# Ecosystem Services Assessment for Their Integration in the Analysis of Landslide Risk
## 4 Discussion  
In this study, an analysis of the importance of ecosystem services in the integration of landslide risk was developed through a similarity test and a principal component analysis (PCA). In recent times, ecosystem services are beginning to be included in evaluating and managing natural risks [11; 57; 58]. The inclusion of ecosystem services in these analyses allows the integration of human well-being in the evaluation of natural risks, improves the characterisation of ecological and socio-economic values, and facilitates the development and implementation of policies, regulations, and programs [59]. However, the methodology to assess, map, and evaluate ecosystem services does not rise to address the biophysical and socio-economic dynamics at different multi-temporal scales [32; 60]. Accurate assessment of ecosystem services is demanding in terms of data. That is why modelling platforms based on artificial intelligence that allow identifying, personalising, and connecting data have a special interest in addressing this challenge [32]. Moreover, the characteristics of ARIES as a semantic and automatic reasoning network allow us to connect distributed spatial data from multiple sources (quantitative, semi-quantitative, expert opinions) in the modelling of ecosystem services, providing the opportunity to advance in a framework for calculating and evaluating ecosystem services, multi-spatial, multi-temporal, customisable, scalable, and replicable [61]. Figure 5: Graphs of distributions of the (**a**) ES trade-offs, (**b**) ES synergies, (**c**) landslide susceptibility, (**d**) landslide vulnerability. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**First Characteristic** & **Second Characteristic** & **Cosine Similarity Metric** \\ \hline Synergies & Synergies & \(1\) \\ Trade-offs & Synergies & \(-0.0003\) \\ Landslide Susceptibility & Synergies & \(0.3587\) \\ Landslide Vulnerability & Synergies & \(0.0333\) \\ Landslide Susceptibility & Trade-offs & \(-0.0108\) \\ Landslide Vulnerability & Trade-offs & \(-0.1955\) \\ Landslide Vulnerability & Landslide Susceptibility & \(0.0786\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Value from the cosine similarity test. Regarding the correlation of ecosystem services, those most related will be the value of water from forest and forest production [11], as is obtained in the study when presenting the highest correlation value, the value of water retained with the production of non-timber products. Similarly, it occurs with organic carbon mass and the potential value of recreation because people prefer natural environments to carry out their recreational activities, which in our case focus on coastal areas and forest areas, which have a large amount of organic carbon. In this study, the synergies occur for services that increase and improve the value of several others [43]. The ecosystem service that has the most synergies is the value of water from the forests since this is affected by vegetation (influencing factor in crop production, pollination, and non-timber production) and the soil type for the infiltration (affecting organic carbon mass, soil removal, and retention). Consequently, the value of water from forests involves synergies with many ecosystem services and functions, which implies greater importance in the model. Trade-offs increase disadvantages between ecosystem services [43]. In this way, the ecosystem services that produce high trade-offs are removing potential soil and the occurrence of pollinating insects. Removing the soil produces losses in organic carbon mass, crop production, and recreation values. Moreover, the loss of soil is generally considered significant and irreversible. A reduction in the occurrence of pollination insects is related to lower crop production and the demand for more agricultural areas to the detriment of other types of ecosystems.