esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Behavior of Primary Human Oral Keratinocytes Grown on Invisalign(r) SmartTrack(r) Material
## 3 Results
### Gene Expressions of Inflammatory Markers  
The gene expression levels of IL-1\(\beta\), TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-6, IL-8, and ICAM-1 in HOKs grown on the different surfaces for two and seven days are shown in Figure 5. After two and seven days of incubation, IL-1\(\beta\) significantly increased if cultured on the outer aligner surface, whereas IL-6 significantly decreased if cultured on both aligner surfaces. However, there were no differences in the gene expression level of IL-6 regarding the aligner surface. Regarding TNF-\(\alpha\), HOKs showed significantly decreased gene expression levels after two and seven days.  
Figure 4: Live/dead Staining. HOKs were grown on TCP (**A,D**), inner (**B,E**), and outer (**C,F**) aligner surfaces for 2 and 7 days and were stained with Live/dead staining kit. Vital cells are visible as green, while the dead cells are presented red. Images are taken from a representative experiment. Scale bar corresponds to 200 \(\upmu\)m.  
Figure 3: Proliferation/viability of HOKs grown on different aligner surfaces. HOKs were cultured on TCP, inner and outer aligners’ surfaces. Proliferation/viability was measured after 2 and 7 days of incubation by CCK-8 assay. Cells grown on tissue culture plastic served as control. _Y_-axis represents the optical density (OD) measured at 450 nm. Data represents mean \(\pm\) S.E.M. of three independent experiments. **t**—significantly lower compared to control; \(p\) < 0.05.  
Figure 5: Gene expression of inflammatory markers in HOKs grown on different surfaces. Gene expression of IL-1ß (**A**), TNF-\(\alpha\) (**B**), IL-6 (**C**), IL-8 (**D**) and ICAM-1 (**E**) after 2 and 7 days in HOKs grown on different aligners’ surfaces and TCP were measured by qPCR. Y-axes represent n-fold expression in relation to HOKs grown on TCP (n-fold expression = 1), which was calculated using the \(2^{-\Delta\text{ACI}}\) method. Data are presented as the mean \(\pm\) S.E.M. of four independent experiments. *—significantly higher compared to control; \(\dagger\)—significantly lower compared to control; \(\#\)—significantly different between groups; \(p<0.05\).  
After two days, significant increases in IL-8 expression levels could be detected for both aligner surfaces. Whereas, after seven days, only the outer surface showed a statistically significant increase in gene expression levels in comparison to control. Differences between the two different aligner surfaces regarding the gene expression level of IL-8 could be detected after two days with a higher expression in cells cultured on the outer aligner surface. ICAM-1 gene expression levels showed only after seven days a statistically significant decrease on both aligner surfaces in comparison to control.
## 3 Dynamic Object Identification and Tracking
### Radar Object Detection  
The transmission of an electromagnetic signal, or chirp, using mmWave technology relies on frequency-modulated continuous waves (FMCWs), differing from traditional pulsed radar, which emits periodic short pulses. The radar generates a chirp via a synthe  
Figure 1: Multiple object tracking system components: (1) Radar signal processing, (2) object detection and recognition, (3) prediction, association and correction for tracking, and (4) visual representation with color-coded trajectories.  
sizer (synth) and transmits it through a TX antenna. Reflections are captured by the RX antenna, and a mixer combines RX and TX signals to produce a new frequency. The RX chirp, delayed from the TX chirp due to the round-trip travel time of the signal, allows for distance estimation. The time delay \(\tau\) is defined by Equation (1), where \(d\) is the object's distance and \(c\) is the speed of light:  
\[\tau=\frac{2d}{c} \tag{1}\]  
This delay \(\tau\) enables the calculation of the object's distance since the round-trip time of the transmitted signal directly correlates with the distance traveled by the wave. Range resolution is critical to distinguish between two or more objects when they are moving closer together, given by \(d_{res}\), which depends on the frequency-sweep bandwidth \(B\) of the chirp and the speed of light Equation (2).  
\[d_{res}=\frac{c}{2B} \tag{2}\]  
A larger bandwidth \(B\) results in finer range resolution, enabling the radar to resolve objects that are closer together in distance. Velocity resolution \(v_{res}\) is another critical parameter that determines the ability of the radar to distinguish objects with similar velocities. This resolution depends on the number of frequency ramps \(N\), the time duration of each chirp \(T\), and the wavelength \(\lambda\) of the signal. The velocity resolution is expressed by Equation (3):  
\[v_{res}=\frac{\lambda}{2 NT} \tag{3}\]  
The angle detection is given by calculating the angle of arrival (AOA), denoted by \(\theta_{aoa}\), which represents the angle of the reflected signal with the horizontal plane. \(\Delta_{\phi}\) is the difference in distances from the object to each antenna, resulting in a phase change with \(\Delta_{d}=l\sin(\theta)\), where \(l\) is the distance between the TX and RX.  
\[\Delta_{\phi} =\frac{2\pi\Delta_{d}}{\lambda}\] \[\theta_{aoa} =\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{\lambda\Delta_{d}}{2\pi l}\right) \tag{4}\]  
Table 1 summarizes the key specifications of the radar, including its detection capabilities, resolution, and field of view, as well as the essential parameters of the data provided through the ROS package. These features ensure accurate and reliable environmental perception, enabling the robot to make informed decisions during operation.
# Advanced Hybrid Beamforming Technique in MU-MIMO Systems
## 2 System Model  
### Fully Connected Structure  
Figure 1 shows FCS hybrid beamforming system model. A transmitter is equipped with \(N_{t}^{RF}\) RF chains. The each of RF chains is connected to all the antenna elements with a network of phase shifters. The total number of phase shifters is \(N_{t}N_{t}^{RF}\). \(N_{s}\) data streams transmit to the \(k\) users which have one antenna. The transmitted symbol vector is as follows,  
\[\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{V}_{RF}\mathbf{V}_{D}\mathbf{s}=\sum_{l=1}^{k}\mathbf{V}_{RF }\mathbf{V}_{D}\mathbf{s}_{l}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathbf{V}_{RF}\) is \(N_{t}\times N_{t}^{RF}\) analog precoder matrix. \(\mathbf{V}_{RF}\) is implemented by using analog phase shifters, i.e., with \(|\mathbf{V}_{RF}\left(i,\,j\right)|=1\) and \(i\) denotes the \(i\)-th row and \(j\) denotes the \(j\)-th column. \(\mathbf{V}_{D}\) is \(N_{t}^{RF}\times N_{s}\) digital precoder matrix and \(\mathbf{s}\) is \(N_{s}\times 1\) data stream vector. At the transmitter, when \(N_{s}=N_{t}^{RF}\) is assumed, the data stream is split into each RF chain with a digital precoder and the signal phase is adjusted with an analog precoder. The received signal by the \(k\)-th user is represented as follows,  
\[\mathbf{y}_{k}=\mathbf{H}_{k}\mathbf{V}_{RF}\mathbf{V}_{D_{k}}\mathbf{s}_{k}+ \mathbf{H}_{k}\sum_{l\
eq k}\mathbf{V}_{RF}\mathbf{V}_{D_{l}}\mathbf{s}_{l}+ \mathbf{z}_{k}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(\mathbf{y}_{k}\) is the received symbol vector at the \(k\)-th user and \(\mathbf{H}_{k}\) is the \(N_{r}\times N_{t}\) complex channel matrix between the transmitter and the \(k\)-th user. \(N_{r}\) is the number of antenna of user. \(\mathbf{V}_{RF}\) is \(N_{t}\times N_{t}^{RF}\) analog precoder matrix and \(\mathbf{V}_{D_{k}}\) is \(N_{t}^{RF}\times N_{s}\) digital precoder matrix at the \(k\)-th user. \(\mathbf{s}_{k}\) is a data stream vector at the \(k\)-th user. \(\mathbf{H}_{k}\sum\limits_{l\
eq k}\mathbf{V}_{RF}\mathbf{V}_{D_{l}}\mathbf{s}_{l}\) is an interference signal to the \(k\)-th user by another received RF chain. \(\mathbf{z}_{k}\) is an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) vector at the \(k\)-th user.
# A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing
## 4 Issues in the Evolution of the Inter-Domain Routing Control Plane
### Coordination among ASs  
The inter-domain routing on the Internet is characterized by the use of best efforts for carrying network traffic, where thousands of distributed and connected ASs make their own decisions about how traffic should be routed and forwarded. Besides, it is assumed that packets can be lost and suffer delays, but the overall network will still to be operational and functional. Although the resilience requirement is one of the main concerns, other attributes are desirable for the inter-domain routing environment. For example, some network applications, such as Voice over IP (VoIP), require guarantees from the network for its appropriate utilization, and to provide end-to-end requirements, it is fundamental to have some level of coordination among ASs.  
In the inter-domain routing, the coordination between ASs depends on the technology used. In general, each AS provides the manual configuration of BGP router peers to exchange NLRI. Those configurations are aligned with the routing policies and describe what is or not allowed to be advertised between neighbor ASs. Thus, the coordination among domains is often restricted to ASs that have a previous business relationship or some type of an agreement, such as a customer-to-provider relationship. For example, if a stub AS requests (usually via e-mail) the verification of the BGP configuration to a transit AS that does not have any formal relationship with the requested AS, it is expected that the request may not be fulfilled by the transit AS (often ignored).  
One motivation for improving the coordination among ASs for inter-domain routing is security [17; 18]. For example, that it is difficult to enforce and track the origin of ASs that advertise a given IP prefix is a security issue that threatens the inter-domain routing system. Relying on the BGP attributes (e.g., AS-Path attribute) for such tasks has demonstrated its ineffectiveness over the last few decades. Thereby, deliberate network attacks (e.g., Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) [41] attacks), or even misconfigurations or errors [42] in a BGP router can cause and affect connectivity problems on the whole Internet. Those issues occur because the standard control plane of the BGP was not designed to provide security mechanisms for ASs' trust of the NLRI advertised on the Internet.
# Bouncer: A Resource-Aware Admission Control Scheme for Cloud Services
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, we use the term \"application-awareness\" to highlight the use of SDN centric environment to administer, manage and control cloud services. In this paper, we present Bouncer, a model framework for services admission control in cloud environments. The idea behind services admission control in modern scalable systems provides a sense of infinite control over available resources of a data center. Guaranteed control uses a mechanism to set limits for some or all of the QoS parameters such as delay, variable delay, throughput, and packet loss [14]. This is achieved by admission control itself and by decisions of admission control in the access network by the management of throughput and traffic policies. SDNs can be used to significantly enhance network and service management by enabling separated control and data planes. The centralized position of an OpenFlow controller with a global vision of network states offers a promising approach to realizing flow-based admission control. The presented framework, Bounce, uses a resource-aware admission control technique to improve workload-admission of cloud services. Bouncer considers required resources of a host machine as a composite of central processing unit (CPU), memory and storage resources. It rejects services request that is non-compliant to the statutory provisions of the system. This helps abridge the semantic gap between the required and the available cloud resources. The main contributions of this paper are three-fold. First, we identify resource administration challenges in virtualized environments. The objective of which highlights the importance of cloud system resources and the challenges in achieving high system throughput, improve load balance and minimal meta-job processing time. Second, we present Bouncer, a resource administration framework for virtualized environments. The proposed scheme uses SDN-enabled infrastructure to manage multiple admission control services and requests. The objective for choosing SDN-enabled infrastructure in Bouncer is to introduce application-awareness concepts in the workloadadmission process of data centers. We also showcase its workload-admission control schemes for addressing workload congestion issues. Finally, we rigorously evaluated a prototype of Bouncer to verify its effectiveness through a set of experiments. The evaluated criterion was CPU resource utilization and system throughput estimation under varying workloads. The main objective of the evaluation was to analyze the proposed scheme for varying workloads and data traffic patterns. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief discussion of related developments. Section 3 briefly outlines the background details and challenges in virtualized environments. Next; we extensively elaborate and discuss the design architecture of Bouncer and its components in Section 4. Section 5 provides a comprehensive evaluation of Bouncer. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
## 1 Introduction
Exciting patch radiator elements by the PF method leads to generating strong cross-polarized fields on the antenna surface. These strong cross-polarized fields can degrade antenna performance. Moreover, they may increase back lobe radiation in the radiation patterns or even decrease the antenna radiation efficiency [37]. Using an AC method instead of PF can significantly suppress the cross-polarization levels [38]. In comparison with PF, this method does not excite surface currents on the antenna, so it produces radiation patterns with low cross-polarization levels. However, AC has no effect on increasing bandwidth because the operating bandwidth of patch antennas is inherently narrow. In [38], a microstrip patch antenna has been reported with an AC feeding method. Excellent radiation characteristics have been obtained for this antenna. Such structures usually have radiation patterns for which the isolation between their co- and cross-polarization patterns is less than 25 dB. However, their operating bandwidth is usually narrow at less than 5%. In this paper, a microstrip patch array is presented that uses a combination of PF and AC techniques. Using these two techniques simultaneously increases the impedance bandwidth of the proposed design and suppresses its cross-polarization radiations. In the proposed structure, the radiation elements are surrounded by a small space, which results in a compacted structure and higher efficiency. With 0.5 \(\lambda_{0}\) element spacing, the 2 \(\times\) 2 proposed array can be easily extended to a large array by using it as a sub-array. Hence, the proposed array could be useful in array applications requiring small element spacing, wide operating bandwidth, and lower cross-polarization levels. This structure has a geometric shape that allows it to be used in a variety of systems, such as monopulse systems, remote sensing, and satellite applications. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the design procedure of the proposed array. In Section 3, the simulated and measured results of the 2 \(\times\) 2 proposed array are provided and discussed. Section 3 focuses on antenna characteristics, especially in terms of cross-polarization behavior. Finally, the paper is briefly discussed in Section 4.
# Joint User-Slice Pairing and Association Framework Based on H-NOMA in RAN Slicing
## 4 Solution Using Matching Game-Based U-S. A and U-S. P Algorithms
### One-Sided Matching Based Solution Approach Sub-Problem (26)  
We can better understand the philosophy of the U - S. P sub-problem and the solution scheme with an interpretative example, as shown in Figure 4. After the association approach, we assume that each BS has sufficient traffic for the connected eMBB and uRLLC UEs. Thus, eMBB users are scheduled on all available PRBs at the beginning of a time slot, and each eMBB UE owns \(n\) PRBs long TTI and fixed through the slot. When uRLLC traffic comes abruptly to its associated BS \(b\) (in any mini slot of the current slot), the BS \(b\) tries to superimpose a uRLLC user with a suitable eMBB user guaranteeing all constraints of each slice and UEs through the mini slot \(m\). Then, the scheduler immediately aims to schedule such traffic with \(\rho_{bl}\) paired mini slots. Due to the hard latency bindings of uRLLC traffic, we apply the H-NOMA mechanism to be applied for the uRLLC traffic in this paper. Generally, uRLLC traffic has a small payload size and, thus, requires a fraction of all mini slots for such traffic. However, the questions are about selecting the suitable eMBB and the number of paired mini slots that eMBB users currently occupy are the best to be superimposed, keeping the objective of the sub-problem (26) in mind. Therefore, BS balances the data rate of eMBB users in each long TTI, ultimately achieving the goal of (26) on a long-run basis. In the superimposing scenario of eMBB and uRLLC users associated with the same BS, each uRLLC UE is only able to couple with one eMBB UE per mini slot \(m\), but eMBB UE may be paired with a maximum of \(\widetilde{\Theta}\) uRLLC UEs per time slot t. Consequently, each uRLLC UE is initially assigned to an eMBB UE. Once this uRLLC UE has been paired with the appropriate eMBB UE, it is deleted, and the procedure is repeated with the remaining set of uRLLC and eMBB UEs. Therefore, we assume the time slot to as two sub-time slots and apply a one-to-one matching game between eMBB and uRLLC users. As for O.P.T1 - U - S. P, we erect the preference lists of eMBB and uRLLC UEs based on the following utility functions as \(\Lambda_{e}(l)\) and \(\Lambda_{l}(e)\).
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Wi-Fi Module and Sensor Node Design  
The microcontroller ESP32 from Espressif systems is a low-cost and low-power micro-controller with dual-mode Bluetooth and Wi-Fi that uses Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor dual-core and single-core varieties. The module can function as both a client and a server, and operates at a low 3.3 V power supply.  
The flexible nature of the SSAIL technology allows it to produce electric conductor lines on any dielectric surface, allowing it to adapt to the geometry of the network node. The circuit for a Wi-Fi module was designed using the Eagle software. AutoCAD was used to make minor adjustments to the circuit design layout to guarantee that the laser machine would produce the appropriate hatch during subsequent processing. The procedure involves using an ultrashort-pulse laser to modify the surface of the FR4 glass-reinforced epoxy laminate, chemical activation of laser-modified regions, and electroless metal deposition on the locally activated surface. Figure 2 depicts the PCB layout of the ESP32 module that performs all of the functions of the sensor node.  
Figure 2 shows the setup of an assembled PCB with a modified module prototype manufactured using SSAIL technology connected to a flawless FTDI FT232 series USB interface IC, used to upload programming code to the Wi-Fi module using Arduino IDE. The modified communication module replaces the standard module, which cannot support the energy-harvesting antenna in WSNs. In addition, Adafruit DHT11 sensors were connected to an Espressif ESP-Wroom32 microcontroller, which runs an asynchronous web server for temperature and humidity monitoring. For preliminary testing, the modified prototype batteries were used. When compared with the performance of the standard ESP32 module, the results of the modified prototype's performance are extremely encouraging towards our goals of enclosing the antennas together with it.  
Energy-harvesting antennas can be used instead of a power unit in sensor nodes that are compact enough to carry the needs of the sensor nodes. To meet the Wi-Fi module's power consumption, the designed antenna must be compact and sufficient. A compromise approach to integrating the communication module with a modified power unit using SSAIL technology has been proposed by the researchers. The sensor node's compact structure allows it to be installed in a small area, such as a production conveyor, for monitoring purposes, which is absolutely necessary as research develops.  
Figure 1: Scheme of typical WSN with multiple nodes.
# Machine Learning-Assisted Secure Random Communication System
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Intended Communication  
Because the proposed ML-RCS is the first approach to incorporate ML into RCSs, we tested it using methods commonly employed to perform individual analyses in both fields. First, we analyzed the ML-RCS via confusion matrices for clarity with respect to ML. After showing successful results with the confusion matrices, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations that targeted an ideal BER of \(10^{-3}\) against the lowest value of the MSNR to reflect its effectiveness with respect to RCSs.
# Rheological Characteristics Evaluation of Bitumen Composites Containing Rock Asphalt and Diatomite
###### Abstract  
Previous studies have showed that rock asphalt (RA) or diatomite were used to modify the petroleum bitumen. This paper presents the findings from a study conducted to evaluate the potential impact of RA and diatomite on the rheological characteristics of bitumen composites. RA and diatomite with three different dosages were added into the petroleum bitumen: 18% RA, 13% RA+7% diatomite, and 16% RA+9% diatomite by weight. The rheological characteristics of the RA and diatomite modified bitumens were evaluated in this study. The tests conducted included temperature sweep and frequency sweep tests with a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), a Brookfield rotation viscosity test, and a scanning electron microscope test. The research showed that the addition of RA and diatomite to petroleum bitumen considerably increased the apparent viscosity, dynamic shear modulus, and rutting resistance in bitumen specimens. However, the DSR test indicated a slight reduction in the fatigue performance of composites made of RA and diatomite modified bitumens. Overall, RA and diatomite are good modifiers for petroleum bitumen for a performance improvement.  
rock asphalt; diatomite; rheological characteristics; high temperature performance; fatigue performance; low temperature performance