## 3 Results
### Effectiveness of Shadow Zones in UGSs
#### 3.3.1 Cooling Effects of Shadow Zones in UGSs for Each Level of SD Based on the Same TP
At 11:00, the cooling effect was smallest (\(-\)1.852 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.4-0.6 and largest at \(-\)4.479 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0. At 13:00, the cooling effect was the smallest (\(-\)0.913 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2 and largest (\(-\)3.751 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0. At 15:00, the cooling effect was smallest (0.807 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2 and largest (\(-\)1.520 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0. At 17:00, the cooling effect was smallest (0.530 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.6-0.8 and largest (\(-\)0.425 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2. Therefore, the cooling effect was greatest in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0 at all TPs, excluding 17:00. However, under the SD condition, where the SVF value was \(<\) 0.8, the cooling effect did not increase in parallel with the SVF, in contrast to UGSs and GBAM (Table 6). This finding suggests that shadow zone effects differ from the effects of UGSs and GBAM, where the extent of cooling increased in parallel with the SVF. 3.2 Range of Variation in Cooling Effects of Shadow Zones in UGSs for Each Level of SD during the Daytime  
For each level of SD during the daytime, the daily variation in the cooling effects of shadow zones in UGSs with meteorological conditions less affected by solar radiation was as follows. The daily variation in cooling effect between levels of SD was largest (\(-\)2.472 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0, followed by variations of \(-\)1.102 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.0-0.2), \(-\)0.791 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.2-0.4), \(-\)1.041 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.4-0.6), and \(-\)0.780 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.6-0.8). Under the SD condition with an SVF range of \(<\) 0.8, the diurnal variation in cooling effect was approximately \(\leq\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In contrast to UGSs and GBAM zones, shadow zones in UGSs did not display a tendency for the diurnal variation of the cooling effect to increase with increasing SVF. From the same perspective, the daily variation in cooling effects of shadow zones in UGSs with meteorological conditions affected by solar radiation was as follows. The daily variation in cooling effect between levels of SD was largest (\(-\)5.625 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0, followed by variations of \(-\)4.741 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.0-0.2), \(-\)3.204 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.2-0.4), \(-\)3.501 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.4-0.6), and \(-\)3.065 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.6-0.8). Under the SD condition with an SVF range of \(<\) 0.8, the diurnal variation in cooling effect was \(-\)3 to \(-\)4 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Table 6). In contrast to UGSs and GBAM zones, shadow zones in UGSs did not display a tendency for the diurnal variation of the cooling effect to increase with increasing SVF. 3.3 Differences in Cooling Effects of Shadow Zones in UGSs between Morning and Afternoon for Each Level of SD  
For each SD level, the difference in the cooling effects of shadow zones in UGSs between AEs in the morning and afternoon with meteorological conditions less affected by solar radiation was as follows. In all levels of SD, the AEs difference between morning and afternoon was less than about 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C: \(-\)0.228 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.0-0.2), \(-\)0.352 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.2-0.4), 0.556 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.4-0.6), 0.359 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.6-0.8), and \(-\)0.495 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.8-1.0). From the same perspective, the difference in the cooling effects of shadow zones in UGSs between morning and afternoon with meteorological conditions affected by solar radiation was as follows. In all levels of SD, the AE difference between morning and afternoon was higher than \(-\)2 \({}^{\circ}\)C: \(-\)3.629 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.0-0.2), \(-\)2.926 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.2-0.4), \(-\)2.930 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.4-0.6), \(-\)2.148 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.6-0.8), and \(-\)4.292 \({}^{\circ}\)C (SVF 0.8-1.0). It means that the AEs in morning times are higher than afternoon (at least 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Table 6)).