# Functionality of the Search and Rescue Transponder (SART) in Maritime Search and Rescue Actions
## 1 Introduction
The SART was mounted at a height of 1 m. The experiment focused exclusively on testing the detection distance with altitude variations between 1000 and 20,000 feet. A comparison of the detectability of the SART 9 GHz with other devices using satellite systems or VHF waves is presented in [14]. This research examined the maximum detection distance of the devices at different altitudes. A description and study of the differences in signal strength between traditional SART and circular polarization SART, as well as the potential for reducing the size of the device, are discussed in [15]. The author of the paper [16] highlights the challenges of detecting the SART device and the reduced effectiveness in difficult weather conditions, especially in rough seas. He also mentions the difficulties of using both auto and manual settings, which can be ineffective, particularly at short distances from the SART. Research and discussions on the optimal shape of a radar reflector to enhance radar wave reflectivity are presented in [17]. An innovative solution for SART devices, referred to as SART-DMOM, has been proposed for use on small vessels (originally, mainly fishing vessels) [18]. The basic principles of use, technical and operational parameters, testing procedures, and the evolution of testing devices are presented in [19]. After the implementation of the AIS system, the introduction of requirements and the installation of devices on ships, the potential for its use in SAR was recognized, leading to the emergence of AIS-SART devices, which add AIS system transmission to the transponders. The use of the AIS system in maritime search and rescue is presented in [20]. This significantly improved the detectability of transponders, including small commercial and recreational units, by increasing the range to the VHF range. The proposal for new advanced real-time SART is presented in [21]. Tests on the operability of the SART device and its dependence on antenna height are discussed in [22]. In this study, the authors followed the instructions for the SART device [23]. The problem of radar interference and sea clutter, as well as the possibilities of their reduction, are discussed in this paper [24]. Research on radar interference and improved object detection is presented in [25]. As the literature review indicates, the SART device has many advantages, but there are also known issues with its effectiveness under certain conditions. The authors conducted a real-world experiment to verify whether these problems occur and to what extent the effectiveness of the SART may be compromised. The experiment was conducted using specific equipment and under particular hydrometeorological conditions. The height of the radar antenna, the radar model, the SART device model, the altitude of the SART device, and weather conditions all influence the results and may also introduce certain limitations. However, conducting an experiment according to specific rules allows for interesting analyses and conclusions to be drawn. Despite some constraints, the results are an important contribution to maritime search and rescue research. The data will serve as a basis for similar studies on a larger scale, potentially providing a benchmark for comparison. In the educational field, the experiment helps in understanding the subject during the training of maritime personnel. All of this is aimed at improving the effectiveness of saving lives at sea.