## 2 Materials and Methods
### Development of Design
As in the walls, the thermal insulation layer is available in a continuous and uniform thickness (Figure 4). To calculate the thermal transmittance, only the ceiling structure and the insulating layer are considered, and the attic space and roof are not considered, due to their little influence on the calculations as recommended by the PHPP manual. The thermal transmittance obtained for the ceiling is 0.238 (W/m\({}^{2}\)K). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Zone**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Roofing**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Walls**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Floors**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **U** & **R\({}_{\text{TOT}}\)** & **U** & **R\({}_{\text{TOT}}\)** & **U** & **R\({}_{\text{TOT}}\)** \\ \hline
1 & 0.84 & 1.19 & 4.00 & 0.25 & 3.60 & 0.28 \\
2 & 0.60 & 1.67 & 3.00 & 0.33 & 0.87 & 1.15 \\
3 & 0.47 & 2.13 & 1.90 & 0.53 & 0.70 & 1.43 \\
4 & 0.38 & 2.63 & 1.70 & 0.59 & 0.60 & 1.67 \\
5 & 0.33 & 3.03 & 1.60 & 0.63 & 0.50 & 2.00 \\
6 & 0.28 & 3.57 & 1.10 & 0.91 & 0.39 & 2.56 \\
7 & 0.25 & 4.00 & 0.60 & 1.67 & 0.32 & 3.13 \\ PDA Temuco, Padre las Casas & 0.28 & 3.57 & 0.45 & 2.22 & 0.50 & 2.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Thermal transmittance values U in W/m\({}^{2}\)K and total thermal resistance values in m\({}^{2}\)K/W. The proposed PassivHaus is located in zone 3.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Requirements of transmittance and thermal resistance for elements of the envelope according to Article 4.1.10 General Urban Planning and Construction Ordinance and according to the Atmospheric Decontamination Plan for the communes of Temuco and Padre Las Casas in Chile. Figure 3: Detailed perimeter wall, plan view. Own elaboration. The construction for the floor (Figure 5) consists of expanded polystyrene of high density (20 kg/m\({}^{3}\)) in a thickness of 100 mm on a screed of 300 mm and on it a solid floor layer of 100 mm of lightweight concrete with low thermal conductivity. To break the thermal bridge that occurs in the wall-floor junction, a layer of additional insulation (polyurethane in a thickness of 40 mm and height of 100 mm) is placed between the footplate and the wall. With this, it was determined that the linear thermal transmittance value at that point is negative (see Appendix A). The concrete of the foundation and sole plate are based on light aggregates of expanded clay, which has a thermal conductivity of 0.330 W/(mK). With this construction, a value of 0.307 W/m\({}^{2}\)K was obtained for the thermal transmittance of the floor. The climate classification used in Table 1, is according to the Chilean national Norm Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (General Urban Planning and Construction Ordinance), which establishes thermal zoning for new housing designs located in different regions of the country. According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas of Chile [44], it is possible to link the national climate classification to the international Koppen climate classification. For example, the north (Zone 1) and south of Chile (Zone 7) can be classified as Arid desert climate (BWk) and Oceanic climate (Cfc), respectively. In this sense, the location considered in this work (Santiago, Zone 3) can be classified as a Mediterranean climate (Csb). (c) Thermal bridges  
The PHPP recommends the identification and classification of thermal bridges. In addition, to determine the energy demand, the linear transmittance with its respective length in meters must be determined. In this work the coefficients of linear transmittance were determined with the THERM software, in accordance with ISO 10211:2007. The results are presented in Appendix A. Here we sought to minimize all the geometric thermal bridges. (d) Windows and shading  
To optimize passive solar gains, it is essential to know the predominant elevation angle of the sun in winter and summer. Figure 6 shows the predominant elevation of the sun in the city of Santiago (33\({}^{\circ}\) in winter and 79\({}^{\circ}\) in summer).