Biofilm infections include both device-related and non-device-related biofilms that affect numerous people in the world each year that result in numerous deaths [5]. The microorganisms that are most frequently associated with medical devices are the staphylococci (particularly _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_), followed by _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_[6]. The microbes can also gain access to the host body through the contamination of therapeutic devices such as catheters, contact lenses, prosthetic heart valves and joints, voice prostheses, and pacemakers [7, 8]. Biofilm production on indwelling therapeutic devices significantly affects surgical and instrumental procedures and public health as well. Wound infections, cystic fibrosis, otitis media, native valve endocarditis, bladder infections, and periodontitis are examples of non-device-related infections. The mucous layer in the host segregates bacteria from direct contact with the epithelium. Nonetheless, any rupture in the mucous layer exposes bacteria to the host epithelium and infection of mucosal surfaces [6]. To survive inside the host, the invading microbes need to overcome the epithelial wall, host-microbiome, a variety of leukocytes, and complement [2]. The immune system identifies diverse bacterial molecular patterns, though these elements could be concealed in the biofilms [2]. Biofilms decrease the efficiency of both macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils [2]. This results in chronic mucosal diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, pharyngo-tonsillitis, rhinosinusitis, urethritis, and vagnitis [6]. The current therapeutic approaches used by medical staff include aggressive physical removal of  
Figure 1: Biofilm development and antibiofilm strategies. The microbial biofilm cycle could be classified into 4 phases: Initial attachment, Adhesion, Maturation, and Dispersal. The biofilm inhibitory and dispersal strategies are summarized as per the stages in biofilm development. (**A**) The initial attachment can be disrupted by interfering with the interactions between the surface and the microorganism either by surface remodeling or physical removal of the biofilms; (**B**) Adhesion can be inhibited by targeting biofilm EPS and cellular division; (**C**) Disruption of biofilms in proliferating and maturing phase may be accomplished either by physical removal or by damaging the EPS matrix primarily by affecting the formation of pathogenic microenvironments (such as hypoxia or low pH), and quorum sensing along with the eradication of persister cells. (**D**) Biofilm dispersal could be achieved by remodeling the EPS matrix or accelerating the dispersal mechanisms. (Different colors of the cells represent different bacteria within the biofilm. Circular cells represent cocci and rod shaped cells represent bacilli).  
biofilms and localized delivery of high and sustained antimicrobial chemotherapy such as antibiotics. Intravenous catheters are usually treated using a \"lock therapy\" which involves the treatment of a high dose of antibiotics into the lumen of the catheter for several hours [4]. Biofilms-related problems are increasing in the health care, food industry, and other fields while new antibiotics have not been produced by the pharmaceutical industry in more than a decade. Furthermore, most biofilm bacteria are tolerant to antibiotics [9]. Thus, there is an urgent need to find an alternative to antibiotics for treating biofilm-related infections.