# Spatial and Temporal Variation of GPP and Its Response to Urban Environmental Changes in Beijing
## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, this study highlights the significant spatial and temporal patterns of AGPP in Beijing, with higher values in the northwest and lower values in the southeast. Figure 7: Boxplot of CO, NO\({}_{2}\), and O\({}_{3}\) distribution. (**a**) shows the boxplot of CO distribution in Beijing, (**b**) shows the boxplot of NO\({}_{2}\) distribution in Beijing, and (**c**) shows the boxplot of O\({}_{3}\) distribution in Beijing. Elevation and human activities, particularly urban development, play crucial roles in shaping these patterns. In terms of LUCC, the expansion of impervious land will have a significant negative impact on AGPP. Therefore, for cities experiencing rapid growth, the strategic planning of urban expansion is essential for facilitating a green transition and ensuring sustainable urban development. Among the factors analyzed, CO and NO\({}_{2}\) are the most critical factors determining AGPP, with O\({}_{3}\) and LST also exerting certain influences, while the impact of precipitation (PRE) is relatively minor. Land Surface Temperature (LST) generally impacts AGPP negatively, whereas, in certain regions characterized by favorable temperatures, it enhances plant growth. The effect of PRE varies in different areas of Beijing, but it is not obvious. Irregular precipitation and extreme situations can both lead to negative impacts of precipitation on AGPP. Pollutants like CO and O\({}_{3}\) have a positive effect on AGPP in most areas, suggesting that effective vegetation management can offset their negative impacts. However, in severely polluted areas, the detrimental effects of these pollutants surpass the benefits of human activities. Unlike O\({}_{3}\) and CO, NO\({}_{2}\) exerts a detrimental effect on the AGPP due to its origins in industrial processes, which exhibit a low correlation with human activities. In conclusion, integrated water resource management, pollution control, and ecological restoration are crucial for enhancing AGPP and sustaining urban development in Beijing. These strategies are essential for fostering vegetation growth, achieving carbon neutrality, and ensuring environmental sustainability in the city. However, the impact of O\({}_{3}\) on AGPP in this study shows some differences from existing research findings. This discrepancy has not been fully examined and may be influenced by other environmental factors in Beijing. Further research and exploration are needed to understand this issue better. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijgi13110396/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijgi13110396/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijgi13110396/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijgi13110396/s1)). All authors have conceptualized and discussed this work. [PERSON] and [PERSON] processed various environmental data and discussed it online. The initial draft was written by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [PERSON] is responsible for supervising this paper. [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to the determination of the theme of the paper. All authors were equally reviewed and edited. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 42230106, 42201498. All data used in this paper can be accessed for free. The AGPP data can be obtained from Science Data Bank ([[https://www.scidb.cn/](https://www.scidb.cn/)]([https://www.scidb.cn/](https://www.scidb.cn/)), accessed on 9 February 2024). The LST data can be obtained from NASA-Earth-Data ([[https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/](https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/)]([https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/](https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/)), accessed on 9 February 2024). The Temperature data and Precipitation data can be obtained from National-Earth-System-Science-Data-Center ([[http://loess.geodata.cn](http://loess.geodata.cn)]([http://loess.geodata.cn](http://loess.geodata.cn)), accessed on 11 February 2024).