# A Versatile Resilience Packet Ring Protocol Model for Homogeneous Networks
## 2 Related Work  
As the name implies, Wireless Wide-Area Networks (WWANs) are used to cover outdoor networks. These networks are used to provide public Internet access systems or connect different branches of the deployed 2.4 GHz band, which can also be used by stand-alone systems when associated with photo-voltaic solar panels or wind systems. The WWAN uses protocols such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 3G, High-Speed Downlink Access (HSPDA), and Resilient Packet Ring (RPR). The RPR is the new ring topology that is currently being standardized by IEEE 802.17. RPR is mainly used in Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) and WAN. The most crucial feature of RPR is its resilience. It can send data even if a link fails. Due to this feature, the popularity of RPR is increasing. MAN or WAN service providers are often based on the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), which are similar to each other [10]. Commonly, the SONET uses a dual-ring configuration in which one of the two rings is set as a primary ring, and the other as a secondary ring. When the primary ring fails to send a frame, the secondary ring is used to send the frame, maintaining network connectivity, and providing an advantage over other networks. RPR can bridge over the other networks of IEEE 802. RPR uses a MAC protocol for gaining access to a shared ring communication medium. The stations or nodes on RPR use a MAC protocol for gaining access to a ring communication medium. The station decides which of the two counter-rotating rings would carry the frame to its destination station. The destination is identified by the address written on the frame header; if the address matches, the station would start to receive the frame; if not, the frame is passed to the next station. Suppose the given address does not match any station on the medium. In that case, the ring continues to rotate over the medium, making it busy, and other stations cannot send data. To overcome this problem, RPR implements Time To Live (TTL) on the frame, which means that it is deleted if no station receives the frame, to make the ring available for other stations. Every station on the medium consists of a buffer called a transit queue, in which the station that is transmitting the frame can be temporarily stored. In combination with a wireless and wired network, many protocols and techniques provide network availability [11]. In addition, first, it prepares an address list of connected devices on the subnet. When the list is prepared, it sends test messages to all connected devices, and when the match is found, it re-establishes the link. This method is purely for a wired base network and involves a physical connection with all computing devices. We are not sure how it performs on a large-scale network. The algorithm tests all the devices one by one. Suppose one machine fails to respond; then, it tries to connect with the second device. Communication devices (PC, LAN switches, routers, wireless LAN, etc.) communicate with each other through the MAC address and Internet Protocol (IP) address. The MAC address is built on the NIC of each device, but the IP address is configured manually or by some server Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), and Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP). In this model, Ethernet cards work on the physical layer, the switch works on the data link layer, and the router works on the network layer [12]. In contrast, TELNET and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) work on the application layer that controls the session transport layer. The primary function of the router is to connect different LANs, learn available routes, select the best router, and maintain routes. Routers use different protocols to perform these functions, such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), etc. If some physical layer device fails, it cannot be detected by the upper layer of communication until the device tries to communicate.