esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
### Pre-Hospital Setting  
Pre-hospital care is a unique setting in which medical personnel arrive with their medical equipment to the scene of an incident where a person needs urgent medical care [1; 2]. In these emergency contexts, arrival times at the scene of the incident and provision of initial emergency treatment may be important in some specific scenarios [3; 4]. The emergency medicine system in the pre-hospital setting is based largely on short working intervals that enable treatment to be quickly administered to a patient who needs it [5; 6].  
Magen-David-Adom, Israel's national emergency medical services, operates advance life support teams that include a paramedic team leader and a driver who may be a medic or senior medic. All staff members are qualified to provide life-saving treatment, such as injecting an automatic epinephrine syringe (also known as an EpiPen(r)) as first aid to patients experiencing a severe allergic reaction. For these patients, quick EpiPen(r) injection is highly important and can be lifesaving [5; 6].
## 6 Conclusions  
An artificial cobweb routing algorithm for routing the tree-type physical topology of a low-voltage distribution network in a smart grid is analysed in this paper. The artificial cobweb routing algorithm is further improved. Communication delay and throughput are calculated and simulated. The conclusions are as follows:  
Figure 16: Topology of the test-bed.  
Figure 17: Statistical results of the experimental data.  
1. The novel routing algorithm solves the problem in which some nodes cannot access the PLC system as a result of limited data connectivity and improves the reliability of communication. Using the algorithm, the process of route maintenance after networking is simple and efficient. A routing reconstruction algorithm reroutes bad nodes at the local network level, avoiding the need to reroute all the nodes in the system and thus improving the efficiency of the communication system and enhancing the anti-destroying ability of the PLC system.
2. QoS in PLC is guaranteed by the communication delay and data throughput of the artificial cobweb networking structure in terms of the data processing capacity of nodes. This routing algorithm has the characteristics of practicability and manoeuvrability.
3. Each node sends data according to a strict time series, which reduces the channel collision rate considerably and improves the channel utilisation. Therefore, the algorithm improves the communication reliability of the system. The results of this study prove that the cobweb structure is an effective routing method for improving the reliability of LVPLC and guaranteeing QoS in PLC. This routing algorithm may also provide a novel routing method for other networks, such as wireless sensor networks and ad hoc networks.
# Goal Oriented Time Adaptivity Using Local Error Estimates
## 5 Numerical Results
### Convection-Diffusion Equation
#### 5.2.4 Discussion  
In Figure 4 (top), we observe the classical adaptive method performs well and the goal oriented adaptive methods, as expected, perform worse. There, timesteps are clearly too big for the given source term. Nevertheless, convergence in the QoI with \(e^{\mathcal{J}}=\mathcal{O}(\tau)\) is observed, as predicted by Theorem 2. The DWR method is expensive but gives high quality grids. Here, we used it to only adapt in time.  
Changing the sign of the convection term, we expect good results for the goal oriented method, as the source term can be neglected. This is observed in Figure 4; bottom (reference solution with \(\tau=10^{-9}\)). The goal oriented methods perform better than the classical one. The DWR method performs notably worse than in the previous examples.
## 3 Impact of external errors
### Overall WSOA Error Budget  
Results from the last two sections eventually will provide an overall performances budget (see Figure 19) of WSOA onboard Jason-2. In order to show the influence of external errors, the 16*14 km post processing pixel was selected. Best and worst cases are mainly dependent on the media propagation and attitude errors. The residual roll error in worst case was taken equal to 0.12 arcsecond (see II.3). POD error is equal to 2.5 cm (Envisat error budget), electromagnetic bias to 2 cm, dry troposphere to 0.7 cm, and nadir radiometer to 1.2 cm (Jason error budget). The error in the determination of the ionospheric delay with the dual frequency nadir altimeter is taken equal to 0.5 cm (see [26]). Finally, the baseline length error comes out from the consideration of a 1 K temperature accuracy and a thermo elastic coefficient of the mast of 10-6.  
On a worst case basis, the contribution of the instrumental error (see Figure 6 (b)) to the global budget is about 55 % for a 16*14 km pixel; if we compute the overall budget over a 16*1 km pixel, the contribution goes up to 90 %. Therefore, even if there is a strong need to improve estimates of external sources of errors, improving the performance of the radar instrument would have an impact on improving the performance of the system for high spatial resolution. Section 5 presents a slightly modified operating characteristics for an instrument such as WSOA in order to strengthen this overall error budget. However, before going into such an analysis, section 4 illustrates the scientific goals of WSOA.  
Figure 18: Influence of the pixel range resolution on the quality of the estimation process.
# The Potential Role of Timosaponin-AIII in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
## 4 The Anticancer Effects of TSAIII
### Reverse of Multidrug Resistance  
Chemotherapy, as an effective strategy for metastatic tumor treatment, can often fail in the clinic due to the multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells. The ATP-dependent transporter (ABC), encoded by the MDR1 or ABCB1 gene, is a phosphoglycoprotein renamed glycoprotein P (P-gp), which is the most crucial efflux transporter among the ABC transporter family. P-gp has a broad substrate spectrum, which impacts the clinical efficacy of various chemotherapeutic drugs [86; 87]. It has been reported that TSAIII and sarsasapogenin can be substrates of P-gp. The efflux ratio of TSAIII is 2.26, which is higher than the accepted threshold of two for P-gp substrates. By contrast, the efflux ratio of sarsasapogenin is 1.51. Interestingly, the Papp (AP-BL) and Papp (BL-AP) of TSAIII enhance this, and the efflux ratio of TSAIII decreases from 2.26 to 0.63. The Papp (APBL) of sarsasapogenin increases while the Papp (BL-AP) decreases, and the efflux ratio of sarsasapogenin decreases from 1.51 to 0.87. This indicates that TSAIII can be either a substrate or an inhibitor of P-gp. Furthermore, TSAIII can decrease the efflux ratio of Rh-123 from 2.46 to 1.22 [88].  
Another study has reported that TSAIII can reverse the multidrug resistance of human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562/ADM cells, as shown by the increased intracellular accumulation of ADM and decreased mRNA expression of P-gp and MRP1. Mechanically, the effects of Tsam on their reversal sensitivity to ADM might be associated with the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway [89] (Table 1). The overexpression of P-gp in A549/Taxol and A2780/Taxol cells has also been shown [90]. TSAIII can exhibit cytotoxicity and decrease the cell viability of A549/Taxol and A2780/Taxol cells with IC50 values of 5.12 uM and 4.64 uM, respectively. In addition, TSAIII upregulates the Bax protein expression, downregulates Bcl-2 and PARP expression, and promotes apoptosis in A549/Taxol and A2780/Taxol cells. Mechanically, the anticancer effects of TSAIII on taxol-resistant cells could be associated with the inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways, which have become therapeutic targets for multidrug resistance [90] (Table 1).
# Marine Internet for Internetworking in Oceans: A Tutorial
## 3 Environments for Communication in Oceans
### Water Surface  
Many objects on the water surface in oceans can be used for networking, typically including vessels such as ships and boats usually equipped with powerful communication capability and sustainable power sources. As illustrated in Figure 2a, many ships run daily in the ocean with high density near the coastline, especially in Europe. Most Internet users in oceans are carried by vessels, which often move from one place to another, resulting in dynamic and uneven user distributions. A cruise ship's capacity ranges from hundreds to thousands with an average of 3000 passengers for ocean liners. They can use their devices to connect terrestrial Internet via the onboard BS/AP linked to those installed along coastline or satellites. For boats, their communication capacity is usually smaller due to smaller power supply as well as shorter antenna for wireless communication.  
There are also various observatories such as tide stations, as illustrated in Figure 2b, which are also equipped with communication devices and power supply such as solar or tide energy. Recently, a more powerful floating platform has been designed and deployed in the ocean [26]. It is more stable against wind and wave on water surfaces and can host many high-rate sensors such as video  
Figure 2: Distributions of ship traffic and tide stations worldwide (realtime data as on UTC 06:50, 11 August 2018, available on [[http://www.sailwx.info](http://www.sailwx.info)]([http://www.sailwx.info](http://www.sailwx.info))): red and purple indicate high densities of ships and stations, respectively.  
cameras with communication with the terrestrial center at high-speed via satellites. A large power capacity can be realized by using more batteries to harvest solar/tide energy. In water areas near coastlines, some submerged buoys are often used to construct water paths with tide energy, and can be enhanced to provide short-range communication due to their small energy supply and short antennas for wireless communication.
# Green Macrolgae Biomass Upcycling as a Sustainable Resource for Value-Added Applications
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Pigment Content (Chlorophylls and Caroenoids)  
UODP is highly concentrated in chlorophylls and carotenoids (Figure 4). Chlorophylll a had the highest content (39.67 \(\pm\) 0.436 mg/g), followed by chlorophyll b (34.27 \(\pm\) 0.487 mg/g) and total carotenoids (17.75 \(\pm\) 0.038 mg/g). Chlorophylll c1 + c2 was detected in smaller amounts (11.37 \(\pm\) 0.141 mg/g) and plays an important role in underwater photosynthetic processes. Chlorophylll b acts as an accessory pigment, expanding the range of light absorption. Caroenoids not only assist in photosynthesis but also exhibit significant antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative damage. These compounds contribute to algae's  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Peak** & **Compound Name** & **RT (min)** & **Area (\%)** & **RI** & **Reference** \\ \hline
1 & Palmitic acid (C16:0) methyl ester & 26.60 & 71.62 & 1920 & 1926 1  \\
2 & Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) methyl ester & 28.21 & 1.29 & 2020 & 2026 2  \\
3 & Undec-10-enoic acid tetradecyl ester & 28.85 & 1.53 & 2061 & - \\
4 & Linoleic acid (C18:2) methyl ester & 29.37 & 15.54 & 2095 & 2096 3  \\
5 & Stearic acid (C18:0) methyl ester & 29.75 & 10.01 & 2121 & 2126 4  \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* [46]: [24][ENDFOOTNOTE]
* [3][48]: [49]. RT: retention time; RI: retention index.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Identified fatty acids in oven-dried green algae _Ulva_ sp. (UODP).  
ability to thrive in dynamic aquatic environments by mitigating stress caused by light and reactive oxygen species [61; 62].  
Lower concentrations of chlorophyll a (0.92 mg/g) and carotenoids (0.20 mg/g) were reported before for _Ulva lactuca_[63]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [64] observed lower contents of chlorophyll a (6.8 mg/g), chlorophyll b (4.1 mg/g), and total carotenoids (1.3 mg/g) in _Ulva flexuosa_ extracts. The concentrations of pigments obtained from _Ulva flexuosa_ in this study are notably high when compared to values reported in the literature for _Ulva_ species. Differences between studies are justified by environmental conditions, species-specific pigment composition, and different extraction methodologies [63]. These levels are competitive for commercial applications in food and cosmetic industries, where natural pigments are increasingly valued for their functional and visual properties [65; 66; 67; 68].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Methodology
#### 2.2.2. Vocal Fold Approximation Modeling  
Once the NA larynx was reconstructed in Section 2.2.1, we were able to model vocal fold approximation using sutures in the HP and sUVFP conditions. Following the MRI scan for the NA condition, the HP and sUVFP circothyroid suture approximation conditions were implemented in a stepwise fashion with consecutive MRI imaging.  
Images of the HP condition were manually segmented and reconstructed with ITK-SNAP. Figure 5a,b show the reconstructed thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, and cricoid cartilage in NA and HP conditions, respectively. MRI imaging of the sUVFP condition was also segmented and reconstructed manually with ITK-SNAP. Laryngeal changes between HP and sUVFP are represented from Figure 5b to Figure 5c. A comparison of the reconstructed laryngeal conditions revealed that the cricoid cartilage retains the same spatial orientation and shape between the conditions, so it was used as a reference to calculate the thyroid cartilage displacement from NA to HP, and from NA to sUVFP. These displacements were prescribed to the mesh nodes on the thyroid cartilage in the reconstructed whole larynx model shown in Figure 5. The cricoid cartilage remained fixed in the simulations. The Saint Venant-Kirchhoff model was adopted to represent the tissue properties for the vocal fold body and cover. With this model, we assume the vocal fold tissue to be isotropic with a linear relationship between the stress and the strain. However, the finite strain takes into account the nonlinear effects due to large displacements and large rotation [55; 56]. Details for this hyper-elastic model can be found in our previous works [31]. With this procedure, we were able to model vocal fold approximation under the experimental conditions specified above.  
Figure 4: Reconstructed vocal fold from Sample 1. (**a**) Reconstructed vocal fold, whose details are shown in Figure 3. (**b**) Unstructured mesh for reconstructed vocal fold, where the vocal fold cover is refined.  
Figure 5: Reconstructed thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, and cricoid cartilage from MRI scans. (**a**) NA condition; (**b**) NA (blue) to HP (green) condition; (**c**) NA (blue) to sUVFP (red) condition. The arrows show the suture positions in (**b**) and (**c**).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Assessment  
Patients were monitored at 3-month intervals for the first 5 years following CIRT and subsequently at 3- to 6-month intervals. Follow-up duration was defined as the time from CIRT initiation to the last recorded follow-up. Clinical records were updated as of August 2022. The primary endpoint was BCR, defined as a PSA level \(\geq\) 2.0 ng/mL above the nadir in accordance with the Phoenix definition [25]. BCR-free survival was calculated from the date of CIRT initiation.  
The following variables were analyzed as candidate predictors: age, PSA level, cT stage, biopsy GS, and %PC. First, log-rank tests were used to compare Kaplan-Meier curves for BCR-free survival and to evaluate the clinical predictors in our patients. Second, a nomogram was developed by randomly selecting 60% of the patients (n = 470) to construct the model, with the remaining 40% (n = 315) reserved for validation. Due to the non-normal distribution of the PSA level and %PC data, the Box-Cox transformation was performed. After transformation, the distributions were relatively normalized. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression approach was used because it efficiently handles multicollinearity among predictors and selects the most relevant variables for the model, ensuring simplicity and interpretability. After using this model to select predictive variables meeting the criteria for minimal binomial deviance, nomograms for 5- and 7-year BCR-free survival in high-risk PCa patients after CIRT and ADT were developed. Third, the ability of these nomograms to predict 5- and 7-year BCR-free survival was calculated using Heagerty's area under the survival curve (AUC) method for internal validation [26]. Lastly, using the median probability values derived from each nomogram as cut-off thresholds (0.93 for 5-year and 0.90 for 7-year predictions), patients with high versus low probabilities of BCR-free survival were compared using the log-rank test. Statistical significance was defined as \(p<\) 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using the R software ([[http://www.r-project.org/](http://www.r-project.org/)]([http://www.r-project.org/](http://www.r-project.org/)), accessed on 25 January 2024) and the EZR software ([[https://www.jichi.ac.jp/saitama-sct/SaitamaHP.files/statmedEN.html](https://www.jichi.ac.jp/saitama-sct/SaitamaHP.files/statmedEN.html)]([https://www.jichi.ac.jp/saitama-sct/SaitamaHP.files/statmedEN.html](https://www.jichi.ac.jp/saitama-sct/SaitamaHP.files/statmedEN.html)), accessed on 25 January 2024) [27]. The R packages utilized included glmnet for LASSO regression, survival for survival analysis, and pROC for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
IP/optical networks will not be promising unless they can guarantee a predictable performance as specified by the QoS parameters established in SLAs. This paper has proposed an integrated approach to assure QoS in the service provisioning process of IP/optical networks based on the service plane concept. This approach is fully automatic and can handle traffic-driven provisioning by anticipating traffic demands using IP traffic characterization and self-management concepts, as well as complex service demands through decomposing such services into sets of connection requests. In both cases, a control plane based on GMPLS can understand and perform the establishment and deletion requests issued by the service plane and apply routing-based IA-RWA techniques to the establishment process to enforce QoS assurance. Future work involves the implementation and performance validation of the proposed approach in the ADRENALINE Testbed(r), and the evaluation of the benefits of this approach in the new business model of provisioning as a service for optical networks.
# Heart Attack Detection in Colour Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks
## 3 Methodology
### Design of Convolutional Neural Networks  
At this stage, convolutional neural networks were built to identify the person's posture, considering the defined size of the input images. Different tests were carried out with several layer combinations and configurations in order to reach the final model (presented in Figure 4).  
At the beginning of the network, the proposed design has five convolutional blocks, where each block is firstly composed of a convolution layer to highlight the general features in the image. Then, a max pooling layer is provided to keep the number of variables of the network low, in this way maintaining a size easy to compute.  
In the middle of the network, just after the convolution blocks, there is a dropout layer that prevents the generated model from presenting an envelope training, mainly due to the limited amount of data. After this, a flatten layer allows changing the 2D design of the convolutional layers to a vectorial one so that the values generated in the previous layers are passed to the traditional neuron layers.  
At the end of the network, ten layers composed of traditional neurons are arranged, each with 128 neurons, which deliver the result of forward propagation to a softmax function with two outputs. These will classify whether there is or is not a person with a heart attack in the image.
# A Sea Horse Optimization-Based Approach for PEM Fuel Cell Model Parameter Estimation
## 4 Simulation Study and Results
### Parametric Analysis of SHO
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \(r_{1}\) **Distribution** & **Best SSE** & **Time (s)** & \(R^{2}\) & **Explanation** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(r_{1}=\text{randn()}\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.00001} & \multirow{4}{*}{1.74} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.999791} & Exploration–exploitation balance. Reference case. Combination of spiral and Brownian motion. Both behaviors are active. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(r_{1}=\text{randn()}\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.000018} & \multirow{4}{*}{1.64} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.999621} & Only spiral motion: all individuals have \(r_{1}>0\), leading to exploitation-only behavior. Fast convergence and high accuracy. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(r_{1}=0\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.004090} & \multirow{4}{*}{1.80} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.912408} & Only Brownian motion: all individuals have \(r_{1}\leq 0\), leading to exploration-only behavior. Lower solution quality, but acceptable runtime. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(r_{1}\sim\text{Beta}(2,5)\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.000044} & \multirow{4}{*}{1.97} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.999053} & Mostly small \(r_{1}\) values: exploration-biased. Longer runtime, moderate accuracy. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(r_{1}\sim\text{Beta}(5,2)\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.000032} & \multirow{4}{*}{1.77} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.999317} & Mostly large \(r_{1}\) values: exploitation-biased. Short runtime, high accuracy. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The effect of the \(r_{1}\) distribution on the SHO algorithm’s performance. although it increases convergence time. On the other hand, when the exploitation-biased Beta(5,2) distribution was used, the algorithm exhibited a faster convergence process 4.15 s, but the SSE = 0.009850 and \(R^{2}\) = 0.789031 remained relatively weak. These results show that the algorithm concentrated on elite regions, but the overall search efficiency decreased, and the risk of being trapped in local minima increased. In the case where a fixed \(r_{2}=0.5\) value was used, both exploration and exploitation capabilities remained limited, resulting in the highest SSE = 0.020477 and the lowest \(R^{2}\) = 0.562087. In this case, due to the algorithm's limited adaptation capability, it is understood that the overall performance level is low.