## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.1 Self-Administered Questionnaire  
A questionnaire booklet with questions on demographics and body image was distributed to each participant. Items on body image included (a) ideal height, (b) ideal weight for current height, (c) ideal weight for ideal height, (d) ideal weight for the competition, (e) perceived physique, (f) perceived body fatness and (g) perceived anxiety about loss of muscle mass. Participants were also asked about the major sources of information that influence their ideal physique and body composition and reasons to be concerned about their own physique. Participants selected all that applied from the choices prepared. In addition to the above-mentioned questions, validated scales, namely, the Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS), the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) and the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), were also administered. Participants were instructed to complete the questions prior to anthropometry and body composition assessments to avoid bias. The booklet was collected and checked by the researcher in a face-to-face setting for any missing information and for confirmation of responses.  
The Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS)  
The BSS was developed to assess body satisfaction/dissatisfaction based on assessments of 16 body parts [20]. Participants were instructed to rate each body part using a 7-point Likert scale that ranged from (1) very satisfied to (7) very unsatisfied. The scale can present body satisfaction with each body part, the whole body (BSS\({}_{\text{General}}\)), the head region (BSS\({}_{\text{Head}}\)) and the trunk and limb regions (BSS\({}_{\text{Body}}\)). While [PERSON] [20] reported that \"ears\" and \"neck\" can be omitted from the calculation of BSS\({}_{\text{Head}}\) and BSS\({}_{\text{Body}}\) scores, the present study included both variables to follow the same protocol of a Japanese-translated version [21]. The higher the score, the greater the dissatisfaction. For the present study, a Japanese-translated version [21] was utilized, and the Cronbach's alpha was 0.924.  
The Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ)  
The BAQ is a 44-item self-administered questionnaire designed to assess attitudes which individuals hold on their own bodies [22]. Participants were instructed to rate each question using a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly agree. From the assessment, the total score (BAQ\({}_{\text{Total}}\)) as well as scores for the following subscales were determined: (1) feeling fat (BAQ\({}_{\text{Fat}}\)), (2) body disparagement (BAQ\({}_{\text{Disparagement}}\)),(3) strength and fitness (BAQ\({}_{\text{Strength}}\)), (4) salience of weight and shape (BAQ\({}_{\text{Salience}}\)), (5) attractiveness (BAQ\({}_{\text{Attractive}}\)) and (6) lower body fatness (BAQ\({}_{\text{Lowerbody}}\)). The present study used a Japanese-translated version [23]. The [PERSON]'s alpha obtained from the study group was 0.879.  
The 26-Item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26)  
The EAT-26 is a scale commonly utilized to examine the risk of disordered eating behaviours, including eating disorders [24]. In addition to the total score (EAT\({}_{\text{Total}}\)), the EAT-26 has three subscales: (1) dieting (EAT\({}_{\text{Diet}}\)), (2) bulimia and food preoccupation (EAT\({}_{\text{Bulimia}}\)) and (3) oral control (EAT\({}_{\text{Oral}}\)). Participants were instructed to rate each question using a 6-point Likert scale that ranges from (1) never to (6) always. In order to avoid a skewed distribution of the results that may be obtained from a group of non-eating disordered participants, the current study adopted the 6-point scoring method proposed by [PERSON] and colleagues [25]. A Japanese-translated version by [PERSON] and colleagues [26] was used in the present study. The [PERSON]'s alpha obtained from the study group was 0.915.