###### Abstract
Similarly, standards define the Level of Information (LOI) attached to these geometries, which augment in complexity from LOI 100 (limited to the object's name and category wall, window, etc.) to LOI 500 (including detailed information such as material composition, manufacturer guarantee, or electricity consumption, according to the type of element). As will be detailed further in this document, high-resolution LOG may be particularly problematic when BIMs are used for CAFM purposes. **VR, AR, XR. ** Besides 3D data, BIMs provide virtual versions of real or future buildings, helping anticipate aesthetic, construction, or logistic problems before and during construction. Digital tools such as VR and AR, initially developed for the gaming industry [15; 16], are increasingly adopted by the AEC industry to help visualise their 3D models, serving different purposes [17]. VR is commonly used to showcase projects to clients and investors, exploding the immersive and realistic possibilities of VR to provide vivid, immersive experiences. For instance, how spaces and materials will look in future new or retrofitted buildings [18]. Some examples have even gone further to explore the possibilities of linking BIMs and IoT technologies via VR environments [19; 20; 21; 22]. In turn, AR and XR technologies are mostly implemented as construction quality control tools, allowing the superimposing of digital models into the building-in-progress site and helping professionals anticipate future collisions or detect the misplacement of certain elements under construction [23]. Another extended use of AR and XR relates to cultural heritage buildings--improving historical site explorations [24] or guiding visitors within districts and buildings [25]. **VT.** Defined as image-based geolocalised 3D reconstructions of real spaces and buildings, VTs are increasingly used to showcase and visit buildings remotely. The primary sectors utilising VTs are heritage and culture, as well as tourism and hospitality [26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. This encompasses museums, hotels, archaeological sites, and other institutions worldwide. Additionally, Google Maps 'Street View' is a significant VT tool that allows users to explore nearly any street globally [31]. VT can also be linked to geolocalised databases. Google's street browser prompts street names, and some buildings and businesses are pinned with related information. Likewise, VT software [32] and platform providers include modules allowing users to tag and describe objects shown in the image environment, including the possibility of linking IoT data, as this research will demonstrate. **IoT. ** IoT technology links real-object data to the object's virtual replicas stored in the cloud or a server. Such objects are usually equipped with sensors and specialised software, enabling monitoring and remote control. IoT is already part of daily life in many households and companies. It is also becoming prominent in CAFM, integrating monitoring devices that not only track and control building performance as Building Management Systems (BMSs) [33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41] but also introduce energy-saving and space-optimisation methods based on user behaviour and other real-time measurements [42; 43]. **CAFM platforms. ** Over the past decades, the information technology (IT) industry has developed software solutions for Common Data Environment (CDE) and CAFM platforms. Some of these solutions are designed for specific building phases, such as conception to construction [44; 45; 46; 47], fabrication [48; 49], or facility management [50]. Other platforms are conceived with an LCA approach, aiming to integrate data-management tools along the entire building life cycle [51; 52; 53]. CAFM platforms enable users to integrate BIMs, 2D plans, product catalogues, and other relevant documents that gather information related to the building and its equipment.