## 1 Introduction  
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global population is currently experiencing an aging trend, with the number of individuals aged 60 years or older estimated to increase from approximately 900 million (12%) in 2020 to 2 billion (22%) by 2050 [1]. In response, the WHO has established a set of goals called \"Active Aging and Disability Prevention\" to address the challenges of an aging population [1]. In Taiwan, the percentage of the population aged 65 years and older reached 14.05% in 2018, marking the transition to an \"aged society\". By 2025, older individuals are projected to constitute 20.1% of the population, leading to Taiwan becoming a \"super-aged society\" [2]. Aging refers to the physiological process of growing older, characterized by declines in memory and physical strength and the gradual deterioration of bodily functions. As humans age and their muscle strength decreases, the likelihood of developing dynapenia increases [3]. [PERSON] et al. [3] defined dynapenia as the presence of normal muscle mass accompanied by a reduction in muscle strength or function, which adversely affects physical function and the capacity for physical activity. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [4] conducted a survey of 2652 older community members in Korea and defined dynapenia as having handgrip strength (IGS) below 26 kg for men and below 18 kg for women. They observed that 25.1% of the older participants had dynapenia. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [5] assessed dynapeniain 51,388 male and female residents aged 45-86 years from a Canadian community by performing HGS, gait speed, sit-to-stand, and balance tests. Their findings revealed that 21.5% of the men and 13.7% of the women exhibited signs of dynapenia. [PERSON] et al. (2018) also reported that the dynapenic population is at high risk of disability, which compromises physical activity function, leads to related complications, and increases the risk of mortality. Aging, a dynamic and progressive process, negatively affects the independence and life functions of older individuals. A study involving 123 community-dwelling older individuals aged 65 years and older assessed physical function and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and found that patients with dynapenia had poorer physical function than those without dynapenia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43-1.53, \(p<0.05\)) ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Furthermore, increasing age is associated with declines in broad cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and executive functions ([PERSON] et al., 2018). In addition, the dynamic and progressive nature of aging leads to gradual reductions in independence and quality of life among older individuals, resulting in mild cognitive impairments and decreased memory and learning abilities, and thus affecting their IADLs ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Sleep disorders in older individuals have long been a concern given that sleep quality is closely related to overall health. Poor sleep quality is a common problem among older people with dynapenia. [PERSON] et al. (2018) assessed sleep quality in older residents of Swedish long-term care facilities and found that the incidence of insomnia was as high as 50%. The most common sleep problems included nighttime awakenings, early morning awakenings, and prolonged daytime sleep. In addition, these older individuals often reported sleep problems, experienced decreases in total sleep duration and deep sleep phases, and encountered increased sleep interruptions. In these patients, deep sleep comprised only 5%-10% of total sleep. The Taiwan Society of Sleep Medicine conducted a survey titled \"Trends in the Prevalence of Common Sleep Problems in Taiwan\". The results indicated that the prevalence of insomnia in Taiwan was 11.3%, with approximately 1 in 10 people experiencing severe insomnia. Among these individuals, 16.7% of those aged 50-59 years and 22.7% of those aged 60-69 years experienced insomnia ([PERSON] et al., 2018). [PERSON] et al.