# Smart Healthcare Applications over 5G Networks: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
#### 3.1.2 Real-Time Continuous Monitoring  
As shown in Figure 7, continuous monitoring consists of periodic and real-time transmission of physiological parameters and vital signs of patients through the use of portable devices (body sensors and wearable devices) [18]. This allows the transmission of the collected parameters to be assessed and analyzed by a doctor [28] or an expert system. In addition, generally, these continuous monitoring systems are based on a two-hop architecture, where the parameters collected from the sensors are sent to a gateway using short-range technologies (Bluetooth, Zigbee, NFC, Wifi) and then to a data system using cellular technology or other access network [42]. Figure 7: Real-time continuous monitoring. In the context of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, [PERSON] et al. [48] presented a system for diagnosing patients infected with the virus. It began operation on 29 January 2020 in Wuhan city. The main system's objective is to reduce physical contact between doctors and infected patients to mitigate the spread of the virus. The system includes the use of body sensors to collect vital signs such as blood pressure, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and temperature, which are essential in monitoring the disease. The monitoring was carried out by specialists in respiratory pulmonology. In addition, 161 infected individuals were followed up, of which 38 cases had a severe diagnosis. Although the number of infection cases increased, severe cases and deaths were controlled. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [60] develop an intelligent care system called Homing. This system consists of a solution to measure the patient's vital parameters, through the use of devices such as wearables, IoT, smartphones, and tablets. In addition, it integrates an app for smartphones in which the vital parameters' information is stored, and these are updated in real time to be monitored by a doctor. [PERSON] et al. [18] created a prototype for monitoring cardiac activity in the form of a phonocardiograph signal (PCG). It consists of an agent that collects and transmits data (heart sound sensor) and a manager (Raspberry Pi). It is a multiprotocol device to back up the collected data. In addition to capturing and monitoring heart sound activities, the prototype has a web server so clinicians can access data remotely 24 h a day. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] designed a prototype for monitoring patients in general, through the measurement of physiological signals such as body temperature, oxygen saturation level, and heart rate. It is considered as a preventive system because it alerts one variations of these physiological signals and changes in environmental parameters. For this purpose, a WBSN is used to obtain the patients' vital parameters. The system has a platform where users can make queries and doctors can provide follow-up. The monitoring system proposed by [PERSON] et al. [21] consists of an architecture that allows remote monitoring of chronic patients suffering from heart and lung diseases, cancer, diabetes, bone, mental disorders, and genetic disorders. The architecture consists of body sensors that collect physiological variables from the body and sends the collected information to a mobile device via Bluetooth. The information is stored in a database, and using AI with data collected from hospitals, it decides whether the parameters collected by the sensors are typical data or data with anomalies. In addition, the system can send alarms if it detects anomalous data. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] proposed an intelligent health system capable of detecting emotions in the elderly, children, and people with mental disorders, using image and voice signals. To do this, the system has cognitive sensors that capture these signals, which are then processed to detect if the patient expresses emotions related to pain. It uses a local binary pattern (LBP) and an interleaved derivative pattern (IDP) for feature extraction from images.