## 3 Results and Discussion  
During preliminary experiments, poor callus development was observed in liquid media. Therefore, only agar media were used for callus induction and subsequent cultures, aligning with the findings of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26]. Callus growth was monitored  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & & **Experimental Conditions** \\ \hline Effect of growth & \(\bullet\) & Explants were cultured on PESI solid medium containing 1.5\% agar. Different plant growth regulators: IAA (1003530010), IBA (I5386), NAA (N0640), BAP (B3408), 2,4-D (D70724) or KIN (48130), were added at concentrations up to 5 mg L\({}^{-1}\). \\  & \(\bullet\) & Growth was monitored at 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the dark for eight weeks. \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & Explants were cultured on PESI solid medium containing 1.5\% agar. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Different carbon sources: glucose (PHR1000), lactose (PHR1025), galactose (PHR1206), fructose (F0127), sucrose (S0389), or sorbitol (PHR1006), were added at concentrations up to 5\%. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The medium for meristem explants was supplemented with 1 mg L\({}^{-1}\) IAA. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Growth was monitored at 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the dark for eight weeks. \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & Explants were cultured on PESI solid medium containing 1.5\% agar and 2\% sucrose. Different polyamines: Spm (85590), Put (51799), or Spd (S0266), were added at concentrations up to 1000 \(\mu\)M. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The medium for meristem explants was supplemented with 1 mg L\({}^{-1}\) IAA. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Growth was monitored at 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the dark for eight weeks. \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & Explants were directly or indirectly treated with plasma. \\ Effect of plasma & \(\bullet\) & Explants were cultured on PESI solid medium containing 1.5\% agar and 2\% sucrose. The medium for meristem explants was supplemented with 1 mg L\({}^{-1}\) IAA and 1 \(\mu\)M Spm. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Growth was monitored at 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the dark for eight weeks. \\ \hline  & PESI: Provasoli’s enriched seawater medium; ESAW: Enriched artificial seawater medium; ASP2: Artificial enriched seawater medium; VS: Von Stosch’s enriched seawater medium; IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid; IBA: Indole-3-butyric acid; NAA: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid; BAP: 6-benzylaminopurine; 2,4-D: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyoxyacetic acid; KIN: Kinetin; Spm: Sperm; Put: Putrescine; Spd: Spermidine. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._for up to eight weeks, and both stipe and meristem explants displayed callus development within three to six weeks. The calluses, appearing light brown, exhibited gradual volume increases over the inoculation period and featured rod-shaped filamentous structures (Figures 1 and 2), reminiscent of those observed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26]. The optimal callus induction parameters were determined under various conditions, and the impact of abiotic factors on callus development was explored. Callus induction rate (%) was calculated based on the total number of induced calluses per total number of explants multiplied by 100.  
Figure 1: Preparation of _E._\(\alpha\)_xu_ for callus induction. (**1**) Collected _E._\(\alpha\)_xu_, (**2**) _E._\(\alpha\)_xu_ meristem, (**3**) _E._\(\alpha\)_xu_ stippe.  
Figure 2: Callus induction in _E._\(\alpha\)_xu_ on PESI solid medium. (**1**) Meristem explant (1 \(\times\) 1 cm\({}^{2}\)), (**2**) Stipe explant (1 \(\times\) 1 cm\({}^{2}\)), (**3**) induced meristem callus under microscope (4\(\times\)), (**4**) induced meristem fibrous callus under microscope (4\(\times\)).