esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Experimental Evaluation
### Methodology
#### 6.1.1 Problem Instances  
The experimental evaluation considered realistic problem instances, generated using real information from the case study, i.e., the STM in Montevideo, Uruguay.  
Several data sources were considered to gather information to build the BSP instances. All the information about the bus network (lines, routes, real timetables, bus stops locations, etc.) was retrieved from the National Open Data Catalog (catalogcatalog.qub.uy, accessed on 15 June 2021). The real information about transfer demands was provided by the city administration. All the gathered data were analyzed applying urban data analysis [7]. Several elements define the scenario and the problem instances built:  
* The starting time was set to 12:00 p.m., and the final time was set to 2:00 p.m., including one of the two peak hours occurring in a working day for the public transportation system in Montevideo [21].
* The transfer demand function (\(P\)) is generated from real information registered by the smart cards of the STM.
* The transfer zones are selected from the pairs of bus stops with the largest demand of registered transfers for the period; all pairs are candidates to be selected in the created BSP instances; the number of considered transfer zones is 170.
* The bus lines are those connecting the considered transfer zones; a total number of 250 lines are considered.
* The time traveling function (\(TT\)) is computed by processing the real GPS data from the operating vehicles for each line;
* The walking time function is defined by the product of the estimated pedestrian speed (\(6\,\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{h}\)) and the distance between bus stops in each transfer zone; the distance is computed using geospatial analysis.
* The maximum waiting time (\(W\)) is \(\lambda H\); five values of \(\lambda\) are considered (\(\lambda\in[0.3,\,0.5,\,0.7,\,0.9]\) to define BSP instances with different tolerance levels.  
A total number of 75 BSP instances are defined, of three different dimensions (30, 70, and 110 transfer zones), using the real information of buses operating in the STM of Montevideo, Uruguay. Problem instances are named as [NP].[NL].[A].[Id]: NP = \(n\) the number of transfer zones, \(\mathrm{NL}=m\) the number of bus lines, \(\lambda\) the tolerance to define the maximum waiting time (percentage), and id is a number to differentiate instances with the same values of the other parameters. Problem instances are publicly available at www.fing.edu.uy/inco/grupos/cccal/hpc/bus-sync/, accessed on 15 June 2021.
## 6 Security Solutions
### Service Security
#### 6.3.2 Access-Control Architectures  
Two types of architecture are used to implement RBAC and CapBAC authorization models: centralized architecture and distributed architecture. In the centralized approach, a central entity, such as a cloud server or service, implements access-control logic. The central entity filters out access requests based on authorization policies. The central entity provides various authorization services, such as token verification services, which are instantiated by the Gateway of an IoT network. As shown in Figure 20, a Gateway contacts the central entity to determine whether a user has the rights to perform an action.  
In the distributed approach, IoT devices implement the authorization logic. An IoT device evaluates access-control policies before it serves a request. The device accepts or rejects a request based on the authorization policies defined for the requester. Figure 20 presents the policy evaluation process. In the following sections, we survey existing authorization methods designed for IoT systems.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Theoretical Calculation of THz Spectra by DFT
The absorption peak  
Figure 4: Calculated molecule and absorption spectra of three PGRs. **(A)** 2,4-D molecule; **(B)** 2,4-D spectra; **(C)** CPPU molecule; **(D)** CPPU spectra; **(E)** IAA molecule; **(F)** IAA spectra. of CPPU at 2.53 THz was attributed to the external deformation vibration of C-N (3 C, 11 N) in Y-Z plane. The absorption peak of IAA at 2.5 THz was attributed to the interior stretching vibration of C-C-C (7 C, 9 C, 17 C) in the X-Z plane.
## 6 RSS Difference-Aware Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning RSS Smoothing Method
### Estimation of \(\hat{R}_{d}(S_{i},S_{j})\)  
Consider one of the APs as shown in Figure 8. The location of the AP, \(c_{AP}\), can be estimated using the CS-based method in [20]. We use the indoor signal propagation model in [34]. Therefore, the RSS value at location \(S_{i}\) can be calculated as,  
\[r_{i}=10\text{log}_{10}\frac{Ph_{i}}{d_{i}^{k}}-10\text{log}_{10}(10^{-3}), \tag{19}\]  
Figure 8: Mobile device is moving away from AP.  
Figure 7: AP localization results using CS method.  
where \(d_{i}\) denotes the distance between the location of the \(i\)-th measurement and the AP, \(P\) is the transmission power of the AP, \(\alpha\) is the propagation loss exponent and \(h\) is the combined effect of path loss, fading, and shadowing. Using this model and assuming \(h_{i}=h_{j}\), we derive the following expression for \(\hat{R}_{d}(S_{i},S_{j})\):  
\[\hat{R}_{d}(S_{i},S_{j})=\|r_{i}-r_{j}\|=\|10\alpha\text{log}_{10}\frac{d_{j}} {d_{i}}\| \tag{20}\]
## 1 Introduction
exhibited a Z-shaped metamaterial with resonance at C- and X-bands, where the bandwidth was 3.61 GHz (from 3.48-7.09 GHz). Due to the effective medium ratio (EMR), more than four of the proposed metamaterials were compact in size, and the quality factor was 31. Moreover, the double-negative properties appeared at 8.79 GHz [21]. In 2016, [PERSON] et al. presented a 5 \(\times\) 5-mm\({}^{2}\) split ring-shaped left-handed metamaterial developed using modified circular electric resonators, and it exhibited a dual-band for microwave devices and antenna applications with an effective medium ratio of 5.45 [22]. In 2017, [PERSON] et al. displayed a 10 \(\times\) 10-mm\({}^{2}\) a split S-shaped ring resonator that exhibited resonances at X-band with negative refractive index from 8.0-11.70 GHz and 11.78-14.0 GHz, i.e., the bandwidths cover 3.70 GHz and 2.22 GHz, respectively [23]. In this paper, the reported reformed I-shaped meta-atom unit cells with 1 \(\times\) 2, 2 \(\times\) 2, 3 \(\times\) 3 and 4 \(\times\) 4 array structures are analyzed at different rotation angles, including 0-degrees, 90-degrees, 180-degrees and 270-degrees. The unit cell shows resonances at S-, C- and Ku-bands, with a maximum negative refractive index (NRI) bandwidth of 3 GHz at 0-degree, 3.29 GHz at 90-degree, 2.94 GHz at 180-degree and 3.66 GHz at 270-degree rotation. Similarly, for 1 \(\times\) 2, 2 \(\times\) 2, 3 \(\times\) 3 and 4 \(\times\) 4 array structures, the NRI bandwidths are elaborately explained in the Results Section. The proposed unit cell and the 1 \(\times\) 2, 2 \(\times\) 2, 3 \(\times\) 3 and 4 \(\times\) 4 arrays exhibit left-handed or double-negative characteristics at 9.20 GHz. The meta-atom structure is compact in size because the effective medium ratio at 0-degree and 180-degree rotation is 8.50 and at 90-degree and 270-degree rotation is more than four. The dimensions of the designed meta-atom are 10 \(\times\) 10 mm\({}^{2}\), which is compact in size according to the effective medium ratio and comparison with [5; 17; 19; 21; 22; 23]. The proposed meta-atom unit cell and arrays also exhibit more frequency bands with a wider bandwidth than [1; 4; 5; 16; 17; 19; 20; 21; 23]. Moreover, the proposed meta-atom is used for enhancing the antenna bandwidth, number of frequency bands and gain because the number of frequency bands, bandwidth and gain of the antenna can be improved by using the partial or slotted or fractal or meta-atom integrated ground plane. Therefore, after the ground plane is replaced by the proposed meta-atom, then the frequency bands and gain of the antenna are increased. In addition, by using these proposed designs, the side lobes can be reduced,which makes the radiation pattern better. Besides, the size of the antenna becomes reduced because the desired performances of the antenna are obtained easily by using this proposed meta-atom within a compact size.
## 7 DC Solar Pump  
Solar pumps are used in conjunction with photovoltaic systems to provide drinking and irrigation water. There are two types of pumps that are frequently used with photovoltaic systems: centrifugal and positive displacement pumps. For low-volume flow rates, a positive displacement type is used. Centrifugal pumps are more efficient and capable of pumping a high amount of water. However, these pumps require at least 600 watts of power. As a result, the present work proposes a positive displacement pump for use in standalone water delivery systems. The pump is connected to a permanent magnet DC motor due to its higher efficiency and ability to be directly coupled to a photovoltaic module. The motor's equivalent circuit is illustrated in Figure 14[26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]  
The PMDC motor's mathematical model can be given by[13]  
\[V_{a}=R_{a}I_{a}+L_{a}(dI_{a}/dt)+K_{m}W_{m} \tag{17}\]  
\[T_{e}=K_{m}I_{a} \tag{18}\]  
\[J(dW_{m}/dt)=T_{e}-T_{L}-B_{m}W_{m} \tag{19}\]  
where \(R\) denotes the resistance of the armature, \(L\) denotes the inductance of the armature, \(V_{a}\) is the applied voltage, and \(W_{m}\) is the motor rotational speed. \(K_{m}\): constant of torque, \(J\) denotes the inertia, \(B_{m}\) denotes the viscous torque constant, \(T_{e}\) denotes the electromagnetic torque, and \(T_{L}\) denotes the load torque.  
The amount of water pumped by the solar pump is determined by the pump's efficiency, which is the ratio of its output hydraulic power to its input electric power[13]. The Kyocera DC solar pump can be directly connected to the PV system, as it consists of a DC motor connected to a positive displacement pump. The efficiency value is 40%, and the electrical parameters of the PMDC motor and the load are reported in Table 5[13].  
Figure 14: Equivalent circuit of the PMDC motor.  
Figure 13: Simulink model of the system with the MDOF-FLC.  
\[\eta_{P}=\frac{\rho ghQ}{IV} \tag{20}\]  
where \(I\): input current to the pump; \(\eta_{p}\): pump efficiency; \(Q\): Water flow rate; \(V\): Applied voltage; \(\rho\): density of water; \(g\): acceleration of gravity; and \(h\): Head.
_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
**Discontinuity Characterization of Rock Masses**  
**through Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Techniques Aimed at Slope**  
**Stability Assessment**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 2,3,*()**  
1 IdroGeo Srl, 80069 Vico Equense, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.R.)  
2 Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, University Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy  
3 National Research Council, Institute of Research for Geo-Hydrological Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Received: 25 March 2020; Accepted: 22 April 2020; Published: 24 April 2020  
**Abstract:** Stabilization projects of rock masses cannot be performed without a proper geomechanical characterization. The classical approaches, due to logistic issues, typically are not able to cover extensively the areas under study. Geo-structural analysis on point cloud from terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetry from unmanned aerial vehicles are valid tools for analysis of discontinuity systems. Such methodologies provide reliable data even in complex environmental settings (active cliffs) or at inaccessible sites (excavation fronts in tunnels), offering advantages in terms of both safety of the operators and economic and time issues. We present the implementation of these techniques at a tuff cliff over the Santa Caterina beach (Campania) and at the main entrance of Castellana Caves (Apulia). In the first case study, we also perform an integration of the two techniques. Both sites are of significant tourist and economic value, and present instability conditions common to wide areas of southern Italy: namely, retrogressive evolution of active cliffs along the coast, and instability at the rims of natural and/or artificial sinkholes. The results show the reliability of the data obtained through semi-automatic methods to extract the discontinuity sets from the point clouds, and their agreement with data collected in the field through classical approaches. Advantages and drawbacks of the techniques are illustrated and discussed.  
**Keywords:** laser scanner; geo-structural classification; rock mass; stability
# Seismic Response Analysis of Multi-Story Steel Frames Using BRB and SCB Hybrid Bracing System
## 6 Pushover Analysis  
The braces are the kernel seismic resistant components of the braced frames. Figure 1 indicates that the BRB and SCB show different hysteretic behaviors upon a same cyclic loading loop. Accordingly, when installed with different braces, the CBFs demonstrate various nonlinear responses. Using the combined bracing system in the CBFs changes the global behavior of the framing systems, and the associated influence is firstly assessed by conducting the static pushover analysis. Gravity loads are gradually applied to the frame model prior to applying lateral forces. During the pushover procedure, the lateral force pattern compliant with the first vibration mode is applied and maintained. A control node is set at the roof level to monitor the target displacement. The roof drift ratio target is determined to 4%, which is sufficiently large to deform the structure into significant inelasticity.  
Figure 5 assembles the cyclic behaviors of different framing systems by building the relationship between roof drift ratio and normalized base shear. The normalized base shear refers to the entire base shear divided by total building weight. As expected, the yielding strength, initial stiffness, and post-yield stiffness ratio are exactly the same among all the considered structures, since the elastic behavior of the braces is the same. However, the unloading behaviors are noticeably different. It is seen that the BRBF exhibited full elasto-plastic hysteresis as that of BRB components, showing a post-yield stiffness ratio of approximately 1.3%. In terms of the identical SCCBF, the hysteresis of the structural system is featured by purely FS behavior, which indicates the structural response is dominated by the local SCB component. Figure 5c-f plots the hysteresis shape of the CBFs using hybrid bracing systems, indicating the resulted cyclic behavior is between the bilinear elastic-plastic hysteresis and FS hysteresis. Compared with the BRBF, S3 to S6 tend to exhibit a pinching behavior due to the recentering property offered by SCBs. Compared with the SCCBF, the hysteresis is well widened, thanks to the high energy dissipation capacity provided by the BRBs. In other words, through combining BRBs and SCBs, the original BRBF gains improved recentering capability at the cost of losing energy dissipation capacity to a certain degree.  
The assessment of global cyclic properties of different framing systems indicates the energy dissipation capacity of CBFs using hybrid braces lower than the BRBF. On the other hand, compared with the SCCBF, the maximum possible residual deformation, which usually refers to the intersection point of unloading line and deformation axis [48] is increased by introducing BRBs. However, the static analytical results do not necessarily reflect the dynamic properties under earthquakes. Thus, it is crucial to evaluate the effect of using a hybrid bracing system on the seismic behavior by nonlinear time history analysis.  
Figure 5: Cont.
# A Versatile Resilience Packet Ring Protocol Model for Homogeneous Networks
## 2 Related Work
The main problems are (1) switching at the Ethernet level and (2) failure to connect any computing device via the IP address. When there is a hardware failure, there should be no interception on the application layer. When a link is down, it shifts to another link in the normal methods, but this shifting connection between devices may get lost, and the application cannot perform the job normally. In another method [13], the central connectivity is the same, but two computing devices are used, and these devices are connected directly to each other, with central processing and a control software. Two routers are also used in this model, connected with the hubs. The whole procedure is described in a flow chart in which there are two primary states, a locked state, a normal state, and a failed state, which is used when the primary link is down. In this procedure, the computing device first makes a list of the available network nodes and uses a search algorithm. The system uses three different types of methods such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to ping to check the connection. The second method is the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) which is mostly used in the LAN. The third one is the access port of the TCP or UDP. When the existing TCP protocol is used in wireless mesh networks, it reduces the congestion window size to half whenever the acknowledgment has not been received from the destination. In [14], they propose that, in OTM, devices (STA) and Access Points (APs) can be traced from other packets such as CTS, ATS, and ACKs apart from beacons and frames. They performed a case study of monitor-mode packet capturing in an on-the-move and outdoor setup. Maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) is also a challenging task in MANET. In this work, they explored the RFDQ with a different perspective and tried it out with a multipath routing protocol under the non-attack environment. The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) diverges from the conventional wireless Internet infrastructure. MANETs are deployed in an environment that has no pre-existing infrastructure along with the irregular movement of nodes. They introduced a new routing protocol named the Velocity Constrained Multipath Routing Protocol (VC-AOMDV).
# Large-Scale Complex Network Community Detection Combined with Local Search and Genetic Algorithm
## 6 Conclusions  
In recent years--with the popularity of online social networks and the popularity of smart mobile devices--more and more people regard online social networking as an important lifestyle, and online social networks have become massive. As an important direction of social network research, community detection is of great significance in studying the characteristics of network structure, analyzing user relations, exploring the way of message dissemination and mastering the trend of public opinion. Therefore, this thesis deeply studies the community detection algorithm of large-scale complex networks and proposes a particle swarm-genetic hybrid algorithm.  
The main work of this paper is as follows:  
1. Introduce the related concepts of complex network community detection and introduce the two-community structure quality evaluation indicators used in this paper: network module degree and NMI. Three common community detection algorithms GN, Fastgreedy and LFM are analyzed, and the corresponding principles and processes are introduced in the paper.
2. Analyze and introduce the principle and flow of particle swarm algorithm and genetic algorithm. A hybrid algorithm strategy combining the two is proposed, and the basic flow of the particle swarm-genetic hybrid algorithm is developed according to the strategy.
3. The single and hybrid algorithms are tested by test function, and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified. The algorithm and three other common community detection algorithms are tested on real networks and artificially generated network datasets. The results show that the combination of particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm is superior to other algorithms and does improve the overall performance of the algorithm, avoids the disadvantages of weak local search ability of a single genetic algorithm, and the global search ability is better than the single particle swarm optimization algorithm.  
Writing--Original draft: D.L.; Writing--review & editing: B.W.; Data curation and formal analysis: W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (No. 17 YJAZH058), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. HIT.HSS.201844) and the MOCT (Ministry of Culture and Tourism in China) Funded Project for Key Laboratory.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 4: PSO-GA algorithm runtime test on a manually generated network.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### GPU Implementation of Three NCC Calculation Methods
#### 2.2.4 Implementing [PERSON] Method on CUDA  
In this study, the FFT function library cuFFT available in CUDA (Nvidia Inc., CA, USA) was used to calculate the numerator of Equation (1). The cuFFT library provides a simple interface for computing FFTs on Nvidia GPUs. Also, the cuFFT library has been highly optimized and systematically tested for the GPU parallel computing environment. In contrast, FFTW ([[http://www.fftw.org/](http://www.fftw.org/)]([http://www.fftw.org/](http://www.fftw.org/))) is a state-of-art fast FFT toolbox on CPU and was applied to implement [PERSON]'s method on CPU.  
The calculation of the denominator in Equation (1) needs two sum-tables: one for the reference RF signal and the other one for the target RF signal. In this study, a parallel scan algorithm proposed by [PERSON] et al. [37] was adopted to perform rapid prefix sum (i.e., cumulative sum) computation for each direction. The scan algorithm is based on an idea of balanced tree proposed by [PERSON] [38]. Equations can be found in Appendix A.  
More specifically, the prefix sum builds a balanced binary tree on the input data and scans it from the top to the root for calculating the prefix sum. Figure 2 illustrates the process of setting up a 3-D sum-table. The calculation of a 3-D sum-table can be divided into the following three stages: (1) constructing a prefix sum array along with the X-axis direction; (2) constructing the prefix sum array along with the Y-axis direction based on the result of (1); and (3) using the prefix scan algorithm to build the prefix sum array along with the Z-axis direction. A for-loop operation involving the above-mentioned three stages is sufficiently fast to establish the final 3-D sum-table. Consequently, the prefix scan algorithm was only invoked once for each sum-table and twice during the entire process. If the size of the 3-D RF signal is \((Rows\times Columns\times Slices)\), the corresponding KERNEL function will launch \((Rows\times Columns\times Slices)\) CUDA threads in order to create a sum-table.  
After setting up 3-D sum-tables, the calculations of numerator and denominator (see Equation (1)) are accomplished by FFT and through two sum-tables, respectively.  
Figure 2: An illustration of calculating the 3-D sum-table under the GPU parallel computing environment.