## 1 Introduction  
Since antiquity, plant-derived substances have constituted a foundational component of cosmetic and dermatological practices, with civilisations such as those in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome utilising herbal extracts, essential oils, and floral preparations in their beauty regimens. The enduring presence of botanicals in cosmetic applications can be attributed to their recognised pharmacological, olfactory, and aesthetic properties. Contemporary botanical formulations synthesise historical ethnobotanical insights with modern scientific methodologies to develop cosmetic products that are both efficacious and aligned with sustainability principles [1, 2, 3]. Plant-based ingredients in cosmetics offer a range of advantages that align with both consumer expectations and sustainability goals. Owingto their natural composition and abundance of bioactive compounds, plant extracts are generally well-tolerated by the skin. Sourced from renewable resources, they also contribute to reducing environmental impact and support circular economy practices. Their multifunctionality allows formulators to create simpler, more natural products without compromising on performance. Moreover, the use of botanical components promotes ethical sourcing and strengthens social responsibility by supporting fair trade and local communities. Importantly, their natural origin fosters consumer trust, as users increasingly seek clean, plant-based alternatives they perceive as safer and more transparent [4; 5]. The European cosmetic (beauty and personal care) market comprised 24% of the global market in 2023, up to EUR 96 billion. It is worth mentioning that natural and organic cosmetics products dominated, representing 80% of the total sales in Europe. The exponential growth of natural beauty products is expected at an average of 5.7% per year by 2028 [6]. This growth is driven by increasing consumer awareness of the environmental, social, and economic impacts of product life cycles, leading to a higher demand for eco-friendly ingredients and sustainable formulations. European consumers are increasingly seeking natural and organic cosmetic products that align with their values of sustainability and health consciousness [7]. In this context, recent advances in plant cell culture technology present a highly promising extension of these advantages. It enables the production of bioactive compounds in a controlled, standardised, and sustainable manner, independent of geographic or seasonal limitations [8; 9]. Bringing plant cell biomass products from the laboratory to commercial usage presents promising opportunities. Yet, it is inevitable that there are challenges throughout this process. A key focus is on scale-up optimisation; for example, using bioreactors to facilitate cost-effective and efficient production while maintaining the purity and potency of the plant-based ingredients [10]. Furthermore, regulation has to constantly evolve to set clear guidelines and approval processes for customers' safety [11]. In this way, in vitro cultures produce extracts that are safe, free from contaminants and pesticides, and genetically consistent, which ensures both regulatory compliance and high-quality outcomes aligned with good manufacturing practices. By combining the benefits of traditional botanical actives with the precision and reliability of biotechnology, plant cell culture represents the next frontier in natural and sustainable cosmetic formulation [12; 13; 14]. Plant stem cells, especially from meristematic tissues, might be potentially useful to treat skin problems, since they can withstand oxidative stress and support cell vitality. Recent research has shown that plant stem cells are abundant in antioxidants and bioactive compounds, which help in reducing inflammation and delaying the skin ageing process. Using plant stem cells in cosmetic products was found to promote regeneration, improve elasticity, and contribute to a more youthful skin appearance.