## 6 Melt Electrospun Nanocomposites  
Although several investigations focused on the preparation of nanocomposite fibers in solution electrospinning [140; 141; 142], the published papers discussing the melt electrospinning of polymer nanocomposites are rare due to the increasing complexity of the system. In this section, some research studies that investigated the influence of nanomaterials on both processing and final properties of obtained fibers are summarized (see Table 3). One of the benefits of electrospun membranes is the possibility of carrying particular agents for the desired applications. One example would be the photothermal conversion that takes advantage of the materials that are able to absorb light energy and convert it into thermal energy. Applications of such materials may include sterilization, desalination, water evaporation and power generation [143; 144]. Furthermore, development of materials capable of floating on water are quite interesting since they allow the heating of only the air \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Polymer** & **Additive** & **Drug Activity** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Effects in the Process and/** \\ **or Application** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Eudragit® E} & \multirow{3}{*}{Carvedilol} & \multirow{3}{*}{Beta-blocker} & Plasticizers, polymer melting & \multirow{3}{*}{[97]} \\  & & & reduced and prevented the drug & \\  & & & degradation. & \\ \hline Soluplus® & Indomethacin & Anti-inflammatory & Plasticizers, fast drug release. & [98] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PCL} & \multirow{3}{*}{Curcumin} & Anticancer & Not affect the fiber morphology, low & \multirow{3}{*}{[90]} \\  & & & drug release rate. & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \begin{tabular}{c} Fiber diameters barely fluctuated \\ and smooth surfaces. Localized \\ tumour therapy with slow release \\ rate. \\ \end{tabular} & [115] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \begin{tabular}{c} Fibers diameter of 40–60 μm. Soft \\ connective tissue engineering and \\ long-term drug delivery. Slow and \\ controlled release. \\ \end{tabular} & [128] \\ \hline PCL/PEG & Ciprofloxacin & Antibiotic & Wound dressing. & [116] \\ \hline HDPE & \begin{tabular}{c} Chlorhexidine \\ dihydrochloride \\ \end{tabular} & Antimicrobial & \begin{tabular}{c} Fibrous membrane for medical and \\ filtration applications with porosity \\ of 77\% and pore size of 10 μm. \\ \end{tabular} & [21] \\ \hline PLA/PHB & Dipyridamole (DPD) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Antithrombotic, \\ antithrombotic \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The drug reduced the melting \\ temperature. Fibers had a rough \\ surface with varying diameter. Drug \\ delivery system. \\ \end{tabular} & [134] \\ \hline Black plaster/PEG & Sanguis Draconis resin & Prevent osteoporosis & Traditional medicine. & [137] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Pharmaceutical additives in melt electrospinning. water interface instead of the bulk water, the generation of a sharper localized temperature, and a more efficient evaporation of water [145]. The system based on tungsten oxide/PLA fiber membrane has got an efficient light-to-heat conversion, great NIR absorption, and high floatability on water due to its high hydrophobicity [146]. Membranes consisting of tungsten oxide/PLA wires have been successfully fabricated by melt electrospinning under specific conditions (i.e., nozzle temperature of 260 \({}^{\circ}\)C, electric field of 4 kV/cm, drum rotation speed of 100 rpm, and extrusion rate of 0.013 g/min). Membranes were subsequently heat-treated at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min to release the residual stress caused by stretching during the fiber spinning process. Final materials became stable without any evidence of shrinkage under exposition to infrared light irradiation. Nonetheless, even though nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously in the PLA matrix, the morphology and fiber diameter (i.e., 8-13 \(\upmu\)m) did not change with nanoparticle addition, even for a 7 wt.% content.