## 3 Results and Discussion
### Vapour Permeation-Fractionated Condensation Processing of the Model Solution of Red Wine  
The application of vapour permeation in the industry has been explored since the early 1980s, and it is now widely applied in the petrochemical and chemical sectors for the  
Figure 5: Model simulation of fractionated condensation for two different chemical families (esters and ethyl phenols) included in the red wine model solution. Percentage of condensation of each compound present (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, 4-ethyl phenol, and 4-ethyl guaiacol) in the 1 st condenser (%_Condensi1_). Operating conditions: \(T_{fed}\) = 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C; \(p_{perm}\) = 101 kPa. manufacture and purification of volatile organic compounds [25]. For this reason, it was considered relevant to test this model in an integrated vapour permeation/fractionated condensation process. To find the best \(T_{1,condens}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) to achieve the removal of the ethyl phenols for vapour permeation/fractionated condensation at a permeate pressure of 1000 Pa, a simulation was performed on the fractionated condensation process, and the %_Condens\({}_{i,1}\)_ was predicted for different values of \(T_{1,condens}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C). The obtained results are presented in Figure 6.  
Based on the simulation results, a temperature range of \(-25\) to \(-15\)\({}^{\circ}\)C may be suggested. The simulation showed that at a \(T_{1,condens}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) of \(-15\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, the 1 st condenser ensures a residual condensation (%_Condens\({}_{i1}\)_ < 8%) of all the esters present in the model solution as well as condensation of 20 and 50% of 4-EP and 4-EG, respectively. The model predicted a retention of more than 80% for 4-EG, 75% for ethyl hexanoate, around 50% for 4-EP, and less than 20% for ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate at a \(T_{1,condens}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) of \(-25\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. This represents a good recovery of some esters in the 2 nd condenser and a good reduction in the ethyl phenol content. However, it implies the loss of a substantial part of the ethyl hexanoate content. The obtained results show that a complete separation of volatile phenols from the target esters is not possible by the proposed integrated process. However, it allows for a good reduction in the ethyl phenols. Other research studies of fractionated condensation of wine aromas have shown similar behaviour concerning the condensation of esters. [PERSON] et al. [15], aiming at the recovery and/or fractionation of aromas, studied the performance of vacuum-fractionated condensation integrated with an organophilic pervaporation process. Using a \(T_{1,condens}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) of \(-9\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, a similar %_Condens\({}_{i1}\)_ of 9% for ethyl acetate was obtained. In addition,  
Figure 6: Model simulation of the integrated system of vapour permeation/fractionated condensation for two different chemical families (esters and ethyl phenols) included in the red wine model solution. Percentage of condensation of each compound present (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, 4-ethyl phenol, and 4-ethyl guaiacol) in the 1 st condenser (%_Condens\({}_{i1}\)_). Operating conditions: Pervap 4060 membrane; _Tfeed_ = 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C; \(p_{perm}\) = 1000 Pa.  
[PERSON] et al. (2012) studied aroma extraction by gas stripping in a bubble column followed by vapour permeation and compared it with the pervaporation process. By applying a multistage condensation system in series and a \(T_{1,condens}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) of \(-30\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, it was found that ethyl acetate remained in the vapour phase, leading to the recovery of pure water. The ester recovery was carried out in a second cold trap set to \(-117\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. Regarding ethyl phenol removal, the only integrated system using membrane processes reported in the literature was a reverse-osmosis operation followed by a hydrophobic adsorptive resin, which showed significant reductions in 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol concentrations.