## 3 Antibiotic Resistance in Hospital and Municipal Wastewater
### Municipal Wastewater
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**S. No** & **Samples** & **Abundances of ARGs** & **Resistance against Antibiotics** & **Most Abundant ARGs** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{1} & & (2.793 \(\pm\) 0.55) \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) & & _qurA_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (4.845 \(\pm\) 0.71) \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) & & _tetM_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (3.057 \(\pm\) 1.075) \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) & & _tetO_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (3.07 \(\pm\) 0.94) \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) & & _ereA_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (1.93 \(\pm\) 0.33) & & _oxB_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (2.73 \(\pm\) 0.56) \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & Tetracycline, macrolide, sulfonamide, quinolones and multidrug resistant & _emB_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (3.81 \(\pm\) 0.80) \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) & & _sull_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (4.42 \(\pm\) 0.29) \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & & _sullI_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (4.49 \(\pm\) 0.24) \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) & & _sullII_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (3.073 \(\pm\) 0.34) \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & & _tetX_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & (2.34 \(\pm\) 0.97) \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & & _emD_ & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & 1.88 & & _emA_ & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2} & \multirow{2}{*}{HWW} & \multirow{2}{*}{Mean relative abundances of all ARGs = 1501} & Multidrug, aminoglycoside, cephalosporporin, macrolide, penam, tetracycline, and fluoroquinoline & _MacS.S., unf A Ant_ & _all_, \\  & & & macrolide, penam, tetracycline, and & _AAC-A_ (_6_)_/_6_/_6_/_6_/_6_/_6_/_6_/6_  
Further, [PERSON] et al. [53] explored the resistance of WWTP situated in Gwangju city, South Korea. It was revealed that the effluent was primarily composed of MDR genes and ARGs towards MLS, beta-lactam, tetracycline and aminoglycos. The MDR genes _mexF_ and _mexI_ and beta-lactam resistance gene _Rm3_ were found to be the most abundant ARGs in the MWW influent. However, [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [55] detected the presence of ARGs in MWW samples collected from a WWTP in another South Korean city, Busan. The results unveiled the incidence of genes resistant against aminoglycos, bactracin, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, tetracycline and MLS in which the most abundant ARGs detected were _TetQ_, _TetW_, _TetM_ (tetracycline resistant), _aadA_ (aminoglycoside resistant), _blaOXA_ (beta-lactam resistant) and _ermF_ (macrolide resistant). More recently, a similar study was carried out to elucidate the ARG profile of a MWW treatment plant in Seoul, South Korea, using nanopore sequencing based metagenomic approach that exhibited that the ARGs _sul1_ (sulfonimine resistance), _aadA1_, _aadA2_ and _aadA13_ (aminoglycoside resistance genes) were the most predominant ARGs [54]. Thus, the AMR profile of either HWW or MWW has been extensively investigated for the presence of either assessing the antibiotic resistance of pathogenic cultures or their ARGs. In addition to that, there are few other studies that exhibited the difference in the AMR pattern, (ARG compositions) in both MWW and HWW. [PERSON] et al. [66] conducted a study isolating 112 (quinolone-resistant) nalidixic acid-resistant (NA-r) _Aerononas_ strains from hospital effluent, raw inflow and treated effluent urban WWTP in Portugal. The NA-r strains were also checked for their resistance against other antibiotic such as ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, ticarcillin, cephalothin, ceftazidime,