# Measuring Efficiency and Effectiveness of Highway Management in Sustainability
## 2 Theoretical Considerations
### Concept of Effectiveness  
Effectiveness is defined as a degree of goal achievement ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013) (p. 149); however, many studies ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013; [PERSON], 2013; [PERSON], 2013) discuss it as several aspects: goal attainment, system resource, reputation, and multi-dimensional model. First, in the goal attainment aspect, effectiveness is defined as the extent to which an organization achieves its goal, assuming goals that are stable, specific, objective, and able to be discovered ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013) (p. 108). Second, the system resource approach regards effectiveness as \"viability or survival,\" which means the capacity of an organization to survive by obtaining or utilizing resources from environments ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013; [PERSON], 2013). Third, the reputation aspect sets forth effectiveness as a subjective opinion or perception on effectiveness. Opinions and perceptions are collected from individuals such as clients, staff, and other stakeholders familiar with the organization ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013; [PERSON], 2013). Lastly, the multi-dimensional aspects imply that effectiveness is measured by several components that can encompass aspects of goal attainment and system resource ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013). [PERSON] ([PERSON], 2013), citing his and his colleague's prior research ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013) said that a principal standard for effectiveness does not exist because the value is a combination of several preferences of individuals. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2013) classified effectiveness into several types: constituent satisfaction, resource acquisition effectiveness, internal process effectiveness, goal attainment, and organizational effectiveness.  
Based on the existing literature, this study employs the goal attainment approach. Since the study focuses on highway management and evaluates its performance, the system resource approach of organization capacity or the reputation model with subjective opinions do not fit with the study. Thus, multiple goals of highway policy are utilized for assessing effectiveness. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2013) input several factors as drivers of effectiveness that were set using the Government  
Figure 1: Graph for efficiency concept.  
Performance Project (GPP) data so as to set the proxy of capital management quality. They set GPP as a function of political variables (P), fiscal institutions (FI), state fiscal condition (FC), and environmental demand factors (E). [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017), who studied the citizen participation effect on highway expenditure efficiency and effectiveness, used two kinds of effectiveness indicators: road condition and fatality rate. They used citizen participation, task difficulty (e.g., public road length in miles, percentage of poor and mediocre conditioned road and bridges, and percent of miles traveled by trucks) and program resources (e.g., state owned source revenue on highway, federal aid in public transit, average payroll per employee, gasoline price, and motor fuel tax) as drivers of the two indicators.