esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper has presented an IH fixed roller high-frequency PDM-controlled series load resonant soft-switching inverter application which is used in printing and copy machines. The operation of the steady-state PDM-controlled inverter's experimental results are analyzed and evaluated. The proposed high-frequency resonant inverter is operated under the principle of zero-current soft switching across a wide power regulation range by using the PDM control scheme. When the printer uses the output power at very light load conditions such as the stand-by mode, the PDM duty ratio \(D_{\text{PDM}}\) is at a very small value, which is 0.05 in this experiment. This small output power requires only two or three cycles of injected current from the voltage power source. Therefore, the asymmetrical pattern of PDM pulses is employed so that the injected current becomes easily observable and the control circuit has enough time to get the heat response from the IH system. Then, the ZCS operations are verified at very light load conditions. The power conversion efficiency for power output ranges from 50 to 1200 W is achieved at \(\eta>94\%\). Power loss calculations are verified through experimental \(i\)-\(v\) characteristics of the diode and IGBT. At heavy load conditions, the stray load power losses amount to be only 20% of the total power losses. This is due to the soft commutation of the ZCS, which yields very low switching power losses. At light load conditions, although the power conversion becomes less effective, the ZCS operations are still achieved. Additionally, the power losses saved by the operations are significant due to the fact that most of the printer operation time is in the stand-by mode. Importantly, the experimental results demonstrate good performance of the proposed high-frequency resonant inverter by replacing the conventional halogen lamp heater with the IH fixed roller. Therefore, the PDM-controlled series load resonant soft-switching high-frequency inverter is proved to be effective for IH applications. Future evaluations of this proposed high-frequency inverter are planned using new wide-bandgap semiconductors, such as GaN FET.  
K.O.: conceived and designed the circuit topology and its control strategy. S.C.: analyzed the circuit topology, verified its control strategy by computer simulations and wrote the manuscript. M.L.K.: revised experiment data, advised for improvements and edited the manuscript. S.S.: prepared circuit prototype and conducted experiments. S.M.: advised for improvements and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Minimum-Energy Scheduling of Flexible Job-Shop Through Optimization and Comprehensive Heuristic
## 4 Minimum-Energy Scheduling Heuristic with Due Times
### The Resulting Solution, Assessment, and Adaptation (Outer Loop of Algorithm)  
The solution (written without the asterisk symbol) provides, for each job, the starting time and the assigned machine for each operation: \(t_{ik}\) and \(l_{ik}\) for \(k=2\) to \(S_{i}-1,\ i=1\) to \(n\).  
The completion time of job \(i\) is \(ct_{i}=t_{iS_{i}}+\delta_{iS_{i}/S_{i}}\) and the energy necessary to perform the jobs is given by  
\[E=\sum_{i=1}^{n}E_{i}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sum_{k=2}^{S_{i}-1}ep_{ikl_{ik}}+\sum_{n= 1}^{S_{i}-1}\sum_{k\in\Gamma_{ik}}te_{il_{ik}l^{\prime}_{ik}} \tag{27}\]  
If the following conditions are satisfied,  
\[ct_{i}\leq dt_{i}\ \ i=1\ \text{to}\ n \tag{28}\]  
the proposed solution composed of the selected machines and schedules is feasible.  
When one or more conditions (28) are not satisfied, it means that some jobs are over-delayed in queues at machines corresponding to minimum-energy steps, and a new feasible solution must be found. For that, let us widen the search process to less energy-efficient machines to process critical jobs in the current solution. These critical jobs include  
\[I_{c}=\big{\{}i\in I\ \text{with}\ ct_{ij}>dt_{i}\big{\}} \tag{29}\]  
Considering the succession of restrictions in the process of a job and the competition for energy efficient machines, the difference \(t_{ik}\)-\(Est_{ik}\) is expected to increase with \(k\) for a given job \(i\). However, a large variation of this difference from an operation to the next can be interpreted as the presence of a queue to use machine \(l_{ik}\). Then, for the operation  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \(\mathbf{O_{15}}\) & \(\mathbf{O_{24}}\) & \(\mathbf{O_{25}}\) & \(\mathbf{O_{33}}\) \\ \hline \(\text{m}_{3}\) & \(8/100\)  
\(O_{ik}\), the search for an energy-efficient machine will be relaxed by increasing the index \(w_{i}\) and searching in sets \(MM_{ik}^{w_{i}}\) of relation (24). To avoid a large degradation in the energy performance, this will be performed for the most critical operation \(k_{ic}\) of each critical job, where \(k_{ic}\) is given by  
\[k_{ic}=\operatorname*{argmax}_{k\geq k\leq S_{i}-1}\left\{(t_{ik+1}-Est_{ik+1}) -(t_{ik}-Est_{ik})\right\}\qquad i\in I_{c} \tag{30}\]  
and the search for the next free machine to perform operation \(O_{ik_{ic}}\) will be performed now over the sets  
\[MM_{ik_{ic}}^{w_{i}^{\prime}}\text{ with }\ w_{i}^{\prime}=w_{i}+1\quad i\in I _{c} \tag{31}\]  
Another solution could be, when the machines have different regimes of operation, to choose faster regimes of operation in the critical sets \(MM_{ik_{ic}}^{w_{i}}\). The search process must be restarted until conditions (28) are met. If, after many iterations of this process, conditions (28) are not met and no progress is achieved with respect to the completion times, the current solution, which is a feasible one with respect to all the other constraints, should be adopted, and the current completion times should be considered as new due times.
## 2 Results  
### Transcriptome Sequencing, De Novo Assembly, and Functional Annotation  
The organ-specific spatial transcriptome sequencing of the leaf, stem, and roots generated a total of 119 million raw reads. Quality filtering and the de novo assembly of 109 million high-quality reads resulted in 81,162 unigenes and 36,052 isoforms, with N\({}_{50}\) and average transcript lengths of 1607 bp and 923.32 bp, respectively. The function assignment with six public databases annotated 72,120 (61.53%) transcripts into NCBI nr (69,731;59.49%), TAIR (58,982; 50.31%), KOG (55,513; 47.36%), Swiss-Prot (53,957; 46.03%), Plant TFIIdb (33,040; 28.18%), and KEGG (8945; 7.63%) (Figure 1A-C, Tables 1-3 and S1).  
Figure 1: (**A**) Quality filtering of sequenced reads. (**B**) High-quality filtered reads in leaf, stem, and root tissues. (**C**) Venn diagram representing the functional annotations of transcripts with six public databases. (**D**) KEGG annotation grouped transcripts into four main categories: metabolism, genetic-information processing, environmental-information processing, and cellular processes. (**E**) Histogram representing gene ontology (GO) grouped into three functional categories: biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. (**F**) Pie chart representing classification of major transcription-factor families.  
The KEGG-pathway curation assigned 397 enriched metabolic pathways with top representations of metabolism (1668), genetic-information processing (984), the cellular processes (662), and environmental-information processing (458), including the transcripts that correspond to terpenoids and polyketides (91) and secondary-metabolite biosynthesis (83). Among the secondary-metabolite biosynthesis, terpenoid-backbone biosynthesis (ko00900; 30) represented the largest group, followed by phenylpropanol biosynthesis (ko00940; 20), carotenoid biosynthesis (ko00906; 18), and flavonoid biosynthesis (ko00941; 11) (Figure 1D).  
In addition, KOG annotated 55,513 transcripts that represent 25 different major groups, exhibiting the maximum enrichment of the 'general function prediction only' (8117), followed by the'signal transduction mechanisms' (4821), 'transcription' (4057), 'posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones' (3302), and'secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism' (1875).  
Furthermore, the GO annotation classified 17,293 transcripts into 66,091 GO terms, including biological processes (26,794; 24 groups), molecular functions (14,418; 10 groups), and cellular components (24,879; 9 groups). Furthermore, the majority of the transcripts were grouped into cellular processes (6105), binding (5691), and cell including cell part (8206) in the biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components, respectively (Figure 1E).
## 2 Prior Knowledge
### Keyboard Data Transmission Process  
A keyboard device is one of the input devices to interact with the user, supporting an interaction that instructs a command based on user input from the keyboard. The features of the keyboard are managed and processed by the operating system. This process provides features, such as key input, and shortcut keys supported by the operating system. Therefore, user data is input through the keyboard device, and delivered to the application software passed through the keyboard device stack. We depict the keyboard data transmission process in Figure 1.  
The PS/2 keyboard structure consists of a key matrix and a keyboard processor inside the keyboard hardware, and a keyboard controller inside the host, a host processor, a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) or Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) inside the host processor, and device drivers within the PS/2 keyboard device stack inside the operating system, and application programs.  
When a user inputs a key using the PS/2 keyboard, the keyboard processor inside the keyboard device extracts the scancode for the key input by the user through the key matrix, and transmits it to the keyboard controller in the host. The keyboard controller receives the scancode, and sends it to PIC/APIC, to request an interrupt service. PIC/APIC is a controller for routing interrupts. Interrupt signals input from the keyboard are transferred via I/O APIC, Local PIC, etc., and cause an interrupt to the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU prepares separate tables and handlers for input and output processing, which are called the IDT and interrupt service routine (ISR), respectively.  
A keyboard interrupt invokes the keyboard interrupt service routine by an entry assigned in association with the keyboard interrupt in the interrupt descriptor table described above, and then the operating system delivers the input keyboard data to the application software passed through the PS/2 keyboard device stack.
# Development of IoT-Based Real-Time Fire Detection System Using Raspberry Pi and Fisheye Camera
## 4 Results
When taking images at night, the light from downtown can be confused with the flashlight, but in this experiment, only the location of the flashlight was used for the purpose of location estimation. The object detection applied in this study can distinguish between fire and light even in a dark environment. The analysis was performed assuming that the bright point was the point at which the fire occurred, and Table 1 shows the azimuth and elevation angles from the center point of the image to the bright point. Even in the night experiment, the location of the person holding the flashlight was recorded using GPS. The location recorded using GPS is shown in Figure 9b as a green point, and the location estimated using the image and DSM is shown as a white point. The analysis points are about 26.8 m away from the observation point on average and, in this case,  
Figure 7: (**a**) A picture of the developed system installed in the study area, (**b**) a polar image taken through the system, and images taken with a normal camera facing (**c**) forward and (**d**) vertically upward. the average value of positional errors between the positions measured by GPS and the positions predicted from the polar image was about 1.32 m. As in the daytime experiment, it was confirmed that reasonable location estimation was possible in the night. Figure 10a,b shows cross-sectional views up to the point where fire was detected for six images taken during the day and at night, respectively. In the cross-section, the area where the height of the terrain changes rapidly is where the DSM pixel shows a high value because there are trees. A red straight line is drawn along the elevation angle, and the point at which this line intersects the green line (terrain) is the point where the fire broke out. Since the location of the system is known and the azimuth and distance to the fire can be calculated, the location of the forest fire can be specified on a map. The result is shown in Figure 9, and it was possible to record that the subject moved from east to west along the trail. It can be seen that the distance estimation error can increase if the camera is not level when the height change of the terrain is not large. In this study, the device was leveled and fixed, and installed by identifying the north with a compass. Figure 8: Some of the images continuously acquired during (**a**) the day and (**b**) night, respectively, through the developed system. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Measured (GPS)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Polar Image**} & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Longitude** & **Latitude** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Elevation** \\ **Angle** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **Azimuth** \\ **Angle** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Positional Error** \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Day} & (a-1) & 37.45217 & 129.16560 & \(15^{\circ}\) & \(352^{\circ}\) & 0.68 \\ \cline{2-6}  & (a-2) & 37.45220 & 129.16559 & \(
# Influence of Aging Time on Vertical Static Stiffness of Air Spring
## 6 Conclusions  
The vertical static stiffness of the air spring during aging was calculated by Abaqus finite element software. The effects of different parameters on the stiffness characteristics of the air spring during aging were compared, and the law of each parameter affecting the stiffness characteristics of the air spring during aging was analyzed. Based on the above analysis, the following conclusions are drawn.  
(1) The vertical static stiffness of the air spring increases with the aging time. Both the aging of the air spring cord material and that of the rubber material lead to an increase in the vertical static stiffness, with the latter having a greater effect. Separately analyzing the effects of the rubber and cord materials on the vertical static stiffness of the air spring under aging reveals that, when only the rubber parameters are changed, the vertical static stiffness of the air spring first decreases and then increases with the increase in aging time. However, when only the parameters of the cord material are changed, the vertical static stiffness of the air spring increases with the aging time. The reasons for this phenomenon can be analyzed by studying the change in the effective area and the change in the internal pressure of the airbag.  
(2) From a structural point of view, the vertical static stiffness of the air spring decreases with the increase in the cord angle, and this trend is not affected by aging. The stiffness characteristics are more stable. The vertical static stiffness of the air spring with an emergency spring increases at a smaller rate with aging time, indicating that the conical emergency spring helps to reduce the effect of aging on the vertical static stiffness of the air spring.  
Figure 11: Vertical static stiffness of air spring with and without conical emergency spring during aging.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Z.L.; Data curation, H.X.; Writing--original draft, P.S.; Writing--review & editing, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan (2018 YFB1201700). The authors would like to express their gratitude.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Parameter Identification of the System
### Recursive Least Squares Algorithm with Auxiliary Variable  
The model of gas temperature represented by Equation (10) can be expressed as a mathematical model of time-invariant single-input single-output (SISO) dynamic process by \(z\) transforms [14].  
\[A(z^{-1})z(k)=B(z^{-1})u(k)+v(k) \tag{12}\]  
where \(z(k)\) is input of process, \(u(k)\) is output of process, \(v(k)\) is noise, since the system is a first-order inertia model, and \(A(z^{-1})\) and \(B(z^{-1})\) can be represented as  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}A(z^{-1})=1+a_{1}z^{-1}\\ B(z^{-1})=b_{1}z^{-1}\end{array}\right. \tag{13}\]  
The least squares equation can be obtained by Equations (12) and (13)  
\[z(k)=h(k)\theta+v(k) \tag{14}\]  
where \(\theta^{\mathrm{T}}=[a_{1},b_{1}]\) are parameters which need to be identified, and \(h(k)\) is an observable data vector.  
The estimated value of recursive least square method is unbiased, effective, and consistent only under white noise interference. In order to ensure the unbiased and consistent estimation of model parameters, auxiliary variables \(h^{*}(k),k=1,2,...,L\) are introduced, and the auxiliary variable matrix is constructed.  
\[H_{L}^{*}=[h^{*}(1),h^{*}(2)...,h^{*}(L)]^{\mathrm{T}} \tag{15}\]  
Therefore, the estimated value of the model parameters can be obtained by recursive least squares method  
\[\theta_{LV}=\theta_{0}+{(\frac{1}{L}{H_{L}^{*}}^{\mathrm{T}}{H_{L}})}^{-1}{(H _{L}^{*}}^{\mathrm{T}}{V_{L})} \tag{16}\]  
where, \(V_{L}\) is a time series matrix constructed by colored noise.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Symbol** & **Parameters** & **Unit** & **Value** \\ \hline \(\alpha\) & proportion coefficient & - & 0.8 \\ \(\beta\) & proportion coefficient & - & 0.01 \\ \(V\) & volume of the combustor & m\({}^{3}\) & 0.25 \\ \(K\) & heat transfer coefficient & W/(m\({}^{2}\).\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 250 \\ \(A_{1}\) & heat transfer area & m\({}^{2}\) & 1.5 \\ \(\tau\) & time delay & s & 3-5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._Define the following equation  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}P(k)=(\sum\limits_{i=1}^{k}h^{*}(i)h^{\mathsf{T}}(i))^{-1} \\ K(k)=P(k)h^{*}(k)\end{array}\right. \tag{17}\]  
Thus, the recursive least squares algorithm with auxiliary variable can be obtained by Reference [15].  
\[\overset{\wedge}{\theta}(k)=\overset{\wedge}{\theta}(k-1)+K(k)[z(k)-h(k) \overset{\wedge}{\theta}(k-1)] \tag{18}\]  
\[K(k)=P(k-1)h^{*}(k)^{\mathsf{T}}[1+h(k)P(K-1)h^{*}(k)^{\mathsf{T}}]^{-1} \tag{19}\]  
\[P(k)=[1-K(k)h(k)]P(k-1) \tag{20}\]
## 4 Conclusions  
We performed an empirical study to evaluate the applicability of the PAUT technique to the inspection of boiler tube welds in thermal power plant facilities. The specimens of boiler tube welds were designed and fabricated with different materials (carbon steel, austenitic stainless steel, and dissimilar metals), and a reliability assessment was performed on data acquired through an RRT for various flaw types and materials. According to the results, the following conclusions are drawn.  
* The results of the POD analysis for the tube specimens indicated 80% POD at 6.93 mm; the 80% POD for high-risk planar flaws such as cracks is about 5.1 mm, and the 80% POD for volumetric flaws, which are generally difficult to detect via ultrasonic technique, corresponded to 6.57 mm, indicating relatively poor detection performance.
* In the POD analysis results for different welding materials, the 80% POD for dissimilar metal welds was approximately 11 mm, which was lower compared with similar metal welds (ferritic and austenitic steel). This is thought to be because the interpretation of signals was more difficult owing to the attenuation and dispersion of ultrasonic waves at the interface of different materials.
* Overall, there was a tendency for overestimation compared with the actual size of the flaws, and the RMSE for the sizing accuracy was the smallest (3.52 mm) for carbon steel and the largest (6.79 mm) for dissimilar metal welds.
* The flaw detection performance was compared between the PAUT and RT methods. The PAUT method significantly outperformed RT for planar flaws, but in the case of volumetric flaws, it missed a flaw.  
The findings of this study confirmed that the PAUT technique can be applied to carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel welds. However, the method exhibited relatively low reliability for dissimilar metal welds. Compared with RT, the PAUT technique exhibited good flaw detection performance overall. The results can be used as a technical basis for the application of PAUT in lieu of RT. To improve the reliability of the PAUT technique for dissimilar metal welds, additional empirical studies should be performed with further investigations, e.g., for normalizing the signal characteristics and achieving more consistent inspector performance.  
Conceptualization, Y.M.C. and I.K.P.; methodology, Y.M.C. and T.P.; validation, I.K.P. and T.P.; formal analysis, D.K. and Y.M.C.; investigation, S.C. and Y.M.C.; data curation, Y.M.C. and Y.L.K.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.M.C.; writing--review and editing, D.K.  
Figure 7: Comparison of the flaw detection performance between RT and PAUT according to the flaw type and materials.  
and I.K.P.; visualization, Y.L.K. and S.C.; supervision, I.K.P.; project administration, I.K.P.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20181510102130), (No. 20217410100100).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Highly Compact Through-Wire Microstrip to Empty Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line Transition
## 3 Results
Figure 8: Influence of the feeding line angle: (**a**) results for the scattering parameters depending on the feeding angle; and (**b**) definition of angle. Table 4 compares this through-wire transition with the other available transitions for ESICL in terms of insertion loss, return loss, electrical length (related to the free-space wavelength at the central frequency \(f_{0}\) = 10 GHz) and the angle between feeding line and ESICL line. As it can be noticed, this new through-wire transition is equivalent to the others in terms of return loss; it is also equivalent regarding the insertion loss for \(f<\) 14.5 GHz. However, where this through-wire transition is far much better than the others is in its size, as it is electrically much shorter, and in the independence of the incidence angle of the feeding line. Furthermore, the through-wire transition presents also the benefit that the feeding line is placed in the top cover, totally independent of the other layers (even in layer height), and therefore, the whole surface can be used for placing other planar circuits. On the other hand, the manufacturing complexity of this new transition is equivalent to the previous ones, but its design procedure is easier, given that there are no transformers in the feeding line and only four parameters (three of the gap-pad structure and the length of isolation of the inner coaxial) control the final performance of the transition.