## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MARA Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Control Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diff.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**95\% CI of the Difference**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(\(\mathbf{r}\) = 24)**} & & & & & & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & & & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline SNA (deg) & \(-\)0.3 & \(1.1\) & \(0.0\) & \(1.2\) & \(-\)0.3 & \(0.301\) & \(-\)1.1 & \(0.3\) \\ SNB (deg) & \(0.4\) & \(1.0\) & \(0.1\) & \(1.3\) & \(0.3\) & \(0.476\) & \(-\)0.4 & \(0.9\) \\ ANB (deg) & \(-\)0.7 & \(1.0\) & \(-\)0.1 & \(0.9\) & \(\mathbf{-0.6}\) & \(\mathbf{0.038}\) & \(-\)1.2 & \(0.0\) \\ Wits (mm) & \(-\)1.0 & \(1.7\) & \(0.4\) & \(1.6\) & \(\mathbf{-1.4}\) & \(\mathbf{0.009}\) & \(-\)2.4 & \(-\)0.4 \\ SN-Occ. Pl. (deg) & \(0.3\) & \(2.9\) & \(-\)0.7 & \(2.6\) & \(1.0\) & \(0.251\) & \(-\)0.7 & \(2.7\) \\ SN-Pal. Pl. (deg) & \(0.4\) & \(0.9\) & \(0.8\) & \(1.4\) & \(-\)0.4 & \(0.252\) & \(-\)1.2 & \(0.3\) \\ SN-Mand. Pl. (deg) & \(-\)1.3 & \(3.3\) & \(-\)0.5 & \(1.6\) & \(-\)0.8 & \(0.532\) & & \\ Pal. Pl. to Mand. Pl. (deg) & \(-\)1.7 & \(3.0\) & \(-\)1.3 & \(1.9\) & \(-\)0.4 & \(0.887\) & & \\ Co-Gn (mm) & \(3.2\) & \(2.4\) & \(3.0\) & \(2.3\) & \(0.2\) & \(0.732\) & & \\ Co-Go (mm) & \(2.3\) & \(1.7\) & \(2.2\) & \(1.7\) & \(0.1\) & \(0.785\) & \(-\)0.9 & \(1.2\) \\ Co-Go-Me (deg) & \(-\)1.1 & \(2.4\) & \(-\)1.5 & \(1.7\) & \(0.4\) & \(0.570\) & \(-\)0.9 & \(1.6\) \\ Overjet (mm) & \(-\)2.2 & \(2.2\) & \(-\)0.3 & \(0.9\) & \(\mathbf{-1.9}\) & \(\mathbf{0.001}\) & \(-\)3.0 & \(-\)0.8 \\ Overbite (mm) & \(-\)1.4 & \(1.9\) & \(0.1\) & \(1.0\) & \(\mathbf{-1.5}\) & \(\mathbf{0.005}\) & & \\ Molar Relationship (mm) & \(1.6\) & \(2.0\) & \(-\)0.2 & \(0.9\) & \(\mathbf{1.8}\) & \(\mathbf{0.000}\) & \(0.9\) & 2.8 \\ Upper Inc. to Pal. Pl. (deg) & \(-\)1.4 & \(7.2\) & \(0.6\) & \(2.9\) & \(-\)2.0 & \(0.249\) & \(-\)5.5 & \(1.5\) \\ Lower Inc. to Mand. Pl. & \(3.2\) & \(4.3\) & \(0.5\) & \(2.1\) & \(\mathbf{2.7}\) & \(\mathbf{0.012}\) & \(0.6\) & 4.9 \\ (deg) & \(0.6\) & \(2.2\) & \(0.4\) & \(3.5\) & \(0.2\) & \(0.855\) & \(-\)1.6 & \(1.9\) \\ PNS-AD1 (mm) & \(-\)0.1 & \(2.3\) & \(0.3\) & \(3.0\) & \(-\)0.4 & \(0.211\) & & \\ PNS-AD2 (mm) & \(1.5\) & \(2.4\) & \(0.4\) & \(2.7\) & \(1.1\) & \(0.162\) & \(-\)0.5 & \(2.7\) \\ AD2-H (mm) & \(-\)1.2 & \(2.5\) & \(0.1\) & \(3.1\) & \(-\)1.3 & \(0.130\) & \(-\)3.0 & \(0.4\) \\ McNa Upper Pharinx (mm) & \(1.6\) & \(2.5\) & \(0.9\) & \(2.4\) & \(0.7\) & \(0.342\) & \(-\)0.8 & \(2.2\) \\ McNa Lower Pharinx (mm) & \(1.9\) & \(0.4\) & \(1.6\) & \(0.5\) & \(0.3\) & \(0.641\) & \(-\)1.7 & \(1.1\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} SD = standard deviation; Diff. = difference; CI = confidence interval; Occ. = occlusal; Pal. = palalal; Pl. = plane; Mand. = mandibular; Inc. = incisor; McNa = McNamara; deg. = degrees; mm = millimeters. Bold character indicates a statistically significant \(p\) value.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Descriptive statistics and statistical comparisons (independent-samples \(t\)-tests or Mann–Whitney U test) of the T2-T1 changes. role in the development of the changes in the maxillofacial and oropharyngeal complex over time. In this regard, [PERSON] et al. [20] reported by means of MRI examinations an increase in adenoid thickness during the first decade of life, reaching the maximum values between 7 and 10 years of age, and then recording a continuous regression up to the age of 60 years. In [PERSON] et al. 's study [12], the mean age of the treated group with MARA is 11.7 \(\pm\) 1.75 years at T1 period and 14.5 \(\pm\) 1.2 years at T2, while the mean age of the subjects treated in our study is 13.8 years at T1 and 15.7 years at T2. Since the treated and the control groups in [PERSON] et al.