# Shoot Phenology in _Bambusoideae_: A Review
## 2 Phenological Studies in Bamboo Species
### Phenological Studies in Temperate Bambos
#### 2.2.7 Phylostachys
meyeri_ produces new shoots in late April and is distributed in Henan, Shaanxi, areas along the Changjiang river and areas to the south in China, and was also introduced in the USA [50]. _P. meyeri_ was studied for shooting time under the average annual temperature of 15.2-15.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C in 2000 at Dixi Town, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, China [67]. The shooting time was found to start in the first week of May, and the shooting period lasted for 16 days. _P. nigella_ grows new shoots in May, and is native to Zhejiang, China [50]. The shooting period of _P. nigella_ was studied in Lian, China, with an annual average temperature of that region being 16.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The shooting period was from the 15 th of April to the 9 th of May in 2014, and the 16 th of April to the 9 th of May in 2015 [42]. The authors found that this species cumulative growth was greater at night than during the day. The new shoots of _P. nigra_ grow in late April. It is widely cultivated in China, and was introduced into India, Japan, Europe and the Americas [50]. The shoot emergence of _P. nigra_ began from the 21 st of April till the 17 th of May at Anji County, Zhejiang Province in 1996. Annual average temperature was 15.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C [68]. Four cultivars of _Phyllostachys nigra_ were examined for shooting at Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, China in 2009 with an average temperature of 15.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C [64]. They found that one cultivar called large diameter (LBH) began to shoot on the 5 th of April (peak duration was from the 11 th to the 17 th of April). The other three cultivars started shooting on the 13 th of April. The shooting periods of the four cultivars ranged from 20 to 30 days. Additionally, other researchers [69] evaluated the shooting and the height growth of P. nigra that were grown since 2006 at the International Bamboo and Rattan Center located in Taiping, Anhui Province, in China in 2011. With an annual average temperature of 15.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the shooting of this bamboo species started on the 23 rd of April till the 10 th of May in the tested area, and 91.9% of total shootings occurred during April, which means that the shooting time was very short, at about 18 days. When the shooting time increased, the retrograded shooting rate, which is correlated to the height of bamboo, also rose. The authors discussed that the height of bamboo growth was affected by the daily average temperature and daily average humidity. Their discussion was similar to the findings of [14] that the daily temperature fluctuation also influences the phenological changes of plants. The shooting period of _P. nigra_ var. _henonis_ was also observed in Jiangxi Province, China [70]. They found that the shooting period lasted 30-35 days, and its shooting time was from mid-late April to early May for three consecutive years. The annual average temperature was 17 \({}^{\circ}\)C during the study time. The new shoots of _P. nidularia_ grow in April to May, and is distributed in Shaanxi, Henan, and areas south of Changjiang river in China. It was introduced into Japan [50]. _P. nidularia_ cv. _smoothlsheath_ was observed for shooting time under the average annual temperature of 15-16 \({}^{\circ}\)C at Ganxiiping, Liulongshan, Southeast of Tongren City, China [71]. The shooting time of this species starts in the first and middle of May and ends in middle of June and late June with the total period of 30-35 days. Green and yellow forms of _P. nidularia_ were studied in the area of Huanzhu Mountain in Huagai City, China, 1018-1080 m above sea level, in 1989. The annual average temperature was 11-16 \({}^{\circ}\)C [72]. In their observation, new bamboo culm shoots of the green form emerged in the middle of May and continued to sprout till the middle of June. The shooting period lasted 36 days in total. For the yellow culm form in Pingba, Nanchong City, it sprouted in the middle of May, and the shooting period was 35 days long. _P. nidularia_ began to shoot in May and June in Nanliu, Longshan, Tongren, China [23]. _P.