esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Overview
### Advantages and Disadvantages of the Typical Electroporator Concepts
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Circuit** & **Reference** & **Pulse Form** & **Pulse Polarity** & **Pulse Duration** & **Maximum Amplitude** & **Repetition Frequency** & **Switch** & **Switch Model** & **Pulse Form and Topology Remarks** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{**Circuit**} & 2000 [73] & Gaussian & Unipolar & 8 ns & 30 kV & - & Spark spp & - & **Presurgical spark spp** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2003 [40] & Gaussian & Unipolar & 3-15 ns & \(>\)10 kV & - & Spark spp & - & **Disordered pulse shape** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2006 [64] & Rectangular & Unipolar & 10 ns & 40 kV & - & Spark spp & - & **Disordered pulse shape** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2006 [64] & Rectangular & Unipolar & 10-30 ns & 1 kV & 0-50 MHz & MOSFET & DES7-102N12A & \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2007 [64] & Gaussian & Unipolar & 80 ns & 65 kV & 10 Hz & Spark spp & - & **Disordered pulse shape** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2008 [74] & Rectangular & Unipolar & 8-30 ns & 1 kV & - & MOSFET & DE7-102N0A & - \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2009 [64] & Rectangular & Unipolar and bipolar & 20, 50, 75, 150, and 230 ns & \(<\)0.3 kV & 0-1.1 MHz & MOSFET & DE7-102N0A & High pulse amplitude droop** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2011 [75] & - & - & 40-200 ns & 1 kV & 0-100 kHz & - & - & Pulse shape not specified \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2013 [33] & Gaussian & Unipolar and bipolar & 10, 20, 60 ns & 2 kV & - & Transistor & HTS-UF & **Disordered pulse shape** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2014 [76] & Gaussian & Bipolar & 2 ns & 60 kV & - & Oil switch & - & Hybrid with resonant \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2016 [64] & Rectangular & Unipolar & 50-100 ns & 2 kV & 0-(-3) MHz & MOSFET & DE7-102N12A & **Disordered pulse shape** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2016 [61] & Rectangular & Unipolar & 100 ns & 1.7 kV & 0-(-3) MHz & MOSFET & - & **Disordered pulse shape** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2017 [62] & Gaussian & Unipolar & 20 ns & 2.5 kV & 0-10 MHz & MOSFET & DE7-102N12A & - \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2018 [77] & Gaussian & Unipolar and bipolar & 30 ns & 10 kV & 0-200 kHz & MOSFET & DE7-102N21A & **Modular** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2019 [78] & Rectangular & Unipolar & 30 ns & 4 kV & 1 kHz & IQST and spark spp & IRG4 PH96K & **Disordered pulse shape**; With transformer** \\ \cline{2-9}  & 2009 [79] & Rectangular & Unipolar & 5 ns & 0.5 kV & 0-10 MHz & MOSFET & DX263 DFT2N100 & **Fixed pulse duration**; \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: List of in-house developed nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsFEF) generators with their and pulse parameters for electroporation application.
## 3 Results  
Out of 163 patients initially revised, 10 cases were lost to follow-up and 5 cases received an alternative prophylaxis due to allergies, so a total of 148 cases were finally included in the study. Mean age (SD) was 47.9 (15.7) years old, with a male:female ratio of 1.4:1. Traffic accidents were reported as the most common injury mechanism (40.9%), followed by fall-from-standing low-energy injuries (19.4%). The main characteristics of the patients included in the study are shown in Table 1.  
Up to 52 patients received intraoperative prophylaxis with ceftovime (group A), 37 with the meropenem-teicoplanin combination (group B) and 59 with ceftixone-teicoplanin (group C). The general characteristics of each group are shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline  & **n (\%)** \\ \hline ASA Classification & \\ ASA 1 & 81 (55.0) \\ ASA 2 & 50 (33.5) \\ ASA 3 & 17 (11.4) \\ \hline Schatzker Classification & \\ I & 11 (7.4) \\ II & 41 (27.7) \\ III & 15 (10.1) \\ IV & 12 (8.1) \\ V & 33 (22.3) \\ \hline VI & 36 (24.3) \\ \hline Open fracture & 6 (4) \\ \hline Mean (SD) surgical time (in minutes) & 179.9 (72.4) \\ \hline Patients with extended surgical time & 37 (25) \\ \hline Use of an internal fixation device & 25 (16.9) \\ \hline Use of bone graft & 71 (47.9) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology. SD: standard deviation.  
\end{table}
Table 1: General characteristics of the studied sample.  
Out of the 148 included cases, a total of 20 patients (13.5%) presented SSI: 8 patients (15.4%) from group A, 8 patients (21.6%) from group B, and 4 patients (6.8%) from group C. Methicillin-sensible _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MSSA) and _Enterobacter cloacae_ were the most prevalent bacteria in group A, methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ were most prevalent in group B, and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ and _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ were most prevalent in group C.  
Group C was the group with the lowest postoperative infection rate and group B was the group with the longest time until infection (\(p=0.12\)).  
Factors significantly associated with a higher postoperative SSI were ASA III score (\(p=0.005\)), Schatzker II classification (\(p=0.006\)), use of external fixation as a bridge treatment (RR 2.9; \(p=0.008\)), and a prolonged surgical time (RR 2.4; \(p=0.02\)).
###### Abstract  
The Internet of Drones (IoD) is rapidly expanding into sensitive applications, necessitating robust and efficient authentication. Traditional methods struggle against prevalent attacks, especially considering the unique vulnerabilities of the IoD, such as drone physical capture. This paper proposes Bio-2 FA-IoD, a novel biometric-enhanced two-factor authentication protocol designed for secure IoD operations. Drawing on established 2 FA principles and fuzzy extractor technology, Bio-2 FA-IoD achieves strong mutual authentication between an operator (via an operator device), a drone (as a relay), and a ground control station (GCS), supported by a trusted authority. We detail the protocol's registration and authentication phases, emphasizing reliable biometric key generation. A formal security analysis using BAN logic demonstrates secure belief establishment and key agreement, while a proof sketch under the Bellare-Pointcheval-Rogaway (BPR) model confirms its security against active adversaries in Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) contexts. Furthermore, a comprehensive performance evaluation conducted using the Contiki OS and Cooja simulator illustrates Bio-2 FA-IoD's superior efficiency in computational and communication costs, alongside very low latency, high packet delivery rate, and minimal energy consumption. This positions it as a highly viable and lightweight solution for resource-constrained IoD environments. Additionally, this paper conceptually explores potential extensions to Bio-2 FA-IoD, including the integration of Diffie-Hellman for enhanced perfect forward secrecy and a Sybil-free pseudonym management scheme for improved user anonymity and unlinkability.  
Internet of Drones (IoD); UAV security; biometric authentication; two-factor authentication (2 FA); fuzzy extractor; BAN logic; BPR model; lightweight authentication; secure communication; Contiki OS; Cooja simulator; Diffie-Hellman; perfect forward secrecy; pseudonymity; Sybil-free  
**MSC:** 68M25
## 5 Experimental Results
### Performance Difference of Three Depth Estimators  
In Table 3, we show the difference in the experimental performance caused by different depth estimators from MonoDepth [46], DORN [40], and PSMNet [47]. As the depth estimation accuracy improves, so does the accuracy of our algorithm.
# Three Rapid Methods for Averaging GPS Segments
###### Abstract  
Extracting road segments by averaging GPS trajectories is very challenging. Most existing averaging strategies suffer from high complexity, poor accuracy, or both. For example, finding the optimal mean for a set of sequences is known to be NP-hard, whereas using Medoid compromises the quality. In this paper, we introduce three extremely fast and practical methods to extract the road segment by averaging GPS trajectories. The methods first analyze three descriptors and then use either a simple linear model or a more complex curvy model depending on an angle criterion. The results provide equal or better accuracy than the best existing methods while being very fast, and are therefore suitable for real-time processing. The proposed method takes only 0.7% of the computing time of the best-tested baseline method, and the accuracy is also slightly better (62.2% vs. 61.7%).  
GPS trajectories; segment averaging; sequence averaging; HC-SIM +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
_Toxins_**2014**, \(6\), 337-358; doi:10.3390/toxins6010337  
_toxins_  
**ISSN 2072-6651**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins  
_Review_  
**Regulating Toxin-Antitoxin Expression: Controlled Detonation of Intracellular Molecular Timembons**  
**[PERSON] 1,* and [PERSON] 2,*  
\({}^{1}\) Faculty of Life Sciences and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7 DN, UK  
\({}^{2}\) Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland  
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [PERSON]S] (F.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.K.); Tel.: +44-0-161-3068934 (F.H.); +48-58-5236036 (B.K.); Fax: +44-0-161-3065201 (F.H.); +48-58-5236025 (B.K.).  
_Received: 6 December 2013; in revised form: 20 December 2013 / Accepted: 8 January 2014 / Published: 15 January 2014_  
**Abstract:** Genes for toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes are widely disseminated in bacteria, including in pathogenic and antibiotic resistant species. The toxins are liberated from association with the cognate antitoxins by certain physiological triggers to impair vital cellular functions. TAs also are implicated in antibiotic persistence, biofilm formation, and bacteriophage resistance. Among the ever increasing number of TA modules that have been identified, the most numerous are complexes in which both toxin and antitoxin are proteins. Transcriptional autoregulation of the operons encoding these complexes is key to ensuring balanced TA production and to prevent inadvertent toxin release. Control typically is exerted by binding of the antitoxin to regulatory sequences upstream of the operons. The toxin protein commonly works as a transcriptional corepressor that remodels and stabilizes the antitoxin. However, there are notable exceptions to this paradigm. Moreover, it is becoming clear that TA complexes often form one strand in an interconnected web of stress responses suggesting that their transcriptional regulation may prove to be more intricate than currently understood. Furthermore, interference with TA gene transcriptional autoregulation holds considerable promise as a novel antibacterial strategy: artificial release of the toxin factor using designer drugs is a potential approach to induce bacterial suicide from within.  
**Keywords:** bacteria; toxin-antitoxin; transcription; regulation; antibacterial
## 4 Discussion
### Next Steps  
On the technical side, studies examining the peak rate of motion that the system can accurately capture as well developing methods for 3-D marker analysis are being pursued. Next step studies specifically examining the translational utility of this approach are underway, examining efficacy in evaluating patients with rheumatologic and neurologic diseases. The range of motion for patients with a range of arthritides involving small joints and the axial spine are specifically being pursued to gain applied experience with this method based on a distance and depth of field ranges deemed effective by this study. Finally, simplifying the means of data analysis for the ease of use by patients and professionals are underway.
## 2 System Model
Hence, the BS assignment choices having high SINR values lead to better utilities. We also define a radio resource cost function, denoted to as \(\alpha_{ij}=\frac{R_{i}^{\min}}{R_{i}^{\max}}\), which relates the minimum data rate required by the device \(i\) (i.e, \(R_{i}^{\min}\)) and its maximum achievable rate at BS \(j\) computed as \(R_{ij}^{\max}=\sum_{k=1}^{K_{j}}r_{i,j,k}\). Additionally, the backhaul resource cost \(\beta_{ij}=\frac{R_{i}^{\min}}{C_{j}^{\max}}\), denotes the relation between the minimum rate requirement of user \(i\) and the achievable backhaul capacity of BS \(j\), resulting from the association of user \(i\) with BS \(j\). Notice that \(C_{j}^{\max}\) denotes the available bandwidth of the wired/wireless backhaul link connecting to BS \(j\).
## 3 Experimental Procedures
### Experimental Conditions  
The experimental studies were done on a belt grinding setup based on settings of machining parameters, which were defined by using the Taguchi experimental design method. In addition, the test conditions listed below were maintained constantly throughout to achieve a controlled experimental trial.  
* The contact head of the belt grinder is kept at normal angle to keep uniformity in contact conditions throughout machining.
* Tool wear effect was ignored as the tests were conducted in the useful lifetime of the belt tool.
* The surface condition of the machined aluminium 6061 coupons was uniform with a surface roughness of 0.8 microns (\(\upmu\)m).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Unit**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Levels**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **L1** & **L2** & **L3** \\ \hline RPM & (m/min) & 250 & 500 & 700 \\ Feed & (mm/s) & 10 & 20 & 30 \\ Force & (N) & 10 & 20 & 30 \\ Rubber hardness & (Shore A) & 30 & 60 & 90 \\ Grit Size & - & 60 & 120 & 220 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Belt grinding parameters and their levels.  
Figure 5: Toolpath planning in force control mode by ABB Robot Studio.  
* Experiments are carried out in dry conditions.
* Experiments were carried out with three passes for each trial. On each pass, the depth of cut was measured at three different locations, as shown in Figure 6, resulting in nine measurements. According to the parameter combinations from the Taguchi method, which obtained 27 trials as presented in Table 2, 243 depth of cut readings were obtained.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Trial No.**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Factors**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**MRR**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **RPM** & **Feed** & **Force** & **Hardness** & **Grit** & **Depth of Cut** & **S/N Ratio** \\ \hline  
\hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Taguchi Experimental design using the L27 orthogonal array and corresponding depth of cut and signal-to-noise (\(S/N\)) ratio.  
Figure 6: Profilometer with the tactile stylus used to measure the depth of cut across the grinded path at three different locations A, B and C.
## 3 Methodology
### Network Deployments  
The first step in our algorithm is the mathematical representation of the network topology. Furthermore, our model is able to generate and operate with arbitrary number of WMN routers (nodes). Every node can be connected to an arbitrary number of nodes. Two nodes are connected by a link which can be described by several parameters (cost, bandwidth, load, delay, _etc._). Our model assumes the possibility of bidirectional links meaning that one link has different parameters for different directions. In this way, the network parameter should be similar as much as possible to the real network environment. Let's imagine that we have five nodes with their wireless access (marked as circles), as shown in Figure 2.  
Every two or more nodes with spatial overlapping are detected as directly connected nodes. In that way the nodes connectivity and network topology are defined. As mentioned before, several link parameters \(p_{1}\), \(p_{2}\),..., \(p_{M}\) are assigned to every link. If these parameters are symmetrical for any direction, the network can be represented as shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Representation of symmetrical link.  
Figure 2: One example of a WMN consisting of five nodes.  
In this way the network topology (shown in Figure 2) can be represented as an oriented graph (Figure 4).  
In our case, where network links are bidirectional, as shown in Figure 5, the network topology is given in Figure 6.  
Our model automatically creates a mathematically oriented graph and makes two types of matrices: _connectivity matrix_ and the _weight matrix_. All matrices are of the dimension \(N\times N\), where \(N\) is the number of nodes. The connectivity matrix has the value of 1 on the position \(i,j\) if node \(i\) is directly connected to node \(j\). Otherwise, the matrix element is 0.  
There can be one or more weight matrices. The value of weight matrix on position \(i\)-\(j\) is determined by the value of appropriate parameter on link connecting nodes \(i\) and \(j\). In this way, after network representation (or network exploration) we have one connectivity matrix and \(M\) weight matrices for every of \(p_{M}\) link parameters.
## 5 Simulation
### Convergence and Complexity Comparisons  
Section 1 has clarified that the GN method advances the QN and LM methods since it balances the performance and efficiency. Considering that the Newton-Raphson method is designed for a single unknown estimation problem only, the proposed GN method will be compared with the QN and LM methods that are implemented by the MATLAB built-in functions fminunc and lsqnonlin. The convergence curves and processing times are shown in Figure 13 and Table 5.  
It is demonstrated in Figure 13 that the GN and LM methods converge to the CRB after only two iterations on average. Additionally, these two methods exhibit similar performance since their convergence curves coincide. However, the QN method requires 26 iterations to converge. Table 5 demonstrates that the processing times of the proposed GN method are significantly lower than those of the LM and QN methods.
# Electrodegradation of Selected Water Contaminants: Efficacy and Transformation Products
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Calculations of Removal Efficiency, Kinetic Analysis, and Energy Consumption  
The results of pollutant removal from synthetic wastewater by the electrochemical oxidation process are expressed through the removal efficiency (_E_, %) and calculated according to the following Equation (1):  
\[E=\frac{c_{i}-c_{f}}{c_{i}}\cdot 100\% \tag{1}\]  
where \(c_{i}\) and \(c_{f}\) are the initial and final concentrations of pollutant expressed in mg/L. The removal efficiency indicates the percentage of pollutant eliminated during the electrochemical treatment and serves as a key parameter for comparing the performance of different experimental setups and operating conditions.  
An analysis of the costs associated with the EO of different pollutants from wastewater indicates that the primary expenses arise from the investment and electricity consumption during electrolysis. To minimize these costs relative to the designed reactor capacity, it is crucial to establish the optimal operating conditions that maximize pollutant removal per unit time and per unit volume of the reactor while minimizing energy consumption.  
Therefore, the amount of electrical energy required to remove a unit mass of the pollutant (specific energy consumption, \(W_{sp}\)) is one of the most significant technological indicators of the performance of an electrochemical reactor, as it directly influences the overall treatment cost. Specific energy consumption (\(W_{sp}\)) is calculated according to the following Equation (2):  
\[W_{sp}=\frac{U\cdot I\cdot t}{m_{pollutant}}\left[\frac{\mathrm{kWh}}{\mathrm{ kg}}\right]\;\;or\;\;W_{sp}=\frac{U\cdot I\cdot t}{(c_{0}-c_{t})\cdot V}\left[\frac{ \mathrm{kWh}}{\mathrm{m}^{3}}\right] \tag{2}\]  
This formula takes into account the applied voltage (\(U\)), current (\(I\)), reaction time (\(t\)), mass of the removed pollutant (\(m_{pollutant}\)), and difference between the initial and final pollutant concentrations (\(c_{0}\) and \(c_{t}\)) within a given volume (\(V\)) of wastewater.
# Exploring the Potential of Microextraction in the Survey of Food Fruits and Vegetable Safety
## 1 Introduction
### Food Safety--Major Contaminants of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and Their Toxicity
#### 1.1.3 Food Preservatives
Polyphenic compounds modify microbial cellular permeability, inducing damage to cellular components and the penetration of other substances inside the cell [33]. Plant essential oils have been introduced as a way to improve the stability of fresh-cut fruit, due to their antimicrobial activity against microorganisms and pathogens [44]. Antibrowning agents are used to prevent browning, which typically occurs during the handling, processing, and storage of fruits and fruit products. There are two types of this phenomenon, enzymatic [44] and non-enzymatic browning [11; 45]. The food industry uses anti-browning techniques to stop the enzymatic browning of fresh fruits and vegetables and extend their shelf life by inhibiting the activity of polyphenol oxidase. Some of these compounds include benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and kojic acid, among others, owing to the similarity of their chemical structure to the substrates of enzymatic reactions [45; 46; 47]. Sulfiting agents are also widely used by the food industry to inhibit enzymatic browning [47]. Although, their use is restricted in many countries due to safety issues, as sulfites have been linked to off-flavours and allergic reactions [48]. Several sulfite substitutes have been developed, such as sulfhydryl compounds (glutathione, N-(2-mercaptoethanol)glycine, l-cysteine methylene, and N-acetyl-cysteine) [47; 49], as well as ascorbic and citric acids [50; 51]. However, none of these have been able to replace sulfite due to its effectiveness [45; 47]. Hence, it is important to develop inhibitors from natural sources free of harmful side effects in order to substitute synthetic compounds. Compounds found in honey, onion, pineapple, and chilli peppers such as \(\beta\)-carotene, thiols, bromelain, and other antioxidants have been shown to inhibit the activity of polyphenol oxidase [51]. Overall, the list of compounds that can be found in fruits and vegetables and are considered contaminants or additives with the potential to cause adverse effects on human health (Figure 1) is very long and is subjected to continuous monitoring and updates by competent regulatory authorities.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Stocking and Sampling of Halophytes  
The aquaponics tanks were stocked with selected halophyte species as follows: _H. portulacoides_ grafts were kept in Hoagland's nutrient solution and transplanted to the aquaponics tank after new roots were recorded [14]; _S. ramossissima_ new shoots (circa 50 mm) were washed to remove the sediment from the rhizosphere and transplanted to the aquaponics tank; and _S. perennis_ grafts were transplanted directly to the aquaponics tank. Each aquaponics tank was stocked with circa 800 plants equally distributed over nine styrofoam trays floating in the tank water. The aquaponics experiment started in March, with halophytes being randomly sampled at donor sites in Ria de Aveiro and at each aquaponics tank in the three following seasons: spring (May), summer (July) and autumn (October). Sampling from each aquaponics tank was performed by haphazardly selecting two plants from each of the nine floating Styrofoam trays (thus assembling a composite sample of 18 specimens), with an identical number of specimens per halophyte species also being sampled in each donor site. Each halophyte plant was separated into plant organs (edible parts and roots) and subsequently freeze-dried and stored at \(-\)80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for posterior FA analysis. During the experimental period temperature, salinity and pH of the effluent was monitored in situ, using a WTW--conductivity meter 3110/set 1 equipped with TetraCon(r) 325 and WTW--pH 330i/set equipped with SenTix(r) 41. Effluent aliquots were filtered (Whatman GF/C) and analyzed for phosphates (PO\({}_{4}\)-P) and ammonium (NH\({}_{4}\)-N) following the standard methods in Limnologisk Metodik, 1992, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NO\({}_{x}\)-N) using a flow injection system (FIAstar 5000 Analyzer, Hoganas, Sweden).  
Figure 2: Configuration and design of aquaponics system coupled to sand filters tanks.