esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Multi-Server Federated Learning Framework in Vehicular Edge Computing
## 5 Transmission Latency Analysis
### Single-Server FL  
In a single-server FL architecture, each client sends its model updates via its local RSU, which then forwards them over the high-speed backhaul to the central server. Because RSU-RSU (backhaul) delays are negligible, the per-round transmission latency reduces to the same \"edge\" delay defined in the MS-FL subsection--that is, the slowest client's upload plus download time. If clients were to communicate directly with the central server, increased path loss and lower spectral efficiency over longer distances would substantially raise latency [32; 33]. Although various algorithms have been proposed to accelerate convergence in single-server FL [34; 35; 33], the overall transmission time remains dominated by this edge delay summed over all communication rounds.
## 4 Empirical Analysis
### Evaluation Index System Construction
#### 4.2.1 Traditional Financial Indicators  
The selection of traditional financial indicators has a direct influence on the accuracy of the early warning model. This paper follows the principles below in terms of selecting indicators.  
1. Principle of importance: It is necessary to select important indicators, instead of picking all traditional financial indicators indiscriminately.
2. Principle of accessibility: The selection of traditional financial indicators should consider the accessibility of data and try to select data that are easy to collect.
3. Principle of objective relevance: The selection of traditional financial indicators needs to be highly relevant to the purpose of use, and a financial crisis warning requires that the selected indicators are highly relevant to the financial situation of the listed company.  
Since there is no accepted standard for the financial indicators used in the financial crisis early warning model, based on the relevant category literature, this paper selects five aspects of traditional financial indicators according to the principles of selection [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 19; 20]. The financial status of listed companies depends mainly on the profitability, solvency, asset operating efficiency, cash flow quality and development quality of listed companies in these five aspects, which contain a total of ten specific indicators. The traditional financial indicators selection and calculation formula are shown in Table 1.
# Impact of Latency on QoE, Performance, and Collaboration in Interactive Multi-User Virtual Reality
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Independent Variables
In addition, the number of scenarios was intentionally kept limited in order to realize a within-subject experimental design within an acceptable attention span. As such, a total of four possible scenarios was obtained, as illustrated in Table 5. Note that, as Clumsy runs on the server-side, downlink packets (i.e., server-to-client) are stalled before transmission, while uplink traffic (client-to-server) is stalled after reception at the server (but before processing).
# Antioxidant Properties of _Jatropha curcas_ L. Seed Shell and Kernel Extracts
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Preparation of Extracts  
_J. curcas_ seeds (Figure 1) were collected from the location with GPS coordinates (24.446718, 120.792095), Miaoli, Taiwan. The collection and further experiments were conducted from December 2018 to January 2019. The seeds were placed in an oven and dried at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The shell and kernel were then manually separated, further dried, and powdered using a pulverizer. Seed shell and kernel extracts were prepared in three replications by dissolving seed shell and kernel powder in 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 95% ethanol at a ratio of 1:10 g/mL at a constant temperature of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h as original sample solutions. The solvent was removed using a vacuum rotary evaporator. The dried extracts were examined for determination of extraction yield and extract concentration in original sample solutions. All antioxidant experiments used the original sample solutions, but cytotoxicity test used the redissolved extract solutions with 2.5% DMSO.  
Figure 1: Seed shell and kernel of _Jatropha curcas_ L.
# Neutralization Dynamics of Slow Highly Charged Ions in 2D Materials
## 3 Discussion on Ion Interaction with 2D Materials
### 2D Materials on Substrates  
In contrast to the studies of freestanding 2D materials discussed above, SLG and SL-MoS\({}_{2}\) were investigated after HCI irradiation when placed on a substrate by other groups [65; 66; 67; 68; 3]. In the case of graphene on SiO\({}_{2}\) and 150 - 450 keV Xe\({}^{(28-42)+}\) irradiation, ion-induced defects were observed as enhanced friction in contact mode AFM [66]. No topographic changes were observed. Additionally, the Raman signal shows a clear defect related D-peak after ion irradiation. The absence of topographic nanostructures in AFM was also reported before for HOPG samples [18]. In another study, SLG was placed again on SiO\({}_{2}\) and contacted by Ti/Au contacts [3]. The Si underneath the 285 nm thick SiO\({}_{2}\) served as a back gate for this field-effect transistor design. Studies showed again an ion-induced D-peak in the Raman spectra as well as a reduced carrier mobility for both, electrons and holes, with increasing HCI fluence. Furthermore, 4 MeV Kr\({}^{19+}\) ions were used to irradiate SLG on 300 nm SiO\({}_{2}\)[68]. Raman spectroscopy again showed an increase in D-peak intensity with ion fluence. For 260 keV Xe\({}^{35+}\) and Xe\({}^{40+}\) irradiation of SL- and multilayer-MoS\({}_{2}\) on KBr(100) substrate, ion induced nanofeatures were observed as both holes and hillocks on monolayer and bulk MoS\({}_{2}\), respectively. All the studies on substrates were performed with significantly higher kinetic energies than the studies on freestanding 2D materials, i.e., the ions interact only for 0.3-2 fs with the SLG and MoS\({}_{2}\). Potential energy can therefore not be transferred efficiently into the SLG (ICD is not fast enough). It must be assumed that the larger part of the potential energy is deposited in the insulating substrate and leads there to modifications. A local phase transformation of the substrate underneath the SLG may then damage the SLG leading to point defects or rotational defects. These defects will not appear as topographic nanostructures in AFM, but will contribute to a D-peak in Raman spectroscopy, reduced carrier mobility, as well as to enhanced friction in contact-mode AFM. It can further not be excluded that deposited positive charge of the ion in the insulating substrate forms a stable charge patch underneath the SLG serving as scattering centers for charge carriers. In the case of SL-MoS\({}_{2}\), it was assumed that potential energy driven pits on the KBr substrate underneath are formed [65]. With even higher kinetic energies of several 10 MeV to GeV, ion-induced folding openings (grazing incident angle [69]) were observed on freestanding SLG. These studies are addressing the realm of swift heavy ions, which have some similarities to HCI in the respect of initial energy deposition to the electronic subsystem [70; 71]. However, ICD may not be active for swift heavy ions, i.e., the energy transfer process is different yielding also different nanostructuring efficiencies.
## 4 MAC Protocol Design
### Graded Tailoring Strategy
Let \(x\) denote the size of the data packet tail, and there are two cases to consider: (1) \(2<x\leq 8\), and (2) \(8<x\leq 20\) or \(0<x\leq 2\), noting that they represent a continuous region. We use 4 and 16 to represent the two cases. For case 1, \(x=4\), the frame adapting performs best since its tail size is minimum due to the fact that it is transmitted without modification. The other two methods pad their data frame with the same length of invalid bytes. As for case 2, the tail of the frame adapting packet is chopped into two parts. The chopped bytes will cause another data transmission, leading to worse performance. For a graded tailoring strategy, the multiple tail size method avoids unnecessary invalid bytes and performs best. To sum up, compared with the frame adapting strategy, the graded tailing avoids extra data transmission, and performs better with a probability of 75% (except \(0<x\leq 8\)). When compared with a frame tailoring strategy, the graded tail padding reduces the length of invalid bytes. The proposed strategy is either equal (\(2<x\leq 8\)) to or better (\(8<x\leq 20\) and \(0<x\leq 2\)) than the packet tailoring strategy. Assuming that the length of the valid data packet is uniformly randomly distributed, the invalid bytes have dropped by 42% in the proposed method. Therefore, we have proved that the proposed strategy performs better than the two existing CCA reduction strategies.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Environmental Aspects: CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions to the Environment  
An aspect not directly related but important to consider is the saving in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions to the atmosphere thanks to the use of photovoltaic installations; in this sense it is estimated that the designed system stops emitting 11.23 tons of CO\({}_{2}\) equivalent to the atmosphere, so the project offers this environmental advantage. It is equivalent to planting 288 trees, so it can be said that this facility supports the environment by mitigating 24% of the emissions to the environment thanks to the construction of photovoltaic installation. The summarized aspects are shown in Figure 13.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [84] analyzed 14 agricultural and aquaculture products from 38,700 farms worldwide, finding that Tilapia aquaculture produces 5 kg of CO\({}_{2}\) per kilogram of product. This confirms the importance of relying on the application of photovoltaic technology to minimize negative effects in the agricultural sector. The authors state that producers have limits in terms of reducing impacts, so the use of technology that contributes to sustainability favors the reduction of these environmental impacts.
# Real-Time Kinematic Positioning Using Multi-Frequency Smartphone Measurements +
###### Abstract  
Nowadays, several smartphones on the market provide multi-frequency multi-constellations GNSS measurements, including carrier phase ones, allowing the achievement of high-accuracy positioning by exploiting Real Time Kinematic (RTK) or Precise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques. This paper will showcase the effectiveness of using smartphone measurements for RTK under different scenarios and for different applications using baselines of different lengths. The impact of the smartphone's antenna on the solution will also be analysed. The assessment will be performed by evaluating different key performance indicators, including the time to first fix and the horizontal/vertical accuracy. This paper shows that around a 99% fix position can be achieved even using the smartphones' antennas for the static case under open sky conditions. Moreover, high percentages of fix solutions can also be achieved in kinematic mode by ad hoc tuning of the RTK algorithm.  
GNSS; smartphones; Real-Time Kinematic; high accuracy 2025 88, 23
## 4 Renewable Energy Capacity Configuration Method  
In order to ensure the system's safe and stable operation after access to renewable energy, the system utilizes the pumped storage and generation functionality of transformed cascade small hydropower to regulate wind power and PV fluctuations, ensuring real-time matching of generation with electricity demand. Therefore, the following principles should be taken into account in the capacity configuration of renewable energy in the system:  
1. Maximize the utilization of the regulation capacity of cascade small hydropower and pumped storage units to increase power generation, reduce surplus water, and improve hydropower utilization efficiency.
2. According to the fluctuation characteristics of wind power and PV, time-series matching of power and electricity is performed to ensure that the control capacity meets the requirements of smoothing wind and PV output and that the system is continuously and stably generated.
## 2 Materials  
Four types of rocks analogous to those used in the fields of storage, geothermal energy, and hydrocarbon systems were chosen for this study: a chalk, a sandstone, a fresh granite, and a weathered granite (Figure 1).  
**Chalons chalk (CC):** The chalk dated from the Upper Cretaceous and belongs to the Paris basin structure (France). Samples were extracted from the Grand Mont quarry (Saint-Germain-la-Ville, France). From a mineralogical point of view, the Chalons chalk consisted almost exclusively of calcium carbonate (CaCO\({}_{3}\) > 98.5%).  
**Fontainebleau Sandstone (FS):** The sandstone is dated from the Lower Oligocene and belongs to the Paris basin structure (France). Samples were extracted from the Fontainebleau quarry, (Fontainebleau, France). This rock has the particularity of being composed almost exclusively of quartz (>99%) with constant grain size, with a median diameter of about 300 \(\upmu\)m [47].  
**Gris Alba Monzogranite (GA):** This rock belongs to the peraluminous syn and post-kinematic granites from the Galicia-tas-os-montes domain [48]. It is temporally related to regional metamorphism and processes of Hercynian crustal anatexis. The granitoid was quarried in the Salvaterra-A Caniza-Cerdedo alignment belonging to the Faro de Avion batholith (Galice, Spain). The study revealed a homogeneous monzogranite with a fine grain (2-5 mm). Quartz and plagioclase appeared in a similar proportion (around 25%) while alkali feldspar showed a higher proportion with almost 40%. The proportion of muscovite:biotite minerals is about 2:1 [28].  
**Golden Ski Monzogranite (GS):** Golden Ski is a peraluminous syn-kinematic granite that belongs also to the Galicia-Tras-os-montes Zone of the Iberian Massif. The samples were quarried close to the border between Galice (Spain) and Portugal. Similar to GA, this rock is located in the Salvaterra-A Caniza-Cerdedo alignment. GS is a homogeneous monzogranite with a fine grain (2-4 mm). Quartz appeared in a proportion close to 50% of the stone, while alkali feldspar and plagioclase showed a similar quantity with around 20% each. Mica appeared similarly distributed, with 13% in total. Habits go from subhedral (feldspars) to euhedral (muscovite) with quartz showing irregular shape. This granite showed an initial alteration characterised by the presence of clay and yellow colour [28].  
Figure 1: Selected rocks. Photographs made under a binocular microscope. (**a**) Chalons chalk (CC); (**b**) Fontainebleau sandstone (FS); (**c**) Gris Alba granite (GA); (**d**) Golden Ski granite (GS).
## 3 Method
### Retriever Consensus Confidence Fusion (RCCF)
#### 3.3.3 Confidence Estimation  
Beyond fusion scores, RCCF provides confidence estimates for each document, enabling downstream applications to assess result reliability:  
\[\text{Confidence}(d)=C(d)\times\frac{|A(d)|}{n}\times\left(1-\frac{|\text{ Score}_{\text{RCCF}}(d)-\overline{\text{Score}}|}{\text{max}(\text{Score})-\text{min}( \text{Score})}\right) \tag{9}\]This confidence measure incorporates retriever consensus \(C(d)\), retriever coverage \(\frac{|A(d)|}{n}\), and score stability (deviation from the mean score), providing a comprehensive reliability indicator.
# Multi-Modal Sonar Mapping of Offshore Cable Lines with an Autonomous Surface Vehicle
## 4 Experiments
### MBES Mapping Results  
The real-time sonar point cloud generation in Rviz (ROS 3D visualization tool) is shown in Figure 10. As the seafloor near Jeju Island is mainly composed of basalt, the sonar beams suffer from random reflections. In some cases, no return data were obtained for various sonar beams.  
Figure 11 shows the effect of the SOR filter on the sonar point cloud. The raw sonar point cloud contains outliers due to the multipath effect and increasing noise in the side ranges. These can be removed by applying a conventional SOR with a tight rejection threshold. However, it also removes the sparse sonar points that should have been preserved. In contrast, the proposed v-SOR filters out the vertical outliers as well as side noises while preserving the sparse inlier point cloud.  
Figure 10: Real-time MBES sonar point cloud generation.  
The final aggregated sonar-point cloud is shown in Figure 12. We can observe the entire segment of the power cable lines that starts from the offshore electrical substation (areas colored in magenta) to the termination point (areas colored in red). Owing to the consistent height estimation, the shape of the cable lines from the generated point clouds maintains consistency, even with overlapping survey paths. The quality of the generated  
Figure 11: Comparison between the conventional SOR and the proposed v-SOR. SOR removed the sparse inlier sonar points; v-SOR preserves them while removing vertical outliers and side noises.  
point cloud in this step is also important in post-processing, as it can be directly used in mesh interpolation without additional outlier removal and to generate sharper seafloor maps. Furthermore, we expect the built map to be used as a draft during future construction works, such as inspection and maintenance, as all these point clouds were georeferenced using vertical datum. This also applies to the generated SSS image maps.
# Enhancing the Security of Pattern Unlock with Surface EMG-Based Biometrics
## 6 Conclusions  
Pattern unlock is a popular screen unlock mechanism, but has relatively weak security compared with other mechanisms, such as the PIN and password. It is susceptible to various attacks, including guessing attacks, over-the-shoulder attacks, smudge attacks, and side channel attacks. In this paper, we proposed a new two-factor authentication scheme that utilizes sEMG-based biometrics to enhance the security of pattern unlock. The proposed scheme uses time domain features extracted from recorded sEMG signals and one-class classifiers to determine the authenticity of the user. To test the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, 10 subjects were recruited for the study. The results show that the proposed scheme achieves good authentication performance in terms of \(F_{1}\) score and HTER. In addition to mobile devices, the proposed scheme has the potential to be applied for the vehicle access control system of electrical vehicles (EVs) which is projected to be a 22.6 billion market by 2027 [42]. There are several limitations of the current research. First, the sEMG acquisition system used in the experiment was for the purpose of proof-of-concept, which is not intended for real-world applications. Wearable wireless sEMG acquisition devices, such as the MyoWare Muscle Sensor [43] or Myo Armband [44] with better usability should be considered in those scenarios. The second limitation is the relatively small number of subjects recruited for the experiment. We plan to perform larger-scale testing of the proposed scheme in the future. Finally, the experiment conducted in the paper only considered the scenario of using both hands to unlock the device. In future studies, we will also consider the scenario of using only one hand to unlock the device.  
Conceptualization, J.Z.; methodology, J.Z.; software, Q.L. and P.D.; data curation, Q.L. and P.D.; writing-original draft preparation, Q.L. and J.Z.; writing-review and editing, J.Z.; supervision, J.Z.; funding acquisition, J.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This material is based upon work funded by the National Science Foundation EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement OIA-1757207. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Design  
The experimental procedures were performed at Center of Experimental Fishpathology of Sicily, Messina, Italy (CISS) [62; 63; 64]. After 24 h of incubation, the obtained _A. salina_ nauplii (instar I) were collected and counted under a Leica M205 C (Leica Microsystems, Milan, Italy) stereoscope in a 550 Sedgewick Rafter counting chamber (Marienfeld, Lauda-Konigshofen, Germany). Twelve experimental groups, in triplicate, were transferred with an automatic pipette in 10 mL glass test tubes with different concentration of MPs (0-1-10-10\({}^{2}\)-10\({}^{3}\)-10\({}^{4}\) MPs/mL), and treated as two experimental groups with the _D. salina_ food source (Group A) and without the food source (Group B). Experimental treatments are reported in Table 1. A number of 60 _A. salina_ nauplii (10 nauplii/mL, total solution volume 6 mL) was placed in each replicate. For the entire experiment, the glass tubes were placed in a rack and maintained in laboratory for 168 h at 24 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a 12D:12N photoperiod. Seven time points were set at 0-6-12-24-48-96-168 h. For every time point, five specimens per each replicate were sampled, clarified in 4% buffered formalin, and photographed under a Leica DM6B (Leica Microsystems, Milan, Italy) microscope equipped with a Leica DFC7000T (Leica Microsystems, Milan, Italy) Imaging system and LAS X software for further analysis. The total length (from the nauplii eye to the anus) of sampled specimens was recorded for each treatment at each time point. Mortality was recorded daily and collected with a glass pipette and transferred to a well slide under microscope to be analysed and photographed. The experimental solutions were replaced by 90% daily for each treatment to provide constant feeding to brine shrimps and to avoid MPs sedimentation [55].  
From our pre-experimental tests, the sedimentation of MPs started after 48 h from administration in the presence of _A. salina_ nauplii activity that provides constant motion to the solution. Before starting the experiment, we performed a 24-h ingestion/egestion trial using the method previously described by [PERSON] et al. [65]. In this trial, we found that brine shrimp nauplii egested about 90% of MPs after 3 h post-ingestion. Based on this data, the daily replacement of the solutions was considered necessary to avoid the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Experimental Groups** & **Concentration** \\ \hline  & **N\({}^{\circ}\)MP/mL** \\ \hline A0 & 0 \\ A1 & 1 \\ A2 & 10 \\ A3 & 100 \\ A4 & 1000 \\ A5 & 10,000 \\ B0 & 0 \\ B1 & 1 \\ B2 & 10 \\ B3 & 100 \\ B4 & 1000 \\ B5 & 10,000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Experimental Treatments Summary.  
decrease of the MPs concentration in the replicates due to the egestion rate through fecal pellets elimination.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Chemical Composition  
#### 2.5.1 HPLC-UV Analysis of Caffeine and Polypphenols  
The chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-CQA), caffeine (CAF), gallic acid (GLA), cinnamic acid (CNA), and caffeic acid (CAFA) in coffee samples were analyzed with the use of a previously described HPLC technique [16]. The apparatus consisted of an Ultimate 3000 system coupled to a UV-Vis detector (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham,MA, USA). The analytes were separated on an ACE 100A Excel 2 \(\upmu\)m C18-Amide column (150 \(\times\) 4.6 mm, Advanced Chromatography Technologies Ltd., Aberdeen, UK). A gradient elution was performed using mobile phases A (water with 0.5% acetic acid) and B (acetonitrile with 0.5% acetic acid) as follows (A:B): 96:4 at 0 min, 85:15 at 10 min, 79:21 at 14 min, 78:22 at 25 min, 59:41 at 34 min, 0:100 at 38 min, 0:100 at 48 min, 96:4 at 51 min, and 96:4 at 61 min. The injection volume was 10 \(\upmu\)L, the flow rate was 1 mL/min, and the thermostat temperature was 33 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Detection of analytes was performed at wavelength windows of 194 and 500 nm. Quantification was performed at 260 and 300 nm. The data were evaluated using Chromeleon 7.2 software (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The standard calibration curve of each analyte was obtained in a concentration range of 100-2 \(\upmu\)g/mL using six concentration points (100, 50, 20, 10, 5, and 2 \(\upmu\)g/mL). The amounts of 5-O-CQA, CAF, GLA, CAN, and EPI were expressed in % of content in DW. All analyses were performed in triplicate. Validation parameters of the HPLC-UV method are available in Supplementary Table S1.