esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Applications
### Smart Contracts Applications  
* Smart Grid A smart grid is an electrical grid which manages a variety of energy sources including renewable energy and energy measures. The advance of renewable energy and storage systems allows traditional energy consumers to sell excess energy back to the grid or other energy consumers within their vicinity, and hence makes the grid more distributed and in a peer-to-peer fashion.  
Keeping tracks of the production and distribution of electricity is an important aspects of the smart grid. Blockchain technology can provide a secure and reliable way to carry peer-to-peer energy exchanges without a central coordinator based on smart contracts. This will lead to the increase in development of decentralized micro-grids and technologies enabling micro-grids. [PERSON] et al. proposed a permissioned blockchain edge model for smart grid network to address the privacy protections and energy security issues in smart grid, by combining blockchain and edge computing techniques [67]. They used group signatures and covert channel authorization techniques to guarantee users' validity. There also exists a significant privacy issue in smart grid that energy trading volumes can be mined to detect its private information such as physical location and energy usage. In [68], a consortium blockchain-oriented approach is presented to solve the privacy leakage in smart grid and screen the distribution of energy sale of sellers.
* Blockchain Healthcare Blockchain can be used to store encoded personal health records and only allows granted parties to access. The distributed ledgers can also provide a secure and confidential health care management with the participation of the health care recipient, the health care provider, the insurance company, and the regulation agent. PokitDok, an e-commerce healthcare provider, introduces a blockchain based healthcare system named DokChain in 2016. DokChain integrates all endpoints in the healthcare ecosystem into the Sawtooth based blockchain network, and can provide health data for tracking and sharing in a secured way [69].
* Blockchain music In the online music industry, the centralized management takes profits from both artists and fans, where fans are charged huge fees for music access and artists give up much of their profits to the centralized management. The blockchain and smart contracts technology can help to create a distributed music streaming platform, where all transactions are transparent, the money go directly to the artists, and fans can access to more music in simpler and cheaper ways. There are many blockchain based music companies emerging worldly wide [70], spreading from the west coast of Europe to the east coast of China, and to the Americas. [PERSON] et al. proposed a master-slave blockchain platform that is applicable in digital rights management [71].
## 3 Chang'E-5T Orbit Determination
### Orbit Determination with Different C/N0 Thresholds  
In this section, we investigate the Chang'E-5T OD precision with different C/N0 thresholds, and the resultant orbits are compared with dynamic orbits. The orbit differences in along-track, cross-track, radial components are shown in Figure 13 and their RMS are listed in Table 3.  
Figure 12: The SPP 3-Dimension (3D) precision and PDOP series.  
Figure 13: Orbit comparison solutions with different C/N0 thresholds in radial, cross-track and along-track directions (unit: meter).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**C/N0** & **Along-Track** & **Cross-Track** & **Radial** & **3D** \\ \hline
28 & 2.86 & 1.77 & 1.34 & 3.62 \\
31 & 7.15 & 3.35 & 5.08 & 9.39 \\
34 & 36.03 & 2.21 & 36.93 & 51.65 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Orbit Precision of different C/N0 thresholds (unit: meter).  
It can be indicated that with lower C/N0 threshold, better orbit precision can be obtained. This can be primarily attributed to the number of visible GPS satellites decrement due to C/N0 threshold increment. When the C/N0 threshold is raised to 34 dB-Hz, the number of visible GPS satellites per epoch is around 2 as indicated in Section 2.1. This results in particularly low observation redundancy, and makes it more difficult for estimation convergence. Hence, for this case the orbit errors are as large as 80 m at the beginning and then converge slowly to smaller values; the overall 3D RMS errors are 50 m. However, for the other two cases, their orbit differences are both below 10 m in 3D RMS.
# Improving Freight Traffic Efficiency at Urban Intersections Using Heavy Vehicle Platooning
## 3 Methodology
### Base Model Development
#### 3.5.2 Driving Model  
In order to accurately simulate the different types of vehicles and their driving behavior within the VISSIM model, three distinct scenarios were considered based on the vehicle type and its position within an HCV platoon.  
In the first scenario, if the vehicle is a traditional heavy vehicle, the standard VISSIM internal driving model is adopted. This model accounts for the typical driving behavior and characteristics of traditional heavy vehicles, such as acceleration, deceleration, and car-following patterns.  
In the second scenario, if the vehicle is a connected heavy vehicle (HCV) and it is a follower vehicle within a platoon, the cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) model is adopted. Lastly, if the vehicle is a connected HCV and it is the leader of a platoon, the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) with trajectory advisory speed is adopted. This approach allows the lead vehicle to receive guidance on optimal speeds to minimize the number of stops at intersections, ultimately improving the overall traffic flow and reducing congestion for the entire platoon.  
By considering these three scenarios in the VISSIM model, the simulation can accurately represent the diverse driving behaviors and interactions between traditional and connected HCVs in real-world traffic conditions, ultimately providing a more reliable and valid evaluation of the proposed HCV platoon-based algorithm's performance.
## 3 Additional Damping Controller Design
### Add the Impedance Transfer Function of SDC  
SDC is added to the rotor-side and grid-side control systems, as shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Impedance schematic with SDC added.  
Let the impedance transfer function after adding SDC be G(s), then,  
\[G(s)=\frac{V_{out}}{U_{abc}} \tag{7}\]  
Taking phase A as an example, then,  
\[\begin{array}{l}G_{a}(s)=\frac{V_{out}}{U_{a}}=\frac{U_{a}+V_{a}}{U_{a}}=1+ \frac{V_{a}}{U_{a}}\\ =1+\frac{V_{a}-800}{U_{a}}[H_{\rm F}(s)+K_{P}+(\frac{1-T_{0}}{1+T_{0}})^{2}] \end{array} \tag{8}\]  
where V\({}_{\rm out}\) is the output voltage after adding the SDC, and U\({}_{\rm abc}\) is the output voltage of the control system without the SDC. V\({}_{\rm aout}\) is the output voltage of phase A after adding the SDC, U\({}_{\rm a}\) is the phase A voltage at the output terminal of the control system without SDC, V\({}_{\rm a}\) is the equivalent injection voltage of the SDC, V\({}_{\rm(a\_B690)}\) is the voltage of phase A of the generator, the transfer function of the filter link H\({}_{\rm F}\)(s) is given by Equation(5), and K\({}_{\rm P}\) is the gain.
## 3 Methodology  
To evaluate the potential for mineral carbonation in plutonic mafic rocks, a six-step methodology was followed (Figure 1):  
1. Selection of representative samples for study and definition of conceptual conditions (rock-brine-CO\({}_{2}\)) to be studied (Figures 1 and 2a).
2. Mineralogical, textural and chemical characterization of the specimens before exposure to brine and supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) (SC CO\({}_{2}\)) (Figures 1 and 2b).
3. Exposure of the specimens to CO\({}_{2}\) supersaturated brine at selected conditions (supercritical CO\({}_{2}\): 8 MPa and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the autoclave (Figures 1 and 2c): (a) Stage 1--CO\({}_{2}\) pressurized injection (3 h); (b) Stage 2--CO\({}_{2}\) pressurized stabilization (1, 4, 16 and 64 days) and (c) Stage 3 CO\({}_{2}\)--pressure release (3 h).
4. Upon conclusion of the laboratory experiments in Step 3, mineralogical, textural and chemical characterization of specimens and brine chemical analysis were conducted.
5. Geochemical modelling of the mineral carbonation experiments using CrunchFlow.
6. Interpretation of results and correlation of experimental and modelling data.  
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the work sequence followed in this study.
# A Review of Biochar Properties and Their Utilization in Crop Agriculture and Livestock Production
## 5 Biochar as a Feed Additive
BC supplementation, compared to other widely used feed additives (e.g., aluminosilicates) is much newer practice, not yet thoroughly investigated but promising. Such a dietary inclusion might also have long-term benefits for both animals and the environment through a chain of consecutive, circulating ways of utilization of (1) biochar as a feed additive, (2) digested biochar-manure mixture as a fertilizer, (3) sequestration of C in the soil as the biochar-manure fertilizer is applied in the fields, and (4) higher crop yields and biomass production to obtain more animal feed and material to produce biochar.
## 4 Proposed Solution and Algorithm
### Practical Considerations  
In order to perform the time complexity analysis of the proposed approach, we focus on the worst case scenario. Under such an assumption, we suppose that each ED has the same preference as any other ED in \(\mathcal{D}\), and that the graph \(\mathcal{G}_{d}\) is completely disconnected. Within this context, it is straightforward to assume that \(\mathcal{S}^{\prime}\) receives exactly \(n\) proposals at the first step of the algorithm, \(n-1\) at the second one, and so on. Consequently, given \(n\) proposals, the time complexity required to construct the preference list of \(\mathcal{S}^{\prime}\) over the received proposals is given by \(n\cdot\log n\). Similarly, taking into account that at each iteration of the matching procedure the number of allocated ED is exactly one, due to the hypothesis of disconnection of the underlying graph, the time complexity of the proposed procedure is  
\[\mathcal{O}(n\cdot 2\cdot\log 2)+O\bigg{(}\sum_{w=0}^{n-1}(n-w)\cdot\log(n-w) \bigg{)}, \tag{10}\]  
where \(2\cdot\log 2\) is the time complexity spent by each ED to build its preference list. It is important to note that each ED builds its preferences considering both the \(\mathcal{S}^{\prime}\) and \(\mathcal{S}^{\prime\prime}\) alternatives, and it justifies the cost equals to \(2\cdot\log 2\) to build its preference list. In conclusion, the time complexity of the modified MT approach is in the order of  
\[\mathcal{O}(n\cdot\log n). \tag{11}\]
# Study of Orientation Error on Robot End Effector and Volumetric Error of Articulated Robot
###### Abstract  
Robots are being used in many areas. The robot performance constraints are repeatability and accuracy. Standardized testing and evaluation techniques are needed to examine the process capability of a wide variety of robots. Robot calibration is a term applied to the procedure used in determining actual values which describe the geometric dimensions and mechanical characteristics of a robot. The robot accuracy evaluation method is introduced. The study proposed a technique to analyze robot's orientation error by using the data measured during circle contouring movement of the articulated robot end effectors. New measuring method is proposed to measure orientation errors. Circle contouring measurements were also undertaken to assess the significance of multi-axis movements on the accuracy of the end effector. The paper describes the experimental and theoretical accuracy characteristics of an articulated robot. Also, the technique devised using a simulation program for the robot geometry, together with results from a circular test, enables robot errors to be characterized in terms of orientation error and volumetric error. Close correlation was obtained between the experimental and theoretical results. Also, robot pose error was shown a significant factor influencing the accuracy of the robot end effector. Proposed techniques are useful to set up the articulated robot in the industrial site.  
orientation error; volumetric error; error characteristics; circular contouring; geometric error; articulated robot +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 3 Results
### Antimicrobial Activity of Eugenol and Isoeugenol Against Gram-Positive Bacteria
This indicates the need for further exploration into the specific mechanisms by which eugenol and isoeugenol affect resistant strains, such as their potential to inhibit critical metabolic pathways or induce oxidative stress. The mechanism of action of eugenol and isoeugenol primarily involves the destabilization of bacterial cell membranes and the inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes. Eugenol is known to disrupt cell integrity by altering the membrane permeability, leading to cellular leakage and subsequent cell death. Additionally, eugenol's interaction with bacterial membranes has been reported to induce significant morphological changes, further underscoring its antimicrobial efficacy [15]. Isoeugenol, being the structural isomer of eugenol, exhibited similar antibacterial properties, though the differences in their chemical structures may influence the effectiveness against specific bacterial strains. While both compounds share common mechanisms, subtle variations in their interactions with bacterial components could result in differing levels of activity against certain pathogens. Notably, both compounds also demonstrated efficacy against less widely studied strains, such as _Listeria monocytogenes_ and _Listeria ivanovii_, with promising inhibition zones that merit further investigation [12]. The potential of eugenol and isoeugenol against _Clostridium difficile_, a pathogen associated with severe intestinal infections, is also noteworthy and has not been extensively discussed in previous studies. Preliminary data suggest that these compounds may disrupt _C. difficile_ sporulation or vegetative growth, providing the basis for future therapeutic applications. In conclusion, the results confirm the antibacterial potential of eugenol and isoeugenol against various strains of Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those exhibiting antibiotic resistance [6]. Given the growing issue of bacterial resistance, these findings provide a solid foundation for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Further studies on these compounds, especially in the context of strains that have not been widely studied in the existing literature, are necessary. This could lead to optimizing the action of these substances or synthesizing their derivatives, which may exhibit even greater efficacy in combating resistant infections. The results obtained confirm the potential of these ingredients to be used as preservatives in the cosmetic industry, especially in the context of their action against Gram-positive bacteria. These ingredients effectively prevent the growth of bacteria such as _Staphylococcus aureus_, which are commonly found in the cosmetic environment and can cause product contamination. Due to their antibacterial properties, they provide protection for cosmetics against microbiological contamination, which is crucial for consumer safety and long-term product stability. Such activity supports their use in cosmetics, particularly in products intended for sensitive skin.
# Light Transmission in Fog: The Influence of Wavelength on the Extinction Coefficient
###### Abstract  
Autonomous driving is based on innovative technologies that have to ensure that vehicles are driven safely. LiDARs are one of the reference sensors for obstacle detection. However, this technology is affected by adverse weather conditions, especially fog. Different wavelengths are investigated to meet this challenge (905 nm vs. 1550 nm). The influence of wavelength on light transmission in fog is then examined and results reported. A theoretical approach by calculating the extinction coefficient for different wavelengths is presented in comparison to measurements with a spectroradiometer in the range of 350 nm-2450 nm. The experiment took place in the French Cerema PAVIN BPplatform for intelligent vehicles, which makes it possible to reproduce controlled fogs of different density for two types of droplet size distribution. Direct spectroradiometer extinction measurements vary in the same way as the models. Finally, the wavelengths for LiDARs should not be chosen on the basis of fog conditions: there is a small difference (<10%) between the extinction coefficients at 905 nm and 1550 nm for the same emitted power in fog.  
fog; LiDAR; wavelength; extinction coefficient; meteorological optical range; spectroradiometer; droplet size distribution Article
# Improving the Robustness of AI-Based Malware Detection Using Adversarial Machine Learning
## 5 Adversarial Machine Learning
### Adversarial Defenses
The distillation and adversarial training techniques were also tested, with results indicating that accuracy decreased by up to 2% while using distillation on normal data. Still, the misclassification rate plummed by up to 38% when under assault. [PERSON] et al. [48] used a reinforcement learning technique, deep Q-learning, to target a malware dataset. When a sample successfully misclassified the target model, it was given this reward. The authors utilized a gradient augmented decision tree to tackle it, which yielded a 16 percent evasion rate. Their findings also indicate the characteristics which were used to attack the model. [PERSON] et al. [49] employed a genetic programming technique to conduct evasion attacks on the Contagio PDF malware dataset. The results indicate that a 100% evasion rate was obtained while assaulting both defenses and maintaining the integrity of all attacks. In all, 16,985 evasive variants for PDFrate and 2859 for Hidden were identified. [PERSON] et al. [50] employed genetic programming techniques to change dangerous Android apps in the DREBIN dataset so that they were mislabeled to distinct malware families, and then used RevealDroid, a decision tree-based categorization tool. The authors were able to misclassify 28 of the 29 malware families by only adding one additional feature. [PERSON] et al. [51] utilized entropy time series analysis with different forms of polymorphism (EnTS). The Kaggle malware competition dataset, packet (Pck) malware from VirusShare, and Mix, a dataset created from the first two, were used to evaluate the method. According to the data, EnTS achieved 82 percent accuracy while maximizing precision (100 percent) and 93.9 percent accuracy while maximizing accuracy. El Empaquetador Evolutivo (EEE) assaults resulted in an FNR of 90.8 percent to 98.7 percent, up from 0% to 9.4% without attacks. [PERSON] et al. [52] proposed evasion attack malware (EvnAttack) situated in exec and enhanced the FNR from 0.05 to 0.70. In addition, when Se Defender was deployed, the F1 score was restored to 0.95, while the FNR was drastically lowered. [PERSON] et al. employed GANs for DGA, commonly used by malware to allow numerous created domains to update the infection. After training the auto-encoder on the Alexa top 1M dataset, a random forest classifier with specifically built properties such as length, entropy character distribution, and vowel to consonant ratio was used. This table files CCSCD (private) was used, and the results showed that Even Attack dropped the F1 score from 0.96s to 0.43s model decreased AUC against regular attacks from 0.99 to 0.94. Table 3 gives an overview of the existing adversarial attack techniques.
###### Abstract  
Under fire conditions, bonded anchors often exhibit pull-out failure due to the thermal sensitivity of polymer-based adhesives. However, progress in manufacturing has allowed the development of more thermoresistant mortars, enhancing the probability of observing concrete-related failure modes at high temperature. For concrete cone failure, Anne D (Informative) to the European Standard EN 1992-4 provides a method to determine the characteristic fire resistance. This method is based on ISO 834-1 fire ratings and on limited experimental data without inclusion of bonded anchors. To remedy these shortcomings, the present contribution aims to provide the first experimental analyses on the concrete cone failure of bonded anchors loaded in tension and exposed to ISO 834-1 fire conditions, as well as heating with a relatively slower rate. The recorded ultimate loads show that the loss of capacity depends on the embedment depth, failure mode and heating scenario. Regarding exposure to ISO 834-1 fire, the 125 mm anchors lost 50% to 60% of their capacity at ambient temperature after 30 min to 75 min of fire exposure. The results highlight that the existing method gives a conservative prediction of the concrete cone capacity at high temperature. However, its accuracy can be improved. Moreover, the obtained crack patterns by the concrete cone breakout failure mode show that the rise in temperature did not significantly affect the geometry of the failure with slow-rate heating. In contrast, the ISO 834-1 fire conditions increased the radius of the failure cone at the exposed surface to up to 5.5 times the embedment depth. However, in any case, the initial slope of the failure surface was not significantly different from its value at ambient temperature.  
bonded anchors; concrete cone; high temperature; fire; experimental Article
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture (OPC UA)  
OPC UA stands as a pivotal communication framework within the realm of industrial automation and control systems [35]. At its core, OPC UA delineates a structured messaging model that facilitates the secure and reliable exchange of information amongst various devices and systems [36]. This is underpinned by the ethos of service-oriented architecture (SOA), which allows OPC UA to encapsulate a myriad of communication interactions within well-defined service calls [37].  
The model's standardised format is a testament to its promise of ensuring interoperability across diverse implementations. Additionally, the advanced security measures woven into its fabric underscore its commitment to maintaining secure and authenticated communications. The versatility of OPC UA is further showcased by its ability to support a range of communication protocols, such as TCP/IP and HTTPS, enabling it to effortlessly embed within heterogeneous environments. Its inherent adaptability ensures that OPC UA remains responsive and can evolve in tandem with the shifting needs of the industry [38].  
Nevertheless, while the strengths underscore the efficacy of OPC UA, it is also essential to spotlight some inherent challenges. The extensible and feature-rich nature of OPC UA can, at times, render it complex, especially for those at the outset of their journey with this framework. Implementations on resource-constrained devices might also face challenges due to the memory and processing demands associated with OPC UA. Furthermore, the depth and richness that OPC UA brings to the table also introduce a learning curve, which stakeholders need to navigate to extract maximum value [39].  
All in all, OPC UA, with its expansive adoption within the automation industry, is unequivocally one of the frontrunners in the domain of industrial communication standards [35]. However, a nuanced understanding of its capabilities and challenges is pivotal for its efficacious implementation [40].