# Biocompounds and Bioactivities of Selected Greek Boraginaceae Seeds
## 3 Results
### Phenolic Compounds  
Spectrophotometrically determined total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) are detailed in Table 3. TPC ranged from 267.1 (_O. frutescens_) to 844.0 mg GAE/100 g (_A. methanaea_), and TFC ranged between 163.5 (_O. frutescens_) and 674.1 mg of QE/100 g (_A. pindicola_). The total amounts of both phenolic acids and flavonoids determined by HPLC-DAD as the sum of quantified compounds are given in Table 3. A partial agreement between the amounts of phenolics quantified using both methodologies was noted, which is discussed below. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**Code**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**Species**}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Antioxidant Activity**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**TPC**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**TFC**}} \\ \cline{3-4} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & **DPPH** & **ABTS** & & & **TFC** \\  & & **mmol TE/100 g** & **mmol TE/100 g** & **mg GAE/100 g** & **mg QE/100 g** \\ \hline Tribe Boraginae & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & & & & \\ SB1 & _Symphytum_ & & & & & \\ SB2 & _S. bulbosum_ & 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 0.87 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 340.7 \(\pm\) 10.7 f  & 306.7 \(\pm\) 17.0 de  \\ SC & _S. crelcium_ & 1.01 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 413.9 \(\pm\) 18.0 e  & 311.7 \(\pm\) 15.0 de  \\ Tribe Lithospermeae & & & & & \\ AC1 & _Alkanna coryensis_ & 2.56 \(\pm\) 0.3 c  & 1.24 \(\pm\) 0.4 d  & 525.3 \(\pm\) 15.3 d  & 365.3 \(\pm\) 14.0 c  \\ AGG & _A. gracca_ & subsp. & 2.38 \(\pm\) 0.0 c  & 1.60 \(\pm\) 0.0 c  & 633.2 \(\pm\) 16.7 c  & 420.3 \(\pm\) 13.8 b  \\ AM & _A. methananaa_ & 4.72 \(\pm\) 0.1 a  & 2.49 \(\pm\) 0.1 a  & 844.0 \(\pm\) 19.2 a  & 662.1 \(\pm\) 18.7 a  \\ AP & _A. pindicola_ & 4.38 \(\pm\) 0.2 b  & 2.18 \(\pm\) 0.0 b  & 750.4 \(\pm\) 13.6 b  & 674.1 \(\pm\) 10.9 a  \\ AS & _A. sartoriana_ & 1.03 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 419.0 \(\pm\) 10.5 e  & 259.9 \(\pm\) 17.8 e  \\ AT & _A. tinctoria_ & 0.99 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 0.84 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 379.2 \(\pm\) 11.7 f  & 206.9 \(\pm\) 7.8 f  \\ CM & _C. major_ & 0.92 \(\pm\) 0.0 f  & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 641.1 \(\pm\) 20.8 c  & 353.0 \(\pm\) 9.4 cd  \\ EIB & _E. chium italicum_ & & & & \\ subsp. _bibersteinin_ & & & & & \\ ESP & _E. vulgare_ subsp. & & & & \\ _pustaltum_ & 1.41 \(\pm\) 0.0 d  & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.0 f  & 428.7 \(\pm\) 11.8 e  & 283.4 \(\pm\) 8.7 e  \\ LZ & _Lithodora zalnii_ & 1.10 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 656.2 \(\pm\) 6.6 c  & 426.8 \(\pm\) 17.7 b  \\ OF & _Onosma futescens_ & 1.00 \(\pm\) 0.0 e  & 0.8 Table 4 details the phenolic compound composition of the methanol/water extracts of the selected Boraginaceae seeds collected in Greece. Concerning phenolic acids, among the hydroxybenzoic ones, the following compounds were detected: gallic acid (GA, a trihydroxy benzoic acid) was found in some samples, highlighting _A. methanuaea_ (19.1 mg/100 g); protocatechuric acid (a dihydroxybenzoic acid) was found at very low amounts, and _S. bulbosum_ SB2 contains the highest amounts (5.0 mg/100 g); 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid, which ranged from 0.9 (_Cerinthe major_) to 12.2 mg/100 g (_A. methanuaea_); vanillic acid (a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative), which was present in some species at low quantities, highlighting _A. methanaea_ (8.2 mg/100 g); and syringe acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid), occurring only in _Onosma gracea_ (8 mg/100 g). Among the hydroxycinnamic acids, the following were found: chlorogenic acid (a cinnamate ester of caffeic acid and (-)-quinic acid), detected at disparate quantities in the various samples and standing out in _S. creticum_ (228.5 mg/100 g); 3_A_-dihydroxy-hydrocinnamic acid, which was quantified in few species, and _A. sartoriana_ had the highest amount (1.9 mg/100 g); caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acid), which was present only in three species, and _S. creticum_ had the highest amount (5.0 mg/100 g); _trans-p_-coumaric acid (a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid), which showed disparate values in the various samples, and _A.