esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Dry Density of Pervious Concrete  
Figure 7 displays the dry density of the pervious concrete and its relationship versus the effective porosity and measured porosity. As shown in Figure 7, the dry density of the pervious concrete decreased from 2240 to 1798 kg/m\({}^{3}\) with increasing target porosity from 8% to 30%, which is typical for pervious concrete (1600-2200 kg/m\({}^{3}\)) [22]. The relationships between the dry density and the effective porosity and measured porosity are represented in Equations (9) and (10), respectively. In practical engineering applications, the relationship between the dry density and effective porosity is recommended as the optimal equation, not only due to its high correlation coefficient, but also due to the relatively ease for determining the value of the effective porosity compared to measured porosity.  
\[\rho_{d}=15.86\cdot P_{e}+2242\ \ \ \ \ R_{2}=0.915 \tag{9}\]  
\[\rho_{d}=15.58\cdot P_{m}+2266\ \ \ \ R_{2}=0.905 \tag{10}\]  
where: \(\rho_{e}\) is the dry density of pervious concrete, kg/m\({}^{3}\): \(P_{e}\) is the effective porosity, %; and \(P_{m}\) is the measured porosity, %.
# BDS Satellite Clock Prediction Considering Periodic Variations
## 2 Materials and Methods  
In this section, the periodic variations of BDS satellite clock offsets are characterized and analyzed, and the TFAM considering periodic variations is proposed. In order to obtain the clean clock offsets, a preprocessing step is implemented. This paper introduces a double median absolute deviation (MAD) detection method, which can distinguish the gross errors and phase jumps effectively. After preprocessing, the amplitude spectrums based on different FFT lengths are compared, and the limitation of FFT in analyzing the time-varying periodic noise is discussed. To fully analyze the periodic variations, the QPM fitting residuals in the time domain, the spectrum analysis results in frequency domain, and the time-frequency analysis results in time and frequency domain of three constellation satellites are given. By time-frequency analysis of STFT, the periodic variations of BDS satellite clock offsets are characterized, and the relationships between the periodic variations and sun elevation angle above the orbit plane (\(\beta\) angle) are investigated. After that, the frequency variations of the main periodic term are analyzed in detail. Finally, the clock prediction model is modified by taking into account the periodic variations of clock offsets, and the TFAM is proposed.
## 9 Cyclic Nucleotides Activate Protein Kinases A and G without Canonical G-Proteins
Collectively, the data show that further research on PKG in the context of drug development with respect to the clinical phase is worth being pursued. Apart from the imidazopyrazidine inhibitor of plasmodial kinase G, a novel group of lead compounds, i.e., 3-methylisoquinoline-4 carbonitriles which inhibit protein kinase A from _Plasmodium_ with promising activity in in vitro assays is now being explored [115]. Finally, apart from apparent PKA subunits in _T. cruzi_[116], no homologous genes for cAMP effectors were identified in its genome. A very peculiar feature is that the regulatory subunit of _T. brucei_ PKA does not appear to bind cAMP, but instead binds cGMP [116] although there is no convincing evidence that cGMP is produced by these parasites. Thus, it is likely that PKA is not activated by cyclic nucleotides in _T. brucei_. These peculiar features might be exploited further for drug development. Protein kinase A functions as a downstream effector in _Leishmania_ parasites. Recently, two PKA catalytic subunits (PKAC) from _Leishmania_ have been cloned, characterized, and found to be sensitive to mammalian PKA inhibitors [117; 118] suggesting that PKA exists in _Leishmania_ and perhaps plays a regulatory role in the parasite. Parasitic PKA is an inactive R\({}_{2}\)C\({}_{2}\) heterotetramer consisting of two catalytic and two cAMP-binding regulatory subunits. Binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunits releases the active catalytic subunits, which are then free to phosphorylate a broad range of substrates. PKA is regulated by environmental signals like cAMP, pH and temperature which appears in the stage conversion of promastigotes to amastigotes. Recently the regulatory subunit from _L. donovani_ has been characterized [119]. The LdPKAR protein showed extensive homology to the orthologues from _T. brucei_ (60% amino acid identity) and _T. cruzi_ (66% amino acid identity). Moreover, the protein is involved in cell growth and differentiation, in particular in the state where promastigotes are converted to amastigotes in autophagy (metacyclogenesis).
## 2 Methods  
This section outlines a non-cooperative target position estimation method utilizing point cloud feature point matching. The system, illustrated in Figure 1, is segmented into three key components for processing point cloud data collected at various time points: preprocessing, coarse matching, and fine matching. To enhance point cloud alignment accuracy and reduce computational load, initial on-site point cloud data containing the target are preprocessed to eliminate redundant and noisy surfaces by transforming the original point cloud into a series of smoother point clouds. Subsequently, rough alignment of point clouds between frames is conducted, establishing point relationships through calculation of Fast Point Feature Histograms (FPFH) [23] features to derive preliminary matching outcomes. Finally, fine alignment is achieved using the J-ICP algorithm to refine the estimated attitude parameters of the target.
## 3 Results
### HLA Alleles Can Be Used to Distinguish Pustular Reaction in AOID from PP  
It has been well evidenced that pustular reaction in AOID shares a similar clinical phenotype with PP. However, the biomarker for separating the two conditions has not been reported. Therefore, we performed further analysis to identify the potential HLA alleles that could be used to distinguish between pustular reactions in AOID and PP patients. Using PP patients as a control, the odd ratio of HLA alleles in pustular reaction in AOID patients showed that _DPBI*05:01_ (OR = 3.851, 95%CI: 1.432-10.36, \(p\) = 0.008) and _DRBI*15:02_ (OR = 3.195, 95%CI: 1.1-9.281, \(p\) = 0.033) have a significant association with pustular reaction in AOID patients (Supplementary Table S6). This, together with the previous result, indicates that _DPBI*05:01_ and _DRBI*15:02_ alleles are a risk factor for sterile skin pustules in AOID patients.  
We further identified HLA variants associated with pustular reaction in AOID by using PP as a control. From all 77 variant candidates enriched in _HLA-B_, \(C\), _DQBI_, _DPBI_, and _DRBI_ genes in our dataset, we identified 4 SNVs, rs9269744 (OR = 0.048, \(p\) = 0.020), rs77637983 (OR = 0.035, \(p\) = 0.009), rs17885482 (OR = 0.110, \(p\) = 0.005), and rs9270302 (OR = 0.035, \(p\) = 0.009), associated with pustular reaction in AOID by logistic regression adjusted for age and gender. The less stringent multiple-comparison correction method based on empirical distribution confirmed these associations (Table 2), despite the conservative Bonferroni method being unable to preserve these signals. Interestingly, all of these variants are in the _DRB1_ gene suggesting an important role of this gene in pustular reaction formation in AOID patients. By using PP patients as the case and AOID patients as the control group, the odd ratios of rs9269744, rs77637983, rs17885482, and rs9270302 were 21.04, 28.96, 9.073, and 28.96, respectively. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis based on the \(r^{2}\) metric showed that three SNVs, rs77637983, rs9270302, and rs9269744, are tightly linked (\(r^{2}\) > 0.8), and only rs17885482 is independent from the others (Supplementary Table S7).  
To confirm whether these variants are from the _DRB1_ alleles, we examined the association between the presence of alleles, i.e., _HLA-DRB1*15:01_ and _HLA-DRB1*15:02_, and the presence of those variants. Only rs17885482 was observed to be associated with _DRB1*15:01_ (OR = 25.93, \(p\) = 0.002) and _DRB1*15:02_ (OR = 0.158, \(p\) = 0.006), confirming that rs17885482 belongs to the _DRB1*15:01_ allele (Supplementary Table S8). However, we could not observe an association between the _DRB1_ alleles and the tight LD of SNVs (rs77637983, rs9270302, and rs9269744), suggesting that these variants are independent of the HLA allele.
# StegNet: Mega Image Steganography Capacity with Deep Convolutional Network
## 2 Related Work
### JPEG Steganography  
JPEG steganography, i.e., [PERSON]'s work [12] and [PERSON]'s work [3], is a part of transform domain steganography. JPEG format examines an image in \(8\times 8\) blocks of pixels, converts from RGB color space into YCrCb (luminance and chrominance) color space, applies DCT (Discrete Cosine Transformation), quantizes the result, and entropy encodes the rest. After lossy compression, which is after quantization, the hidden information is hidden into the quantized DCT components, which serves as an LSB embedding in the transformed domain. As a result, it is quite hard to detect using statistical analysis and comparably lower payload capacity to LSB method.
# An LDPC-RS Concatenation and Decoding Scheme to Lower the Error Floor for FTN Signaling
## 2 FTN Signaling with Turbo Equalization
### LDPC and RS Code
Let the data symbols be \(\mathbf{m}=(m_{0},m_{1},\ldots,m_{k-1})\) and be represented with polynomial \(m(x)=m_{0}+m_{1}x+m_{2}x^{2}+\cdots+m_{k-1}x^{k-1}\). Suppose the generator polynomial is \(g(x)=(x-\sigma^{1})(x-\sigma^{2})\ldots(x-\sigma^{n-k})=x^{(n-k)}+g_{n-k-1}x^{ n-k-1}+\cdots+g_{1}x+g_{0}\), where \(\sigma\) is a prime element of \(\mathbb{GF}(2^{p})\). Then, the code word \(\mathbf{c}=(c_{0},c_{1},\ldots,c_{n-1})\) can be calculated as follows:  
\[c(x)=x^{n-k}m(x)+x^{n-k}m(x)\mod g(x)=c_{0}+c_{1}x+\cdots+c_{n-1}x^{n-1}. \tag{17}\]
## 4 Discussion
### Failure Mode of the Shaft Wall  
Element extraction from the model, as illustrated in Figure 14, facilitated the visualization of the shaft's three-dimensional failure mode depicted in Figure 15. At a 0.5 m subsidence displacement of the horsehead roadway's roof, tensile failure within the shaft wall occurs sporadically across the upper and middle sections of the shaft, as indicated by the rectangular box in Figure 15a, and exhibits a concentrated pattern near the junction with the horsehead doorway (elliptical box in Figure 15a). When subsidence displacement increases to 1.0 m, the tensile failure assumes a stratified configuration in these same areas of the shaft (rectangular box in Figure 15b), transitioning from the previously observed sporadic pattern. Notably, the shaft-wall junction with the horsehead roadway experiences extensive tensile failure (elliptical box in Figure 15b), a marked contrast to the conditions at the 0.5 m displacement level. At the 1.5 m subsidence displacement, tensile failure extends to the lower sections of the shaft as well, manifesting in a stratified distribution throughout the upper, middle, and lower regions (rectangular box in Figure 15c) and intersecting with shear failure zones. Furthermore, the shaft exhibits widespread plastic deformation, with the exception of the area enclosed by the rectangular box (refer to Figure 15c).
# An Observation Scheduling System for Radio Telescope Array
## 3 The Overall Architecture of the System
### Calibrator Prediction Module  
The intensity, or flux density, of a target received by a radio telescope array can be affected by various factors, such as the system noise of the telescope, the elevation of radio sources, and atmospheric and ionospheric interferences. These factors introduce a discrepancy between the received intensity and the target's true intensity. In radio astronomy, it is common practice to use one or more stable and bright radio sources, known as calibrators, to calibrate the flux density of the observed target. At present, the performance and receiving capacity of the telescope array are limited, so it is unable to detect the calibrator signal. Consequently, this module mainly serves the telescope array that will be upgraded subsequently. In radio astronomical observations, one or more calibrators are usually observed before and after the target, and they can be used to calibrate the flux of the target. Sources listed in the Third Cambridge Catalogue (3C) [9] are often employed for this purpose. Calibrator observations are typically scheduled immediately before or after the target observations. Consequently, during the observation planning for  
Figure 4: Intelligent scheduling Flowchart.  
targets, it is necessary to include observational predictions for calibrators to ensure a more rational and efficient observation plan.  
This paper identifies commonly utilized calibrators for radio astronomy within the observable sky area, drawing from sources such as [10,11]: 3C286, 3C196, 3C295, 3C123, 3C48, 3C138, 3C147, 3C380, 3C353, 3C444, Taurus A, Cygnus A, Fornax A, Pictoris A, and Cassiopeia A, as potential calibration candidates. The suitability of each calibrator is determined based on the specific observational requirements. Figure 5 delineates the workflow of the calibrator module within the antenna array target source simulation software. In the system interface, a secondary canvas is established for importing the selected calibrator source file. The elevation and azimuth values of the calibrator for the ensuing 24 h are computed and subsequently visualized on this secondary canvas.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Performance Evaluation of the Coatings
#### 3.2.3 Water Permeability  
The amount of water that penetrated the concrete and the permeability ratio are listed in Table 4. The amount of water that penetrated the concrete (without coating) showed the highest value of 22.9 g, owing to the direct penetration of water through the open pores of the concrete in which no barrier (i.e., coating) was applied. By contrast, once the coatings were deposited on the concrete surface, all the coatings exhibited almost twice the reduced amount of water penetration during the test. The Ti coating showed the lowest water absorption and permeability owing to its dense and uniform morphology, whereas Cu exhibited the highest. This finding is well-corroborated by the bond adhesion, accelerated carbonation, and NaCl immersion results, where Ti exhibited excellent performance, followed by 85 Zn-15 Al and Cu. Therefore, it was necessary to characterize the surface morphology and nature of the corrosion products formed after immersion in a 5% NaCl solution (the most aggressive environment) by using SEM and XRD, respectively.
# Ergonomics Study of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Tram Drivers
###### Abstract  
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are among the most prevalent occupational health issues, particularly affecting public transport drivers due to prolonged sitting, constrained postures, and poorly adaptable cabins. This study addresses the ergonomic risks associated with tram driving, aiming to evaluate biomechanical load and postural stress in relation to drivers' anthropometric characteristics. A combined methodological approach was applied, integrating two standardized observational tools--RULA and REBA--with anthropometric modeling based on three representatives European morphotypes (SmallW, MidM, and TallM). ErgoFellow 3.0 software was used for digital posture evaluation, and lumbar moments at the L4/L5 vertebral level were calculated to estimate lumbar loading. The analysis was simulation-based, using digital human models, and no real subjects were involved. The results revealed uniform REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) and RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) scores of 6 across all morphotypes, indicating moderate to high risk and a need for ergonomic intervention. Lumbar moments ranged from 51.35 Nm (SmallW) to 101.67 Nm (TallM), with the tallest model slightly exceeding the recommended ergonomic thresholds. These findings highlight a systemic mismatch between cabin design and user variability. In conclusion, ergonomic improvements such as adjustable seating, better control layout, and driver education are essential to reduce the risk of WMSDs. The study proposes a replicable methodology combining anthropometric, observational, and biomechanical tools for evaluating and improving transport workstation design.  
ergonomics; tram drivers; anthropometry; RULA and REBA analysis; L4/L5 lumbar moment
## 2 Experimental Studies
### Comparison between Experimental Values and Theoretical Values of Penetration Diffusion  
According to the penetration grouting diffusion mechanism [1; 2; 6; 7], the penetration grouting diffusion in gravel soil studied in this paper is theoretically spherical diffusion, and the three-dimensional spatial morphology should be a standard sphere, while the three-dimensional diffusion morphology in the experiments is approximately an ellipsoid. The differences between these two are analyzed in this section.  
In order to analyze more precisely the difference between the experimental values of penetration diffusion of cement grout in gravel soil and the theoretical values obtained by the penetration grouting mechanism, the equal volume method is used to transform the approximate ellipsoidal three-dimensional morphology into the theoretical equivalent penetration diffusion sphere, i.e.,  
\[R=\sqrt[3]{abc} \tag{1}\]  
where \(R\) is the radius of the equivalent penetration diffusion sphere of cement grout in gravel soil, cm; \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\) are the diffusion dimensions of the \(x\)-axis, \(y\)-axis, and \(z\)-axis of the approximate ellipsoid, cm, respectively.  
The theoretical values of the penetration diffusion radius obtained from the penetration grouting diffusion mechanism [1; 2; 6; 7], the equivalent penetration diffusion sphere radius calculated from the experimental measurements, and the difference between the two are shown in Table 2.  
It can be seen in Table 2 that the differences between the theoretical values of the penetration diffusion radius obtained based on the penetration grout diffusion mechanism and the equivalent penetration diffusion sphere radius values calculated from experimental measurements are more than 10%, and even about 70% of the differences are more than 40%. This shows that there is a very large difference between the actual penetration diffusion dimensions of the cement in the gravel soil and the theoretical diffusion values.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Influencing Factors**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Three-Dimensional Spatial Diffusion Dimensions of**} \\  & & & **Cement in Gravelly Soil** & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Cement** \\ **Water–Cement** \\ **Ratio** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Porosity of** \\ **Gravelly Soil** \\ **\end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Diffusion** \\ **Dimension in** \\ **\(y\)-axis** \\ **Direction/cm** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Diffusion** \\ **Dimension in** \\ **\(x\)-axis** \\ **Direction/cm** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline
1.0 & 50.74 & 12.2 & 9.2 & 9.8 \\
0.75 & 45.05 & 6.8 & 5.9 & 6.6 \\
1.25 & 39.93 & 12.0 & 11.5 & 11.8 \\
0.75 & 50.74 & 8.4 & 7.8 & 7.6 \\
1.25 & 45.05 & 12.5 & 12.0 & 12.3 \\
1.0 & 39.93 & 11.1 & 10.6 & 10.3 \\
1.25 & 50.74 & 13.8 & 12.7 & 11.8 \\
1.0 & 45.05 & 12.1 & 11.8 & 11.2 \\
0.75 & 39.93 & 6.8 & 6.5 & 6.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Three-dimensional spatial diffusion dimensions of cement grout into the gravel soil.
## 4 The Proposed Scheme
### Privacy-Preserved Security Energy Trading  
#### 4.2.1 Initialization  
PCN is represented as the digraph \(G=(V,E)\), where vertex \(V\) corresponds to the set of accounts and vertex \(E\) corresponds to the set of currently available installment channels [19]. The amount of additional bitcoin the sender can pay the receiver is determined by the load on each coordinated side. The energy node \(U\in V\), where \(U_{0}\) and \(U_{s}\) address the payer and the collector separately. On either side, there is an HTLC tolerance--that is to say, the maximum hanging time for accommodating the irregular number \(R_{num}\). In order for payment to be successful, the following limitations on viability must be satisfied:  
* If, for any link in the path \(U_{0}\to U_{1}\to U_{2}\rightarrow\ldots\to U_{t}\to U_{s}\), the initial balance of u0 is the sum of the payment amount and the accumulation of fees charged by all intermediate nodes, \[\beta_{(0,1)}=\alpha+\phi_{(1,t)},\] (9) where \(U_{i}\) and \(U_{j}\)'s transfer amount is shown by \(\beta_{(i,j)}\). \(\alpha\) denotes the amount of bitcoin that \(U_{s}\) will eventually obtain. \(\phi_{(i,j)}\) denotes the total transaction fee charged by intermediate nodes from \(U_{i}\) to \(U_{j}\).
* The balance of any channel on the path should be no less than the total amount of the transfer fee and the fees charged for all subsequent links, which are expressed as a backward balance constraint: \[\beta_{(i,i+1)}\geq\alpha+\phi_{(i+1,t)}.\] (10)
* At the same time, the current channel balance should also be more than the balance after the total expenditure charged by all the intermediate nodes on the previous link, which is expressed as a forward balance constraint: \[\beta_{(i,i+1)}\geq\beta_{(0,1)}-\phi_{(1,t-1)}.\] (11)  
Figure 3: System architecture.  
* The transfer fee on any path must be less than the available capacity \(\lambda\) of the current channel--that is, it needs to satisfy the following condition: \[\lambda_{(i,i+1)}\geq\beta_{(i,i+1)}.\] (12)
* The transfer needs to be completed within the HTLC tolerance \(\xi\) on each channel in the path. \(\xi_{i}\) is the HTLC tolerance, which means the maximum tolerance time of using the current channel. \[\xi_{i-1}=\xi_{i}+\Delta,\] (13)  
KGC generates the signature master key pair \((s,P_{Pub-S})\), and the Paillier encryption key \((s_{P},P_{Pub-P})\). [PERSON] and [PERSON] join the blockchain with the real identities \(ID_{[PERSON]}\) and \(ID_{[PERSON]}\), and KGC generates public-private key pairs for them based on their real identities.