## 5 Conclusions  
This study examined the dynamics of ARGs and their transmission risks in Pb-contaminated soil, focusing on the driving mechanisms behind ARGs variations during different remediation strategies. The application of exogenous additives such as Imvite, MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO4)\({}_{2}\), and Imvite-MgO-Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO4)\({}_{2}\) was observed to enhance the spread and transfer of ARGs. While synergistic remediation using these composite agents combined with BES effectively mitigated the risk of ARGs proliferation, antibiotic deactivation emerged as a primary mechanism. ARGs variability was predominantly influenced by potential host bacteria, which, through co-selection processes, also affect the distribution of LRGs and ARGs in response to environmental changes. Variations in Pb concentration and pH impact Pb morphology and remediation effectiveness, leading to shifts in microbial community structure and subsequent changes in LRGs and ARGs abundances. To effectively manage ARGs proliferation and transmission during remediation, strategies  
Figure 7: Regulatory strategies involved in the transmission of ARGs during the remediation of soil Pb contamination.  
such as adjusting soil Pb stress, modifying pH, and restructuring microbial communities are recommended to remediate Pb-contaminated soil reduced the spread and transfer of ARGs. The synergistic remediation of composite remediation agents combined with BES can effectively reduce the risk of ARGs increasing and spreading caused using composite remediation agents, which operated with antibiotic deactivation as the major mechanism.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app142110077/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app142110077/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app142110077/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app142110077/s1)), Table S1: The primers for amplifying each gene (165 rRNA gene, 91 ARGs, and 4 LRGs); Table S2: Pb concentration and pH in the soil after the reaction in different groups; Figure S1: Pearson correlation between the abundances of ARGs, LRGs, and bacteria at phylum (\(p<0.05\)); Figure S2: The absolute copy number of the 165 rRNA gene among different groups; Figure S3: Pearson correlation between the abundances of ARGs, LRGs, and bacteria at genus (\(p<0.05\)). Reference [15] has been cited in the Supplementary Materials.  
Conceptualization, H.Y.; data curation, Y.C., Z.D. and X.L.; writing--original draft preparation, H.Y. and Y.W.; writing--review and editing, H.Y., Y.W. and L.M.; visualization, Y.C., Y.H. and Y.W.; supervision, H.Y., Y.Z., Q.M. and W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52370127 and No. 52200042), Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology (No. 2022 QNRC001), Project LJ222410151015 supported by Fundamental Research Funds of higher education Department of Liaoning Province, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 3132024155 and No. 3132023518).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.