## 3 Discussion  
The six-step method is a structured approach based on a logical systematic order to systemic challenges. The developed TCSAS framework came about as a result of the SE approach of the six-step method application. By applying the TCSAS framework to the NSVC case, we can see that the system's host country's official government's commitment to sustainability--in general, and to the UN SDGs in particular--is driven to embrace the SDGs within the operational structure of the system. The heavy influence of the governmental stakeholder in shaping the vision for development and related policies [89] was deployed in favor of SDG integration. A lack of political will is not found to be a roadblock between aquaculture and SDG implementation in the NSVC, in contrast to \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Company** & **Reference** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Examples of: KPIs**} & **SDG** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Leroy} & \multirow{4}{*}{report [63]} & \(\bullet\) & 50\% reduction in the use of non-recyclable plastic & Goal 14 \\  & & by 2024 & Goal 17 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Participation in multi-stakeholder initiatives & Goal 12 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Food waste reduction & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MOWI} & \multirow{4}{*}{report [64]} & \(\bullet\) & Energy use and GHG emissions & Goal 12 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Percentage of sites with minimum benthic Impact. & Goal 14 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Training on diversity and equal rights & Goal 8 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Grieg} & \multirow{4}{*}{report [65]} & \(\bullet\) & Minimum usage of hydrogen peroxide treatment & Goal 14 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Carbon footprint reduction & Goal 13 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Reduction in the use of plastic in production & Goal 12 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Nova Sea} & \multirow{4}{*}{report [66]} & \(\bullet\) & Zero antibiotics usage & Goal 14 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Reducing Co2 emission per kg of salmon & Goal 13 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{SALMAR} & \multirow{4}{*}{report [67]} & \(\bullet\) & Higher 12 month rolling survival rate & Goal 14 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Omega-3 production & Goal 3 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cargill} & \multirow{4}{*}{report [68]} & \(\bullet\) & Increase resource efficiency of farmed fish & Goal 14 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & 35\% trimming of marine ingredients & Goal 12 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{BIOMAR} & \multirow{2}{*}{report [69]} & \(\bullet\) & Fish feeds are 50\% circular and restorative by 2030 & Goal 14 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & 20\% reduction per kg of feed by 2020 & Goal 2 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cermaq} & \multirow{2}{*}{website [70]} & \(\bullet\) & Increasing share of plant-based feed & Goal 14 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Cut GHG emissions by 35\% by 2030 & Goal 13 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Skretting} & \multirow{2}{*}{report [71]} & \(\bullet\) & Operational actions to reduce impact through KPIs & Goal 13 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & 50\% reduction in antibiotic usage & Goal 14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Examples of KPIs derived from SDGs found in the reviewed reports. previous findings [94]. The TCSAS framework relied on understanding the value chain's structure, operational dynamics, and sociopolitical reality as a prerequisite to identify its complexity and adaptability to the integration of SDGs. In this study, the NSVC is seen as a moderate-complexity system in its SDG relation, with more complexity-reducing than complexity-adding factors. The geographical expansion of the NSVC over several countries is a significant consideration, starting from where the basic raw material is produced and then imported to the aquaculture production sites in Norway all the way to the product export destinations all over the globe. This international presence gives more importance to the global perspective of sustainability and the SDGs. The NSVC is structured around salmon feed production from plant material and marine material, then progressing to salmon-farming in sea cages in the marine environment.