## 4 Results and Discussions
### Discussion and Benchmark against Recent Studies
Large variability in seen, but in general, \(Vs\) increases with the season, and at the front, low values are seen especially in winter and spring (i.e., with largely smaller negative fluctuations). However, more images would be possibly needed to fully assess seasonal variations. [PERSON] et al. [22] also reported (Figure 8 therein) estimated mean calving rate (1999-2013) in m day\({}^{-1}\) (calculated in practice like in our Equation (4) here; they set \(CR~{}=~{}\dot{c}+\dot{m}\), i.e., flow plus net advance at glacier's front, which they call total ablation rate). By taking their constant front section area as \(A_{m}\) = 0.68 km\({}^{2}\) (Equation (3) therein), they found a maximum in summer (February) of about \(CR_{Max}\) = (3.25 \(\pm\) 1) \(\times\) 0.68 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) = 2.21 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)\(\pm\) 6.80 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\) and a minimum in winter (August) of about \(CR_{Min}\) = (0.75 \(\pm\) 1) \(\times\) 0.68 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) = 5.1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)\(\pm\) 6.80 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\), i.e., with a four times bigger rate in summer than in winter. Here, from Figure 8, in summer 2016 with SENTINEL2, we estimated \(CR_{Max,MI,M2}\) = 1.35 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), 1.42 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\), and \(CR_{Min\cap MI,M2}\) = 5.7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\), 7.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\), in winter 2016. [PERSON] et al. [22] estimated on average \(CR_{Av,m\
ot{d}}\) = 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.7 m day\({}^{-1}\), or \(CR_{Av}\) = 8.84 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)\(\pm\) 4.75 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\), which is coherent with our estimates here (\(CR_{MI,Av}\) = 7.72 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)\(\pm\) 2.46 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\), and \(CR_{M2,Av}\) = 8.76 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)\(\pm\) 2.72 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\)) and with those from [27], \(CR_{Av}\) = 1.08 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\). Here, calving rate based on method \(M2\) is mostly larger than that with method \(M1\). Given that section \(B\) used for ice flow assessment with method \(M2\) is 7.5 km upstream of the front, the effects due to lag and ablation en route may affect calving rate assessment. The largest differences seem to occur in the coldest seasons. We used here seasonal ablation estimates from [27] from 1995 to 2003 (Table 1 thereby), which may not be representative for our period of study. PMG ablation obviously requires specific assessment, which we could not set up here in lack of ablation measurements, and supraglacial climate data. However, one may take here that assessment as close as possible to the front is possibly more dependable. Within our better measured period (i.e., from 2013 onwards), we were able to observe four events of damming (i.e., with the PMG glacier hitting the opposite shore and clogging the _Lago Argentino_ lake with and ice dam between Canal de los Tempanos and _Brazo Rico_, Figure 1b), namely, in November 2013, January-February 2016, August-October 2016, and July-November 2017, i.e., slightly less than one event per year. [PERSON] et al. [22] report four events (with duration of about 6 months) from 2004 to 2012 and three from 2006 to 2012, i.e., about 1 event every two years. This circumstance requires further proper assessment, to evaluate a potential increase of the damming frequency, maybe under modified climate recently in the Patagonia region. [PERSON] et al. [39] recently used a set of satellite images, including SENTINEL2, and some weather data nearby to map ice flow and mass balance of the Jorge Montt Glacier, Southern Patagonia Icefield, about 230 km N of the PMG, with specific focus on the period 2011-2018. The authors found high ice velocities and strong calving, altogether resulting in high mass imbalance, mostly attributed to frontal ablation. However, according to the  
Figure 9: SENTINEL2. 2015–2017.