esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Learnable Nonlocal Contrastive Network for Single Image Super-Resolution
## 4 Experiment
### Visualization Results
**09231** & 32.43/.09027 & 33.42/**0.9394** & 39.59/.09789 \\ LNLCN (Ours) & & **38.35/.09627** & **34.17**/.09226 & **32.46/0.9036** & **33.46**/.09388 & **39.62**/**0.9798** \\ \hline Bicubic & & 30.39/.08682 & 27.55/.07742 & 27.21/.07385 & 24.46/.07349 & 26.95/.08556 \\ SRCNN [13] & & 30.75/.0909 & 29.30/.08215 & 28.41/.07863 & 26.24/.07989 & 30.48/.09117 \\ FSRCNN [40] & & 33.18/.09140 & 29.37/.08240 & 28.53/.07910 & 26.43/.08080 & 31.10/.09210 \\ VDSR [14] & & 33.67/.09210 & 29.78/.08320 & 28.83/.07990 & 27.14/.08290 & 32.01/.09340 \\ EDSR [28] & & 34.65/.09280 & 30.52/.08462 & 29.25/0.8093 & 28.80/.08653 & 34.17/.09476 \\ RDN [50] & & 34.71/.09296 & 30.57/.08468 & 29.26/.08093 & 28.80/.08653 & 34.13/.0484 \\ FPAN [51] & & 32.62/.0921 & 32.55/.08467 & 29.24/0.8090 & 28.73/.08642 & 34.14/.09481 \\ RCAN [15] & \(\times\)3 & 34.74/.09299 & 30.65/.08482 & 29.32/.0111 & 29.09/.08702 & 34.44/.09499 \\ HNCT [34] & & 34.47/.09275 & 30.44/.08439 & 29.15/.08067 & 28.28/.08557 & 33.81/.09459 \\ ESRT [32] & & 34.42/.09268 & 30.43/.08433 & 29.15/.08063 & 28.46/.08574 & 33.95/.09455 \\ SAN [20] & & 34.75/.09300 & 30.59/.08476 & 29.33/.08112 & 28.93/.08671 & 34.30/.09494 \\ HAN [52] & & 32.75/.09299 & 30.67/.08483 & 29.32/.08110 & 29.10/.08705 & 34.48/.09500 \\ NLSN [31] & & 34.85/.09306 & 30.70/.08485 & 29.34/.08117 & **29.25**/0.8726 & **34.57**/.09508 \\ LNLCN (Ours) & & **34.87/0.9311** & **30.75/0.8490** & **29.38/0.8119** & 29.18/**0.8729** & 34.53/**0.9512** \\ \hline Bicubic & & 28.42/.08104 & 26.00/.07027 & 25.96/.06675 & 23.14/.06577 & 24.89/.07866 \\ SRCNN [13] & & 30.48/.08628 & 27.50/.07513 & 26.90/.07101 & 24.52/.07221 & 27.58/.08555 \\ FSRCNN [40] & & 30.72/.08660 & 27.61/.07550 & 26.98/.07150 & 24.62/.07280 & 27.90/.08610 \\ VDSR [14] & & 31.35/.08830 & 28.02/.07680 & 27.29/.07251 & 25.18/.07540 & 28.83/.08870 \\ EDSR [28] & & 32.46/.08968 & 28.80/.07876 & 27.71/.0420 & 26.64/.08033 & 31.02/.09148 \\ DBPN [49] & & 32.47/.08980 & 28.82/.07860 & 27.72/.07400 & 26.38/.07946 & 30.91/.09137 \\ RDN [50] & & 32.47/.08990 & 28.81/.07871 & 27.72/.07419 & 26.61/.08028 & 31.00/.09151 \\ FPAN [51] & \(\times\)4 & 32.48/0.8984 & 28.78/.0867 & 27.71/0.7412 & 26.61/.08025 & 30.99/.0144 \\ RCAN [15] & & 32.63/.09002 & 28.87/.07889 & 27.77/0.7436 & 26.82/.08087 & 31.22/.09173 \\ HNCT [34] & & 32.31/.8957 & 28.71/.07834 & 27.63/.07 most existing methods cannot reconstruct the lattice accurately, and there are problems such as blurring and artefacts. Our LNLCN is able to obtain sharper reconstructions with fewer artefacts, which are closer to the original real image. This obvious contrast demonstrates the superiority of our LNLCN model.
# Compensation Control Strategy for Orbital Pursuit-Evasion Problem with Imperfect Information
###### Abstract  
This paper studies the orbital pursuit-evasion problem with imperfect information, including measurement noise and input delay. The presence of imperfect information will degrade the players' control performance and lead to mission failure. To solve this problem, a compensation control strategy for the players is proposed. The compensation control strategy consists of two parts: the guaranteed cost strategy and the time delay compensation method. First, a near-optimal feedback strategy called guaranteed cost strategy with perfect information is proposed based on a Lyapunov-like function and matrix analysis theory. Second, a time delay compensation method based on an uncertainty set is proposed to compensate for delayed information. The compensation control strategy is derived by combining the time delay compensation method with the guaranteed cost strategy. While applying this strategy to the game, the input of the strategy is generated by processing the measured data with the state estimation algorithm based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can handle the orbital pursuit-evasion problem with imperfect information effectively.  
differential game; imperfect information; Lyapunov-like function; guaranteed cost; uncertainty set +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Experimental Procedures
### Microstructural Analysis and Mechanical Tests  
The porosity of the Mg alloy thin-wall components was measured and counted using non-destructive X-ray testing (NDT) and Image-pro plus software, respectively. As shown in Figure 2a, Metallographic samples were obtained using wire-cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM, TiZhou DK7/45, Tizhou, China). The samples were pre-ground to #2000 sandpaper using the water-grinding method and then polished with #0.5 polishing paste. Finally, the polished samples were chemically etched, and the etching time was about 30 s (5 g picric acid, 5 mL acetic acid, 10 mL deionized water, 100 mL ethanol). Subsequently, the metallographic samples were scrutinized using optical microscopy (OM,  
Figure 1: (**a**) The schematic diagram of the oscillating laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing system; (**b**) the one-dimensional control curve of CMT arc parameters; (**c**) the circular oscillating path of the laser beam.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Laser power, \(P\) (W) & 1000 \\ Oscillating frequency, \(f\) (Hz) & 0/100/200/300 \\ Wire feed speed, \(V\) (m/min) & 5.5 \\ Deposition speed, \(V_{d}\) (m/min) & 0.6 \\ Current, \(I\)(A)/Voltage, \(U\) (V) & 85/13 \\ The laser-arc distance, \(Dd\) (mm) & 2 \\ Defocusing distance, \(\Delta t\) (mm) & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Main processing parameters in the additive manufacturing experiment.  
ZEISS DSX968, Oberkochen, Germany) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, ZEISS EVO18, Oberkochen, Germany) with a secondary electron sensor, and their composition was analyzed with the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and corroborated with X-ray diffraction (XRD, PANalytical B.V., Oberkochen, Germany).  
The grain size was difficult to characterize due to the irregular shape of the observed grains. In this research, it was assumed that the grain shapes were all circles, and the average grain size could be computed with Equation (2) as follows:  
\[D=2\sqrt{\frac{S}{n\pi}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(S\) is the area of the selected fixed rectangle in the metallographic map, and \(n\) is the number of grains (the incomplete grain intercepted on the left and lower edges of the rectangle is counted as one; the incomplete grain intercepted on the right and upper edges are not counted).  
As shown in Figure 2c, the Vickers hardness test (SHYZ HV-1000P, Wuhan, China) was performed in the vertical direction of the wall with a test load of 200 g and a load time of 10 s. The AGIC series electronic universal testing machine from SHIMADZU, Japan, was used for tensile testing. The tensile test was performed under a 2 mm/min loading rate at room temperature according to the ASTM E8 standard; the sampling location is shown in Figure 2a, and the dimension is shown in Figure 2b. Lastly, the tensile fracture was observed using SEM, and the fracture morphology was analyzed to investigate the causes and mechanisms of fracture in tensile specimens.
# 3 GPP Evolution from 5G to 6G: A 10-Year Retrospective
## 5 3 GPP Release 18: Dawn of 5G-Advanced
### New Features
Coexistence studies concluded that legacy FR1 TN RF requirements can be reused for ATG systems with defined isolation distances. RF requirements included power control, spurious emissions, and receiver sensitivity for both ATG base stations and UEs. RRM requirements supported enhanced cell reselection, handover delays, timing adjustments, and measurement capabilities tailored for ATG scenarios. These specifications ensured reliable and efficient ATG operations while maintaining coexistence with TNs. In Release 18, 3 GPP extended NR support for dedicated spectrum with less than 5 MHz bandwidth. Specifically, it supported 3 MHz and 5 MHz channels in FR1, facilitating migration from the Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway (GSM-R) to 5G NR while accommodating GSM-R carriers [78]. Physical channel adaptations reduced physical resource block (PRB) usage, with PBCH bandwidth limited to 12 PRBs and sizes of control resource set (CORESET) #0 tailored for 12, 15, and 20 PRBs. Short PRACH formats (15 kHz subcarrier spacing) and long PRACH formats (1.25 kHz subcarrier spacing) were supported, with configurations tailored to small bandwidths. The Release-18 work on the network-controlled repeater (NCR) enhanced conventional RF repeaters by allowing them to receive and process side control information from the network [79]. The NCR consisted of two components: one communicating with the gNB via the Uu interface to receive control information, and the other amplifying and forwarding signals between the gNB and UE. Key functionalities introduced in Release 18 included beamforming management, the uplink-downlink TDD operation, and an ON-OFF state based on control link signals. The ON-OFF operation ensures amplification is active only during specified time resources or deactivated upon beam failure. Repeater management supported NCR identification and authorization via gNB and core network coordination.
## 4 Results and Observations
### The Fire Protection Material-Intuminescent Coating  
Response of the intumescent coating material at elevated temperatures is analysed in terms of temperature development in the steel member on which it is applied. The position of the thermocouple selected during the FEM is similar to the ones used to record the temperature of the steel member during the furnace test and is shown in Figure 3.  
Thermal contours obtained from FEM at the end of 120 min using ABAQUS and SAFIR are presented in Figure 9a. It can be seen in Figure 9a that a momentous temperature difference is predicted for the exposed surface of the intumescent coating and that of the adjacent steel part on which it is applied. This temperature difference is the result of the lower thermal conductivity of intumescent coating which at higher temperatures expands, protecting steel from reaching high temperatures.  
Thermal predictions obtained from 2D and 3D FE modelling using SAFIR and ABAQUS at the thermocouple location are presented in comparison with the recorded test data in Figure 9b. It is seen that FEM results for both cases are in close agreement with the test data, hence, the FEM approach yields reliable results. In other words, the proposed FE modelling method provides good predictions for the thermal response of the intumescent coatings at elevated temperatures when applied as a fire protection material on steel members.
## 5 Numeric Simulation
### Controllers for Comparison  
To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed PP-NFTSMC-ESO controller, three other controllers were employed for comparison, which are the PI controller, SMC-ESO controller, and NFTSMC-ESO controller.  
(1) The PI controller is described as  
\[u=k_{p}(x_{\rm 1d}-x_{1})+k_{i}\int_{0}^{t}(x_{\rm 1d}-x_{1})d\tau \tag{43}\]  
(2) The SMC-ESO controller is derived as  
\[u=-\frac{1}{\theta_{\rm 1n}}\big{(}u_{eq}+u_{sw}\big{)} \tag{44}\]  
\[u_{eq}=\theta_{\rm 2n}\hat{x}_{2}+\hat{x}_{3}+k_{1}\big{(}\hat{x}_{2}-\dot{x}_{ \rm 1d}\big{)}-\ddot{x}_{\rm 1d} \tag{45}\]  
\[u_{sw}=\eta\text{sign}(\sigma)+k_{2}\sigma \tag{46}\]  
The design procedure is included in Appendix A.  
(3) The NFTSMC-ESO controller is achieved as  
\[u=-\frac{1}{\theta_{\rm 1n}}\big{(}u_{eq}+u_{sw}\big{)} \tag{47}\]  
\[u_{eq}=\theta_{\rm 2n}\hat{x}_{2}+\hat{x}_{3}-\ddot{x}_{\rm 1d}+k_{1}|z_{1}|^{ \left[\hat{x}_{1}\right]}+k_{2}|z_{2}|^{\left[\hat{x}_{2}\right]} \tag{48}\]  
\[u_{sw}=\eta\text{sign}(\sigma)+k_{2}\sigma \tag{49}\]  
The design procedure is included in Appendix B.  
**Remark 1**: _The parameters of the PI controller are chosen by the PID Turner Toolbox of MATLAB with some fine-tuning due to system parameter fluctuation and disturbances, in which the robustness index is improved as much as possible while ensuring the tracking accuracy. The parameters of SMC-ESO and NFTSMC-ESO controllers were selected by trial and error, in which we chose sufficiently large parameters on the premise of ensuring stability prerequisites. In this way, the response performance of the system will be better guaranteed, and the prerequisites will also be satisfied locally around the desired trajectory to be tracked. This is a practical method and has been used by other researchers to synthesize control methods for dynamic systems [17; 23]. In order to make the comparison study fair, the parameters of the proposed PP-NFTSMC-ESO controller were inherited from the NFTSMC-ESO controller, while the additional parameters were obtained by trial and error. The parameter \(\omega_{0}\) of the ESO was chosen according to the method in [48] to ensure the  
Figure 4: Output shaft dynamic seal friction amplitude surface.  
stability of the observer and desired state convergence performance. All the design parameters of the controllers and observers are shown in Table 4._
# Laser Spot Centering Algorithm of Double-Area Shrinking Iteration Based on Baseline Method
## 5 Conclusions  
The gray centroid method is usually used in laser spot center positioning systems. However, it cannot achieve satisfying accuracy because of its susceptibility to background noise. Thus, on the basis of gray centroid method, we proposed an iterative double-area shrinkage method based on the baseline method to improve the spot center localization performance. The laser spot image acquired by CCD is mixed with many random noise components, the influence of noise can be effectively suppressed through the noise baseline statistics, and then the real spot area can be located so as to calculate the spot center through the double area iteration. In this paper, the effectiveness of the method was verified from two perspectives: simulation and real experiments. The simulation experiments were mainly used to verify the detection accuracy and robustness of the algorithm to noise and analyze the time complexity of the algorithm. The real experiments were mainly used to verify the usability of the algorithm and the stability of continuous measurement under a real environment. The experimental results on simulated and real laser spot images show that our proposed method could achieve more accurate center localization than the commonly used methods. In the simulation experiments, the maximum localization accuracy of the proposed method could reach 0.05 pixels, while meeting the real-time requirements of the algorithm. The fluctuation range of the measurement results could reach 0.04 and 0.03 pixels in the x- and y-directions, respectively, with excellent stability when the center of the same laser spot was detected continuously. Therefore, this method can meet the requirements of laser high-precision positioning.  
Conceptualization and methodology, H.Z., W.S. and W.J.; software and validation, L.L., X.F. and W.Z.; formal analysis and writing, S.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded through the financial support provided by the Science and Technology Research Project of Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department (No. 20210201092 GX) and the XXX plan project (No. kyc-xz-xm-2018-013).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Key Roles of Plasmonics in Wireless THz Nanocommunications--A Survey
## 5 Plasmonic THz Wireless Nanoscale Link Components
### Plasmonic THz Antennas
#### 5.1.1 Design Issues
Normally the CNT antennas are capable for equipping WiNoCs, as they have small size, low power losses, high transmission power and they operate at very high rates. Unfortunately, they are characterized by significant manufacturing difficulties for implementation [112]. Ultra-wide broadband (UWB) and multi-band antennas have been also proposed for on-chip wireless communication, due to their multi-channel capability, that can be shared among multiple nodes. A CMOS UWB based antenna for WiNoC has been proposed in [113], its short transmission range, however, does not give much prospect for long distance communications. Horn and paraboloid antennas have been also proposed for transmission at 300 GHz, with a radiation bandwidth in the order of 10 percent of their center frequency, their geometry however, makes them not suitable for mobile and personal devices [28]. The very small size of a THz Band antenna is an uncompromising necessity required for future wireless THz communications, so as to allow the integration of a very large number of antennas with very small footprints, forming very large antenna arrays. New antenna array patterns, such as massive MIMO schemes based on graphene plasmonic material for doping, may be a promising approach [93]. Figure 9: Absorption response at THz range for different metal nanoantennas.
# Initial Structure Design and Optimization of an Automotive Remote Head-Up Display
## 3 Proposed Methods
### Initial Structure Design Based on the Rodrigues Rotation Formula
Assuming that the direction unit vector of the surface \(S_{2}\) before rotation is \(\mathbf{S}=(s_{x},s_{y},s_{z})\), and the direction vector after rotation is \(\mathbf{T}=(t_{x},t_{y},t_{z})\), then the rotation matrix satisfies  
\[\mathbf{T}^{T}=\mathbf{R}\mathbf{S}^{T}, \tag{6}\]  
\[\mathbf{R}= \begin{pmatrix}r_{11}&r_{12}&r_{13}\\ r_{21}&r_{22}&r_{23}\\ r_{31}&r_{32}&r_{33}\end{pmatrix} , \tag{7}\]  
where \(r_{ij}\) represents each term of the rotation matrix \(\mathbf{R}\). Assuming that the angle between vectors \(\mathbf{S}\) and \(\mathbf{T}\) is \(\beta\), the rotation matrix can be obtained according to the Rodrigues rotation formula [11]:  
\[\mathbf{R}=\mathbf{I}+(1-\cos(\beta))\cdot\widetilde{\mathbf{K}}^{2}+\widetilde{\mathbf{K}} \cdot\sin\beta, \tag{8}\]  
Figure 5: Initial structure of the AR-HUD. where \(\mathbf{I}\) is the unit matrix, and \(\widetilde{\mathbf{K}}\) is the cross product matrix, which can be represented with \(k=[k_{x}\quad k_{y}\quad k_{z}]^{T}\):  
\[\widetilde{\mathbf{K}}= \begin{pmatrix}0&-k_{x}&k_{y}\\ k_{z}&0&k_{x}\\ -k_{y}&k_{x}&0\end{pmatrix}  \tag{9}\]  
Assuming that the angles between the rotation vector \(\mathbf{R}\) and the \(x,y,z\) axis directions are \(\lambda,\mu,\delta\), respectively, the rotation angle can be further derived as  
\[ \begin{split}\lambda&=\arctan(r_{32},r_{33})\\ \mu&=\arctan(-r_{31},\sqrt{r_{32}{}^{2}+r_{33}^{2}})\\ \delta&=\arctan(r_{21},r_{11})\end{split} . \tag{10}\]  
Similarly, the rotation angle of the surplus surface in the initial structure can be calculated step by step according to the light path, such as mirror \(1\) and the image source. At this time, the position and deflection angle of each plane of the initial structure have been determined, and the initial system can be built.
## 5 Conclusions  
1. In order to effectively control the stability of the surrounding rock of the large-span cutting roadway, combined with the geological conditions of Baode Coal Mine, the optimal supporting scheme parameters are proposed by using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field tests.
2. The ultra-large span of the open-off cutting in thick coal seams is the primary factor affecting the stability of the cutting. The span is inversely proportional to the stress borne by the cutting roof. The ratio of span to thickness is a key factor influencing the stability of the roof layer and the stability of rock beams.
3. Through comprehensive comparative analysis of changes in surrounding rock stress, displacement, and plastic zone through numerical simulation, Scheme 1 proved significantly superior to Scheme 2. Under Scheme 1, the approach amount of the roof, floor, and sides decreased by approximately 16%, and the extent of plastic zone damage reduced by 26%.
4. Under Scheme 1, roadway surrounding rock displacement monitoring was conducted after the cutting excavation. The monitoring data showed that the maximum deformation of the surrounding rocks was less than 100 mm, complying with the design regulations. This indicates that the support parameters of this scheme effectively maintain the stability of the cutting area.  
Methodology, investigation, and writing--original draft, L.P.; formal analysis, conceptualization, and writing--review and editing, Y.L. and Z.S.; writing--review and editing, Y.C. and X.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was supported by the Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship project of TDTEC (No. 2022-QN001, No. 2022-2-MS003).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to the containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.  
The authors declare that this study received funding from the Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship project of TDTEC. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Reference Results and Computed Mode Shapes  
#### 3.1.1 Natural Frequencies  
Natural frequency computation with the setup described above typically resulted in groups of five distinct frequencies in great proximity. These referred to the same natural mode for each individual blade, which differed numerically as a result of model and mesh asymmetries. The arithmetic mean over these sets of joint frequencies resulted in the first eight natural frequencies \(f_{\text{e},j}\) listed in Table 3, along with the respective frequency numbers \(n_{\text{e},j}\), which differred for the different rotation rates \(f_{0}\) of the four operating points. The five distinct frequencies averaged to \(f_{\text{e},j}\) are listed in Table 4 for \(j=1\) to 4.
# New Landslide Disaster Monitoring System: Case Study of Pingding Village
## 3 Results
### Monitoring Data Analysis
#### 3.2.2 GPS Monitoring Data  
Figure 15 shows the GPS monitoring data in normal time without typhoons, as well as a comparison between the data and management values. As shown in the figure, all of the GPS points were in a stable condition, and the vibration of the displacement quantity was within 2 cm, indicating that its precision was approximately 2 cm, thus not exceeding the set threshold of the vigilance values. The GPS displacement of all of the action stations did not exceed the set threshold of vigilance values during Typhoon Sinlaku.
# Evolutionary System Design with Answer Set Programming
## 4 Encoding the System Synthesis Problem with ASP Modulo Difference Constraints
### Fact Format  
Given a system synthesis problem \((A,((R,L),rd,c,se,re,p,m,e,de))\), we create the following facts:  
* \(\texttt{task}(t),\texttt{send}(t^{\prime},t^{\prime\prime})\) for \(t\in T\), \((t^{\prime},t^{\prime\prime})\in D\) and \((T,D)\in A\);
* \(\texttt{link}(r,r^{\prime})\) for \((r,r^{\prime})\in L\);
* \(\texttt{cost}(r,c(r))\) for \(r\in R\);
* \(\texttt{static\_energy}(r,se(r))\) for \(r\in R\);
* \(\texttt{mapping}(r,t),\texttt{execution}(r,t,e(r,t))\); and \(\texttt{dynamic\_energy}(r,t,de(r,t))\) for \(t\in m(r)\) and \(r\in R\);
* \(\texttt{routing\_delay}(rd),\texttt{routing\_energy}(re)\), and \(\texttt{period}(p)\)  
For instance, Listing 1 shows the facts representing the system synthesis problem in Figure 1. We obtain the instance capturing the child implementation in Figure 3 by removing facts referencing t1 from Listing 1 and changing values for r1 to cost(r1,6), static_energy(r1,3), and \(\texttt{dynamic\_energy}(r1,t4,1)\).  
Note that it is necessary to capture the existence of tasks via an atom, while this is not necessary for resources. This enables us to have single-task applications, and the resources can be extracted from either cost or static energy consumption.