esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Deployment and Model Training of the PLA Scheme
### Phase 1: Multi-Attribute PLA  
In phase 1, the proposed PLA authentication mechanism becomes active. Sensors transmit encrypted data containing three key physical-layer attributes of RSSI,BL, and altitude. These attributes are encrypted using the Application Session Key (AppSKey) and sent to the gateway. The NS verifies the data's integrity using the Network Session Key (NwkSKey) and forwards it to the AS. The AS decrypts the attributes and creates a database of the three attributes for each sensor. From now on, the sensors that match the database and have attributes within predefined thresholds are authenticated, allowing their payloads to be processed. Sensors failing this authentication are flagged as spoofed and denied access. This phase is also depicted in Figure 3.
# Image Segmentation Approaches for Weld Pool Monitoring during Robotic Arc Welding
## 5 The Proposed Approaches
Since the computation time is also critical for on line monitoring, we compare the average computation times of processing the images by these eight approaches programmed with VC++ and Matrox image processing library on the computer with Intel i7-3770 3.4 GHz dualcore CPU. The comparison is shown in Table 2. As can be seen, _approach 1_ using the difference operation proposed in Reference [21] is fastest while its segmentation accuracy is not acceptable for some images, e.g., Figure 8. The second fastest is _approach 4_ using the gradient detection filter proposed in this paper and its segmentation accuracy is better than _approach 1_. The third fastest is _approach 5_, which combines the gradient detection filter and the difference operation and it achieves adequate segmentation accuracy for subsequent unsupervised processing. On the other hand, _approach 5_ has achieved the second-best segmentation accuracy. Hence, _approach 5_ is the optimum method for on line processing when the requirement for processing time is strict. In summary, _approach 8_ is the best choice to segment the reflected laser lines with the highest accuracy for the developed GMAW weld pool monitoring system in Reference [23] while _approach 1_ or _approach 5_ is the best choice for the monitoring systems developed in References [19; 20]. _approach 1_ might be the best choice to segment the reflected laser lines in good quality images. From the quantitative results, we could conclude that the recently proposed image processing algorithms are the most effective steps to form effective segmentation approaches. These image processing algorithms are all proposed based on the analysis of the modeling of the image intensity distribution. Figure 11: Performance comparison of the eight methods with image 9; (**a**) original image; (**b**) filtered image; (**c**) _approach 1_; (**d**) _approach 2_; (**e**) _approach 3_; (**f**) _approach 4_; (**g**) _approach 5_; (**h**) _approach 6_; (**i**) _approach 7_; (**j**) _approach 8_. Figure 6:0 Performance comparison of the eight methods with image 10; (**a**) original image; (**b**) filtered image; (**c**) _approach 1_; (**d**) _approach 2_; (**e**) _approach 3_; (**f**) _approach 4_; (**g**) _approach 5_; (**h**) _approach 6_; (**i**) _approach 7_; (**j**) _approach 8_.
## 3 Absorption Characteristics
The \(\epsilon_{r}\) and \(\mu_{r}\) are the relative permittivity and permeability of the medium, respectively, and \(\epsilon_{0}\) and \(\mu_{0}\) are the permittivity and permeability of free space, respectively. So, free space impedance, \(Z_{0}=\sqrt{\frac{\mu_{0}}{\epsilon_{0}}}\). The reflectance (R) of TM and TE mode can be computed with the help of Equations (3) and (4) [31]  
\[R_{TE}=|r_{TE}|^{2}=\left|\frac{\mu_{r}\cos\theta-\sqrt{n^{2}-\sin\theta}}{\mu _{r}\cos\theta+\sqrt{n^{2}-\sin\theta}}\right|^{2} \tag{3}\]  
\[R_{TE}=|r_{TE}|^{2}=\left|\frac{\epsilon_{r}\cos\theta-\sqrt{n^{2}-\sin\theta} }{\epsilon_{r}\cos\theta+\sqrt{n^{2}-\sin\theta}}\right|^{2} \tag{4}\]  
where \(n\) is the refractive index, and \(\theta\) is the incident angle of the wave for the incident. As a result, Equations (3) and (4) become  
\[R_{TE,TM}=\left|\frac{Z-Z_{0}}{Z+Z_{0}}\right|^{2}=\left|\frac{\sqrt{\mu_{r}} -\sqrt{\epsilon_{r}}}{\sqrt{\mu_{r}}+\sqrt{\epsilon_{r}}}\right|^{2} \tag{5}\]  
The reflectance of MMA is represented by Equation (5), which shows how impedance matching and metamaterial substantially impact it.
# Stereotactic Positioning System: Towards a Mechanism Used in Thermal Ablation Therapy
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Materials Selections  
The correct materials to construct a stereotactic positioning system for Microwave Thermal Ablation (MTA) is essential. Two fundamental aspects must be considered for the material selection: the interaction of the material with the electromagnetic field generated by the antennas and the reached therapy temperatures. Ferromagnetic metals placed near the microwave (MW) antenna can modify its radiation pattern [30], and the thermal ablation treatment could be compromised. In order to not modify the antenna radiation pattern, the antenna must not be close to ferromagnetic components. Therefore, selecting a material with a low value (<1) of magnetic permeability is essential. Magnetic permeability is a material characteristic that describes how the material can either generate changes or be affected by electromagnetic fields. Materials with magnetic permeability values over one can distort the antenna electromagnetic field significantly [30]. Moreover, during the treatment, the antenna can generate temperatures between 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C [10]; therefore, the selected materials must resist those temperatures.  
The materials that satisfy these requirements are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), and Nylamid XL. The proposed stereotactic positioning system is composed of different pieces; therefore, the materials were selected according to the location of each one. Nylamid XL was proposed to manufacture components that require high mechanical stability, hardness, durability, self-lubrication layer, and resistance to high temperatures, such as the auxiliary stereotactic arc, the stereotactic arc, and the main base. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) were proposed for the manufacture, using 3D printing, of complex parts such as the toothed pulleys. These materials can be used to make pieces outside the antennas' action area because they withstand temperatures below 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The selected materials can be considered plastics as their magnetic permeability constants are less than 1; due to this characteristic, these materials do not generate alterations to the antennas' electromagnetic field when they are active. Table 1 shows the main features of the selected materials.  
Figure 2: Stereotactic positioning system. (**a**) Front view to show a human leg (1), micro-coaxial antenna (2), visual theta indicator (3), antenna holder (4), and leg support (5); (**b**) isometric view showing the final dimensions of the \(Z\)-axis; (**c**) representation of the entire system with the corresponding axes and the leg position.
## 6 Results and Discussions
### 118-Bus System
#### 6.3.1 Results without Reducing the Search Space  
In this case, the OPSC problem is solved by PODESCA with a search space of 117 buses. Considering nine locations for SC placement, the obtained results of full-load level are presented in  
Figure 5: Convergence characteristics of PODESCA for the 85-bus system.  
Figure 6: Voltage profile of the 85-bus system considering full-load level using PODESCA.  
Tables 11 and 12. As is shown in those tables, the results of PODESCA are compared to those from other methods [8; 26; 27]. The optimal locations selected by the proposed algorithm are 5, 34, 39, 48, 74, 86, 91, 109 and 118 with total installed capacity equal to 9150 kVAr, which is less than those from the other methods except for CSA. It is obvious that bus 5 has only a small impact on the results since only 50 kVAr is injected at that location.  
Furthermore, \(V_{min}\) and VD are well enhanced to 0.9072 p.u. and 0.1771 p.u., respectively. The APL and annual cost obtained by the proposed algorithm are reduced to 842.16 kW and 493,969.50 $/year, respectively. As is easily seen from Table 12, those two values are less than those obtained from the all other methods, where the highest annual savings are recorded as well (188,233.02 $/year). Hence, it can be clearly noticed that PODESCA's results are better than those from other methods in the literature. Therefore, they highly validate the proposed algorithm's effectiveness as well as its consistency especially when comparing the small SD value (184.433) to that from IHA (1051.6) and IHA-PLI (550.70).
## 3 Results
### SF\({}_{6}\)-N\({}_{2}\) Decomposition Components Adsorption on InN Monolayer  
Figure 3 and Table 2 exhibit the most stable adsorption configurations of SF\({}_{6}\)-N\({}_{2}\) decomposition components on undoped InN. It can be seen that adsorption distances of NO\({}_{2}\), SOF\({}_{4}\), SOF\({}_{2}\), and SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) on the InN monolayer are 3.132 A, 2.986 A, 3.077 A and 3.297 A, respectively. SOF\({}_{4}\) tends to be adsorbed on the InN monolayer by F atom (seen in Figure 3b), and the absolute value of the adsorption energy (2.242 eV) is much greater than 0.8 eV, indicating that it is strong chemisorption. Apart from that, the adsorption energy is \(-\)0.839 eV in NO\({}_{2}\) system, \(-\)0.483 eV in SOF\({}_{2}\) system, and \(-\)0.380 eV in SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) system. Tiny adsorption energy means weak adsorption. Additionally, for the NO\({}_{2}\), SOF\({}_{4}\), SOF\({}_{2}\) and SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) adsorption, the charge transfer direction is from the InN monolayer to the gas molecule, as further verified by the \(-\)0.400 \(e\), \(-\)1.188 \(e\), \(-\)0.022 \(e\) and \(-\)0.007 \(e\) of these systems. The negative charge transfers of O atoms and F atoms indicate that they are electron acceptors. For SOF\({}_{2}\) and SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) adsorption, the tiny charge transfer mainly occurs in the gas molecules themselves, further confirming the weak interaction, which is consistent with the adsorption energy analysis.  
Figure 3: Adsorption structure of (**a**) NO\({}_{2}\), (**b**) SOF\({}_{4}\), (**c**) SOF\({}_{2}\) and (**d**) SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) molecules adsorbed on InN monolayer.  
Figure 2: Structures of (**a**) NO\({}_{2}\), (**b**) SOF\({}_{4}\), (**c**) SOF\({}_{2}\) and (**d**) SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) molecules.  
In brief, the negative adsorption energy indicates that the InN monolayer adsorbs NO\({}_{2}\), SOF\({}_{4}\), SOF\({}_{2}\), and SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) molecule spontaneously. InN monolayer substrate is electron donor, and gas molecules are electron acceptors. The adsorption capacity of InN monolayer to SF\({}_{6}\)-N\({}_{2}\) decomposition components is in the following order: SOF\({}_{4}\) > NO\({}_{2}\) > SOF\({}_{2}\) > SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\).
# Quasi-Isotropic Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna--Bow-Tie Patch with Harmonic Suppression
## 1 Introduction
### Simulated Result Analysis of the Proposed Antenna

Table 4: Comparison of simulated maximum gain in the harmonic section of the antenna without a filter and the proposed antenna. Figure 7: Comparative analysis with and without filter: (a) simulated minimum gain and (b) simulated gain difference.
# A Biologically-Inspired Power Control Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Cellular Networks
## 4 Proposed Bio-Inspired Transmit Power Control Algorithm
If there is little difference between the next target rate \(R_{i}(t+1)\) and the current rate \(R_{i}(t)\) (_i.e._, \(R_{i}(t+1)-R_{i}(t)<\epsilon\) where \(\epsilon>0\) is sufficiently small), MS \(i\) sends no feedback. Otherwise, it feeds back the received SINR \(\gamma_{i}(t)\) and the next target rate \(R_{i}(t+1)\) to its serving BS \(i\). 8. If BS \(i\) receives feedback from MS \(i\), it calculates its next transmit power \(P_{i}(t+1)\) to achieve the next target rate \(R_{i}(t+1)\) using the following relationship: \[R_{i}(t+1) = \log_{2}(1+\hat{\gamma}_{i}(t+1))\] (10) \[= \log_{2}\left(1+\frac{G_{ii}P_{i}(t+1)}{\sum_{j=1,j\
eq i}^{N}G_{ ij}P_{j}(t)+n_{i}}\right)\] \[= \log_{2}\left(1+\frac{\gamma_{i}(t)}{P_{i}(t)}\cdot P_{i}(t+1)\right)\] where \(\hat{\gamma}_{i}(t+1)\) is the estimated SINR of MS \(i\) to be used at time \(t+1\). From Equation (10), we can determine the next transmit power of BS \(i\) at time \(t+1\), as follows. \[P_{i}(t+1)=\min\left[P_{max},\left(2^{R_{i}(t+1)}-1\right)\frac{P_{i}(t)}{ \gamma_{i}(t)}\right]\] (11)If the BS \(i\) does not receive the feedback, it preserves its previous transmit power. **Remark 1**. : _As seen in (11), the BS needs only \(R_{i}(t+1)\) and \(\gamma_{i}(t)\) information to determine its next transmit power. This significantly reduces the feedback overhead compared to the conventional centralized power control schemes [34]._
# Application of Riemannian Seismic Ray Path Tracing in Salt Dome Prospecting
## 5 Discussion
### Assessment of the Ray Tracing in the Previous Geophysical Setups
#### 5.1.2 Simplified Speed Profile in Earth's Mantle  
Figure 2 reveals the effect of curvature in three rays travelling from the origin. It clearly affects more rays which begin travelling with a lower slope. Thus, the only way a ray could travel in real straight lines is those that travel fully vertically.  
Although rays \(R_{1}\) and \(R_{2}\) would definitely impact the D\" layer (at the base of the mantle), generating reflected rays which would be detected on Earth in a symmetric position with respect to the emission point (as the model is symmetric on \(x\), i.e., only depends on the depth), it is clear that ray \(R_{3}\) (which most departs from its original straight trajectory) deviates so much due to the sudden increase in P-wave speed in the first tens of metres that it would never reach D\" layer and would be received at ground level in a nearer position from the origin than, for instance, ray \(R_{2}\).  
When equipped with simple enough synthetic models as this simplified one for the mantle, simple expressions as the Ricci scalar in Equation (22) can be obtained. As this scalar turns to be a function of coordinates, in this case \(R=R(z)\), when evaluating it at different depths it would provide a number which characterises the curvature at this region. If the scalar turns to take values near zero, the curvature is low, and vice versa. Sometimes, the Ricci scalar provides a better insight than, for instance, density plots of the velocity model (as shown in Figure 2) as it shows directly the curvature undertaken by a ray.  
Furthermore, even in cases where the Ricci scalar yields to exceptionally long analytic expressions, it can always be evaluated to numerical results in a computer, or better yet, plotted in the domain so as to achieve a better grasp of its behaviour. For instance, a graphic for the Ricci scalar in Equation (22) can be observed in Figure 6. As it can be observed, the curvature is much greater in the first tens of kilometres in the underground and then diminishes drastically after, let us say, 50 to 100 km. Below such depths, although not zero, the curvature is so small that seismic rays travel in almost straight lines. This effect is clearly reflected in rays that arrive at the most deep part of the section shown in Figure 2 (black line).  
As for cases in which the Ricci scalar takes a much complicated expression, or for those in which \(R=R(x,z)\) for instance, they can be plotted in a surface (3D Plot) graph to observe the behaviour of curvature in the full domain.
## Appendix A Experimental Basis for Configuration Selection
### Patch Overlap Strategy  
The patch overlap strategy adjusts the degree of spatial redundancy between adjacent patches during inference. In semantic segmentation, such an overlap has been shown to help preserve boundary information [58; 59], but its effectiveness in classification tasks has not been clearly validated. Motivated by these findings, we examined whether a similar effect could be observed in patch-level classification tasks. To this end, we compared three minimum overlap ratio settings: 0%, 5%, and 10%. While a higher minimum overlap increased the number of inference patches and the overall computation time, it did not lead to meaningful performance gains and, in some cases, even caused performance degradation. Therefore, to maintain computational efficiency and design simplicity, we decided not to apply a minimum overlap constraint and fixed the overlap ratio at 0% for all subsequent experiments.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Processing  
After recording trial data, Vicon Nexus software (v 2.8.1) was used to format the data, including marker labelling, marker gap filling, marker smoothing and lower limb pipelines. Gait events were manually identified for foot contact and terminal stance and then auto-correlated. Kinematic data were formatted with Woltring filtering and processed through a dynamic Plug-in-Gait model. During each of the three SR trials, spatiotemporal characteristics (described below) were measured for every step and averaged for each individual trial.  
* Step length: (SL, in meters [m]): based on the length the treadmill belt moved from toe-off to initial contact in successive steps.
* Step height (SH, in meters [m]): the maximum height the lateral malleolus marker (L/RANK) reaches during a step.
* Step rate: (SR in steps per minute [SPM]) the number of ground contact events per minute.
* Step angle: (SA in degrees [\({}^{\circ}\)]) the angle of a parabola tangent deriving from the SL and the SH during a step and calculated by the formulas below. Referring to Figure 1, given that the origin is the point of foot taking off, height h and distance \(x\), there is a function as below, and \(k\) is a coefficient to be determined: \[f(x)=kx(L-x)\] (1) Its derivative is below, \[\frac{df}{dx}=k(L-x)-kx=k(L-2x)\] (2)  
When the derivative (2) is zero, the \(f(x)\) reaches the maximum where \(x=L/2\). Thus, when put \(x=L/2\) into (1), the maximum height \(H\) is  
\[H=k(\frac{L}{2})(L-\frac{L}{2}) \tag{3}\]  
Figure 3: The metronome application—Pro Metronome (**a**) and Voombox portable Bluetooth speaker (**b**).  
That is to say,  
\[k=\left(\frac{4}{L^{2}}\right)H \tag{4}\]  
At the taking off position (\(x=0\)), the derivative of function is equal to the tangent angle of the curve, thus:  
\[\frac{df}{dx}(x=0)=kL=\frac{4}{L}H \tag{5}\]  
That is to say,  
\[\tan(\alpha)=\frac{4}{L}H \tag{6}\]  
The Equation (6) was used to estimate step angle in this study. In the Vicon marker set, there were a few makers on the foot; the L/RANK was used to approximate the foot position in calculating the step angle. According to Equations (1)-(6), the calculation of step parameters was implemented using an in-house program made in Matlab(r) (v 2019a).
## 4 System Model
### Model Performance
#### 4.3.2 Smart Reporting  
In institutions, monitoring teachers' and learners' progress is necessary. An important part of operating an institution is to keep track of the overall teacher performance. With the proper evaluation of teachers, an institution can improve significantly as well. Learners' assessments, attendance, and character records are stored in databases. The application informs parents about the new complaints. The summary of learners is accessible to teachers or parents. This enables parents and teachers to identify the problems. The school administrator can monitor the school activities in real time. They can review any teacher's lesson plans, homework, courses covered, and results. Parents can also see the homework and lesson plans directly to facilitate the flipped classroom environment.
# HSM4 SSL: Leveraging HSMs for Enhanced Intra-Domain Security +
## 1 Introduction
The majority of intra-domain attacks stem from the prevailing lack of encryption and authentication in intra-domain communication, especially between servers [8; 9]. However, certificate usage for SSL establishment between the load balancer and the servers and also between all endpoints was suggested by _[PERSON]_ in [10] as the optimum solution to address the insecure communication issue. Having said the above, we believe that there is a significant opportunity to develop an innovative architecture that addresses these challenges. Such an architecture would streamline the process of securing communication within intra-domain environments. Our architecture would not only enhance operational efficiency and security but also reduce the complexity currently associated with securing intra-domain communication. This paper is focused on proposing a standard, comprehensive framework aimed at enhancing security within intra-domain environments. In response to the challenges posed by the inadequacies of existing security mechanisms, our framework aims to provide a holistic solution that covers all aspects of secure communication within organizational networks. The remaining sections of this paper are organized as follows: Section 2 will present a summary of the current security mechanisms and solutions deployed within intra-domain networks to highlight the need for our work, while Section 3 will discuss our findings and present the proposed HSM4 SSL architecture along with its layers, components, and provided services. In Section 4, we will examine the performance evaluation of HSM4 SSL and discuss our findings, and finally, the concluding remarks will be discussed in Section 5.
## 2 Research Background  
### Engineering Background  
In the past, the Licun coal mine has had difficulty with gas extraction and drilling operations, along with low extraction efficiency. To ensure that the mine can meet the production requirements for the regionalization management of coal seam gas, there is an urgent need for the efficient extraction of coal seam gas in the bottom layout of the gas extraction roadway of the No. 3 coal. The working face of 3301 is mainly for mining No. 3 coal, the depth of the coal seam is about 540 m, and the average thickness of the coal is about 6 m. The No. 3 seam is stable and simple in structure, with a thickness variation coefficient of 0.24 and a recoverability coefficient of 100%, making it a stable and regionally recoverable coal seam. The average gas content is 14.52 m\({}^{3}\)/t. The nature of the coal seam is bituminous coal, and the absolute gas outflow is 0.5 m\({}^{3}\)/min\({}^{-1}\), which makes it a high-gas mine. The length of the working face is designed to be 160 m, and between the two working faces, there is a 30 m protective coal pillar. The roof is mainly composed of dark gray mudstone and sandy mudstone. The design length of the working face is 160 m, and there is a 30 m protection pillar between the two working faces. The whole caving method is used to deal with the goal in the working face. According to the survey results, it can be seen that the No. 3 coal seam is a stable and simple structure within the whole mining coal seam, and the average dip angle of the coal seam is 10\({}^{\circ}\). Its top plate is mainly dominated by dark gray mudstone, sandy mudstone, and siltstone, and the bottom plate is mainly black mudstone, sandy mudstone, and dark gray siltstone. Its working face schematic and the drilling column diagram of the top and bottom rock layers are shown in Figure 1. The plane diagram of the working face layout of 3301 is shown in Figure 2.  
The process of roadway excavation may be affected by the SX anticline and its secondary structure. Within the scope of this influence, the lithology of the roadway side may change. The structure in the area is relatively simple, consisting of mainly wide and gentle folds. The direct water-filled aquifer of No. 3 coal is the roof sandstone fissure aquifer, and the unit water inflow of the borehole is the weak water content of the aquifer.