# Smart Textiles: A Review and Bibliometric Mapping
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Performance Analysis
#### 3.1.2 Analysis of Oldest and Most Cited Documents  
The **oldest** paper related to smart textiles published in the Scopus database dates back to 1989. A detailed review of the ten earliest articles [84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90; 91; 92; 93] showed that the research topics of these publications had little to do with smart textiles as they are defined today, yet indirectly provided the seeds for smart production of smart textiles in the future. They dealt with computer-aided design and technology in the garment industry [84; 85], the use of powerful measurement technologies for fabric properties during sewing [87; 90; 91; 93], and the simulation of textile images through the joint use of a yarn editor, a textile editor, and a texture mapper [89]. These approaches to developing and integrating new technologies  
Figure 8: The main Scopus subject areas of published documents on smart textiles. Figure 9: Proportion of categories of smart textiles as defined by ISO/TR 23383, measured by the number of publications found in the Scopus database. led to improvements in production efficiency, flexibility, quality, and design features in the garment industry. Two articles [86; 88] had more to do with functional textiles than smart textiles, as they examined the use of Tencel and Lycra in the design of more comfortable sportswear [86] and how fabric structure, colour, and surface appearance affected the price of intelligent fabrics [88]. In 1996, [PERSON] [92] pointed out the potential of wearable textiles and the benefits of their use in modern society. It should be emphasised that only this article had a direct reference to smart textiles. The **most frequently cited** documents in the field of smart textiles are presented in Table 2.  
Among the ten most cited articles [28; 45; 94; 95; 96; 97; 98; 99; 100; 101], review papers prevail; one is an original scientific paper, while the most cited document is categorised as a letter focused on biomimetic 4D printing. It summarises the latest scientific knowledge and technological solutions and describes the fabrication of mesoscale bilayer architectures with programmable anisotropy using appropriate printing parameters (filament size, orientation, and spacing) [94]. New materials, such as shape memory polymers (SMPs), that have the ability to regain their original shape after severe deformation when exposed to external stimuli (Joule heating, light, magnetism, or moisture) are presented in [96]. Stimuli-responsive materials can be used to form shape memory fibres for the development of smart textiles  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Rank** & **Document** & **Total Citations** & **Ref. No. ** \\ \hline
1 & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] (2016). **Biomimetic 4D printing**. _Nature Materials_, 15(4), 413-418. doi:10.1038/nmat4544 & 1.982 & [94] \\  & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2010). **A survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis. ** _IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics Part C_: 1.715 & [95] \\
2 & **prognosis**. _IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics Part C_: 40(1), 1-12. & [95] \\  & & \(\text{{\color[rgb]{0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0}{ \color[rgb]{0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0,0}{ \color[rgb]{0,0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0,0}{ \color[rgb]{0,0,0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{0,0,0,0,0}{\color[rgb]{that respond to thermal stimuli. Such smart fibres can be used for novel sensors [96]. PCMs have the ability to change from solid to liquid state and vice versa under the influence of temperature [28]; they are used in the production of thermoregulated smart textiles. Promising PCMs for textile applications are linear long-chain hydrocarbons and polyethylene glycol, with melting points of 15-35 \({}^{\circ}\)C. For textile applications, PCMs are microencapsulated.