## 1 Introduction
The results show that increasing the rotational stiffness of the joints leads to an increase in bending moment, with significant changes for lower values of rotational stiffness. In contrast, changes in axial force were minimal. Additionally, increasing the axial and shear stiffness of the segment joints resulted in negligible changes in both bending moment and axial force in the segmental lining [15]. [PERSON] et al. derived the bending moment capacity curve based on the calculation method for segmental joint bending capacity proposed by previous researchers, as well as joint parameters obtained from numerous real-world engineering projects. They quantitatively analyzed the influence of segment joint parameters on the bending capacity of the segment joints [16]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a theoretical model regarding the compression-bending capacity of non-bolted segmental joints and verifiedby full-scale failure tests. The influence of the segment thickness and length of the core pressure zone on the compression-bending capacity of non-bolted joints were analyzed based on the proposed theoretical model and joint parameters from six segmental joints with different segment thicknesses, and the basic characteristic compression-bending capacity curves of non-bolted joints were obtained [17]. [PERSON] et al. experimentally studied the ultimate bearing capacity of longitudinal joints under different loading conditions and investigated the failure mechanisms of the segments. They developed a corresponding analytical model to calculate the bearing capacity of the longitudinal joints throughout the entire loading process [18]. [PERSON] et al. established a three-dimensional numerical model of segment joints based on a specific tunnel project. The study showed that the rotational stiffness of the joints exhibits complex and nonlinear characteristics. While the segmental joints have little impact on the axial force of the lining, the bending stiffness of the segmental lining corresponding to the joint locations is reduced, leading to discontinuous stress distribution, a decrease in bending moment, and an increase in deformation [19]. [PERSON] et al. conducted full-scale experiments and numerical simulations on the bending behavior of oblique bolt connections, revealing the typical bending behavior and failure characteristics of a single oblique bolt node, and then studied the influence of different oblique bolt arrangements (i.e., number and direction) on the bending behavior of the node under different axial forces [20]. [PERSON] et al. combined the deformation characteristics of segment joints under compressive bending loads, using the concrete yield of the joint surface as the criterion for the ultimate bearing capacity of segment joints. Based on this, they established a theoretical model for calculating the bending capacity of segment joints [21]. [PERSON] conducted a series of bending tests to study the bending behavior of segments and developed an analytical model for the bearing capacity of the segments [22]. [PERSON] et al. conducted a series of full-scale tests on segment joints of underwater shield tunnels and compared the results with numerical simulations. The results show that the bending stiffness of the joints can be divided into three stages based on the inflection points of \"visible concrete cracking\" and \"bolt yielding\". The axial force has a significant impact on retention [23]. [PERSON] et al. designed a finite element model that can be used to evaluate the shear stiffness of circumferential joints during the relative displacement between rings facing the same circumferential joint, and, based on this model, analyzed the influence of bolts on the shear stiffness of the joints [24]. The literature review indicates that most of the previous studies focus on the transverse deformation characteristics of the lining rings and the bending resistance performance of circumferential joints. However, during TBM excavation, the cutterhead applies a significant torque to the segment structure.