###### Abstract  
Recent technological advancements have resulted in the emergence of portable electronic devices (PEDs), including mobile phones equipped with satellite communication capabilities. These devices generally emit higher power, which can potentially cause electromagnetic interference to GPS antennas. This study uses both simulation and experimental methods to evaluate the interference path loss (IPL) between PEDs located inside an A320 aircraft and an external GPS antenna. The effects of PED location, antenna polarization, and frequency bands on IPL were simulated and analyzed. Additionally, measurement experiments were conducted on an A320 aircraft, and statistical methods were used to compare the experimental data with the simulation results. Considering the front-door coupling of both spurious and intentional radiated emissions, the measured IPL is up to 15 \(\pm\) 3 dB lower than the \(IPL_{target}\). This result should be interpreted with caution. This issue offers new insights into the potential risks of electromagnetic interference in aviation environments. The findings help quantify the probability of interference with GPS antennas. Furthermore, the modeling simplification method used in this study may be applicable to the analysis of other large and complex structures. p 2025 25 4438 16 June 2025 9 July 2025 9 July 2025 15 July 2025 16 July 2025 16 July 2025 16 June 2025 16 June 2025 16 June 2025 16 June 2  
from various PEDs and defined interference path loss (IPL). IPL quantifies the energy loss from PEDs to the onboard antenna, with energy primarily coupled through openings such as windows and doors. The document also defines front-door coupling of both spurious and intentional radiated emissions. To assess spurious radiation, measurements are usually carried out using reverberation chambers [5; 6], which are complex and costly. Many theoretical studies have investigated the coupling mechanisms in open-cavity structures [7; 8]. However, these theoretical methods are usually only applicable to cavities with regular geometric structures and are difficult to use in complex cabin environments. In engineering practice, many studies focus on IPL to assess electromagnetic interference from PEDs in aircraft navigation systems. For example, [PERSON] [9] and colleagues measured IPL in small general aviation aircraft in the 4 GHz wireless avionics communication band. [PERSON] et al. [10] conducted PED interference tests on ILS and VOR receivers and compared the results with those from scaled models to determine the interference threshold under extreme conditions. However, the results did not reveal the differences between the scaled models and the actual aircraft. Commercial electromagnetic field simulation software, such as CST, FEKO, and HFSS, are hig y efficient and can reduce the cost of measuring IPL. [PERSON] et al. [11] used CST to develop an electromagnetic model of the A319, including the dissipative medium inside the cabin, and simulated the coupling effects of an 800 MHz wireless network. [PERSON] et al. [12] created a model of the Boeing 777, using FDTD technology and parallel computing to accurately estimate electromagnetic field distributions. However, these studies only considered the statistical characteristics of IPL and did not examine interference to onboard antennas. In addition, some researchers [13; 14; 15] have used machine learning and neural network methods to predict IPL. However, these methods still require large amounts of experimental and simulation data, and their accuracy remains limited. Although some studies indicate that the likelihood of PED radiation causing electromagnetic interference during flight is relatively low, the PEDs examined in these studies, such as mobile phones, Bluetooth devices and ultra-wideband devices, usually have low transmit power.