Imaging (which will lead to a reduction in the cost of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans). * Remote monitoring and examination of patients with eye diseases and remote ophthalmic surgery. * Data collection (in agriculture). * Automatic part recognition (in shipbuilding). Figure 9: Use of machine vision in Industry 4.0.