# Blockchain and the Tokenization of the Individual: Societal Implications
## 6 Tokenization in Waste Management, Electrical and Autonomous Vehicles  
A circular economy is an industrial system that is restorative or regenerative by intention and design [45]. The \"end of life\" concept is replaced with the concept of restoration and strives for waste elimination through the innovative design of materials, products, systems and the introduction of novel business models. Through numerous technological advances, recycling has become increasingly more viable through the deployment of technology such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and IoT. The deployment of these technologies has created greater efficiency with respect to logistics, knowledge sharing and tracking of materials [46]. More recently, various circularity initiatives have begun leveraging blockchain technology for verification purposes. RecycleToCoin [47] looks to increase participation through recycling waste in the United Kingdom. Users of the RecycleToCoin application are incentivized to take their recyclable plastic and aluminium cans to participating stores. They are then given tokens in a secure digital wallet based on the quantity of recyclable material deposited, which can then be turned into digital currencies (Bitcoin or Ethereum) or gift cards via GiftPay [48] or donated to PlasticBank [49]. PlasticBank has created recycling systems in many global locations providing fair value for waste collectors and supporting digital transactions through the employment of a permissioned blockchain. In order to achieve scalability and incorporate other technologies such as analytics and visual recognition, PlasticBank has employed blockchain on IBM LinuxONE [50]. Food waste throughout the world is an increasing problem due to its impact on the environment, natural resource scarcity and significant contribution to global warming and climate change. One third of all food produced is lost or wasted. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to include a target to halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer level and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses by 2030 [51]. In Europe, food waste is an increasing concern. The production, distribution and storage of food use natural resources, and the discarding of food, especially that which is still edible, increases these impacts. One company in the United States is aiming to tackle food waste in order to solve food insecurity and also resolve an estimated USD 40 billion in tax credits for businesses that remain unclaimed annually. Goodr [52] is utilizing blockchain technology to track an organizations' surplus food waste from collection to donation, enabling tax deductions for organizations fully compliant with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating social good by moving edible surplus to communities in need. Blockchain technology can also be used in other waste management industries and plays a pivotal role in ensuring that recyclables do not end up in landfill. Digital tracking of data allows for deeper analyses of supply chains. Utilising this technology with IoT devices and RFID, greater efficiencies can be gained and roque activity marginalised. Such activity has been prevalent in the tire recycling industry across the globe. Each year, 1.6 billion new tires are generated, and around one billion of waste tires is generated [53]. The collection and recycling of tires and prevention from landfill, sensitive habitats and abandoned areas remain a challenge for the industry globally. The tire supply chain consists of the production of raw materials, the production of tires, the distribution of tires, the use of tires and then the collection, sorting and recycling of end of life tires (ELTs). ELTs are processed into rubber granulate and energy recovery.