esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Investigation of Cavitation Noise in Cavitating Flows around an NACA0015 Hydrofoil
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Sheet Cavitation  
#### 4.1.1 Verification Test  
Simulations in this article were conducted by ANSYS FLUENT to solve the flow field numerically. The time step in the calculation was set as \(1.0\times 10^{-4}\) s and the maximum calculated frequency of the corresponding acoustic response was 5 kHZ. Before the characteristic of sheet cavitation was investigated, a case with \(\sigma=1.075\) was first simulated and compared with experimental data to verify the accuracy of the simulation. The contours of the vapor volume fraction around the hydrofoil from the simulation are shown in Figure 4, along with the corresponding experimental data. As shown in Figure 4, sheet cavitation clung to the leading edge steadily. The cavitation developed and extended from the leading edge towards the flow direction, and the change was not obvious. The simulated frequency of morphology evolution was about 11 HZ, which is in accordance with the experimental result. It can be seen in Figure 4 that the cavitation phenomenon in photos from a high-speed video camera was highly similar to the simulation result, and the exactness of the simulation is therefore proven.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### RQ1: What Cyber-Attacks in the MSCN Have Been Reported in the Academic Literature?
#### 5.2.3 Practices to Raise Awareness and Training on Cybersecurity
Cyber hygiene involves performing regular tasks, such as utilizing robust passwords, often updating operating systems, implementing multi-factor authentication, safeguarding satellite connections, and creating backups of data. These practices improve the general well-being of systems and strengthen online security throughout the organization [25; 69; 129].
# Considering Uncertainties of Key Performance Indicators in Wind Turbine Operation
## 4 Method and Data
### Data Availability  
The relevance of varying data availabilities on different KPIs was assessed based on 10 min data of the WT \"R80711\" of the ENGIE Open Data WF for the year 2017. Approximately 2% of the data was categorized as implausible values or stuck signals and thus removed. The remaining data serve as the 100% data availability reference for this analysis. In this instance, filling the data gaps was not necessary and would rather falsify the results. In the next step, data gaps were added to the time series to reduce the data availability. This was done in one percent increments for the data availabilities ranging from 100% down to 5%. Two different methods were used to evaluate not only the relevance of the data gaps but also the effect of their distribution in the time series. In the first method, single data gaps were randomly added until the target data availability was reached to achieve a uniform distribution; longer gaps occurred only by chance. The second method added one long subsequent data gap of the required length to reach the targeted data availability by using random starting points.  
As every experiment was expected to provide different results, 1000 experiments were carried out per targeted data availability and method to get reliable results. The dataset was split into single months as most KPIs are calculated monthly. Thus, a total of about 2.2 million experiments were carried out. As a single month of data is not sufficient to calculate power curves, they were calculated based on the entire year using the IEC and spline approaches implemented in OpenOA, which totaled in approximately 285,000 power curves.
# URSIM: Unique Regions for Sketch Map Interpretation and Matching
## 1 Introduction  
In a time where touch screens are everywhere, from our laptops to our phones, drawing provides an intuitive and simple interface for human-robot interactions. As shown in the work of [PERSON] [1], sketch maps are a reliable data acquisition tool to communicate information about an environment and to provide directions. However, sketch maps are abstract representation of the environment: they are not typically metrically accurate and may not include key information the user deemed unnecessary or forgot. Furthermore, the person drawing will use different strategies to make the map easy to understand, e.g., simplification of the representation by lowering the amount of details or accurate description of key places. However, as shown by [PERSON] et al. [2], sketch maps correctly represent the topology of the environment and provide a relatively accurate representation at key locations. In a scenario where a sketch map is used as a tool to give directions toward a goal, an important place such as a crossing might be drawn as accurately as possible to avoid navigation errors. On the other hand, corridors are easy to navigate and will not necessitate the same attention to details. Hence, a user following indications on a sketch map can easily navigate corridors and reach points of interest, even when the representation of the corridors in the sketch map is inaccurate.  
Understanding a sketch map depends on three abilities: the ability to understand the topology of the map, the ability to identify each individual element, such as rooms, corridors, and crossings, and the ability to evaluate their importance. While simplifying the representation, and changing the level of details in the sketch map might make it easier for a human to understand the map, it adds in complexity for the robot. Looking at Figure 1, one can see a metric map of an indoor environment (Figure 1a) and four associated sketch maps. Interpreting the sketch maps is not trivial: Figure 1b ismissing a corridor, in Figure 1d the middle corridor is not present in the metric map, and all maps have large structural errors and errors in local scale, i.e., it is impossible to use a single transformation to align the sketch and metric maps. Hence, a robot using a sketch map as an interface needs to solve the hard problem of matching a semi-abstract representation with its own map of the environment.  
While finding correspondences between elements of a sketch map and a metric map is a complex problem, the use for such a method is there: once the robot is able to match sketch maps to its own metric map, sending navigation commands can be as simple as starting one's phone, sketching the environment, and directing the robot to its goal. In our work, we try to answer the question of how to find correspondences between equivalent elements of a sketch map and an equivalent metric map.
# A New Approach to Border Irregularity Assessment with Application in Skin Pathology
## 3 Results
### Parameter Selection  
In our specimen segmentation method we have chosen both the chroma threshold for histogram construction and factors in (5) empirically, based on the analysis of color distance histograms for background pixels and tissue pixels (Figure 23). We evaluated that method on large extracts from 12 skin WSIs from three different laboratories and captured using four different devices (overview in Table 1), to cover most of the variations which one would encounter in regular clinical practice. The mean true positive rate (TPR) and the mean intersection-to-union area ratio (i.e., Jaccard index) of the calculated mask to the ground-truth mask across all images were 0.999 and 0.986, respectively (prior to computing these statistics all calculated and ground truth masks were opened with a disk-shaped structuring element of radius 15, as it is a pre-processing operation we use when determining the epidermis \"outer\" edge).  
Figure 23: Typical histograms of chroma \(C_{p}^{*}\) and distance to the “average” background color \(\Delta E_{Lab}^{*}(p,c_{\text{Bg}})\) for the same WSI. Note that in both cases for most background pixels \(C_{p}^{*}<2\,\text{JND}\) and \(\Delta E_{Lab}^{*}(p,c_{\text{Bg}})<2\,\text{JND}\).  
In the epidermis skeleton computation step, the pruning threshold \(t\) has a precise geometrical meaning: all skeleton branches caused by boundary details shorter than \(t\) pixels are pruned [40]. In practice, a pathologist is able to decide whether a boundary detail could be a rete only if the detail has the length of at least two average-sized keratinocytes (keratinocytes are cells forming the cellular epidermis). Since the minimum epidermal plate thickness found in human body (in forearm dorsal) varies between 45-65 \(\upmu\)m [45; 46] and the diameter of an average keratinocyte is 12-16 \(\upmu\)m [47], the distance from the epidermis main axis to the tip of a boundary detail should be at least about 50 \(\upmu\)m (at resolution 0.44 \(\upmu\)m/px it corresponds to 114 px). However, in order not to miss potential retes at extremely thin epidermal sections (e.g., in melanoma), we adopted the pruning threshold value \(t=100\) (Figure 24).  
When retouching the main axis, the choice of the pruning threshold \(t\) is arbitrary, as it only affects the length of sections of the main axis which are cut off from each end of the axis. On the other hand, larger values of \(t\) results in faster computations as there are less graph edges to process when determining the retouched main axis. We chose the threshold value of 200, which at resolution 0.44 \(\upmu\)m/px corresponds roughly to 90 \(\upmu\)m.
###### Abstract  
This research proposes an inverted L-shaped patch antenna with a corner-truncated partial ground plane diagonally adjoined to a square branch for L-band applications. The adjoining square branch was used to perturb linear polarization for circular polarization, and the corner-truncated partial ground plane was utilized to enhance the axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). Simulations were performed, an antenna prototype was fabricated, and experiments were carried out. The simulation and measured results were in good agreement. The proposed antenna could achieve an ARBW of 77.87% (1.09-2.48 GHz). The novelty of this research lies in the concurrent use of a square branch and a corner-truncated partial ground plane to realize wide ARBW in an L-band, rendering the technology suitable for satellite communication and navigation applications.  
circular polarization; inverted L-shaped; L-band; patch antenna; square branch Article
# Experimental Study on Cavity Formation and Ground Subsidence Behavior Based on Ground Conditions
## 6 Discussion  
The ground subsidence mechanism identified in this study showed a tendency similar to that observed in previous laboratory model tests, presenting experimental implications that can help expand the applicability of such tests. The ground subsidence tendency with respect to the relative density was similar to the results of previous tests conducted to identify the ground subsidence mechanism [5]. However, a new observation in our study is the possibility that a high relative density could affect the cavity volume. This appears to result from the structural stability caused by an increase in the relative density. It is judged that the groundwater level affects ground subsidence, and with increasing groundwater level, the location of cavity formation moves closer to the ground surface, and ground subsidence tends to occur within a short duration. This is similar to previous experimental results [15]. Therefore, efficient groundwater management is important for preventing ground subsidence. In addition, ground subsidence was inhibited in samples with a fines content of 10% or higher. This is likely because soil loss was inactive due to the cohesion of clay [35]. However, attention must be paid to the use of clay given that employing clay as a backfill material at actual sites may affect the corrosion of the pipes.
# Thermal Fatigue Life Prediction of Thermal Barrier Coat on Nozzle Guide Vane via Master-Slave Model
## 4 Thermal Cycle Analysis and Life Prediction of NGV.
### Matching of Master Model and Slave Model  
To transfer the boundary displacement and body temperature data from the master model (i.e., source) to the slave model (i.e., target), we reasonably adopted the volume element intersection mapping algorithm [24]. The first step in the process of the volume element intersection mapping algorithm is to divide the mapping source mesh into an imaginary structured grid, with each grid section called a \"bucket.\" Next, each node on the data transfer regions of the target mesh is initially associated with a bucket. For the master-slave model discussed in this paper, the subdomain of master model was large enough to hold the mesh element of slave model as shown in Figure 4a. Therefore, the volume element intersection mapping algorithm was used to match each of the target nodes to one source element in the bucket. This was done by looping through all the source elements in that bucket and checking to see whether the target node was within their domain or not. The transferring results are displayed in Figure 15. Obviously, the imported data in the slave model still retained the  
Figure 14: Comparison of the predicted temperature contour with the TSP test.  
Figure 13: Temperature test of the standard temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) model.  
distribution of temperature and deformation in the master model, although the mesh number of the master model and slave model was different.  
To validate the validity of the volume element intersection mapping algorithm, we performed a high-integrity thermal fatigue life analysis with the transferred slave model without both TGO and sinusoidal interface. The thermal stress comparison on the TC layer of master model and slave model is shown in Figure 16. The results in Figure 16 show that in the same thermal cycle, the stress variations of the slave model agreed well with the master model, because the maximum error was less than 1%. Furthermore, the trailing edge endured a large thermal shock load, especially at the beginning of the heating and cooling stage. Compared to Figure 11, the heat transfer rate at the trailing edge was much larger than that of the leading edge, so that under a high thermal load, a large temperature gradient was produced to induce a high thermal stress level. Therefore, compared with the traditional simulation method, the high-integrity analysis approach is more likely to find out the essential reasons that lead to thermal fatigue failure.  
Figure 16: Comparison of maximum thermal stress in the TC layer by different models in regions A and B.  
Figure 15: Comparison of parameters before and after importation. (**a**) Temperature in region A; (**b**) Temperature in region B; (**c**) Total deformation in region A; (**d**) Total deformation in region B.
# QoS-Guaranteed Radio Resource Management in LTE-A Co-Channel Networks with Dual Connectivity
## 4 Evaluation
### Output Indicators  
In this work, the QoS requirement of each UE was considered. We analyzed the UE individual satisfaction ratio per frame, by recording how many UEs met their QoS requirements in the simulation time. The details are described as follows:  
* **System**: The QoS satisfaction ratio of the system. The ratio was defined as the percentage of UEs that met their QoS requirements.
* **VoIP:** The QoS satisfaction ratio of UEs generating voice traffic (GBR).
* **Video:** The QoS satisfaction ratio of UEs generating video traffic (MBR).
* **MUE:** The QoS satisfaction ratio of MUEs.
* **PUE:** The QoS satisfaction ratio of PUEs.
* **RE:** The QoS satisfaction ratio of UEs in the coverage of the CRE signal. A positive CRE bias 6 dB was added to the downlink received signal strength from pico BS.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Load Transfer Efficiency  
Both types of precast slab tracks used rail to transmit the wheel load between slab panels with a distance of 75 mm instead of dowel bars or steel joints. This advantage can reduce the initial construction cost of concrete slab track [22]. To evaluate the safety when the train is operating on the track, the relative displacement between panels is particularly important. If a step difference occurs in the rail, the dynamic performance of the train will be affected, such as increasing of car body acceleration as well as high stresses of rail [1]. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the Load Transfer Efficiency (LTE) of the track under the moving load. This characteristic can be calculated by the following formula.  
\[\text{LTE}=\frac{\delta_{2}}{\left(\frac{\delta_{1}+\delta_{2}}{2}\right)}= \frac{2\delta_{2}}{\delta_{1}+\delta_{2}} \tag{15}\]  
where:  
\(\delta_{1}\): is the rail displacement at loaded panel (mm).  
Figure 11: Rail Relative Displacement results: (**a**) Type I, (**b**) Type II.  
\(\delta_{2}\): is the rail displacement at adjacent panel (mm).  
The results of LTE are shown in Table 4. According to the results, the step difference, inclination and LTE were calculated from the 1 st panel to the 20 th panel in both types of the track (equal to the 100-m length of slab track). The rail relative deflection of Track Type I is 4 times larger than Type II in both loaded panels and adjacent panels. The Precast Floating slab track had the rail relative displacements ranging from 2.62 to 2.71 mm at loaded panels and from 2.57 to 2.66 mm at the unloaded ones. These values of the Precast-Fast Improvement slab Track were 0.689 to 0.694 mm at loaded panels and 0.648 to 0.659 mm at the adjacent panels. The reason is the supporting devices of Type I are more elastic than Type II. Meanwhile, the average Load Transfer Efficiency in both types of precast slab track was 98.80% and 97.28%. These results show that they can transfer almost completely the trainload from panel to panel without using any connection joints. Based on the Japanese standard usability for high-speed railway structure, the limit angular rotation values in the vertical direction by riding comfort is 2.5%, and by running safety is 2.0%. When the distance of the panel is 75 mm, the maximum rail inclination of Type I is 1.07% and Type II is 0.53% between the 19 th and 20 th panels. It means these types of precast slab tracks can secure safety as well as riding comfort when the train passes by.
# Reflective Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for High-Sensitive Mercury Ion Detection
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes a reflective fiber mercury ion sensor based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) principle and chitosan (CS)/polyacrylic acid (PAA) multilayer sensitive film. By optimizing the coating parameters of the gold film, the refractive index (RI) sensitivity of the reflective SPR sensor is demonstrated to be 2110.33 nm/RIU. Then, a multi-layer CS/PAA film is fixed on the surface of the gold film as a mercury ion sensitive film to form a reflective SPR fiber mercury ion sensor. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor can be used to detect different concentrations of mercury ions with a high sensitivity of 0.5586 nm/uM and good specificity and repeatability. Therefore, the reflective SPR fiber mercury ion sensor shows great promise for future applications of environmental monitoring and drinking water safety.  
m  
mercury ion; fiber optic sensor; surface plasmon resonance; reflective sensor
# Kinematic Modelling and Experimental Validation of a Foldable Pneumatic Soft Manipulator
## 3 Numerical Calculation and Analysis  
### Model Parameters  
In order to evaluate the prediction results of the kinematic model of the pneumatic module, the programming is coded in Matlab, which is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment developed by MathWorks, an American privately held software corporation. The model parameters, as well as their values used in the numerical calculation, are listed in Table 1. \(L_{0}\) is the original length of each bending unit, \(a\) is the distance between each bending unit, \(N\) is the number of bending units, \(d_{out}\) is the outer diameter of the bending unit, \(d_{in}\) is the inner diameter of the bending unit, T is the height of the bending unit, \(L_{empty}\) is the length of the straight arm in empty state, and \(L_{full}\) is the length of the inflated state. The specific parameters are adjusted according to each calculation example.  
In the calculation process, the elastic coefficient \(K\) of the pneumatic actuator has a significant effect on the calculation results. Due to the complex structure of the pneumatic actuator, there is no theoretical formula to directly give the \(K\) value, so we need to measure it through experiment. The experimental principle is similar to the spring elastic coefficient measurement method. By measuring the relationship between the elongation and the pressure, the elastic coefficient \(k\) value of the pneumatic actuator  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & \(L_{0}\) & \(a\) & \(N\) & \(L_{empty}\) \\
**Value** & 0.02 m & 0.1 m & 16 & 0.2 m \\ \hline
**Parameter** & \(d_{\text{out}}\) & \(d_{\text{in}}\) & \(T\) & \(L_{full}\) \\
**Value** & 0.05 m & 0.0488 m & 0.02 m & 0.442 m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Model parameters of pneumatic actuator and straight arm.  
is obtained by fitting with considering the influence of gravity. Finally, in the calculation process, the elastic coefficient \(k\) value of the pneumatic actuator is given as 23,000 N/m.
## 5 Feasibility and Evaluation
### Architectural Comparison
#### 5.5.7 Adaptability  
To overcome potential management delays and to meet the dynamic nature of IoT, EDAS offers autonomic security adaptation. Adaptation is a key desirable attribute in IoT environments [19,20]. Traditional architectures and solutions lack security adaptation and approach it in a manual manner where responses to threats are managed by a human in the loop. Of course, not all actions or configurations, for instance plugging in a wire or charging a smartphone to ensure availability, can be automated. However, all electronic operations can be automated, provided there are no physical engagements required. The objective of automation is to minimize the administrator or analyst interfacing with the system to increase throughput. In such circumstances, risk analysts may focus more on designing new criteria and rules for threat analysis, which can be added to the EDAS platform as security updates. Automation may also reduce the cost of the overall administration, as less effort will be required due to minimal manual configurations. The feasibility and degree to which an adapted action or activity can be automated is use case-, scenario- and risk context-specific and is beyond the scope of this study.