## 2 New Era of Participation Processes
### PPGIS: Participation and Practices of Adaptation to New Technologies
However, as it has been repeatedly pointed out, a process of PPGIS reports to the local community using a highly complex system, which in order to obtain optimal outcomes must take into account certain determining factors, such as the outcomes and objectives of public participation, the catchment area under study, the socio-cultural and demographic characteristics of the stakeholders involved, the right tools and above all not only the timing for obtaining the results but also an assessment of the overall process in terms of impact in the short, medium and long term. All this is needed so as not to return to the previous urban scenario after the PPGIS, but that there are also effects in, e-governance and local governance policies and programs. The practices of PPGIS therefore seek to integrate the stakeholders involved, knowledge and spatial technologies with the intent to focus on factors that determine the inclusiveness, representation and the potential impact of strengthening social and technological developments in the area. However, there is no shortage of criticism. In fact, some progressive planners [39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44], such as [PERSON], argue that \"the scenario of consensual planning [...] is destined to remain a myth of an imaginary world in which there is no conflict or contradiction, where all benefit and no one loses out. A static paradise like this is impossible. Participatory planning is another myth that can obscure the real differences (between) simple passive and silent adherence to a public hearing, or the initial meetings on key issues [...] and real democracy\" [45]. Although the author offers no practical guidance on how to address these obstacles, it is made clear that we must carefully consider the methods and techniques of participation, because the instrumentality of the forms of participatory planning can often influence our perceptions about the overall process and results. In this framework, the practices of PPGIS can be read as a negotiation of compromises between participation, accessibility, and democratic practices in a cross between technological and ethical--social factors. Experimental Section. Introduction Case Study: The Historical Centre of Pirri Neighborhood (Cagliari, Sardinia)  
It has been shown that in the last 15 years PPGIS have developed a large and growing literature that has made it difficult to deny how much Information Communication Technology (ICT), infrastructure and the action of the network have changed the relational, decision-making and representative matrix of the city and its territory. Conversely it has been equally difficult to identify, even partially any established and well-defined trends. Nevertheless, literature has shown on the one hand the usefulness [46, 47, 48] and ease of use [49, 50, 51] of planning support tools, on the other hand, an underuse. In particular [PERSON] stresses the development of strategic planning tools to aid in creating alternative urban scenarios [52]. However, although from a theoretical point of view the new media offers a range of opportunities to redefine community involvement through the construction of future scenarios from the different project phases (information, assessment and decision making), the practice is quite different. The historical centre of Cagliari, made up of the five historical neighbourhoods, Castello, Marina, Stampace, Villanova, and historical centre of Pirri represents an exemplary case for the application of participative techniques supported by the ICT. In fact, the City of Cagliari, with the Detailed Plan of historical centre (DP), began testing a participatory process aimed to activate a tool that allows a significant opportunity for research and experimentation in the field. The idea came from the assumption that it was the citizens who lived, worked or studied in the city who had the best understanding of the city's resources and critical aspects.