# Visualization of Caregiving Posture and Risk Evaluation of Discomfort and Injury
## 4 Discussion  
In this study, we identified the incomplete applicability of the REBA rules in caregiving scenarios. By investigating the differences between the Exp and Inexp groups, we preliminarily explored parameter adjustments for the REBA rules and proposed the C-REBA method. The C-REBA method incorporates crucial factors, including asymmetric load assessment, changes in COG height, and duration of load-bearing. C-REBA effectively differentiated the experienced and inexperienced caregivers, offering posture assessment references and guidance for inexperienced caregivers. Although the REBA method is widely used in the nursing industry, its risk assessment criteria need to be adjusted according to different scenarios. [PERSON] et al. considered REBA to be an easy-to-apply and fairly reliable tool for alerting clinical dental nurses to ergonomic risks [37]. [PERSON] et al. used the existing REBA assessment system to assess the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in transferring patients [22]. However, our study found that the REBA method overestimated the artificial caregiving scenarios and could not distinguish the experienced and inexperienced caregivers. As [PERSON] et al. found in the risk-adaptation test, the REBA method overestimated the risk level of musculoskeletal disorders [24], which is consistent with our findings. Hence, we explored the key factors \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Stage** & **REBA** & **C-REBA** & **P** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Exp Group (\(n=8\))} & Stage1 & 92\% \(\pm\) 8\% & 20\% \(\pm\) 7\% & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\  & Stage2 & 91\% \(\pm\) 6\% & 18\% \(\pm\) 4\% & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\  & Stage3 & 91\% \(\pm\) 5\% & 6\% \(\pm\) 4\% & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\  & Stage4 & 93\% \(\pm\) 7\% & 6\% \(\pm\) 3\% & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\  & Stage5 & 92\% \(\pm\) 5\% & 13\% \(\pm\) 4\% & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Inexp Group (\(n=10\))} & Stage1 & 93\% \(\pm\) 8\% & 50\% \(\pm\) 18\% & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\  & Stage2 & 94\% \(\pm\) 6\% & 82\% \(\pm\) 6\% & 0.001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Stage3 & 94\% \(\pm\) 6\% & 81\% \(\pm\) 13\% & 0.019 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Stage4 & 97\% \(\pm\) 2\% & 74\% \(\pm\) 13\% & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Stage5 & 92\% \(\pm\) 8\% & 46\% \(\pm\) 14\% & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The proportion of high-risk frames in caregiving work. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Stage** & **REBA** & **REBA with C-Extra A** & **C-REBA** & **p1** & **p2** & **p3** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Exp Group (\(n=8\))} & Stage1 & 8.88 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 6.38 \(\pm\) 0.92 & 6.38 \(\pm\) 0.92 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & 1.0 \\  & Stage2 & 9.00 \(\pm\) 0 & 7.25 \(\pm\) 0.89 & 7.25 \(\pm\) 0.89 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & 1.0 \\  & Stage3 & 8.38 \(\pm\) 0.92 & 6.13 \(\pm\) 0.83 & 5.88 \(\pm\) 0.99 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & 0.592 \\  & Stage4 & 8.00 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 6.63 \(\pm\) 1.06 & 6.38 \(\pm\) 1.19 & 0.01 & 0.005 & 0.663 \\  & Stage5 & 7.88 \(\pm\) 0.83 & 6.63 \(\pm\) 1.30 & 6.63 \(\pm\) 1.30 & 0.037 & 0.037 & 1.0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Inexp Group (\(n=10\))} & Stage1 & 9.10 \(\pm\) 0.57 & 7.40 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 7.70 \(\pm\) 0.67 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & 0.277 \\  & Stage2 & 9.20 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 8.00 \(\pm\) 0.82 & 10.00 \(\pm\) 1.15 & 0.002 & 0.096 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Stage3 & 8.90 \(\pm\) 0.57 & 8.20 \(\pm\) 0.42 & 9.60 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 0.006 & 0.061 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Stage4 & 8.70 \(\pm\) 0.67 & 8.10 \(\pm\) 0.57 & 8.80 \(\pm\) 0.79 & 0.044 & 0.779 & 0.035 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Stage5 & 9.30 \(\pm\) 0.67 & 7.30 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 8.00 \(\pm\) 1.33 & \(p\) \textless{} 0.001 & 0.022 & 0.192 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The influence of C-Extra A and C-Extra C on the REBA results.