# Blockchain-Based Cloud-Enabled Security Monitoring Using Internet of Things in Smart Agriculture
## 2 Background
### Blockchain Solutions in IoT Agriculture  
Blockchain technology has advantages such as secure storage, anonymity, and transparency. The user identity and private key will not be disclosed in public, although the user's public key and transaction information can be seen in the public blockchain. Someresearchers explored the usage of blockchain technology in IoT applications [19; 30; 31; 32]. [PERSON] et al. [33] described blockchain protocols in IoT and presented threat models to blockchain protocols in IoT. The IoT application domains for blockchain are discussed, and the state of the art of blockchain technologies in the Internet of things are discussed, emphasizing security and privacy. The research challenges and future directions for utilizing blockchain in IoT are discussed. Ref. [8] studied the security and privacy issues in green IoT-based agriculture.The application of blockchain technology in preserving privacy in green IoT-based agriculture is discussed. [PERSON] et al. [31] performed a literature review of the information-security research progress in blockchain-based smart-agriculture applications. [PERSON] et al. [32] performed a detailed study of using blockchain in smart agriculture. The authors highlighted that security and privacy issues are one of the main concerns of smart agriculture. The state-of-the-art review on using the blockchain in agriculture [32] described that most of the works focused on solving the food or agriculture supply-chain problem, and secure data storage, remote monitoring, and automation are the least focused on areas in blockchain-enabled smart agriculture. To sum up, the prior blockchain technology in IoT agriculture review articles indicate that blockchain solutions can improve the security and privacy of smart agriculture. However, challenges such as data storage capacity in blockchain and high network connection rates in rural areas to perform consensus activity still need to be addressed in the agriculture application context.  
[PERSON] [12] proposed a blockchain-based IoT architecture for the food supply chain. RFID sensors captured the identification ID from the product package from different stakeholders in the food supply chain and were added to the blockchain to maintain integrity. Any stakeholder can verify the public blockchain data regarding the products' status. [PERSON] et al. [34] introduced blockchain-based cloud nodes to verify the service provided by the edge servers for service authentication to IoT devices. The proof-of-authority (POA) mechanism is considered for maintaining the consensus among blockchain cloud nodes. IoT devices give the rating to the edge servers based on the edge-server service provided and used for determining the service authentication. [PERSON] et al. [19] explored blockchain technology to implement security solutions and their performance. The authors highlighted that large throughput and storage capacity are the technical challenges in implementing security solutions. Overall, blockchain solutions have been used in the literature to address some issues in smart agriculture.