## 2 Experiments
### Experimental Device and Procedures  
During the tests, the corner point P\({}_{2}\) on the glass panel was taken as the cold-bending corner, and its adjacent 2 sides were designated as free edges. The other 2 sides were fixed edges and kept on the same plane by fixed steel plates. The schematic diagram of cold bending and uniform load is shown in Figure 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Specimens** & \(t_{\text{v}}\)**/mm** & \(\beta\)**/\%** & \(s\)**/mm** \\ \hline SJ1 & 1.14 & 0.4\% & 20 \\ SJ2 & 1.14 & 0.6\% & 30 \\ SJ3 & 1.14 & 0.8\% & 40 \\ SJ4 & 1.14 & 1.0\% & 50 \\ SJ5 & 1.52 & 0.4\% & 20 \\ SJ6 & 1.52 & 0.6\% & 30 \\ SJ7 & 1.52 & 0.8\% & 40 \\ SJ8 & 1.52 & 1.0\% & 50 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Test parameters. A special test device was designed and manufactured to cater to the objective of this study. It is capable of performing cold-bending tests, uniform load tests, and ultimate capacity tests on the frame-supported glass panels, as shown in Figure 2. It consists of a reaction frame, several fixed steel plates, a support frame, and a cold-bending loading device. The cold-bending loading device is symmetric at both ends, consisting of a square steel pipe, 2 screws, and 2 fixed buckles. It is fixed under the support frame by the 2 fixed buckles at both ends, with 1 end below the cold-bending corner P\({}_{2}\) and the other below the fixed corner P\({}_{1}\). When the cold-bending loading device was used to load the glass panel, the square steel pipe under the fixed corner end remained stationary. By twisting the screw under the cold-bending corner end of the square steel pipe, P\({}_{2}\) is driven to different displacements, creating different cold-bending curvatures on the glass panel. Additionally, the reaction frame provides the opposite force for the glass panel in uniform load tests and ultimate capacity tests. Rubber gaskets were placed between the glass panel and test device to avoid damage due to local stress concentrations. The tests were carried out in 3 stages. The first stage involved cold-bending tests to study the cold-bending stress of glass panels during cold bending. The second stage involved uniform load tests to study the reverse-coupling effect of cold-bending and uniform load by simulating the static wind load. The third stage consisted of ultimate capacity tests to investigate the ultimate capacity, ultimate deflection, and damage phenomena with a hydraulic jack and an H-shaped distributive beam to load the cold-b  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of cold bending and uniform load. Figure 2: Test device. The symbols in the figure are as follows: **(1)** Reaction frame, **(2)** Fixed steel plates, **(3)** Glass, **(4)** Support frame, **(5)** Square steel pipe, **(6)** Screw, (7)** Fixed buckle. In the cold-bending tests, the glass panel was placed on the support frame, and the 2 fixed edges of the panel were fixed by the fixed steel plates. After that, the cold-bending displacement at P\({}_{2}\) was produced by twisting the screws on the cold-bending loading device. The cold-bending tests are shown in Figure 3a. The glass panel was loaded with displacement-controlled loading, which was evenly divided into 5 levels, with each being 20% of the maximum cold-bending displacement. Each level was maintained for 15 min, and the cold-bending displacements at P\({}_{2}\) were measured by a displacement sensor. Following the cold-bending tests, the uniform load tests were performed. For this, 2 wedge-shaped inclined braces were placed between the support frame and the 2 free edges of the glass panel to make sure the panel remained cold-bent with the 4 edges of the frame being supported. Subsequently, a gasbag was installed between the reaction frame and the glass panel. To simulate the wind load, a uniform load was applied to the glass panel by the gasbag and a gas pump. The uniform load tests are shown in Figure 3b. According to [20], the wind load is 5 kPa when the wind load resistance of the exterior window reaches the highest level.