## 1 Introduction  
The concept of design for assembly is now rooted and consolidated within industrial activity, gaining important benefits regarding the production costs of various products, from mechanics to electronics: these policies also allow for a rational use of production environments and improve the working conditions of operators. With the relentless technological progress, the volume of goods produced has increased exponentially, and consequently, a reduction in the useful life due to the obsolescence of the systems (above all in the field of electronics): this has led to the increase of waste and old machinery that can become a potential risk for the environment. As a result, policies have been implemented for the proper disposal of this waste through the dismantling of various disused devices; however, this activity can potentially become disadvantageous when dismantling is difficult to implement due to difficult to manage materials and design choices totally aimed at optimizing production. Many optimization methods based on CFD (quality functional deployment), TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving), and benchmarking can support the product design from the early phases onward [1; 2; 3; 4]. They try to convert the user's requirements into product specifications and they are useful instruments for competitive analysis and continuous improvement [5]. [PERSON] adopted [6], for example, an innovative design methodology based on TRIZ is proposed that uses active disassembly technology as fasteners made using shape memory plastics in order to achieve an easy dismantling of parts. [PERSON] [7] adopted LCA, an extension of CFD (QFDE--quality function deployment for environment)and TRIZ in order to reduce the energy consumption of a hair drier. The methodology suggests to designers to be aware of the product's high impact on global warming through energy consumption during its use phase, which is one of the LCA results, to define a requirement objectively in OFDE, i.e., \"reduce the energy consumption\" with a high weighting. The OFDE result was that \"dry quickly\" and \"dry quietly\" have a contradiction. For this contradiction, the implementation of TRIZ suggested four improvement solutions, and among them, the best one was chosen. [PERSON] et al. [8] presented an application of QFD to many ambits of Design for Disassembly (DfD). Many houses of quality were proposed (safety function deployment, quality function deployment for environment, quality function deployment for maintenance, green quality function deployment, QFD for product/service system), and they were tested on a common case study, confirming the success of the house of quality theory. All these optimization applications give advantages toward finding the best solution to issues concerning the product development; design for disassembly (DfD) puts the attention, already in the preliminary design phase, to the EoL (end of life) cycle of the product, which involves implementing choices that allow for an effective dismantling and minimizing of waste, thus exploiting the potential re-use of parts and materials obtained after the disassembly. The main factors influencing the ease of disassembly of products are the financial aspects, including the costs of the disassembly process, the cost of benefits of the item reuse, and the recycling costs of disposal and environmental impact. These aspects reflect on the improvement of the environmental performance of re-manufacturing and recycling activities. A method suggested by [PERSON] [9] shows how the disassembly sequence can influence financial benefits, even if the environmental implications have to be taken into account. DfD can be intended toward three areas: selection of materials, design of components and layout of products, and careful selection of fixing and connection systems. Assembly and disassembly plants can be optimized [10; 11; 12] and disassembly operations can be mechanized, also with the help of digital/augmented reality tools [13].