esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
In this study, the degradation of Nile Blue dye was investigated using homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic methods based on the photo-Fenton reaction. More specifically, for homogeneous photocatalysis, the classical photo-Fenton (UV/Fe\({}^{2+}\)/H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) and modified photo-Fenton-like (UV/Fe\({}^{2+}\)/S\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{8}\)\({}^{2-}\)) systems were studied, while for heterogeneous photocatalysis, a commercial MOF catalyst, Basolite F300, and a natural ferrous mineral, geothite, were employed. Various parameters--including the concentrations of the oxidant and catalyst, UV radiation, and pH--were investigated to determine their influence on the reaction rate. In homogeneous systems, an increase in iron concentration led to an enhanced degradation rate of the target compound. Similarly, increasing the oxidant concentration accelerated the reaction rate up to an optimal level, beyond which radical scavenging effects were observed, reducing the overall efficiency. In contrast, heterogeneous systems exhibited negligible degradation in the absence of an oxidant; however, the addition of oxidants significantly improved the process efficiency. Among the tested processes, homogeneous techniques demonstrated a superior efficiency, with the conventional photo-Fenton process achieving complete mineralization within three hours. Kinetic analysis revealed pseudo-first-order behavior, with rate constants ranging from 0.012 to 0.688 min\({}^{-1}\) and correlation coefficients (R\({}^{2}\)) consistently above 0.90, confirming the reliability of the applied model under various experimental conditions. Nevertheless, heterogeneous techniques, despite their lower degradation rates, also achieved high removal efficiencies while offering the advantage of operating at a neutral pH without the need for acidification.  
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## 2 State of Knowledge  
### Industry 4.0 and Digital Transformation in Ports  
Industry 4.0 has significantly transformed port logistics and operations by integrating advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and automation [9]. These innovations have made resource management more efficient, reducing operational costs and improving process traceability. In the port sector, digitalization has optimized critical operations such as space allocation, route planning, and internal traffic management, ultimately enhancing terminal efficiency [10].  
One of the key benefits of digital transformation in ports is the ability to integrate smart systems that analyze real-time data [6; 11]. IoT connectivity and large-scale data collection help anticipate congestion, optimize resource allocation, and improve operational safety [12]. Additionally, digitalization enables the automation of repetitive tasks, reducing human intervention and minimizing errors in port management [10].  
In Ro-Ro terminals, Industry 4.0 technologies streamline vehicle flows using intelligent algorithms. Advanced synchronization of operations helps reduce waiting times and maximizes port infrastructure efficiency [13]. However, challenges remain, including interoperability between different systems, cybersecurity risks, and resistance to change in an industry that has traditionally relied on manual or semi-automated processes.
# Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Short Columns Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles
## 3 Test Results and Analysis
### Hysteretic Behavior  
The measured hysteretic loops of all specimens are shown in Figure 8. The initial cracking, longitudinal bars yielding, maximum load, and concrete spalling of each column are also indicated in Figure 8. We note that the specimen ZD-2 was not tested until the final predefined cycles due to its severe deterioration in strength.  
For the case of the undamaged column, it is observed that the load-displacement relationship was almost a straight line before its yielding, and there was no stiffness degradation that appeared at this stage. Following this, both the reloading stiffness and unloading stiffness of the specimens decreased gradually. The area of hysteretic loops became larger. As soon as the peak value was achieved, with the continuous increasing of the horizontal displacement on the column top, the degradation of both the reloading and unloading stiffness became more evident. The residual deformation after unloading increased and the hysteretic loops were still shuttle like, which indicated that the specimens still owned  
Figure 7: Failure status of specimens.  
good energy dissipation capacity. When the lateral load began to drop significantly, the hysteretic loop was no longer plump and its shape gradually changed to a lying \"Z\" due to the development of inclined cracks.  
However, the influence of freeze-thaw action on the hysteresis loops is obvious. Among them, specimens ZD-1 and ZD-0 exhibited stable and similar hysteretic behaviors, while specimen ZD-2 presented a totally different one. The applied load dropped suddenly after reaching the maximum load for specimen ZD-2 which indicates the loss of the lateral load carrying capacity. The rate of this strength decay in the post-peak portion seems to increase as the numbers of FTCs increase. Moreover, as the FTCs increase, the hysteresis loops narrows, and the pinching effect appears at a lower displacement level and becomes more significant at the same displacement level, especially when FTCs is 200. Experiments conducted by [8; 10; 34] show that the bond between concrete and reinforced steel reduces quickly as frost damage rises. Consequently, this effect accompanied with concrete cracking causes a prominent pinching effect, which means that a lower energy dissipation capacity has to be attributed to freeze-thaw damaged members.
# Design of a Cell Phone Lens-Based Miniature Microscope with Configurable Magnification Ratio
## 3 Results  
### Microscopic Imaging Performance Tests  
Firstly, we evaluated the imaging performance of the constructed miniature cell phone microscope by imaging a resolution test chart(USAF-1951 standard resolution target), through which the values of FOV and resolution at three magnification ratio settings could be determined. The captured images exhibit high clarity and little distortion, which are comparable to the bench-top systems (Figure 6). All the images are obtained directly from the cell phone without any post-treatment. When the zooming function of the cell phones is not applied, the diagonal values of the FOV at three magnification ratios are 2.7 mm, 6.0 mm and 9.0 mm, corresponding to the magnification ratios of 3\(\times\), 1.2\(\times\) and 0.8\(\times\), respectively. When the digital zooming of the cell phones is applied and the sample is re-focused, the FOV is shrunken, yet the image reveals more detailed features. We evaluated the image resolution based on the intensity contrast of the line profile between the horizontal and vertical directions. The microscope can distinguish the features of 575 lp/mm, 322 lp/mm and 203 lp/mm when the three lenses are used, respectively. If we take the FOV into consideration, we can find that the constructed miniature microscopes outperform some bench-top systems in terms of their comprehensive imaging performance, which makes them quite attractive in the applications of large sample screening and microscopic reviewing. The low cost and compact size add more advantages to the proposed miniature microscope.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Field Validation Experiments  
According to the CFD simulation results obtained above, the differential motion assembly was redesigned and manufactured. To validate the simulation results, field experiments were conducted in an experimental well in Tangshan, Hebei, China. During the experiments, the differential motion assembly with original and improved structure was installed in the IPP-Coring system, respectively, and then it was loved into the well with a depth of 30 m. After that, the pump was turned on and the coring operation was conducted. The solid phase in the drilling fluid is mainly quartz sand and the field experimental conditions were summarized in Table 1.  
The photographs of the outlet of the ball seat of the original and improved differential motion assemblies after the experiments are shown in Figure 17. It can be seen that there was obvious erosion damage at the outlet of the ball seat of the original differential motion  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Flow rate (m\({}^{3}\)/s) & 0.01 \\ Density of the drilling fluid (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) & 1050 \\ Funnel viscosity of the drilling fluid (s) & 60–70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Field experimental conditions.  
Figure 16: (**a**) Particle trajectories of the original and improved differential motion assembly; (**b**) the erosion contours of the original and improved differential motion assembly; (**c**) the average erosion rate of the original and improved differential motion assembly; the fluid viscosity was set as 100 mPa-s and the inlet flow rate was 0.04 m\({}^{3}\)/s.  
assembly, while the outlet of the ball seat of the improved differential motion assembly was relatively smooth and no obvious surface damage can be observed. In addition, the circulation pump pressure of the system with the improved differential motion assembly decreased from 0.2 MPa to nearly 0 MPa compared with that of the system with the original differential motion assembly. Therefore, it can be validated that the improved differential motion assembly shows the best erosion resistance and the lower pressure drop; thus, it has better promise for field performance.
_Article_  
Electrochemical Detection of Chloride Ions by  
Copper (II) Complex with Mixed Ligand of Oxindole  
Derivative and Dithiocarbamates [PERSON] 1,1, [PERSON] 1,1, [PERSON] 2,*, [PERSON] 3 and [PERSON] 1,*(c)  
Energy Materials & Surface Science Laboratory, Solar Energy Research Center, School of Chemical  
Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; [PERSON]L_ADDRESS] (M.N.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A) Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Jeongeup Industry-Academic Cooperation Support Centre,  
Jeongeup Campus, Chonbuk National University, Jeongeup 56212, Korea  
New & Renewable Energy Material Development Center (NewREC), Chonbuk National University,  
Jeonbuk 56332, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.A.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.-S.S.)  
Authors are equally contributed in this work.  
The present work describes the synthesis of a new copper (II) complex with bidentate ligands based on oxindole (indolin-2-one) derivatives, namely: 1\(H\),1\({}^{\prime}\)H,1\({}^{\prime\prime}\)H-[2,3\({}^{\prime}\)2\({}^{\prime}\),3\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-terbenzo[\(b\)]pyrrol]-2\({}^{\prime\prime}\)(3\({}^{\prime\prime}\)H)-one (L1) and [sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC)] (L2) as a second bidentate ligand. The ligand L1 was prepared by the cyclization reaction of oxindole (2-indolone) with phosphorus oxychloride. A mixed-ligand was synthesized using L1 and L2 ligands with copper (Cu (II)) via a simple reflux process. The synthesized mixed Cu (II) complex [C\({}_{53}\)H\({}_{44}\)CuN\({}_{7}\)O\({}_{4}\)S\({}_{2}\) and [Cu(L1)\({}_{2}\)(L2)]2H\({}_{2}\)O] exhibited superior solubility in organic solvents like dichloromethane, chloroform, ethanol, methanol, DMF and DMSO. The optical characterizations revealed that the synthesized Cu (II) complex displayed a broad band (\({}^{2}\)E\({}_{8}\)\(\rightarrow\)\({}^{2}\)T\({}_{2g}\)) with the absorption at \(\sim\)420 nm, suggesting a distorted octahedral geometry due to the strong Jahn-Teller distortion of the Cu\({}^{2+}\) ion. The elemental analysis confirmed the existence of Cu, C, S, N, and other elements in the synthesized mixed Cu (II) complex. The physicochemical studies of the organic ligand and Cu(II) complex were investigated by TG analysis, NMR, FTIR, SEM, EDX, electronic spectra and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The detection of chloride ions with the prepared mixed Cu(II) complex was studied by cyclic voltammetry measurements at different scan rates.  
bidentate ligand; oxindole; sodium diethyldithiocarbamate; spectroscopic studies; chloride ion detection
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, the event-triggered approach is also introduced into estimation design, i.e., event-triggered observers for delay affine systems in [43], event-triggered cascade high-gain observers in [44], and event-triggered observers for one-side Lipschitz systems in [45]. Motivated by this approach, this article proposes an event-driven estimation and output feedback control method for the relative motion equation of internal formation formations. The advantages of the proposed algorithm are as follows: (1) Compared to traditional estimation methods, the process of event-triggered estimation can be more efficiently sampled to minimize the acquisition of unnecessary sampling information by implementing a well-designed triggering mechanism, which initiates sampling only when deemed necessary. (2) In the methodologies proposed in this paper, feedback control and event-triggered observation can be separated. It means that we can leverage existing feedback control algorithms by introducing our event-based extended state observers extensively. The design presented herein is partially similar to the separation principle in continuous design, which is also observed in other works in the literature on observer design, such as in [46]. The event-triggered control method proposed in this paper can theoretically replicate the convergent upper bound achievable through continuous sampling, thereby facilitating more effective utilization of system output information without compromising system performance. This holds significant research implications, as it offers potential improvements and enhancements to existing continuous output feedback control rates based on interference observation under this novel sampling mechanism. The organizational structure of this article is as follows. Section 2 introduces the plant under consideration and formulates the problem that needs to be addressed. Building upon this, Section 3 presents the main results concerning event-triggered observer for inner-formation dynamics, followed by a proposal for an output feedback control based on the observer. In Section 4, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the application of our method to a flying plant through numerical simulation. Finally, Section 5 concludes with key findings and outlines future research directions. Additionally, the proofs of the relevant theorems in this paper are provided in the A.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption of NP on Minerals  
SEM imaging for cores saturated with silica NP showed that the adsorption was mostly on quartz. Isothermal static adsorption tests and calculation of interaction potential between the NP and the mineral powders were performed to investigate the affinity of the NP to quartz and kaolinite mineral powders. [PERSON] et al. [31] have previously studied the adsorption of silica NP onto representative mineral surfaces. SEM imaging for cores saturated with silica NP showed that the adsorption was mostly on quartz. To further investigate this, quartz and kaolinite were dispersed in all three kinds of nanofluids and the adsorption of NP per unit surface area of the mineral was determined. The results are shown in Figure 11. In addition, the interaction potentials between the minerals and NP was calculated by the model presented in Section 2.8 based on the particle size and zeta potential data presented in Table 2. The results are plotted in Figure 12.  
Figure 11 shows higher adsorption of NP on quartz compared to kaolinite. As shown, Figure 11, the adsorption of NP is higher for stabilized nanofluids (with MPTMS and modified by sulphonated material). This was supported by Figure 12, where the attractive interaction potentials for all three type of NP were greater for quartz as compared to kaolinite. This validates SEM images where most of the adhesion/adsorption of NPs/nanofluids were on the quartz mineral as compared to kaolinite.  
In the previous section it was noted that the unmodified silica showed highest adsorption on the berea core (85.82%) followed by sulfonated silica (74.61%) and MPTMS stabilised silica (69.47%), however the stabilized NPs by MPTMS show higher adsorption in the static adsorption tests. The reason is not known, however, the observation, may be explained by (1) insufficient contact time with minerals, i.e., slower kinetics than the unmodified NPs; (2) influence of the collective neighbouring minerals compared to individual isolated minerals (static adsorption); (3) weak adsorption on mineral surface, hence desorbed in fluid flow and (4) all the above factors. More work is ongoing on this observation.  
Figure 11: Specific adsorption of NP (mg/m\({}^{2}\)) on quartz and kaolinite.
# High Pressure and Pasteurization Effects on Dairy Cream +
## 2 Materials and Methods
### HPP Treatment of Samples  
HPP treatments were performed in a pilot scale high-pressure device (Model 55, Hiperbaric, Burgos, Spain) with 55 L of vessel capacity, 2000 mm of vessel length, and 200 mm of vessel diameter. The pressure rise time was 200 MPa/min, and the decompression time was almost instantaneous. A first cream batch was subjected to 450 MPa and 600 MPa for 5 min each, at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C, to optimize the pressure level required to achieve desirable microbial inactivation levels to extend the shelf life of dairy cream. Additionally, as described in the literature, the temperature of water increases between 2 and 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C for each 100 MPa [13]; so, in order to have a maximum temperature of 19-25 \({}^{\circ}\)C while at 600 MPa, the water temperature before pressurization was 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C. A second cream batch was processed at 600 MPa for 5 and 15 min at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C to evaluate the effects of the processing time (at the most suitable pressure obtained in the first batch) on dairy cream. After the respective processing, samples from both batches were stored at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Baseline Case Dynamics
#### 3.1.3 Acoustics  
Figure 7a plots the phase-averaged sound pressure monitored at a hypothetical point at a distance of 5 cm outside of the tract exit (mouth). The sound pressure was calculated by assuming a 3D spherical sound wave propagation, starting from the mouth and using Equation (6):  
\[p_{s}\ =\ \frac{\rho}{4\pi r}\frac{dQ}{dt} \tag{6}\]  
where \(p_{s}\) is the sound pressure, \(\rho\) is the air density, \(r\) is the distance of the location to the source (mouth), and \(dQ/dt\) is the time derivative of the flow rate at the mouth. It can be seen that the sound pressure oscillates with a frequency different from vibration \(f_{0}\) (201 Hz), suggesting that the highest acoustic energy was not on \(f_{0}\). Figure 7b shows the frequency spectrum of the sound pressure. The total time length of the pressure wave is \(\Delta t=0.0249\)s, based on which the frequency resolution is \(1/\Delta t=40.2\) Hz. The figure shows the first three formants of the sound pressure wave at 602, 1365, and 2449 Hz. Note that, by assuming the tract as a uniform open-closed tube, its natural frequencies can be estimated by using \(F_{n}=(2n-1)\frac{\Delta t}{dt}\)([PERSON], 1986), where \(n=1,\ 2,\ 3,\ldots,\ c\) is the speed of sound and \(L\) is the length of the tube. By employing \(c=351.88\) m/s and \(L=17.4\) cm, the first three natural frequencies of the tract are 506, 1517, and 2528 Hz, consistent with the formants. Several voice-quality-related quantities were computed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is  
Figure 6: The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis of the vocal fold vibration in the baseline case. (**a**) The mid-coronal profile and three-dimensional shape of the first and second POD modes of the vocal fold vibration. In the 2D plot, the solid line illustrates the undeformed shape of the vocal fold, and the dashed and dashed-dot lines illustrate the two-extreme states of these two modes. (**b**) Time history of the modal coefficients of the two modes.  
11.45 dB. Sound intensity, calculated as \(10 log_{10}\frac{I}{I_{0}}\) in which \(I_{0}=10^{-12}\) and \(I=\frac{\Delta p_{s}{}^{2}}{2\rho c}\) (\(\Delta p_{s}\) is the amplitude of the pressure waveform, \(\rho\) is air density, and \(c\) is the employed sound speed), is 89.31 dB. Vocal efficiency, calculated as \(4\pi r^{2}10^{(SPL-120)/10}/P_{pull}U_{g}\) (\(P_{pull}\) is the pulmonary pressure, and \(U_{g}\) is the mean glottal flow rate) [36], is \(4.74\times 10^{-5}\). All of these quantities are within or close to the typical range of human phonation [36; 39; 40; 41; 42].
## 2 Research Data and Methods
### Theoretical Backgrounds and Model Development
#### 2.2.2 Ann  
ANNs are successfully utilized to predict different cases in pavement applications [13; 15; 31; 32]. Their capability to recognize complex nonlinear performances among input and output datasets can be considered to be their key benefit. Detailed and in-depth state-of-the-art reports on the concepts, theory and civil engineering applications of ANN can be found in [31; 32; 33; 34]. In general, ANN possesses three layers: input, hidden, and output. The hidden layer includes neurons linked between the input and output layers by nonlinear or linear transfer functions. The weighted input from a previous layer is received and treated by each hidden layer node, whose output is then delivered to the nodes inthe following layers (hidden/output) through a transfer function. In this study, the PSO was used to optimize the network weights and biases. The data were typically scaled to lie in a fixed range of 0 to 1, as the hidden layer activation function was a sigmoid. Determination of a suitable architecture for a neural network for a definite problem is an imperative factor, as the network topology affects directly the complexity of the computations. Figure 1 shows a single hidden layer of ANN.