esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Fast Recognition Method for Dynamic Blasting Fragmentation Based on YOLOv8 and Binocular Vision
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dynamic Recognition Model for Rock Fragment Size
#### 2.4.2 Preprocessing Images  
Image preprocessing is a key step in blasting fragmentation recognition, aiming to convert raw images into standardized data suitable for algorithmic processing, thereby improving recognition accuracy and robustness. Without preprocessing, noise, distortion, or uneven lighting in the image may cause the algorithm to misidentify edges, thus reducing recognition accuracy. Therefore, high-quality preprocessing is a prerequisite for practical application. This study adopts Gaussian filtering combined with histogram equalization to preprocess images.  
Gaussian filtering uses a two-dimensional Gaussian function to smooth the image, suppress high-frequency noise, preserve edge structures, and reduce over-segmentation caused by small gaps between fragments. The mathematical formulation is given by [27]  
\[G(x,y)=\frac{1}{2\pi\sigma^{2}}e^{-\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{2\sigma^{2}}}, \tag{3}\]  
Here, \(\sigma\) represents the standard deviation, which determines the degree of smoothing in the filtering process. Increasing the kernel size and the \(\sigma\) value enhances the smoothing effect.  
Histogram equalization enhances image contrast by redistributing pixel gray values, improving detail in dark or bright areas and mitigating the effects of uneven lighting at the site. Its cumulative distribution function is defined as [28]  
\[CDF(k)=\sum_{i=0}^{k}\frac{n_{i}}{N^{\prime}},\ (0\leq k\leq L-1) \tag{4}\]  
Here, \(n_{i}\) represents the number of pixels at grayscale level \(i\), \(N\) is the total number of pixels, and \(L\) is the number of grayscale levels. The original grayscale value \(k\) is mapped to a new value as \(T(k)=\text{round}((L-1)\cdot CDF(k))\).  
The combined use of these two methods significantly improves image quality, providing a reliable foundation for subsequent fragment segmentation and size recognition. Figures 9 and 10 show the image results before and after preprocessing.  
Figure 10: Comparison of images before and after histogram equalization processing: (**a**) before processing; (**b**) after processing.  
Figure 9: Comparison of images before and after filtering processing: (**a**) before processing; (**b**) after processing.
## 3 Results
### Year 2021 Optimization of the Irrigation Water Volume for Each Clone
#### 3.2.3 Vegetative Development and Yield Response  
In general, in 2021, there was a clear reduction in vegetative development and yield response in all of the clones (Table 5), probably associated with the lower water volume applied in some clones and a lower and anomalous rainfall in this year (Table 1). Despite being irrigated with less water, high-vigor clones (94, 188, and 4) maintained a significantly higher yield (number of clusters, cluster weight, number of berries per cluster) and \(\mathrm{WUE_{yield}}\) than low-vigor clones (276, 360, 373, 372). Compared to irrigated vines, yield reduction in high-vigor clones under stress (rainfied conditions) was around 43% (4), 24% (94), and 17% (188). In low-vigor clones, yield reduction under WS was between 21% (373) and 93% (276) compared to the control (data not shown). Vegetative development (main shoot length and TLA) was also higher in high-vigor clones (especially in clone 4), compared to low-vigor clones (Table 5). Clone 360 was again the least vigorous (lower TLA, and SL) and productive (lower yield, number of clusters, berry weight) when compared to other clones. Clone 276 had a significantly enhanced TLA/yield ratio compared to the rest of the clones, particularly under WS, as a consequence of a drastic yield reduction. In general, in 2021, \(\mathrm{WUE_{yield}}\) decreased in all clones compared to the average 2018-2020, due to reduced yield (Table 5). However, in high-vigor clones (in the control treatment), \(\mathrm{WUE_{yield}}\) was substantially increased by 100% (4), 43% (94), and
## 4 Conclusions  
This study presented a comparative performance evaluation of two widely used VANET routing protocols, QOS-AODV and GPSR, alongside their enhanced variants--CM-QOS-AODV and CM-GPSR--developed using the Traffic-Oriented Model (TOM) and Delay-Efficient Model (DEM). By applying Taguchi-based optimization techniques, key protocol parameters were tuned to adapt to different traffic intensities and delay sensitivities in urban and highway scenarios modeled on Changlun City. The simulation results demonstrated that TOM-optimized protocols significantly improved the packet delivery ratio (PDR) by up to 10%, maintained throughput levels above 0.40 Mbps, and reduced end-to-end delay to as low as 0.01 s--making them suitable for safety-critical applications such as collision avoidance and emergency response. In contrast, DEM-based variants achieved more balanced improvements, offering moderate gains in all QoS metrics, and are therefore better suited for general-purpose vehicular communication use cases. While the findings affirm the potential of traffic- and delay-aware optimization in improving VANET performance, this work is limited to simulation-based evaluation without field deployment or real hardware constraints. Moreover, manually configured mobility was used rather than GPS-based or SUMO-integrated traces. Future work will focus on extending the framework to support GPS-based mobility models, validating the proposed methods in real-world vehicular testbeds, and exploring adaptive optimization mechanisms that respond to live traffic and network conditions. These extensions will further enhance the applicability and robustness of the proposed CM-based routing solutions in dynamic vehicular environments. For future work, we aim to further address key challenges in VANET routing, including route instability from high mobility, difficulty in balancing QoS trade-offs (delay, throughput, and PDR), and the limited adaptability of existing protocols. While our current framework offers a robust parameter optimization approach, future research will explore adaptive, real-time tuning mechanisms and extend validation to larger-scale, heterogeneous vehicular environments. These directions aim to close the remaining gaps identified in the literature and enhance the practical deployment of QoS-aware routing in dynamic VANET scenarios. Moreover, this study does not explicitly examine energy and bandwidth constraints. While vehicular nodes typically face fewer energy limitations than traditional mobile ad hoc networks, bandwidth efficiency and protocol overhead remain relevant, especially in congested scenarios. These aspects are identified as important areas for future research. **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/computers14070285/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/computers14070285/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/computers14070285/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/computers14070285/s1)).
## 5 Experimental Setup Development
### Dielectric Breakdown Analysis of the Fabricated FGIL Models
#### 5.1.1 Power Frequency Discharge Test  
In order to appraise the dielectric characteristics of the FGILs regarding simple and film-coated stranded conductors, power frequency discharge tests using air and SF\({}_{6}\) were performed for the fabricated FGIL models. After creating vacuum in the FGIL models, moisture-free air was filled at different gas pressures from 1 to 2.5 bar, and the discharge voltage was noted for both GIL models. Followed by air, similar power frequency discharge tests were performed regarding SF\({}_{6}\) gas for both FGIL specimens at different gas pressures from 1 to 2.5 bar. Figure 20 shows the disruptive discharge test results of air- and SF\({}_{6}\)-filled simple and film-coated stranded-conductor-based FGIL models under different gas pressures. Critical analysis of Figure 20 reveals that the discharge voltage increased with increasing gas pressure in all cases. However, the FGIL model with a film-coated stranded conductor had relatively higher discharge voltages in air as well as sulfur hexafluoride respectively in comparison to the FGIL model with a simple stranded conductor. Further, pertaining to their higher dielectric strength, SF\({}_{6}\)-filled FGIL models achieved higher breakdown voltages at the respective gas pressures.
# The Use of Radio and Telemedicine by TMAS Centers in
## 4 Discussion  
Medical assistance at sea has come a long way since its inception with radio-based medicine. The procedures used over the last century at TMAS centers for seafarers' healthcare are still in use today. Now onboard medical personnel can consult specialists onshore, share vital signs, and receive training via real-time audio and video communication. Our study explored the use of medical assistance via radio and telemedical devices during emergencies which have revolutionized the way patients at sea were treated. Medical professionals can guide crew members on board ships with limited medical equipment and resources [28; 29].  
Telemedicine has further enhanced the delivery of medical care at sea through real-time communication with onshore healthcare facilities [30]. Telemedical solutions provide remote access to healthcare professionals, electronic medical records, and consultations via satellite communications. Medical care at sea requires reliable medical care, which makes telemedicine increasingly important. The maritime industry relies on it to provide rapid medical assistance during emergencies, as well as ensure seafarers' safety.  
TMAS centers provide remote healthcare services that allow maritime patients to receive medical care and advice from medical professionals located on land in real-time [30]. It ensures that medical advice and diagnosis can be received even on vessels far away from medical facilities. Using telemedicine, medical professionals on land can visit patients using images, vital signs, and video conferences and consequently prescribe treatments. The improvement of medical assistance provided by telemedicine has also been shown to reduce medical evacuations, prolong major interventions, and save lives [31]. The use of telemedicine has revolutionized the delivery of medical care to those at sea.  
The advent of satellite technology has significantly expanded the geographic availability of medical assistance, enabling healthcare providers to reach remote and isolated destinations. As maritime activities continue to increase in a globalized world, medical assistance at sea has become increasingly indispensable. With the ongoing advancements in technology and the expanding role of telemedicine, it is poised to play an even greater role in the protection of seafarers' health in the future. With the continuous development of technology, healthcare providers can now rely on telemedicine to monitor patients' conditions and manage medical emergencies in real-time. Efforts should be carried out to provide seagoing vessels with appropriate telemedicine equipment and to guarantee that solutions provided by different producers work on the maritime environment and that their friendly use would allow the proper transmission of biomedical data ashore.
## 4 Enabling Technologies for FSO Communication
### Adaptive Detection Thresholds
#### 4.10.1 Background
In [189], the performance enhancements of OOK FSO communication systems under AT conditions are investigated, focusing on the dynamic decision threshold and coherent detection schemes. The findings indicate that the dynamic decision threshold scheme achieves a 5.7 dB reduction in the power needed to reach a BER of \(10^{-3}\) in comparison to the conventional FDT approach. Similarly, in [427], it is shown that an OOK IM/DD system can utilize two laser wavelengths at the Tx and two photodetectors at the Rx to operate in differential mode, leading to outstanding BER performance with a detection threshold set to zero. This study is also extended to include PPM. However, this scheme is limited by low throughput, as it requires two lasers to transmit the same information during each symbol duration. Furthermore, to enhance performance beyond what is achieved in [427], a source information transformation system has been introduced in [414]. This system utilizesmultiple optical wavelengths to determine ADTs. It has been demonstrated that this approach can achieve a satisfactory BER performance without needing instantaneous CSI or the PDF of the turbulence model. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed system delivers performance similar to a theoretical adaptive detection scheme, while significantly reducing implementation complexity. Additionally, it incurs only a 1.8 dB loss in SNR at a BER of \(1\times 10^{-9}\) for a lognormal turbulence channel. Also, to enhance threshold accuracy and overall system performance, an FSO communication system using OOK with coherent detection-double ADT has been developed [418]. The Tx employs 3-bit encoding to relay information, while the Rx features two adaptive thresholds to identify the in-phase and quadrature components of the signal, operating without instantaneous CSI or the PDF of the channel model. Additionally, a decision-aided scheme is proposed to establish the second detection threshold, further refining precision. Numerical analyses indicate that this system achieves a BER performance comparable to that of an idealized adaptive detection system.
## 3 Analysis of the IWOLA + FFT Algorithm Characteristics
### Performance Comparison of the IWOLA + FFT Algorithm with a Direct FFT
We then plotted the spectral leakage characteristics, as shown in Figure 11.  
Under the assumption of streaming FFT processing, it is common knowledge that direct FFT demonstrates an excellent transient response. However, the IWOLA filter bank features a poor transient response, given that a long time period is required for the window function module to fill up data. The transient response of the IWOLA filter bank based on the input of a sinusoidal signal is plotted in Figure 12. As can be observed from the figure, the IWOLA filter bank output reached stability after the sixteenth frame (approximately greater than the decimation factor by a factor of two). This resulted in a decrease in resolution in the time-domain. However, the transient response time is not an issue for many radio astronomy applications, since a general accumulation process can be applied in radio astronomy to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the expense of a decrease in the time resolution. Figure 6.0 Improved channelised gain flatness characteristics of the IWOLA + FFT algorithm. Figure 6.1 Channelised gain flatness characteristics. The proposed algorithm uses the small-scale IWOLA filter bank and FFT instead of the ultra-large FFT calculation to perform spectral analysis on the broadband signals with an ultra-high-frequency resolution. As observed from the analysis results presented in the previous sections, the designed IWOLA filter bank in the IWOLA + FFT algorithm demonstrates flat channel characteristics. In addition, the proposed algorithm enhances the gain near the border of the two neighbouring sub-bands, with a channel characteristic that is identical to that of the second-stage direct FFT. To improve the channel characteristics, the second-stage FFT can be substituted with a WOLA filter bank, which is readily implementable.
# Plasmonic Tweezers towards Biomolecular and Biomedical Applications
## 3 Major Designs
### Annular Apertures  
To achieve an even tighter light confinement, the atomic layer lithography methodology was invented to fabricate sub-10 nm gaps in 2013 [74]. The simulation work of sub-10 nm coaxial plasmonic aperture on trapping sub-2 nm particles was conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 2012 [75]. In 2018, [PERSON] et al. achieved 10 nm annular apertures and trapped streptavidin molecules (molecule size \(\sim\)4.5 nm \(\times\) 4.5 nm \(\times\) 5.8 nm) with 4.5 mW incident power [76]. As shown in Figure 5a,b, the simulated thermal accumulation is plotted for a standing along bowtie structure and a coaxial aperture. It is evident that an aperture design does not have strong heat accumulation due to the heat dissipation through the metal thin film. An optical image of the fabricated 10 nm gap coaxial aperture array is demonstrated in Figure 5c. The inset is an SEM image of an annular aperture. The trapping scheme is demonstrated in Figure 5d. Transmission detection technique was used to monitor the trapping events. As mentioned in Section 2.2 of chiral optical force, this design can be used to separate chiral molecules.  
In Table 1, trap stiffness based on different nanotweezers are listed to roughly compare their experimental performance on nanoscale particle trapping. Tweezers based on PCs and plasmonics are both listed to demonstrate their developments and to compare their trapping performance. For a particle with 20 nm diameter, current PTs can experimentally provide trap stiffness around 0.1 fN/nm with 1 mW/um2 incident intensity. Although nanoparticles in a few nanometer diameters can be experimentally trapped, repeatability still needs to be improved. An extremely stable trapping environment is mandatory to trap nanosize biparticles.  
Figure 4: A simple demonstration for the trapping scheme is shown on the left side. On the right side, the top figure is an SEM image of a double nanohole and the bottom is a transmission measurement. Adapted from [70] with permission @ 2011 American Chemical Society.  
Figure 5: Heat accumulation from (**a**) a protruding bowtie nanostructure and (**b**) an annular aperture; (**c**) optical microscopy image of a fabricated annular aperture array. A SEM image of an annular aperture is shown as the inset; (**d**) trapping scheme; adapted from [76] with permission @ 2018 American Chemical Society.
###### Abstract  
The aim of the study was to perform a mapping and umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis (MMA) to synthesise and critically evaluate the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) and aerobic exercise (AE) in relation to pain intensity, frequency, disability and quality of life in patients with migraines, tension-type headaches (TTH) and ecrogenic headaches (CGH). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, PEDro, Scielo and Google Scholar up to December 2020. A total of 18 articles met the inclusion criteria, and only 8 were included in the quantitative analysis. The MMA showed results in favour of the interventions in terms of pain intensity and quality of life in migraine, TTH and CCH. Data were also in favour of the intervention in terms of pain frequency in migraine and in terms of disability in TTH. However, there were no significant effects on pain frequency in TTH and CCH. The results showed moderate evidence to suggest that AE reduces pain intensity in patients with migraine. In addition, the evidence in favour of MT or a mixed intervention (including therapeutic exercise) was also moderate in terms of reducing pain intensity in patients with TTH.  
headache; migraine; tension-type headache; ecrogenic headache; aerobic exercise; therapeutic exercise; manual therapy +
Footnote †: journal: Medicalproposed exercise modalities are aerobic exercise (AE) and exercise focused on retraining the cervical and shoulder muscles, with moderate evidence of reduced pain intensity, symptom frequency and disability and improved quality of life in patients in the short- to medium-term. It should also be noted that these exercise modalities do not generate adverse effects in these patients [7,8].  
Manual cervical therapy has shown improvements in the symptomatology of headaches [9]. The most well-founded theory to justify these effects is that manual therapy produces neurophysiological effects on the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to changes in the symptomatology of these patients [10]. There is also evidence of the benefits of therapeutic exercise and manual therapy for individuals with headaches.  
Therefore, the aim of the study was to perform a mapping and umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis (MMA) to synthesise and critically evaluate the current evidence on the effectiveness of manual therapy and exercise in relation to pain intensity, frequency, disability and quality of life in patients with migraines, TTHs and CGHs.
# Mapping Aquaculture Ponds for the Coastal Zone of Asia with Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Time Series
## 3 Data and Methods
### Satellite Data  
#### 3.1.1 Sentinel-1 Time Series Data  
For each study site in the entire Asian coastal zone, we used all available Sentinel-1 dual-polarized (VV + VH) data in Interferometric Wide-Swath Mode (IW) and Ground Range Detected High-Resolution (GRDH) format for the time period from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019 [43] (see Table 2 and Figure 4). Sentinel-1 is a twin-satellite constellation with a synthetic aperture radar instrument operating in the C-band at a frequency of 5.4 GHz. Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B were launched in April 2014 and April 2016, respectively, enabling continuous, high-resolution radar mapping at global coverage scale with high repetition frequency (revisit time of up to 6 days with two satellites).  
Figure 3: Map of the study region, including the five macro-regions and the coastline parcels that encompass a coastline of \(\sim\)200 km in length.
###### Abstract  
This study delves into the analysis of a vineyard in Carinthia, Austria, focusing on the automated derivation of ecosystem structures of individual vine parameters, including vine heights, leaf area index (LAI), leaf surface area (LSA), and the geographic positioning of single plants. For the derivation of these parameters, intricate segmentation processes and nuanced UAS-based data acquisition techniques are necessary. The detection of single vines was based on 3D point cloud data, generated at a phenological stage in which the plants were in the absence of foliage. The mean distance from derived vine locations to reference measurements taken with a GNSS device was 10.7 cm, with a root mean square error (\(RMSE\)) of 1.07. Vine height derivation from a normalized digital surface model (nDSM) using photogrammetric data showcased a strong correlation (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.83) with real-world measurements. Vines underwent automated classification through an object-based image analysis (OBIA) framework. This process enabled the computation of ecosystem structures at the individual plant level post-segmentation. Consequently, it delivered comprehensive canopy characteristics rapidly, surpassing the speed of manual measurements. With the use of uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) equipped with optical sensors, dense 3D point clouds were computed for the derivation of canopy-related ecosystem structures of vines. While LAI and LSA computations await validation, they underscore the technical feasibility of obtaining precise geometric and morphological datasets from UAS-collected data paired with 3D point cloud analysis and object-based image analysis.  
precision viticulture; 3D point cloud analysis; UAS-based data acquisition; object-based image analysis; optical sensors; UAS-based data acquisition Article