# Evaluation of Green Strategies for Prolonging the Lifespan of Linear Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Energy Conservation Techniques
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Energy-Saving Techniques** & **Key Parameters** & **Pros** & **Cons** & **Impact in LWSN** \\ \hline Low-Power Sensors [57] & Power efficiency, sensor accuracy. & Reduced energy consumption, extended battery life. & Limited sensing capabilities, potential compromise on data accuracy. & Similar effect as in traditional WSNs. More effective when combined with other techniques. \\ \hline Duty Cycling [69, 70] & Node synchronization, duty cycle scheduling. & Reduced energy consumption during periods of inactivity, extended battery life. & Potential impact on real-time collection and responsiveness, increased latency in data & Beneficial in LWSN as nodes in the linear topology on better increased latency in data & synchronize sleep/wake cycles and reduce idle listening for efficient energy use. \\ \hline Processor Power Management [55, 68] & Processor workload predictability, task scheduling, and power control mechanisms. & Optimal energy consumption based on workload, improved battery life, enhanced performance efficiency. & Potential impact on processing performance or latency depending on power management settings, increased complexity in system & Less impactful in LWSN with predictable node behavior and little or no processing at the node level. \\ \hline Radio Optimization [87, 38, 71] & Transmission range, radio power control, and interference management. & Reduced energy consumption during wireless communication. & Potential impact on communication range or reliability depending on optimization settings. & Transmission power control, sleep scheduling, and radio duty cycling are more straightforward and effective in LWSNs due to limited variability in topology and radio parameters. & Transmission power control, sleep scheduling, and radio duty cycling are more straightforward and effective in LWSNs due to limited variability in topology and radio parameters. & Transmission power control, sleep scheduling, and radio duty cycling are more straightforward and effective in LWSNs due to effective in LWSNs due to variability in topology and radio parameters. & Transmission power control, sleep scheduling, and radio duty cycling are more straightforward and effective in LWSNs due to effective in LWSNs due to effective in LWSNs due to variability in topology and radio parameters. \\ \hline Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols [72] & Channel access control, collision management, idle listening, and retransmission interval. & Reduces unnecessary energy expenditure in communication. & Increased complexity in protocol design and overhead. & More effective in LWSNs due to the reduced complexity in communication coordination and the simplified linear topology. Less energy is wasted on idle listening, collision avoidance, and retransmissions. \\ \hline Data Aggregation [73] & Data accuracy and processing load at aggregation points (DDNs, DRNs). & Reduces overall network energy consumption and minimizes data transmissions. & Potential loss of fine-grained data insights increases latency and requires more processing power at aggregation nodes. & Less effective in LWSNs due to fewer aggregation points along linear paths, resulting in modest energy savings. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Evaluation of energy conservation techniques and their impact on LWSNs.