## 1 Introduction  
The increasing energy demand worldwide, the catastrophic effects of climate changes, and the limited conventional energy sources are stressing increasingly the key role of renewable energy technologies for sustainable development. According to [1], the added net capacity of renewables around the world in 2018 was the same as in 2017 (about 180 GW) and further efforts are needed to fulfill the challenging commitments set out by the Paris Agreement in 2015. Among the different renewable energy sources to support this energy transition, solar energy is considered one of the most promising. Indeed, solar energy is available worldwide and is abundant on Earth: about \(1\times 10^{5}\) TW reaches the surface of the Earth from the sun. Therefore, in the past decades, attention has been paid to solar technologies. In addition to traditional solar technologies such as solar thermal panels and photovoltaics (PV), innovative solar energy technologies such as concentrated solar power (CSP) systems have been developed. CSP plants are able to concentrate the incident radiation into a smaller area by means of lenses or mirrors. This energy is then collected by a solar receiver and converted into electricity or thermal power, depending on the need. In this way, it is possible to achieve higher overall conversion efficiencies compared to traditional solar technologies. Among the different methods of capturing solar thermal energy in CSP plants, linear Fresnel reflectors (LFRs) are considered a promising alternative to parabolic trough collectors in the medium-temperature range. Indeed, the former can overcome some techno-economic limits of the latter, thanks to a lighter structure and a fixed receiver. These characteristics make the LFR suitable for many applications such as those at the residential level. To convert the medium-temperature solar energy into generated power, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plants are adopted. Such plants work similarly to Rankine steam power plants, but they make use of organic working fluids, which have lower boiling points than water and, in addition, lead to above atmospheric pressures in the condenser. While medium- and large-scale ORC plants are already available in the market, on the small scale, several challenges need to be solved in order to increase their electric conversion efficiency and make them cost-competitive [2]. In general, use of solar energy in decentralized energy systems to simultaneously produce thermal and electrical energy (combined heat and power (CHP)) is considered a valuable alternative to substitute the thermal and electric power generation from fossil fuels. However, despite being abundant, solar energy is intermittent, and to ensure the proper operation of systems and reliable power supply, thermal energy storage (TES) technologies are usually combined with solar energy. In the low-temperature range, sensible heat TES is commonly adopted, but at the medium-high temperature level, latent heat TES is preferred [3]. Therefore, the design of multi-energy systems is becoming an important topic driven by the need for integrating distributed energy sources. Furthermore, the correct balance between energy supply and demand is considered a prominent subject of research. Hence, in the recent years, research in the field of energy system modeling and optimization has been carried out extensively [4]. In addition to general tools, including models of different technologies such as TRNSYS, Dymola, and Modelica, several commercial tools have been developed for the simulation of hybrid renewable energy systems, such as HOMER and RESCREEN. For example, [PERSON] et al. [5] carried out a modeling study of an industrial process integrating CSP technologies, and in particular, they focused on the use of parabolic trough collectors using the software Dymola in combination with MATLAB. [PERSON] et al.