###### Abstract  
The energy supplied by photovoltaic (PV) panels connected to the grid creates more flexibility for energy management; however, oversizing the PV system may result in an energy surplus, an essential factor to be considered during energy efficiency optimization. The economic analysis of energy supply systems for buildings and industry should include a detailed feasibility analysis and a life cycle perspective. Simulations were performed to quantify the potential savings when the excess of PV energy (surplus) is supposed to be exported to the grid by considering the net metering and net billing approaches. Our objective was to evaluate the electrical demand of a logistics center with pre-design modeling and simulation, and determine the adequate system configurations by considering the life cycle costing (LCC). We established a baseline and three alternative economic scenarios for optimization. Combining the use of TRNSYS 180 Simulation Studio and its optimization library component, GenOp (Generic Optimization Program), we simulated different options of grid energy contracts considering the variable tariffs and the integration with PVs. Based on the LCC, a single-objective optimization (SOO) process was performed. This approach allowed us to envisage possible configurations, reducing up to a quarter of annual grid energy consumption that represents savings of around 21% for the LCC in a timeframe of 20 years, reaching up to 39% when the export of the PV surplus energy is considered. The payback period of investments is below six years for the optimal scenarios. energy efficiency; optimization; photovoltaic; life cycle costing; variable rate energy tariffs +
Footnote †: journal: AppliedRegarding the interest in this topic, we accessed the Elsevier Scopus scientific database [1]. Keywords related to this study were selected and a search investigated the documents' fields titles, abstracts, and keywords in order to retrieve the most relevant publications. The Boolean combination of keywords (\"Energy Efficiency\" OR \"Energy Consumption\" OR \"Renewable Energy\" OR \"Solar Energy\" AND \"Logistics Center\" OR \"Logistics Centre\" OR \"Parking\") resulted in a set of 544 documents published since 1975 to the present. These documents were categorized into five clusters using VOSviewer Bibliometric Software [2], according to the occurrence frequency of 1289 author keywords, to envisage the main concerns and findings of the academic community related to this sector. Figure 1 shows these main concerns in the most recent publications. Each of these clusters can shed some light on the main problems and innovations in energy efficiency, as related to the logistics center sector. Recently, the demand response, which consists of load shifting and the peak shaving of energy demand aiming for the lowest energy tariffs, the integration of distributed generated energy (PV) through smart grids with infrastructure demands, and electric vehicle supply are some of the most discussed issues. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [3] discussed the sustainability aspects of logistics centers by emphasizing technologies using local renewable energy sources (PV) to supply the infrastructure and transportation demands including hydrogen (H\({}_{2}\)) production for their forklifts. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [4] showed how a technologically advanced workplace was helping to reduce environmental impact and lower operating costs by using green building elements such as PVs, a grey-water recycling system, and energy-efficient lighting. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed an energy resource management model for a microgrid in parking, arguing in favor of the integration of electric vehicles (EV) and the renewable energy source (PV), thus balancing the intermittent nature of PV generation and the uncontrolled charging/discharging procedure of EVs. Along the same line, [PERSON] et al. [6] also studied the economic and environmental  
Figure 1: Annual occurrence of author keywords regarding energy efficiency and logistics centers.