## 2 Background and Related Works
### Related Works: Energy Management of IoT  
In order to compare prior studies on energy management in IoT devices, it is important to concentrate on many crucial elements to assess how each solution addresses the issues concerning power consumption. We show this in Table 1.  
IoT devices frequently combine hardware and software to perform their tasks. When they actively process data or perform activities, the hardware components, such as microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators, consume power [29]. The type and complexity of the device, the type of hardware and software utilized, the communication protocols and networking technologies used, and other factors can all affect the power consumption of IoT devices [30]. IoT devices are typically made to use low power; however, if they are not correctly tuned, their power consumption can still be high. When executing commands or carrying out duties, the software--which includes the operating system, drivers, and applications--can also use energy [31]. Various techniques have been proposed to optimize the energy consumption of IoT devices. One technique is dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), which can adjust the frequency and voltage of the device's hardware components to minimize power consumption while still maintaining performance [30]. Another technique is duty cycling, which involves turning off certain hardware components when not used to conserve power. Optimizing the software running on IoT devices can also reduce power consumption. This can include using efficient algorithms and data structures, minimizing unnecessary computations, and utilizing low-power operating systems and protocols designed specifically for IoT devices [6]. Communication protocols and networking technologies significantly impact IoT device power consumption [33]. Wireless communication methods, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, require high power consumption to transmit and receive data. Additionally, networking technologies can affect power consumption based on range, data rate, MAC protocol, and routing protocol [34]. Overall, there are several ways to minimize the power consumption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices:  
* Use low-power hardware: Use components specifically designed for low-power consumption, such as low-power microcontrollers and sensors. * Optimize your system's power management: Implement power management strategies that can help reduce the power consumption of your system, such as turning off unused peripherals and putting the device into sleep mode when not in use. * Use a low-power operating system: Implement the real-time operating system and low power consumption to handle multitasking of IoT services [5]. * Use efficient communication protocols: Choose communication protocols that are designed for low power consumption, such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or Zigbee [32,35]. * Use power-efficient networking: Use networking technologies that are designed for low power consumption, such as Wi-Fi HaLow or Long Range (LoRa) networks [34,41]. * Use renewable energy sources: Consider using renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, to power your IoT devices. This can help reduce their power consumption and carbon footprint [36].