esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
The first study of the photosensitivity of the 3D printed silica fibers with fs-IR laser irradiation is reported. The results from the writing kinetics and isochronal annealing show that 3D printed fibers demonstrate similar, or slightly better, thermal stability in comparison with commercial single-mode fibers, which means that 3D printed fibers with complex configurations could be applied in high-temperature environments without the restriction of conventional fiber design and manufacturing.  
Moreover, the thermal stability of these fs-IR laser inscribed structures in both 3D printed fiber and conventional fiber (Type II modifications) was studied and simulated with a Rayleigh-Plesset (R-P) model. Despite different fabrication routes, 3D printed fibers show comparable performance with SMF28 commercial single-mode fibers. Overall, 3D printed fibers are promising in FBG fabrication and high-temperature components for sensing applications. Regarding the laser-induced underlying porous nanostructure in silicate more generally, it can be treated as nanopores that slowly re-dissolve back into the glass with high temperature annealing. This dissolution is likely to be impacted by the surrounding environment that may account for some slight differences in response magnitude between the two fiber types.  
Conceptualization, Y.W., S.W., M.L., G.-D.P. and J.C.; methodology, Y.W., M.C. and M.L.; software, Y.W. and S.W.; validation, M.L., G.-D.P., J.C. and B.P.; formal analysis, Y.W. and S.W.; investigation, Y.W., S.W., M.C., B.S. and M.L.; resources, G.-D.P., J.C., B.P. and M.L.; data curation, Y.W., S.W. and B.S.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.W.; writing--review and editing, Y.W., S.W., M.C., J.C., B.P. and M.L.; visualization, M.L.; supervision, G.-D.P., J.C., M.L. and B.P.; project administration, M.L.; funding acquisition, M.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Agence Nationale pour la Recherche, FLAG/IR project, grant number ANR-18-CE08-0004-01 and CNRS Defi Instrumentation aux Limites, Ultrabragg project.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Conclusions and Future Perspective  
The latest achievements in flexible and organic neural interfaces have been reviewed. State-of-the-art inorganic technologies allow both in vivo and in vitro recording of neural activity. However, the rigidity and stiffness of the inorganic materials do not fully meet the biocompatibility requirements needed to achieve long term stability and reliability in vivo. Hence, to promote a good interaction between living tissues and implants, reducing the risk of implant rejection and/or of inflammatory responses, suitable coatings and functionalizations with soft and biocompatible polymers are required.  
For these reasons, organic electronics appears to be a valid alternative to conventional technologies, allowing the realization of more flexible and conformable neural interfaces that can be intrinsically biocompatible, since the nature of the organic semiconductors is similar to that of the living tissues as respect with the inorganic counterpart. Moreover, organic materials can be tuned to enhance the device sensitivity to a particular analyte and flexible neural interfaces can be fabricated onto transparent substrate promoting the combination of optical and electrical analysis.  
The most attractive technology is that based on organic field-effect transistors (both OECTs and EGOFETs) that allow the integration of sensing and amplification in a single device. Such neural interfaces have proven a SNR higher than inorganic-based sensors, paving the way to new all-organic biosensors for in vivo recording of brain activity with minimum risk of tissues damaging. Furthermore, organic neural interfaces that does not need the presence of an external reference electrode have been recently proposed.  
Despite all these achievements, the understanding of the transduction mechanism between cells and transistor-based sensors did not progress as fast as the development of new technologies. Moreover, organic transistors and organic transistor based sensors are a relative novel technology that differs in many aspects from standard silicon transistors. In order to master the transduction mechanism behind an organic neural interface working principle, it is therefore important the development of new tools and techniques to characterize and describe the physics of charge transport in organic transistors, as well to fully understand and to model the interaction between ionic solution and organic semiconductor. Lastly, organic neural interfaces still suffer from a low selectivity due to a reduced integration capability with respect to the CMOS technology.  
Therefore, it is important to develop new fabrication processes and new technologies to achieve in vivo single-cell bidirectional communication. In addition, to maximize the suitability for in vivo applications, it is desirable to develop new reference-less neural interfaces that, unlike what so far reported, might be suitable for the fabrication of new ECoG arrays with a high integration of reference-less sensors, each able to simultaneous stimulation and recording of cell activity.
## 4 Discussion
Endolysin activity is mainly influenced by pH and ionic strength and those encoded by _B. cereus_ phages usually display optimal activity at neutral or slightly basic pH, and tolerate up to 100-200 mM [17; 20; 35]. PlyB221 showed high activity (\(>\)50%) from pH 6 to 9 whereas PlyP32 activity rapidly dropped outside the range of pH 6 and 7. Endolysins from phages targeting _B. cereus_ that are effective at pH 6 have already been described (i.e., PlyPH and PlyB) but they were also highly active up to pH 9, contrary to PlyP32 [47; 49]. The addition of salt did not improve the activity of PlyP32 and PB221, contrary to what was observed for PlyB, and they were able to withstand up to 100 mM and 200 mM of NaCl, respectively, without any loss of activity. The thermal stability of endolysins is also important for their potential application in the food industry. Both endolysins retained high lytic activity (\(>\)50%) after treatments up to 45-50 \({}^{\circ}\)C which, although not as resistant as some _Listeria_ specific endolysins (e.g., HPL511 70% activity after 30 min at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C [50]) is consistent with other endolysins encoded by phages infecting _B. cereus_[35; 51]. Overall, PlyB221 appeared to be active in a wider range of pH and NaCl conditions and withstood higher temperature treatments than PlyP32. In both endolysins, the CBD is represented by SH3 domains, a type of CBD widespread among endolysins of phages infecting _B. cereus_ along with the Amidase02_C domain (PF12123) [17; 21; 47; 52]. Contrary to the endolysins activity range that extended to several species outside the _B. cereus_ group, binding of both CBD was limited to strains of the _B. cereus_ group and to _B. megaterium_ (Table 3). This observation suggests that the motif recognized by the SH3b domain is common to strains belonging to both _B. cereus_ and _B. megaterium_. Although it is still unclear what the SH3 domain ligand is, [PERSON] et al. have shown that the CBD of LysPBC5 is composed of tandem SH3 domains that bind to the PG glycan strands rather than to the peptide interbridge as previously thought [33; 53]. Interestingly, although both PlyB221 and PlyP32 endolysins display the same binding spectra, the fluorescent bacteria decorated with PlyB221_CBD were always brighter than those recognized by PlyP32_CBD.
# Research on Multi-Strategy Routing Protocol in Flying Ad Hoc Networks
## 2 Hybrid Location Service Strategy Design
Among them, the RREQ message encapsulates the location information, motion information, time stamp, and effective time of the source node, and the RREP message encapsulates the location information, motion information, time stamp, and effective time of the destination node. Therefore, through the interaction of the two messages, the source node will obtain the location and motion information of the destination node. The reactive path constructed will also be used for the subsequent packet forwarding of the reactive mechanism.
## 3 Environmental Conditions and Buoy Modeling  
In this section, a buoy-shaped BS is numerically modeled to investigate the effects of BS motion on underwater handovers. For the analysis, an example of a moored ocean buoy is considered in the deep water. Here, \"buoy\" and \"BS\" are used interchangeably and refer to the same entity.
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Energy Consumption  
The amount of energy used to perform a specific task is known as energy consumption. Algorithms that use less energy result in higher throughput and prolong the lifetime of the network. Figure 10a shows that the suggested ACO-PT consumed less energy than competing algorithms. With 200 vehicles, the projected ACO-PT consumed 3.35 joules.  
Figure 9: (**a**) End-to-end delay of the proposed ACO-PT and contending algorithms (ACO-FL, RACO, and AODV-ACO) with a maximum of 200 vehicles, (**b**) end-to-end delay of the proposed ACO-PT and contending algorithms (ACO-FL, RACO, and AODV-ACO) with a maximum of 400 vehicles.  
The competing algorithms, on the other hand, consumed 3.85-4.41 joules with the same number of vehicles. When the number of vehicles was raised to 400, the rate of energy consumption followed the same pattern for the proposed algorithm and competing algorithms ACO-FL, RACO, and AODV-ACO. The suggested ACO-PT used 6.15 joules, as depicted in Figure 10b, whereas the competing algorithms used 7.52-8.63 joules. This difference indicates that the proposed algorithm continued to use less energy as the number of vehicles increased.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Desorption studies  
Stability is most important when the same adsorbent material is reused in multiple adsorption and desorption cycles. The experiment result for desorption studies using distilled water did not show any recovery of Cu(II). It indicates that the interaction between Cu(II) and modified zeolite is strong. Hence, sulfuric acid solutions (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mol/L) were used for the desorption study.  
From the results of the desorption experiment Figure 11, it can be seen that the percentage of desorption is the highest in sulfuric acid solution with a concentration of 0.2 mol/L and that the maximum percentage of desorption was 38.9%.  
These results indicated that Cu(II) is attached to functional groups of modified zeolite. In addition, 0.2 mol/L sulfuric acid solution was selected for the five-cycle adsorption/desorption test. From the experiment result of adsorption and desorption cycles in Figure 12, we can see that the desorption percentage was stable through 1-5 cycle processes. This result indicates that modified zeolite has good stability, although further investigation on regeneration study is needed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Atomic\%** & **Before Cu(II) Adsorption** & **After Cu(II) Adsorption** \\ \hline Al2p & 4.59 & 5.43 \\ Si2p & 26.55 & 27.5 \\ C1s & 17.52 & 12.42 \\ N1s & 4.23 & 2.38 \\ O1s & 45.43 & 52.2 \\ F1s & 1.68 & - \\ Cu2p3 & - & 0.07 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Atomic ratio of the modified zeolite by XPS analysis.
## 5 Development of the Models  
Taking into account that the proposed analysis focuses on bandwidth without including additional channel performance indexes, such as latency, jitter, or others, the univariate time series were chosen for the representation of the data, taking into account that they allow analyzing the behavior of the variable itself without trying to explain the factors that influence it. The steps that were followed in obtaining the ARIMA and SARIMA models are presented in detail below.
## 4 Findings
### IoT Information Systems  
Data integrity is one of the main areas researchers focus on when designing security and privacy models. A novel privacy-preserving model is proposed to address this area in IoT information systems using blockchain, bilinear pairing, and a Lifted EC-ElGamal cryptosystem [113]. This work is completed in a cloud environment for outsourced data integrity. To support the aim of this study, they proposed a protocol that achieves correctness, privacy, security, dynamic updating, and public verification. This scheme includes a data-checking model that consists of a Data Owner (DO), Key Generate Center (KGC), cloud server, and auditors. Any part can act as the auditor for data integrity checking and receives a reward, but it has to own enough capabilities and expertise to perform this task. The outsourced data are represented by the high volume of data that the DO has that forces the DO to request cloud storage. A trust model is also used to check the integrity of outsourced data. This model assumes that the DO, cloud servers, and auditors are semi-honest, making it suitable for practical application. Compared to other approaches, this scheme supports dynamic auditing; it performs remote data integrity checks without needing a third-party auditor, eliminating data privacy leakage.  
Another study presented a framework for a sharing security mechanism for IoT information systems by adapting and combining transaction blockchain and data blockchain (double-chain model) [114]. Using partial blind signature algorithms, privacy protection and transaction efficiency can be enhanced. A node cooperation technique based on the dynamic game method is proposed to prevent any local dominance of malicious behavior. To reach Bayesian equilibrium, the node's institutional reputation value is reported to estimate the state of the unknown node; it is also used to identify malicious nodes and correct their overall report. The authors improved the PBFT algorithm to eliminate the issues found in the common consensus algorithms, such as requiring intensive resources and being computationally time consuming. In the total number of nodes that calculates consensus, \(f=(n-1)/3\) must be the maximum number of error nodes. They considered reputation and computing power as one solution for accounting nodes or legal currency (digital currency) as the other. A coin center is set up using the cloud service to avoid multiple payment issues and privacy breaches. A distributed accounting system is added to the chain to allow the traceability of bills.
## 6 Stability Analysis of GFPBs  
As shown in Figure 11, the gas film can be represented by linearized springs and dampers. Where journal radial motion is quite small and about a centered position, the motion is said to be in the linear range and the gas-film forces are directly proportional to the journal displacements (\(\Delta e_{X}\), \(\Delta e_{Y}\)) and velocities (\(\Delta\dot{e}_{X}\), \(\Delta\dot{e}_{Y}\)) [39].  
Figure 11: Dynamic direct and cross-coupled properties of the GFPB acting on the journal.  
Figure 10: Predicted synchronous force coefficients versus the rotor speed depending on the polymer layer thickness: cross-coupled stiffness coefficients.  
The dynamic bearing reaction forces acting on the journal are as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}f_{X}\\ f_{Y}\end{array}\right\}=-\left[\begin{array}{cc}k_{XX}&k_{XY}\\ k_{YX}&k_{YY}\end{array}\right]\left\{\begin{array}{c}\Delta e_{X}\\ \Delta e_{Y}\end{array}\right\}-\left[\begin{array}{cc}c_{XX}&c_{XY}\\ c_{YX}&c_{YY}\end{array}\right]\left\{\begin{array}{c}\Delta\dot{e}_{X}\\ \Delta\dot{e}_{Y}\end{array}\right\} \tag{16}\]  
where \(F_{X,dynamic}\) and \(F_{Y,dynamic}\) are dynamic gas-film forces.  
Effective stiffness and damping are the important indicator of the stability of rotor-bearing systems. Assuming a small circular journal motion, it assumes that the direct terms become symmetric (\(k_{XX}=k_{YY}\), \(c_{XX}=c_{YY}\)), and the cross-coupled terms are skew-symmetric (\(k_{XY}=-k_{YX}\), \(c_{XY}=-c_{YX}\)). Thus, effective stiffness and damping are derived from:  
\[k_{eff}=k_{XX}+\Omega\cdot c_{XY} \tag{17}\]  
\[c_{eff}=c_{XX}\left(1-\frac{k_{XY}}{\Omega\cdot c_{XX}}\right) \tag{18}\]  
where \(\Omega\) is the rotating speed of the journal. Note that in the GFPB analysis, the journal does not move around its centered position, and the direct and cross-coupled terms are not symmetric as seen in Figures 9 and 10. Therefore, a limited analysis of results is required about the effective stiffness and damping predictions.  
Figure 12 indicates the impact of the polymer layer thickness and rotating speed on the effective stiffness and damping. Increasing the polymer layer thickness gives the decrease in the effective stiffness and the damping trend to decrease after an increase. For the \(t_{p}=3\) mm case, the effective stiffness is reduced by 46-50%, and the effective damping increases by 47-280% compared to the \(t_{p}=1\) mm case; which shows a remarkable improvement in the effective damping. The improvement of the damping is more pronounced in low-speed areas than in high-speed ones.  
As a result, the stability analysis results reveal that inserting a polymer layer with appropriate thickness (3 mm, in this study) can improve bearing damping characteristics while minimizing the decrease in stiffness characteristics. This will further reliably suppress the rigid body motions of the journal caused by critical speeds located in low-speed areas.
# Leveraging Digital Twin Technology for Sustainable and Efficient Public Transportation
## 2 Review of Different Aspects of Digital Twins
### Current Applications of Digital Twins in Public Bus Transportation
#### 2.3.4 Safety and Emergency Response
It was possible to apply an algorithm for low-speed collision prevention warning to a DT based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Based on the experimental results, the algorithm demonstrated an excellent detection performance in different scenarios, with detection precision rates of 90.6% to 95.7% depending on the roadway type [74]. Another study focused on differentiating normal and abnormal data (dangerous drivers), enabling the prediction of dangerous areas to help make early warning decisions. Research on driver risk-aware intelligent mobility analytics discusses using real-time data for not only traffic volume estimation for planners to optimize bus frequencies and schedules but also for proactive incident management, whereby authorities can respond quickly to unexpected events. The DT model achieved lower MAPE (8.40% to 15.11%) compared to the base model (40.63-43.94%) when just traffic data were used. A lower MAPE range of 0.85% to 12.97% was obtained when individual driver behaviors and driving risks in various traffic conditions were evaluated. These phenomena and concepts can be greatly leveraged by transit operators for smooth bus operation in urban areas [40; 72].
## 3 Results
### Generative AI in DFU
For the denoising step, a UNet architecture with attention layers was utilized to predict the noise distribution and project it back to the original DFU images. The model was trained on DFU-colored images from [PERSON] et al. [69]. The authors found that 70% of synthetic images were marked as real by clinicians. The researchers applied evaluation metrics such as Frechet Inception Distance (FID) and Kernel Inception Distance (KID), but these metrics showed poor alignment with clinical assessments, suggesting the need for alternative approaches. [PERSON] et al. [24] developed Automatic Foot Ulcer Segmentation using Conditional GAN (AFSegGAN), a conditional GAN-based model for the segmentation of foot ulcers. The objectives included segmenting wound images and estimating morphological parameters, e.g., the wound area and perimeter. AFSegGAN incorporates a UNet generator for image synthesis and a CNN discriminator for segmentation. The model is integrated into a comprehensive wound management system comprising a patient portal and a physician portal connected via a cloud-based infrastructure. The patient portal enables users to upload wound images, which AFSegGAN processes to generate segmented wound masks and calculate metrics. Physicians can access detailed records and segmented images through the physician portal for analysis. The model utilizes images from the MICCAI 2021 Foot Ulcer Segmentation dataset [55] and applies augmentation techniques for robust performance. The findings demonstrate superior segmentation results, outperforming state-of-the-art models such as UNet-EffB2 [20] and DeepLabV3+SE [70]. [PERSON] et al. [71] addressed the challenge of accurately diagnosing DFUs by integrating deep learning models. They compared the performance of a ResNet50 model and a hybrid ResNet50-GAN model for medical image analysis. The proposed framework involves six steps: data preprocessing, augmentation, feature extraction using ResNet50, synthetic data generation via GAN, hybrid model training, and evaluation. Techniques like GAN-generated image augmentation address the challenge of limited data, and ResNet50's deep architecture extracts complex features, enhancing classification accuracy. The researchers obtained the dataset from the National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology in Egypt [72]. The study demonstrated the efficacy of integrating GANs to improve diagnostic precision and address data scarcity in medical imaging. Table 5 summarizes recent studies, highlighting AI models, data types, and performance metrics used for generative AI in DFU.
# Hybrid Filter Based on Fuzzy Techniques for Mixed Noise Reduction in Color Images
## 1 Introduction
This filter has recourse to the interaction between the color components to reduce further left-over impulsive noise present in color components. Differences between the color pairs are computed to check for any residual impulse in individual color components. A fuzzy rule system is employed to calculate the degree of noise present in the color component of the pixel under processing. In [10] the authors employed the notion of fuzzy peer group to implement a denoising method for color images called fuzzy peer group averaging (FPGA). After a fuzzy rule switching impulsive denoising method, a fuzzy averaging on the pixels inside the peer group is applied. In [33] a parallel method based on this fuzzy peer group filter [10] was presented in order to maintain its good denoising efficiency while improving its computational efficiency. Despite the good denoising performance of the FPGA filter, the method can be significantly improved in its stage dedicated to the identification and reduction of impulses. With that purpose, in this work we substitute the stage of impulse denoising of the FPGA method by the fuzzy ROD filter (FRF) [34] specially designed for impulsive noise. The experiments show that the introduced filter improves, with respect to the metrics peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the normalized color difference (NCD), the FPGA method and other state-of-the-art filters. Then, in this paper, we introduce a new hybrid method called FRF-FPGA to tackle mixed Gaussian-impulsive noise. The proposed hybrid method consists of two stages. At the first stage a two-step process based on FRF [34] is applied to initially reduce the impact of impulsive noise. Then, a fuzzy average filtering based on the FPGA filter [10] is used to reduce the Gaussian noise. Section 2 introduces the new filtering design. In Section 3 the experimental results and a comparative study with competitive denoising methods are presented. Section 4 presents the conclusions.