# Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar PV/BG-Powered Heterogeneous Network
###### Abstract  
The increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) along with the rise in demand for wireless communication had led to the need to deploy cellular base stations powered by locally accessible RESs. Moreover, networks powered by renewable energy sources have the ability to reduce the costs of generating electricity, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, thus maintaining the quality of service (QoS). This paper examines the techno-economic feasibility of developing grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV)/biomass generator (BG)-powered heterogeneous networks in Bangladesh, taking into account the dynamic characteristics of RESs and traffic. To guarantee QoS, each macro and micro-base station is supplied through a hybrid solar PV/BG coupled with enough energy storage devices. In contrast, pico and femto BSs are powered through standalone solar PV units due to their smaller power rating. A hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOME)-based optimization algorithm is considered to determine the optimum system architecture, economic and environmental analysis. MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations are used to assess the system's throughput and energy efficiency. A new weighted proportional-fair resource method is presented by trading power consumption and communication latency in non-real-time applications. Performance analysis of the proposed architecture confirmed its energy efficiency, economic soundness, reliability, and environmental friendliness. Additionally, the suggested method was shown to increase the battery life of the end devices. H 2022 14 2021 11 February 20221 15 February 202  
to make 5G networks attractive, particularly for delay-sensitive and mission-critical applications [1; 2]. Modern cellular networks must be developed in such a way as to meet the challenges of future demands [3]. The next phase is expected to come in the area of IoT technologies. IoT connections are expected to rise to 26.9 billion by the end of 2026 [3]. Overall, global mobile data traffic is expected to grow from roughly 51 exabytes (EB) per month in 2020 to over 226 EB per month in 2026. Other important factors for this huge number of users are the Quality of service (QoS) and the vast volumes of data demand. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), i.e., networks offering a combination of a variety of wireless coverage zones, are cellular platforms addressing the fast-increasing traffic intensity. HetNets have to be built to cope with changing scenarios such as performing simultaneous activities of the macro-, micro-, pico-, and femtocells [4; 5]. That is a radius that typically covers 5-30 km, 1-2 km, 200 m, and 10 m for macro-, micro-, pico-, and femtocells, respectively [4; 5]. The coverage distance may vary depending on the frequency band, terrain, and physical obstacles. These cells use a proportionate amount of power along with coverage. Approximately 1.5 million 5G base stations and 6 million 4G base stations are now operational throughout the world [6]. Recently, telecom networks have been offering a range of applications that are shaping the modern world. Nowadays, a major topic is the widening deployment and monitoring of IoT devices. Moreover, IoT applications are near-future applications in industry, agriculture, health, education, transportation, finance, and the environment [7; 8]. The third-generation partnership project (3 GPP) uses a radio technology standard called narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) to allow internet connectivity in a huge number of low-performance devices [9; 10]. This NB-IoT standard may be used to prolong battery life using the discontinuous reception (DRX) mechanism. Cellular base stations consume about 57% of the energy of the cellular networks, making them major energy users [11]. The energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of cellular networks are estimated to be roughly 130 TWh and 110 MtCO2e per year, respectively. When mobile phone emissions are added, the overall annual carbon footprint reaches the vicinity of 200 MtCO2e [3].