## 3 Printing Information Model for Additive Manufacturing of Concrete Structures
### Verification of the Printing Information
#### 3.3.2 Competency Questions
Therefore, it can be concluded that the PIM model has the potential to achieve BIM-based concrete printing, serving as a first step towards improving current data modeling concepts currently deployed for concrete printing. ## 5 Summary and Conclusions

A printing information modeling approach has been proposed, serving as a basis for data modeling for additive manufacturing of concrete structures. A need to formalize the parameters and material-process interactions in concrete printing has been identified, and a generic printing information model has been developed. The printing information model, a semantic (or meta) model for AM of concrete structures, describes process, geometry, and material input parameters as well as interactions between the parameters, providing instantiable models for data modeling. To develop the printing information model, a requirements analysis based on a system and process analysis has been carried out to identify exchange requirements, bringing light to the input parameters and material-process interactions that must be considered to design and plan concrete printing jobs. The PIM model has been formalized as an ontology, verified for correctness, and validated as an instantiable model. Furthermore, a software tool has been developed using the PIM model as the backbone, where BIM concepts are integrated into the concrete printing processes, showing the potential of the PIM model for BIM-based concrete printing. The results show that the PIM approach facilitates data modeling for concrete printing. With an example case of a printing simulation of a printed concrete cylindric tank, the value of the printing information model for BIM-based concrete printing could be demonstrated, where the printing information model is used to adequately define the input parameters and material-process interactions for designing and planning concrete printing projects. Still, limitations exist, as simple algorithms for process planning have illustratively been executed in this study, which may require extensions when printing complex components. In conclusion, by formalizing the parameters and material-process interactions in concrete printing, knowledge from various domains has been gathered and integrated into a single taxonomy, providing the reasoning capabilities necessary for automation. An understanding of the material-process interactions integrated into the PIM model aids in shortening the learning curve to determine ideal process and material parameters, improving the quality of printed components. In this regard, the PIM model provides a stepping stone towards the digitalization and automation of construction processes using additive manufacturing methods. Future work may be conducted towards coupling digital twin frameworks to extend the PIM model for supporting process monitoring and process control, advancing the adoption of BIM-compliant data models for additive manufacturing. Conceptualization, P.P.A. and K.S. ; methodology, P.P.A. and M.E.A. ; software, P.P.A. ; validation, P.P.A. ; formal analysis, P.P.A. ; investigation, P.P.A. ; writing--original draft preparation, P.P.A. and M.E.A. ; writing--review and editing, P.P.A. and K.S. ; supervision, K.S. ; project administration, K.S. ; funding acquisition, K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), grant numbers SM 281/9-3 and SM 281/22-1. The APC was funded by the funding program Open Access Publishing of Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH). The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy. The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the support offered by the DFG and the funding program Open Access Publishing of Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DFG.