## 1 Symbology, Introduction, and Bibliographical Review
### Introduction  
The internet has infiltrated all aspects of life as a source of information, commerce, and communication. People's communication channels are changing because of social media, which are an outgrowth of internet technology. Social media are helpful ways of communication among people in most of their activities such as economy and education. This occurs especially among students, in the current era of expansion of information and communication technologies [1; 2]. WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, and other social media applications have become incredibly popular and addictive, with their use becoming predictable [3]. In today's world, WhatsApp is employed to exchange data, information, files, images, audio and video, update status, location, send instant messages, and conduct real-time chats without incurring any costs. WhatsApp is widely utilized by young people who value their friendships, social lives, and family relationships [4]. Former Yahoo workers, [PERSON] and [PERSON], introduced WhatsApp to the market in 2009 with the goal of making multimedia communication easier, faster, and better. To operate WhatsApp, one needs internet access and a phone number at first, but once it is installed, it only requires internet access. Due of the aforementioned factors, WhatsApp has become extremely popular among students. Some of the benefits of utilizing WhatsApp for the students of higher education include improved relationships, increased study motivation, personalized course materials, and the development of collaboration talents [5; 6]. This indicates that WhatsApp has the potential to improve students' learning outcomes by allowing them to communicate with one another in real time. WhatsApp's technical benefits are its simplicity, cost, and privacy (in comparison to other social networks). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Acronyms** & \\ \hline
**Notations/Symbols** & **Definition** \\ \hline DPCA & Disjoint principal component analysis. \\ FA & Factor analysis. \\ GPA & Grade point average. \\ PCA & Principal component analysis. \\ \(n\) & Number of individuals or entities. \\ \(p\) & Number of original, observable or measurable variables. \\ \(q\) & Number of latent variables in a multivariate study (\(q<p\)). \\ \(r\) & Number of principal components in a multivariate study (\(r<p\)). \\ \(i,j,k,l\) & Indices. \\ \(X_{i}\) & Original variable \(j\) in a multivariate study. \\ \(x_{ij}\) & Observation of individual \(i\) on variable \(j\). \\ \(f_{k}\) & \(k\)-th common factor in FA. \\ \(f_{ik}\) & Score of individual \(i\) on \(k\)-th common factor in FA. \\ \(\lambda_{jk}\) & Loading of original variable \(j\) on \(k\)-th common factor in FA. \\ \(u_{j}\) & \(j\)-th specific factor in FA. \\ \(a_{il}\) & Coordination of individual \(i\) on \(l\)-th component in PCA. \\ \(b_{jl}\) & Loading of variable \(j\) on \(l\)-th component in PCA. \\ \(c_{l}\) & \(l\)-th component in PCA. \\ \(d_{j}\) & Loading of \(j\)-th-specific factor in FA. \\ \(e_{j}\) & Error when approximating variable \(j\). \\ \(e_{ij}\) & Error when approximating observation \(x_{ij}\). \\ \(A\) & Score matrix in PCA with elements \(a_{il}\in A\). \\ \(B\) & Loading matrix in PCA with elements \(b_{jl}\in B\). \\ \(E\) & Error matrix with elements \(e_{ij}\in E\). \\ \(F\) & Matrix of entity scores on common factors with elements \(f_{ik}\in F\). \\ \(I_{q}\) & Identity matrix of order \(q\times q\). \\ \(\Lambda\) & Factor matrix in FA with elements \(\lambda_{jk}\in\Lambda\). \\ \(X\) & Data matrix with elements \(x_{ij}\in X\). \\ \(X^{\top}\) & Transpose of matrix \(X\). \\ \(\|X\|\) & The Frobenius norm of matrix \(X\). \\ \(\mathrm{Cor}(X,Y)\) & Correlation between variables \(X\) and \(Y\). \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Acronyms, notations, and symbols employed in the present document. Studies on students' use of WhatsApp in higher education institutions have been undertaken in countries such as England, Ghana, Malaysia, Spain, and the United States (US).