###### Abstract
Moreover, a study [38] on the long-term effects of CO\({}_{2}\) sequestration on rock mechanical properties further illustrates the potential changes in rock integrity over time due to CO\({}_{2}\)_rock interactions, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring and model calibration to account for these changes. The research [39] on uncertainty and global sensitivity analysis of CO\({}_{2}\) storage capacity prediction in deep saline aquifers also emphasizes the importance of identifying and managing key uncertainties in geomechanical and other parameters to ensure accurate storage capacity estimates and safe CO\({}_{2}\) sequestration. In the context of modeling vertical displacements due to reservoir activities, various monitoring technologies offer distinct advantages and limitations. High-precision tiltmeters are a method for monitoring direct surface deformation in onshore and offshore targets. With an accuracy equivalent to detecting an uplift of 0.01 mm over a typical distance of 10 km, tiltmeters provide precise measurements of ground surface movement [5], especially for subsidence mapping purposes in hydrocarbon fields or aquifers due to groundwater removal [40]. Fiber Optic Sensing Technology offers high-resolution, continuous deformation profiles over long distances, making it suitable for detailed spatial mapping in both onshore and offshore fields. Other methods are most likely to be applied to onshore fields, like Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), which excels in monitoring large areas with millimeter accuracy, though its application is limited offshore or in dense forests. The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides three-dimensional displacement data, which are crucial for comprehensive movement analysis across both local and regional scales. Laser Scanning (LiDAR) generates precise topographical models, aiding in the detection of subtle ground deformations. Each method contributes uniquely to the comprehensive monitoring and analysis of ground movement, enabling a more nuanced understanding of the geomechanical effects of reservoir activities [25]. A typical lower boundary used for ground displacement detection is 1 mm/year [41]. By providing precise measurements of ground surface movement, these monitoring methods enable the use of ground deformation as a surface tool to monitor the redistribution of CO\({}_{2}\) and the diffusion of pressure into the subsurface. In this context, the primary objective of this study is to assess the technical feasibility of the proposed idea by employing a comprehensive numerical simulation framework that combines fluid flow and geomechanics in an offshore reservoir case study. Therefore, the objectives of this study can be described as follows:  
1. Study the ongoing dissipation of pressure in the reservoir even after the CO\({}_{2}\) plume has stabilized;
2. Analyze the continued ground deformation due to CO\({}_{2}\) movement and pressure dissipation after the cessation of CO\({}_{2}\) injection;* Investigate how the uplift behavior can be utilized for long-term monitoring of CO2 redistribution;
* Provide technical arguments supporting the feasibility of monitoring the ground uplift caused by CO2 storage in offshore targets, even after the injection has ceased;
* Examine the role of uplift in monitoring scenarios where the CO2 plume is confined but the pressure continues to dissipate;
* Conduct sensitivity analyses on geomechanical properties and injection rates to enhance the conclusions of our base case. The concept of modeling surface deformation data to monitor CO2 storage activity in porous media is not new. It has been successfully demonstrated in projects like the In Salah CCS project in Algeria, where the geomechanical response at the ground surface to subsurface CO2 injection was effectively reproduced using a coupled reservoir simulation-geomechanical model [24; 42]. However, it is worth noting that in their study, the authors relied on interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR) data to calibrate the numerical model [41; 43].