# Application of Natural Antioxidants from Fruits Waste for Improving Egg Quality Characteristics
## 7 Sustainable Benefits of Using Fruit Waste in Animal Feed
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fruits’ Waste** & **Effects on Laying Hens** & **Effects on Egg Quality** & **Effects on Egg Shelf Life** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{citrus waste} & improved immune response & enhanced yolk color (carotenoids) & & \\  & reduced oxidative stress & increased antioxidant levels & higher Haugh Unit in eggs & \\  & increased egg productivity & improved nutritional quality & lower malondialdehydedehyde levels & [127, 128] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{g grape waste} & improved gut health & improved yolk color & & \\  & reduced oxidative stress & improved egg nutrient profile & & \\  & anti-inflammatory effects & higher tocopheroids, gallic acid, and retinol content & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{apple waste} & improved egg weight and production & higher egg weight and larger egg mass, better yolk color index & decreased malondialdehydedehyde levels in yolk for 28 days [129, 141] & \\  & prebiotic effects & higher albumin weight & storage & \\  & reduced oxidative stress & improved eggshell thickness & improved Haugh Unit & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{pomergranate waste} & anti-inflammatory effects & & & \\  & reduced oxidative effects & altered yolk color & & \\  & improved biochemical parameters & improved egg physical & & \\  & lowered cholesterol and & parameters & & \\  & triglyceride contents & no effect on essential fatty acids & & \\  & improved the antioxidative & higher polyphenols’ content in & & \\  & enzymes and total antioxidant & egg yolk & & \\  & blood capacity & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{rosehig waste} & improved production & enhanced yolk and albumen & & \\  & performances & nigular polyphenols’ content in & & \\  & improved immune function & yolk & & \\  & antioxidant effects & higher egg quality parameters & & \\  & after storage for 28 days & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{sea buckthorn waste} & enhanced immunity & larger egg mass & & \\  & increased growth performance & increased vitamin A and E & & \\  & lower cholesterol and triglycerides & content & & \\  & in blood serum & improved health-related indices & & \\  & improved intestinal health and gut & higher deposition of total & & \\  & morphology & antioxidant capacity and & & \\  & morphology & polyphenols & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{mango waste} & no significant influence on & improved yolk color & & \\  & performance and egg production & no significant influence on & not tested & [133, 134] \\  & secondary effects & specific gravity (shell thickness) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{banana waste} & performance and egg production & better yolk pigmentation & not tested & [135] \\  & reduced endoparasties’ presence & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{berries’ waste} & improved oxidative status & increased the egg albumen & & \\  & improved production & height and Haugh unit & & \\  & performances & increased the eggshell thickness & & \\  & higher enzymatic activity in the & higher antioxidant activity & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{papaya waste} & improved egg production, egg & & & \\  & mass, and FCR & & & \\  & increased serum total protein & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{watermelon waste} & improved nutrient absorption & significant improvement in egg & & \\  & improved intestinal health and gut & weight and egg mass & & \\  & morphology & higher albumen quality & & \\  & better performances & percentage & & \\  & lower cholesterol and triglycerides & eggshell and yolk weight & & \\  & in serum & significantly decreased & & \\ \hline pear, peach, and kiwi waste & No study on laying hens found & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Effects of reviewed fruits’ waste in laying hens’ diets and their antioxidant potential on egg quality and shelf life.