esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Low-Computational Extended Orthogonal Matched Filter Structure for Multiuser Detection
## 5 Conclusions  
This research proposes a novel EOMF structure for multiuser detection and computational complexity reduction. The input and output of the new structure were expressed by mathematical expressions, and the computational complexity was derived. By the derived formulas and numerical examples, it was shown that the proposed structure could reduce the computational complexity by approximately 75% compared with the conventional EOMF. In addition, computer simulations showed that the proposed structure was capable of multiuser detection and that the BER performance was slightly worse than the conventional EOMF, but it had sufficient performance in IoT applications using sensors.  
Future work includes performance evaluation when the spreading code is changed and when multipath fading is considered. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the energy consumption after implementing the conventional EOMF and the proposed structure in a specific application.  
Conceptualization, K.T., S.H. and T.K.; methodology, K.T., S.H. and T.K.; software, S.H.; validation, K.T., S.H. and T.K.; formal analysis, K.T. and S.H.; investigation, S.H.; resources, K.T. and K.S.; data curation, K.T. and S.H.; writing--original draft preparation, K.T.; writing--review and editing, K.T., T.K., and K.S.; visualization, S.H.; supervision, K.S. and R.K.; project administration, K.T.; and funding acquisition, K.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Figure 8: BER result of scenario 2. The number of total users is 30. The blue, red, and green plots show the results when the number of desired users among total users is one (the conventional EOMF case), two and 15 (the proposed structure case), respectively.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the members of the Kohno laboratory at Yokohama National University in Japan for their great inspiration and kindness.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Study on the Vibration Effects of Cyclic Blasting on Bridge Structures under Construction
## 5 Discussion
### Directions for Future Research  
Future research should address the limitations identified in this study by expanding the scope of investigation to include different types of bridge structures and materials. Studies should also consider a wider range of environmental conditions and geological settings to enhance the generalizability of the findings.  
Long-term monitoring of bridge structures subjected to repeated blasting operations is necessary to understand the cumulative effects and potential degradation over time. This will help in developing more comprehensive guidelines and safety standards for cyclic blasting near sensitive structures.  
The integration of real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment technologies represents a promising direction for future research. Advanced sensors and data analytics can provide continuous feedback on the vibration impacts during blasting operations, enabling real-time adjustments to blasting parameters to minimize risks.  
Moreover, collaboration with construction projects worldwide could facilitate the collection of a broader dataset, allowing for the refinement of predictive models and the development of universally applicable best practices.  
In summary, our study demonstrates that cyclic tunnel blasting can be conducted safely near bridge structures under construction, provided that the blasting parameters are optimized to control vibration impacts. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the vibration response of bridge components and offer practical guidance for safe and efficient blasting operations. Future research should build on these findings to enhance the safety and resilience of infrastructure projects subjected to cyclic blasting.
## 3 Methodology and Solution
### Detector Bank Based on Simplified Welch Algorithm
#### 3.2.2 Thresholding Activator  
In the heart of the design, there is a thresholder that is connected to a counter that counts on the rising edges (Figures 5 and 6). This block handles the job of grouping the observed abnormalities into the separated interferences. Consider that the detector wants to group the PSD samples in the frequency interval \([f_{1}\ f_{2}]\) as interference number one and samples in the frequency interval \([f_{3}\ f_{4}]\) as interference number two. Based on Figures 5 and 6, the thresholder generates separated pulse for each interference:  
\[Generated\ Pulse(v)=\ \left\{\begin{array}{l}1\ if\ PSD(v)\geq T_{l}\\ 0\ if\ PSD(v)<T_{l}\end{array}\right\}, \tag{10}\]  
where \(T_{l}\) is the selected threshold level. The threshold level can be adjusted based on the desired signal static during the initialization or an interval that the receiver receives the signal without the interference. One of the good candidates is the average of the maximum point of normalized power spectrum. Another option is the average of the top level of the observed PSD. Usually, inside the digital receiver, there is an automatic gain control that maintains a suitable signal amplitude at its output. To be sure that the thresholder is working correctly, all the input data streaming to the detector can be normalized to unique power.  
On the rising edge, the counter counts one number up. It should be mentioned that the data ready pulse from the power spectrum estimator resets the counter for each vector of PSD samples. The output number of the counter is compared to the series of numbers from one to \(N\) (Number of detectors). After a logical AND with the output of the thresholder, the activator signals are ready. The main duty of this block is to generate separated pulses for each interference with the correct time interval for activating each detector. When a detector is activated at the correct time, next steps can be done easily. The output of the counter displays the number of abnormalities above the threshold level and the number of notch filters that must be activated to remove the interferences.
# Digitalization Processes in Distribution Grids: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies and Challenges
## 2 Grid Planning
### Network Design and Expansion Planning  
Network design and expansion planning utilizes advanced models and algorithms to adapt the electrical grid for future demands and integrate new technologies. Strategies such as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), decentralized optimization, and geographic information system (GIS)-based methods are essential for efficient planning.  
Enhancements in network reliability and the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) utilize MILP and GIS to optimize substation configurations and infrastructure [99; 100]. The challenges of integrating EVs are addressed using a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model, which efficiently manages increasing EV demands [91].  
Multistage expansion planning incorporates reliability constraints within an MILP framework to balance cost and reliability [92]. The optimization of energy storage systems (ESS) in network expansions focuses on performance and cost minimization [148]. Decentralized stochastic planning merges with cost-efficient strategies for integrating distributed generation (DG) and ESS, employing advanced methods like second-order cone programming (SOCP) and semidefinite programming (SDP) [53].  
Network expansion strategies for demand response (DR) and renewable DG integration use analytical methods to ensure cost effectiveness [101; 144]. Urban network optimization, including feeder routes and substation placements, employs programming, GIS, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to reduce costs and losses [102; 149].
## 5 Conclusions  
Routing technology is very important in inter-satellite link technology. Traditional algorithms can obtain only one shortest path, and is difficult to guarantee that a randomly discovered shortest path can meet the requirements of the service. The improved inter-satellite multipath algorithm combined with reinforcement learning, not only can obtain multiple shortest paths from the source node to all nodes in the wireless network, but also can adapt to the network dynamics in time and select the optimal path from all the shortest paths according to the load condition of the neighbor node when the global topology information of the network cannot be obtained. Simulation experiments show that the multipath routing algorithm for inter-satellite links based on load balancing can disperse network traffic pressure, avoid data traffic congestion during inter-satellite network system communication, have low latency and low packet loss rate, and have better network throughput performance. In addition, when the topology information cannot be obtained, the Q-routing algorithm with the link state considered, has obvious advantages in improving link utilization, and can better balance link bandwidth utilization and transmission delay compared to other algorithms.  
Figure 15: Comparison of transmission delays of delay-sensitive services under different routing algorithms.  
**Author Contributions:** Writing--original draft preparation, Y.S.; writing--original draft, Z.Y.; supervision, X.Z., supervision, H.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data that support the findings are available on request from the corresponding authors. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (92067101, 92067201), Program to Cultivate Middle-aged and Young Science Leaders of Universities of Jiangsu Province and Key R&D plan of Jiangsu Province (BE2021013-3).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
To achieve such properties, densification of the material is usually required in order to minimize the residual porosity at the same time preserving a fine microstructure, i.e., small grain size [21; 38]. Most of the currently employed methods involve high-temperature synthesis and/or controlled sintering approaches such as vacuum, pressure-assisted, or field-assisted sintering techniques [21; 23; 38; 40; 41]. Nowadays, the use of laser processing as a synthesis method is of particular relevance in additive manufacturing, enabling the production of several types of ceramic materials from precursor powders in a fast way. For instance, laser ablation in fluids, which relies on ultrahigh pressure and ultrahigh temperature, has been used to produce crystalline microspheres with high sphericity, presenting very interesting results in the synthesis of materials such as zinc oxide (ZnO), cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), or cerium oxide (CeO\({}_{2}\)) [25]. In this context, the use of fast and inexpensive synthesis methods, together with the incorporation of dopants in inorganic matrices that allow optical pumping tuning for laser action, has assumed particular relevance [27]. Hence, the purpose of the present work can be divided into two main goals: (1) to demonstrate that laser technology can be used to process Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) and Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) powders to obtain chromium-doped crystalline \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) spheres in air atmosphere simply and promptly, without the need of expensive equipment or post-sintering heat treatments to obtain \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\):Cr with strong red emission; and (2) to investigate the optical properties of the doped spheres using photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation (PLE), time-resolved PL (TRPL), and Raman spectroscopies. Temperature and excitation energy-dependent PL and lifetime measurements were also performed to establish the recombination models and clarify the Cr\({}^{3+}\) optical signatures on the laser-processed \(\alpha\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) spheres.
# Machine-Learning-Enabled Intrusion Detection System for Cellular Connected UAV Networks
## 2 Background and Related Works
### Satellite Architecture
The 5G systems define conditions to avoid instability of the offered Quality of Services (QoS) when switching from the 5G satellite access network to the terrestrial access network and vice versa. Security is a very important issue for a UAV system, where it flies autonomously and beyond LoS communication. The UAV traffic management (UTM) system provides Command and Control (C2), navigation, airspace management, traffic management, route planning, monitoring, etc. to autonomous UAVs [37]. The UTM provides continuous C2 to the autonomous UAVs based on the pre-schedule flying route and monitors its flight status, as shown in Figure 6. However, we will concentrate on cellular-connected UAVs flying at a very low altitude only. A cellular-enabled UAV allows the ground pilot to remotely control and operate the UAV over an LoS range. It also offers an efficient way to establish wireless communication between UAVs, end users, and UAV traffic controllers, regardless of their locations. Even though cellular-enabled UAV communications provide advantages, there are still instances where cellular networks are inaccessible, such as in remote locations, including the sea, desert, or mountains. In such situations, the cellular networks integrated with satellite systems can be used to enable UAV communications outside the terrestrial coverage of cellular networks. In 5G systems, it is possible to integrate satellite communication to extend its connectivity and communicate with UAVs. Figure 5: UAVs acting as aerial platform (BS) using UxNB access nodes. Figure 6: Cellular-connected autonomous UAVs controlled by UTM system.
# Survey of Dense Video Captioning: Techniques, Resources, and Future Perspectives
## 5 Evaluation Protocols and Metrics
### Benchmark Results
#### 5.4.7 Eight Datasets: Method Performance Overview
VideoStory Dataset: ResBRNN [138] achieves the highest scores on the VideoStory dataset: BLEU (15.6), METEOR (20.1), CIDEr (103.6), and ROUGE-L (29.9). This method's recurrent neural network with residual connections likely effectively captures long-term dependencies in video narratives. Earlier works, such as m-RNN [139], show lower performance, highlighting advancements in modeling video stories over time. MPII-MD Dataset: On the MPII-MD dataset, Boundary-aware [140] achieves the highest scores: BLEU (0.8), METEOR (7.0), CIDEr (10.8), and ROUGE-L (16.7). This method's hierarchical boundary-aware framework likely effectively segments and describes video content. Other methods, such as VL-LSTM [141] and SMT [51], report lower scores, indicating the challenges of describing complex and diverse video content in this dataset. These findings suggest that methods that effectively segment and align video content with textual descriptions perform better on MPII-MD.
# Lagrangian Modeling of Marine Microplastics Fate and Transport: The State of the Science
## 1 Introduction
For example, some models have ignored beaching, sinking, and fragmentation processes as well as biofouling, deposition, resuspension, washing-off from the beach, or wind drift [67; 85; 93]. Moreover, some physical properties of microplastics, including shape, size, and density, which are dominant factors related to microplastics' buoyancy and mobility [59; 94; 95; 96], have not been parameterized in some numerical models. Furthermore, most of the aforementioned models use a 2D approach, neglect the dynamic behavior of microplastics, and only model marine debris neutral drifting within the surface layers [70; 84; 85; 86; 87; 93]. Among the numerical models that are employed for the simulation of marine microplastics' behavior, we studied four PTMs, i.e., D-WAQ PART, Ichthyop, TrackMPD, and CaMPSim-3D. D-WAQ PART is the particle-tracking module of Delft-3D, which is an open-source simulating software equipped with different modules for predicting hydrodynamics in an aquatic environment. Ichthyop, as a free Java-based numerical model, has been employed for tracking plastic particles, although it has been originally used for studying the dynamics of ichthyoplankton. TrackMPD has been developed in recent years to simulate microplastic debris fates and transport. The latest developed numerical model that can be employed as a particle-tracking model is Canadian microplastic simulation (CaMPSim). It utilizes a coupling of an Eulerian and Lagrangian numerical model in the simulation of marine microplastics' behavior. The current paper systematically reviews recent progress in the numerical modeling of the transport and distribution of microplastics in marine environments with the aims of (1) reviewing the structure of Lagrangian particle-tracking models, (2) determining the substantial improvements that are still needed, and (3) discussing the consideration of physical processes that microplastics undergo and their physical properties in the simulation of microplastics' fate and transport. In this respect, different 2D and 3D numerical models are categorized, as shown in Table 1.
# Monocular Depth Estimation Based on Dilated Convolutions and Feature Fusion
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Experimental Dataset
#### 4.1.1 NYU Depth-v2 Dataset  
The NYU Depth-v2 Dataset is a frequently utilized dataset for indoor scenes, which was developed and launched by New York University in 2012, mainly intended for tasks related to depth estimation and semantic segmentation. This dataset represents an enhanced version of the NYU Depth Dataset, encompassing a broader range of scenes, improved quality annotations, and expanded data information. The NYU Depth-v2 Dataset comprises 120,000 raw training images. In the course of our experiments, we selected 20,000 images for use as the training set, 1000 images for the validation set, and 654 images for the test set. To maintain the detailed information, the images were not resized. The initial image data underwent preprocessing procedures, such as cropping and rotation, before being directly inputted into the network for training.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sensitivity Analysis
#### 3.2.2 Key Findings on the Impact of Capillary Forces on Tight Oil Production
As shown in Figure 13, the model categorizes components into light (N\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{4}\), CO\({}_{2}\)) and heavy (C\({}_{2-5}\), C\({}_{6-13}\), C\({}_{14-24}\), C\({}_{25-80}\)) groups. Compared to the model incorporating capillary forces (Case 1), the base-case model (excluding capillary forces) yields a higher proportion of light components and retains more heavy components in the reservoir. These findings suggest that accounting for capillary forces in nanopores may enhance recovery efficiency by modifying phase behavior. The oil saturation at different time steps for various scenarios is compared in Figure 14. The bubble point pressure is higher in the scenario without capillary effects, leading to greater gas stripping. As a result, this scenario (Base Case) exhibits lower oil saturation and higher gas saturation compared to the scenario with capillary forces (Case 1-3). Additionally, oil saturation varies with pore radius and capillary force magnitude. The analysis shifts to the characteristic scale to further investigate, focusing on the cell marked by a red star in Figure 9. Figure 15 shows that gas saturation is higher in the scenario without capillary effects (Base Case), and this trend becomes more pronounced with a stronger capillary effect. Eventually, saturation levels converge as CO\({}_{2}\) breakthrough occurs. Figure 12: Comparison of gas-oil ratio (GOR) across different scenarios. Figure 13: Comparison of components between the base case and Case 1.
# Weather Radar in Complex Orography
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} anaprop & Anomalous propagation \\ COSMO & The NWP model of the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling \\ CPC & Product identifier for radar rain gauge QPE \\ JJA & June, July and August \\ K\({}_{DP}\) & Specific differential phase, a dual-polarisation parameter \\ LEHA & Largest expected hail size on a reference area \\ MDS & Minimum detectable signal \\ METAR & Meteorological terminal air report \\ NWP & Numerical weather prediction \\ MESHS & Maximum expected severe hail size \\ POH & Probability of hail \\ PRF & Pulse repetition frequency \\ QPE & Quantitative precipitation estimation \\ RLAN & Radio local area network \\ ROEL & Receiver mounted over elevation \\ Rx & Receiver \\ SYNOP & Surface synoptic observation \\ TR-limiter & Transmit-receive limiter (a device used to protect a receiver from a transmit signal) \\ TRT & Thunderstorm radar tracking \\ VIL & Vertically integrated liquid water \\ Z\({}_{DR}\) & Differential reflectivity, a dual-polarisation parameter \\ \end{tabular}
# Railway Overhead Wiring Structures in Australia: Review and Structural Assessment
## 5 Conclusions  
Rail overhead wiring structures (OWS) are an essential part of an electric rail network. They provide support to overhead power wires to power train services. Although they are simple steel structures, a rail network may consist of tens of thousands of these OWS and they represent a large capital expenditure. This article presents a review of structural aspects of OWS in Australia, which has evolved over the 100-year period since electrification began. Discussion includes their typical structural forms, design, construction, assessment and maintenance. This article then describes an assessment carried out on a century-old, riveted OWS. The structure was located approximately 250 m from the seashore and severe corrosion occurred in the structure. The structure was decommissioned in a railway upgrade project which allowed detailed assessments to be carried out. Due to its age, the original material grade and record of maintenance was unknown. Tensile tests on samples indicated yield strengths were very close to modern-day Grade 250 steel, and ultimate stress exceeded 540 MPa. All samples showed good ductility. Depending on the location of samples were taken from, corrosion depths showed great variations and conclusive value of corrosion rate cannot be made. The measurement of corrosion depth ranged from 0.15 mm (1.9% depth) to completely rust-through. Rivet joint samples were examined and revealed that they remained structurally robust and tightly clamp connecting parts together after 100 years of service. Corrosion inside the joints was not identified and internal cracks were not detected via radiographic imaging. SEM and EDX analyses were conducted, and results indicated that lead and arsenic-based corrosion inhibitors had been applied on the metal surface, and impurities in the material were low and generally met modern-day standards. The study gives an insight into the steel material and construction during the era of electrification of rail a century began. Other than severe corrosion in certain locations, the assessed OWS remained structurally sound. It gives confidence to the community as many similar overhead wiring structures are still being used today.  
Conceptualization, B.H. and R.W.K.C.; methodology, B.H. and R.W.K.C.; experimental investigation, B.H.; writing, R.W.K.C.; visualization, B.H. and R.W.K.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was partially funded by Metro Trains Melbourne.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 15: SEM images. (**a**) and (**b**) surface and (**c**) and (**d**) cross section.