# A Literature Review on the Charging Behaviour of Private Electric Vehicles
## 2 Literature Review and Method
### Analysis of Infrastructure Usage  
Charging data directly provide the load curves at charging stations, allowing for a detailed analysis of request distributions. Studies based on these data are often centered on reconstructing or estimating the spatiotemporal distribution of the energy demand for charging rather than characterizing individual recharging behavior, and the granularity of the data reflects in the detail of the result and the speed of the model response. Historical series of customer charges provide relatively faster predictions than those collected at EVSEs; however, they also pose more problems regarding privacy [100]. In general, both datasets generate comparable prediction errors. Although charging and mobility data are commonly used for general analysis, they can also provide insight into specific charging behaviors within the analyzed context. Other studies are explicitly devoted to highlighting charging preferences, and they often rely on multiple-source data. Detailed spatio-temporal patterns of charging infrastructure usage can be extracted from the analysis of EVSE and traffic data, which are more laborious to obtain from a disaggregated analysis. Regarding the temporal distribution of charging events, data from EVs revealed a prevalence of nighttime charging among private EV users [101]. Home charging mainly starts in the evening and lasts until the next morning, and charging at work is concentrated in the morning on weekdays [89; 102; 103]. Public charging is distributed throughout the day but is energetically marginal [102], with a prevalence of fast charging during the day and slow charging occurring mainly at night [104; 105]. Furthermore, residential charging seems to be less influenced by seasonality, while the use of public charging stations changes at different times of the year, especially in relation to holiday periods [103; 106]. Weather also influences the use of public stations [87; 107], as do extraordinary events and traffic information [108]. Daytime and weekday public charging occurs mainly at alternating current (AC) charging stations, while direct current (DC) fast-charging stations are more popular on weekends [109]. The temporal distribution of usage also depends on the where the charging stations are located [110]. In general, fast-charging stations show a higher usage rate than public level 2 charging stations [103; 111], making higher profits due to better margins [109]. However, the utilization rate of DC stations appears to decrease as one moves toward rural areas [112]. The low utilization rate of AC stations is also due to the stationary times being much higher than the charging times [113; 114; 115]. This behavior could indicate that consumers are not yet aware of the time required to recharge their vehicles or do consider parking a primary need, even with respect to recharging [73; 116]. Conversely, charging behavior at fast-charging stations is more akin to normal refueling behavior, with short connection times oriented toward the ability to complete the intended journey [73]. Domestic charging has a longer dwell time than other CPs of equal power, while the dwell time is short on commercial premises, probably because these instances are opportunity recharges [116]. The arrival time, permanence, and inactivity at public CPs differ depending on whether the charge takes place near one's home, at work, or in a parking lot [108]. Furthermore, the distribution of recharges on the days of the week appears to differ according to travel habits and travel destinations in different areas in the same country [98]. For example, Chinese research [117] identified the most frequent charging behaviors while commuting: Charging starts when a car is parked, between 8:00 and 10:00, and lasts, on average, 4 h. Evening or nighttime charging behaviors account for 26% and 21% of total charging. The most frequent behavior (30%) was associated with commuting: Charging begins when the car is parked, between 8:00 and 10:00.